annotate john/latin/cih01.html @ 36:495930650732

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date Tue, 01 Dec 2009 20:58:09 +0000
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36
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Cygwin (vers 25 March 2009), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Super Evangelium S. Ioannis lectura, cap. 1, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content=
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18 "Thomas de Aquino, Super Evangelium S. Ioannis lectura, cap. 1" />
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19 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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20 "text/css" />
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21 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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22 "text/css" />
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23 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Super Evangelium S. Ioannis lectura, cap.
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24 1</title>
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25 </head>
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26 <body>
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27 <div class="tres"><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</a></div>
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28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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29 <div class="uno">Super Evangelium S. Ioannis lectura</div>
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30 <div class="dos">caput I</div>
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31 <br />
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32 <div class="centro">
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33 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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34 <tr>
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35 <th><img src="icons/crux190.jpg" width="164" height="190" border=
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36 "0" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Beato Angelico depictus" align=
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37 "middle" /></th>
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38 </tr>
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39 </table>
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40 <br />
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41 <span class="tres">Textum Taurini 1952 editum<br />
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42 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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43 magneticas<br />
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44 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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45 <br /></span><br />
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46 <hr />
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47 <br />
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48 <p><a href="cih00.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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49 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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50 <a href="cih02.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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52 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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53 //<![CDATA[
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54 <!--
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55 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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56 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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57 document.write('<FORM NAME="selecter"><SELECT NAME="select1">');
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58 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">INDEX');
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59 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
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60 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="index.html">Corpus Thomisticum');
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61 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="iopera.html">Opera omnia');
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62 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="zbiblia.html">Bibliographia Thomistica');
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63 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">-------------------------------------------');
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64 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87419">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 1');
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65 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87420">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 2');
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66 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87421">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 3');
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67 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87422">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 4');
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68 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87423">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 5');
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69 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87424">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 6');
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70 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87425">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 7');
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71 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87426">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 8');
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72 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87427">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 9');
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73 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87428">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 10');
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74 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87429">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 11');
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75 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87430">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 12');
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76 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87431">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 13');
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77 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87432">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 14');
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78 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87433">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 15');
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79 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87434">Super Io., cap. 1 l. 16');
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80 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
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81 document.write('<BR><BR>');
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82 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
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83 document.write('<\/FORM>');
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84 // -->
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85 //]]>
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86 </script><br />
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87 <hr />
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88 <br /></div>
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89 <div class="C">Caput 1</div>
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90 <div class="D">Lectio 1</div>
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91 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 1"><a name="87419"><span class=
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92 "ref">[87419] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 1</span></a> Evangelista
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93 Ioannes, sicut dictum est, intendit principaliter ostendere
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94 divinitatem verbi incarnati; et ideo dividitur istud Evangelium in
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95 partes duas. Primo enim insinuat Christi divinitatem; secundo
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96 manifestat eam per ea quae Christus in carne fecit, et hoc II cap.
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97 <i>et die tertia</i>. Circa primum duo facit. Primo proponit
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98 Christi divinitatem; secundo ponit modum, quo Christi divinitas
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99 nobis innotuit, ibi <i>et vidimus gloriam eius</i> et cetera. Circa
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100 primum duo facit. Primo agit de divinitate Christi; secundo de
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101 verbi Dei incarnatione, ibi <i>fuit homo missus a Deo</i>. Quia
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102 vero in unaquaque re sunt consideranda duo, scilicet esse et
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103 operatio, sive virtus ipsius, ideo primo agit de esse verbi quantum
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104 ad naturam divinam; secundo de virtute, seu operatione ipsius, ibi
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105 <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>. Circa primum quatuor facit.
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106 Primo ostendit quando erat verbum, quia <i>in principio erat
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107 verbum</i>; secundo ubi erat, quia <i>apud Deum</i>; unde dicit
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108 <i>et verbum erat apud Deum</i>; tertio quid erat, quia Deus; unde
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109 subiungit <i>et Deus erat verbum</i>; quarto quomodo erat, quia
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110 <i>hoc erat in principio apud Deum</i>. Prima duo pertinent ad
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111 quaestionem, an est: secunda vero duo pertinent ad quaestionem quid
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112 est. Circa primum autem videndum est quid sit hoc quod dicitur
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113 <i>in principio erat verbum</i>. Ubi tria diligenter inquirenda
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114 concurrunt, secundum tres dictiones huius orationis. Et primo quid
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115 sit hoc quod dicitur <i>verbum</i>; secundo quid sit hoc quod
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116 dicitur <i>in principio</i>; tertio quid sit hoc quod dicitur
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117 <i>verbum erat in principio</i>. Ad intellectum autem huius nominis
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118 <i>verbum</i>, sciendum est quod, secundum philosophum ea quae sunt
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119 in voce, sunt signa earum, quae sunt in anima, passionum. Consuetum
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120 est autem in Scriptura quod significata nominantur nominibus
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121 signorum, sicut illud I Cor. X, 4: <i>petra autem erat
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122 Christus</i>. De necessitate autem oportet quod illud intrinsecum
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123 animae nostrae, quod significatur exteriori verbo nostro, verbum
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124 vocetur. Utrum autem per prius conveniat nomen verbi rei exteriori
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125 voce prolatae, vel ipsi conceptioni mentis, nihil refert ad
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126 praesens. Planum est tamen quod illud quod voce significatur,
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127 interius existens in anima, prius est quam ipsum verbum exteriori
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128 voce prolatum, utpote causa eius existens. Si ergo volumus scire
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129 quid est interius verbum mentis, videamus quid significat quod
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130 exteriori voce profertur. In intellectu autem nostro sunt tria:
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131 scilicet ipsa potentia intellectus; species rei intellectae, quae
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132 est forma eius, se habens ad ipsum intellectum, sicut species
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133 coloris ad pupillam; et, tertio, ipsa operatio intellectus quae est
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134 intelligere. Nullum autem istorum significatur verbo exteriori voce
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135 prolato. Nam hoc nomen lapis non significat substantiam
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136 intellectus, quia hoc non intendit dicere nominans; nec significat
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137 speciem, quae est qua intellectus intelligit, cum etiam hoc non sit
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138 intentio nominantis; non significat etiam ipsum intelligere, cum
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139 intelligere non sit actio exterius progrediens ab intelligente, sed
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140 in ipso manens. Illud ergo proprie dicitur verbum interius, quod
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141 intelligens intelligendo format. Intellectus autem duo format,
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142 secundum duas eius operationes. Nam secundum operationem suam, quae
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143 dicitur indivisibilium intelligentia, format definitionem; secundum
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144 vero operationem suam, qua componit et dividit, format
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145 enunciationem, vel aliquid huiusmodi. Et ideo, illud sic formatum
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146 et expressum per operationem intellectus, vel definientis vel
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147 enunciantis, exteriori voce significatur. Unde dicit philosophus
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148 quod ratio, quam significat nomen, est definitio. Istud ergo sic
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149 expressum, scilicet formatum in anima, dicitur verbum interius; et
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150 ideo comparatur ad intellectum, non sicut quo intellectus
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151 intelligit, sed sicut in quo intelligit; quia in ipso expresso et
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152 formato videt naturam rei intellectae. Sic ergo habemus
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153 significationem huius nominis <i>verbum</i>. Secundo, ex his quae
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154 dicta sunt, concipere possumus, quod verbum semper est aliquid
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155 procedens ab intellectu in actu existente. Iterum quod verbum
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156 semper est ratio et similitudo rei intellectae. Et si quidem eadem
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157 res sit intelligens et intellecta, tunc verbum est ratio et
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158 similitudo intellectus, a quo procedit; si autem sit aliud
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159 intelligens et intellectum, tunc verbum non est similitudo et ratio
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160 intelligentis, sed rei intellectae: sicut conceptio quam aliquis
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161 habet de lapide, est similitudo lapidis tantum, sed quando
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162 intellectus intelligit se, tunc huiusmodi verbum est similitudo et
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163 ratio intellectus. Et ideo Augustinus ponit similitudinem
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164 Trinitatis in anima, secundum quod mens intelligit seipsam, non
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165 autem secundum quod intelligit alia. Patet ergo quod in qualibet
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166 natura intellectuali necesse est ponere verbum: quia de ratione
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167 intelligendi est quod intellectus intelligendo aliquid formet;
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168 huius autem formatio dicitur verbum; et ideo in omni intelligente
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169 oportet ponere verbum. Natura autem intellectualis est triplex,
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170 scilicet humana, angelica et divina: et ideo triplex est verbum.
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171 Scilicet humanum, de quo in Ps. XIII, 1: <i>dixit insipiens in
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172 corde suo: non est Deus</i>. Est et angelicum, de quo Zac. I, 9 et
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173 in multis locis sacrae Scripturae dicitur: <i>dixit Angelus</i> et
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174 cetera. Tertium est verbum divinum, de quo Gen. I, 5: <i>dixit
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175 Deus: fiat lux</i> et cetera. Cum ergo Evangelista dicit <i>in
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176 principio erat verbum</i>, non intelligi potest de humano vel
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177 angelico verbo: quia utrumque istorum verborum est factum, cum homo
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178 et Angelus habeant sui esse et operationis principium et causam;
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179 verbum autem hominis vel Angeli non potest praeexistere eis. De quo
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180 autem verbo intellexerit Evangelista, declarat per hoc quod dicit,
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181 hoc verbum non esse factum, cum omnia sint facta per ipsum; hoc
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182 autem est verbum Dei, de quo Ioannes hic loquitur. Sciendum est
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183 autem, quod hoc verbum differt a nostro verbo in tribus. Prima
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184 differentia est, secundum Augustinum, quia verbum nostrum prius est
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185 formabile, quam formatum: nam cum volo concipere rationem lapidis,
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186 oportet quod ad ipsam ratiocinando perveniam; et sic est in omnibus
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187 aliis, quae a nobis intelliguntur, nisi forte in primis principiis,
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188 quae cum sint simpliciter nota, absque discursu rationis statim
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189 sciuntur. Quamdiu ergo sic ratiocinando, intellectus iactatur hac
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190 atque illac, nec dum formatio perfecta est, nisi quando ipsam
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191 rationem rei perfecte conceperit: et tunc primo habet rationem rei
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192 perfecte, et tunc primo habet rationem verbi. Et inde est quod in
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193 anima nostra est cogitatio, per quam significatur ipse discursus
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194 inquisitionis, et verbum, quod est iam formatum secundum perfectam
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195 contemplationem veritatis. Sic ergo verbum nostrum primo est in
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196 potentia quam in actu; sed verbum Dei semper est in actu: et ideo
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197 nomen cogitationis verbo Dei proprie non convenit. Dicit enim
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198 Augustinus, XV de Trinit., ita dicitur verbum Dei, ut cogitatio non
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199 dicatur, ne quid quasi volubile credatur in Deo. Id autem quod
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200 Anselmus dicit, scilicet dicere summo spiritui nihil aliud est,
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201 quam cogitando intueri, improprie dictum est. Secunda vero
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202 differentia verbi nostri ad verbum divinum est, quia verbum nostrum
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203 est imperfectum, sed verbum divinum est perfectissimum. Quia enim
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204 nos non possumus omnes nostras conceptiones uno verbo exprimere,
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205 ideo oportet quod plura verba imperfecta formemus, per quae divisim
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206 exprimamus omnia, quae in scientia nostra sunt. In Deo autem non
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207 est sic: cum enim intelligat, et seipsum etiam et quicquid
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208 intelligit per essentiam suam, uno actu, unicum verbum divinum est
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209 expressivum totius quod in Deo est, non solum personarum, sed etiam
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210 creaturarum: alias esset imperfectum. Unde dicit Augustinus: si
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211 quid minus esset in verbo, quam in dicentis scientia continetur,
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212 verbum imperfectum esset. Sed constat quod est perfectissimum; ergo
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213 est tantum unum. Iob XXXIII, 14: <i>semel loquitur Deus</i>. Tertia
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214 differentia est, quod verbum nostrum non est eiusdem naturae
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215 nobiscum, sed verbum divinum est eiusdem naturae cum Deo: et ideo
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216 est aliquid subsistens in natura divina. Nam ratio intellecta, quam
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217 intellectus videtur de aliqua re formare, habet esse intelligibile
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218 tantum in anima nostra; intelligere autem in anima nostra non est
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219 idem quod est natura animae, quia anima non est sua operatio. Et
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220 ideo verbum quod format intellectus noster, non est de essentia
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221 animae, sed est accidens ei. In Deo autem idem est intelligere et
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222 esse; et ideo verbum intellectus divini non est aliquid accidens,
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223 sed pertinens ad naturam eius: quia quicquid est in natura Dei, est
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224 Deus. Unde, dicit Damascenus, quod Deus verbum substantiale est, et
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225 in hypostasi ens, reliqua vero, verba nostra scilicet, virtutes
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226 sunt animae. Ex praemissis etiam patet quod verbum, proprie
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227 loquendo, semper personaliter accipitur in divinis, cum non
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228 importet nisi quid expressum ab intelligente. Item quod verbum in
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229 divinis sit similitudo eius a quo procedit; et quod sit coaeternum
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230 ei a quo procedit, cum non prius fuerit formabile quam formatum,
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231 sed semper in actu; et quod sit aequale patri, cum sit perfectum,
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232 et totius esse patris expressivum; et quod sit coessentiale et
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233 consubstantiale patri, cum sit substantia eius. Patet etiam quod
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234 cum in qualibet natura illud quod procedit, habens similitudinem
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235 naturae eius a quo procedit, vocetur filius, et hoc verbum procedat
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236 in similitudine et identitate naturae eius a quo procedit,
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237 convenienter et proprie dicitur filius, et productio eius dicitur
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238 generatio. Sic ergo patet primum, scilicet quid sit hoc quod
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239 dicitur <i>verbum</i>. Circa hoc autem quatuor quaestiones
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240 occurrunt. Duae sunt Chrysostomi. Prima est cur Ioannes Evangelista
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241 patrem dimittens, confestim incepit a filio, dicens <i>in principio
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242 erat verbum</i>. Ad hoc autem est duplex responsio. Una est, quia
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243 pater omnibus innotuerat in veteri testamento, quamvis non in
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244 ratione patris, sed ut Deus; filius autem ignorabatur: et ideo in
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245 novo testamento, in quo agitur de cognitione verbi, incipit a
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246 verbo, sive filio. Alia est, quia per filium ducimur in notitiam
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247 patris; infra XVII, 6: <i>pater, manifestavi nomen tuum hominibus,
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248 quos dedisti mihi</i>. Volens ergo fideles in notitiam patris
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249 ducere Evangelista, decenter incepit a filio, statim subiungens de
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250 patre cum dicit <i>et verbum erat apud Deum</i>. Secunda quaestio
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251 est etiam Chrysostomi. Cum enim, sicut dictum est, verbum procedat
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252 ut filius, quare dixit <i>verbum</i>, et non filius? Ad hoc etiam
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253 dupliciter respondetur. Primo quia filius dicit aliquid genitum, et
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254 cum audimus generationem filii, posset quis cogitare generationem
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255 illam talem esse, qualem comprehendere potest, scilicet materialem
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256 et passibilem; ideo ergo non dixit filius sed verbum, quod importat
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257 intelligibilem processum, ut non intelligatur materialem et
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258 passibilem generationem illam fuisse. Ostendens igitur filium ex
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259 Deo impassibiliter nasci, destruit vitiosam suspicionem per verbi
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260 nuncupationem. Aliter potest dici sic: Evangelista tractaturus erat
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261 de verbo, inquantum venerat ad manifestandum patrem. Unde cum ratio
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262 manifestationis magis importetur in nomine verbi quam in nomine
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263 filii, ideo magis est usus nomine verbi. Tertia quaestio est
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264 Augustini in Lib. LXXXIII quaest., quae talis est: in Graeco, ubi
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265 nos habemus verbum, habetur logos. Cum ergo logos significet in
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266 Latino rationem et verbum, quare translatores transtulerunt verbum,
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267 et non rationem, cum ratio sit quid intrinsecum, quemadmodum etiam
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268 verbum? Respondeo. Dicendum quod ratio proprie nominat conceptum
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269 mentis, secundum quod in mente est, etsi nihil per illam exterius
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270 fiat; per verbum vero significatur respectus ad exteriora: et ideo
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271 quia Evangelista per hoc, quod dixit logos, non solum intendebat
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272 significare respectum ad existentiam filii in patre, sed etiam
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273 operativam potentiam filii, qua <i>per ipsum facta sunt omnia</i>,
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274 magis antiqui transtulerunt verbum, quod importat respectum ad
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275 exteriora, quam ratio, quae tantum conceptum mentis insinuat.
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276 Quarta quaestio est Origenis, quae talis est. Scriptura in pluribus
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277 locis loquens de verbo Dei, nominat ipsum non absolute verbum, sed
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278 cum additione, scilicet Dei, cum dicit verbum Dei, vel domini:
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279 Eccli. I, 5: <i>fons sapientiae verbum Dei in excelsis</i>, et
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280 Apoc. XIX, 13: <i>et nomen eius verbum Dei</i>. Quare ergo
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281 Evangelista, cum loqueretur hic de verbo Dei, non dixit: in
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282 principio erat verbum Dei, sed dixit tantummodo verbum? Respondeo.
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283 Dicendum, quod licet sint multae veritates participatae, est tamen
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284 una veritas absoluta, quae per suam essentiam est veritas, scilicet
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285 ipsum esse divinum, qua veritate, omnia verba sunt verba. Eodem
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286 modo est una sapientia absoluta supra omnia elevata, scilicet
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287 sapientia divina, per cuius participationem omnes sapientes sunt
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288 sapientes. Et etiam unum verbum absolutum, cuius participatione
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289 omnes habentes verbum, dicuntur dicentes. Hoc autem est verbum
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290 divinum, quod per seipsum est verbum super omnia verba elevatum. Ut
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291 ergo Evangelista hanc supereminentiam divini verbi significaret,
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292 ipsum verbum absque ulla additione nobis absolute proposuit; et
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293 quia Graeci, quando volunt significare aliquid segregatum et
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294 elevatum ab omnibus aliis, consueverunt apponere articulum nomini,
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295 per quod illud significatur sicut Platonici volentes significare
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296 substantias separatas, puta bonum separatum, vel hominem separatum,
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297 vocabant illud ly per se bonum, vel ly per se hominem ideo
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298 Evangelista volens significare segregationem et elevationem istius
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299 verbi super omnia, apposuit articulum ad hoc nomen logos, ut si
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300 dicatur in Latino, ly verbum. Secundo considerandum est, quid
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301 significet hoc quod dicitur <i>in principio</i>. Sciendum est autem
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302 quod principium, secundum Origenem, multis modis dicitur. Cum enim
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303 principium importet ordinem quemdam ad alia, necesse est invenire
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304 principium in omnibus, in quibus est ordo. Invenitur autem ordo in
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305 quantitatibus; et secundum hoc dicitur principium in numeris et
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306 longitudine, puta lineae. Invenitur etiam ordo in tempore; et
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307 secundum hoc dicitur principium temporis, vel durationis. Invenitur
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308 ordo in disciplinis, et hic est duplex: secundum naturam, et quoad
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309 nos; et utroque modo dicitur principium. Hebr. V, v. 12:
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310 <i>deberetis esse magistri propter tempus</i>. Et hoc modo,
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311 secundum naturam quidem, in disciplina Christiana initium et
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312 principium sapientiae nostrae est Christus, inquantum est sapientia
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313 et verbum Dei, idest secundum divinitatem. Quoad nos vero
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314 principium est ipse Christus, inquantum <i>verbum caro factum
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315 est</i>, idest secundum eius incarnationem. Invenitur etiam ordo in
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316 productione rei; et secundum hoc principium dicitur ex parte
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317 generati, scilicet ipsa prima pars generati seu facti: sicut
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318 fundamentum dicitur principium domus. Vel ex parte facientis: et
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319 sic est triplex principium, scilicet intentionis, quod est finis,
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320 quod movet agentem; rationis, quod est ipsa forma in mente
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321 artificis; et executionis, quod est potentia operans. His igitur
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322 modis de principio inquirendum est, quomodo sumatur hic principium,
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323 cum dicit <i>in principio erat verbum</i>. Dicendum est igitur quod
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324 potest sumi tripliciter. Uno modo, secundum quod principium
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325 supponit pro persona filii, quod principium est creaturarum
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326 secundum rationem virtutis activae, et per modum sapientiae, quae
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327 est ratio eorum quae fiunt; unde dicitur I Cor. I, 24: <i>Christum
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328 Dei virtutem et Dei sapientiam</i>. Unde et dominus de se dicit
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329 infra VIII, 25: <i>ego principium, qui et loquor vobis</i>. Sic
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330 ergo accipiendo principium, intelligendum est quod dicitur <i>in
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331 principio erat verbum</i>, ac si diceret in filio erat verbum, ut
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332 sit sensus: ipsum verbum est principium, ex modo loquendi, quo
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333 dicitur vita esse in Deo, quae tamen non est aliud, quam ipse Deus.
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334 Et haec est expositio Origenis. Dicit ergo hic Evangelista <i>in
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335 principio</i>, ut statim in principio divinitatem verbi ostenderet,
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336 ut Chrysostomus dicit, dum asserit ipsum esse principium; quia
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337 secundum determinationem omnium principium est honoratissimum.
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338 Secundo modo potest accipi principium, prout supponit pro persona
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339 patris, quod est principium non solum creaturarum, sed omnis divini
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340 processus; et sic accipitur in Ps. CIX, 3: <i>tecum principium in
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341 die virtutis tuae</i>. Secundum hoc ergo dicitur <i>in principio
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342 erat verbum</i>, ac si diceretur: in patre erat filius. Et haec est
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343 expositio Augustini, et etiam Origenis. Dicitur autem filius esse
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344 in patre, quia eiusdem essentiae est cum patre. Cum enim filius sit
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345 sui essentia, in quocumque est essentia filii, est filius. Quia
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346 ergo in patre est essentia filii per consubstantialitatem,
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347 conveniens est quod filius sit in patre. Unde infra XIV, 10
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348 dicitur: <i>ego in patre, et pater in me est</i>. Tertio modo
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349 potest accipi principium pro principio durationis, ut sit sensus
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350 <i>in principio erat verbum</i>, idest verbum erat ante omnia, ut
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351 Augustinus exponit, et designatur per hoc verbi aeternitas,
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352 secundum Basilium et Hilarium. Per hoc enim quod dicitur <i>in
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353 principio erat verbum</i>, ostenditur quod quodcumque principium
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354 durationis accipiatur, sive rerum temporalium, quod est tempus,
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355 sive aeviternarum, quod est aevum, sive totius mundi, sive
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356 quodcumque imaginatum extensum per multa saecula, in illo principio
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357 iam erat verbum. Unde Hilarius dicit VII de Trinitate:
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358 <i>transeuntur tempora, transcenduntur saecula, tolluntur aetates.
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359 Pone aliquid quod voles tuae opinionis principium; verbum iam erat,
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360 unde tractatur</i>. Et hoc est quod dicitur Prov. VIII, 22:
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361 <i>dominus possedit me in initio viarum suarum, antequam quicquam
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362 faceret a principio</i>. Quod autem est ante durationis principium,
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363 est aeternum. Sic igitur secundum primam expositionem, asseritur
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364 verbi causalitas; secundum autem secundam, verbi consubstantialitas
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365 ad patrem, qui verbum loquitur; secundum vero tertiam, verbi
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366 coaeternitas. Considerandum est etiam hic, quod dicitur <i>verbum
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367 erat</i>, quod est temporis praeteriti imperfecti, et hoc maxime
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368 videtur competere ad designandum aeterna, si attendamus naturam
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369 temporis et eorum quae sunt in tempore. Quod futurum est, nondum
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370 est actu; praesens autem actu est, et per hoc quod est actu
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371 praesens, non designatur fuisse: praeteritum autem perfectum
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372 designat aliquid extitisse, et esse iam determinatum, et iam
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373 defuisse; sed praeteritum imperfectum significat aliquid fuisse, et
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374 non esse adhuc determinatum, nec defuisse, sed adhuc remanere. Ideo
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375 signanter Ioannes ubicumque ponit aliquid aeternum, dicit
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376 <i>erat</i>; ubi vero dicit aliquid temporale, dicit <i>fuit</i>,
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377 ut infra patebit. Sed quantum ad rationem praesentis competit
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378 maxime ad designandum aeternitatem praesens tempus, quod signat
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379 aliquid esse in actu, quod semper convenit aeternis: et ideo
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380 dicitur Ex. III, 14: <i>ego sum qui sum</i>; et Augustinus dicit,
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381 quod ille solus vere est, cuius esse non novit praeteritum et
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382 futurum. Est etiam considerandum quod hoc verbum <i>erat</i>,
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383 secundum Glossam, non sumitur hic inquantum significat temporales
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384 motus, more aliorum verborum, sed secundum quod signat rei
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385 existentiam: unde et verbum substantivum dicitur. Sed potest
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386 aliquis quaerere, cum verbum sit genitum a patre, quomodo possit
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387 esse patri coaeternum: homo enim filius a patre homine genitus, est
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388 eo posterior. Ad quod dicendum est quod principium originis
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389 invenitur esse prius duratione, eo quod est ex principio, propter
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390 tria. Primo quidem quia principium originis alicuius rei praecedit
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391 tempore actionem, qua producit rem cuius est principium; sicut non
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392 statim quando homo est, incipit scribere, et ideo tempore praecedit
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393 Scripturam. Secundo per hoc quod actio successionem habet, et ideo
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394 etiam si simul cum agente incipiat, tamen terminus actionis est
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395 post agentem: sicut simul cum generatus est ignis in istis
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396 inferioribus, incipit sursum tendere; prius tamen est ignis quam
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397 sit sursum, quia motus quo sursum tendit, quodam tempore
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398 mensuratur. Tertio modo eo quod ex voluntate principii determinatur
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399 initium durationis eius quod est in principio, sicut ex voluntate
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400 Dei determinatur initium durationis creaturae: unde prius fuit Deus
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401 quam creatura. Nihil autem horum trium in generatione divini verbi
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402 invenitur. Non enim Deus primo fuit quam inceperit generare verbum:
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403 cum enim generatio verbi nihil aliud sit quam intelligibilis
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404 conceptio, sequeretur quod Deus esset prius intelligens in potentia
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405 quam in actu, quod est impossibile. Similiter non potest esse quod
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406 ipsa verbi generatio sit successiva: sic enim divinum verbum prius
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407 esset informe quam formatum, sicut accidit in nobis, qui cogitando
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408 verba formamus; quod est falsum, ut iam dictum est. Similiter non
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409 potest dici quod pater sua voluntate initium durationis filio suo
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410 praestiterit; quia Deus pater non generat filium voluntate, ut
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411 Ariani dixerunt, sed naturaliter: Deus enim pater seipsum
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412 intelligendo, verbum concepit, et ideo non ante fuit Deus pater
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413 quam filius. Huius aliqualis similitudo apparet in igne, et in
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414 splendore procedente ab igne: procedit enim splendor naturaliter et
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415 sine successione. Item si ignis esset aeternus, splendor eius
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416 coaeternus esset: propter quod filius dicitur splendor patris; ad
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417 Hebr. I, 3: <i>qui cum sit splendor gloriae</i> et cetera. Sed in
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418 hac similitudine deficit connaturalitas, et ideo nominamus eum
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419 filium, cum tamen in humana filiatione deficiat coaeternitas:
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420 oportet enim ex multis similitudinibus sensibilium in divinam
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421 cognitionem pervenire, quia una non sufficit; et hoc est quod
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422 dicitur in libro Ephesini Concilii, coexistere semper patri filium:
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423 splendor enim denunciat impassibilitatem, nativitas ostendit
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424 verbum, consubstantialitatem vero filii nomen insinuat. Nominamus
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425 ergo filium diversis nominibus, ad exprimendum perfectionem eius,
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426 quae uno nomine non potest exprimi. Ut enim ostendatur connaturalis
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427 patri, dicitur filius; ut ostendatur in nullo dissimilis, dicitur
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428 imago; ut ostendatur coaeternus, dicitur splendor; ut ostendatur
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429 immaterialiter genitus, dicitur verbum. Deinde dicit <i>et verbum
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430 erat apud Deum</i>. Hic ponitur secunda clausula, quam Evangelista
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431 ponit in sua narratione. Ubi prius consideranda est significatio
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432 duorum verborum quae in prima clausula posita non fuerunt, scilicet
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433 <i>Deum</i> et <i>apud</i>. Quid enim sit verbum, et quid
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434 principium, iam expositum est. Haec ergo quae in hac secunda
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435 clausula ponuntur de novo, scilicet <i>Deum</i> et <i>apud</i>,
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436 investigantes, diligentius prosequamur. Et ut melius expositionem
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437 huius secundae clausulae intelligamus, dicendum est aliquid de
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438 significatione utriusque, quantum pertinet ad propositum. Sciendum
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439 est ergo in primis quod hoc nomen Deus significat divinitatem, sed
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440 in supposito et concrete; hoc vero nomen deitas significat deitatem
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441 in abstracto, et absolute: et inde est quod non potest supponere
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442 pro persona ex naturali virtute et ex modo significandi; sed
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443 supponit solummodo pro natura. Hoc vero nomen Deus habet
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444 naturaliter ex modo significandi quod supponat pro aliqua
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445 personarum, sicut hoc nomen homo supponit pro supposito
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446 humanitatis, et ideo quandocumque veritas locutionis, vel ipsum
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447 praedicatum exigit ut hoc nomen Deus supponat pro persona, tunc
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448 supponit pro persona ut cum dicimus, Deus generat Deum. Et ita cum
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449 hic dicitur <i>apud Deum</i>, necesse est quod Deus pro persona
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450 patris supponat, quia haec praepositio apud distinctionem
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451 significat verbi, quod esse dicitur <i>apud Deum</i>; et licet
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452 significet distinctionem in persona, non tamen in natura, cum eadem
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453 sit natura patris et filii. Evangelista igitur significare voluit
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454 patris personam per hoc quod dixit <i>Deum</i>. Sciendum est autem
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455 circa hoc quod haec praepositio apud quamdam coniunctionem rei
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456 significatae per rectum, ad rem significatam per obliquum importat,
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457 sicut haec praepositio in. Sed differenter, quia haec praepositio
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458 in significat quamdam coniunctionem intrinsecam; haec vero
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459 praepositio apud quodammodo extrinsecam coniunctionem importat. Et
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460 utrumque dicimus in divinis: scilicet filium esse in patre, et esse
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461 apud patrem; et intrinsecum quidem ad consubstantialitatem
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462 pertinet, extrinsecum vero (ut sic loqui liceat, cum improprie in
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463 divinis dicatur extrinsecum) non nisi ad distinctionem personalem
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464 refertur, cum filius a patre solum per originem distinguatur. Et
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465 ideo per utrumque istorum, et consubstantialitas in natura
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466 designatur, et distinctio in personis: consubstantialitas quidem,
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467 inquantum coniunctionem quamdam importat; distinctio vero,
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468 inquantum distinctionem quamdam significat, ut superius dictum est.
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469 Et quia haec praepositio in, ut dictum est, principaliter
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470 consubstantialitatem designat, inquantum importat coniunctionem
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471 intrinsecam, et ex consequenti distinctionem personarum, inquantum
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472 omnis praepositio est transitiva; haec autem praepositio apud
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473 distinctionem personalem significat principaliter,
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474 consubstantialitatem vero, inquantum quamdam coniunctionem
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475 significat quasi extrinsecam, ideo Evangelista in hoc loco
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476 specialiter ista praepositione apud usus est, ut distinctionem
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477 personae filii a patre insinuaret, cum dixit <i>et verbum erat apud
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478 Deum</i>, idest filius apud patrem, ut alia persona apud aliam.
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479 Sciendum est autem quod per hanc praepositionem apud quatuor
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480 significantur, per quae obiectiones quatuor contrariae excluduntur.
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481 Significat enim haec praepositio apud primo subsistentiam in recto;
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482 quia ea quae subsistentiam per se non habent, non dicuntur proprie
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483 esse apud aliquid: sicut non dicimus albedinem esse apud corpus, et
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484 similiter de aliis quae per se non subsistunt. Ea autem quae per se
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485 subsistunt, dicuntur proprie esse unum apud aliud; sicut dicimus
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486 hominem esse apud hominem, et lapidem apud lapidem. Secundo
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487 significat auctoritatem in obliquo, non enim proprie dicitur rex
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488 esse apud militem sed proprie dicitur miles apud regem. Tertio
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489 dicit distinctionem: non enim proprie dicitur aliquis esse apud
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490 seipsum, sed unus homo est apud alium. Quarto significat
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491 coniunctionem et societatem quamdam: cum enim dicitur aliquis esse
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492 apud alium, insinuatur nobis inter eos quaedam socialis coniunctio.
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493 Secundum autem istas conditiones importatas in significatione huius
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494 praepositionis apud convenienter Evangelista hanc clausulam,
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495 scilicet <i>verbum erat apud Deum</i>, subiungit primae clausulae,
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496 scilicet <i>in principio erat verbum</i>. Praetermissa namque una
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497 illarum trium expositionum huius quod est <i>in principio erat
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498 verbum</i>, illa scilicet secundum quam principium ponitur pro
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499 filio, ad quamlibet aliarum expositionum, scilicet ad illam quae
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500 principium dicit idem quod ante omnia, et ad illam secundum quam
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501 principium sumitur pro patre, duplex obiectio fit ab haereticis; et
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502 sic sunt quatuor obiectiones, quas per quatuor conditiones huius
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503 praepositionis <i>apud</i> supra positas excludere possumus. Quarum
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504 prima talis est: tu dicis quod verbum erat in principio, idest ante
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505 omnia; sed ante omnia nihil erat; ubi ergo erat verbum, si ante
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506 omnia nihil erat? Haec autem obiectio procedit secundum
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507 imaginationem eorum qui ponunt, omne quod est, esse alicubi et in
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508 loco. Quae quidem excluditur a Ioanne, cum dicit <i>apud Deum</i>.
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509 Et designat coniunctionem secundum ultimam dictarum conditionum, ut
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510 sit sensus, secundum Basilium: ubi ergo erat verbum? Respondet
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diff changeset
511 <i>apud Deum</i>, non in aliquo loco, cum incircumscriptibile sit,
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512 sed apud patrem, qui nullo comprehenditur loco. Secunda quaestio ad
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513 idem, est talis: tu dicis quod verbum erat in principio, idest ante
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514 omnia. Sed ea quae sunt ante omnia, a nullo videntur procedere; cum
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515 illud a quo procedit aliquid, prius esse videatur eo quod procedit
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516 ab ipso; ergo verbum non est procedens ab alio. Haec autem obiectio
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517 excluditur cum dicit <i>verbum erat apud Deum</i>, ut ly apud
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518 accipiatur secundum secundam conditionem, secundum quam importat
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519 auctoritatem in causali, et sit sensus secundum Hilarium: a quo est
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diff changeset
520 verbum si ante omnia? Evangelista respondet <i>verbum erat apud
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diff changeset
521 Deum</i>; quasi dicat: licet verbum careat initio durationis, non
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diff changeset
522 tamen caret principio vel auctore: erat enim apud Deum, ut apud
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523 auctorem. Tertia quaestio est ad aliam expositionem secundum quam
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diff changeset
524 principium supponit pro patre; quae talis est: tu dicis <i>in
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525 principio erat verbum</i>, idest filius erat in patre; sed illud
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526 quod est in aliquo, non videtur esse subsistens, ut hypostasis:
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527 sicut albedo quae est in corpore, non subsistit. Sed haec obiectio
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528 solvitur per hoc quod dicit <i>verbum erat apud Deum</i>; ut ly
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529 apud sumatur secundum primam conditionem per quam importat
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530 subsistentiam in recto; et sic, secundum Chrysostomum, est sensus
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531 <i>verbum erat in principio</i>, non ut accidens: sed <i>erat apud
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532 Deum</i>, ut subsistens, et hypostasis divina. Quarta quaestio ad
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533 idem est talis: tu dicis quod verbum erat in principio, idest in
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534 patre; quod autem est in aliquo, non est distinctus a patre. Sed
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535 haec obiectio excluditur per hoc quod dicit <i>et verbum erat apud
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536 Deum</i>; ut ly apud sumatur secundum tertiam conditionem, secundum
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diff changeset
537 quam significat distinctionem: ut sit sensus, secundum Alcuinum et
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diff changeset
538 Bedam, <i>verbum erat apud Deum</i>, et sic erat in patre per
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diff changeset
539 consubstantialitatem naturae, quod tamen est apud ipsum per
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diff changeset
540 distinctionem personae. Sic ergo per hanc clausulam <i>et verbum
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541 erat apud Deum</i>, ostenditur coniunctio verbi ad patrem in
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542 natura, secundum Basilium; distinctio autem in persona, secundum
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diff changeset
543 Alcuinum et Bedam; substantia verbi in natura divina, secundum
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544 Chrysostomum; auctoritas patris ad verbum, secundum Hilarium.
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545 Notandum autem, secundum Origenem, quod per hoc quod dicit
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546 <i>verbum erat apud Deum</i>, ostendit filium semper fuisse apud
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diff changeset
547 patrem. In veteri enim testamento dicitur factum esse verbum domini
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548 ad Ieremiam, vel quemcumque alium, ut patet in multis Scripturae
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549 locis, non autem dicitur: verbum domini erat apud Ieremiam vel apud
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550 alium; quia ad illos fit verbum, qui incipiunt habere verbum,
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551 postquam non habuerunt. Unde Evangelista non dixit, verbum factum
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552 esse apud patrem, sed <i>erat apud patrem</i>: quia ex quo pater
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553 erat, verbum apud eum erat. Deinde dicit <i>et Deus erat
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554 verbum</i>. Haec est tertia clausula narrationis Ioannis, quae
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555 quidem secundum ordinem doctrinae congruentissime sequitur. Quia
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diff changeset
556 enim Ioannes dixerat de verbo quando erat et ubi erat; restabat
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557 quaerere, quid erat verbum; idest verbum erat Deus, ut ly verbum
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558 ponatur ex parte subiecti, et ly Deus ex parte praedicati. Sed cum
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559 prius quaerendum sit de re quid est, quam ubi et quando sit,
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560 videtur quod Ioannes hunc ordinem pervertat, insinuans primo de
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561 verbo ubi et quando sit. Ad hanc autem quaestionem respondet
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562 Origenes, quod aliter dicitur esse verbum Dei apud hominem, et
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563 aliter apud Deum. Nam apud hominem est ut perficiens ipsum, quia
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564 per illud homo efficitur sapiens et bonus, Sap. c. VII, 27:
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565 <i>amicos Dei et prophetas constituit</i>. Apud Deum vero non ita
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566 dicitur esse verbum, quasi pater perficiatur per verbum et
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567 illustretur ab ipso; sed sic est apud Deum, quod accipiat naturalem
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568 divinitatem ab ipso, qui verbum loquitur, a quo habet ut sit idem
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569 Deus cum eo. Ex eo ergo quod est per originem apud Deum, necesse
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570 fuit primum ostendere quod verbum erat in patre et apud patrem,
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571 quam quod verbum erat Deus. Sciendum est autem quod per hanc
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572 clausulam <i>Deus erat verbum</i>, responderi potest duabus
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573 obiectionibus, quae ex praecedentibus insurgunt. Quarum una
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diff changeset
574 insurgit ex nomine verbi, et est talis: tu dicis quod <i>verbum
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575 erat in principio, et apud Deum</i>; constat autem quod verbum
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576 secundum communem usum loquendi significat vocem aliquam et
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577 enuntiationem necessariorum, manifestationem cogitationum; sed ista
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578 transeunt et non subsistunt; posset ergo credi quod de tali verbo
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579 Evangelista loqueretur. Sed ista quaestio satis per praedicta
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580 excluditur, secundum Hilarium et Augustinum, Hom. prima super Io.,
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581 qui dicit, manifestum esse, verbum in hoc loco non posse pro
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diff changeset
582 locutione accipi, quia cum locutio sit in motu et transeat, non
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583 posset dici quod <i>in principio erat verbum</i>, si verbum esset
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584 quid transiens et in motu. Item cum dicit <i>et verbum erat apud
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585 Deum</i>, datur idem intelligi; satis enim patet quod aliud est
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586 inesse, et aliud est adesse. Verbum enim nostrum, cum non
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587 subsistat, non adest, sed inest; verbum autem Dei est subsistens,
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588 et ideo adest. Et idcirco Evangelista signanter dixit <i>verbum
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589 erat apud Deum</i>. Sed tamen, ut obiectionis causa tollatur
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590 totaliter, naturam et esse verbi subdit, dicens <i>et verbum erat
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diff changeset
591 Deus</i>. Alia quaestio insurgit ex hoc quod dixerat <i>apud
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592 Deum</i>. Cum enim ly apud dicat distinctionem, posset credi quod
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593 <i>verbum erat apud Deum</i>, scilicet patrem, ab ipso in natura
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594 distinctum. Et ideo ad hoc excludendum statim subdit
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595 consubstantialitatem verbi ad patrem, dicens <i>et verbum erat
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diff changeset
596 Deus</i>; quasi dicat: non separatus a patre per diversitatem
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597 naturae, quia ipsum verbum est Deus. Nota etiam specialem modum
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598 significandi, quia dicit <i>verbum erat Deus</i>, absolute ponendo
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599 Deum; ut ostendat non eo modo Deum esse, quo nomen deitatis
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600 attribui dicitur creaturae in sacra Scriptura; quia cum additione
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601 aliqua aliquando hoc nomen creatura participat. Sicut illud Ex.
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602 VII, 1: <i>ego constitui te Deum Pharaonis</i>, ad designandum quod
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603 non erat Deus simpliciter, nec per naturam, quia constituebatur
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604 Deus alicuius determinate; et illud Ps. LXXXI, 6: <i>ego dixi, dii
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605 estis</i>, quasi dicat: per meam reputationem, non secundum rei
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606 veritatem, dii estis: aliud enim est Deum reputari, et aliud esse
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607 Deum. Unde verbum absolute dicitur Deus, quia est secundum
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608 essentiam suam Deus, et non participative, sicut homines et Angeli.
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609 Sciendum est etiam quod circa hanc clausulam Origenes turpiter
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610 erravit, ex modo loquendi, qui in Graeco habetur, sumens occasionem
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611 sui erroris. Consuetudo enim est apud Graecos, quod cuilibet nomini
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612 apponunt articulum, ad designandum discretionem quamdam. Quia ergo
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613 in Evangelio Ioannis in Graeco, huic nomini quod est verbum, cum
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614 dicitur <i>in principio erat verbum</i>, et similiter huic nomini
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615 quod est Deus, cum dicitur <i>et verbum erat apud Deum</i>,
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616 apponitur articulus, ut dicatur ly verbum, et ly Deus, ad
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617 designandum eminentiam et discretionem verbi ad alia verba, et
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618 principalitatem patris in divinitate; ideo, cum in hoc quod dicitur
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619 <i>verbum erat Deus</i>, non apponatur articulus huic nomini
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620 <i>Deus</i>, quod supponit pro persona filii, blasphemavit Origenes
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621 quod verbum non esset Deus per essentiam, licet sit essentialiter
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622 verbum; sed dicitur per participationem Deus: solus vero pater est
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623 Deus per suam essentiam. Et sic ponebat filium patre minorem. Quod
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624 autem non sit verum, probat Chrysostomus per hoc quod si articulus
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625 positus huic nomini Deus, importaret maioritatem in patre respectu
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626 filii, numquam apponeretur huic nomini Deus, cum de alio
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627 praedicatur, sed solum quando praedicatur de patre, et semper cum
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628 dicitur de patre, apponeretur articulus. Invenimus autem contrarium
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629 per duas auctoritates apostoli, qui notat Christum Deum cum
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630 appositione articuli, dicens in Epist. ad Titum, II, 13:
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631 <i>expectantes beatam spem, et adventum gloriae magni Dei</i>. Ibi
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632 enim Deus supponit pro filio, et apponitur ei articulus in Graeco;
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diff changeset
633 ergo Christus est Deus magnus. Item idem apostolus, Rom. IX, 5,
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634 dicit: <i>ex quibus Christus, qui est super omnia Deus benedictus
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635 in saecula</i>. Ibi similiter ad ly Deus ponitur in Graeco
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636 articulus. Praeterea I Io. ult., 20: <i>ut simus in vero filio eius
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637 Christo Iesu; hic est verus Deus, et vita aeterna</i>. Christus
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638 ergo non est Deus per participationem, sed verus. Patet igitur esse
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639 falsum quod Origenes finxit. Ratio autem quare Evangelista non
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640 apposuit articulum huic nomini Deus, assignatur a Chrysostomo;
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641 scilicet quia iam bis nominaverat Deum cum appositione articuli, et
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642 ideo non oportebat reiterare tertio, sed subintelligitur. Vel
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643 dicendum est et melius, quod Deus ponitur hic in praedicato, et
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644 tenetur formaliter; consuetum est autem quod nominibus in
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645 praedicato positis non ponitur articulus, cum discretionem
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646 importet. Si vero Deus poneretur hic ex parte subiecti, pro
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647 quacumque persona supponeret, sive pro filio sive pro spiritu
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648 sancto; et tunc non est dubium quod in Graeco ibi apponeretur
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649 articulus.</p>
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650 <br />
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651 <div class="D">Lectio 2</div>
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652 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 2"><a name="87420"><span class=
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653 "ref">[87420] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 2</span></a> Deinde dicit <i>hoc
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654 erat in principio apud Deum</i>. Hic ponitur quarta clausula, quae
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655 introducitur propter clausulam praecedentem. Ex hoc enim quod
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656 Evangelista dixerat quod <i>verbum erat Deus</i>, duplex falsus
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657 intellectus accipi poterat a non recte sentientibus. Unus a
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658 gentilibus, qui ponunt pluralitatem et diversitatem deorum, et
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659 eorum contrarias dicunt esse voluntates; sicut illi qui fabulantur
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660 Iovem pugnasse cum Saturno; et sicut Manichaei, qui ponunt duo
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661 contraria principia naturae. Contra hunc errorem dominus dixit,
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662 Deut. VI, 4: <i>audi Israel, dominus Deus tuus, Deus unus est</i>.
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663 Quia ergo Evangelista dixerat <i>verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus
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664 erat verbum</i>, possent isti in fulcimentum sui erroris istud
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665 adducere, intelligentes alium esse Deum, apud quem est verbum, et
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666 alium ipsum verbum, et cum hoc alterius, sive contrariae
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667 voluntatis; quod est contra legem Evangelii. Ad hoc ergo
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668 excludendum dicit <i>hoc erat in principio apud Deum</i>; quasi
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669 dicat, secundum Hilarium: ita dico quod verbum est Deus, quod tamen
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670 non est habens divinitatem, sed est apud Deum, scilicet in una
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671 natura et eadem in qua ipse est. Item per hoc quod dicit, <i>verbum
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672 erat Deus</i> ne intelligeretur quod haberent contrariam
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673 voluntatem, addidit hoc, quod scilicet <i>verbum erat in principio
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674 apud Deum</i> scilicet patrem; non divisum ab ipso, non contrarium,
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675 sed habens cum eo identitatem naturae et concordiam voluntatis:
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676 quae quidem unio fit per communionem divinae naturae in tribus
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677 personis, et per nexum naturalis amoris patris et filii. Alius
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678 error poterat ex praemissis verbis elici ab Arianis, qui ponunt
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679 filium minorem esse quam pater, propter hoc quod dicitur: <i>pater
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680 maior me est</i>. Dicunt enim patrem maiorem filio, et quantum ad
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681 aeternitatem, et quantum ad naturae divinitatem. Ut ergo
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682 Evangelista excluderet, addidit <i>hoc erat in principio apud
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683 Deum</i>. Arius enim primam clausulam, scilicet <i>in principio
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684 erat verbum</i>, admittit: non tamen vult quod ibi principium
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685 accipiatur pro patre, sed pro principio creaturarum. Unde dicit
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686 quod verbum erat in principio creaturarum, et ideo nequaquam patri
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687 est coaeternus. Sed hoc excluditur, secundum Chrysostomum, per
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688 illam clausulam <i>hoc erat in principio</i>, non quidem
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689 creaturarum, sed <i>in principio apud Deum</i>; idest ex quo Deus
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690 fuit. Numquam enim pater solitarius fuit a filio, sive verbo, sed
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691 semper hoc, scilicet verbum, apud Deum erat. Item, Arius confitetur
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692 quod verbum erat Deus, sed tamen minor patre. Sed hoc excluditur
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693 per ea quae sequuntur. Duo enim sunt propria magni Dei, quae Arius
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694 Deo patri singulariter attribuebat, scilicet aeternitas et
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695 omnipotentia. In quocumque ergo ista duo inveniuntur, ille est
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696 magnus Deus, quo nullus est maior; sed haec duo Evangelista verbo
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697 attribuit; ergo verbum est magnus Deus, et non minor. Aeternitatem
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698 quidem dicit esse in verbo per hoc quod dicit <i>hoc erat in
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699 principio apud Deum</i>; idest verbum ab aeterno, non solum in
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700 principio creaturarum, ut Arius intellexit, erat, sed apud Deum,
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701 accipiens esse et divinitatem ab eo. Omnipotentiam vero attribuit
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702 verbo per hoc quod subdit <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>.
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703 Origenes vero hanc eamdem clausulam satis pulchre exponens, dicit
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704 ipsam non esse aliam a tribus primis; sed ipsam esse quemdam
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705 epilogum praemissorum. Evangelista enim postquam insinuaverat
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706 veritatem esse filii, transiturus ad eius insinuandum virtutem,
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707 recolligit, quasi in summa epilogando, in quarta clausula, quod in
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708 primis tribus praedixerat. Primo enim per hoc quod dicit
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709 <i>hoc</i>, intelligit tertiam clausulam; per hoc vero quod dicit
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710 <i>erat in principio</i>, recolligit primam; per hoc vero quod
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711 subdit <i>erat apud Deum</i>, recolligit secundam, ut sic non
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712 intelligas aliud verbum, quod erat in principio et quod erat Deus;
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713 sed hoc verbum, quod erat Deus, <i>erat in principio apud Deum</i>.
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714 Si quis ergo recte consideret has quatuor propositiones, inveniet
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715 evidenter per eas destrui omnes haereticorum et philosophorum
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716 errores. Quidam enim haeretici, sicut Ebion et Cerinthus, dixerunt,
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717 Christum non praeextitisse beatae virgini, sed ab ea sumpsisse
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718 essendi et durationis principium, ponentes eum fuisse hominem
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719 purum, sed meruisse divinitatem per bona merita. Quod etiam
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720 Photinus et Paulus Samosatenus eos secuti dixerunt. Horum errorem
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721 Evangelista excludit, dicens <i>in principio erat verbum</i>, idest
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722 ante omnia, et in patre ab aeterno; ergo non sumpsit initium ex
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723 virgine. Sabellius vero, licet fateretur quod Deus qui carnem
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724 suscepit, ex virgine non sumpsit initium, sed fuit ab aeterno,
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725 tamen dicebat quod non erat alia persona patris, qui fuit ab
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726 aeterno, et filii, qui carnem assumpsit ex virgine, sed idem erat
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727 pater et filius personaliter; Trinitatem personarum in divinis
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728 confundens. Contra hunc errorem dicit Evangelista <i>et verbum erat
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729 apud Deum</i>, scilicet filius apud patrem, ut alius apud alium.
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730 Eunomius vero posuit filium omnino dissimilem esse patri: et hoc
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731 consequenter Evangelista excludit, dicens <i>et Deus erat
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732 verbum</i>. Arius vero dicebat filium patre minorem; sed hoc
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733 excludit Evangelista cum dicit <i>hoc erat in principio apud
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734 Deum</i>, quod supra fuit expositum. Per hoc etiam excluduntur
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735 errores philosophorum. Quidam enim philosophorum antiqui, scilicet
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diff changeset
736 naturales, ponebant mundum non ex aliquo intellectu, neque per
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737 aliquam rationem, sed a casu fuisse; et ideo a principio rationem
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738 non posuerunt seu intellectum aliquam causam rerum, sed solam
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739 materiam fluitantem, utpote athomos, sicut Democritus posuit, et
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740 alia huiusmodi principia materialia, ut alii posuerunt. Contra hos
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741 est quod Evangelista dicit <i>in principio erat verbum</i>, a quo
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diff changeset
742 res scilicet principium sumpserunt et non a casu. Plato autem
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743 posuit rationes omnium rerum factarum subsistentes, separatas in
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744 propriis naturis, per quarum participationem res materiales essent:
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745 puta per rationem hominis separatam, quam dicebat per se hominem,
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746 haberent quod sint homines. Sic ergo ne hanc rationem, per quam
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747 omnia facta sunt, intelligas rationes separatas a Deo, ut Plato
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748 ponebat, addit Evangelista <i>et verbum erat apud Deum</i>. Alii
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749 etiam Platonici, ut Chrysostomus refert, ponebant Deum patrem
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750 eminentissimum, et primum, sub quo ponebant mentem quamdam, in qua
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751 dicebant esse similitudines et ideas omnium rerum. Ne ergo sic
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752 intelligas, quod verbum erat apud patrem, quasi sub eo et minor eo,
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753 addit Evangelista <i>et verbum erat Deus</i>. Aristoteles vero
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754 posuit in Deo rationes omnium rerum, et quod idem est in Deo
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diff changeset
755 intellectus et intelligens et intellectum; tamen posuit mundum
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756 coaeternum sibi fuisse. Et contra hoc est quod Evangelista dicit
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757 <i>hoc</i>, scilicet <i>verbum</i> solum, <i>erat in principio apud
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758 Deum</i>; ita quod ly hoc non excludit aliam personam, sed aliam
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759 naturam coaeternam. Nota etiam in praedictis differentiam Ioannis
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diff changeset
760 ab aliis Evangelistis, quomodo scilicet dignius Evangelium suum
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761 incepit, quam alii. Ipsi enim annuntiaverunt Christum filium Dei ex
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diff changeset
762 tempore natum; Matth. II, 1: <i>cum natus esset Iesus in
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763 Bethlehem</i>. Ioannes vero dicit eum ab aeterno fuisse, <i>in
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diff changeset
764 principio</i>, inquit, <i>erat verbum</i>. Ipsi etiam dicunt eum
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765 subito inter homines apparuisse; Lc. II, 29: <i>nunc dimittis
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diff changeset
766 servum tuum, domine, secundum verbum tuum in pace; quia viderunt
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767 oculi mei salutare tuum, quod parasti ante faciem omnium populorum,
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768 lumen ad revelationem gentium, et gloriam plebis tuae, Israel</i>.
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diff changeset
769 Ioannes vero dicit eum apud patrem semper fuisse. <i>Et verbum</i>,
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770 inquit, <i>erat apud Deum</i>. Alii vero ipsum hominem; Matth. IX,
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771 v. 8: <i>glorificabant Deum, qui potestatem talem hominibus
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772 dedit</i>. Ioannes vero dicit ipsum esse Deum. <i>Et verbum</i>,
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773 inquit, <i>erat Deus</i>. Alii dixerunt eum fuisse cum hominibus
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774 conversatum; Matth. XVII, 21: <i>conversantibus autem illis in
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775 Galilaea, dixit Iesus</i> etc.; sed Ioannes dicit eum apud patrem
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776 semper fuisse. <i>Hoc</i>, inquit, <i>erat in principio apud
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diff changeset
777 Deum</i>. Nota etiam quod Evangelista signanter recitat hoc verbum
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778 <i>erat</i>, ut ostendat verbum Dei omnia tempora, scilicet
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779 praesens, praeteritum et futurum, excedere. Quasi dicat: erat ultra
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780 tempus praesens, praeteritum et futurum, secundum quod tangitur in
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781 Glossa. Postquam Evangelista esse et naturam divini verbi, quantum
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diff changeset
782 dici potest ab homine, insinuaverat, consequenter manifestat eius
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783 virtutem. Et primo ostendit eius virtutem quantum ad omnia, quae in
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784 esse procedunt; secundo specialiter quantum ad homines, ibi <i>erat
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785 vita lux hominum</i>. Circa primum ponit tres clausulas, quas non
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diff changeset
786 distinguimus ad praesens, quia secundum diversas expositiones
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diff changeset
787 sanctorum sunt diversimode distinguendae. Prima ergo clausula est
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diff changeset
788 <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>; quae inducitur ad ostendendum
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diff changeset
789 tria de verbo. Et primo, secundum Chrysostomum, ad ostendendum
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diff changeset
790 aequalitatem verbi ad patrem. Sicut enim dictum est supra,
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diff changeset
791 Evangelista excluserat errorem Arii, ostendens coaeternitatem filii
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diff changeset
792 ad patrem per hoc quod dixerat <i>hoc erat in principio apud
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diff changeset
793 Deum</i>, hic vero eumdem errorem excludit, ostendendo
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diff changeset
794 omnipotentiam filii, dicens, <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>.
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diff changeset
795 Esse enim principium omnium factorum proprium est Dei magni
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diff changeset
796 omnipotentis, iuxta illud Ps. CXXXIV, 6: <i>omnia quaecumque
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diff changeset
797 dominus voluit, fecit in caelo et in terra</i>. Verbum ergo per
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diff changeset
798 quod facta sunt omnia, est Deus magnus et coaequalis patri.
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diff changeset
799 Secundo, ad ostendendum coaeternitatem verbi ad patrem, secundum
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diff changeset
800 Hilarium. Quia enim per hoc quod dixerat <i>in principio erat
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diff changeset
801 verbum</i>, posset aliquis intelligere hoc dictum fuisse de
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diff changeset
802 principio creaturarum, id est fuisse aliquod tempus ante omnem
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diff changeset
803 creaturam, in quo verbum non erat, ideo hoc excludens Evangelista
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804 dixit <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>. Si enim omnia sunt facta
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diff changeset
805 per verbum ergo et ipsum tempus. Ex quo sic argumentatur: si omne
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diff changeset
806 tempus ab ipso factum est; ergo nullum tempus fuit ante ipsum; nec
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diff changeset
807 cum ipso; quia ante omnia erat; ergo sunt ab aeterno coaeterni.
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diff changeset
808 Tertio, secundum Augustinum, ad ostendendam consubstantialitatem
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809 verbi ad patrem. Si enim facta omnia sunt per verbum, ergo ipsum
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diff changeset
810 verbum non potest dici factum: quia si est factum, est factum per
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diff changeset
811 aliquod verbum, quia omnia per verbum facta sunt. Oportet ergo esse
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diff changeset
812 aliud verbum, per quod verbum, de quo hic loquitur Evangelista, sit
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813 factum. Et illud verbum dicimus unigenitum Dei, per quem facta sunt
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814 omnia, quia nec factum est, nec creatura est; et si non est
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diff changeset
815 creatura, necesse est dicere ipsum esse eiusdem substantiae cum
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diff changeset
816 patre, cum omnis substantia praeter essentiam divinam facta sit.
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diff changeset
817 Substantia autem, quae creatura non est, Deus est. Verbum ergo, per
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diff changeset
818 quod omnia facta sunt, consubstantiale est patri, cum nec factum,
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819 nec creatura sit. Sic ergo habes verbi aequalitatem ad patrem,
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diff changeset
820 secundum Chrysostomum, coaeternitatem secundum Hilarium, et
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diff changeset
821 consubstantialitatem, secundum Augustinum per hoc quod dicit
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822 <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>. Cavendi sunt autem hic tres
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823 errores. Et primo error Valentini. Ipse enim intellexit per hoc
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824 quod dicitur <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>, quod verbum dederit
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diff changeset
825 causam creatori, quod mundum crearet, ut dicantur omnia sic per
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826 verbum facta, quasi ex verbo processerit quod pater mundum creavit.
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827 Et hoc videtur ducere in positionem illorum, qui dicebant Deum
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828 mundum fecisse propter aliquam exteriorem causam; quod est contra
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829 illud Prov. XVI, 4: <i>universa propter semetipsum operatus est
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830 dominus</i>. Sed hoc est falsum, quia, sicut Origenes dicit, si
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831 verbum fuisset causa creatori praestans ei materiam ad faciendum,
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832 non dixisset <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>, sed, e converso,
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833 omnia facta sunt per creatorem a verbo. Secundo vitandus est error
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diff changeset
834 Origenis, qui dicit spiritum sanctum, inter omnia, factum esse per
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835 verbum, ex quo sequitur ipsum esse creaturam: et hoc posuit
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836 Origenes. Hoc autem est haereticum et blasphemum, cum spiritus
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837 sanctus eiusdem sit gloriae et substantiae et dignitatis cum patre
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838 et filio, iuxta illud Matth. ult., 19: <i>docete omnes gentes,
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diff changeset
839 baptizantes eos in nomine patris, et filii, et spiritus sancti</i>;
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840 et iuxta illud I Io. V, v. 7: <i>tres sunt qui testimonium dant in
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841 caelo, pater, verbum et spiritus sanctus: et hi tres unum sunt</i>.
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842 Cum ergo dicit Evangelista <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>, non
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843 est intelligendum simpliciter facta omnia, sed in genere
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844 creaturarum et rerum factarum. Quasi dicat: omnia, quae facta sunt,
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diff changeset
845 per ipsum facta sunt. Alias, si simpliciter intelligatur,
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846 sequeretur patrem et spiritum sanctum factos per ipsum: quod est
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847 blasphemum. Igitur nec pater, nec aliquid substantiale patri, per
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848 verbum factum est. Tertio vitandus est alius error ipsius Origenis.
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849 Ipse enim sic omnia facta esse per verbum dixit, sicut aliquid fit
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850 a maiori per minorem, quasi minor sit filius, et ut organum patris.
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diff changeset
851 Sed quod per hanc praepositionem per non significetur minoritas in
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852 obliquo, scilicet filio, seu verbo, patet ex pluribus Scripturae
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853 locis. Dicit enim apostolus, I Cor. I, 9, loquens de patre:
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854 <i>fidelis Deus, per quem vocati estis in societatem filii
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855 eius</i>. Si ille, per quem fit aliquid, habet superiorem, ergo et
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856 pater superiorem habebit; hoc autem est falsum; ergo per
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diff changeset
857 praepositionem per non significatur minoritas in filio, cum
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858 dicuntur omnia facta per ipsum. Ad maiorem autem evidentiam huius
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859 sciendum est, quod quando dicitur aliquid per aliquem fieri, haec
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860 praepositio per denotat causalitatem in obliquo, respectu
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861 operationis aliquo modo, sed diversimode. Cum enim operatio,
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862 secundum modum significandi, consideretur media inter operantem et
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863 operatum, potest considerari ipsa operatio dupliciter. Uno modo
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864 secundum quod exit ab operante, qui est causa ipsius actionis; alio
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865 modo secundum quod terminatur ad operatum. Quandoque ergo
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866 praepositio per significat causam operationis, secundum quod exit
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867 ab operante; quandoque autem, secundum quod terminatur ad operatum.
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868 Causam autem operationis, secundum quod exit ab operante,
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diff changeset
869 significat quando illud quod significatur per obliquum, est causa
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870 operanti quod operetur, vel efficiens, vel formalis. Formalis
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871 quidem, sicut ignis calefacit per calorem: est enim calor causa
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872 formalis calefactionis ignis. Causa vero movens, seu efficiens, ut
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873 secunda agentia operantur per prima, ut si dicam quod balivus
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874 operatur per regem, quia rex est causa efficiens balivo quod
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875 operetur. Et hoc modo intellexit Valentinus, omnia facta esse per
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diff changeset
876 verbum, ac si verbum esset causa conditori ut omnia faceret.
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877 Causalitatem vero operationis, secundum quod terminatur ad
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878 operatum, importat haec praepositio per, quando illud, quod
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879 significatur per ipsam causalitatem, non est causa ipsa quod
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880 operetur, sed est causa operationis, secundum quod terminatur ad
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881 operatum. Sicut cum dico carpentarius facit scamnum per securim,
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882 quae non est causa carpentario quod operetur, sed ponimus esse
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883 causam quod scamnum fiat ab operante. Sic ergo cum dicitur <i>omnia
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884 per ipsum facta sunt</i>; si ly per denotet efficientem causam, seu
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885 moventem patrem ad operandum, dicendum est quod pater nihil
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886 operatur per filium, sed per seipsum omnia operatur, ut dictum est.
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887 Si vero ly per denotet causam formalem, sic cum pater operetur per
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888 sapientiam suam, quae est sua essentia, operatur per suam
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889 sapientiam, sicut operatur per suam essentiam; et quia sapientia et
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890 virtus patris attribuitur filio, I Cor. I, 24, dicimus: <i>Christum
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891 Dei virtutem, et Dei sapientiam</i>, ideo appropriate dicimus quod
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892 pater omnia operatur per filium, idest per sapientiam suam. Et ideo
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893 dicit Augustinus quod hoc quod dicitur <i>ex quo omnia</i>,
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894 appropriatur patri; <i>per quem omnia</i>, filio; <i>in quo
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895 omnia</i>, spiritui sancto. Si vero ly per denotet causalitatem ex
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896 parte operati, tunc hoc quod dicimus patrem omnia operari per
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897 filium non est appropriatum verbo, sed proprium eius, quia hoc quod
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898 est causa creaturarum, habet ab alio, scilicet a patre, a quo habet
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899 esse. Nec tamen propter hoc sequitur ipsum esse instrumentum
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900 patris, licet omne quod movetur ab alio ad aliquid operandum,
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901 rationem instrumenti habeat. Cum autem dico aliquem operari per
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902 virtutem receptam ab alio, potest dupliciter intelligi. Uno modo
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903 quod eadem numero sit virtus et dantis, et accipientis: et hoc modo
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904 qui operatur per virtutem acceptam ab alio, non est minor, sed
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905 aequalis ei a quo accipit. Quia ergo pater eamdem virtutem, quam
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906 habet, dat filio, per quam filius operatur, cum dicitur pater
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907 operari per filium, propter hoc filius non est dicendum minor
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908 patre, neque instrumentum eius. Sed hoc sequitur in illis qui non
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909 eamdem virtutem accipiunt ab aliquo, sed aliam et creatam. Sic ergo
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910 patet quod nec spiritus sanctus, nec filius, est causa patri quod
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911 operetur, neque patris minister seu instrumentum, ut deliravit
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912 Origenes. Si autem recte considerentur verba praedicta <i>omnia per
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913 ipsum facta sunt</i>, evidenter apparet Evangelistam propriissime
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914 fuisse locutum. Quicumque enim aliquid facit, oportet quod illud
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915 praeconcipiat in sua sapientia, quae est forma et ratio rei factae:
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916 sicut forma in mente artificis praeconcepta est ratio arcae
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917 faciendae. Sic ergo Deus nihil facit nisi per conceptum sui
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918 intellectus, qui est sapientia ab aeterno concepta, scilicet Dei
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919 verbum, et Dei filius: et ideo impossibile est quod aliquid faciat
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920 nisi per filium. Unde Augustinus de Trinitate dicit quod verbum est
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921 ars plena omnium rationum viventium. Et sic patet quod omnia quae
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922 pater facit, facit per ipsum. Notandum autem, secundum
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923 Chrysostomum, quod omnia quae Moyses per multa enumerat in
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924 productione rerum a Deo, dicens: <i>dixit dominus, fiat lux</i>, et
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925 <i>fiat firmamentum</i> etc., haec omnia Evangelista excedens, uno
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926 verbo comprehendit, dicens <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>. Cuius
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927 ratio est quia Moyses tradere volebat emanationem creaturarum a
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928 Deo, et ideo sigillatim enumerat; Ioannes vero ad altiorem
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929 festinans materiam, in hoc libro intendit nos inducere specialiter
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930 in cognitionem ipsius creatoris. Deinde dicit <i>et sine ipso
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931 factum est nihil</i>. Haec est secunda clausula quam quidam
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932 perverse intellexerunt, ut dicit Augustinus in Lib. de Nat. boni.
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933 Nam, ex hoc modo loquendi quo Ioannes hic utitur, ponens hoc quod
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934 dicitur <i>nihil</i> in fine orationis, crediderunt ipsum nihil
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935 teneri affirmative, quasi nihil sit aliquid, quod sine verbo factum
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936 sit; unde voluerunt quod haec clausula posita sit ab Evangelista ad
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937 excludendum aliquid quod a verbo non sit factum. Unde dicunt quod
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938 postquam Evangelista dixerat <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>,
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939 consequenter adiungit <i>et sine ipso factum est nihil</i> quasi
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940 dicat: ita dico omnia per ipsum facta esse, quod tamen sine ipso
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941 factum est aliquid, scilicet ipsum nihil. Ex hoc autem processit
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diff changeset
942 triplex haeresis, scilicet Valentini, qui, ut dicit Origenes, ponit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
943 multa principia, et ex illis principiis dicit procedere triginta
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parents: 30
diff changeset
944 saecula. Prima tamen principia quae ponit, sunt duo, scilicet
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parents: 30
diff changeset
945 profundum, quod vocat Deum patrem, et silentium. Ex his duobus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
946 dicit processisse decem saecula. Ex profundo autem, et silentio
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parents: 30
diff changeset
947 dicit esse alia duo principia, scilicet intellectum et veritatem,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
948 ex quibus processerunt octo saecula. Ex intellectu autem et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
949 veritate dicit esse alia duo principia, scilicet verbum et vitam,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
950 ex quibus procedunt duodecim saecula, et sic sunt triginta. Ex
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parents: 30
diff changeset
951 verbo autem et vita, secundum aevum, processit homo Christus, et
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
952 Ecclesia. Sic ergo Valentinus ponebat prolationem verbi multa
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parents: 30
diff changeset
953 saecula praecessisse. Et ideo dicit quod, quia Evangelista dixerat
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parents: 30
diff changeset
954 <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>, ne aliquis intelligeret illa
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parents: 30
diff changeset
955 saecula praecedentia esse perfecta per verbum, consequenter
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parents: 30
diff changeset
956 adiunxit <i>et sine ipso factum est nihil</i>, idest omnia saecula
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parents: 30
diff changeset
957 praeexistentia et quae in eis fuerunt; quae ideo Ioannes vocat
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parents: 30
diff changeset
958 <i>nihil</i>, quia humanam rationem excedunt, nec possunt capi per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
959 intellectum. Secundus error, ex hoc procedens, fuit Manichaei, qui
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parents: 30
diff changeset
960 ponebat duo contraria principia, unum scilicet rerum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
961 incorruptibilium, et aliud corruptibilium. Dicit ergo quod postquam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
962 Ioannes dixerat <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>, ne crederetur
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parents: 30
diff changeset
963 verbum esse corruptibilium rerum causam, statim subiunxit <i>et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
964 sine ipso factum est nihil</i>, idest corruptioni subiecta, quae
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parents: 30
diff changeset
965 nihil esse dicuntur, quia eorum esse est continue transmutari in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
966 nihil. Tertius error est eorum qui volunt quod per nihil
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parents: 30
diff changeset
967 intelligatur Diabolus, iuxta illud Iob XVIII, 15: <i>habitent in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
968 tabernaculo eius socii eius, qui non est</i>. Dicunt ergo omnia
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parents: 30
diff changeset
969 esse facta per verbum, praeter Diabolum. Et ideo exponunt <i>sine
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
970 ipso factum est nihil</i>, idest Diabolus. Sed omnes isti tres
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parents: 30
diff changeset
971 errores ex uno fonte procedentes, scilicet ex hoc quod ipsum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
972 <i>nihil</i> volunt affirmative accipi, excluduntur per hoc quod
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
973 <i>nihil</i> non ponitur hic affirmative, sed negative tantum. Ut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
974 sit sensus: ita facta sunt omnia per verbum, quod nihil est
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parents: 30
diff changeset
975 participans esse, quod non sit factum per ipsum. Sed instabit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
976 forsitan aliquis, dicens hanc clausulam superflue fuisse appositam,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
977 si intelligatur negative, eo quod Evangelista dicens, <i>omnia per
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
978 ipsum facta sunt</i>, sufficienter videtur dixisse non esse aliquid
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parents: 30
diff changeset
979 quod non sit factum per verbum. Ad quod dicendum quod secundum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
980 multos introducta est haec particula multipliciter, et multis de
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parents: 30
diff changeset
981 causis. Quarum una causa est, secundum Chrysostomum, ne aliquis
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parents: 30
diff changeset
982 legens in veteri testamento et inveniens solum visibilia enumerata
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parents: 30
diff changeset
983 a Moyse in creatione rerum, crederet illa tantum facta esse per
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
984 verbum. Ideo Evangelista, dum dixisset <i>omnia per ipsum facta
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parents: 30
diff changeset
985 sunt</i>, quae scilicet enumerat Moyses, ideo consequenter adiunxit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
986 <i>sine ipso factum est nihil</i>; quasi dicat: nihil eorum quae
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parents: 30
diff changeset
987 sunt, sive visibile sive invisibile, est factum sine verbo. Et hoc
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parents: 30
diff changeset
988 modo loquitur apostolus, Col. I, 16, dicens omnia condita esse in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
989 Christo, sive visibilia, sive invisibilia: ubi apostolus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
990 specialiter mentionem facit de invisibilibus, quia de eis Moyses
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parents: 30
diff changeset
991 aperte mentionem non fecerat, propter ruditatem illius populi, qui
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parents: 30
diff changeset
992 supra sensibilia elevari non poterat. Introducitur etiam, secundum
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
993 Chrysostomum, alio modo sic. Posset enim aliquis legens Evangelium,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
994 multa signa et miracula facta per Christum, sicut illud Matth. XI,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
995 5: <i>caeci vident, claudi ambulant, leprosi mundantur</i> etc.,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
996 credere per hoc quod dicit Ioannes <i>omnia per ipsum facta
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parents: 30
diff changeset
997 sunt</i>, debere intelligi omnia illa tantum quae in illis
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parents: 30
diff changeset
998 Evangeliis continentur, et nihil aliud factum per ipsum. Et ideo ne
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parents: 30
diff changeset
999 hoc suspicetur quis, consequenter Evangelista inducit <i>et sine
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parents: 30
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1000 ipso factum est nihil</i>; quasi dicat: non solum ea quae in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1001 Evangeliis continentur, sunt facta per ipsum, sed nihil eorum quae
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1002 facta sunt, est factum sine ipso. Et sic, secundum Chrysostomum,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1003 haec particula introducitur ad ostendendum totalem causalitatem, et
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1004 est quasi completiva praemissae. Secundum Hilarium vero
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1005 introducitur haec particula ad ostendendum quod verbum habet
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1006 virtutem operativam ab alio. Quia enim Evangelista dixerat <i>omnia
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1007 per ipsum facta sunt</i>, posset intelligi patrem excludi ab omni
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1008 causalitate; ideo consequenter addit <i>et sine ipso factum est
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1009 nihil</i>. Quasi dicat: sic per eum facta sunt omnia, ut tamen
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1010 pater cum eo omnia fecerit. Nam tantum valet sine eo, ac si dicatur
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1011 non solus; ut sit sensus: non ipse solus est per quem facta sunt
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parents: 30
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1012 omnia, sed ipse est alius, sine quo factum est nihil. Quasi dicat
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1013 <i>sine ipso</i>, cum alio operante, scilicet patre, <i>factum est
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1014 nihil</i>; iuxta illud Prov. VIII, 30: <i>cum eo eram cuncta
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diff changeset
1015 componens</i>. In quadam autem homilia quae incipit, <i>vox
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1016 spiritualis aquilae</i>, et attribuitur Origeni, invenitur alia
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1017 expositio satis pulchra. Dicitur enim ibi quod in Graeco est
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1018 choris, ubi in Latino habemus sine. Choris autem idem est quod
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diff changeset
1019 foris vel extra; quasi dicat ita <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>
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1020 quod extra ipsum <i>factum est nihil</i>. Et ideo hoc dicit ut
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parents: 30
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1021 ostendat, per verbum et in verbo omnia conservari; iuxta illud
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1022 Hebr. I, 3: <i>portans omnia verbo virtutis suae</i>. Quaedam enim
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parents: 30
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1023 sunt quae non indigent operante, nisi quantum ad fieri, cum possint
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parents: 30
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1024 subsistere postquam fuerunt facta, absque agentis influxu; sicut
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parents: 30
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1025 domus indiget quidem artifice quantum ad suum fieri, sed tamen
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1026 persistit in suo esse absque artificis influentia. Ne ergo credat
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1027 aliquis, omnia per verbum sic facta esse quod sit causa eorum
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parents: 30
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1028 quantum ad fieri solum, et non quantum ad conservationem in esse,
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parents: 30
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1029 ideo consequenter Evangelista subiunxit <i>et sine ipso factum est
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1030 nihil</i>. Hoc est: nihil factum est extra ipsum, quia ipse ambit
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1031 omnia, conservans ea. Exponitur autem haec particula secundum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1032 Augustinum et Origenem et plures alios sic ut per nihil
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1033 intelligatur peccatum. Quia ergo cum diceret <i>omnia per ipsum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1034 facta sunt</i>, posset intelligi malum et peccatum per ipsum fieri;
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1035 ideo consequenter adiunxit <i>et nihil</i>, idest peccatum, <i>est
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parents: 30
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1036 factum sine ipso</i>. Nam sicut ars non est principium seu causa
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1037 alicuius defectus in artificiatis, sed per se est causa
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parents: 30
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1038 perfectionis ipsorum et formae, ita et verbum, quod est ars patris,
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1039 plena rationum viventium, non est causa alicuius mali vel
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1040 inordinationis in rebus, et praecipue mali culpae, quod habet
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1041 perfectam rationem mali; sed huius mali causa per se est voluntas
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parents: 30
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1042 creaturae, sive hominis sive Angeli, libere declinans a fine, ad
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parents: 30
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1043 quem naturaliter ordinatur. Operans secundum artem, voluntarie
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1044 errans, est causa defectuum incidentium in artificiatis, non per
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parents: 30
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1045 artem, sed per voluntatem. Unde in talibus ars non est principium
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parents: 30
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1046 seu causa defectuum, sed voluntas: et ideo malum est defectus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1047 voluntatis, et non artis alicuius: et ideo inquantum tale, nihil
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parents: 30
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1048 est. Sic ergo ista particula additur ad ostendendum ipsius verbi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1049 universalem causalitatem secundum Chrysostomum, societatem ad
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
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1050 patrem, secundum Hilarium et virtutem verbi in conservando,
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1051 secundum Origenem. Item puritatem causalitatis: quia sic est causa
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parents: 30
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1052 bonorum, quod non est causa peccati, secundum Augustinum et
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parents: 30
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1053 Origenem et plures alios. Deinde dicit <i>quod factum est, in ipso
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1054 vita erat</i>. Hic ponitur tertia particula, ubi cavendus est
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1055 falsus intellectus Manichaei, qui ex hoc verbo motus est ad
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parents: 30
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1056 dicendum quod omnia quae sunt, vivunt; puta lapis, lignum, et homo,
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parents: 30
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1057 et quicquid aliud est in mundo. Et punctabat sic: <i>quod factum
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parents: 30
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1058 est in ipso</i>, distingue, <i>erat vita</i>. Sed non erat vita
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1059 nisi viveret; ergo quicquid factum est in ipso, vivit. Vult etiam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1060 quod <i>in ipso</i> idem sic ac si dicatur per ipsum, cum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1061 communiter in Scriptura in ipso, vel per ipsum accipiatur; sicut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1062 illud Col. I, 16: <i>in ipso, et per ipsum condita sunt omnia</i>.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1063 Sed hunc intellectum ista expositio ostendit esse falsum. Potest
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parents: 30
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1064 tamen sine errore multipliciter exponi. Nam in illa homilia vox
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1065 spiritualis exponitur sic: <i>quod factum est in ipso</i>, idest
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parents: 30
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1066 per ipsum, hoc vita erat non in seipso sed in sua causa. In omnibus
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parents: 30
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1067 enim causatis hoc commune est, quod effectus, sive per naturam sive
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parents: 30
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1068 per voluntatem producti, sunt in suis causis non secundum proprium
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parents: 30
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1069 esse, sed secundum virtutem propriae suae causae; sicut effectus
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parents: 30
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1070 inferiores sunt in sole ut in causa, non secundum eorum esse, sed
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parents: 30
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1071 secundum virtutem solis. Quia ergo causa omnium effectuum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1072 productorum a Deo, est vita quaedam et ars plena rationum
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parents: 30
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1073 viventium, ideo omne, quod factum est in ipso, idest per ipsum,
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parents: 30
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1074 vita erat in sua causa, scilicet in ipso Deo. Augustinus autem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1075 aliter legit, sic punctando: <i>quod factum est</i>, distingue,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1076 <i>in ipso vita erat</i>. Res enim dupliciter considerari possunt,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1077 secundum scilicet quod sunt in seipsis et secundum quod sunt in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1078 verbo. Si considerentur secundum quod sunt in seipsis, sic non
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1079 omnes res sunt vita nec etiam viventes, sed aliquae carent vita,
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parents: 30
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1080 aliquae vivunt. Sicut facta est terra, facta sunt etiam et metalla,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1081 quae nec vita sunt, nec vivunt; facta sunt animalia, facti sunt
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1082 homines, quae secundum quod sunt in seipsis, non sunt vita, sed
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parents: 30
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1083 vivunt solum. Si vero considerentur secundum quod sunt in verbo,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1084 non solum sunt viventes, sed etiam vita. Nam rationes in sapientia
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1085 Dei spiritualiter existentes, quibus res factae sunt ab ipso verbo,
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parents: 30
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1086 sunt vita: sicut arca facta per artificem in se quidem nec vivit
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parents: 30
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1087 nec vita est, ratio vero arcae, quae praecessit in mente artificis,
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parents: 30
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1088 vivit quodammodo, inquantum habet esse intelligibile in mente
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parents: 30
diff changeset
1089 artificis, non tamen est vita, quia per ipsum intelligere artificis
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parents: 30
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1090 non est in sua essentia, neque suum esse. In Deo autem suum
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parents: 30
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1091 intelligere est sua vita et sua essentia: et ideo quicquid est in
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parents: 30
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1092 Deo, non solum vivit sed est ipsa vita, quia quicquid est in Deo,
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parents: 30
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1093 est sua essentia. Unde creatura in Deo est creatrix essentia. Si
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parents: 30
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1094 ergo considerentur res secundum quod in verbo sunt, vita sunt. Hanc
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1095 expositionem habes alibi. Origenes vero super Ioannem legit hoc
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1096 aliter, punctando sic: <i>quod factum est in ipso</i>, distingue,
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1097 <i>vita erat</i>. Ubi notandum est quod de filio Dei dicitur
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1098 aliquid, secundum se, sicut dicitur Deus omnipotens, et huiusmodi;
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diff changeset
1099 aliquid vero dicitur de eo per comparationem ad nos, sicut salvator
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1100 et redemptor; aliquid vero utroque modo, sicut sapientia et
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1101 iustitia. In omnibus autem quae absolute et secundum se de filio
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1102 dicuntur, non dicitur quod sit factus, sicut non dicitur filius
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1103 factus Deus, neque omnipotens; sed in illis quae dicuntur in
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diff changeset
1104 comparatione ad nos, seu utroque modo, potest addi adiunctio facti,
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1105 ut dicatur secundum illud I Cor. I, 30: <i>qui factus est nobis a
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1106 Deo sapientia, et iustificatio, et sanctificatio, et redemptio</i>.
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diff changeset
1107 Et sic, licet semper fuerit in seipso sapientia et iustitia, tamen
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1108 potest dici quod de novo factus est nobis iustitia et sapientia.
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1109 Secundum hoc ergo Origenes exponens dicit quod quamvis in seipso
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1110 sit vita, tamen nobis factus est vita per hoc quod nos vivificavit,
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1111 iuxta illud I Cor. XV, 22: <i>sicut in Adam omnes moriuntur, ita et
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1112 in ipso omnes vivificabuntur</i>. Et ideo dicit quod <i>verbum quod
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1113 factum est</i> nobis vita, <i>in ipso vita erat</i>, ut quandoque
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1114 nobis fieret vita; et ideo statim subdit <i>et vita erat lux
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1115 hominum</i>. Hilarius enim sic punctat <i>et sine ipso factum est
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1116 nihil, quod factum est in ipso</i>, et postea dicatur <i>vita
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1117 erat</i>. Quia ipse dicit in II de Trin. cum dicit Evangelista
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1118 <i>et factum est nihil</i>, posset esse ambiguum an quaedam alia
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1119 adhuc quae per ipsum facta sunt, fuerunt facta non per ipsum, non
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1120 tamen sine ipso; sed in eis associavit facientem; et hanc clausulam
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1121 esse additam ad correptionem praecedentis. Ne ergo hoc
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1122 intelligeretur, ideo Evangelista cum dixisset <i>omnia per ipsum
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1123 facta sunt</i>, subiungit <i>et sine ipso factum est nihil</i>,
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1124 quod tamen factum est <i>in ipso</i>, idest per ipsum: et ratio
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1125 huius est, quia <i>vita erat</i>. Manifestum est enim quod hoc modo
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1126 omnia dicuntur per verbum facta, inquantum verbum ex patre
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1127 procedens est Deus. Ponamus autem quod aliquis pater filium habeat,
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1128 qui non sit perfecte habens operationes hominis, sed paulatim ad
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1129 hoc perveniat, manifestum est quod multa faciet, non per ipsum
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1130 filium, licet non sine eo. Quia ergo filius Dei eamdem vitam habuit
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1131 ab aeterno, quam et pater, secundum illud infra V, 26: <i>sicut
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1132 pater habet vitam in semetipso, sic dedit et filio vitam habere in
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1133 semetipso</i>, ideo non potest dici quod Deus pater, etsi nihil
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1134 fecerit sine filio, tamen fecit aliqua non per ipsum, quia vita
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1135 erat. In viventibus enim quae vitam participant, potest contingere
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1136 quod vita imperfecta praecedat vitam perfectam; sed in per se vita,
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1137 quae non participat vitam, sed est absolute et simpliciter vita,
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1138 nullo modo potest imperfectio aliqua esse. Quia ergo verbum est per
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1139 se vita, numquam fuit in eo vita imperfecta, sed semper perfecta;
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1140 et ideo ita <i>nihil factum est sine eo</i>, quod tamen non sit
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1141 factum <i>in ipso</i>, idest per ipsum. Chrysostomus autem aliud
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1142 modum legendi habet, et punctat sic: <i>et sine ipso factum est
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1143 nihil quod factum est</i>. Et ratio huius est, quia aliquis posset
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1144 credere quod spiritus sanctus esset factus per verbum. Et ideo
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1145 Evangelista hoc volens excludere dicit <i>quod factum est</i>, quia
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1146 spiritus sanctus non est quid factum; et postea sequitur <i>in ipso
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1147 vita erat</i>; quod introducitur propter duo. Unum est ut post
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1148 productionem omnium rerum ostendatur indeficientia causalitatis ad
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1149 res non solum productas, sed etiam producendas. Quasi dicat <i>in
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1150 ipso vita erat</i>, qua scilicet non solum omnia producere potuit,
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diff changeset
1151 sed etiam quae habet indeficientem fluxum et causalitatem absque
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1152 mutationis dispendio ad res continue producendas, utpote fons vivus
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1153 qui non minoratur ex fluxu continuo; aqua vero collecta et non
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1154 viva, cum defluit, minoratur et deficit; unde dicitur in Ps. XXXV,
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1155 10: <i>apud te est fons vitae</i>. Secundum est ut ostendatur
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1156 gubernatio rerum esse per verbum. Quia enim <i>in ipso vita
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1157 erat</i>, ostenditur quod non produxit res per necessitatem
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1158 naturae, sed per voluntatem et intellectum, et quod res productas
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1159 gubernat; Hebr. IV, 12: <i>vivus est sermo Dei</i> et cetera. Et
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diff changeset
1160 quia apud Graecos Chrysostomus est tantae auctoritatis in suis
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1161 expositionibus, quod ubi ipse aliquid exposuit in sacra Scriptura,
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1162 nullam aliam expositionem admittant, ideo in omnibus libris Graecis
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1163 invenitur sic punctatum, sicut punctat Chrysostomus, scilicet hoc
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1164 modo: <i>sine ipso factum est nihil quod factum est</i>.</p>
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1165 <br />
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1166 <div class="D">Lectio 3</div>
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1167 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 3"><a name="87421"><span class=
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1168 "ref">[87421] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 3</span></a> Evangelista supra
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1169 insinuavit virtutem verbi, secundum quam omnia produxit in esse;
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1170 hic vero insinuat eius virtutem, secundum quam se habet ad homines,
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1171 dicens, hoc verbum esse lucem hominibus. Ubi primo introducit nobis
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1172 lucem quamdam, cum dicit <i>et vita erat lux hominum</i>; secundo
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1173 lucis irradiationem, cum dicit <i>et lux in tenebris lucet</i>;
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1174 tertio lucis participationem, cum dicit <i>et tenebrae eam non
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1175 comprehenderunt</i>. Potest autem totum dupliciter exponi. Uno modo
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1176 secundum influxum cognitionis naturalis; alio modo secundum
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1177 communicationem gratiae. Dicit ergo quantum ad primum, quod <i>vita
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1178 erat lux hominum</i>. Ubi primo considerandum est quod, secundum
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1179 Augustinum et plures alios, nomen lucis magis proprie dicitur in
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1180 spiritualibus quam in sensibilibus. Ambrosius tamen vult quod
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1181 splendor metaphorice dicatur de Deo. Sed in hoc non est magna vis
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1182 facienda: nam de quocumque nomen lucis dicatur ad manifestationem
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1183 refertur, sive illa manifestatio sit in intelligibilibus, sive in
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1184 sensibilibus. Si ergo comparentur manifestatio intelligibilis et
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1185 sensibilis, secundum naturam prius invenitur lux in spiritualibus;
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1186 sed quoad nos, qui nomina rebus imponimus ex earum proprietatibus
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1187 nobis notis, prius invenitur in sensibilibus, quia prius impositum
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1188 est a nobis hoc nomen ad significandum lucem sensibilem, quam
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1189 intelligibilem; quamvis secundum virtutem prius et verius conveniat
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1190 spiritualibus quam sensibilibus. Ad evidentiam autem eius quod
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1191 dicitur <i>et vita erat lux hominum</i>, sciendum est quod
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1192 multipliciter est gradus vitae. Quaedam namque vivunt, sed absque
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1193 luce, quia nullam cognitionem habent, sicut sunt plantae: unde vita
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1194 earum non est lux. Quaedam vero vivunt et cognoscunt; sed tamen
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1195 eorum cognitio, cum sit sensus tantum, non est nisi particularium
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1196 et materialium, sicut est in brutis: et ideo haec et vitam habent
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1197 et lucem quamdam, sed non lucem hominum qui vivunt et cognoscunt
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1198 non solum ipsa vera, sed ipsius veritatis rationem, sicut sunt
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1199 creaturae rationales, quibus non solum manifestatur hoc vel illud,
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1200 sed ipsa veritas quae manifestabilis est et manifestativa omnium.
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1201 Et ideo Evangelista loquens de verbo dicit non solum esse vitam,
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1202 sed etiam esse lucem, ne intelligas vitam sine agnitione;
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1203 <i>hominum</i> autem ne tantum cognitionem sensibilem suspiceris,
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1204 qualis est in brutis. Sed quare dixit <i>hominum</i>, cum etiam sit
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1205 lux Angelorum? Ad hoc est duplex responsio. Chrysostomus enim dicit
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1206 quod Evangelista intendebat in isto Evangelio tradere nobis
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1207 cognitionem de verbo, secundum quod ad salutem hominum ordinatur;
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1208 et ideo magis refert secundum suam intentionem ad homines quam ad
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1209 Angelos. Origenes vero dicit quod participatio huius lucis pertinet
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1210 ad homines, inquantum sunt rationalis naturae; et ideo Evangelista
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1211 dicens <i>erat lux hominum</i>, voluit intelligi omnis rationalis
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1212 naturae. In hoc etiam ostenditur perfectio et dignitas huius vitae,
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1213 quia est intellectualis seu rationalis. Cum enim illa dicuntur
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1214 viventia, quae se aliquo modo movent, illa dicuntur vitam habere
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1215 perfectam, quae perfecte seipsa movent; movere autem seipsum
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1216 perfecte et proprie, in inferioribus creaturis soli homini
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1217 convenit. Nam etsi alia ex seipsis ab aliquo principio intrinseco
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1218 moveantur, non tamen illud principium se habet ad opposita; et ideo
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1219 ex necessitate moventur, et non libere. Mota igitur a tali
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1220 principio magis aguntur quam agunt. Homo vero, cum sit dominus sui
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1221 actus, libere se movet ad omnia quae vult; et ideo homo habet vitam
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1222 perfectam, et similiter quaelibet intellectualis natura. Vita ergo
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1223 verbi, quae est lux hominum, est vita perfecta. Attenditur etiam in
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1224 praemissis verbis congruus ordo: nam in naturali rerum ordine primo
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1225 invenitur esse, et hoc primo Evangelista insinuavit, dicens <i>in
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1226 principio erat verbum</i>, secundo vivere, et hoc est quod sequitur
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1227 <i>in ipso vita erat</i>, tertio intelligere, et hoc consequenter
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1228 adiunxit <i>vita erat lux hominum</i>. Unde, secundum Origenem,
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1229 convenienter vitae attribuit lucem, quia lux nonnisi viventi
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1230 attribui potest. Est tamen notandum quod lux ad viventem dupliciter
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1231 comparari potest, vel ut obiectum, vel ut participata, ut patet in
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1232 visu exteriori. Oculus enim lucem exteriorem cognoscit tamquam
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1233 obiectum, sed oportet ad hoc quod eam videat, quod participet
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1234 aliquam lucem interiorem, per quam aptetur et disponatur oculus ad
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1235 lucem exteriorem videndam. Sic ergo, quod hic dicit <i>et vita erat
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1236 lux hominum</i>, dupliciter potest intelligi. Ut dicatur lux
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1237 hominum per modum obiecti quasi a solis hominibus conspicabilis;
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1238 quia ipsam sola rationalis creatura conspicere potest, cum ipsa
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1239 sola divinae visionis sit capax (Iob XXXV, v. 11: <i>docet nos
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1240 super iumenta terrae, et super volucres caeli erudit nos</i>); quia
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1241 licet alia animalia cognoscant aliqua quae vera sunt, solus tamen
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1242 homo ipsam rationem veritatis cognoscit. Potest etiam dici lux
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1243 hominum participata. Numquam enim ipsum verbum et ipsam lucem
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1244 conspicere possemus nisi per participationem eius, quae in ipso
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1245 homine est, quae est superior pars animae nostrae, scilicet lux
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1246 intellectiva, de qua dicitur in Ps. IV, 7: <i>signatum est super
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1247 nos lumen vultus tui</i>, idest filii tui, qui est facies tua, qua
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1248 manifestaris. Introduxit supra Evangelista lucem quamdam; nunc vero
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1249 agit de ipsius irradiatione cum dicit <i>lux in tenebris lucet</i>.
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diff changeset
1250 Quod quidem dupliciter exponi potest, secundum duplicem acceptionem
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diff changeset
1251 tenebrarum. Primo vero accipiamus tenebras naturalem defectum, ac
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diff changeset
1252 creatae mentis. Nam, ita se habet mens ad lucem istam, de qua hic
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diff changeset
1253 loquitur Evangelista, sicut se habet aer ad lucem solis: quia,
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diff changeset
1254 licet aer capax sit lucis solis, tamen, in se consideratus, tenebra
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diff changeset
1255 est. Et secundum hoc sensus est: <i>lux</i>, idest vita illa, quae
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diff changeset
1256 est lux hominum, <i>in tenebris lucet</i>, scilicet in animabus et
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diff changeset
1257 mentibus creatis, irradiando semper omnes. Iob III, 23: <i>viro cui
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diff changeset
1258 abscondita est lux</i>. Sed <i>tenebrae eam non
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diff changeset
1259 comprehenderunt</i>, idest includere non potuerunt. Illud enim
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diff changeset
1260 dicitur comprehendi, cuius fines concluduntur et conspiciuntur.
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diff changeset
1261 Quia, sicut dicit Augustinus, attingere Deum mente, magna beatitudo
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diff changeset
1262 est: comprehendere vero, impossibile est. <i>Tenebrae</i> ergo
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diff changeset
1263 <i>eam non comprehenderunt</i>. Iob XXXVI, 26: <i>ecce Deus magnus
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diff changeset
1264 vincens scientiam nostram</i>; Ier. XXXII, 19: <i>magnus consilio
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diff changeset
1265 et incomprehensibilis cogitatu</i>. Et haec expositio habetur in
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diff changeset
1266 illa homilia quae incipit <i>vox spiritualis aquilae</i>. Alio modo
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diff changeset
1267 potest exponi accipiendo tenebras, secundum Augustinum, pro
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diff changeset
1268 naturali insipientia hominum, quae tenebra dicitur. Eccle. II, 13:
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diff changeset
1269 <i>vidi quia tantum praecederet sapientia stultitiam, quantum
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1270 differt lux a tenebris</i>. Ex eo ergo aliquis insipiens est quod
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diff changeset
1271 privatur lumine sapientiae divinae. Sicut ergo mentes sapientum
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diff changeset
1272 participatione istius divinae lucis et sapientiae lucidae sunt, ita
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diff changeset
1273 eius privatione tenebrae sunt. Quod ergo quidam tenebrosi sint, non
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diff changeset
1274 est ex defectu istius lucis; quia, inquantum est de se, in tenebris
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diff changeset
1275 lucet et omnes irradiat; sed ideo insipientes privati sunt ea luce,
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1276 quia <i>tenebrae eam non comprehenderunt</i>, idest non
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diff changeset
1277 apprehenderunt, ad ipsius participationem eorum insipientia
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diff changeset
1278 pertingere non valentes, ut post elati non durantes. Iob XXXVI, 32:
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1279 <i>immanibus</i>, idest superbis, <i>abscondit lucem</i>, idest
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diff changeset
1280 lumen sapientiae, <i>et annuntiat de ea amico suo, quod possessio
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diff changeset
1281 eius sit, et ad eam possit ascendere</i>; Baruch III, 23: <i>viam
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diff changeset
1282 autem sapientiae nescierunt, neque commemorati sunt semitas
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diff changeset
1283 eius</i>. Licet autem aliquae mentes sint tenebrosae, idest sapida
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diff changeset
1284 et lucida sapientia privatae, nulla tamen adeo tenebrosa est quin
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diff changeset
1285 aliquid lucis divinae participet. Quia quidquid veritatis a
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diff changeset
1286 quocumque cognoscitur, totum est ex participatione istius lucis,
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diff changeset
1287 quae in tenebris lucet, quia omne verum, a quocumque dicatur, a
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diff changeset
1288 spiritu sancto est. Et tamen <i>tenebrae</i>, idest homines
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diff changeset
1289 tenebrosi, <i>eam non comprehenderunt</i>, secundum veritatem. Sic
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diff changeset
1290 ergo exponitur ista clausula, secundum Origenem et secundum
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diff changeset
1291 Augustinum. Alio modo ab illo loco <i>et vita erat lux hominum</i>,
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diff changeset
1292 exponitur secundum fluxum gratiae, qua irradiamur per Christum; et
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diff changeset
1293 continuatur sic ad praecedentia. Supra egit Evangelista de
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diff changeset
1294 creatione rerum per verbum, hic vero tractat de restauratione
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diff changeset
1295 rationalis creaturae facta per Christum dicens: <i>et vita</i>,
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1296 verbi, <i>erat lux hominum</i>, communiter, et non Iudaeorum
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diff changeset
1297 tantum; quia filius Dei carnem assumere venit in mundum, ut
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diff changeset
1298 illuminaret gratia et veritate omnes homines. Io. c. XVIII, 37:
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diff changeset
1299 <i>in hoc natus sum, et ad hoc veni, ut testimonium perhibeam
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1300 veritati</i>. Item, infra IX, 5: <i>quamdiu in mundo sum, lux sum
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1301 mundi</i>. Et ideo non dicit lux Iudaeorum, quia licet olim tantum
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1302 in Iudaea notus esset, tamen postea toti mundo innotuit; Is. XLIX,
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1303 v. 6: <i>dedi te in lucem gentibus, ut sis salus mundo usque ad
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1304 extremum terrae</i>. Congrue etiam coniungit lucem et vitam dicens
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1305 <i>et vita erat lux hominum</i>, ut ostendat ista duo, lucem
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1306 scilicet et vitam, nobis provenisse per Christum. Vitam quidem per
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1307 participationem gratiae; infra: <i>gratia et veritas per Iesum
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1308 Christum facta est</i>; lucem vero per cognitionem veritatis et
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1309 sapientiae. Hoc autem quod dicit <i>lux in tenebris lucet</i>,
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diff changeset
1310 potest secundum hanc expositionem exponi tripliciter, secundum quod
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diff changeset
1311 tripliciter possumus accipere tenebras. Uno modo pro poena: nam
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1312 quaelibet tristitia et afflictio cordis tenebra quaedam dici
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1313 potest, sicut quodlibet gaudium lux; Mich. ult., v. 8: <i>cum
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1314 sedero in tenebris et in afflictionibus, dominus lux mea est</i>,
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1315 idest gaudium et consolatio. Dicit ergo Origenes: secundum hoc lux
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1316 in tenebris lucet, idest Christus in mundum veniens, et corpus
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1317 passibile et absque peccato habens <i>in similitudinem carnis</i>,
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1318 secundum quod dicitur Rom. VIII, 3. Lux in carne, quae scilicet
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1319 caro Christi, secundum quod in se habet similitudinem carnis
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1320 peccati, tenebra dicitur. Quasi dicat: lux, idest verbum Dei
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1321 circumvelatum tenebris carnis, luxit in mundum, secundum illud Ez.
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1322 XXXII, 7: <i>solem nube tegam</i>. Secundo, accipiendo per tenebras
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1323 Daemones, iuxta illud Eph. ult., 12: <i>non est nobis colluctatio
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1324 adversus carnem et sanguinem tantum, sed adversus principes et
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1325 potestates, adversus mundi rectores tenebrarum harum</i>. Secundum
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1326 hoc dicit: <i>lux</i>, idest filius Dei, <i>in tenebris lucet</i>,
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1327 idest in mundum descendit, ubi tenebrae, idest Daemones,
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1328 dominabantur. Infra XII, 31: <i>princeps huius mundi, eiicietur
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1329 foras. Et tenebrae</i>, idest Daemones, <i>eam non
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1330 comprehenderunt</i>, idest eum obscurare non potuerunt tentando, ut
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1331 patet Matth. IV. Tertio accipiendo tenebras errores sive
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1332 ignorantias, quibus totus mundus ante adventum Christi plenus erat,
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1333 secundum quod dicit apostolus: <i>eratis aliquando tenebrae</i>.
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1334 Dicit ergo quod <i>lux</i>, idest verbum Dei incarnatum, <i>in
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1335 tenebris lucet</i>, idest hominibus mundi, erroris et ignorantiae
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1336 tenebris obscuratis. Lc. I, 79: <i>illuminare his qui in tenebris
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1337 et in umbra mortis sedent</i>; et Is. IX, 2: <i>populus qui sedebat
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1338 in tenebris, vidit lucem magnam. Et tenebrae eum non
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1339 comprehenderunt</i>, idest non vicerunt. Quia quantumcumque homines
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1340 peccatis obscurati, invidia excaecati, superbia tenebrosi, contra
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1341 Christum pugnaverunt, ut patet ex Evangelio, exprobrando scilicet,
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1342 iniurias et contumelias inferendo, et tandem occidendo, non tamen
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1343 <i>eum comprehenderunt</i>; idest non vicerunt eum obscurando, quin
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1344 eius claritas per totum mundum fulgeret. Sap. VII, 29: <i>luci
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1345 comparata invenitur prior: illi enim succedit nox, sapientiam
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1346 autem</i>, idest filium Dei incarnatum, <i>non vincit malitia</i>,
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1347 Iudaeorum scilicet et haereticorum; quia, ut dicitur Sap. X, 12,
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1348 <i>certamen forte dedit illi, ut vinceret, et sciret quoniam omnium
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1349 potentior est sapientia</i>.</p>
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1350 <br />
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1351 <div class="D">Lectio 4</div>
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1352 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 4"><a name="87422"><span class=
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diff changeset
1353 "ref">[87422] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 4</span></a> Supra Evangelista
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1354 egit de verbi divinitate; in parte vero ista incipit agere de verbi
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diff changeset
1355 incarnatione: et circa hoc duo facit. Primo agit de teste verbi
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1356 incarnati seu praecursore; secundo de adventu verbi, ibi <i>erat
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diff changeset
1357 lux vera</i>. Circa primum duo facit. Primo describit praecursorem
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1358 in testimonium venientem; secundo ostendit eum ad salvandum
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1359 insufficientem, ibi <i>non erat ille lux</i>. Praecursorem autem
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1360 describit quadrupliciter. Primo a naturae conditione, cum dicit
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1361 <i>fuit homo</i>; secundo ab auctoritate, cum dicit <i>missus a
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1362 Deo</i>; tertio ab officii idoneitate, cum dicit <i>cui nomen erat
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1363 Ioannes</i>; quarto ab officii dignitate, ibi <i>hic venit</i>.
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1364 Considerandum autem est circa primum, quod statim cum Evangelista
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1365 incipit de aliquo temporali, mutat modum loquendi. Cum enim supra
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1366 loqueretur de aeternis, utebatur hoc verbo erat, quod est
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1367 praeteriti imperfecti, ostendens per hoc, aeterna interminata esse;
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1368 nunc vero, cum loquitur de temporalibus, utitur hoc verbo, fuit, ad
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diff changeset
1369 ostendendum quod temporalia sic praeterierunt quod tamen
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1370 terminantur. Dicit ergo <i>fuit homo</i>; per quod in principio
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1371 excludit perversam opinionem haereticorum, contra conditionem seu
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1372 naturam Ioannis, qui, propter id quod dominus, Matth. c. XI, 10,
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1373 dicit de Ioanne: <i>hic est de quo scriptum est: ecce mitto Angelum
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1374 meum ante faciem meam</i>, et etiam Mc. I, 2 dicitur de ipso,
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1375 opinati sunt quod Ioannes fuisset natura Angelus. Quod excludens
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1376 Evangelista dicit <i>fuit homo</i>, natura, non Angelus. Eccle. c.
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1377 VI, 10: <i>scitur quod sit homo, et quod non possit contra
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1378 fortiorem se in iudicio contendere</i>. Convenienter autem homo ad
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diff changeset
1379 homines mittitur, per quem homines magis alliciuntur, utpote per
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diff changeset
1380 sibi similem; unde dicitur Hebr. c. VII, 28: <i>lex enim homines
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diff changeset
1381 constituit sacerdotes infirmitatem habentes</i>. Poterat enim Deus
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diff changeset
1382 homines gubernare per Angelos; sed maluit per homines, ut ipsorum
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1383 exemplo magis instruerentur. Et ideo Ioannes homo fuit, et non
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diff changeset
1384 Angelus. Ex auctoritate quidem describitur, cum dicit <i>missus a
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1385 Deo</i>. Equidem, licet Ioannes natura non fuerit Angelus, fuit
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1386 tamen officio, quia <i>missus a Deo</i>. Proprium enim Angelorum
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1387 officium est quod a Deo mittantur, et sint nuntii Dei; Hebr. I, 14:
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1388 <i>omnes sunt administratorii spiritus in ministerium missi</i>,
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diff changeset
1389 unde Angelus nuntius interpretatur. Possunt ergo homines, qui a Deo
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diff changeset
1390 ad aliquid annuntiandum mittuntur, Angeli dici, iuxta illud Aggaei
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1391 I, 13: <i>dixit Aggaeus, nuntius domini ex nuntiis domini</i>.
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1392 Requiritur autem ad hoc quod aliquis testimonium de Deo perhibeat,
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diff changeset
1393 quod sit a Deo missus; iuxta illud Rom. X, 15: <i>quomodo
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diff changeset
1394 praedicabunt nisi mittantur?</i> Et quia cum a Deo mittuntur, non
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diff changeset
1395 sua quaerunt, sed quae Iesu Christi II Cor. IV, 5: <i>non enim
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1396 praedicamus nosmetipsos, sed Iesum Christum</i>: qui vero mittitur
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1397 a seipso, non a Deo, sua quaerit, vel quae sunt hominis, non autem
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diff changeset
1398 quae Christi, ideo hic dicitur <i>fuit homo missus a Deo</i>: ut
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diff changeset
1399 intelligas quia non annuntiavit nisi divinum, non humanum. Nota
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diff changeset
1400 autem, quod tripliciter invenimus aliquos missos a Deo. Scilicet
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diff changeset
1401 per internam inspirationem, sicut Is. XLVIII, 16: <i>et nunc misit
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diff changeset
1402 me dominus, et spiritus eius</i>; quasi dicat: per interiorem
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diff changeset
1403 spiritus inspirationem sum a Deo missus. Item, per expressam et
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diff changeset
1404 apertam iussionem sive corporalem, sive imaginariam. Et sic iterum
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diff changeset
1405 missus est Isaias; unde dicit ibid. VI, 8: <i>audivi vocem domini
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diff changeset
1406 dicentis: quem mittam, et quis ibit nobis? Et dixi: ecce ego, mitte
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diff changeset
1407 me</i>. Item, per praelati iniunctionem, qui gerit in hoc personam
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diff changeset
1408 Dei; II Cor. II, 10: <i>nam et ego, si quid donavi propter vos in
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diff changeset
1409 persona Christi</i>. Et inde est quod qui mittuntur a praelato,
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diff changeset
1410 mittuntur a Deo, sicut missi fuerunt ab apostolo Barnabas et
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diff changeset
1411 Timotheus. Cum autem dicitur hic <i>fuit homo missus a Deo</i>,
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diff changeset
1412 intelligendum est per interiorem inspirationem; vel etiam forte per
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diff changeset
1413 exteriorem iussionem a Deo eum missum fuisse. Infra: <i>qui misit
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diff changeset
1414 me, ipse dixit: super quem videris spiritum descendentem et
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diff changeset
1415 manentem super eum, hic est qui baptizat in spiritu sancto</i>. Per
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diff changeset
1416 hoc etiam quod dixit <i>fuit homo missus a Deo</i>, non est
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diff changeset
1417 intelligendum, sicut quidam haeretici ponebant, credentes animas
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diff changeset
1418 hominum ante corpus fuisse cum Angelis ab initio creatas, et mitti
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diff changeset
1419 animam cuiuscumque, quando nascitur, ad corpus; et quod Ioannes sit
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diff changeset
1420 missus ad vitam, idest eius anima ad corpus; sed quod fuit missus a
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diff changeset
1421 Deo ad officium baptizandi et praedicandi. Ex idoneitate vero
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diff changeset
1422 commendatur, cum dicit <i>cui nomen erat Ioannes</i>. Ad officium
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diff changeset
1423 namque testimonii requiritur idoneitas: nam nisi testis sit
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diff changeset
1424 idoneus, qualitercumque mittatur ab alio, non est sufficiens
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diff changeset
1425 testimonium eius. Homo autem efficitur idoneus ex gratia Dei; I
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diff changeset
1426 Cor. XV, 10: <i>gratia Dei sum id quod sum</i>; II Cor. III, 6:
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diff changeset
1427 <i>qui idoneos nos fecit ministros novi testamenti</i>. Satis ergo
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diff changeset
1428 congrue Evangelista idoneitatem praecursoris insinuat ex eius
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diff changeset
1429 nomine, dicens <i>cui nomen erat Ioannes</i>, quod interpretatur in
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diff changeset
1430 quo est gratia. Quod quidem nomen non fuit frustra sibi impositum,
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diff changeset
1431 sed ex divina praeordinatione, et antequam nasceretur, ut patet Lc.
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diff changeset
1432 I, 13: <i>et vocabis nomen eius Ioannem</i>, dixit Angelus ad
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diff changeset
1433 Zachariam. Unde potest dicere illud Is. XLIX, 1: <i>dominus ab
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diff changeset
1434 utero vocavit me</i>; et Eccl. VI, 10: <i>qui futurus est, iam
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diff changeset
1435 vocatum est nomen eius</i>. Quod etiam ostendit Evangelista ex modo
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diff changeset
1436 loquendi, cum dicit <i>erat</i>, quantum ad Dei praeordinationem.
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diff changeset
1437 Ex officii etiam dignitate describitur, cum dicit <i>hic venit in
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diff changeset
1438 testimonium</i>; ubi primo ponitur officium; secundo ratio officii,
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diff changeset
1439 ibi <i>ut testimonium perhiberet de lumine</i>. Officium autem
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diff changeset
1440 huius est testificandi; unde dicit <i>hic venit in testimonium</i>.
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diff changeset
1441 Ubi notandum est quod Deus et homines, et omnia quae facit, propter
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diff changeset
1442 se operatur; Prov. XVI, 4: <i>universa propter semetipsum operatus
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diff changeset
1443 est dominus</i>; non quidem ut aliquid ei accrescat, quia bonorum
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diff changeset
1444 nostrorum non eget, sed ut eius bonitas manifestetur in omnibus a
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diff changeset
1445 se factis, inquantum <i>per ea quae facta sunt, intellecta
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diff changeset
1446 conspiciuntur; sempiterna eius virtus, et divinitas</i>; Rom. I,
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diff changeset
1447 20. Fit ergo quaelibet creatura in testimonium Dei, inquantum
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diff changeset
1448 quaelibet creatura est testimonium quoddam divinae bonitatis. Et
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diff changeset
1449 quidem magnitudo creaturae testimonium quoddam est divinae virtutis
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diff changeset
1450 et omnipotentiae; pulchritudo vero divinae sapientiae. Speciali
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diff changeset
1451 vero modo ordinantur a Deo quidam homines; et non solum naturaliter
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diff changeset
1452 inquantum sunt, sed etiam spiritualiter per sua bona opera Deo
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diff changeset
1453 testimonium ferunt. Unde omnes sancti viri testes sunt Dei,
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diff changeset
1454 inquantum propter eorum bona opera Deus gloriosus apud homines
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diff changeset
1455 efficitur; Matth. V, 16: <i>sic luceat lux vestra coram hominibus,
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diff changeset
1456 ut videant opera vestra bona, et glorificent patrem vestrum qui in
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diff changeset
1457 caelis est</i>. Sed tamen illi, qui participant non solum dona Dei
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diff changeset
1458 in seipsis per gratiam Dei bene operando, sed etiam diffundunt ad
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diff changeset
1459 alios dicendo, movendo et exhortando, specialius sunt testes Dei.
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diff changeset
1460 Is. XLIII, 7: <i>omnem qui invocat nomen meum, in laudem meam
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diff changeset
1461 creavi illum</i>. Ioannes ergo venit in testimonium ad hoc, ut in
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diff changeset
1462 alios diffunderet dona Dei, et annuntiaret laudem. Hoc autem
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diff changeset
1463 officium Ioannis, scilicet testificandi, est valde magnum, quia
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diff changeset
1464 nullus potest de aliquo testificari, nisi eo modo quo illud
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diff changeset
1465 participat; infra III, 11: <i>quod scimus loquimur, et quod vidimus
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diff changeset
1466 testamur</i>. Unde testimonium perhibere divinae veritati, indicium
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diff changeset
1467 est cognitionis ipsius veritatis. Et inde est quod etiam Christus
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diff changeset
1468 hoc officium habuit; infra XVIII, 37: <i>ad hoc veni, et in hoc
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diff changeset
1469 natus sum, ut testimonium perhibeam veritati</i>. Sed aliter
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diff changeset
1470 Christus, et aliter Ioannes. Christus enim ut ipsum lumen
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diff changeset
1471 comprehendens, immo ipsum lumen existens; Ioannes vero, ut ipsum
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diff changeset
1472 lumen participans tantum. Et ideo Christus perfecte testimonium
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diff changeset
1473 perhibet, et perfecte manifestat veritatem, Ioannes vero et alii
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diff changeset
1474 sancti inquantum ipsam veritatem divinam participant. Est ergo
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diff changeset
1475 magnum officium Ioannis et ex participatione divini luminis et ex
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diff changeset
1476 similitudine ad Christum, qui hoc officio usus fuit. Is. LV, 4:
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diff changeset
1477 <i>ecce testem populis dedi eum, ducem ac praeceptorem
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diff changeset
1478 gentibus</i>. Ratio autem huius officii ponitur, cum dicit <i>ut
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diff changeset
1479 testimonium perhiberet de lumine</i>. Ubi sciendum est, quod alicui
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diff changeset
1480 rei testimonium perhibetur duplici de causa. Una causa potest esse
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diff changeset
1481 ex parte rei, cui testimonium adhibetur, puta si est dubia, vel
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diff changeset
1482 incerta; alia causa est ex parte audientium, si sunt duri et tardi
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diff changeset
1483 corde ad credendum. Ioannes vero in testimonium quidem venit non
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diff changeset
1484 propter ipsam rem, cui testimonium perhibebat, quia lumen erat.
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diff changeset
1485 Unde dicit <i>ut testimonium perhiberet de lumine</i>, non de re
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diff changeset
1486 obscura sed de re manifesta. Venit ergo in testimonium propter
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diff changeset
1487 ipsos quibus testificabatur, <i>ut omnes crederent per eum</i>,
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diff changeset
1488 scilicet Ioannem. Nam sicut lumen non solum in seipso et per se
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diff changeset
1489 visibile est, sed etiam omnia alia per ipsum videri possunt, ita
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diff changeset
1490 verbum Dei non solum in se lumen est, sed etiam est omnia
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diff changeset
1491 manifestans quae manifestantur. Cum enim unumquodque manifestetur
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diff changeset
1492 per suam formam et cognoscatur, omnes autem formae sint formae sint
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diff changeset
1493 per verbum, quod est ars plena rationum viventium: est ergo lumen,
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diff changeset
1494 non solum in se, sed omnia manifestans; Eph. V, 13: <i>omne quod
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diff changeset
1495 manifestatur, lumen est</i>. Congrue autem Evangelista filium dicit
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diff changeset
1496 lumen, quia venit <i>lumen ad revelationem gentium</i>, Lc. II, 32.
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diff changeset
1497 Supra autem dixit filium Dei verbum, quo pater dicit se, et omnem
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diff changeset
1498 creaturam. Unde cum proprie sit lux hominum, et hic Evangelista de
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diff changeset
1499 eo agat secundum quod venit ad salutem hominum procurandam, congrue
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diff changeset
1500 intermittit hoc nomen verbum, cum loquitur de filio, et dicit illud
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diff changeset
1501 lumen. Sed si istud lumen sufficiens est per se omnia manifestare,
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diff changeset
1502 non solum seipsum, quid ergo indigebat ut testificaretur? Non ergo
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diff changeset
1503 necessaria sunt testimonia Ioannis et prophetarum de Christo.
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diff changeset
1504 Respondeo dicendum, quod haec obiectio est Manichaeorum, qui volunt
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diff changeset
1505 destruere vetus testamentum. Unde a sanctis contra hos multiplex
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diff changeset
1506 ratio assignatur, quare Christus testimonium prophetarum voluit
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diff changeset
1507 habere. Origenes quidem assignat tres rationes ad hoc. Primo quidem
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diff changeset
1508 quod Deus vult aliquos testes habere, non quod ipse eorum
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diff changeset
1509 testimonio indigeat, sed ut eos nobilitet quos constituit testes;
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diff changeset
1510 sicut videmus etiam in ordine universi, quod Deus producit aliquos
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diff changeset
1511 effectus per causas medias, non quia ipse impotens sit ad eos
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diff changeset
1512 immediate producendos, sed quia ad nobilitandas ipsas causas medias
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diff changeset
1513 eis causalitatis dignitatem communicare dignatur. Sic ergo, etsi
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diff changeset
1514 Deus potuerit omnes homines illuminare per se et in cognitionem
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diff changeset
1515 suam adducere, ut tamen debitus ordo servaretur in rebus, et ut
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diff changeset
1516 aliquos homines nobilitaret, voluit divinam cognitionem ad homines
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diff changeset
1517 per aliquos homines devenire. Is. XLIII, 10: <i>vere vos testes mei
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1518 estis, dicit dominus</i>. Secunda ratio est, quia Christus illuxit
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diff changeset
1519 mundo per miracula: quae quidem, quia in tempore facta erant,
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diff changeset
1520 temporaliter transierunt, neque pervenerunt ad omnes. Verba vero
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diff changeset
1521 prophetarum commendata Scripturae, poterant non solum ad
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1522 praesentes, sed etiam ad posteros pervenire. Voluit ergo dominus
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diff changeset
1523 homines ad cognitionem verbi venire per testimonia prophetarum, ut
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1524 non solum praesentes, sed etiam futuri de ipso illuminarentur; et
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1525 ideo signanter dicit <i>ut omnes crederent per illum</i>, non solum
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1526 praesentes, sed etiam futuri. Tertia ratio est, quia homines sunt
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diff changeset
1527 diversae conditionis, et diversimode ad veritatis cognitionem
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1528 perducti et dispositi. Quidam namque ad veritatis cognitionem magis
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diff changeset
1529 perducuntur per signa et miracula; quidam vero magis per
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diff changeset
1530 sapientiam; unde I Cor. I, 22: <i>Iudaei signa petunt, et Graeci
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1531 sapientiam quaerunt</i>. Ut ergo dominus omnibus ostenderet viam
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diff changeset
1532 salutis, utramque viam pandere voluit, scilicet signorum et
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diff changeset
1533 sapientiae, ut qui non perducerentur ad viam salutis per miracula
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diff changeset
1534 in veteri et novo testamento facta, saltem per viam sapientiae, ut
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diff changeset
1535 in prophetis et aliis sacrae Scripturae libris, ad veritatis
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diff changeset
1536 cognitionem perveniant. Quarta ratio est Chrysostomi, quia scilicet
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diff changeset
1537 homines infirmi intellectus, veritatem et cognitionem Dei seipsa
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1538 capere non possunt; unde voluit Deus eis condescendere et
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diff changeset
1539 illuminare quosdam homines de divinis prae aliis, ut ab eis humano
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diff changeset
1540 modo cognitionem de divinis acciperent, quorum cognitionem in
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diff changeset
1541 seipsis attingere non valebant. Et ideo dicit <i>ut omnes crederent
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diff changeset
1542 per illum</i>. Quasi dicat: <i>venit in testimonium</i>, non
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diff changeset
1543 propter ipsum lumen, sed propter ipsos homines, ut scilicet
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1544 <i>crederent per illum</i>. Sic ergo patet idonea esse et
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diff changeset
1545 congruentia testimonia prophetarum, et ideo recipienda utpote nobis
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1546 necessaria ad veritatis cognitionem. Dicit autem <i>crederent</i>
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1547 quia est duplex participatio divini luminis. Una scilicet perfecta,
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diff changeset
1548 quae est in gloria, Ps. XXXV, v. 10: <i>in lumine tuo videbimus
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1549 lumen</i>, alia est imperfecta, quae scilicet habetur per fidem,
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1550 quia <i>venit in testimonium</i>. De istis duobus modis dicitur I
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diff changeset
1551 Cor. XIII, 12: <i>videmus nunc per speculum in aenigmate; tunc
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diff changeset
1552 autem facie ad faciem</i>; et ibidem dicitur: <i>nunc cognosco ex
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diff changeset
1553 parte; tunc autem cognoscam sicut et cognitus sum</i>. Istorum
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diff changeset
1554 autem modorum prior est modus participationis per fidem; quia per
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diff changeset
1555 ipsam pervenitur ad speciem. Unde Is. VII, 9, secundum aliam
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diff changeset
1556 litteram: <i>nisi credideritis, non intelligetis</i>; ubi nostra
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diff changeset
1557 habet: <i>si non credideritis, non permanebitis</i>. II Cor. c.
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diff changeset
1558 III, 18: <i>nos autem omnes revelata facie gloriam domini
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diff changeset
1559 speculantes, in eamdem imaginem</i>, scilicet quam perdidimus,
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diff changeset
1560 <i>transformamur a claritate in claritatem</i>; Glossa: a claritate
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diff changeset
1561 fidei, in claritatem speciei. Dicit ergo <i>ut omnes crederent per
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diff changeset
1562 illum</i>; non ut omnes viderent illum perfecte statim, sed ut
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diff changeset
1563 primo per fidem credendo, et postea per speciem in patria
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diff changeset
1564 perfruendo. Dicit autem <i>per eum</i>, ut ostendat differentiam
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diff changeset
1565 eius ad Christum. Christus enim venit, ut omnes crederent in eum;
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diff changeset
1566 infra VII, v. 38: <i>qui credit in me, sicut dicit Scriptura,
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diff changeset
1567 flumina de ventre eius fluent aquae vivae</i>. Ioannes vero ut
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diff changeset
1568 omnes crederent, non quidem in eum, sed in Christum per eum. Sed
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diff changeset
1569 contra. Non omnes crediderunt per illum. Si ergo venit ut omnes
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diff changeset
1570 crederent per illum, frustra venit. Respondeo dicendum, quod
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diff changeset
1571 quantum est ex parte Dei mittentis, et ex parte Ioannis venientis,
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diff changeset
1572 sufficiens modus adhibitus est omnibus perveniendi ad finem; sed ex
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diff changeset
1573 parte eorum qui <i>oculos suos statuerunt declinare in terram</i>,
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diff changeset
1574 et noluerunt videre ipsum lumen, defectus fuit, quia non omnes
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diff changeset
1575 crediderunt. Licet autem Ioannes, de quo tot dicta sunt, et quod
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diff changeset
1576 missus a Deo, magnus sit, nihilominus tamen eius adventus non est
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diff changeset
1577 sufficiens hominibus ad salutem; quia salus hominis in hoc
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diff changeset
1578 consistit, quod participet ipsam lucem. Unde, et si Ioannes lux
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diff changeset
1579 fuisset, suffecisset hominibus ad salutem eius adventus; sed ipse
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diff changeset
1580 non erat lux; unde dicit <i>non erat ille lux</i>. Et ideo
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diff changeset
1581 necessaria erat lux, quae sufficeret hominibus ad salutem. Vel
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diff changeset
1582 aliter. Ioannes venit ut testimonium perhiberet de lumine.
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diff changeset
1583 Consuetum est autem testificantem esse maioris auctoritatis, quam
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diff changeset
1584 ille cui perhibet testimonium. Ne ergo credatur Ioannem esse
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diff changeset
1585 maioris auctoritatis, quam Christus, dicit Evangelista <i>non erat
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diff changeset
1586 ille lux, sed ut testimonium perhiberet de lumine</i>. Testatur
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diff changeset
1587 enim non quia maior, sed quia notior, etiamsi sit minor. Sed
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diff changeset
1588 quaeritur de hoc quod dicit <i>non erat ille lux</i>. Contra
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diff changeset
1589 dicitur Eph. V, 8: <i>eratis aliquando tenebrae, nunc autem lux in
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diff changeset
1590 domino</i>; et Matth. V, 14: <i>vos estis lux mundi</i>. Sunt ergo
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diff changeset
1591 Ioannes, et apostoli, et omnes boni, lux. Respondeo. Quidam dicunt
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diff changeset
1592 quod Ioannes non erat lux cum articulo, quia hoc est solius Dei
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diff changeset
1593 proprium; sed si lux ponatur sine articulo, erat Ioannes et omnes
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diff changeset
1594 sancti facti lux. Quod est dictu: filius Dei est lux per essentiam,
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diff changeset
1595 Ioannes vero et omnes sancti per participationem. Et ideo quia
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diff changeset
1596 Ioannes participabat verum lumen, congruenter testimonium
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diff changeset
1597 perhibebat de lumine: ignis enim convenientius manifestatur per
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diff changeset
1598 aliquod ignitum quam per aliquid aliud, et color per coloratum.</p>
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diff changeset
1599 <br />
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diff changeset
1600 <div class="D">Lectio 5</div>
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1601 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 5"><a name="87423"><span class=
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diff changeset
1602 "ref">[87423] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 5</span></a> Superius egit
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diff changeset
1603 Evangelista de praecursore, et teste verbi incarnati; in parte vero
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diff changeset
1604 ista agit de ipso verbo incarnato: et circa hoc tria facit. Primo
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diff changeset
1605 ostendit adventus verbi necessitatem; secundo ex adventu verbi
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diff changeset
1606 collatam nobis utilitatem, ibi <i>in propria venit</i>; tertio
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diff changeset
1607 veniendi modum, ibi <i>et verbum caro factum est</i>. Necessitas
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diff changeset
1608 autem adventus verbi videtur esse defectus divinae cognitionis,
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diff changeset
1609 quae in mundo erat. Unde hanc necessitatem sui adventus assignat,
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diff changeset
1610 dicens, infra XVIII, 37: <i>in hoc natus sum, et ad hoc veni</i>.
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diff changeset
1611 Ad insinuandum ergo hunc divinae cognitionis defectum, duo facit
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diff changeset
1612 Evangelista. Primo ostendit quod iste defectus non est ex parte
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diff changeset
1613 Dei, neque ex defectu verbi; secundo ostendit quod est ex parte
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diff changeset
1614 hominum, ibi <i>et mundus eum non cognovit</i>. Quod autem non
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diff changeset
1615 fuerit defectus ex parte Dei et verbi, quin homines Deum
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diff changeset
1616 cognoscerent et illuminarentur a verbo, ostendit ex tribus. Primo
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1617 ex ipsius divinae lucis efficacia, quia <i>erat lux vera, quae
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diff changeset
1618 illuminat omnem hominem venientem in hunc mundum</i>; secundo ex
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diff changeset
1619 ipsius divinae lucis praesentia, quia <i>in mundo erat</i>; tertio
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1620 ex eius evidentia, quia <i>mundus per ipsum factus est</i>. Non
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1621 fuit ergo defectus divinae cognitionis in mundo ex parte verbi,
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1622 quia efficax est. Unde primo ostendit rationem huius efficaciae,
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1623 quia <i>erat lux vera</i>; secundo ipsam eius efficaciam, quia
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1624 <i>illuminat omnem hominem venientem in hunc mundum</i>. Est enim
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diff changeset
1625 efficax divinum verbum ad illuminandum, quia <i>erat lux vera</i>.
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1626 Quomodo autem verbum sit lux, et quomodo sit lux hominum, quia
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diff changeset
1627 supra satis explanatum est, superfluum est ad praesens reiterare.
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1628 Istud tamen ad praesens est dicendum, quomodo sit <i>lux vera</i>.
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diff changeset
1629 Notandum est ergo ad huiusmodi evidentiam, quod verum in Scriptura
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diff changeset
1630 tribus opponitur. Aliquando enim dividitur contra falsum, sicut
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diff changeset
1631 illud Eph. IV, 25: <i>deponentes mendacium, loquimini
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1632 veritatem</i>. Aliquando autem dividitur contra figurale, sicut
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diff changeset
1633 illud infra I, 17: <i>lex per Moysen data est; gratia et veritas
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1634 per Iesum Christum facta est</i>, quia veritas figurarum legis
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diff changeset
1635 facta est per Christum. Aliquando vero dividitur contra
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diff changeset
1636 participans, sicut illud I Ioan. ult., 20: <i>ut simus in vero
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diff changeset
1637 filio eius</i>; qui scilicet non est filius per participationem.
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1638 Fuit autem ante adventum verbi in mundo quaedam lux, quam scilicet
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diff changeset
1639 philosophi se habere iactabant; sed haec quidem falsa fuit, quia,
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diff changeset
1640 ut dicitur Rom. I, 21: <i>evanuerunt in cogitationibus suis, et
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diff changeset
1641 obscuratum est insipiens cor eorum; dicentes enim se esse
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diff changeset
1642 sapientes, stulti facti sunt</i>; Ier. X, 14: <i>stultus factus est
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diff changeset
1643 omnis homo a scientia sua</i>. Fuit etiam quaedam alia lux, quam
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diff changeset
1644 gloriabantur se habere Iudaei ex doctrina legis; sed haec quidem
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diff changeset
1645 lux erat lux figuralis; Hebr. X, 1: <i>umbram habens lex futurorum
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diff changeset
1646 bonorum, non ipsam imaginem rerum</i>. Erat etiam in Angelis et in
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diff changeset
1647 sanctis hominibus lux quaedam, inquantum specialiori modo per
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diff changeset
1648 gratiam Deum cognoscebant; sed haec lux participata erat; Iob XXV,
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diff changeset
1649 3: <i>super quem non resplendet lumen illius?</i> Quasi dicat:
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diff changeset
1650 quicumque lucidi sunt, intantum lucent inquantum participant lumen
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diff changeset
1651 illius, idest Dei. Sed verbum Dei non erat lux falsa, non
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diff changeset
1652 figuralis, non participata, sed lux vera, idest per essentiam suam.
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diff changeset
1653 Et ideo dicit <i>erat lux vera</i>. In quo quidem excluditur duplex
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diff changeset
1654 error, scilicet Photini, qui Christum opinatus est ex virgine
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diff changeset
1655 initium sumpsisse. Et ideo ne aliquis hoc suspicari posset,
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diff changeset
1656 Evangelista loquens de incarnatione verbi, dicit <i>erat lux
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diff changeset
1657 vera</i>, scilicet ab aeterno, non solum ante virginem, sed ante
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diff changeset
1658 omnem creaturam. Excluditur etiam error Arii et Origenis dicentium
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diff changeset
1659 Christum non fuisse verum Deum, sed per participationem tantum.
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diff changeset
1660 Quod si verum esset, non esset lux vera, ut Evangelista dicit.
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diff changeset
1661 Sicut enim dicitur I Io. I, 5: <i>Deus lux est</i>, non per
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diff changeset
1662 participationem, sed lux vera. Si ergo verbum erat lux vera,
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diff changeset
1663 manifestum est illud esse Deum verum. Patet ergo ratio efficaciae
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diff changeset
1664 divini verbi ad divinam cognitionem causandam. Efficacia autem
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diff changeset
1665 ipsius verbi est, quia <i>illuminat omnem hominem venientem</i>.
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diff changeset
1666 Omne enim quod est per participationem, derivatur ab eo quod est
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diff changeset
1667 per essentiam suam tale; ut omne ignitum est hoc per
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diff changeset
1668 participationem ignis, qui est ignis per suam naturam. Quia ergo
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diff changeset
1669 verbum est lux vera per suam naturam, oportet quod omne lucens
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diff changeset
1670 luceat per ipsum, inquantum ipsum participat. Ipse ergo
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diff changeset
1671 <i>illuminat omnem hominem venientem in hunc mundum</i>. Sciendum
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diff changeset
1672 est autem ad horum intellectum, quod mundus in Scriptura accipitur
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diff changeset
1673 tribus modis. Aliquando enim ratione suae creationis, sicut hic
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diff changeset
1674 inferius ait Evangelista <i>mundus per ipsum factus est</i>.
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1675 Aliquando autem ratione suae perfectionis, ad quam per Christum
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diff changeset
1676 pertingit, sicut illud II Cor. V, 19: <i>Deus erat in Christo
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diff changeset
1677 mundum reconcilians sibi</i>. Aliquando ratione suae perversitatis
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diff changeset
1678 sicut illud I Io. V, 19: <i>totus mundus in maligno positus
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diff changeset
1679 est</i>. Illuminatio seu illuminari per verbum, intelligitur
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diff changeset
1680 dupliciter: scilicet de lumine naturalis cognitionis, de quo
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diff changeset
1681 dicitur in Ps. IV, 7: <i>signatum est super nos lumen vultus tui,
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diff changeset
1682 domine</i>. Item de lumine gratiae, de quo dicitur Is. LX, 1:
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diff changeset
1683 <i>illuminare, Ierusalem</i>. His duabus distinctionibus
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diff changeset
1684 suppositis, facile solvitur dubitatio quae ex istis oritur. Cum
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diff changeset
1685 enim dicit Evangelista <i>illuminat omnem hominem</i>, videtur
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diff changeset
1686 subesse falsum, cum adhuc multi sint in mundo tenebrosi. Si ergo
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diff changeset
1687 nos, memores dictarum distinctionum, accipiamus mundum secundum
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diff changeset
1688 quod ponitur ratione suae creationis; et illuminare, secundum quod
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diff changeset
1689 accipitur pro lumine naturalis rationis, verbum Evangelistae nullam
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diff changeset
1690 habet calumniam: quia homines omnes venientes in hunc mundum
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diff changeset
1691 sensibilem illuminantur lumine naturalis cognitionis ex
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diff changeset
1692 participatione huius verae lucis, a qua derivatur quicquid de
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diff changeset
1693 lumine naturalis cognitionis participatur ab hominibus. Utitur
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diff changeset
1694 autem Evangelista hoc modo loquendi, ut dicat <i>venientem in hunc
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1695 mundum</i>, non quod homines vixissent aliquo temporis spatio extra
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diff changeset
1696 mundum, et postea venirent in mundum, cum hoc sit contra sententiam
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diff changeset
1697 apostoli, Rom. IX, 11: <i>cum enim nondum nati essent, aut aliquid
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1698 egissent boni, aut mali (ut secundum electionem propositum Dei
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diff changeset
1699 maneret), non ex operibus, sed ex vocante dictum est</i> et cetera.
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1700 Unde cum non egissent aliquid antequam nati essent, manifestum est
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diff changeset
1701 quod anima non est antequam corpori coniungatur. Dicit ergo
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1702 <i>venientem in hunc mundum</i>, ut ostendat quod homines
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1703 illuminantur a Deo, secundum hoc scilicet quod veniunt in mundum,
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1704 idest secundum intellectum qui est ab extrinseco. Homo enim ex
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diff changeset
1705 duplici natura constituitur, corporali scilicet et intellectuali:
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diff changeset
1706 et secundum corporalem quidem naturam, seu sensibilem, illuminatur
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diff changeset
1707 homo lumine corporeo et sensibili; secundum animam vero et
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diff changeset
1708 intellectualem naturam, illuminatur lumine intellectuali et
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diff changeset
1709 spirituali. Cum ergo homo, secundum naturam corporalem non veniat
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diff changeset
1710 in hunc mundum, sed sit ex mundo, sed secundum intellectualem
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diff changeset
1711 naturam, quae est ab extrinseco, ut dictum est, sit a Deo per
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diff changeset
1712 creationem, unde dicitur Eccle. XII, 7: <i>donec omnis caro in suam
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diff changeset
1713 revertatur originem, et spiritus dirigatur ad Deum qui fecit
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diff changeset
1714 illum</i>: ostendit Evangelista quod haec illuminatio est secundum
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diff changeset
1715 illud quod est ab extrinseco, scilicet secundum intellectum, cum
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diff changeset
1716 dicit <i>venientem in hunc mundum</i>. Si vero accipiatur
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diff changeset
1717 illuminari pro lumine gratiae, sic hoc quod dicitur, <i>illuminat
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diff changeset
1718 omnem hominem</i> potest tripliciter exponi. Uno modo, secundum
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diff changeset
1719 Origenem in illa Hom. aquila grandis, exponitur hoc modo, ut
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diff changeset
1720 accipiamus mundum ratione suae perfectionis, ad quam perducitur
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diff changeset
1721 homo reconciliatus per Christum. Et tunc dicitur <i>illuminat omnem
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diff changeset
1722 hominem venientem</i>, per fidem, <i>in hunc mundum</i>,
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diff changeset
1723 spiritualem, scilicet Ecclesiam illuminatam lumine gratiae. Alio
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diff changeset
1724 modo, secundum Chrysostomum, exponitur, accipiendo mundum ratione
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diff changeset
1725 suae creationis, et talis est sensus: <i>illuminat</i>, scilicet
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diff changeset
1726 verbum, quantum de se est, quia ex parte sua nulli deest, imo
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diff changeset
1727 <i>vult omnes salvos fieri, et ad agnitionem veritatis venire</i>,
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diff changeset
1728 ut dicitur I Tim. II, 4, <i>omnem hominem venientem</i>, idest qui
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diff changeset
1729 nascitur in hunc mundum sensibilem. Quod si aliquis non
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diff changeset
1730 illuminatur, ex parte hominis est, avertentis se a lumine
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diff changeset
1731 illuminante. Tertio modo, secundum Augustinum, exponitur, ut ly
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diff changeset
1732 omnem sit distributio accommoda. Ut sit sensus <i>illuminat omnem
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diff changeset
1733 hominem venientem in hunc mundum</i>, non simpliciter, sed <i>omnem
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diff changeset
1734 hominem</i>, qui illuminatur, scilicet quia nullus illuminatur nisi
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diff changeset
1735 a verbo. Dicit ergo, secundum Augustinum, <i>venientem</i>, ut
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diff changeset
1736 assignet rationem quare homo indiget illuminari; accipiendo tamen
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diff changeset
1737 mundum ratione suae perversitatis et defectus. Quasi dicat: ideo
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diff changeset
1738 indiget illuminari, quia venit in hunc mundum, perversitate et
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diff changeset
1739 defectibus tenebrosum et ignorantia plenum. De mundo spirituali
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diff changeset
1740 primo hominis; Lc. I, 79: <i>illuminare his, qui in tenebris et in
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diff changeset
1741 umbra mortis sedent</i>. Destruitur autem per verba praedicta error
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diff changeset
1742 Manichaei ponentis, homines a principio contrario, idest Diabolo,
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diff changeset
1743 in mundo creatos fuisse: quia si homo fuisset creatura Diaboli,
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diff changeset
1744 veniens in mundum, non illuminaretur a Deo, sive a verbo; quia
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diff changeset
1745 <i>Christus venit in mundum, ut dissolvat opera Diaboli</i>; I Io.
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diff changeset
1746 III. Sic ergo patet ex efficacia divini verbi, quod defectus
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diff changeset
1747 cognitionis in hominibus non est ex parte ipsius verbi: quia ad
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diff changeset
1748 omnes illuminandos efficax est, cum sit <i>lux vera quae illuminat
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diff changeset
1749 omnem hominem venientem in hunc mundum</i>. Sed ne credas defectum
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diff changeset
1750 ipsum esse ex remotione seu absentia verae lucis, hoc excludens
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diff changeset
1751 Evangelista, subdit: <i>in mundo erat</i>. Simile huic habetur Act.
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diff changeset
1752 XVII, 27: <i>non longe est ab unoquoque nostrum</i>, scilicet Deus,
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diff changeset
1753 <i>in ipso enim vivimus, et movemur, et sumus</i>. Quasi dicat
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diff changeset
1754 Evangelista: verbum divinum efficax est et praesens est ad
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diff changeset
1755 illuminandum. Notandum vero quod in mundo dicitur aliquid esse
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diff changeset
1756 tripliciter. Uno modo per continentiam, sicut locatum in loco;
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diff changeset
1757 infra c. XVII, 11: <i>hi in mundo sunt</i>. Alio modo, sicut pars
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diff changeset
1758 in toto; nam pars mundi dicitur esse in mundo, etiamsi non sit
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diff changeset
1759 locata; sicut substantiae supernaturales, licet localiter non sint
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diff changeset
1760 in mundo, tamen sunt ut partes Ps. CXLV, v. 6: <i>qui fecit caelum
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diff changeset
1761 et terram, mare et omnia quae in eis sunt</i>. Neutro autem istorum
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diff changeset
1762 modorum lux vera in mundo erat, quia nec localis est, nec pars
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diff changeset
1763 universi: immo quodammodo (ut ita liceat loqui), totum universum
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diff changeset
1764 est pars, bonitatem eius partialiter participans. Erat ergo in
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diff changeset
1765 mundo tertio modo, sicut causa efficiens et conservans; Ier. XXIII,
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diff changeset
1766 24: <i>caelum et terram ego impleo</i>. Sed tamen aliter est de
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diff changeset
1767 verbo agente et causante omnia, et aliter de aliis agentibus. Nam
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diff changeset
1768 alia agentia operantur ut extrinsecus existentia: cum enim non
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diff changeset
1769 agant nisi movendo et alterando aliquo modo quantum ad ea quae sunt
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diff changeset
1770 extrinseca rei, ut extrinseca operantur. Deus vero operatur in
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diff changeset
1771 omnibus ut interius agens, quia agit creando. Creare autem est dare
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diff changeset
1772 esse rei creatae. Cum ergo esse sit intimum cuilibet rei, Deus, qui
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diff changeset
1773 operando dat esse, operatur in rebus ut intimus agens. In mundo
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diff changeset
1774 ergo erat ut dans esse mundo. Consuetum est autem dici Deum esse in
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diff changeset
1775 omnibus per essentiam, praesentiam et potentiam. Ad cuius
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diff changeset
1776 intellectum sciendum est quod per potentiam dicitur esse aliquis in
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diff changeset
1777 omnibus quae subduntur potentiae eius: sicut rex dicitur esse in
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diff changeset
1778 toto regno sibi subiecto, per suam potentiam; non tamen ibi est per
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diff changeset
1779 praesentiam, neque per essentiam. Per praesentiam dicitur esse in
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diff changeset
1780 omnibus quae sunt in conspectu eius, sicut rex dicitur esse per
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diff changeset
1781 praesentiam in domo sua. Per essentiam vero dicitur esse in illis
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diff changeset
1782 rebus, in quibus est sua substantia: sicut est rex in uno loco
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diff changeset
1783 determinato. Dicimus enim Deum esse ubique per potentiam, quia
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diff changeset
1784 omnia eius potestati subduntur; Ps. CXXXVIII, 8: <i>si ascendero in
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diff changeset
1785 caelum, tu illic es (...). Si sumpsero pennas meas diluculo et
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diff changeset
1786 habitavero in extremis maris: etenim illuc manus tua deducet me et
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diff changeset
1787 tenebit me dextera tua</i>. Per praesentiam vero, quia <i>omnia
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diff changeset
1788 nuda et aperta sunt oculis eius</i>, quae sunt in mundo, ut habetur
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diff changeset
1789 Hebr. IV, 13. Per essentiam autem, quia essentia sua intima est
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diff changeset
1790 omnibus rebus: oportet enim de necessitate omne agens, inquantum
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diff changeset
1791 agens, immediate coniungi suo effectui, cum movens et motum
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diff changeset
1792 oporteat simul esse. Deus autem actor est et conservator omnium
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diff changeset
1793 secundum esse uniuscuiusque rei. Unde, cum esse rei sit intimum in
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diff changeset
1794 qualibet re, manifestum est quod Deus per essentiam suam, per quam
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diff changeset
1795 omnia creat, sit in omnibus rebus. Notandum autem quod Evangelista
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diff changeset
1796 signanter utitur hoc verbo <i>erat</i>, cum dicit <i>in mundo
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diff changeset
1797 erat</i>, ostendens ab initio creaturae semper ipsum fuisse in
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diff changeset
1798 mundo, causans et conservans omnia: quia si ad momentum subtraheret
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diff changeset
1799 Deus virtutem suam a rebus conditis, omnia in nihilum redigerentur,
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diff changeset
1800 et esse desinerent. Unde Origenes satis ad hoc congruo exemplo
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diff changeset
1801 utitur, dicens quod sicut se habet vox humana ad verbum humanum in
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diff changeset
1802 mente conceptum, sic se habet creatura ad verbum divinum: nam sicut
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diff changeset
1803 vox nostra est effectus verbi concepti in mente nostra, ita et
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diff changeset
1804 creatura est effectus verbi in divina mente concepti; <i>dixit enim
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diff changeset
1805 et facta sunt</i>. Ps. CXLVIII, v. 5. Unde sicut videmus quod
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diff changeset
1806 statim, deficiente verbo nostro, vox sensibilis deficit, ita si
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diff changeset
1807 virtus verbi divini subtraheretur a rebus, statim res omnes in ipso
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diff changeset
1808 momento deficerent; et hoc quia est <i>portans omnia verbo virtutis
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diff changeset
1809 suae</i>, Hebr. I, 3. Sic ergo patet quod defectus divinae
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diff changeset
1810 cognitionis non est in hominibus ex verbi absentia, quia <i>in
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diff changeset
1811 mundo erat</i>; non est etiam ex verbi <span class="nota" title=
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diff changeset
1812 "ed. Cai: indivisibilitate">invisibilitate</span> seu occultatione,
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1813 quia fecit opus, in quo similitudo evidenter relucet, scilicet
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diff changeset
1814 mundum. Sap. XIII, 5: <i>a magnitudine speciei et creaturae
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diff changeset
1815 cognoscibiliter poterit eorum creator videri</i>; et Rom. I, 20:
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diff changeset
1816 <i>invisibilia Dei per ea quae facta sunt intellecta
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1817 conspiciuntur</i>. Et ideo statim Evangelista subiungit <i>et
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1818 mundus per ipsum factus est</i>, ut scilicet in ipso lux ipsa
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1819 manifestaretur. Sicut in artificio manifestatur ars artificis, ita
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1820 totus mundus nihil aliud est quam quaedam repraesentatio divinae
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diff changeset
1821 sapientiae in mente patris conceptae; Eccli. I, 10: <i>sparsit
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diff changeset
1822 illam super omnia opera sua</i>. Sic ergo patet quod defectus
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diff changeset
1823 divinae cognitionis non est ex parte verbi, quia efficax est, cum
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1824 sit <i>lux vera</i>; praesens est, quia <i>in mundo erat</i>;
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1825 evidens est, quia <i>mundus per ipsum factus est</i>. Unde autem
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1826 sit huius defectus, ostendit Evangelista consequenter, cum dicit
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1827 <i>et mundus eum non cognovit</i>; quasi dicat, non est ex parte
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1828 ipsius, sed ex parte mundi, qui <i>eum non cognovit</i>. Dicit
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1829 autem <i>eum</i> in singulari, quia supra verbum dixerat non solum
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diff changeset
1830 lucem hominum, sed Deum: unde cum dicit <i>eum</i>, intelligit
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diff changeset
1831 Deum. Ponitur autem hic mundus pro homine: Angeli namque
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diff changeset
1832 cognoverunt eum intelligendo; elementa cognoverunt eum obediendo;
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diff changeset
1833 sed mundus, idest homo habitator mundi, eum non cognovit. Et
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diff changeset
1834 possumus hunc defectum cognitionis divinae referre vel ad naturam
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1835 hominis, vel ad culpam. Ad naturam quidem, quia licet omnia haec
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diff changeset
1836 praedicta auxilia data sint homini, ut ducatur in cognitionem Dei,
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diff changeset
1837 tamen ratio humana in se deficiens est ab hac cognitione; Iob
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diff changeset
1838 XXXVI, v. 25: <i>unusquisque intuetur eum procul</i>; et iterum
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diff changeset
1839 ibi: <i>ecce Deus magnus vincens scientiam nostram</i>. Sed si
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1840 aliqui eum cognoverunt, hoc fuit non inquantum fuerunt in mundo,
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diff changeset
1841 sed inquantum fuerunt supra mundum, et tales quibus dignus non erat
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diff changeset
1842 mundus, quia <i>mundus eum non cognovit</i>. Et est quasi ratio
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diff changeset
1843 quare ab hominibus Deus non cognoscitur. Et sic mundus accipitur
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diff changeset
1844 pro inordinato mundi amore; quasi dicat <i>mundus eum non
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diff changeset
1845 cognovit</i>. Unde si aliquid aeternum in mente perceperunt, hoc
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diff changeset
1846 fuit inquantum non erant de hoc mundo. Si vero referatur ad culpam
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diff changeset
1847 hominis, tunc hoc quod dixit <i>mundus eum non cognovit</i>, est
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diff changeset
1848 quasi ratio quare ab hominibus Deus non cognoscitur; et sic
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diff changeset
1849 accipitur mundus pro inordinato mundi amatore. Quasi dicat
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diff changeset
1850 <i>mundus eum non cognovit</i>, quia sunt mundi amatores. Amor enim
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diff changeset
1851 mundi, ut dicit Augustinus, maxime retrahit a Dei cognitione; quia
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diff changeset
1852 <i>amor mundi inimicum Dei constituit</i>, Iac. c. IV, 4. Qui autem
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diff changeset
1853 non diligit Deum, non potest eum cognoscere; I Cor. II, 14:
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diff changeset
1854 <i>animalis homo non percipit ea quae sunt spiritus Dei</i>.
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1855 Notandum autem quod ex hoc solvitur quaestio gentilium, qui vane
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diff changeset
1856 quaerunt: si a paucis temporibus filius Dei pro salute humana mundo
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diff changeset
1857 innotuit, videtur quod ante tempus illud naturam humanam
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1858 despiceret. Quibus dicendum est quod non despexit, sed semper fuit
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1859 in mundo, et quantum in se est, cognoscibilis est ab hominibus; sed
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1860 quod aliqui eum non cognoverunt, fuit eorum culpa, quia mundi
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1861 amatores erant. Notandum etiam quod Evangelista loquitur de
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diff changeset
1862 incarnatione verbi, ut ostendat idem esse verbum incarnatum, et
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1863 quod <i>erat in principio apud Deum</i> et Deus. Resumit quae de
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1864 ipso supra dixerat. Ibi enim dixerat quod <i>verbum erat lux
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1865 hominum</i>; hic vero dicit quod <i>erat lux vera</i>. Ibi quod
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1866 <i>omnia per ipsum facta sunt</i>; hic vero <i>et mundus per ipsum
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1867 factus est</i>. Supra vero dixit, quod <i>sine ipso factum est
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1868 nihil</i>, idest, secundum unam expositionem, omnia conservans; hic
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1869 vero dicit <i>in mundo erat</i>, mundum et omnia creans et
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1870 conservans. Ibi dixit: <i>et tenebrae eam non comprehenderunt</i>;
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1871 hic vero <i>et mundus eum non cognovit</i>. Et ideo totum hoc quod
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1872 sequitur ab illo loco <i>erat lux vera</i>, videtur quaedam
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1873 explicatio superiorum. Possumus etiam ex praedictis accipere
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1874 triplicem rationem, quare Deus voluit incarnari. Una est
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1875 perversitas humanae naturae, quae ex sui malitia iam obtenebrata
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1876 erat vitiorum et ignorantiae obscuritate. Unde supra dixerat quod
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diff changeset
1877 <i>tenebrae eam non comprehenderunt</i>. Venit ergo in carnem Deus,
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1878 ut tenebrae possent apprehendere lucem, idest cognitionem eius
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1879 pertingere. Is. IX, 2: <i>populus, qui ambulabat in tenebris, vidit
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1880 lucem magnam</i>. Secunda propter insufficientiam prophetici
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1881 testimonii. Venerunt enim prophetae, venerat Ioannes; sed
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1882 sufficienter illuminare non poterant, quia <i>non erat ille
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1883 lux</i>. Unde necessarium erat ut post prophetarum vaticinia, post
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1884 Ioannis adventum, lux ipsa veniret, et sui cognitionem mundo
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1885 traderet; et hoc est quod apostolus dicit, Hebr. I, 1:
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1886 <i>multifarie, multisque modis olim Deus loquens patribus in
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1887 prophetis, novissime locutus est nobis in filio</i>; et II Petr. I,
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1888 19: <i>habetis propheticum sermonem, cui bene facitis attendentes,
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1889 donec dies illucescat</i>. Tertia propter creaturarum defectum. Nam
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diff changeset
1890 creaturae insufficientes erant ad ducendum in cognitionem
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1891 creatoris; unde <i>mundus per ipsum factus est, et ipsum non
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1892 cognovit</i>. Unde necessarium erat ut ipse creator per carnem in
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1893 mundum veniret, et per seipsum cognosceretur: et hoc est quod
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1894 apostolus dicit, I Cor. I, 21: <i>nam, quia in Dei sapientia mundus
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1895 non cognovit per sapientiam Deum, placuit Deo per stultitiam
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1896 praedicationis salvos facere credentes</i>.</p>
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1897 <br />
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1898 <div class="D">Lectio 6</div>
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1899 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 6"><a name="87424"><span class=
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1900 "ref">[87424] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 6</span></a> Assignata
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1901 necessitate incarnationis verbi, consequenter Evangelista
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1902 manifestat utilitatem ex ipsa incarnatione ab hominibus consecutam.
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1903 Et primo insinuat lucis adventum, quia <i>in propria venit</i>;
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1904 secundo hominum occursum, ibi <i>et sui eum non receperunt</i>;
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1905 tertio fructum ex adventu lucis allatum, ibi <i>dedit eis
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1906 potestatem filios Dei fieri</i>. Ostendit ergo quod lux quae erat
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diff changeset
1907 praesens in mundo et evidens seu manifesta per effectum, non tamen
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1908 cognoscebatur a mundo. Et ideo <i>venit in propria</i>, ut
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1909 cognosceretur. Sed ne, cum dicit <i>venit</i>, intelligeres motum
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1910 localem hoc modo, ut scilicet venerit quasi desinens esse ubi prius
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1911 erat, et denuo incipiens esse, ubi prius non erat, dicit
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1912 Evangelista <i>in propria</i>; idest in ea quae erant sua, quae
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1913 ipse fecit; et venit ipse, ubi erat. Infra XVI, 28: <i>exivi a
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1914 patre, et veni in mundum. Venit</i>, inquam, <i>in propria</i>,
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1915 idest in Iudaeam, secundum quosdam, quae quidem speciali modo sua
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1916 erat; Ps. LXXV, 2: <i>notus in Iudaea Deus</i>; Is. V, 7: <i>vinea
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1917 domini exercituum, domus Israel est</i>. Sed melius est ut dicatur,
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1918 <i>propria</i>, idest in mundum ab eo creatum; Ps. XXIII, 1:
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1919 <i>domini est terra</i>. Sed si prius erat in mundo, quomodo venit
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1920 in mundum? Respondeo, dicendum quod venire in aliquem locum dicitur
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1921 dupliciter, scilicet vel quod aliquis veniat ubi nullo modo prius
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1922 fuerat, vel quod ubi aliquo modo prius fuerat, incipiat esse quodam
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1923 novo modo. Sicut rex, qui prius erat in civitate aliqua sui regni
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1924 per potentiam, ad illam postmodum veniens personaliter, dicitur
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1925 venire ubi prius erat: venit enim per suam substantiam ubi prius
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1926 erat solum per suam potentiam. Sic ergo filius Dei venit in mundum,
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1927 et tamen in mundo erat. Erat quidem per essentiam, potentiam et
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1928 praesentiam, sed venit per carnis assumptionem; erat invisibilis,
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1929 venit ut esset visibilis. Deinde cum dicit <i>et sui eum non
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1930 receperunt</i>, sequitur hominum occursus, qui differenter se
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1931 habuerunt ad venientem. Quia quidam eum receperunt, non sui; unde
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1932 dicitur <i>et sui eum non receperunt</i>. Sui sunt homines, quia ab
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1933 eo formati; Gen. II, 7: <i>formavit Deus hominem</i>; Ps. XCIX, 3:
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1934 <i>scitote, quoniam dominus ipse fecit nos</i>, quia ad eius
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1935 imaginem facti: Gen. I, 26: <i>faciamus hominem</i>. Sed melius est
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1936 ut dicamus <i>sui</i>, idest Iudaei, <i>eum non receperunt</i>, per
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1937 fidem credendo et honorando; infra V, 43: <i>ego veni in nomine
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1938 patris mei, et non recepistis me</i>; et infra VIII, 49: <i>ego
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1939 honorifico patrem meum, et vos inhonorastis me</i>. Sunt quidem
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1940 Iudaei, sui, quia ab ipso in populum peculiarem electi; Deut. XXVI,
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1941 18: <i>elegit te dominus in populum peculiarem</i>. Sui secundum
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1942 carnem coniuncti; Rom. IX, 5: <i>ex quibus Christus secundum
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1943 carnem</i>. Item sui, ab eo beneficiis promoti; Is. I, 2: <i>filios
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1944 enutrivi, et exaltavi</i>. Sed licet <i>sui</i>, Iudaei <i>eum non
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1945 receperunt</i>. Non defuerunt tamen, qui eum receperunt; unde
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1946 subdit <i>quotquot autem receperunt</i>. Utitur Evangelista hoc
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1947 modo loquendi, dicens <i>quotquot</i>, ut ostendat ampliorem esse
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1948 factam solutionem, quam fuerit promissio, quae facta fuit solum
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1949 suis, scilicet Iudaeis; Is. XXXIII, 22: <i>dominus legifer noster,
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1950 dominus rex noster; ipse salvabit nos</i>. Sed solutio non solum
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1951 fuit facta suis, sed <i>quotquot receperunt eum</i>, idest omnibus
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1952 in eum credentibus; Rom. XV, 8: <i>dico autem Christum ministrum
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1953 fuisse circumcisionis propter veritatem Dei, ad confirmandas
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1954 promissiones patrum</i>, idest patribus factas. Gentes autem super
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1955 misericordia, quia misericorditer sunt recepti. Dicit
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1956 <i>quotquot</i>, ut ostendat quod gratia Dei indifferenter datur
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1957 omnibus recipientibus Christum; Act. X, 45: <i>ergo in nationes
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1958 gratia spiritus sancti effusa est</i>. Et non solum liberis, sed
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1959 etiam servis, non solum masculis, sed etiam feminis; Gal. III, 28:
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1960 <i>in Christo Iesu non est masculus, nec femina, gentilis, vel
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1961 Iudaeus, circumcisio et praeputium</i> et cetera. Deinde cum dicit
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1962 <i>dedit eis potestatem filios Dei fieri</i>, sequitur fructus eius
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1963 adventus. Ubi primo ponit fructus magnificentiam, quia <i>dedit eis
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1964 potestatem</i>; secundo ostendit quibus datur, quia <i>his qui
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1965 credunt</i>; tertio insinuat modum dandi, quia <i>non ex
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1966 sanguinibus</i>. Est ergo fructus adventus filii Dei magnus, quia
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1967 homines fiunt per hoc filii Dei; Gal. IV, 4: <i>misit Deus filium
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1968 suum factum ex muliere, ut adoptionem filiorum reciperemus</i>. Et
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1969 hoc congrue, ut qui sumus filii Dei, per hoc quod assimilamur
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1970 filio, reformemur per filium. Dicit ergo <i>dedit eis potestatem
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1971 filios Dei fieri</i>. Ad cuius evidentiam sciendum est, quod
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1972 homines fiunt filii Dei per assimilationem ad Deum; et ideo
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1973 secundum triplicem assimilationem hominum ad Deum homines sunt
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1974 filii Dei. Primo enim per gratiae infusionem: unde quicumque habet
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1975 gratiam gratum facientem, efficitur filius Dei; Rom. VIII, 15:
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1976 <i>non enim accepistis spiritum servitutis</i> etc.; Gal. IV, 6:
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1977 <i>quoniam estis filii Dei, misit Deus spiritum filii sui</i>.
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1978 Secundo assimilamur Deo per operum perfectionem, quia qui facit
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1979 opera iustitiae, est filius; Matth. V, 44: <i>diligite inimicos
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1980 vestros</i>. Tertio assimilamur Deo per gloriae adeptionem, et
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1981 quantum ad animam per lumen gloriae, I Io. III, 2: <i>cum
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1982 apparuerit, similes ei erimus</i>, et quantum ad corpus, Phil. III,
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1983 v. 21: <i>reformabit corpus humilitatis nostrae</i>. Unde de istis
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1984 duobus dicitur Rom. VIII, 23: <i>adoptionem filiorum Dei
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1985 expectantes</i>. Si ergo accipiamus potestatem filios Dei fieri
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1986 quantum ad operum perfectionem et gloriae adeptionem, nullam
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1987 difficultatem habebit sermo, quia cum dicit <i>dedit eis
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1988 potestatem</i>, intelligitur de potestate gratiae, qua habita,
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1989 potest homo facere opera perfectionis, et adipisci gloriam; quia,
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1990 ut dicitur Rom. VI, 23, <i>gratia Dei vita aeterna</i>. Et secundum
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1991 hunc modum dicitur <i>dedit eis</i>, qui eum receperunt,
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1992 <i>potestatem</i>, idest infusionem gratiae, <i>filios Dei
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1993 fieri</i>, bene operando, et gloriam acquirendo. Si vero
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1994 intelligatur de gratiae infusione, tunc dubitationem habet hoc quod
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1995 dicitur <i>dedit eis potestatem</i>, quia non est in potestate
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1996 nostra fieri filios Dei, cum non sit in potestate nostra gratiam
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1997 habere. Hoc ergo quod dicit <i>dedit eis potestatem</i>, aut
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1998 intelligitur de potestate naturae: et hoc non videtur esse verum,
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1999 quia infusio gratiae est supra naturam nostram. Aut intelligitur de
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2000 potestate gratiae: et tunc hoc ipsum est gratiam habere, quod
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2001 habere <i>potestatem filios Dei fieri</i>; et sic non dedit
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2002 potestatem filios fieri Dei, sed filios Dei esse. Ad quod dicendum
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2003 quod in datione gratiae requiritur in homine adulto ad
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2004 iustificationem suam consensus per motum liberi arbitrii: unde quia
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2005 in potestate hominis est ut consentiat et non consentiat, <i>dedit
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2006 eis potestatem</i>. Dedit autem hanc potestatem suscipiendi gratiam
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2007 dupliciter: praeparando, et hominibus proponendo. Sicut enim qui
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2008 facit librum, et proponit homini ad legendum, dicitur dare
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diff changeset
2009 potestatem legendi; ita Christus, per quem gratia facta est, ut
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diff changeset
2010 dicitur infra, et <i>qui operatus est salutem in medio terrae</i>,
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diff changeset
2011 ut dicitur in Ps. LXXIII, 12, <i>dedit</i> nobis <i>potestatem
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diff changeset
2012 filios Dei fieri</i> per gratiae susceptionem. Secundo, quia hoc
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diff changeset
2013 non sufficit, cum etiam liberum arbitrium indigeat ad hoc quod
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diff changeset
2014 moveatur ad gratiae susceptionem, auxilio gratiae divinae, non
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diff changeset
2015 quidem habitualis, sed moventis, ideo dat potestatem movendo
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diff changeset
2016 liberum arbitrium hominis, ut consentiat ad susceptionem gratiae,
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diff changeset
2017 iuxta illud Thren. ult., v. 21: <i>converte nos, domine, ad te</i>,
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diff changeset
2018 movendo voluntatem nostram ad amorem tuum, <i>et convertemur</i>.
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diff changeset
2019 Et hoc modo vocatur interior vocatio, de qua dicitur Rom. VIII, 30:
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2020 <i>quos vocavit</i>, interius voluntatem instigando ad
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2021 consentiendum gratiae, <i>hos iustificavit</i>, gratiam infundendo.
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diff changeset
2022 Quia vero per hanc gratiam habet homo hanc potestatem conservandi
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diff changeset
2023 se in divina filiatione, potest et aliter dici: <i>dedit eis</i>,
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diff changeset
2024 idest eum recipientibus, <i>potestatem filios Dei fieri</i>, idest
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diff changeset
2025 gratiam, per quam potentes sunt in divina filiatione conservari; I
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diff changeset
2026 Io. ult., 18: <i>omnis qui natus est ex Deo, non peccat, sed gratia
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diff changeset
2027 Dei</i>, per quam regeneramur in filios Dei, <i>conservat eum</i>.
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diff changeset
2028 Sic ergo <i>dedit eis potestatem filios Dei fieri</i>, per gratiam
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diff changeset
2029 gratum facientem, per operum perfectionem, per gloriae adeptionem,
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diff changeset
2030 et haec praeparando, movendo et conservando gratiam. Deinde cum
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diff changeset
2031 dicit <i>his qui credunt in nomine eius</i>, ostenditur quibus
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diff changeset
2032 conferatur fructus eius adventus. Et hoc quidem potest accipi
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diff changeset
2033 dupliciter, vel ut sit expositivum superiorum, vel determinativum.
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diff changeset
2034 Expositivum quidem, quia Evangelista dixerat <i>quotquot autem
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diff changeset
2035 receperunt eum</i>; ut ergo ostendat quid est recipere eum, quasi
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diff changeset
2036 exponendo, consequenter subiungit <i>his qui credunt in nomine
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diff changeset
2037 eius</i>; quasi dicat: hoc est recipere eum, in eum credere, quia
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diff changeset
2038 per fidem Christus habitat in cordibus nostris, iuxta illud Eph.
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diff changeset
2039 III, 17: <i>habitare Christum per fidem in cordibus vestris</i>.
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diff changeset
2040 Illi ergo <i>receperunt eum, qui credunt in nomine eius</i>. Ut
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diff changeset
2041 determinativum vero ponitur ab Origene in homilia quae incipit
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diff changeset
2042 <i>vox spiritualis</i>. Hoc modo multi recipiunt Christum, dicentes
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diff changeset
2043 se esse Christianos, qui tamen non fiunt filii Dei, quia non vere
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diff changeset
2044 credunt in nomine eius, falsa dogmata de Christo suggerendo,
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diff changeset
2045 subtrahendo scilicet aliquid sibi de divinitate, vel de humanitate,
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diff changeset
2046 iuxta illud I Io. c. IV, 3: <i>omnis spiritus qui solvit Christum,
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diff changeset
2047 ex Deo non est</i>. Et ideo Evangelista quasi determinando dicit
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diff changeset
2048 <i>dedit eis</i>, scilicet recipientibus eum per fidem,
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diff changeset
2049 <i>potestatem filios Dei fieri</i>, illis tamen, <i>qui credunt in
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diff changeset
2050 nomine eius</i>, idest qui nomen Christi integrum servant, ut nihil
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diff changeset
2051 de divinitate, vel humanitate Christi diminuant. Potest etiam hoc
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diff changeset
2052 referri ad formationem fidei, ut dicatur <i>his</i> scilicet
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diff changeset
2053 <i>dedit potestatem filios Dei fieri, qui credunt in nomine
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diff changeset
2054 eius</i>, idest per fidem charitate formatam opera salutis faciunt.
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diff changeset
2055 Illi enim qui habent solum fidem informem, non credunt in nomine
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diff changeset
2056 eius, quia non operantur ad salutem. Sed prima expositio, quae
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diff changeset
2057 accipitur ut expositivum praemissorum, melior est. Deinde cum dicit
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diff changeset
2058 <i>qui non ex sanguinibus</i> etc., ostenditur qualiter conferatur
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diff changeset
2059 hominibus tam magnificus fructus. Quia enim dixerat quod fructus
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diff changeset
2060 advenientis lucis est potestas fieri filios Dei hominibus data;
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diff changeset
2061 filius autem dicitur aliquis ex eo quod nascitur: ne aestimes eos
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diff changeset
2062 materiali generatione nasci, dicit <i>non ex sanguinibus</i>. Et
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diff changeset
2063 licet hoc nomen sanguis in Latino non habeat plurale, quia tamen in
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diff changeset
2064 Graeco habet, ideo translator regulam grammaticae servare non
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diff changeset
2065 curavit, ut veritatem perfecte doceret. Unde non dicit ex sanguine,
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diff changeset
2066 secundum Latinos, sed <i>ex sanguinibus</i>; per quod intelligitur
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diff changeset
2067 quicquid ex sanguine generatur, concurrens ut materia ad carnalem
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diff changeset
2068 generationem. Semen autem, secundum philosophum, est ultimi
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diff changeset
2069 superfluitas cibi sanguinei. Unde sive semen viri, sive menstruum
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diff changeset
2070 mulieris, intelligitur per sanguinem. Causa vero motiva ad actum
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2071 carnalem est voluntas se commiscentium, scilicet maris et feminae,
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diff changeset
2072 quia licet actus virtutis generativae secundum quod huiusmodi, non
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diff changeset
2073 sit subiectus voluntati, praeambula tamen ad ipsum voluntati
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diff changeset
2074 subiiciuntur; et ideo dicit <i>neque ex voluntate carnis</i>, pro
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diff changeset
2075 persona mulieris, <i>neque ex voluntate viri</i>, ut ex causa
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diff changeset
2076 efficiente <i>sed ex Deo nati sunt</i>; quasi dicat: non
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diff changeset
2077 carnaliter, sed spiritualiter filii Dei fiunt. Accipitur autem hic
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diff changeset
2078 caro, secundum Augustinum, pro muliere, quia sicut caro obedit
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diff changeset
2079 spiritui, sic mulier debet obedire viro; Gen. c. II, 23 dixit Adam
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diff changeset
2080 de muliere: <i>hoc nunc os ex ossibus meis</i>. Et attendendum,
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diff changeset
2081 secundum Augustinum, quod sicut dissipatur possessio domus, in qua
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diff changeset
2082 principatur mulier et subiicitur vir, ita dissipatur homo, cum caro
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diff changeset
2083 dominatur spiritui; propter quod dicit apostolus, Rom. VIII, 12:
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diff changeset
2084 <i>debitores sumus non carni, ut secundum carnem vivamus</i>. De
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diff changeset
2085 modo autem dictae generationis carnalis dicitur Sap. VII, 1: <i>in
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diff changeset
2086 ventre matris figuratus sum caro</i>. Vel possumus dicere quod
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diff changeset
2087 motivum ad carnalem generationem est duplex; unum scilicet ex parte
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diff changeset
2088 appetitus intellectivi, quae est voluntas; aliud a parte sensitivi,
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diff changeset
2089 quod est concupiscentia. Ad designandum ergo materialem causam,
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diff changeset
2090 dixit <i>non ex sanguinibus</i>; sed ad designandum causam
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diff changeset
2091 efficientem quantum ad concupiscentiam, dicit <i>neque ex voluntate
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diff changeset
2092 carnis</i>; quamvis improprie voluntas dicatur concupiscentia
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diff changeset
2093 carnis, quo tamen modo dicitur Gal. V, 17: <i>caro concupiscit
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diff changeset
2094 adversus spiritum</i> et cetera. Ad designandum vero appetitum
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2095 intellectivum dicit <i>non ex voluntate viri</i>. Sic ergo
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diff changeset
2096 generatio filiorum Dei non est carnalis, sed est spiritualis, quia
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diff changeset
2097 <i>ex Deo nati sunt</i>. I Io. V, 4: <i>omne quod natum est ex Deo
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diff changeset
2098 vincit mundum</i>. Nota autem quod haec praepositio de semper
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diff changeset
2099 denotat materialem causam, et efficientem, et etiam
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2100 consubstantialem: dicimus enim quod faber facit cultellum de ferro,
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diff changeset
2101 et pater generat filium suum de seipso, quia aliquid sui concurrit
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diff changeset
2102 aliquo modo ad generationem. Haec vero praepositio a semper denotat
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diff changeset
2103 causam moventem. Haec vero praepositio ex accipitur ut communis,
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diff changeset
2104 quia importat causam materialem et efficientem, non tamen
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diff changeset
2105 consubstantialem. Unde quia solus filius Dei, qui est verbum, est
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2106 de substantia patris, imo cum patre est una substantia, alii vero
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2107 sancti, qui sunt filii adoptivi, non sunt de eius substantia; ideo
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diff changeset
2108 Evangelista utitur hac praepositione ex, dicens de aliis <i>ex Deo
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diff changeset
2109 nati sunt</i>; de filio vero naturali, quod de patre est natus.
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2110 Notandum est etiam quod secundum ultimam expositionem carnalis
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diff changeset
2111 generationis possumus accipere differentiam carnalis generationis
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2112 ad spiritualem. Quia enim illa est ex sanguinibus, ideo carnalis;
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2113 ista vero, quia non est ex sanguinibus, ideo spiritualis; infra
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diff changeset
2114 III, 6: <i>quod natum est ex carne, caro est, et quod natum est ex
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diff changeset
2115 spiritu, spiritus est</i>. Item, quia materialis generatio est ex
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diff changeset
2116 voluntate carnis, idest ex concupiscentia, ideo est immunda, et
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2117 generat filios peccatores; Eph. II, 3: <i>eramus natura filii
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2118 irae</i>. Item, quia illa est <i>ex voluntate viri</i>, idest
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2119 hominis, facit filios hominum; haec vero, quia est ex Deo, facit
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diff changeset
2120 filios Dei. Si vero hoc quod dicit <i>dedit eis potestatem</i>,
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diff changeset
2121 voluit referre ad Baptismum, propter quod in filios Dei
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diff changeset
2122 regeneramur, possumus videre in hoc ordinem Baptismi, ut scilicet
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diff changeset
2123 primo requiratur fides, quod fit in catechumenis, qui debent primo
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diff changeset
2124 instrui de fide, ut scilicet credant in nomine eius, et deinde
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diff changeset
2125 regenerentur per Baptismum, non quidem ex sanguinibus carnaliter,
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diff changeset
2126 sed ex Deo spiritualiter.</p>
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diff changeset
2127 <br />
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diff changeset
2128 <div class="D">Lectio 7</div>
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2129 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 7"><a name="87425"><span class=
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2130 "ref">[87425] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 7</span></a> Posita necessitate
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2131 adventus verbi in carnem et etiam utilitate, consequenter
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diff changeset
2132 Evangelista modum veniendi manifestat dicens <i>et verbum caro
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2133 factum est</i>. Et secundum hoc continuatur ad hoc quod dixerat:
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2134 <i>in propria venit</i>; quasi dicat: verbum Dei <i>in propria
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2135 venit</i>. Sed ne credas ipsum venisse, locum mutando, ostendit
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2136 modum quo venit, scilicet per incarnationem: eo enim modo venit,
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diff changeset
2137 quo missus est a patre, a quo missus est, inquantum factus est
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2138 caro. Gal. IV, 4: <i>misit Deus filium suum, factum ex muliere</i>
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2139 etc., ubi dicit Augustinus: eo missum, quo factum. Secundum
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diff changeset
2140 Chrysostomum autem continuatur ad illud <i>dedit eis potestatem</i>
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diff changeset
2141 etc.; quasi dicat: si quaeris unde potuit dare hanc potestatem
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diff changeset
2142 hominibus, ut filii Dei fierent, respondet Evangelista <i>quia
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diff changeset
2143 verbum caro factum est</i>, dedit nobis quod possemus filii Dei
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2144 fieri. Gal. IV, 5: <i>misit Deus filium suum, ut adoptionem
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2145 filiorum Dei reciperemus</i>. Secundum vero Augustinum continuatur
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2146 sic ad hoc quod dixerat <i>sed ex Deo nati sunt</i>: quasi enim
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2147 dure videbatur, ut homines ex Deo nascerentur, ideo quasi in
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diff changeset
2148 argumentum huius dicti, ut scilicet verbum esse credatur, subdit
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diff changeset
2149 Evangelista illud de quo minus videtur, scilicet quod <i>verbum
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2150 caro factum est</i>. Quasi dicat: ne mireris si homines ex Deo sunt
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2151 nati, quia <i>verbum caro factum est</i>, idest Deus factus est
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2152 homo. Notandum quod hoc quod dicitur <i>verbum caro factum est</i>,
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diff changeset
2153 quidam male intelligentes, sumpserunt occasionem erroris. Quidam
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2154 namque posuerunt verbum ita carnem factum esse ac si ipsum vel
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2155 aliquid eius sit in carnem conversum, sicut cum farina fit panis,
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2156 et aer ignis. Et hic fuit Eutiches, qui posuit commixtionem
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2157 naturarum in Christo, dicens in eo eamdem fuisse Dei et hominis
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2158 naturam. Sed huius opinionis falsitas manifeste apparet, quia,
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2159 sicut est dictum supra, <i>verbum erat Deus</i>. Deus autem
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2160 immutabilis est, ut dicitur Mal. III, 6: <i>ego Deus, et non
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2161 mutor</i>, unde nullo modo potest esse quod in aliam naturam
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diff changeset
2162 convertatur. Est ergo dicendum contra Eutichem <i>verbum caro
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diff changeset
2163 factum est</i>: verbum carnem assumpsit, non quod ipsum verbum sit
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diff changeset
2164 ipsa caro; sicut si dicamus: homo factus est albus, non quod ipse
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diff changeset
2165 sit ipsa albedo, sed quod albedinem assumpsit. Fuerunt etiam alii
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diff changeset
2166 qui, licet crederent verbum non in carnem mutatum sed quod eam
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2167 assumpsit, tamen dixerunt ipsum assumpsisse carnem sine anima; nam
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2168 si carnem animatam assumpsisset, dixisset Evangelista: <i>verbum
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2169 caro</i> cum anima <i>factum est</i>. Et sic fuit error Arii, qui
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diff changeset
2170 dixit quod in Christo non erat anima, sed verbum Dei erat ibi loco
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diff changeset
2171 animae. Et huius positionis falsitas apparet, tum quia repugnat
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diff changeset
2172 sacrae Scripturae, quae in pluribus locis mentionem facit de anima
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diff changeset
2173 Christi, sicut illud Matth. XXVI, 38: <i>tristis est anima mea
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2174 usque ad mortem</i>; tum etiam quia quaedam passiones animae
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2175 recitantur de Christo, quae in verbo Dei nullo modo esse possunt,
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2176 nec etiam in carne sola, sicut illud Matth. XXVI, 37: <i>coepit
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diff changeset
2177 Iesus taedere, et maestus esse</i>; tum etiam quia Deus non potest
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2178 esse forma alicuius corporis; nec etiam Angelus corpori uniri
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2179 potest per modum formae, cum secundum naturam a corpore sit
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2180 separatus; anima autem unitur corpori sicut forma. Non igitur
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2181 verbum Dei corporis forma esse potest. Praeterea, constat quod caro
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2182 non sortitur speciem carnis, nisi per animam: quod patet, quia
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2183 recedente anima a corpore hominis, seu bovis, caro hominis vel
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diff changeset
2184 bovis, non dicitur caro nisi aequivoce. Si ergo verbum non
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diff changeset
2185 assumpsit carnem animatam, manifestum est quod non assumpsit
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diff changeset
2186 carnem. Sed <i>verbum caro factum est</i>; ergo carnem animatam
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diff changeset
2187 assumpsit. Fuerunt autem alii, qui, ex hoc moti, dixerunt verbum
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diff changeset
2188 carnem quidem animatam assumpsisse, sed anima sensitiva tantum, non
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diff changeset
2189 intellectiva, loco cuius in corpore Christi dixerunt verbum esse.
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diff changeset
2190 Et hic fuit error Apollinaris, qui quandoque Arium secutus est,
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diff changeset
2191 tandem propter auctoritates praedictas coactus fuit ponere aliquam
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2192 animam in Christo, quae posset harum passionum esse subiectum, ita
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2193 tamen quod ratione et intellectu careret sed loco horum verbum
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2194 esset in homine Christo. Sed hoc manifeste apparet esse falsum,
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2195 quia repugnat auctoritati sacrae Scripturae, in qua quaedam
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diff changeset
2196 dicuntur de Christo, quae nec in divinitate, nec in anima
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2197 sensitiva, nec in carne inveniri possunt: sicut illud quod
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2198 admiratus est, ut dicitur Matth. VIII, 10; admiratio autem est
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2199 passio animae rationalis et intellectivae, cum sit desiderium
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2200 cognoscendi causam occultam effectus visi. Sic igitur, sicut
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2201 tristitia cogit in Christo ponere partem animae sensitivam, contra
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2202 Arium, ita admiratio cogit ponere in ipso partem animae
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2203 intellectivam, contra Apollinarem. Idem etiam apparet per rationem.
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2204 Sicut enim non est caro sine anima, ita non est vera caro humana
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2205 sine anima humana, quae est anima intellectiva. Si ergo verbum
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2206 assumpsit carnem animatam anima sensitiva tantum, et non rationali,
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2207 non assumpsit carnem humanam: et ita non poterit dici: Deus factus
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2208 est homo. Praeterea ad hoc verbum humanam naturam assumpsit, ut eam
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2209 repararet. Ergo id reparavit quod assumpsit. Si ergo non assumpsit
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2210 animam rationalem, non reparasset eam: et sic nullus fructus
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2211 proveniret nobis ex verbi incarnatione, quod falsum est.
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2212 <i>Verbum</i> ergo <i>caro factum est</i>, idest carnem animatam
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2213 anima rationali assumpsit. Sed forte dicis: si verbum carnem sic
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2214 animatam assumpsit, quare Evangelista de anima rationali mentionem
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2215 non fecit, sed de carne solum dicens <i>verbum caro factum est?</i>
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2216 Respondeo dicendum quod propter quatuor rationes Evangelista hoc
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2217 fecit. Primo ad ostendendum veritatem incarnationis contra
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2218 Manichaeos, qui dicebant verbum non assumpsisse veram carnem, sed
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2219 phantasticam tantum, cum non esset conveniens ut boni Dei verbum
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2220 assumeret carnem, quam ipsi dicebant Diaboli creaturam. Et ideo
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2221 Evangelista, ut hoc excluderet, fecit de carne specialiter
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2222 mentionem; sicut et Christus, Lc. XXIV, 39, existimantibus
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2223 discipulis eum esse phantasma, veritatem resurrectionis ostendit,
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2224 dicens: <i>spiritus carnem et ossa non habet, sicut me videtis
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2225 habere</i>. Secundo ad demonstrandam Dei erga nos magnitudinem
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2226 benignitatis. Constat enim quod anima rationalis magis conformis
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2227 est Deo quam caro, et quidem magnum pietatis sacramentum fuisset si
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2228 verbum assumpsisset animam humanam, utpote sibi conformem, sed
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2229 assumere etiam carnem elongatam a simplicitate suae naturae, fuit
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2230 multo amplioris, immo inaestimabilis pietatis indicium; secundum
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2231 quod apostolus dicit I ad Tim. III, 16: <i>et manifeste magnum est
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2232 pietatis sacramentum, quod manifestatum est in carne</i>. Et ideo
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2233 ut hoc ostenderet Evangelista, solum de carne mentionem fecit.
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2234 Tertio ad demonstrandam veritatem et singularitatem unionis in
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2235 Christo. Aliis enim hominibus sanctis unitur quidem Deus, quantum
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2236 ad animam solum; unde dicitur Sap. VII, v. 27: <i>per nationes in
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2237 animas sanctas se transfert, amicos Dei et prophetas
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2238 constituens</i>. Sed quod verbum Dei uniretur carni, hoc est
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2239 singulare in Christo, secundum illud in Ps. CXL, 10:
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2240 <i>singulariter sum ego donec transeam</i>; Iob XXVIII, 17: <i>non
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2241 adaequabitur ei aurum</i>. Hanc ergo singularitatem unionis in
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2242 Christo ostendere volens Evangelista, de carne solum mentionem
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2243 fecit, dicens <i>verbum caro factum est</i>. Quarto ad insinuandam
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2244 congruitatem humanae reparationis. Homo enim per carnem
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2245 infirmabatur, et ideo Evangelista volens insinuare adventum verbi
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2246 congruum esse nostrae reparationi, mentionem de carne specialiter
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2247 fecit, ut ostenderet quod caro infirma per carnem verbi reparata
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2248 fuit; et hoc est quod apostolus dicit, Rom. VIII, 3: <i>nam quod
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2249 impossibile erat legi, in quo infirmabatur per carnem, Deus filium
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2250 suum mittens in similitudinem carnis peccati, et de peccato
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diff changeset
2251 damnavit peccatum in carne</i>. Sed quaeritur, quare Evangelista
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2252 non dixit verbum carnem assumpsit, sed potius <i>verbum caro factum
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2253 est</i>. Respondeo dicendum, quod hoc ideo fecit, ut excluderet
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2254 errorem Nestorii, qui dixit in Christo fuisse duas personas, et
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2255 duos filios, et alium esse filium virginis: unde non concedebat
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diff changeset
2256 quod beata virgo esset mater Dei. Sed secundum hoc Deus non esset
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2257 factus homo; quia impossibile est quod duorum singularium, quae
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2258 diversa sunt secundum suppositum, unum praedicetur de alio. Unde si
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2259 alia est persona verbi, seu suppositum, et alia persona hominis,
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diff changeset
2260 seu suppositum in Christo, tunc non erit verum quod dicit
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2261 Evangelista <i>verbum caro factum est</i>. Ad hoc enim fit aliquid,
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2262 ut sit; si ergo verbum non esset homo, non posset dici quod verbum
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2263 sit factum homo. Et ideo signanter Evangelista dixit <i>factum
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2264 est</i>, et non dixit assumpsit, ut ostendat quod unio verbi ad
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diff changeset
2265 carnem non est talis qualis est assumptio prophetarum, qui non
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2266 assumebantur in unitatem suppositi, sed ad actum propheticum: sed
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2267 est talis quod Deum vere faceret hominem, et hominem Deum, idest
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2268 quod Deus esset homo. Fuerunt et alii, qui non intelligentes modum
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2269 incarnationis, posuerunt quidem assumptionem praedictam esse
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2270 terminatam ad veritatem personae, confitentes in Deo unam personam
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2271 Dei et hominis; sed tamen dicunt in ipso fuisse duas hypostases,
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2272 sive duo supposita, unum naturae humanae creatum, et temporale,
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2273 aliud divinae increatum, et aeternum. Et talis est prima opinio
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2274 quae ponitur III Sent. dist. VI. Sed secundum hanc opinionem non
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2275 habet veritatem ista propositio: Deus factus est homo, et homo
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2276 factus est Deus. Et ideo haec opinio damnata est tamquam haeretica
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2277 in quinto Concilio, ubi dicitur: si quis in domino Iesu Christo
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2278 unam personam, et duas hypostases dixerit, anathema sit. Et ideo
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2279 Evangelista, ut omnem assumptionem excluderet, quae non terminatur
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2280 ad unitatem personae, utitur hoc verbo <i>factum est</i>. Si vero
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diff changeset
2281 quaeris quomodo verbum est homo, dicendum quod eo modo est homo quo
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2282 quicumque alius est homo, scilicet habens humanam naturam. Non quod
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2283 verbum sit ipsa humana natura, sed est divinum suppositum unitum
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diff changeset
2284 humanae naturae. Hoc autem quod dicitur <i>verbum caro factum
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2285 est</i>, non aliquam mutationem in verbo, sed solum in natura
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2286 assumpta de novo in unitatem personae divinae dicit. <i>Et verbum
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2287 caro factum est</i>, per unionem ad carnem. Unio autem relatio
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2288 quaedam est. Relationes autem de novo dictae de Deo in respectu ad
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2289 creaturas, non important mutationem ex parte Dei, sed ex parte
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diff changeset
2290 creaturae novo modo se habentis ad Deum. Sequitur <i>et habitavit
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2291 in nobis</i>; quod quidem dupliciter distinguitur a praemissis.
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diff changeset
2292 Primo ut dicatur quod supra Evangelista egit de verbi incarnatione,
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2293 dicens <i>verbum caro factum est</i>; hic vero modum incarnationis
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diff changeset
2294 insinuat, dicens <i>et habitavit in nobis</i>. Secundum enim
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2295 Chrysostomum et Hilarium, per hoc quod Evangelista dicit <i>verbum
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2296 caro factum est</i>, posset aliquis intelligere quod sit conversum
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2297 in carnem, et non sint in Christo duae naturae distinctae, sed una
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2298 tantum natura ex humana et divina commixta; ideo Evangelista hoc
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2299 excludens, subiunxit <i>et habitavit in nobis</i>, idest in nostra
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2300 natura, ut tamen in sua maneret distinctum. Illud enim quod in
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diff changeset
2301 aliquid convertitur, non manet ab eo in quod convertitur secundum
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2302 naturam distinctum; quod autem ab aliquo non distinguitur, non
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2303 inhabitat illud; quia habitare distinctionem inhabitantis et in quo
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2304 habitat importat. Sed verbum habitavit in nostra natura ergo
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2305 naturaliter est ab ipsa distinctum. Et ideo inquantum humana natura
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2306 a natura verbi fuit in Christo distincta, dicitur habitaculum
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2307 divinitatis et templum, iuxta illud infra II, 21: <i>hoc autem
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2308 dicebat de templo corporis sui</i>. Et quidem, quamvis a praedictis
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2309 sanctis hoc sane dicatur, cavenda est tamen calumnia quam aliqui ex
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2310 hoc incurrunt. Nam antiqui doctores et sancti, emergentes errores
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2311 circa fidem ita persequebantur, ut interdum viderentur in errores
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2312 labi contrarios; sicut Augustinus contra Manichaeos, qui
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2313 destruebant libertatem arbitrii, taliter disputat, quod videtur in
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2314 haeresim Pelagii incidisse. Hoc igitur modo Evangelista Ioannes, ne
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diff changeset
2315 per hoc quod dixerat <i>verbum caro factum est</i>, intelligeretur
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diff changeset
2316 in Christo confusio vel transmutatio naturarum, subiunxit <i>et
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diff changeset
2317 habitavit in nobis</i>: ex quo verbo Nestorius occasionem sumens
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diff changeset
2318 erroris, dixit, filium Dei sic esse unitum homini ut tamen Dei et
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diff changeset
2319 hominis non esset una persona: voluit enim quod verbum per solam
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diff changeset
2320 inhabitationem per gratiam fuerit humanae naturae unitum. Ex hoc
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diff changeset
2321 autem sequitur quod filius Dei non sit homo. Ad quorum evidentiam
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diff changeset
2322 sciendum est quod in Christo duo considerare possumus, scilicet
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diff changeset
2323 naturam et personam. Secundum naturam autem attenditur in Christo
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diff changeset
2324 distinctio, non secundum personam, quae una et eadem est in duabus
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2325 naturis; quia humana natura in Christo fuit assumpta in unitatem
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diff changeset
2326 personae. Inhabitatio ergo, quam ponunt sancti, referenda est ad
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diff changeset
2327 naturam, ut dicatur quod <i>habitavit in nobis</i>, idest natura
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diff changeset
2328 verbi inhabitavit naturam nostram, non secundum hypostasim seu
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diff changeset
2329 personam, quae est eadem utriusque naturae in Christo. Quod autem
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diff changeset
2330 blasphemat Nestorius, auctoritate sacrae Scripturae evidenter
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diff changeset
2331 refellitur. Apostolus enim Phil. II, 6 unionem Dei et hominis
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diff changeset
2332 exinanitionem vocat, dicens de filio Dei: <i>qui cum in forma Dei
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diff changeset
2333 esset, non rapinam arbitratus est se esse aequalem Deo; sed
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diff changeset
2334 semetipsum exinanivit, formam servi accipiens</i>. Non autem
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diff changeset
2335 dicitur Deus exinaniri Deus ex eo quod creaturam rationalem per
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diff changeset
2336 gratiam inhabitet, quia sic pater et spiritus sanctus
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diff changeset
2337 exinanirentur, cum et ipsi inhabitare hominem dicantur per gratiam;
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diff changeset
2338 dicit enim Christus de se et de patre loquens, infra XIV, 23: <i>ad
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diff changeset
2339 eum veniemus et mansionem apud eum faciemus</i>. De spiritu autem
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diff changeset
2340 sancto dicit apostolus, I Cor. III, 16: <i>spiritus Dei habitat in
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diff changeset
2341 nobis</i>. Praeterea, si Christus personaliter Deus non esset,
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diff changeset
2342 praesumptuosissime dixisset: <i>ego et pater unum sumus</i>; et
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diff changeset
2343 <i>antequam Abraham fieret, ego sum</i>. Ego autem personam
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diff changeset
2344 loquentis demonstrat; homo autem erat, qui loquebatur; unum cum
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diff changeset
2345 patre praeexistebat Abrahae. Potest etiam aliter continuari, ut
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diff changeset
2346 dicatur quod supra egit de verbi incarnatione, nunc autem agit de
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diff changeset
2347 verbi incarnati conversatione, dicens <i>et habitavit in nobis</i>,
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diff changeset
2348 idest inter nos apostolos conversatus est familiariter, secundum
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diff changeset
2349 quod dicit Petrus, Act. I, 21: <i>in omni tempore quo intravit et
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diff changeset
2350 exivit inter nos dominus Iesus</i>. Baruch IV, 38: <i>post haec in
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diff changeset
2351 terris visus est</i>. Hoc autem Evangelista addidit propter duo.
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diff changeset
2352 Primo ut ostendat mirabilem conformitatem verbi ad homines, inter
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diff changeset
2353 quos sic conversatus est, ut videretur quasi unus ex eis. Non solum
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diff changeset
2354 enim in natura voluit assimilari hominibus, sed etiam in convictu
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diff changeset
2355 et familiari conversatione absque peccato, cum eis voluit esse
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diff changeset
2356 simul, ut sic homines suae conversationis dulcedine allectos
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diff changeset
2357 traheret ad seipsum. Secundo ut ostendat sui testimonii veritatem.
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diff changeset
2358 Evangelista enim supra de verbo magna quaedam dixerat et adhuc
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diff changeset
2359 multa de eo mirabilia dicturus erat, et ideo ut eius testimonium
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diff changeset
2360 credibilius fieret, accepit quasi in veritatis argumentum, se cum
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diff changeset
2361 Christo conversatum fuisse, dicens <i>et habitavit in nobis</i>.
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diff changeset
2362 Quasi dicat: bene possum testimonium perhibere de ipso quia cum
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diff changeset
2363 ipso conversatus sum; I Io. c. I, 1: <i>quod fuit ab initio, quod
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diff changeset
2364 audivimus, quod vidimus oculis nostris, quod perspeximus, et manus
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diff changeset
2365 nostrae contrectaverunt de verbo vitae</i> etc., et Act. X, 40:
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diff changeset
2366 <i>dedit eum manifestum fieri, non omni populo, sed testibus
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diff changeset
2367 praeordinatis a Deo idest nobis qui manducavimus et bibimus cum
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diff changeset
2368 illo</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
2369 <br />
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diff changeset
2370 <div class="D">Lectio 8</div>
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2371 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 8"><a name="87426"><span class=
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diff changeset
2372 "ref">[87426] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 8</span></a> Posita verbi
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diff changeset
2373 incarnatione, hic consequenter Evangelista insinuat verbi incarnati
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diff changeset
2374 evidentiam. Et circa hoc duo facit. Primo enim ostendit modum
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diff changeset
2375 manifestationis verbi incarnati; secundo utrumque modum exponit,
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diff changeset
2376 ibi <i>de plenitudine eius nos omnes accepimus</i>. Innotuit autem
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diff changeset
2377 apostolis verbum incarnatum dupliciter. Primo quidem per visum
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diff changeset
2378 acceperunt de eo notitiam; secundo per auditum ex testimonio
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diff changeset
2379 Ioannis Baptistae. Primo ergo manifestat quid de verbo viderunt;
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diff changeset
2380 secundo quid a Ioanne audierunt, ibi <i>Ioannes testimonium
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diff changeset
2381 perhibet de ipso</i>. Dicit autem tria de verbo. Primo eius gloriae
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diff changeset
2382 manifestationem; unde dicit <i>et vidimus gloriam eius</i>; secundo
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2383 eius gloriae singularitatem, cum subdit <i>quasi unigeniti</i>;
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diff changeset
2384 tertio huius gloriae determinationem, quia <i>plenum gratiae et
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diff changeset
2385 veritatis</i>. Hoc autem quod dicit <i>vidimus gloriam eius</i>,
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diff changeset
2386 potest continuari ad praecedentia tripliciter. Primo ut sit
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diff changeset
2387 argumentum eius quod dixerat <i>verbum caro factum est</i>: quasi
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diff changeset
2388 dicat: ex hoc habeo et scio quod verbum Dei est incarnatum, quia
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diff changeset
2389 ego et alii apostoli vidimus gloriam eius. Infra III, 11: <i>quod
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diff changeset
2390 scimus, loquimur: et quod vidimus, testamur</i>. Et I Io. c. I, 1:
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diff changeset
2391 <i>quod fuit ab initio, quod audivimus, quod vidimus oculis
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diff changeset
2392 nostris</i> et cetera. Secundo continuatur, secundum Chrysostomum,
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diff changeset
2393 ut sit expressivum multiplicis beneficii. Quasi dicat: non solum
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diff changeset
2394 hoc beneficium collatum est nobis per incarnationem verbi, scilicet
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diff changeset
2395 quod efficiamur filii Dei, sed etiam quod videamus gloriam. Oculi
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diff changeset
2396 enim debiles et infirmi lucem solis non possunt videre; sed tunc
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diff changeset
2397 eam videre possunt, cum in nube vel in aliquo corpore opaco
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diff changeset
2398 resplendet. Ante incarnationem enim verbi mentes humanae erant
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diff changeset
2399 invalidae ad videndum in seipsa lucem divinam, quae illuminat omnem
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diff changeset
2400 rationalem naturam; et ideo ut a nobis facilius cerni
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diff changeset
2401 contemplarique posset nube nostrae carnis se texit, iuxta illud Ex.
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diff changeset
2402 XVI, 10: <i>respexerunt ad solitudinem, et viderunt gloriam domini
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2403 in nube</i>, idest verbum Dei in carne. Secundum Augustinum autem
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diff changeset
2404 continuatur sic quod referatur ad beneficium gratiae. Spirituales
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2405 enim oculi hominum non solum naturaliter deficiebant a
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diff changeset
2406 contemplatione divinae lucis, sed etiam ex defectu peccati,
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diff changeset
2407 secundum illud Ps. LVII, 9: <i>supercecidit ignis</i>, scilicet
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2408 concupiscentiae, <i>et non viderunt solem</i>, scilicet iustitiae.
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2409 Ut ergo ipsa divina lux posset a nobis videri, sanavit oculos
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diff changeset
2410 hominum, faciens de carne sua salutare collirium, ut sic oculos ex
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diff changeset
2411 concupiscentia carnis corruptos verbum collirio suae carnis
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2412 curaret. Et inde est quod statim cum verbum factum est caro,
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2413 dixerunt <i>et vidimus gloriam eius</i>. Ad hoc significandum fecit
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diff changeset
2414 dominus lutum ex sputo, et linivit oculus caeci nati, infra IX, 6.
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2415 Lutum quidem de terra est, sputum autem a capite derivatur. Ita in
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diff changeset
2416 persona Christi, natura quidem humana assumpta de terra est; verbum
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2417 vero incarnatum a capite est, scilicet a Deo patre. Hoc ergo lutum
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2418 statim cum appositum fuit oculis hominum, <i>vidimus gloriam
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diff changeset
2419 eius</i>. Hanc autem verbi gloriam Moyses videre optavit, dicens
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diff changeset
2420 <i>ostende mihi gloriam tuam</i> (Ex. XXXIII, 18). Sed eam videre
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2421 non meruit: immo dictum est ei a domino: <i>posteriora mea
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2422 videbis</i>, idest umbras et figuras. Apostoli vero ipsam
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diff changeset
2423 claritatem viderunt; II Cor. III, 18: <i>nos autem revelata facie
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2424 gloriam Dei speculantes in eamdem imaginem transformamur de
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2425 claritate in claritatem</i>. Moyses enim et alii prophetae verbi
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diff changeset
2426 gloriam manifestandam mundo in fine temporum speculabantur in
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2427 aenigmatibus et figuris; unde dicit apostolus, infra XII: <i>haec
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2428 dixit Isaias, quando vidit gloriam eius</i>. Apostoli autem ipsam
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2429 verbi claritatem per praesentiam corporalem viderunt. II Cor. III,
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2430 v. 18: <i>nos autem revelata facie</i> etc.; et Lc. c. X, 23:
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2431 <i>beati oculi qui vident quae vos videtis. Multi enim reges et
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diff changeset
2432 prophetae voluerunt videre quae vos videtis et non viderunt</i>.
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diff changeset
2433 Consequenter cum dicit <i>gloriam quasi unigeniti</i>, ostendit
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diff changeset
2434 gloriae eius singularitatem. Cum enim de quibusdam hominibus
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diff changeset
2435 inveniatur quod fuerunt gloriosi, sicut de Moyse legitur Ex. XXXIV,
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diff changeset
2436 29: <i>et facies eius facta est splendida</i>, vel <i>cornuta</i>,
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diff changeset
2437 secundum aliam litteram, posset aliquis dicere quod ex hoc quod
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diff changeset
2438 viderunt eum gloriosum, non debet dici quod verbum Dei sit factum
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diff changeset
2439 caro. Sed hoc Evangelista excludit, dicens <i>gloriam quasi
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diff changeset
2440 unigeniti a patre</i>. Quasi dicat: gloria eius non est sicut
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diff changeset
2441 gloria Angeli, vel Moysis, et Eliae, vel Elisei, vel cuiusque
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diff changeset
2442 alterius, sed <i>quasi unigeniti</i>; quia, ut dicitur Hebr. III,
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2443 3: <i>ampliori gloria iste prae Moyse dignus est habitus</i>. Ps.
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2444 LXXXVIII, 7: <i>quis similis Deo in filiis Dei?</i> Hoc autem quod
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2445 dicit <i>quasi</i> est expressivum veritatis, secundum Gregorium,
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diff changeset
2446 et est modus, ut Chrysostomus dicit. Sicut si aliquis vidisset
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diff changeset
2447 regem multiplici gloria incedentem, et interrogatus ab aliquo,
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diff changeset
2448 qualiter regem vidisset, volens se expedire, illam multiplicem
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diff changeset
2449 gloriam uno verbo exprimeret, dicens quod ipse incedebat sicut rex,
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diff changeset
2450 idest sicut regem decebat; ita hic Evangelista, quasi
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diff changeset
2451 interrogaretur ab aliquo, qualis esset gloria verbi quam viderat,
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2452 non valens eam plene exprimere, dicit eam esse <i>quasi unigeniti a
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diff changeset
2453 patre</i>, idest talem qualem decebat unigenitum Dei. Attenditur
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2454 autem singularitas gloriae verbi quantum ad quatuor. Primo quantum
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2455 ad patris testimonium, quod filio reddidit. Quia Ioannes fuit unus
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diff changeset
2456 de tribus qui viderant Christum transfiguratum in monte, et
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diff changeset
2457 audierunt vocem patris dicentis: <i>hic est filius meus dilectus,
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2458 in quo mihi bene complacui</i>; et de ista gloria dicitur II Petr.
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diff changeset
2459 I, 17: <i>accepit a Deo patre honorem et gloriam, voce delapsa ad
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diff changeset
2460 eum huiuscemodi a magnifica gloria: hic est filius meus
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diff changeset
2461 dilectus</i>. Secundo quantum ad Angelorum ministerium. Nam ante
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diff changeset
2462 incarnationem Christi homines erant Angelis subiecti; postmodum
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diff changeset
2463 vero, Christo subiecti ministraverunt, Matth. IV, 11: <i>tunc
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2464 accesserunt Angeli et ministrabant ei</i>. Tertio vero quantum ad
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diff changeset
2465 naturae obsequium. Tota enim natura Christo obediens ei
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2466 obsequebatur ad nutum, utpote ab ipso instituta, quia <i>omnia per
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diff changeset
2467 ipsum facta sunt</i>: quod quidem nec Angelis, nec alicui alii
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diff changeset
2468 creaturae concessum est, nisi soli verbo incarnato. Et hoc est quod
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diff changeset
2469 dicitur Matth. VIII, 27: <i>qualis est iste, quia mare et venti
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diff changeset
2470 obediunt ei?</i> Quarto quantum ad docendi, seu operandi modum.
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diff changeset
2471 Moyses enim et alii prophetae non propria auctoritate praecepta
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diff changeset
2472 dabant et homines instruebant, sed Dei; unde dicebant: <i>haec
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diff changeset
2473 dicit dominus</i> etc.; et: <i>locutus est dominus ad Moysen</i> et
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diff changeset
2474 cetera. Christus vero loquitur tamquam dominus et potestatem
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diff changeset
2475 habens, idest propria virtute: unde dicebat, Matth. V, v. 22:
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diff changeset
2476 <i>ego dico vobis</i> etc.; propter quod in fine sermonis eius in
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diff changeset
2477 monte dicitur, quod erat docens quasi <i>potestatem habens</i> et
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diff changeset
2478 cetera. Item, alii sancti operabantur miracula virtute non sua;
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diff changeset
2479 Christus vero virtute propria; unde dicitur Mc. I, 27: <i>quaenam
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diff changeset
2480 est haec nova doctrina, quia in potestate etiam spiritibus immundis
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diff changeset
2481 imperat, et obediunt ei?</i> Sic ergo singularis est gloria verbi.
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diff changeset
2482 Nota autem quod aliquando dicimus in Scriptura Christum unigenitum,
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diff changeset
2483 sicut hic, et infra: <i>unigenitus, qui est in sinu patris ipse
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diff changeset
2484 enarravit</i>. Aliquando vero dicimus ipsum primogenitum; Hebr. I,
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diff changeset
2485 6: <i>et cum iterum introducit primogenitum in orbem terrae, dicit:
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diff changeset
2486 et adorent eum omnes Angeli Dei</i>. Quod ideo est, quod sicut
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diff changeset
2487 totius sanctae Trinitatis proprium est esse Deum, ita verbo Dei
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diff changeset
2488 proprium est quod sit Deus genitus: et quandoque quidem nominamus
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diff changeset
2489 Deum, secundum quod est in se, et sic ipse solus singulariter est
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diff changeset
2490 Deus per essentiam suam. Unde hoc modo dicimus quod est tantum unus
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diff changeset
2491 Deus, secundum illud Deut. VI, 4: <i>audi Israel, dominus Deus
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diff changeset
2492 tuus, unus est</i>. Quandoque nomen deitatis derivamus etiam ad
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diff changeset
2493 alios, secundum quod aliqua similitudo divinitatis ad homines
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diff changeset
2494 derivatur: et sic dicimus multos deos, secundum illud I Cor. VIII,
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diff changeset
2495 5: <i>siquidem sunt dii multi, et domini multi</i>. Eodem modo
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diff changeset
2496 ergo, si consideremus proprietatem filii qua genitus est, quantum
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diff changeset
2497 ad modum quo sibi ista filiatio attribuitur, scilicet per naturam,
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diff changeset
2498 dicimus ipsum unigenitum Dei: quia cum ipse solus sit naturaliter
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diff changeset
2499 genitus a patre, unus tantum est genitus Dei. Si vero consideremus
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diff changeset
2500 ipsum filium, secundum quod per similitudinem ad ipsum filiatio
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diff changeset
2501 derivatur ad alios, sic sunt multi filii Dei per participationem.
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diff changeset
2502 Et quia per eius similitudinem dicuntur filii Dei, ideo ipse
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diff changeset
2503 dicitur primogenitus omnium. Rom. VIII, 29: <i>quos praescivit
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diff changeset
2504 conformes fieri imaginis filii sui, ut sit ipse primogenitus in
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diff changeset
2505 multis fratribus</i>. Sic ergo Christus dicitur unigenitus Dei per
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diff changeset
2506 naturam, primogenitus vero inquantum ab eius naturali filiatione
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diff changeset
2507 per quamdam similitudinem et participationem filiatio ad multos
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diff changeset
2508 derivatur. Consequenter cum dicit <i>plenum gratiae et
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diff changeset
2509 veritatis</i>, ipsam gloriam verbi determinat, quasi dicat: talis
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diff changeset
2510 est eius gloria quod plenus est gratia et divinitate. Possunt autem
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diff changeset
2511 haec verba exponi de Christo tripliciter. Primo secundum unionem.
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diff changeset
2512 Ad hoc enim alicui datur gratia, ut per ipsam uniatur Deo. Ille
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diff changeset
2513 ergo gratia plenus est qui perfectissime Deo unitur. Et alii quidem
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diff changeset
2514 coniunguntur Deo per participationem similitudinis naturalis, Gen.
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diff changeset
2515 I, 26: <i>faciamus hominem ad imaginem et similitudinem
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diff changeset
2516 nostram</i>, alii per fidem, Eph. III, 17: <i>habitare per fidem
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diff changeset
2517 Christum</i> etc., alii per caritatem, quia, <i>qui manet in
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diff changeset
2518 caritate, in Deo manet</i>, ut dicitur I Io. IV, v. 16. Sed omnes
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diff changeset
2519 isti modi particulares sunt: quia neque per participationem
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diff changeset
2520 naturalis similitudinis perfecte aliquis Deo coniungitur, neque
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diff changeset
2521 videtur Deus per fidem sicuti est, neque per caritatem diligitur,
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diff changeset
2522 quantum diligibilis est: quia enim ipse est infinitum bonum, ideo
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diff changeset
2523 sua amabilitas est infinita, ad quam infinite amandam non potest
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diff changeset
2524 pertingere alicuius creaturae amor; et ideo non potest esse plena
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diff changeset
2525 coniunctio. In Christo autem, in quo humana natura est unita
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diff changeset
2526 divinitati in unitate suppositi, est invenire plenam et perfectam
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diff changeset
2527 coniunctionem ad Deum, quia talis fuit illa unio, ut omnes actus
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diff changeset
2528 tam divinae quam humanae naturae essent actus suppositi. Fuit ergo
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diff changeset
2529 plenus gratia, inquantum non accepit a Deo aliquod donum gratuitum
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diff changeset
2530 speciale, sed quod esset ipse Deus; Phil. II, 9: <i>dedit illi
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diff changeset
2531 nomen</i>, scilicet Deus pater filio, <i>quod est super omne
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diff changeset
2532 nomen</i>; Rom. I, 4: <i>qui praedestinatus est filius Dei in
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diff changeset
2533 virtute</i>. Fuit etiam plenus veritatis, quia humana natura in
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diff changeset
2534 Christo pervenit ad ipsam veritatem divinam, scilicet quod ille
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diff changeset
2535 homo esset ipsa divina veritas: in aliis enim hominibus sunt multae
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diff changeset
2536 veritates participatae, secundum quod ipsa veritas prima per multas
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diff changeset
2537 similitudines in mentibus eorum relucet, sed Christus est ipsa
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diff changeset
2538 veritas. Unde dicitur Col. II, 3 quod <i>in ipso sunt absconditi
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diff changeset
2539 omnes thesauri sapientiae</i>. Secundo possunt exponi secundum
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diff changeset
2540 animae perfectionem, secundum quam dicitur plenus gratiae et
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diff changeset
2541 veritatis, secundum quod in anima eius fuit plenitudo omnium
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diff changeset
2542 gratiarum absque mensura aliqua; Io. III, 34: <i>non enim datus est
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diff changeset
2543 spiritus ad mensuram</i>, qui tamen mensurate datus est omnibus
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diff changeset
2544 creaturis rationalibus, tam Angelis, quam hominibus. Nam, secundum
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diff changeset
2545 Augustinum, sicut in singulis membris corporis est unus sensus
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diff changeset
2546 communis, scilicet sensus tactus, in capite vero sunt sensus omnes,
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diff changeset
2547 ita in Christo, qui est caput omnis rationalis naturae, et
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diff changeset
2548 specialiter sanctorum, qui ei uniuntur per fidem et caritatem,
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diff changeset
2549 superabundanter omnes virtutes, et gratiae, et dona inveniuntur: in
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diff changeset
2550 aliis vero sanctis participationes sunt donorum et gratiarum,
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diff changeset
2551 quamvis commune donum omnium sanctorum sit caritas. De plenitudine
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diff changeset
2552 gratiae Christi dicitur Is. XI, 1: <i>egredietur virga de radice
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diff changeset
2553 Iesse et flos de radice eius ascendet, et requiescet super eum
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diff changeset
2554 spiritus domini: spiritus sapientiae et intellectus, spiritus
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diff changeset
2555 consilii et fortitudinis, spiritus scientiae et pietatis, et
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diff changeset
2556 replebit eum spiritus timoris domini</i>. Fuit etiam Christus
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diff changeset
2557 veritate plenus, quia eius pretiosa et beata anima omnem veritatem,
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diff changeset
2558 tam divinam quam humanam, ab instanti conceptionis cognovit; unde
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diff changeset
2559 dicit ei Petrus: <i>tu omnia scis</i>, et in Ps. LXXXVIII, 25:
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diff changeset
2560 <i>veritas mea</i>, idest cognitio omnis veritatis <i>et
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diff changeset
2561 misericordia mea</i>, idest omnium gratiarum plenitudo <i>cum
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diff changeset
2562 ipso</i>. Tertio modo possunt exponi secundum capitis dignitatem,
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diff changeset
2563 scilicet inquantum Christus est caput Ecclesiae. Et sic sibi
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diff changeset
2564 competit gratiam communicare aliis, tam in mentibus hominum
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diff changeset
2565 operando virtutem per gratiae infusionem, quam merendo per
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diff changeset
2566 doctrinam et opera et passiones mortis superabundantem gratiam
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diff changeset
2567 infinitis mundis, si essent. Inquantum igitur nobis largitus est
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diff changeset
2568 perfectam iustitiam, quam non poteramus habere per legem, quae
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diff changeset
2569 infirmabatur, quae nullum iustificare posset, neque ad perfectum
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diff changeset
2570 adducere, intantum gratia plenus est, ut dicitur Rom. c. VIII, 3:
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diff changeset
2571 <i>quod impossibile erat legi, in quo infirmabatur per carnem, Deus
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diff changeset
2572 filium suum mittens in similitudinem carnis peccati, de peccato
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diff changeset
2573 damnavit peccatum in carne</i>. Item fuit veritate plenus,
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diff changeset
2574 inquantum figuras veteris legis et promissiones factas patribus
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diff changeset
2575 adimplevit; Rom. XV, 8: <i>dico Christum Iesum ministrum fuisse
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diff changeset
2576 circumcisionis ad confirmandas promissiones patrum</i>; II Cor. I,
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diff changeset
2577 v. 20: <i>quotquot promissiones Dei sunt in illo est</i>. Item
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diff changeset
2578 dicitur plenus gratia, quia eius doctrina et conversatio
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diff changeset
2579 gratiosissima fuit; Ps. XLIV, 3: <i>diffusa est gratia in labiis
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diff changeset
2580 tuis</i>. Unde dicitur Lc. XXI, 3, quod <i>omnes mane ibant</i>,
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diff changeset
2581 idest mane ire studebant. Sed plenus veritate, quia non docebat in
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diff changeset
2582 aenigmatibus et figuris, nec palpabat vitia hominum, sed veritatem
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diff changeset
2583 omnibus aperte sine ulla fraude praedicabat; infra XVI, 29: <i>ecce
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diff changeset
2584 palam loqueris</i> et cetera.</p>
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diff changeset
2585 <br />
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diff changeset
2586 <div class="D">Lectio 9</div>
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diff changeset
2587 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 9"><a name="87427"><span class=
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diff changeset
2588 "ref">[87427] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 9</span></a> Posita evidentia
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diff changeset
2589 verbi, qua ipsis apostolis innotuit per visum, consequenter
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diff changeset
2590 Evangelista ponit eius evidentiam, secundum quod aliis quam
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diff changeset
2591 apostolis innotuit per auditum, per testimonium ipsius Ioannis et
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diff changeset
2592 cetera. Et circa hoc tria facit. Primo enim testis introducitur;
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diff changeset
2593 secundo testificandi modus innuitur, ibi <i>et clamat</i>; tertio
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diff changeset
2594 testimonium ponitur, ibi <i>hic erat quem dixi</i> et cetera. Dicit
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diff changeset
2595 ergo: nos quidem gloriam eius vidimus, sicut unigeniti a patre, sed
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diff changeset
2596 hoc nobis non creditur, quia forte habemur suspecti: accedat illius
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diff changeset
2597 testis, scilicet Ioannes Baptista, qui testimonium Christo
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diff changeset
2598 perhibuit; est enim testis fidelis, qui non mentietur; Prov. XIV,
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diff changeset
2599 5: <i>testis fidelis non mentietur</i> et cetera. Infra V, 33:
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diff changeset
2600 <i>vos misistis ad Ioannem, et testimonium perhibuit veritati</i>.
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diff changeset
2601 Hic enim Ioannes testimonium perhibet; quasi dicat, perseveranter
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diff changeset
2602 suum officium implet, quia ipse venit in testimonium. Prov. c. XII,
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2603 19: <i>labium veritatis firmum erit in perpetuum</i>. Deinde cum
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2604 dicit <i>et clamat dicens</i>, ponitur modus testificandi, qui fit
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diff changeset
2605 cum clamore. Et ideo dicit <i>clamat</i>, inquantum libere sine
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diff changeset
2606 timore; Is. XL, 9: <i>exalta in fortitudine vocem tuam (...) ecce
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diff changeset
2607 Deus noster</i>. Ardenter et ex magno fervore; quia, ut dicitur
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diff changeset
2608 Eccli. XLVIII, 1, <i>verbum eius ut facula ardebat</i>; Is. VI, 3:
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diff changeset
2609 <i>Seraphim clamabant alter ad alterum</i>, per quod intimior ardor
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diff changeset
2610 mentis exprimitur. Per manifestationem etiam clamoris ostenditur,
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diff changeset
2611 quod non sub figuris, neque occulte ad paucos sermo testificantis
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diff changeset
2612 dirigitur; sed aperte et ostensive declaratur et denuntiatur
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diff changeset
2613 veritas iam non paucis, sed multis; Is. LVIII, v. 1: <i>clama, ne
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diff changeset
2614 cesses</i>. Deinde cum dicit <i>hic erat quem dixi</i>, quid sit
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diff changeset
2615 testificatus subiungit. Ubi duo facit. Primo enim describit
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diff changeset
2616 continuitatem sui testimonii; secundo describit eum, cui
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diff changeset
2617 testimonium perhibet, ibi <i>qui post me venturus est, ante me
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2618 factus est</i>. Fuit ergo testimonium Baptistae continuum, quia non
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diff changeset
2619 semel tantum sed multoties, et etiam antequam Christus ad ipsum
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diff changeset
2620 venisset, Ioannes testimonium ei perhibuit: et ideo dixit <i>hic
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diff changeset
2621 erat quem dixi</i>, idest antequam vidissem eum corporaliter,
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diff changeset
2622 testimonium ei perhibui. Lc. I, 76: <i>tu puer propheta altissimi
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diff changeset
2623 vocaberis</i>. Et hoc ideo quia praesentem et futurum ostendit. Est
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diff changeset
2624 etiam eius testimonium certum, quia non solum futurum esse
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diff changeset
2625 praedixit, sed praesentem digito demonstravit, dicens <i>ecce agnus
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diff changeset
2626 Dei</i>. Ex quo insinuatur quod Christus corporaliter praesens erat
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diff changeset
2627 Ioanni; nam solitus erat saepe ad Ioannem venire, antequam
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diff changeset
2628 baptizatus fuisset. Describit autem consequenter eum, cui
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diff changeset
2629 testimonium perhibet, dicens <i>qui post me venturus est, ante me
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diff changeset
2630 factus est</i>. Ubi notandum est, quod Ioannes non statim praedicat
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diff changeset
2631 discipulis Christum esse filium Dei, sed paulatim eos ad altiora
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diff changeset
2632 provehit: primo praeferens eum sibi, qui tamen tantae famae et
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diff changeset
2633 auctoritatis erat ut crederetur esse Christus, vel aliquis de
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diff changeset
2634 magnis prophetis. Comparat autem Christum sibi primo quantum ad
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diff changeset
2635 ordinem praedicationis; secundo quantum ad ordinem dignitatis;
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diff changeset
2636 tertio quantum ad ordinem durationis. Quantum ad ordinem
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diff changeset
2637 praedicationis, Ioannes praecessit Christum sicut famulus dominum,
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diff changeset
2638 et sicut miles regem, et sicut Lucifer solem; Mal. III, 1: <i>ecce
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2639 ego mitto Angelum meum, et praeparabit viam ante faciem meam.
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diff changeset
2640 Qui</i> igitur <i>post me venit</i>, scilicet in notitiam hominum
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diff changeset
2641 praedicando. Et notandum, quod ly <i>venit</i> est temporis
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diff changeset
2642 praesentis, quia in Graeco ponitur participium praesentis temporis.
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diff changeset
2643 Praecessit autem Ioannes Christum duplici ratione. Primo, secundum
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diff changeset
2644 Chrysostomum, quia Ioannes erat consanguineus Christi secundum
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diff changeset
2645 carnem; Lc. I, 36: <i>et ecce Elisabeth cognata tua</i> et cetera.
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diff changeset
2646 Si ergo testimonium perhibuisset Christo postquam eum cognoverat,
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diff changeset
2647 potuisset suum testimonium suspectum habere, et ideo Ioannes venit
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diff changeset
2648 ad praedicandum, nondum habens familiaritatem cum Christo, ut eius
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diff changeset
2649 testimonium efficacius esset. Unde dicebat infra: <i>ego nesciebam
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diff changeset
2650 eum; sed ut manifestetur in Israel propterea veni ego, in aqua
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diff changeset
2651 baptizans</i>. Secundo quia in his quae de potentia procedunt ad
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diff changeset
2652 actum, imperfectum naturaliter praecedit perfectum: unde dicitur I
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diff changeset
2653 Cor. XV, 46: <i>non prius quod spirituale est, sed quod
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diff changeset
2654 animale</i>. Et ideo perfectam Christi doctrinam debuit praecedere
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diff changeset
2655 imperfectior doctrina Ioannis, quae quodam modo fuit media inter
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diff changeset
2656 doctrinam legis et prophetarum, quae annuntiabat de longinquo
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diff changeset
2657 Christum futurum, et doctrinam Christi, quae manifesta erat, et
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diff changeset
2658 Christum manifeste annuntiabat. Comparat sibi quantum ad ordinem
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diff changeset
2659 dignitatis, cum dicit <i>ante me factus est</i>: unde sciendum est,
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diff changeset
2660 quod ex hoc Ariani sumpserunt occasionem erroris. Dicebant enim
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diff changeset
2661 quod hoc quod dixit <i>post me venit</i>, intelligitur de Christo
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diff changeset
2662 secundum carnem assumptam, sed hoc quod addit <i>ante me factus
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diff changeset
2663 est</i>, non potest intelligi nisi de verbo Dei, quod carni
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diff changeset
2664 praeexistebat; et propterea Christum, inquantum est verbum, factum
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diff changeset
2665 esse, et non esse patri coaeternum. Sed, secundum Chrysostomum,
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diff changeset
2666 haec expositio stulta est, quia si hoc esset verum, non dixisset
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diff changeset
2667 Baptista <i>ante me factus est, quia prior me erat</i>, cum nullus
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diff changeset
2668 ignoret, quod si prior eo erat, ante eum factus est; sed potius e
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diff changeset
2669 converso dixisset: prior me erat, quia factus est ante me. Et ideo,
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diff changeset
2670 secundum Chrysostomum, intelligendum est de prioritate dignitatis,
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diff changeset
2671 idest mihi praelatus est, et antepositus. Quasi dicat: quamvis
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diff changeset
2672 Iesus post me ad praedicandum venerit, tamen factus est ante me,
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diff changeset
2673 idest dignior, et superior auctoritate, et hominum reputatione; Iob
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diff changeset
2674 XXVIII, 17: <i>non adaequabitur ei aurum</i> et cetera. Vel <i>ante
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diff changeset
2675 me factus est</i>, idest coram me, ut habetur in Glossa, et littera
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diff changeset
2676 in Graeco hoc sonat. Quasi dicat coram me, idest in conspectu meo,
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diff changeset
2677 quia mihi apparuit, et innotuit. Item comparat eum sibi quantum ad
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diff changeset
2678 ordinem durationis, dicens <i>quia prior me erat</i>. Quasi dicat:
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diff changeset
2679 ipse est ab aeterno Deus, ego ex tempore homo fragilis; et ideo,
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diff changeset
2680 licet eum praedicando praecesserim, tamen rationabiliter praelatus
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diff changeset
2681 est mihi in fama et opinione hominum, qui sua aeternitate praecedit
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diff changeset
2682 omnia. Hebr. ult., 8: <i>Iesus Christus heri et hodie, ipse et in
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diff changeset
2683 saecula</i>; et infra VIII, 58: <i>antequam Abraham fieret, ego
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diff changeset
2684 sum</i>. Potest etiam exponi quod dictum est <i>ante me factus
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diff changeset
2685 est</i> ut referatur ad ordinem temporis secundum carnem. Christus
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diff changeset
2686 enim in instanti suae conceptionis fuit perfectus Deus et perfectus
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diff changeset
2687 homo, habens rationalem animam perfectam virtutibus, et corpus
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diff changeset
2688 omnibus lineamentis distinctum, non tamen secundum quantitatem
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diff changeset
2689 perfectam; Ier. XXXI, 22: <i>mulier circumdabit virum</i>, scilicet
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diff changeset
2690 perfectum. Constat autem quod Christus ante fuit conceptus quam
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diff changeset
2691 Ioannes esset natus, et perfectus homo; et ideo dicit <i>ante me
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diff changeset
2692 factus est</i> quia ipse prius fuit homo perfectus, quam natus
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diff changeset
2693 fuisset ex utero.</p>
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diff changeset
2694 <br />
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diff changeset
2695 <div class="D">Lectio 10</div>
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diff changeset
2696 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 10"><a name="87428"><span class=
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diff changeset
2697 "ref">[87428] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 10</span></a> Sequitur <i>et de
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diff changeset
2698 plenitudine eius nos omnes accepimus</i>. Verba ista usque ad locum
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diff changeset
2699 illum <i>et hoc est testimonium Ioannis</i>, dupliciter inseruntur.
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diff changeset
2700 Nam, secundum Origenem, sunt verba prolata a Ioanne Baptista, et
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diff changeset
2701 subduntur ab eo quasi in argumentum praemissorum; quasi dicat: vere
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diff changeset
2702 <i>prior me erat</i>, quia <i>de plenitudine eius</i>, scilicet
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diff changeset
2703 gratiarum, non solum ego, sed etiam <i>omnes</i>, prophetae et
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diff changeset
2704 patres, <i>accepimus</i>, quia omnes gratiam quam habuerunt,
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diff changeset
2705 habuerunt per fidem incarnati verbi. Et secundum hoc, ab illo loco
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diff changeset
2706 <i>Ioannes testimonium perhibet</i> etc., incepit texere exordium
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diff changeset
2707 suae incarnationis. Secundum Augustinum autem et Chrysostomum, sunt
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diff changeset
2708 verba Ioannis Evangelistae ab hoc quod dicitur <i>Ioannes
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diff changeset
2709 testimonium perhibet</i>; et tunc continuatur ad hoc quod dixerat
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diff changeset
2710 <i>plenum gratiae et veritatis</i>, ut dicatur sic: supra
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diff changeset
2711 Evangelista ostendit evidentiam verbi, quae innotuit et per visum,
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diff changeset
2712 et per auditum, hic vero utrumque explicat: et primo quomodo
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diff changeset
2713 apostolis innotuit visu, quasi a Christo accipientibus; secundo
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diff changeset
2714 quomodo Ioannes testificatus est de eo, ibi <i>et hoc est
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diff changeset
2715 testimonium Ioannis</i>. Circa primum duo facit. Primo ostendit
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diff changeset
2716 Christum esse fontalem originem omnis spiritualis gratiae; secundo
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diff changeset
2717 ostendit derivatam in nos gratiam per ipsum et ab ipso, ibi <i>et
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diff changeset
2718 gratiam pro gratia</i>. Dicit ergo primo: experimento patet, quod
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diff changeset
2719 vidimus eum <i>plenum gratiae et veritatis</i>, quia <i>de
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diff changeset
2720 plenitudine eius nos omnes accepimus</i>. Est autem plenitudo
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diff changeset
2721 sufficientiae, qua aliquis est sufficiens ad actus meritorios et
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diff changeset
2722 excellentes faciendos, sicut in Stephano. Item est plenitudo
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diff changeset
2723 redundantiae, qua beata virgo excellit omnibus sanctis, propter
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diff changeset
2724 eminentiam, et abundantiam meritorum. Est etiam plenitudo
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diff changeset
2725 efficientiae et effluentiae, quae soli homini Christo competit,
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diff changeset
2726 quasi auctori gratiae. Sic enim beata virgo redundavit gratiam in
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diff changeset
2727 nos, ut tamen auctrix gratiae nequaquam esset, sed ab anima eius
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diff changeset
2728 gratia redundavit in carnem; nam per spiritus sancti gratiam, non
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diff changeset
2729 solum mens virginis fuit Deo per amorem perfecte unita, sed eius
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diff changeset
2730 uterus a spiritu sancto est supernaturaliter impraegnatus. Et ideo
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diff changeset
2731 statim cum dixisset Gabriel, <i>ave gratia plena</i>, subiunxit de
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diff changeset
2732 plenitudine ventris, dicens <i>dominus tecum</i>. Ut ergo
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diff changeset
2733 Evangelista hanc singularem plenitudinem redundantiae et
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diff changeset
2734 efficientiae de Christo ostenderet, dixit <i>de plenitudine eius
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diff changeset
2735 omnes accepimus</i>, scilicet omnes apostoli, et patriarchae, et
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diff changeset
2736 prophetae, et iusti, qui fuerunt, sunt et erunt, et etiam omnes
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diff changeset
2737 Angeli. Nota, quod haec praepositio de aliquando quidem denotat
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diff changeset
2738 efficientiam, seu originalem causam, sicut cum dicitur, radius est
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diff changeset
2739 vel procedit de sole; et hoc modo denotat in Christo efficientiam
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diff changeset
2740 gratiae, seu auctoritatem, quia plenitudo gratiae, quae est in
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diff changeset
2741 Christo, est causa omnium gratiarum quae sunt in omnibus
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diff changeset
2742 intellectualibus creaturis. Eccli. c. XXIV, 26: <i>venite ad me,
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diff changeset
2743 omnes, qui concupiscitis me, et a generationibus meis</i>, quae
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diff changeset
2744 scilicet de me procedunt, <i>adimplemini</i>, participatione
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diff changeset
2745 sufficientis plenitudinis. Aliquando autem haec praepositio de
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diff changeset
2746 denotat consubstantialitatem, ut cum dicitur, filius est de patre;
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diff changeset
2747 et secundum hoc plenitudo Christi est spiritus sanctus, qui
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diff changeset
2748 procedit ab eo consubstantialis ei in natura, in virtute et
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diff changeset
2749 maiestate. Quamvis enim dona habitualia alia sint in anima Christi
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diff changeset
2750 quam ea quae sunt in nobis, tamen spiritus sanctus, qui est in
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diff changeset
2751 ipso, unus et idem replet omnes sanctificandos. I Cor. XII, 11:
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diff changeset
2752 <i>haec omnia operatur unus atque idem spiritus</i>; Ioel. II, 28:
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diff changeset
2753 <i>effundam de spiritu meo super omnem carnem</i>; Rom. c. VIII, 9:
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diff changeset
2754 <i>si quis spiritum Christi non habet, hic non est eius</i>. Nam
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diff changeset
2755 unitas spiritus sancti facit in Ecclesia unitatem; Sap. I, 7:
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diff changeset
2756 <i>spiritus domini replevit orbem terrarum</i>. Tertio modo haec
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diff changeset
2757 praepositio de denotat partialitatem, sicut cum dicimus, accipe de
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diff changeset
2758 hoc pane, vel vino, idest partem accipe, et non totum; et hoc modo
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diff changeset
2759 accipiendo, notat in accipientibus partem de plenitudine derivari.
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diff changeset
2760 Ipse enim accepit omnia dona spiritus sancti sine mensura, secundum
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diff changeset
2761 plenitudinem perfectam; sed nos de plenitudine eius partem aliquam
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diff changeset
2762 participamus per ipsum; et hoc secundum mensuram, quam unicuique
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diff changeset
2763 Deus divisit. Eph. IV, 7: <i>unicuique autem nostrum data est
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diff changeset
2764 gratia, secundum mensuram donationis</i>. Deinde cum dicit <i>et
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diff changeset
2765 gratiam pro gratia</i> ostendit derivationem gratiarum in nos per
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diff changeset
2766 Christum. Ubi duo facit. Primo ostendit quod accepimus gratiam a
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diff changeset
2767 Christo, eo auctore; secundo accepimus ab eo sapientiam, ibi
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2768 <i>Deum nemo vidit unquam</i>. Circa primum duo facit. Primo
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diff changeset
2769 ostendit quod de plenitudine eius accepimus; secundo necessitatem
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diff changeset
2770 accipiendi ostendit, ibi <i>quia lex per Moysen data est</i> et
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diff changeset
2771 cetera. Dicit autem primo quod accepimus de plenitudine Christi hoc
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diff changeset
2772 quod dico <i>et gratiam pro gratia</i>. Sed per hoc quod ponitur,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2773 cogimur intelligere quod de plenitudine eius accepimus gratiam, et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2774 pro illa gratia accepimus aliam; et ideo videndum est quae sit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2775 prima gratia, pro qua secundam accepimus, et quae ipsa secunda.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2776 Secundum Chrysostomum autem, prima gratia, quam totum genus humanum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2777 accepit, fuit gratia veteris testamenti accepta in lege, quae
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2778 quidem magna fuit, iuxta illud Prov. IV, v. 2: <i>donum bonum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2779 tribuam vobis</i> et cetera. Magnum enim fuit quod hominibus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2780 idolatris data sunt praecepta a Deo, et unius veri Dei vera
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2781 cognitio; Rom. III, 1: <i>quid amplius Iudaeo, aut quae utilitas
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2782 circumcisionis? Multum quidem per omnem modum. Primum quidem quia
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2783 credita sunt eis eloquia Dei</i>. Pro gratia ergo ista, quae prima
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2784 fuit, secundam longe meliorem accepimus; Zach. IV, 7: <i>exaequabit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2785 gratiae</i>. Sed numquid non sufficiebat prima gratia? Respondeo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2786 dicendum, quod non, quia per legem solum cognitio peccati datur,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2787 non ablatio. <i>Neminem enim ad perfectum adduxit lex</i>, Hebr.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2788 VII, 19. Et ideo erat necesse quod alia gratia peccata auferens, et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2789 reconcilians Deo, veniret. Et ideo dicit <i>quia lex per Moysen
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2790 data est; gratia et veritas per Iesum Christum facta est</i>. Ubi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2791 Evangelista praefert Christum legislatori Moysi, quem Baptista sibi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2792 praetulerat. Moyses autem reputabatur maximus prophetarum; Deut.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2793 ult., 10: <i>non surrexit ultra propheta in Israel sicut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2794 Moyses</i>. Praefert autem eum Moysi, quantum ad excellentiam et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2795 dignitatem operum <i>quia per Moysen lex data est</i>; et horum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2796 duorum, tantum unum excellit alium, quantum figuratum excellit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2797 figuram et veritas ipsam umbram. <i>Umbram enim habuit lex
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2798 futurorum bonorum</i> etc.; Hebr. X, 1. Item excellit quantum ad
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2799 modum operandi: quia lex data est per Moysen, sicut ut per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2800 proponentem, non per facientem; quia, <i>solus dominus est legifer
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2801 noster</i>: Is. XXXIII, v. 22. <i>Gratia autem, et veritas facta
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2802 est per Christum</i>, sicut per dominum et auctorem veritatis et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2803 gratiae, ut supra expositum est. Secundum Augustinum vero, prima
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2804 est iustificans et praeveniens, quae non datur nobis ex operibus;
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diff changeset
2805 Rom. XI, 6: <i>si autem gratia, iam non ex operibus</i>. Pro ista
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2806 ergo gratia, scilicet imperfecta, accepimus aliam gratiam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2807 consummatam, scilicet aeternae vitae. Et quamvis aeterna vita
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2808 aliquo modo meritis acquiratur, tamen quia principium merendi in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2809 omnibus est gratia praeveniens, ideo vita aeterna dicitur gratia;
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2810 Rom. VI, 23: <i>gratia Dei vita aeterna</i>. Et, ut breviter
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2811 concludatur, quicquid praevenienti gratiae de gratia additur, totum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2812 gratia pro gratia dicitur. Necessitas autem secundae gratiae est ex
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2813 insufficientia legis, quae ostendebat quid faciendum et quid
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diff changeset
2814 cavendum erat; sed ad implendum ea quae praecipiebat, non praebebat
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diff changeset
2815 auxilium; immo per occasionem operabatur mortem quae tamen
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diff changeset
2816 videbatur fuisse ad vitam; apostolus, Rom. VII, 10, et II Cor. III,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2817 v. 9, dicit, legem ministram fuisse mortis: <i>nam si ministratio
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2818 damnationis in gloria est, multo magis abundat ministerium
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2819 iustitiae in gloria</i>. Item promittebat auxilium gratiae, sed non
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2820 solvebat, quia <i>neminem ad perfectum adducit lex</i>, ut dicitur
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2821 Hebr. VII, 19. Item per sacrificia et caeremonias veritatem novae
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2822 gratiae figurabat, ipso suo ritu clamans eam figuram; et ideo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2823 necesse fuit quod Christus veniret, qui per mortem propriam alienas
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2824 mortes perimeret, et conferret auxilium novae gratiae, ut faciliter
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2825 et delectabiliter adimpleremus praecepta, et moreremur
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diff changeset
2826 transgressioni et conversationi antiquae; Rom. VI, 6: <i>vetus homo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2827 noster simul crucifixus est</i> et cetera. Item ut manifestaretur
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2828 veritas figurarum contentarum in lege, et ut promissiones factae
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diff changeset
2829 patribus solverentur; II Cor. I. Vel aliter, <i>veritas per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2830 Christum facta est</i>, quantum ad sapientiam et veritatem occultam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2831 a saeculis, quam veniens in mundum aperte docuit, infra XVIII, v.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2832 37: <i>in hoc natus sum, et ad hoc veni in mundum, ut testimonium
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2833 perhibeam veritati</i>. Sed si ipse Christus est veritas, ut infra
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diff changeset
2834 XIV, 6 dicitur, quomodo per ipsum facta est veritas, cum nihil
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2835 possit fieri a seipso? Respondeo, dicendum est, quod ipse est per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2836 suam essentiam veritas increata; quae aeterna est, et non facta,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2837 sed a patre est genita; sed per ipsum factae sunt omnes veritates
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diff changeset
2838 creatae, quae sunt quaedam participationes et refulgentiae primae
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2839 veritatis, quae in animabus sanctis relucent.</p>
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2840 <br />
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2841 <div class="D">Lectio 11</div>
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2842 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 11"><a name="87429"><span class=
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diff changeset
2843 "ref">[87429] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 11</span></a> Supra Evangelista
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2844 ostendit quomodo gratiam apostoli acceperunt a Christo, eo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2845 faciente; hic ostendit quomodo acceperunt ab ipso eam docente. Et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2846 circa hoc tria facit. Primo ostendit huius doctrinae necessitatem,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2847 dicens <i>Deum nemo vidit unquam</i>; secundo doctoris ad docendum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2848 eam facultatem, ibi <i>unigenitus qui est in sinu patris</i>;
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2849 tertio ipsam doctrinam declarat, ibi <i>enarravit</i>. Necessitas
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2850 autem huius doctrinae erat defectus sapientiae in hominibus, quem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2851 quidem defectum Evangelista insinuabat per ignorantiam Dei, quae in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2852 hominibus abundabat, dicens <i>Deum nemo vidit unquam</i>. Et hoc
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2853 facit congrue: nam sapientia proprie in cognitione Dei, et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2854 divinorum consistit. Unde Augustinus dicit, quod sapientia est
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2855 divinarum rerum cognitio, sicut et scientia humanarum. Quod autem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2856 hic dicit Evangelista <i>Deum nemo vidit unquam</i> contrariari
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2857 videtur pluribus auctoritatibus divinae Scripturae. Dicitur enim
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2858 Is. VI, 1: <i>vidi dominum sedentem super solium excelsum et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2859 elevatum</i>; II Reg. VI, 2, fere idem habetur: <i>nomen domini
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2860 sedentis super Cherubim</i> etc.; Matth. V, v. 8, dicit dominus:
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diff changeset
2861 <i>beati mundo corde, quoniam ipsi Deum videbunt</i>. Sed si
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2862 aliquis responderet ad hoc ultimum, dicens, verum esse quod in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2863 praeterito nullus vidit, sed in futuro videbit, sicut dominus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2864 promittit, apostolus hoc excludit, dicens I Tim. ult., 16: <i>lucem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2865 habitat inaccessibilem, quam nullus hominum vidit, sed nec videre
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2866 potest</i>. Sed quia apostolus dicit: <i>nullus hominum vidit</i>,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2867 posset aliquis dicere, quod si non ab hominibus videri possit,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2868 saltem videtur ab Angelis; praesertim cum Deus dicat Matth. XVIII,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2869 10: <i>Angeli eorum in caelis semper vident faciem patris</i>. Sed
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2870 nec isto modo dici potest: quia, ut dicitur Matth. XXII, 30:
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2871 <i>filii resurrectionis erunt sicut Angeli Dei in caelo</i>. Si
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2872 ergo Angeli vident Deum in caelo, manifestum est etiam quod et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2873 filii resurrectionis eum vident; I Io. III, 2: <i>cum apparuerit,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2874 similes ei erimus, et videbimus eum sicut est</i>. Quomodo ergo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2875 intelligendum est hoc quod dicit Evangelista <i>Deum nemo vidit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2876 unquam?</i> Ad huius ergo intellectum sciendum est, quod Deus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2877 dicitur videri <span class="nota" title=
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2878 "legend. quadrupliciter">tripliciter</span>. Uno quidem modo per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2879 subiectam creaturam, visui corporali propositam; sicut creditur
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2880 Abraham vidisse Deum, quando <i>tres vidit, et unum adoravit</i>,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2881 Gen. XVIII; unum quidem adoravit, quia tres, quos prius homines
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2882 reputaverat, et postmodum Angelos credidit, recognovit mysterium
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2883 Trinitatis. Alio modo per repraesentatam imaginationem; et sic
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2884 Isaias vidit <i>dominum sedentem super solium excelsum et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2885 elevatum</i>. Plures visiones huic similes in Scripturis
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
2886 reperiuntur. Alio vero modo videtur per aliquam speciem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2887 intelligibilem a sensibilibus abstractam, ab his qui per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2888 considerationem magnitudinis creaturarum, intellectu intuentur
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2889 magnitudinem creatoris, ut dicitur Sap. XIII, 5: <i>a magnitudine
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2890 speciei et creaturae cognoscibiliter poterit creator horum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2891 videri</i>, et Rom. I, 20: <i>invisibilia Dei a creatura mundi per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2892 ea quae facta sunt, intellecta conspiciuntur</i>. Alio modo per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2893 aliquod spirituale lumen a Deo infusum spiritualibus mentibus in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2894 contemplatione; et hoc modo vidit Iacob <i>Deum facie ad
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2895 faciem</i>, Gen. XXXII, 30 quae visio, secundum Gregorium, facta
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2896 est per altam contemplationem. Sed per nullam istarum visionum, ad
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2897 visionem divinae essentiae pervenitur: nulla enim species facta,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2898 sive qua informatur sensus exterior, sive qua informatur
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2899 imaginatio, sive qua informatur intellectus, est repraesentativa
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2900 divinae essentiae sicut est. Illud autem homo per essentiam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2901 cognoscit quod species quam habet in intellectu, repraesentat ut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2902 est: per nullam ergo speciem ad visionem divinae essentiae
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2903 pervenitur. Quod autem nulla creata species divinam essentiam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2904 repraesentet, patet: quia nullum finitum potest repraesentare
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diff changeset
2905 infinitum ut est; omnis autem species creata est finita: ergo et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2906 cetera. Praeterea, Deus est suum esse; et ideo eius sapientia et
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diff changeset
2907 bonitas, et quaecumque alia, idem sunt; per unum autem creatum non
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2908 possent omnia ista repraesentari: ergo cognitio qua Deus per
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diff changeset
2909 creaturas videtur, non est ipsius essentia, sed aenigmatica et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2910 specularis, et a remotis. Iob XXXVI, 25: <i>omnes homines vident
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2911 eum</i>, aliquo dictorum modorum, <i>sed unusquisque intuetur
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diff changeset
2912 procul</i>, quia per omnes illas cognitiones non scitur de Deo quid
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diff changeset
2913 est, sed quid non est, vel an est. Unde dicit Dionysius libro
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2914 mysticae theologiae, quod perfectus modus quo Deus in vita
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diff changeset
2915 praesenti cognoscitur, est per privationem omnium creaturarum, et
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diff changeset
2916 intellectorum a nobis. Fuerunt autem aliqui dicentes, quod divina
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diff changeset
2917 essentia numquam videbitur ab aliquo intellectu creato, et quod nec
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2918 ab Angelis vel beatis videtur. Sed haec propositio ostenditur esse
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parents: 30
diff changeset
2919 falsa et haeretica tripliciter. Primo quidem, quia contrariatur
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diff changeset
2920 auctoritati divinae Scripturae; I Io. III, 2: <i>videbimus eum
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diff changeset
2921 sicuti est</i>; et infra XVII, 3: <i>haec est vita aeterna ut
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diff changeset
2922 cognoscant te solum Deum verum, et quem misisti Iesum Christum</i>.
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2923 Secundo quia claritas Dei non est aliud quam eius substantia: non
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diff changeset
2924 enim est lucens per participationem luminis, sed per seipsam.
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diff changeset
2925 Tertio quia impossibile est quod aliquis perfectam beatitudinem
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diff changeset
2926 consequatur, nisi in visione divinae essentiae: quia naturale
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diff changeset
2927 desiderium intellectus est scire et cognoscere causas omnium
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diff changeset
2928 effectuum cognitorum ab eo; quod non potest impleri nisi scita et
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diff changeset
2929 cognita prima universali omnium causa, quae non est composita ex
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diff changeset
2930 effectu et causa, sicut causae secundae. Et ideo auferre
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diff changeset
2931 possibilitatem visionis divinae essentiae ab hominibus, est auferre
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diff changeset
2932 ipsam beatitudinem. Necesse est ergo ad beatitudinem intellectus
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diff changeset
2933 creati, ut divina essentia videatur, Matth. V, 8: <i>beati mundo
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diff changeset
2934 corde, quoniam ipsi Deum videbunt</i>. Quo ad visionem autem
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diff changeset
2935 divinae essentiae, oportet tria attendere. Primo, quia numquam
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diff changeset
2936 videbitur oculo corporali, vel aliquo sensu, vel imaginatione, cum
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diff changeset
2937 per sensus non percipiantur nisi sensata corporea; Deus autem
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diff changeset
2938 incorporeus est; infra IV, v. 24: <i>Deus spiritus est</i>.
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diff changeset
2939 Secundo, quia intellectus humanus quamdiu corpori est coniunctus,
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diff changeset
2940 Deum videre non potest, quia aggravatur a corruptibili corpore, ne
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diff changeset
2941 possit ad summum contemplationis pertingere. Et inde est quod anima
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diff changeset
2942 quanto magis est a passionibus libera, et purgata ab affectibus
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diff changeset
2943 terrenorum, tanto amplius in contemplationem veritatis ascendit, et
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diff changeset
2944 gustat quam suavis est dominus. Summus gradus autem contemplationis
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diff changeset
2945 est videre Deum per essentiam; et ideo quamdiu homo in corpore
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diff changeset
2946 subiecto ex necessitate passionibus multis vivit, Deum non potest
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diff changeset
2947 per essentiam videre. Ex. c. XXXIII, 20: <i>non videbit me homo et
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diff changeset
2948 vivet</i>. Ad hoc ergo quod intellectus humanus divinam essentiam
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diff changeset
2949 videat, necesse est ut totaliter deserat corpus; vel per mortem,
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diff changeset
2950 sicut apostolus dicit II Cor. V, 8: <i>audemus, et bonam voluntatem
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diff changeset
2951 habemus magis peregrinari a corpore, et praesentes esse ad
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diff changeset
2952 dominum</i>; vel quod totaliter abstrahatur per raptum a corporis
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diff changeset
2953 sensibus, sicut de Paulo legitur II Cor. c. XII, 3. Tertio modo,
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diff changeset
2954 quod nullus intellectus creatus quantumcumque abstractus, sive per
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diff changeset
2955 mortem, vel a corpore separatus, videns divinam essentiam, ipsam
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diff changeset
2956 nullo modo comprehendere potest. Et ideo communiter dicitur, quod,
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diff changeset
2957 licet divina essentia tota videatur a beatis, cum sit simplicissima
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diff changeset
2958 et partibus carens, tamen non videtur totaliter, quia hoc esset eam
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diff changeset
2959 comprehendere. Hoc enim quod dico totaliter, dicit modum quemdam.
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diff changeset
2960 Quilibet autem modus Dei est divina essentia; unde qui non videt
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diff changeset
2961 eum totaliter, non comprehendit eum. Comprehendere autem proprie
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diff changeset
2962 dicitur aliquis aliquam rem cognoscendo, qui cognoscit rem illam
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diff changeset
2963 quantum in se cognoscibilis est; alias, quamvis cognoscat eam, non
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diff changeset
2964 tamen comprehendit. Sicut qui cognoscit hanc propositionem:
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diff changeset
2965 triangulus habet tres angulos aequales duobus rectis, syllogismo
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diff changeset
2966 dialectico, non cognoscit eam quantum cognoscibilis est, et ideo
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diff changeset
2967 non cognoscit totaliter; sed qui cognoscit eam syllogismo
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diff changeset
2968 demonstrativo, totaliter scit eam. Unumquodque enim tantum
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diff changeset
2969 cognoscibile est, quantum habet de ente et veritate; sed ipse
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diff changeset
2970 cognoscens tantum cognoscit quantum habet de virtute cognoscitiva.
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diff changeset
2971 Omnis autem substantia intellectualis creata est finita: ergo
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diff changeset
2972 finite cognoscit. Cum ergo Deus sit infinitae virtutis et
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diff changeset
2973 entitatis, et per consequens infinite cognoscibilis, a nullo
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diff changeset
2974 intellectu creato cognosci potest quantum est cognoscibilis; et
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diff changeset
2975 ideo omni intellectui creato remanet incomprehensibilis; Iob XXXVI,
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diff changeset
2976 26: <i>ecce Deus magnus vincens scientiam nostram</i>. Solus autem
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diff changeset
2977 ipse comprehendendo contemplatur seipsum, quia tanta est eius
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diff changeset
2978 virtus in cognoscendo quanta est eius entitas in essendo. Ier.
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diff changeset
2979 XXXII, 18: <i>fortissime, magne, potens dominus exercituum nomen
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diff changeset
2980 tibi, magnus consilio, incomprehensibilis cogitatu</i>. Sic ergo,
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diff changeset
2981 secundum praemissa, intelligitur <i>Deum nemo vidit unquam</i>.
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diff changeset
2982 Primo sic: <i>nemo</i>, idest nullus hominum, <i>vidit Deum</i>,
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diff changeset
2983 idest essentiam divinam, oculo corporali et imaginario. Secundo
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diff changeset
2984 <i>nemo</i>, in hac mortali vita vivens, <i>vidit</i> divinam
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diff changeset
2985 essentiam in seipsa. Tertio <i>nemo</i>, homo vel Angelus, <i>vidit
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diff changeset
2986 Deum</i>, visione comprehensionis. Quod autem de aliquibus dicitur,
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diff changeset
2987 quod Deum viderunt oculo, seu viventes in corpore, intelligitur non
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diff changeset
2988 per essentiam, sed per subiectam creaturam, ut dictum est. Sic ergo
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diff changeset
2989 necessarium erat quod reciperemus sapientiam, quia <i>Deum nemo
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diff changeset
2990 vidit unquam</i>. Huius autem sapientiae sufficiens doctor nobis
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diff changeset
2991 proponitur ab Evangelista, cum subdit <i>unigenitus filius qui est
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diff changeset
2992 in sinu patris</i>, in quo ostendit nobis doctoris ipsius
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diff changeset
2993 facultatem per tria. Scilicet per naturalem similitudinem, et per
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diff changeset
2994 singularem excellentiam, et per perfectissimam
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diff changeset
2995 consubstantialitatem. Per naturalem similitudinem, quia filius
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diff changeset
2996 naturaliter similitudinem patris habet. Et inde est etiam quod
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diff changeset
2997 intantum aliquis dicitur filius Dei, inquantum similitudinem filii
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diff changeset
2998 naturalis participat; et intantum cognoscit, inquantum de
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diff changeset
2999 similitudine eius habet: quia cognitio fit per assimilationem. I
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diff changeset
3000 Io. III, 2: <i>nunc filii Dei sumus</i>, et sequitur: <i>cum
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diff changeset
3001 apparuerit, similes ei erimus, et videbimus eum sicuti est</i>. Et
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diff changeset
3002 ideo in hoc quod Evangelista dicit <i>filius</i>, importatur
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diff changeset
3003 similitudo, et aptitudo ad cognoscendum Deum. Sed quia iste doctor
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diff changeset
3004 specialius quam alii filii Deum cognoscit, ideo Evangelista hoc
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diff changeset
3005 insinuat per excellentiam singularem, cum dicit <i>unigenitus</i>;
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diff changeset
3006 quasi dicat: iste cognoscit Deum prae aliis filiis. Ideo dicitur
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diff changeset
3007 <i>unigenitus</i>, quia est filius naturalis, eamdem habens cum
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diff changeset
3008 patre naturam et cognitionem; Ps. II, 7: <i>dominus dixit ad me:
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diff changeset
3009 filius meus es tu</i>. Quamvis autem singulariter cognosceret,
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diff changeset
3010 posset tamen sibi deesse facultas docendi, si non cognosceret
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diff changeset
3011 totaliter; et ideo addit tertium, scilicet consubstantialitatem
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diff changeset
3012 eius ad patrem, cum dicit <i>in sinu patris</i>: ut non accipiatur
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diff changeset
3013 sinus prout in hominibus veste praecinctis dici consuevit, sed pro
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diff changeset
3014 patris occulto. Illud enim in occulto gerimus, quod in sinu
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diff changeset
3015 portamus. Occultum autem patris est, quia superexcedit omnem
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diff changeset
3016 virtutem, et cognitionem, cum divina essentia sit infinita. In illo
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diff changeset
3017 ergo sinu, idest in occultissimo paternae naturae et essentiae,
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diff changeset
3018 quae excedit omnem virtutem creaturae, est unigenitus filius; et
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diff changeset
3019 ideo consubstantialis est patri. Et quod Evangelista hic
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diff changeset
3020 significavit per sinum hoc David expressit per uterum, dicens Ps.
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diff changeset
3021 CIX, 3: <i>ex utero ante Luciferum</i>, idest ex intimo et occulto
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diff changeset
3022 meae essentiae, incomprehensibili omni intellectui creato, <i>genui
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diff changeset
3023 te</i>, et consubstantialem mihi, et eiusdem naturae et virtutis et
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diff changeset
3024 potestatis et cognitionis; I Cor. II, v. 11: <i>quae sunt hominis,
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diff changeset
3025 nemo novit nisi spiritus hominis (...) et quae sunt Dei, nemo novit
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diff changeset
3026 nisi spiritus Dei</i>. Comprehendit ergo divinam essentiam, quae
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diff changeset
3027 sua est. Anima autem Christi Deum cognoscendo non comprehendit,
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diff changeset
3028 quia hoc non dicitur, nisi de unigenito, qui est in sinu patris.
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diff changeset
3029 Unde et dominus dicit Matth. XI, 27: <i>nemo novit patrem, nisi
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diff changeset
3030 filius, et cui voluerit filius revelare</i>; ut utrumque
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diff changeset
3031 intelligatur de notitia comprehensionis, de qua hic videtur loqui
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diff changeset
3032 Evangelista. Nullus enim divinam comprehendit essentiam, nisi solus
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diff changeset
3033 Deus pater, et filius, et spiritus sanctus. Sic ergo patet facultas
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diff changeset
3034 doctoris ad docendum. Notandum etiam, quod per hoc quod dicit
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diff changeset
3035 <i>qui est in sinu patris</i>, excluditur error quorumdam,
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diff changeset
3036 dicentium, patrem invisibilem esse, filium vero visibilem, et non
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diff changeset
3037 visum fuisse in veteri testamento. Nam, ex hoc quod est in
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diff changeset
3038 abscondito patris, manifestum est quod naturaliter invisibilis est,
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diff changeset
3039 sicut pater. Et propter hoc dicebat de ipso Is. XLV, 15: <i>tu es
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diff changeset
3040 vere Deus absconditus</i>. Et ideo in Scriptura divina fit mentio
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diff changeset
3041 de incomprehensibilitate filii; Matth. XI, 27: <i>nemo novit filium
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diff changeset
3042 nisi pater, neque patrem quis novit nisi filius</i>; Prov. XXX, 4:
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diff changeset
3043 <i>quod nomen filii eius, si nosti?</i> Consequenter Evangelista
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diff changeset
3044 modum tradendi ipsam doctrinam insinuat, cum dicit <i>ipse
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diff changeset
3045 enarravit</i>. Olim enim unigenitus filius manifestavit Dei
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diff changeset
3046 cognitionem per prophetas, qui eum intantum annuntiaverunt
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diff changeset
3047 inquantum aeterni verbi fuerunt participes. Unde dicebant:
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diff changeset
3048 <i>factum est verbum domini</i> et cetera. Sed nunc <i>ipse
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diff changeset
3049 unigenitus</i>, filius, <i>enarravit</i> fidelibus. Is. LII, 6:
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diff changeset
3050 <i>ego ipse qui loquebar, ecce adsum</i>; Hebr. I, 1:
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diff changeset
3051 <i>multifariam, multisque modis olim Deus loquens patribus in
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diff changeset
3052 prophetis, novissime diebus istis locutus est nobis in filio</i>.
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diff changeset
3053 Et haec doctrina ideo omnibus aliis doctrinis supereminet
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diff changeset
3054 dignitate, auctoritate et utilitate, quia ab unigenito filio, qui
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diff changeset
3055 est prima sapientia, immediate est tradita. Hebr. II, 3: <i>quae
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diff changeset
3056 cum initium accepisset enarrari per dominum, ab eis qui audierunt,
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diff changeset
3057 in nos confirmata est</i>. Sed quid narravit nisi unum Deum? Hoc
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diff changeset
3058 ipsum et Moyses enarravit, Deut. VI, 4: <i>audi, Israel: dominus
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diff changeset
3059 Deus tuus, dominus unus est</i>. Quid ergo amplius Moyse? Multum
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diff changeset
3060 per omnem modum, quia mysterium Trinitatis, et multa alia, quae nec
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diff changeset
3061 Moyses, nec aliquis prophetarum narravit.</p>
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diff changeset
3062 <br />
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diff changeset
3063 <div class="D">Lectio 12</div>
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diff changeset
3064 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 12"><a name="87430"><span class=
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diff changeset
3065 "ref">[87430] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 12</span></a> Supra ostendit
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diff changeset
3066 Evangelista quomodo Christus innotuit testimonio Ioannis ipsis
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diff changeset
3067 apostolis; hic plenius explicat ipsum testimonium. Et primo ponit
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diff changeset
3068 testimonium Ioannis ad turbas; secundo vero testimonium quod
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diff changeset
3069 perhibuit de Christo discipulis suis, ibi <i>altera die iterum
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diff changeset
3070 stabat</i>. Si autem bene considerentur quae dicta sunt, duplex
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diff changeset
3071 testimonium Ioannis ad Christum invenitur. Unum quod tulit Christo
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diff changeset
3072 in eius praesentia, aliud in eius absentia: nisi enim in eius
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diff changeset
3073 praesentia testimonium Ioannes tulisset, non dixisset <i>hic
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diff changeset
3074 erat</i>, et nisi in eius absentia, non diceret <i>quem dixi
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diff changeset
3075 vobis</i>. Primo ergo Evangelista explicat testimonium Ioannis quod
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diff changeset
3076 tulit de Christo in eius absentia; secundo quod tulit in eius
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diff changeset
3077 praesentia, ibi <i>altera die vidit</i>. Differunt autem haec duo
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diff changeset
3078 testimonia, quia primum tulit interrogatus, alterum spontaneus; et
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diff changeset
3079 ideo in primo testimonio non solum ponitur testimonium quod tulit,
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diff changeset
3080 sed etiam ipsa interrogatio. Primo autem fuit interrogatus de
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diff changeset
3081 persona; secundo de officio, ibi <i>et qui missi fuerant</i>.
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diff changeset
3082 Ostenditur ergo primo quomodo Ioannes confessus est se non esse
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diff changeset
3083 quod non erat; secundo quomodo non negavit se esse quod erat, ibi
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diff changeset
3084 <i>dixerunt ergo ei: quis es?</i> Circa primum ponuntur tres
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diff changeset
3085 interrogationes est tres responsiones, sicut patet in littera. In
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diff changeset
3086 prima autem interrogatione est magna Iudaeorum reverentia ad
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diff changeset
3087 Ioannem, qui mittunt ad eum, eius testimonium inquirentes. Ubi
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diff changeset
3088 magnitudo reverentiae ex quatuor colligitur. Primo ex mittentium
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diff changeset
3089 dignitate: non enim Galilaei miserunt, sed illi qui praecipui
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diff changeset
3090 fuerunt in populo Israel, scilicet Iudaei, qui sunt de tribu Iuda,
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diff changeset
3091 habitantes iuxta Ierusalem; I Paral. V, de Iuda elegit dominus
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diff changeset
3092 principes populi; infra IV, 22: <i>salus ex Iudaeis est</i>.
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diff changeset
3093 Secundo ex loci praeeminentia, quia ab Ierusalem, quae est civitas
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diff changeset
3094 sacerdotalis, et divino cultui mancipata; infra IV, 20: <i>vos
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diff changeset
3095 dicitis, quia Ierosolymis est locus ubi adorare oportet</i>. Is.
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diff changeset
3096 XIX, 21: <i>et colent eum in hostiis et in muneribus</i>. Tertio ex
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diff changeset
3097 nuntiorum auctoritate, qui solemnes erant, et sanctiores in populo,
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diff changeset
3098 quia sacerdotes et Levitae; Is. LXI, 6: <i>vos sacerdotes domini
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diff changeset
3099 vocabimini</i>. Quarto ex hoc quod miserunt ut Ioannes de se
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diff changeset
3100 testimonium perhiberet, quasi tantam fidem habentes dictis suis, ut
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diff changeset
3101 crederent Ioanni de seipso etiam testimonium perhibenti. Unde
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diff changeset
3102 dicitur <i>ut interrogarent eum, tu quis es?</i> Quod Christo non
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diff changeset
3103 faciebant; immo dicebant ei, Io. VIII, 13: <i>tu testimonium
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diff changeset
3104 perhibes de teipso</i> et cetera. Consequenter cum dicit <i>et
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diff changeset
3105 confessus est, et non negavit</i>, ponitur Ioannis responsio. Ideo
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diff changeset
3106 autem Evangelista ingeminat hoc quod dicit <i>et confessus est</i>,
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diff changeset
3107 ut ostendat humilitatem Ioannis: quia licet esset tantae
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diff changeset
3108 auctoritatis apud Iudaeos ut eum crederent Christum, non tamen
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diff changeset
3109 honorem sibi non debitum usurpabat; immo <i>confessus est, quia non
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diff changeset
3110 sum ego Christus</i>. Sed quid est hoc quod dicit <i>confessus est,
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diff changeset
3111 et non negavit?</i> Videtur autem quod negavit, quia dicit se non
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diff changeset
3112 esse Christum. Sed dicendum est, quod ideo non negavit veritatem,
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diff changeset
3113 quia dixit se non esse Christum: alias negasset veritatem. Iob
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diff changeset
3114 XXXI, 26: <i>si vidi solem cum fulgeret, et lunam incedentem clare;
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diff changeset
3115 et laetatum est cor meum in abscondito et osculatus sum manum meam
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diff changeset
3116 ore meo: quae est iniquitas maxima, et negatio contra Deum
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diff changeset
3117 altissimum</i>. Non negavit ergo veritatem quia quantumcumque
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diff changeset
3118 haberetur magnus, non est elatus in superbiam, usurpans sibi
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diff changeset
3119 honorem alienum. <i>Et confessus est, quia, non sum ego
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diff changeset
3120 Christus</i>: quia vere non erat. Supra: <i>non erat ille lux</i>
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diff changeset
3121 et cetera. Sed cum hi qui missi erant non quaererent an esset
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diff changeset
3122 Christus, sed quis esset; quare Ioannes respondit <i>non sum ego
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diff changeset
3123 Christus?</i> Sed dicendum, quod magis respondet ad mentem
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diff changeset
3124 quaerentium, quam ad quaestionem; et hoc potest accipi dupliciter.
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diff changeset
3125 Secundum Origenem enim intelligendum est, quod sacerdotes et
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diff changeset
3126 Levitae bona intentione venerant ad ipsum. Cognoverant enim ex
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diff changeset
3127 Scripturis, et praecipue ex prophetia Danielis, quia iam venerat
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diff changeset
3128 tempus adventus Christi. Unde videntes sanctitatem Ioannis,
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diff changeset
3129 suspicabantur eum esse Christum: unde miserunt ad Ioannem, quasi
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diff changeset
3130 scire volentes per hoc quod dicunt ei <i>tu quis es?</i> An ipse se
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diff changeset
3131 Christum fateretur. Et ideo eorum respondit menti <i>non sum ego
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diff changeset
3132 Christus</i>. Chrysostomus vero dicit, quod isti fraudulenter
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diff changeset
3133 interrogabant. Nam Ioannes cognatus erat sacerdotum, utpote
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diff changeset
3134 principis sacerdotum filius, erat etiam sanctus; et tamen
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diff changeset
3135 testimonium perhibebat Christo, cuius genus humile videbatur. Unde
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diff changeset
3136 et dicebant: <i>nonne iste est fabri filius?</i> Et ignotus erat
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diff changeset
3137 eis. Et ideo cupientes magis habere magistrum Ioannem quam
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diff changeset
3138 Christum, mittunt ad eum volentes eum per blanditias allicere, et
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diff changeset
3139 inducere ut sibi honorem hunc attribuens, confiteatur se esse
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diff changeset
3140 Christum. Quam quidem malitiam videns Ioannes, dicit <i>non sum ego
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diff changeset
3141 Christus</i>. Secunda interrogatio ponitur consequenter, cum
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diff changeset
3142 dicitur <i>et interrogaverunt eum: quid ergo? Elias es tu?</i>
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diff changeset
3143 Sciendum est autem, quod a populo Iudaeorum sicut expectabatur
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diff changeset
3144 dominus venturus, ita expectabatur Elias Christum praecessurus;
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diff changeset
3145 Mal. ult., 5: <i>mittam vobis Eliam</i> et cetera. Et ideo
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diff changeset
3146 videntes, qui missi erant quod Ioannes non confitebatur se esse
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diff changeset
3147 Christum, instant quod saltem confiteatur si est Elias. Et hoc est
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diff changeset
3148 quod dicunt <i>quid ergo? Elias es tu?</i> Quidam autem haeretici
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diff changeset
3149 dicunt, quod anima de corpore transmittitur in corpus. Et hoc dogma
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diff changeset
3150 tunc temporis erat in auctoritate apud Iudaeos, unde credebant quod
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diff changeset
3151 propter similitudinem operum Ioannis ad Eliam, anima Eliae esset in
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diff changeset
3152 corpore Ioannis. Et dicunt quod quaerebant isti a Ioanne, an esset
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diff changeset
3153 Elias; idest, an anima Eliae esset in Ioanne; et adducunt pro eis,
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diff changeset
3154 quod dicit dominus, Matth. XI, 14, de Ioanne: <i>si vultis scire,
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diff changeset
3155 ipse est Elias</i>. Sed tamen contrariatur eis responsio Ioannis
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diff changeset
3156 dicentis <i>non sum Elias</i>. Ad quod ipsi respondent, quod
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diff changeset
3157 Ioannes ex ignorantia respondit, nesciens, an anima sua esset anima
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diff changeset
3158 Eliae. Sed contra hoc dicit Origenes, quod valde irrationabile
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diff changeset
3159 videtur, quod Ioannes tamquam propheta a spiritu illuminatus, et de
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diff changeset
3160 Dei unigenito tanta narrans, ignoraret de seipso, an numquam eius
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diff changeset
3161 anima fuerit in Elia. Non hac ergo intentione quaerebant <i>Elias
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diff changeset
3162 es tu?</i> Sed quia habentes ex Scripturis, IV Reg. II, 11 quod
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diff changeset
3163 Elias non fuit mortuus, sed vivus raptus est per turbinem in
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diff changeset
3164 caelum, credebant eum subito inter eos apparuisse. Sed contra hoc
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diff changeset
3165 est quod Ioannes ex notis parentibus natus erat, et nativitas eius
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diff changeset
3166 omnibus nota erat. Unde dicitur Lc. I, 63, quod <i>mirati sunt
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diff changeset
3167 universi, et ponebant in corde suo, dicentes: quis putas puer iste
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diff changeset
3168 erit?</i> Ad quod potest dici, quod non est incredibile quod ita
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diff changeset
3169 aestimarent de Ioanne, sicut dictum est. Quia et simile habetur
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diff changeset
3170 Matth. XIV, 1 quod Herodes credebat de Christo quod esset Ioannes,
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diff changeset
3171 quem ipse decollaverat, et tamen diu antequam Ioannes decollatus
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diff changeset
3172 esset, Christus praedicaverat, et notus fuerat. Et ideo, ex simili
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diff changeset
3173 amentia et crassitudine, Iudaei quaerebant a Ioanne an ipse esset
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diff changeset
3174 Elias. Sed quid est hoc quod dicit Ioannes <i>non sum</i>, scilicet
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diff changeset
3175 Elias cum Christus dixerit, Matth. XI, 14, <i>ipse est Elias?</i>
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diff changeset
3176 Hanc autem quaestionem solvit Angelus, Lc. I, 17: <i>ipse praecedet
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diff changeset
3177 ante eum in spiritu et virtute Eliae</i>, in suis scilicet
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diff changeset
3178 operibus. Non fuit ergo Elias in persona, sed in spiritu, et
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diff changeset
3179 virtute: quia scilicet similitudinem Eliae in suis operibus
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diff changeset
3180 ostendebat. Potest autem attendi similitudo quantum ad tria. Primo
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diff changeset
3181 quantum ad officium: quia sicut Elias secundum domini adventum
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diff changeset
3182 praeveniet, ita iste praecessit primum et cetera. Unde et Angelus
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diff changeset
3183 dixit: <i>ipse praecedet ante ipsum</i> et cetera. Secundo quantum
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diff changeset
3184 ad vivendi modum: quia Elias in desertis morabatur, parco utebatur
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diff changeset
3185 cibo et duris vestibus operiebatur, ut dicitur III Reg. XIX, 3 ss.
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diff changeset
3186 et IV Reg. I, 8. Et Ioannes in desertis erat, cibus eius locustae
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diff changeset
3187 et mel silvestre, et zona eius de pilis camelorum. Tertio quantum
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diff changeset
3188 ad zelum: quia maximi zeli fuit; unde dicebat III Reg. XIX, 10:
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diff changeset
3189 <i>zelo zelatus sum pro domino</i>. Sic et Ioannes zelo veritatis
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diff changeset
3190 mortuus est, ut patet Matth. XIV, v. 6 ss. Consequenter cum dicit
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diff changeset
3191 <i>propheta es tu?</i> Ponitur tertia quaestio. Ubi primo
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diff changeset
3192 quaeritur. Cum dicatur Lc. I, v. 76: <i>tu puer propheta altissimi
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diff changeset
3193 vocaberis</i> etc. quid est quod Ioannes interrogatus si esset
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diff changeset
3194 propheta, respondit se non esse prophetam? Ad quod tripliciter
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diff changeset
3195 respondetur. Uno modo quod Ioannes non est propheta simpliciter,
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diff changeset
3196 sed plusquam propheta. Alii namque prophetae solum futura
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diff changeset
3197 praedicebant a remotis; Hab. II, 3: <i>si moram fecerit, expecta
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diff changeset
3198 illum</i>; Ioannes vero Christum praesentem annuntiavit, quasi
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diff changeset
3199 digito ostendens; infra: <i>ecce agnus Dei</i>. Et ideo, Matth. XI,
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diff changeset
3200 9, dominus dicit eum esse plus quam prophetam. Item alio modo,
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diff changeset
3201 secundum Origenem, quia Iudaei ex malo intellectu tres excellentes
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diff changeset
3202 personas futuras credebant circa adventum Christi, scilicet ipsum
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diff changeset
3203 Christum, Eliam et quemdam alium maximum prophetam, de quo Deut.
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diff changeset
3204 XVIII, 15: <i>prophetam suscitabit nobis dominus</i> et cetera. Et
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diff changeset
3205 licet hic maximus propheta, secundum veritatem, non sit alius quam
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diff changeset
3206 Christus, tamen secundum Iudaeos alius est a Christo; et ideo non
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diff changeset
3207 quaerunt simpliciter utrum sit propheta, sed an sit ille propheta
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3208 maximus. Quod quidem ex ordine quaestionis apparet. Nam primo,
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diff changeset
3209 quaerunt an sit Christus; secundo, an sit Elias; tertio, an sit
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3210 propheta ille. Et ideo in Graeco ponitur hic articulus, ut dicatur
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diff changeset
3211 ly propheta, quasi anthonomastice dictum. Tertio modo quia
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3212 Pharisaei movebantur contra Ioannem, quod sibi baptizandi officium
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3213 praeter ordinem legis et traditionem eorum assumpsisset. De tribus
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diff changeset
3214 autem habetur in veteri testamento quibus competere poterat
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3215 baptizare, scilicet de Christo; Ez. XXXVI, 25, ex persona Christi
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3216 dicitur: <i>effundam super vos aquam mundam</i> et cetera. Item de
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3217 Elia, de quo dicitur IV Reg. II, 8, quod divisit aquas Iordanis, et
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3218 transiens raptus est. Item de Eliseo, qui Naaman Syrum lavari fecit
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3219 septies in Iordane, ut lavaretur a lepra: ut dicitur IV Reg. c. V,
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3220 9. Videntes ergo Iudaei Ioannem baptizare, credebant eum aliquem
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3221 istorum esse, scilicet Christum, vel Eliam, vel Eliseum; et ideo
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3222 cum dicunt hic <i>propheta es tu?</i> Interrogant an sit Eliseus.
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diff changeset
3223 Et dicitur singulariter propheta, propter multa miracula quae
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3224 fecerat; unde et ipse dicit IV Reg. V, 8: <i>sciat prophetam esse
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diff changeset
3225 in Israel</i>. Et secundum hoc respondet <i>non sum</i>, scilicet
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3226 Eliseus. Consequenter cum dicit <i>dixerunt ergo ei, quis es?</i>
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3227 Ostendit quomodo confessus est se esse quod erat, et primo ponitur
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diff changeset
3228 interrogatio nuntiorum; secundo responsio, ibi <i>ego vox clamantis
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diff changeset
3229 in deserto</i>. Dixerunt ergo: <i>quis es tu ut responsum demus his
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diff changeset
3230 qui miserunt nos?</i> Quasi dicant: ad hoc missi sumus, ut sciamus
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diff changeset
3231 quis es; ideo dicas nobis <i>quid dicis de te ipso? Sed attende
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diff changeset
3232 Ioannis devotionem: iam implevit</i> quod apostolus dicit, Gal. II,
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diff changeset
3233 20, <i>vivo ego, iam non ego, vivit vero in me Christus</i>. Et
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diff changeset
3234 ideo non respondet: ego sum filius Zachariae, vel talis, et talis;
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diff changeset
3235 sed solum illud in quo Christum sequebatur. Unde dicit: <i>ego vox
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diff changeset
3236 clamantis in deserto</i>. Dicit autem se vocem esse, quia vox
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diff changeset
3237 origine posterior est verbo, sed notitia prior. Nam verbum in corde
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diff changeset
3238 conceptum, per vocem prolatam cognoscimus, cum sit signum eius.
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diff changeset
3239 Deus autem pater praecursorem misit Ioannem in tempore factum, ut
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diff changeset
3240 verbum suum ab aeterno conceptum annuntiaretur; et ideo congrue
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diff changeset
3241 dicit <i>ego vox</i>. Quod autem addit <i>clamantis</i>, potest
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diff changeset
3242 intelligi dupliciter, ut scilicet sit vel Ioannis in deserto
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diff changeset
3243 clamantis et praedicantis, vel Christi clamantis in ipso, secundum
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diff changeset
3244 illud II Cor. ult., 3: <i>an experimentum eius quaeritis qui in me
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diff changeset
3245 loquitur Christus?</i> Clamat autem propter quatuor. Primo namque
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diff changeset
3246 clamor manifestationem importat; et ideo ut ostendat quod Christus
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diff changeset
3247 in Ioanne et in se manifeste loquebatur, clamat; infra VII, 37:
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diff changeset
3248 <i>in novissimo die magno festivitatis stabat Iesus, et clamabat
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diff changeset
3249 dicens: si quis sitit, veniat ad me et bibat</i>. In prophetis
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diff changeset
3250 autem non clamavit, quia prophetiae in aenigmate et figuris datae
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diff changeset
3251 sunt; unde in Ps. XVII, 12 dicitur: <i>tenebrosa aqua in nubibus
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diff changeset
3252 aeris</i>. Secundo quia clamor fit ad distantes; Iudaei autem
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diff changeset
3253 elongati erant a Deo, ideo necesse erat quod clamaret. Ps. LXXXVII,
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diff changeset
3254 19: <i>elongasti a me amicum et proximum</i>. Tertio clamat, quia
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diff changeset
3255 surdi erant. Is. XLII, 19: <i>quis surdus, nisi servus meus?</i>
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diff changeset
3256 Quarto clamat, quia cum indignatione loquitur, quia ipsi iram Dei
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diff changeset
3257 meruerunt. Ps. II, 5: <i>loquetur ad eos in ira sua</i> et cetera.
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diff changeset
3258 Sed attende quod clamat <i>in deserto</i>, quia, Lc. III, 2,
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diff changeset
3259 <i>factum est verbum domini super Ioannem Zachariae filium in
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diff changeset
3260 deserto</i>. Et potest esse huiusmodi ratio et litteralis et
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diff changeset
3261 mystica. Litteralis quidem, ut in deserto manens, immunis esset ab
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diff changeset
3262 omni peccato, ut sic dignior esset Christo testimonium ferre, et ex
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diff changeset
3263 vita sua testimonium suum credibilius esset hominibus. Mystica
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diff changeset
3264 autem causa duplex est. Nam per desertum gentilitas designatur,
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diff changeset
3265 iuxta illud Is. c. LIV, 1: <i>multi filii desertae, magis quam eius
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diff changeset
3266 quae habet virum</i>. Ut ergo ostenderet quod doctrina Dei de
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diff changeset
3267 cetero non debet esse in Ierusalem tantum, sed in gentibus,
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diff changeset
3268 clamavit in deserto. Matth. XXI, 43: <i>auferetur a vobis regnum
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diff changeset
3269 Dei, et dabitur genti facienti fructus eius</i>. Item, per desertum
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diff changeset
3270 intelligitur Iudaea, quae iam deserta erat; Matth. c. XXIII, 38:
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diff changeset
3271 <i>ecce relinquetur vobis domus vestra deserta</i>. Clamavit ergo
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diff changeset
3272 <i>in deserto</i>, idest est in Iudaea, ut per hoc daretur
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diff changeset
3273 intelligi, quod populus cui praedicabat, iam desertus erat a Deo;
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diff changeset
3274 Ps. LXII, 3: <i>in terra deserta et invia et inaquosa sic in sancto
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diff changeset
3275 apparui tibi</i>. Sed quid clamat? <i>Dirigite viam domini</i>:
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diff changeset
3276 quia ad hoc missus fuit; Lc. I, 76: <i>tu puer propheta altissimi
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diff changeset
3277 vocaberis, praeibis enim ante faciem domini parare vias eius</i>.
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diff changeset
3278 Via autem ad recipiendum Deum parata et recta, est via iustitiae,
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diff changeset
3279 secundum illud Is. c. XXVI, 7: <i>semita iusti recta est</i> et
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diff changeset
3280 cetera. Tunc enim semita iusti est recta quando homo totus
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diff changeset
3281 subiicitur Deo, ut scilicet intellectus per fidem, voluntas per
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diff changeset
3282 amorem, operatio per obedientiam Deo subdantur. Et hoc, <i>sicut
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diff changeset
3283 dicit Isaias propheta</i>; idest, sicut praedixit. Quasi dicat: ego
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diff changeset
3284 sum ille in quo ista complentur.</p>
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diff changeset
3285 <br />
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diff changeset
3286 <div class="D">Lectio 13</div>
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diff changeset
3287 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 13"><a name="87431"><span class=
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diff changeset
3288 "ref">[87431] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 13</span></a> Supra Ioannes
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diff changeset
3289 interrogatus perhibuit testimonium Christo de seipso quantum ad
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diff changeset
3290 personam; hic vero quantum ad officium. Et circa hoc ponuntur
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diff changeset
3291 quatuor. Primo interrogantes; secundo interrogatio, ibi <i>et
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diff changeset
3292 interrogaverunt eum</i>; tertio responsio, in qua testimonium
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diff changeset
3293 perhibuit, ibi <i>respondit eis Ioannes</i> et cetera. Quarto locus
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diff changeset
3294 ubi haec facta sunt, ibi <i>haec in Bethania facta sunt</i>.
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diff changeset
3295 Interrogantes autem sunt Pharisaei. Unde dicit <i>et qui missi
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diff changeset
3296 fuerant, erant ex Pharisaeis</i>. Et quidem, secundum Origenem,
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diff changeset
3297 quod dicitur ex hoc loco, ad aliud testimonium pertinet: et isti
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diff changeset
3298 qui missi sunt ex Pharisaeis, non sunt iidem cum sacerdotibus et
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diff changeset
3299 Levitis, qui missi sunt a Iudaeorum universitate, sed alii
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diff changeset
3300 specialiter missi a Pharisaeis. Et secundum hoc dicitur: <i>et qui
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diff changeset
3301 missi sunt</i>, non a Iudaeis scilicet, sicut fuerunt sacerdotes et
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diff changeset
3302 Levitae, sed alii <i>erant ex Pharisaeis</i>. Et ideo dicit quod,
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diff changeset
3303 quia sacerdotes et Levitae disciplinati erant et reverentes,
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diff changeset
3304 humiliter et cum reverentia Ioannem interrogant de eius dignitate,
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diff changeset
3305 utrum scilicet Christus esset, an Elias, an propheta; isti vero,
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diff changeset
3306 qui ex Pharisaeis erant, secundum nomen suum divisi et importuni,
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diff changeset
3307 contumeliosas voces praetendunt Baptistae, unde <i>dixerunt ei:
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diff changeset
3308 quid ergo baptizas, si tu non es Christus, neque Elias, neque
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diff changeset
3309 propheta?</i> Secundum alios vero, Gregorium scilicet, Chrysostomum
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diff changeset
3310 et Augustinum, isti qui ex Pharisaeis, sunt illi iidem qui missi
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diff changeset
3311 fuerant a Iudaeis sacerdotes et Levitae. Quaedam enim secta erat
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diff changeset
3312 inter Iudaeos, qui propter exteriorem cultum divisi erant ab aliis:
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diff changeset
3313 unde et Pharisaei, idest divisi vocabantur; in qua quidem erant
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diff changeset
3314 aliqui de sacerdotibus et Levitis, et aliqui de populo. Ut ergo
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diff changeset
3315 nuntii maioris auctoritatis essent, miserunt sacerdotes et Levitas,
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diff changeset
3316 qui erant ex Pharisaeis, ut eis nec sacerdotalis ordinis dignitas,
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diff changeset
3317 nec religionis deesset auctoritas. Ideo autem Evangelista addit hoc
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diff changeset
3318 quod dicitur <i>et qui missi fuerant, erant ex Pharisaeis</i>, ut
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diff changeset
3319 primo quidem rationem quaestionis Baptismi Ioannis, pro qua missi
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diff changeset
3320 non fuerunt, assignet; quasi dicat: missi fuerunt, ut interrogarent
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diff changeset
3321 a Ioanne quis esset. Sed quod quaerunt <i>quid ergo baptizas?</i>
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diff changeset
3322 Fecerunt, quia erant ex Pharisaeis, quibus eorum religio ausum
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diff changeset
3323 praebebat. Secundo, ut dicit Gregorius, ut ostendat qua intentione
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diff changeset
3324 quaesierunt a Ioanne <i>tu quis es?</i> Pharisaei enim inter omnes
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diff changeset
3325 alios insidiose, et calumniose se habebant ad Christum. Unde ipsi
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diff changeset
3326 dixerunt ei, Matth. XII, 24: <i>in Beelzebub principe Daemoniorum
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diff changeset
3327 Daemonia eiicit</i>. Ipsi etiam inierunt cum Herodianis consilium,
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diff changeset
3328 <i>ut caperent Iesum in sermone</i>. Matth. XXII, 15. Et ideo per
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diff changeset
3329 hoc quod dicit <i>qui missi fuerant, erant ex Pharisaeis</i>,
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diff changeset
3330 ostendit, quod calumniose se habebant, et ex invidia eum
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diff changeset
3331 interrogaverunt. Interrogatio autem est de officio baptizandi, unde
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diff changeset
3332 dicitur <i>et interrogaverunt eum, et dixerunt ei: quid ergo
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3333 baptizas?</i> et cetera. Unde notandum est, quod non quaerunt ut
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3334 sciant, sed ut impediant. Quia enim videbant multitudinem populi ad
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diff changeset
3335 Ioannem currere, propter novum ritum baptizandi, et extraneum a
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diff changeset
3336 ritu Pharisaeorum et legis, invidebant Ioanni, et conabantur pro
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diff changeset
3337 posse impedire Baptismum eius; et ideo, se continere non valentes,
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diff changeset
3338 suam manifestant invidiam, et dicunt <i>quid ergo baptizas, si tu
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diff changeset
3339 non es Christus, neque Elias, neque propheta?</i> Quasi dicant: non
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diff changeset
3340 debes baptizare, ex quo negas te esse aliquem illorum trium in
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diff changeset
3341 quibus praefiguratus est Baptismus, ut dictum est supra. Scilicet,
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diff changeset
3342 <i>si tu non es Christus</i>, qui habiturus est fontem in
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diff changeset
3343 ablutionem peccati; et si non es Elias, sive propheta, idest
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diff changeset
3344 Eliseus, qui sicco vestigio Iordanem transiverunt, ut dicitur IV
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diff changeset
3345 Reg. II, 8, quomodo audes baptizare? Similes istis sunt invidi,
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diff changeset
3346 animarum profectum impedientes, <i>qui dicunt videntibus: nolite
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diff changeset
3347 videre</i> etc.: Is. XXX, 10. Responsio autem est vera: unde dicit
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diff changeset
3348 <i>respondit eis Ioannes, dicens: ego baptizo in aqua</i>. Quasi
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diff changeset
3349 dicat: non debetis mirari, si ego, qui non sum Christus, nec Elias,
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diff changeset
3350 nec propheta, baptizo: quia Baptismus meus non est completivus, sed
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diff changeset
3351 imperfectus. Nam ad perfectionem Baptismi exigitur lotio corporis
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diff changeset
3352 et animae; et corpus quidem secundum naturam lavatur aqua, anima
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diff changeset
3353 vero non nisi spiritu. Unde <i>ego baptizo in aqua</i>, idest,
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diff changeset
3354 corpore lavo corpus; veniet autem alius, qui perfecte baptizabit,
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diff changeset
3355 scilicet in aqua et spiritu sancto; Deus et homo, qui et corpus
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diff changeset
3356 aqua et spiritum spiritu lavabit, ita quod sanctificatio spiritus
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diff changeset
3357 derivabitur ad corpus. Act. I, 5: <i>Ioannes quidem baptizavit
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diff changeset
3358 aqua, vos autem baptizabimini spiritu sancto non post multos hos
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diff changeset
3359 dies</i>. Testimonium autem perhibet de Christo, cum dicit
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diff changeset
3360 <i>medius autem vestrum stetit</i> etc., et primo per comparationem
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diff changeset
3361 ad Iudaeos; secundo per comparationem ad seipsum, ibi <i>ipse est
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diff changeset
3362 qui post me venturus est</i>. Ad Iudaeos autem comparat eum, dicens
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diff changeset
3363 <i>medius autem vestrum stetit</i>; quasi dicat: ego imperfectum
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diff changeset
3364 opus feci; sed est alius qui perficiet opus meum, qui <i>medius
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diff changeset
3365 vestrum stetit</i>. Quod quidem exponitur multipliciter. Uno
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diff changeset
3366 siquidem modo, secundum Gregorium, Chrysostomum et Augustinum, ut
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3367 referatur ad communem Christi conversationem inter homines, quia,
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3368 secundum naturam humanam, aliis hominibus similis apparuit; Phil.
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3369 II, 6: <i>qui cum in forma Dei esset, non rapinam arbitratus est
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diff changeset
3370 esse se aequalem Deo; sed semetipsum exinanivit formam servi
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3371 accipiens, in similitudinem hominum factus, et habitu inventus ut
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diff changeset
3372 homo</i>. Et secundum hoc dicit <i>medius vestrum stetit</i>, idest
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diff changeset
3373 multoties conversatus est quasi unus ex vobis; Lc. XXII, v. 27:
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diff changeset
3374 <i>ego in medio vestrum sum. Quem vos nescitis</i>, idest, hoc quod
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3375 Deus factus est homo, capere non potestis. Item, <i>nescitis</i>
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3376 quam magnus sit secundum naturam divinam, quae in eo latebat; Iob
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diff changeset
3377 XXXVI, 26: <i>ecce dominus magnus vincens scientiam vestram</i>. Et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3378 ideo, ut Augustinus dicit, <i>accensa est lucerna</i>, scilicet
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3379 Ioannes, <i>ut inveniatur Christus</i>. Ps. CXXXI, 17: <i>paravi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3380 lucernam Christo meo</i>. Alio modo exponitur, secundum Origenem,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3381 et hoc dupliciter. Primo ut referatur ad Christi divinitatem; et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3382 secundum hoc <i>medius vestrum</i>, idest in medio omnium rerum,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3383 <i>stetit</i>, scilicet Christus: quia ipse secundum quod verbum a
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3384 principio creaturae implevit universam creaturam. Ier. XXIII, 24:
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3385 <i>caelum et terram ego impleo. Quem tamen vos nescitis</i>, quia,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3386 ut dicitur supra, <i>in mundo erat (...) et mundus eum non
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3387 cognovit</i>. Alio modo ut referatur ad causalitatem humanae
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3388 sapientiae, et dicatur <i>medius vestrum stetit</i>; idest, in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3389 intellectu omnium relucet: quia quicquid lucis et sapientiae est in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3390 hominibus, provenit eis ex participatione verbi. Et dicit <i>in
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3391 medio</i>, quia in medio hominis corporaliter est cor, cui
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3392 attribuitur quaedam sapientia et intellectus: unde, licet
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3393 intellectus non habeat organum corporale, tamen quia cor est
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3394 principale organum, consuevit accipi pro intellectu; unde in medio
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3395 stare dicitur secundum hanc similitudinem, inquantum <i>illuminat
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3396 omnem hominem venientem in hunc mundum. Quem</i> tamen <i>vos
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3397 nescitis</i>; quia, ut dicitur supra, <i>lux in tenebris lucet, et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3398 tenebrae eam non comprehenderunt</i>. Quarto modo exponitur ut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3399 referatur ad propheticam Christi praenuntiationem, ut sic
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diff changeset
3400 respondeatur principaliter Pharisaeis, qui continue Scripturas
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3401 veteris testamenti, in quibus praenuntiabatur Christus,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3402 inquirebant, et tamen eum non cognoscebant. Et secundum hoc dicitur
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diff changeset
3403 <i>medius vestrum stetit</i>; idest, in sacra Scriptura, quam vos
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3404 semper revolvitis; infra V, 39: <i>scrutamini Scripturas. Quem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3405 tamen vos nescitis</i>, quia cor vestrum induratum est propter
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3406 infidelitatem et oculi vestri excaecati sunt, ut non agnoscatis
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3407 praesentem, quem creditis futurum. Comparat autem Christum ad se
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3408 Ioannes, cum dicit <i>ipse est qui post me venturus est</i>. Ubi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3409 primo ponit excellentiam Christi ad seipsum; secundo vero
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3410 excellentiae immensitatem ostendit, ibi <i>cuius non sum dignus ut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3411 solvam corrigiam calceamenti</i>. Excellentiam autem Christi ad
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3412 seipsum ostendit et quantum ad ordinem praedicationis, et quantum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3413 ad ordinem dignitatis. Quantum quidem ad ordinem praedicationis,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3414 Ioannes primo innotuit. Et ideo dicit <i>ipse est qui post me
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3415 venit</i>, ad praedicandum, baptizandum et moriendum; quia, ut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3416 dicitur Lc. I, 76, <i>praeibis ante faciem domini, parare vias
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3417 eius</i>. Sed Ioannes quidem praecessit Christum, sicut imperfectum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3418 perfectum, et sicut dispositio formam; sicut dicitur I Cor. c. XV,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3419 46: <i>non prius quod spirituale, sed quod animale</i>. Nam tota
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3420 vita Ioannis fuit quoddam praeparatorium ad Christum; unde dixit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3421 supra <i>ego vox clamantis in deserto</i>. Sed Christus praecessit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3422 Ioannem et nos omnes, sicut perfectum imperfectum, et sicut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3423 exemplar exemplatum. Matth. XVI, 24: <i>si quis vult venire post
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3424 me, abneget semetipsum, et tollat crucem suam, et sequatur me</i>;
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3425 I Pet. c. II, 21: <i>Christus passus est pro nobis, vobis
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3426 relinquens exemplum</i>. Quantum vero ad ordinem dignitatis, cum
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diff changeset
3427 dicit <i>qui ante me factus est</i>, idest, mihi praelatus est, et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3428 dignitate praepositus; quia, ut dicit infra III, 30, <i>me oportet
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3429 minui, illum autem crescere</i>. Immensitatem autem excellentiae
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3430 assignat cum dicit <i>cuius ego non sum dignus ut solvam eius
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3431 corrigiam calceamenti</i>. Quasi dicat: non intelligatis ipsum mihi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3432 in dignitate praepositum sicut unus homo praefertur alteri, sed tam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3433 excellenter, quod nihil sum in comparatione ad ipsum. Et hoc patet,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3434 quia <i>non sum dignus ut solvam corrigiam calceamenti eius</i>:
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3435 quod est minimum obsequium quod hominibus fieri potest. Ex quo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3436 patet quod Ioannes multum accesserat ad Dei cognitionem, inquantum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3437 ex consideratione infinitae magnitudinis Dei se totaliter
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3438 vilipendebat, et nihil se esse dicebat. Sicut Abraham, cum Deum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3439 cognovisset, dicebat, Gen. XVIII, 27: <i>loquar ad dominum meum,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3440 cum sim pulvis et cinis</i>. Sic Iob c. XLII, 5, cum dominum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3441 vidisset, dixit: <i>nunc oculus meus videt te; idcirco ipse me
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3442 reprehendo, et ago poenitentiam in favilla et cinere</i>. Sic Is.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3443 XL, 17, postquam vidit gloriam Dei dixit: <i>omnes gentes quasi non
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3444 sint, sic sunt coram eo</i>. Et haec quidem expositio est
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3445 litteralis. Exponitur autem et mystice. Uno modo secundum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3446 Gregorium, ut per calceamentum, quod fit de pellibus mortuorum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3447 animalium, intelligatur humana natura mortalis, quam Christus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3448 assumpsit; Ps. LIX, 10: <i>in Idumaea extendam calceamentum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3449 meum</i> et cetera. Corrigia autem calceamenti eius, est ipsa unio
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3450 divinitatis et humanitatis, quam nec Ioannes, nec aliquis, potest
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3451 solvere nec potuit plene investigare, cum talis esset quod hominem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3452 faceret Deum, et Deum hominem. Et ideo dicit <i>cuius non sum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3453 dignus ut solvam corrigiam calceamenti</i>; idest, ut explicem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3454 mysterium incarnationis et cetera. Intelligendum est plene et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3455 perfecte: nam quoquo modo et Ioannes et alii praedicatores, licet
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3456 imperfecte, solvunt corrigiam calceamenti. Alio modo exponitur,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3457 quia in veteri lege praeceptum erat, Deut. XXV, 5-10 quod quando
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3458 aliquis moriebatur sine liberis, frater defuncti uxorem defuncti
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3459 recipere tenebatur, et ex ea semen fratri suo suscitare; quod si
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3460 nollet eam in uxorem recipere, tunc aliquis propinquus defuncti eam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3461 recipere volens, debebat eum discalceare in signum huius cessionis,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3462 et illam in uxorem recipere, et domus eius debebat vocari domus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3463 discalceati. Secundum hoc ergo dicit <i>cuius non sum dignus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3464 corrigiam calceamenti solvere</i>; idest, non sum dignus habere
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3465 sponsam, quae sibi debetur, Ecclesiam. Quasi dicat: non sum dignus
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3466 ut vocer sponsus Ecclesiae, quae consecratur Christo in Baptismo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3467 spiritus; ego autem baptizo in aqua tantum. Infra III, 29: <i>qui
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3468 habet sponsam, sponsus est</i> et cetera. Locus autem, ubi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3469 praedicta facta sunt, subditur consequenter, cum dicit <i>haec in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3470 Bethania facta sunt trans Iordanem</i>. Sed circa hoc primo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3471 consurgit quaestio. Cum Bethania sit in monte oliveti quod est
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3472 iuxta Ierusalem, sicut dicitur Io. XI, 1 et Matth. XXVI, 6 quomodo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3473 dicit quod facta sunt trans Iordanem, qui multum distabat ab
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3474 Ierusalem? Sed dicendum, secundum Origenem et Chrysostomum, quod
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3475 non debet dici Bethania, sed Bethabora, quae est quaedam villa
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3476 ultra Iordanem: et hoc quod dicit Bethania, corruptum est vitio
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3477 scriptorum. Sed quia tam libri Graeci quam Latini habent Bethania,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3478 ideo dicendum est aliter, quod est duplex Bethania: una quae est
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3479 prope Ierusalem in latere montis oliveti, alia trans Iordanem, ubi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3480 erat Ioannes baptizans. Quod autem mentionem facit de loco, habet
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3481 rationem litteralem et mysticam. Litteralem quidem secundum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3482 Chrysostomum, quia Ioannes scribebat Evangelium istud viventibus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3483 forte aliquibus qui et tempus quo ista facta sunt, et locum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3484 viderunt, et ideo quasi ad maiorem certitudinem illos testes facit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3485 illorum quae viderant. Mysticam vero, quia haec loca conveniunt
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3486 Baptismo. Nam, si dicatur Bethania, quae domus obedientiae
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3487 interpretatur, significat quod necesse est per obedientiam fidei ad
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3488 Baptismum pervenire; Rom. I, 5: <i>ad obediendum fidei in omnibus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3489 gentibus</i>. Si vero dicatur Bethabora, quae interpretatur domus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3490 praeparationis, significat quod per Baptismum praeparatur homo ad
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3491 vitam aeternam. Nec vacat mysterio quod trans Iordanem sit.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3492 Iordanis enim interpretatur descensus eorum; et, secundum Origenem,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3493 significat Christum, qui descendit de caelis, ut dicit ipse:
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diff changeset
3494 <i>descendi de caelo, ut facerem voluntatem patris mei</i>. Unde
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3495 dicitur Eccli. XXIV, 41: <i>ego quasi fluvius Dorix</i>. Per ipsum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3496 autem omnes ingredientes in hunc mundum, mundari convenit, secundum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3497 illud Apoc. I, 5: <i>lavit nos a peccatis nostris in sanguine
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3498 suo</i>. Convenienter etiam Iordanis Baptismum significat. Ipse
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3499 enim confinium est inter illos qui acceperunt sortes hereditatis a
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3500 Moyse ex una parte Iordanis, et illos qui acceperunt a Iosue ex
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3501 alia; et ita Baptismus quasi quoddam confinium est inter Iudaeos et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3502 gentiles, qui proficiscuntur illuc, ut se lavent ad Christum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3503 venientes, ut opprobrium peccati deponant. Sicut enim filios Israel
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3504 terram promissionis intrantes oportuit transire Iordanem, ita et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3505 per Baptismum oportet patriam caelestem intrare. Dicit autem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3506 <i>trans Iordanem</i>, ut insinuet quod etiam transgressoribus et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3507 peccatoribus Baptismum poenitentiae praedicabat Ioannes; unde et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3508 dominus, Matth. c. IX, 13: <i>non veni vocare iustos, sed
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diff changeset
3509 peccatores</i>.</p>
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3510 <br />
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3511 <div class="D">Lectio 14</div>
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diff changeset
3512 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 14"><a name="87432"><span class=
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diff changeset
3513 "ref">[87432] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 14</span></a> Supra Ioannes
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diff changeset
3514 perhibuit testimonium Christo interrogatus; hic vero perhibet aliud
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3515 testimonium Christo spontaneus. Et primo quidem fert ipsum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3516 testimonium; secundo testimonium latum confirmat, ibi <i>et
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diff changeset
3517 testimonium perhibuit Ioannes</i>. Circa primum autem primo quidem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3518 describuntur circumstantiae testimonii; secundo ponitur ipsum
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diff changeset
3519 testimonium, ibi <i>ecce agnus Dei</i>; tertio excluditur suspicio
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diff changeset
3520 testis, ibi <i>et ego nesciebam eum</i>. Describuntur autem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3521 circumstantiae. Una quidem ex parte temporis. Unde dicit <i>altera
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3522 die</i>: in quo quidem commendatur Ioannis constantia, quia non uno
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diff changeset
3523 die, non semel tantum, sed pluribus diebus et multoties Christo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3524 testimonium perhibebat. Ps. CXLIV, 2: <i>per singulos dies
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3525 benedicam tibi</i>. Commendatur etiam eius profectus: quia non
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3526 debet nobis succedere una dies sicut alia; sed quae succedit debet
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3527 esse altera, idest melior; iuxta illud Ps. LXXXIII, 8: <i>ibunt de
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3528 virtute in virtutem</i>. Alia circumstantia ponitur ex parte modi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3529 testificandi, quia <i>vidit Ioannes Iesum</i>: in quo insinuatur
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3530 certitudo. Nam testimonium de visu certissimum est. Alia vero
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3531 circumstantia ponitur ex parte eius cui testimonium perhibetur.
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diff changeset
3532 Unde dicit <i>Iesum ad se venientem</i>, scilicet de Galilaea, ut
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diff changeset
3533 dicitur Matth. III, 13: <i>venit Iesus a Galilaea</i>. Nec tamen
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3534 intelligendum est de adventu quo venit ad Baptismum, de quo ibi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3535 loquitur Matthaeus, sed de alio adventu quo iam baptizatus, et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3536 circa Iordanem aliquamdiu commoratus, venit ad Ioannem, alias non
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3537 dixisset: <i>super quem videris spiritum descendentem et manentem
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diff changeset
3538 super eum, hic est qui baptizat in spiritu sancto. Et ego vidi</i>
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3539 et cetera. Iam ergo viderat eum, et spiritum super eum descendentem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3540 quasi columbam etc., ut infra dicit. Huius autem Christi ad Ioannem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3541 adventus post Baptismum una causa fuit ut testimonium Ioannis
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3542 certificaretur. Dixerat enim Ioannes de Christo: <i>ipse est qui
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3543 post me venturus est</i>: nam aliquis posset errare in cognitione
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3544 venturi, cum adesset; venit ad Ioannem, ab eo digito ostendendus,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3545 dicente Ioanne <i>ecce agnus Dei</i> et cetera. Alia ratio ut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3546 excluderet errorem. Posset enim aliquis credere quod Christus prima
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3547 vice, cum venit ad Baptismum, venerit ad Ioannem sicut a peccatis
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3548 purgandus. Christus ergo, ut hoc excluderet, venit etiam ad eum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3549 post Baptismum. Unde signanter dicit Ioannes <i>ecce qui
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3550 tollit</i>. Peccatum nullum fecit, sed venit peccatum tollere.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3551 Venit etiam ut praeberet humilitatis exemplum: quia, ut dicitur
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3552 Eccli. III, 20, <i>quanto maior es, humilia te in omnibus</i>. Et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3553 advertendum, quod sicut Christo iam concepto, quando virgo mater
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3554 ascendit in montana cum festinatione, Elisabeth matrem Ioannis
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diff changeset
3555 visere, Ioannes in utero matris existens, nec loqui valens,
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diff changeset
3556 reverentiam Christo et tripudium faciens, exultavit in utero; ita
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diff changeset
3557 et nunc, Christo ex humilitate ad eum venienti testimonium et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3558 reverentiam praebet, et in vocem prorumpit, dicens <i>ecce agnus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3559 Dei</i> et cetera. Ubi testimonium Ioannis ponitur: in quo quidem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3560 ostendit virtutem Christi, et dignitatem eius, ibi <i>hic est de
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3561 quo dixi</i>. Virtutem quidem ostendit dupliciter. Primo proponendo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3562 figuram; secundo exponendo eam, ibi <i>ecce qui tollit peccata
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3563 mundi</i>. Circa primum sciendum est, quod, sicut dicit Origenes,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3564 in veteri lege consueverunt quinque animalia offerri in templo:
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3565 tria de terrestribus, scilicet vitulus, capra et ovis, sed ovium
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3566 quidem aries, ovis et agnus; de volatilibus vero duo, turtur
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diff changeset
3567 scilicet, et columba: quae quidem omnia praefigurativa fuerunt veri
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3568 sacrificii, quod est Christus, qui <i>semetipsum obtulit oblationem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3569 Deo</i>, ut dicitur Eph. V, 2. Quare ergo Baptista Christo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3570 testimonium perhibens, agnum specialiter nominavit? Huius ratio
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3571 est, quia sicut dicitur Num. XXVIII, v. 3 s., licet alia fierent
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3572 sacrificia in templo ceteris temporibus, unum tamen erat
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3573 quotidianum, in quo iugiter unus agnus mane, et alius vespere
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3574 offerebatur; nec hoc mutabatur unquam, sed tamquam principale
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3575 observabatur, alia vero ex adiuncto. Et ideo per agnum, qui erat
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3576 principale sacrificium, significatur Christus, qui est principale
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3577 sacrificium. Nam licet omnes sancti, qui pro fide Christi passi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3578 sunt, prosint ad salutem fidelium, hoc tamen non habent nisi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3579 inquantum super oblationem agni, quasi oblatio adiuncta principali
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3580 sacrificio, immolantur. Offertur quidem mane et vespere, quia per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3581 Christum patet aditus ad intelligibilia divinorum contemplanda et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3582 fruenda, quod pertinet ad cognitionem matutinam; et instruimur
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3583 quomodo utamur terrenis absque inquinamento, quod pertinet ad
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3584 vespertinam. Et ideo dicit: <i>ecce agnus Dei</i>, etc., idest per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3585 agnum significatus. Dicit autem <i>Dei</i>, quia in Christo sunt
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3586 duae naturae, humana scilicet et divina. Et quod hoc sacrificium
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3587 esset virtuosum ad purgandum et sanctificandum a peccatis, habet ex
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3588 virtute divinitatis, inquantum scilicet <i>Deus erat in Christo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3589 mundum reconcilians sibi</i>, II Cor. V, v. 19. Vel dicitur
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3590 <i>agnus Dei</i>, quasi oblatus a Deo, scilicet ab ipso Christo,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3591 qui est Deus; sicut dicitur oblatio hominis, quam homo offert. Vel
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3592 dicitur <i>agnus Dei</i>, scilicet patris: quia ipse providit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3593 homini oblationem ad offerendum pro peccatis sufficientem, quam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3594 homo per se habere non potest. Unde Gen. c. XXII, 7, cum Isaac
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3595 quaereret ab Abraham: <i>ubi est victima holocausti?</i> Respondit:
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3596 <i>Deus providebit sibi victimam holocausti</i>. Rom. VIII, v. 32:
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3597 <i>proprio filio suo non pepercit Deus; sed pro nobis omnibus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3598 tradidit illum</i>. Dicitur autem Christus agnus primo propter
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3599 puritatem; Ex. XII, 5: <i>erit agnus anniculus</i> etc.; I Petr. I,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3600 18: <i>non corruptibilibus auro vel argento redempti estis</i>.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3601 Secundo propter mansuetudinem; Is. LIII, 7: <i>quasi agnus coram
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3602 tondente se obmutuit</i>. Tertio propter fructum, Prov. XXVII, 26:
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3603 <i>agni sunt tibi ad vestimentum tuum</i>. Et hoc quantum ad
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3604 indumentum, iuxta illud Rom. XIII, v. 14: <i>induimini dominum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3605 Iesum Christum</i>. Et quantum ad cibum, infra VI, 52: <i>caro mea
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3606 est pro mundi vita</i>. Et ideo dicebat Isaias, c. XVI, 1:
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3607 <i>emitte agnum, domine, dominatorem terrae</i>. Consequenter
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3608 propositam figuram exponit cum dicit <i>qui tollit peccata
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3609 mundi</i>, idest aufert; quod in lege nec per agnum, nec per alia
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3610 sacrificia auferri poterat, quia, ut dicitur Hebr. X, 6:
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3611 <i>impossibile est per sanguinem taurorum et hircorum auferri
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3612 peccata</i>. Sanguis iste <i>tollit</i>, idest aufert, <i>peccata
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3613 mundi</i>. Oseae ult., 3: <i>omnem aufert iniquitatem</i>. Vel
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3614 <i>tollit</i>, idest in se accipit, <i>peccata</i> totius
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diff changeset
3615 <i>mundi</i>; quia, ut dicitur I Petr. II, v. 24, <i>qui peccata
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3616 nostra pertulit in corpore suo</i>. Is. LIII, 4: <i>dolores nostros
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3617 ipse tulit, et languores nostros ipse portavit</i>. Dicit autem,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3618 secundum Glossam, <i>peccatum</i>, et non peccata, ut ostendat in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3619 universali, quod abstulit totum genus peccati; I Io. II, 2: <i>ipse
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3620 est propitiatio pro peccatis nostris</i>. Vel quia pro uno peccato,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3621 scilicet originali, mortuus; Rom. V, 12: <i>per unum hominem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3622 peccatum intravit in mundum</i> et cetera. Supra perhibuit Baptista
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3623 testimonium Christo quantum ad eius virtutem; hic vero perhibet
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3624 testimonium quantum ad eius dignitatem, comparans eum sibi
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3625 tripliciter. Et primo quantum ad officium et ordinem
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3626 praedicationis; unde dicit <i>hic</i>, scilicet agnus, digito eum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3627 demonstrans, <i>est</i> ille <i>de quo dixi</i>, scilicet in eius
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3628 absentia, <i>post me venit vir</i>, ad praedicandum et baptizandum,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3629 qui post me venit nascendo. Dicitur autem vir Christus ratione
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3630 perfectae aetatis: quia quando incepit docere post Baptismum, iam
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3631 erat in aetate perfecta; Lc. III, 23: <i>Iesus erat incipiens quasi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3632 annorum triginta</i>. Item, ratione perfectionis omnium virtutum
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3633 quae in eo fuerunt; Is. IV, 1: <i>apprehendent septem mulieres</i>,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3634 idest virtutes, <i>virum unum</i>, scilicet Christum perfectum.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3635 Zach. VI, 12: <i>ecce vir, oriens nomen eius</i>: quia ipse est
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3636 origo omnium virtutum in aliis. Item, ratione desponsationis; quia
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3637 ipse sponsus est Ecclesiae; Oseae II, 16: <i>vocabis me virum</i>
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3638 etc.; II Cor. XI, 2: <i>despondi vos uni viro</i>. Secundo quantum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3639 ad ordinem dignitatis, cum dicit <i>qui ante me factus est</i>.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3640 Quasi dicat: licet post me venerit ad praedicandum, tamen <i>ante
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3641 me</i> idest praelatus mihi factus est dignitate. Cant. II, 8:
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3642 <i>ecce iste venit saliens in montibus, transiliens colles</i>.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3643 Collis unus fuit Ioannes Baptista, quem Christus transilivit: quia,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3644 ut dicitur infra III, 30: <i>me oportet minui, illum autem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3645 crescere</i>. Tertio quantum ad ordinem durationis, cum dicit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3646 <i>quia prior me erat</i>. Quasi dicat: non mirum si praefertur
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3647 mihi dignitate, quia, etsi posterior sit tempore, est tamen prior
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3648 aeternitate <i>quia prior me erat</i>. Ex hoc autem duplex error
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3649 destruitur. Error Arii: quia non dicit prior me factus est ut sit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3650 creatura, sed <i>prior me erat</i>, ab aeterno ante omnem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3651 creaturam; Prov. VIII, 25: <i>ante omnes colles generavit me
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3652 dominus</i>. Item error Pauli Samosateni: quia dixit <i>prior me
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3653 erat</i>, ut ostendat, quod non ex Maria sumpserat exordium. Nam,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3654 si essendi principium sumpsisset ex virgine, non extitisset utique
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3655 prior praecursore, qui Christum in sex mensibus secundum
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3656 generationem praecedebat humanam. Consequenter cum dicit <i>et ego
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3657 nesciebam eum</i>, excludit falsam suspicionem a suo testimonio.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3658 Posset enim aliquis dicere, Ioannem testimonium perhibuisse Christo
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3659 propter affectionem specialis familiaritatis quam ad ipsum habebat;
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3660 et ideo hoc excludens Ioannes, dicit <i>ego nesciebam eum</i>: nam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3661 Ioannes in deserto a pueritia sua conversatus est. Licet autem
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3662 miracula multa facta sint in nativitate Christi, puta de magis et
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3663 de stella, et huiusmodi, tamen non erant nota Ioanni: tum quia
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3664 infans erat secundum aetatem, tum quia ad desertum secedens,
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3665 Christi familiaritatem non habuit. Medio vero tempore a nativitate
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3666 usque ad Baptismum, nullum miraculum Christus operatus est; sed
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3667 conformis conversatione aliis erat, et sua virtus ignota omnibus
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3668 existebat. Quod autem medio tempore non fuerit miracula operatus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3669 usque ad triginta annos, patet per hoc quod dicitur infra II, 11:
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3670 <i>hoc fecit initium signorum Iesus</i> et cetera. Ex quo apparet
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3671 falsitas libri de infantia salvatoris. Ideo autem non fecit
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3672 miracula medio tempore, ut non putaretur mysterium circumcisionis
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3673 et incarnationis phantasma esse, si non se habuisset aetate sicut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3674 alii infantes. Et ideo demonstrationem scientiae et virtutis suae
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3675 in aliud distulit tempus, in quo alii homines scientia et virtute
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3676 vigere consueverunt. Iuxta quod dicitur Lc. II, 52: <i>puer autem
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3677 proficiebat gratia et sapientia</i>; non quod ipse virtutem et
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ht
parents: 30
diff changeset
3678 sapientiam ante non habitam susciperet, cum in eis fuerit ab
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3679 instanti suae conceptionis perfectus, sed quia virtus eius et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3680 sapientia magis innotescebat hominibus. Is. c. XLV, 15: <i>vere tu
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3681 es Deus absconditus</i>. Ideo ergo Ioannes nesciebat eum, quia
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3682 nulla signa adhuc de eo viderat, neque aliis per signa innotuerat.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3683 Unde subdit <i>sed ut manifestetur in Israel, propterea ego veni in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3684 aqua baptizans</i>. Quasi dicat: totum ministerium meum est ad
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3685 manifestationem. Supra, <i>non erat ille lux, sed ut testimonium
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3686 perhiberet de lumine</i>. Dicit autem <i>veni in aquam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3687 baptizans</i>, ad differentiam Baptismi Christi. Quia Christus non
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3688 in aqua solum baptizavit, sed in spiritu, conferens gratiam; unde
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3689 et Baptismus Ioannis fuit significativum tantum, non effectivum.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3690 Manifestavit autem Baptismus Ioannis Christum tripliciter. Primo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3691 scilicet per Ioannis praedicationem. Licet enim Ioannes etiam sine
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3692 Baptismo potuisset praedicando parare viam domino, et inducere
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3693 turbas ad Christum, tamen propter novitatem officii plures ad eum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3694 concurrebant quam si sine Baptismo praedicatio facta esset. Secundo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3695 profuit Baptismus Ioannis propter Christi humilitatem, quam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3696 demonstravit, baptizari volens a Ioanne; Matth. III, 13: <i>venit
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3697 Christus ad Ioannem ut baptizaretur ab eo</i>. In quo quidem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3698 exemplum humilitatis praebuit, ut scilicet nullus, quantumcumque
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3699 magnus, dedignetur a quocumque ad hoc ordinato, sacramenta
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3700 suscipere. Tertio, quia Christo baptizato a Ioanne, affuit virtus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3701 patris in voce, et spiritus sanctus in columba, per quam virtus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3702 Christi et dignitas magis manifestata fuit. Lc. III, 22: <i>et vox
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3703 patris intonuit: hic est filius meus dilectus</i>. Consequenter cum
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diff changeset
3704 dicit <i>et testimonium perhibuit Ioannes</i> ipse magna quae
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diff changeset
3705 testatus est de Christo quod totius orbis terrarum solus peccata
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diff changeset
3706 tolleret, confirmat auctoritate Dei. Et circa hoc tria facit. Primo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3707 proponit visionem; secundo praebet de intellectu visionis
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3708 instructionem, ibi <i>et ego nesciebam eum</i>; tertio suam ex ipsa
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3709 visione conceptionem ostendit, ibi <i>et ego vidi, et testimonium
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3710 perhibui</i>. Visionem quidem proponit cum dicit <i>vidi spiritum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3711 descendentem quasi columbam de caelo</i>. Quod quidem quando factum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3712 fuerit, Ioannes Evangelista non refert; sed Matthaeus et Lucas
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3713 dicunt hoc factum fuisse quando Christus baptizatus est a Ioanne.
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diff changeset
3714 Et quidem congruebat quod spiritus sanctus adesset baptizato et
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diff changeset
3715 Baptismo. Baptizato namque congruebat, quia sicut filius existens a
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3716 patre, manifestat patrem infra XVII, 6: <i>pater, manifestavi nomen
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3717 tuum</i> etc., ita et spiritus sanctus a filio existens, filium
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3718 manifestat. Infra XVI, 14: <i>ille me clarificabit, quia de meo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3719 accipiet</i> et cetera. Baptismo autem congruit, quia Baptisma
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3720 Christi est inchoativum et consecrativum nostri Baptismatis.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3721 Nostrum autem Baptisma consecratur per invocationem sanctae
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diff changeset
3722 Trinitatis; Matth. ult., 19: <i>baptizantes eos in nomine patris,
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diff changeset
3723 et filii, et spiritus sancti</i> et cetera. Quod ergo nos invocamus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3724 in Baptismo nostro, affuit Baptismo Christi, scilicet pater in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3725 voce, spiritus sanctus in columba, filius in humana natura. Dicit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3726 autem <i>descendentem</i>, quia cum descensus duos terminos habeat,
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diff changeset
3727 scilicet principium sursum et terminum deorsum, quantum ad utrumque
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3728 convenit Baptismo. Est enim duplex spiritus, unus mundi et alius
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diff changeset
3729 Dei. Et spiritus quidem mundi est amor mundi, qui non est desursum,
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diff changeset
3730 sed ab inferiori ascendit in hominem, et eum descendere facit;
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3731 spiritus autem Dei, scilicet Dei amor, desursum descendit ad
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3732 hominem, et eum ascendere facit. I Cor. II, 12: <i>nos autem non
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3733 spiritum huius mundi accepimus, sed spiritum Dei</i>. Quia ergo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3734 ille spiritus de supernis est, ideo dicit <i>descendentem</i>.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3735 Similiter etiam, quia impossibile est creaturam recipere Dei
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3736 bonitatem in tanta plenitudine, secundum quod convenit Deo, ideo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3737 bonitatis ipsius ad nos derivatio, est quasi quidam descensus; Iac.
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diff changeset
3738 I, 17: <i>omne datum optimum, et omne donum perfectum desursum est,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3739 descendens a patre luminum</i>. Sed quia spiritus sanctus in sua
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diff changeset
3740 natura videri non potest, ut dicitur infra III, 8: <i>spiritus ubi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3741 vult spirat, et nescis unde veniat, aut quo vadat</i>, spiritus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3742 etiam non est descendere, sed ascendere. Ez. VIII, 3: <i>elevavit
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3743 me spiritus</i> et cetera. Ideo consequenter Evangelista modum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3744 visionis et descensus exponit, dicens, hic non fuisse in spiritu,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3745 idest natura sed in specie columbae, in qua apparuit: unde dicit
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diff changeset
3746 <i>quasi columbam</i>. Et hoc quidem congrue, ut scilicet filius
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3747 Dei per carnem visibilis factus, manifestaretur per spiritum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3748 sanctum visibili specie columbae. Quae quidem columba non est
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3749 assumpta a spiritu sancto in unitatem personae, sicut humana natura
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3750 assumpta est a filio Dei. Cuius ratio est, quia filius apparuit non
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3751 solum ut manifestator, sed ut salvator. Et ideo, secundum quod
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3752 dicit Leo Papa, oportuit quod esset Deus et homo: Deus quidem, ut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3753 afferret remedium; homo vero, ut praeberet exemplum. Spiritus vero
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3754 sanctus apparuit solum ad manifestandum, ad quod sufficiebat
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3755 speciem corporalem assumere solum ad significationem quamdam. Utrum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3756 autem columba illa fuerit verum animal, et utrum praeexistens
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3757 apparitioni: sciendum, quod rationabiliter dicitur illa fuisse vera
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3758 columba. Venit enim spiritus sanctus ad manifestandum Christum, qui
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3759 cum sit veritas, non nisi per veritatem manifestandus erat. Quantum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3760 vero ad secundum, dicendum, quod non praeextitit apparitioni; sed
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3761 tunc virtute divina absque commixtione maris et feminae formata
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3762 fuit, sicut et corpus Christi virtute spiritus sancti conceptum,
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diff changeset
3763 non ex virili semine. Et tamen fuit vera columba, quia, ut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3764 Augustinus dicit in libro de agone Christiano, omnipotenti Deo, qui
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3765 universam creaturam ex nihilo fabricavit, non erat difficile verum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3766 corpus columbae sine aliarum columbarum ministerio figurare, sicut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3767 non fuit difficile verum corpus in utero b. virginis sine naturali
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diff changeset
3768 semine fabricare. Cyprianus in libro de unitate Ecclesiae: idcirco
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diff changeset
3769 et in columba dicitur spiritus sanctus apparuisse, quia columba
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3770 simplex animal et innocens est, non felle amarum, non morsibus
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diff changeset
3771 ferum, non unguium laceratione violentum: hospitia humana diligere,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3772 unius domus consortium nosse, cum generat simul filios edere, cum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3773 conveniat volantibus invicem cohaerere, communi conversatione vitam
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diff changeset
3774 suam degere, oris osculo concordiam pacis agnoscere, legem circa
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diff changeset
3775 omnia unanimitatis implere. Quare autem potius in columba, quam in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3776 alia specie apparuit, multipliciter ratio assignatur. Primo quidem
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3777 propter columbae simplicitatem. Nam columba simplex est; Matth. X,
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diff changeset
3778 16: <i>estote prudentes sicut serpentes, et simplices sicut
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3779 columbae</i>. Spiritus autem sanctus, quia facit respicere unum,
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diff changeset
3780 scilicet Deum, simplices facit; et ideo in specie columbae apparet.
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diff changeset
3781 Et quidem, secundum Augustinum, apparuit etiam super discipulos
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3782 congregatos per ignem, quia quidam sunt simplices, sed tepidi;
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diff changeset
3783 quidam autem ferventes, sed malitiosi. Ut ergo spiritu sanctificati
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diff changeset
3784 dolo careant, spiritus in columbae specie demonstratur; et ne
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3785 simplicitas frigiditate tepescat, demonstratur in igne. Secundo,
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3786 propter caritatis unitatem. Nam columba amore multum fervet; Cant.
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diff changeset
3787 VI, 8: <i>una est columba mea</i>. Ut ergo ostendat Ecclesiae
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diff changeset
3788 unitatem, in specie columbae spiritus sanctus apparet. Nec te
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diff changeset
3789 moveat quod discipulis dispartitae linguae apparuerunt, quando
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diff changeset
3790 sedit supra singulos eorum spiritus sanctus, qui et dispartitus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3791 apparet, secundum diversa donorum officia, et tamen unit per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3792 caritatem; et sic propter primum apparuit in dispartitis linguis,
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diff changeset
3793 ut dicitur I Cor. XII, 4: <i>divisiones gratiarum sunt</i>, in
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diff changeset
3794 columbae specie propter secundum. Tertio, propter gemitum. Columba
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diff changeset
3795 enim habet gemitum pro cantu; sic spiritus sanctus <i>postulat pro
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diff changeset
3796 nobis gemitibus inenarrabilibus</i>, ut dicitur Rom. VIII, 26, et
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diff changeset
3797 Nahum II, 7: <i>ancillae eius mirabantur</i>. Quarto, propter
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3798 fecunditatem. Columba enim animal fecundissimum est, idcirco ad
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diff changeset
3799 designandum fecunditatem gratiae spiritualis in Ecclesia, in specie
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3800 columbae spiritus sanctus apparuit. Hic est quod Levit. V, 7
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3801 dominus pullos columbarum offerre praecepit. Quinto, propter
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3802 columbae cautelam. Sedet enim super rivos aquarum, in quibus
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diff changeset
3803 respiciens, falconem volitantem conspicit, et sibi ab eo cavet;
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diff changeset
3804 Cant. V, 12: <i>oculi tui sicut columbae</i> et cetera. Unde, quia
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diff changeset
3805 in Baptismo est nostra tutela et defensio, congrue in specie
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diff changeset
3806 columbae spiritus sanctus apparuit. Respondet igitur figurae
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diff changeset
3807 veteris testamenti. Sicut etenim columba deferens ramum virentis
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diff changeset
3808 olivae, ostendit signum clementiae Dei his qui residui fuerant ex
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diff changeset
3809 aquis diluvii; ita et in Baptismo veniens spiritus sanctus in
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diff changeset
3810 columbae specie, ostendit signum divinae clementiae, quae
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diff changeset
3811 baptizatis et peccata remittit, et gratiam confert. Dicit autem
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diff changeset
3812 <i>manentem super eum</i>, quia in mansione quies designatur. Et
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diff changeset
3813 quod spiritus sanctus in aliquo non quiescat, duplici de causa
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diff changeset
3814 contingit. Una est ex peccato. Omnes enim alii homines, praeter
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diff changeset
3815 Christum, vel sauciantur vulnere peccati mortalis, per quod
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diff changeset
3816 effugatur spiritus sanctus, vel obfuscantur macula veniali, per
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diff changeset
3817 quam aliqua operatio spiritus sancti impeditur. In Christo autem
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diff changeset
3818 neque mortale, nec veniale, nec originale peccatum fuit: unde nec
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diff changeset
3819 in eo fuit spiritus sanctus inquietatus; sed <i>super eum
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diff changeset
3820 mansit</i>, idest quievit. Alia causa: quia quantum ad gratias
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diff changeset
3821 gratis datas, non semper adest aliis sanctis potestas operandi.
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diff changeset
3822 Sicut non semper adest sanctis potestas operandi miracula, nec
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diff changeset
3823 prophetis spiritus prophetiae. Christus vero semper habuit
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diff changeset
3824 potestatem ad omnem operationem virtutum et gratiarum: et ideo ad
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diff changeset
3825 hoc designandum, <i>super eum mansit</i>. Unde hoc proprium signum
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diff changeset
3826 fuit agnoscendi Christum, ut dicitur in Glossa Is. XI, 2:
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diff changeset
3827 <i>requiescet super eum spiritus domini</i>. Quod intelligendum est
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diff changeset
3828 de Christo, inquantum est homo, secundum quod est minor patre et
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diff changeset
3829 spiritu sancto. Consequenter cum dicit <i>et ego nesciebam eum</i>,
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diff changeset
3830 instruit de intellectu visionis praedictae. Quidam enim haeretici,
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diff changeset
3831 scilicet Ebionitae, dicebant, Christum a principio nativitatis
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diff changeset
3832 suae, neque Christum fuisse, nec filium Dei, sed ex tunc filius Dei
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diff changeset
3833 et Christus esse incepit quando in Baptismo oleo spiritus sancti
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diff changeset
3834 unctus fuit. Sed hoc falsum, quia in ipsa hora nativitatis Angelus
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diff changeset
3835 dixit pastoribus, Lc. II, 11: <i>natus est vobis hodie salvator,
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diff changeset
3836 qui est Christus dominus in civitate David</i>. Ne ergo aliquis
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diff changeset
3837 crederet spiritum sanctum in Baptismo supra Christum descendisse,
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diff changeset
3838 quasi de novo Christus indigeret spiritu ad sui sanctificationem,
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diff changeset
3839 ideo causam sui descensus Baptista ostendit, dicens quod non
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diff changeset
3840 descendit propter sui necessitatem, sed propter nos, ut scilicet
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diff changeset
3841 gratia eius nobis manifestaretur. Et ideo dicit <i>ego nesciebam
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diff changeset
3842 eum. Sed ut manifestaretur in Israel, propterea veni ego in aqua
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diff changeset
3843 baptizans</i>. Sed hic oritur quaestio. Dicit enim <i>qui misit me
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diff changeset
3844 baptizare</i> etc., si dicatur quod pater misit eum, verum est;
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diff changeset
3845 similiter si dicatur quod filius, manifestius, cum dicatur quod et
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diff changeset
3846 pater et filius misit eum, quia Ioannes non est de illis de quibus
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diff changeset
3847 dicit Ierem. c. XXIII, 21: <i>non mittebam eos, et ipsi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3848 currebant</i>. Quomodo ergo dicit <i>ego nesciebam eum</i>, si
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diff changeset
3849 filius misit eum? Si dicatur, quod licet cognosceret eum secundum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3850 divinitatem, non tamen cognoscebat eum secundum humanitatem, nisi
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diff changeset
3851 postquam vidit spiritum descendentem super eum, contra: spiritus
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diff changeset
3852 enim sanctus descendit super Christum quando baptizatus est.
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diff changeset
3853 Ioannes autem cognovit Christum antequam baptizaretur, alias non
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diff changeset
3854 dixisset <i>ego debeo a te baptizari, et tu venis ad me?</i> Est
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diff changeset
3855 ergo dicendum, quod tripliciter potest ad hanc quaestionem
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diff changeset
3856 responderi. Uno modo, secundum Chrysostomum, ut referatur ad
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3857 cognitionem familiaritatis, ut sit sensus <i>ego nesciebam eum</i>,
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diff changeset
3858 scilicet familiariter. Et si obiiciatur, quod dicit Ioannes <i>ego
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diff changeset
3859 a te debeo baptizari</i> etc., dicitur quod ista duo sunt ad
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diff changeset
3860 diversa tempora referenda, ut hoc quod dicit <i>ego nesciebam
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3861 eum</i>, referatur ad tempus diu ante Baptismum, in quo nondum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3862 Christo familiaris erat; hoc vero quod dicit <i>ego a te debeo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3863 baptizari</i>, referatur ad tempus illud in quo baptizatus est
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diff changeset
3864 Christus, quando iam propter frequentem visitationem eius, Christus
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diff changeset
3865 familiaris erat. Alio modo, secundum Hieronymum, dicendum quod erat
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diff changeset
3866 Christus filius Dei et salvator mundi, et hoc quidem sciebat
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diff changeset
3867 Ioannes; sed nesciebat eum per Baptismum mundi salvatorem: et ideo
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diff changeset
3868 hoc quod nescivit addidit, scilicet quod <i>hic est qui baptizat in
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diff changeset
3869 spiritu sancto</i>. Sed melius dicendum est, secundum Augustinum,
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diff changeset
3870 quod aliquid scivit et aliquid nescivit, et hoc quod nescivit
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diff changeset
3871 addidit, scilicet quod potestatem baptizandi, quam potuit fidelibus
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diff changeset
3872 suis communicare, sibi soli retinuit. Et hoc est quod dicit <i>qui
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diff changeset
3873 misit me baptizare in aqua (...) hic est</i>, singulariter
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diff changeset
3874 scilicet, et solus, <i>qui baptizat in spiritu sancto</i>, et
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diff changeset
3875 nullus alius: quia hanc potestatem sibi soli retinuit. Notandum
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diff changeset
3876 autem, quod triplex potestas Christi attenditur in Baptismo. Una
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diff changeset
3877 est efficientiae, qua mundat interius animam a macula peccati; quam
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diff changeset
3878 quidem potestatem habet Christus inquantum est Deus, non autem
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diff changeset
3879 inquantum homo; et haec potestas nulli alii potest communicari.
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diff changeset
3880 Alia potestas est ministerii, quam quidem communicavit fidelibus;
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diff changeset
3881 Matth. ult., 19: <i>baptizantes eos in nomine patris, et filii, et
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diff changeset
3882 spiritus sancti</i>. Et ideo sacerdotes, ut ministri, potestatem
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diff changeset
3883 habent baptizandi; Christus autem, inquantum homo, minister
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diff changeset
3884 dicitur, ut apostolus dicit sed tamen caput est omnium ministrorum
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diff changeset
3885 Ecclesiae. Et quantum ad hoc habet singulariter potestatem
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diff changeset
3886 excellentiae in sacramentis: quae quidem excellentia apparet in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3887 quatuor. Primo in sacramentorum institutione: quia nullus homo
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3888 purus, nec etiam tota Ecclesia, posset sacramenta instituere, vel
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3889 sacramenta mutare, aut a sacramentis absolvere. Nam sacramenta
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3890 invisibilem gratiam conferunt ex eorum institutione; conferre autem
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diff changeset
3891 gratiam solius Dei est: et ideo solus qui est verus Deus potest
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3892 sacramenta instituere. Secundum est quantum ad meriti Christi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3893 efficaciam: nam ex merito passionis Christi sacramenta virtutem
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diff changeset
3894 habent; Rom. VI, 3: <i>quicumque baptizati sumus in Christo Iesu,
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diff changeset
3895 in morte ipsius baptizati sumus</i>. Tertium est quia Christus
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diff changeset
3896 potest conferre effectum Baptismi sine sacramento: quod solius
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diff changeset
3897 Christi est. Quarto quia aliquo tempore Baptismus conferebatur ad
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diff changeset
3898 invocationem nominis Christi; sed modo non ita fit. Quae quidem
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diff changeset
3899 quatuor nulli hominum communicavit; licet aliquid eorum communicare
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diff changeset
3900 potuisset, puta quod in nomine Petri, vel alicuius alterius,
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diff changeset
3901 conferretur Baptismus, et forte aliquid aliorum. Sed hoc ideo non
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diff changeset
3902 fuit factum ne fieret schisma in Ecclesia, si baptizati spem suam
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diff changeset
3903 ponerent in illis in quorum nominationem baptizarentur. Et ideo
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diff changeset
3904 didicit Ioannes per hoc quod spiritus sanctus descendit super eum,
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diff changeset
3905 quod Christus solus est qui sua virtute interius baptizat. Et forte
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diff changeset
3906 posset dici, quod cum dixit <i>ego a te debeo baptizari</i> etc.
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diff changeset
3907 cognovit eum per internam revelationem; sed cum vidit spiritum
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diff changeset
3908 sanctum descendentem super eum, cognovit eum per exterioris signi
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diff changeset
3909 manifestationem. Et ideo utrumque modum cognitionis tangit. Primum,
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diff changeset
3910 cum dicit <i>qui me misit baptizare, ille mihi dixit</i>, idest
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diff changeset
3911 interius revelavit. Secundum, quando addidit <i>super quem videris
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diff changeset
3912 spiritum descendentem (...) hic est qui baptizat</i>. Consequenter
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diff changeset
3913 ostendit quid Baptista ex hac visione intellexit, scilicet quod
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diff changeset
3914 Christus esset filius Dei; et hoc est quod dicit <i>et ego
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diff changeset
3915 vidi</i>, scilicet spiritum descendentem super eum, et
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diff changeset
3916 <i>testimonium perhibui, quia hic</i>, scilicet Christus, <i>est
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diff changeset
3917 filius Dei</i>, scilicet verus et naturalis. Filii enim adoptivi
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diff changeset
3918 patris fuerunt ad similitudinem filii Dei naturalis; Rom. VIII, 29:
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diff changeset
3919 <i>quos praescivit conformes fieri imaginis filii sui</i>. Ille
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diff changeset
3920 ergo debet filios Dei facere qui baptizat in spiritu sancto, per
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diff changeset
3921 quem filii adoptantur; Rom. VIII, 15: <i>non enim accepistis
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diff changeset
3922 spiritum servitutis (...) sed spiritum adoptionis</i> et cetera.
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diff changeset
3923 Quia ergo iste, scilicet Christus, est qui baptizat in spiritu
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diff changeset
3924 sancto, ideo recte concludit Baptista, quod est filius Dei verus et
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diff changeset
3925 purus. I Io. ult., 20: <i>ut simus in vero filio eius</i> et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3926 cetera. Sed si alii viderunt spiritum sanctum descendentem super
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diff changeset
3927 eum, quare non crediderunt? Respondeo, quia non erant dispositi ad
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3928 hoc, vel forte quia soli Baptistae visio illa demonstrata est.</p>
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diff changeset
3929 <br />
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diff changeset
3930 <div class="D">Lectio 15</div>
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diff changeset
3931 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 15"><a name="87433"><span class=
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diff changeset
3932 "ref">[87433] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 15</span></a> Supra Evangelista
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diff changeset
3933 posuit testimonia Baptistae ad turbas; hic consequenter ponit eius
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3934 testimonia ad discipulos Ioannis. Et primo ponitur testimonium;
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diff changeset
3935 secundo ostenditur testimonii fructus, ibi <i>et audierunt eum duo
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diff changeset
3936 discipuli loquentem</i> et cetera. Circa primum tria facit. Primo
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diff changeset
3937 describitur testis; secundo assignatur modus testificandi; tertio
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diff changeset
3938 ponitur eius testimonium. Sed testis describitur, cum dicit
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diff changeset
3939 <i>altera die iterum stabat Ioannes, et ex discipulis eius duo</i>.
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diff changeset
3940 In hoc autem quod dicit <i>stabat</i>, tria notantur circa Ioannem.
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diff changeset
3941 Scilicet doctrinae ipsius modus, qui differens fuit a modo
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diff changeset
3942 doctrinae Christi, et discipulorum eius. Christus enim circumeundo
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diff changeset
3943 docebat; unde dicitur, Matth. IV, 23, quod <i>circuibat Iesus totam
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diff changeset
3944 Galilaeam</i> et cetera. Similiter et apostoli discurrendo per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3945 mundum, docebant; Mc. ult., 15: <i>euntes in mundum universum,
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diff changeset
3946 praedicate Evangelium omni creaturae</i>. Sed Ioannes stando
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diff changeset
3947 docebat; unde dicitur <i>stabat Ioannes</i>, scilicet in uno loco
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diff changeset
3948 trans Iordanem, et instruebat de Christo omnes ad eum venientes.
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diff changeset
3949 Ratio autem quare Christus et eius discipuli discurrendo docebant,
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diff changeset
3950 est quia praedicatio Christi facta erat credibilis per miracula, et
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diff changeset
3951 ideo circuibant diversa loca, ut miracula et virtutes Christi
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3952 innotescerent. Praedicatio vero Ioannis non est confirmata
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diff changeset
3953 miraculis, unde dicitur infra X, 41: <i>Ioannes signum fecit
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diff changeset
3954 nullum</i>: sed merito et sanctitate vitae. Et ideo stabat in loco
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diff changeset
3955 uno, ut diversi ad eum confluerent, et per eius sanctitatem
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diff changeset
3956 ducerentur ad Christum. Similiter etiam si Ioannes sine miraculis
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diff changeset
3957 discurrisset ad praenuntiandum Christum, eius testimonium
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diff changeset
3958 incredibilius redderetur, cum videretur importune, et quasi
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diff changeset
3959 ingerendo se hoc facere. Secundo notatur Ioannis constantia in
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diff changeset
3960 veritate, quia Ioannes non fuit arundo vento agitata, sed firmus in
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diff changeset
3961 fide, secundum illud I Cor. X, 12: <i>qui se existimat stare videat
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diff changeset
3962 ne cadat</i>. Hab. II, 1: <i>super custodiam meam stabo</i>. Tertio
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diff changeset
3963 allegorice notatur, quod stare allegorice idem est quod deficere;
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diff changeset
3964 IV Reg. IV, 6: <i>stetitque oleum</i>, idest defecit. Stabat ergo
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diff changeset
3965 Ioannes veniente Christo, quia cum venit veritas, defecit figura.
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diff changeset
3966 Ioannes stat, quia lex transit. Modus autem testificandi ponitur
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diff changeset
3967 certus, quia cum aspectu. Unde dicit <i>et respiciens Iesum
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diff changeset
3968 ambulantem</i>. Ubi sciendum est, quod prophetae perhibuerunt
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3969 testimonium Christo, Act. X, 43: <i>huic omnes prophetae
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3970 testimonium perhibent</i>. Similiter et apostoli per mundum
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diff changeset
3971 discurrentes, Act. I, 8: <i>eritis mihi testes in Ierusalem, et in
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diff changeset
3972 omni Iudaea</i> et cetera. Sed tamen non per visum, neque de
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diff changeset
3973 praesente, sed de absente. Prophetae quidem ut de futuro, apostoli
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diff changeset
3974 vero ut de praeterito. Sed Ioannes, Christo sibi praesente et a se
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diff changeset
3975 viso, testimonium perhibuit: et ideo dicit <i>et respiciens</i>,
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diff changeset
3976 oculis corporis, et mentis, iuxta illud Ps. LXXXIII, 10: <i>respice
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diff changeset
3977 in faciem Christi tui</i>; Is. LII, 8: <i>oculo ad oculum
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diff changeset
3978 videbunt</i>. Sed dicit <i>ambulantem</i>, ut designet
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diff changeset
3979 incarnationis mysterium, per quod Dei verbum mutabilem naturam
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diff changeset
3980 assumpsit; infra XVI, 28: <i>exivi a patre, et veni in mundum</i>.
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diff changeset
3981 Consequenter ponitur testimonium, cum dicit <i>ecce agnus Dei</i>,
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diff changeset
3982 quod non solum est demonstrativum, sed admirativum virtutis ipsius;
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diff changeset
3983 Is. IX, 6: <i>vocabitur nomen eius admirabilis</i>. Et vere
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diff changeset
3984 admirabilis virtutis est iste agnus, qui occisus, leonem
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3985 interfecit: illum, inquam, leonem de quo dicitur I Petr. ult., 8:
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diff changeset
3986 <i>adversarius vester Diabolus, tamquam leo rugiens, circuit
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diff changeset
3987 quaerens quem devoret</i>. Et ideo ipse agnus leo vocari meruit
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diff changeset
3988 victor et gloriosus; Apoc. V, 5: <i>ecce vicit leo de tribu
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diff changeset
3989 Iuda</i>. Breviter autem testimonium profert, dicens <i>ecce agnus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3990 Dei</i>, tum quia discipuli quibus hoc testimonium perhibebat, ex
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3991 his quae audierant a Ioanne, iam satis instructi erant de Christo;
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diff changeset
3992 tum etiam quia per hoc satis intelligitur tota intentio Ioannis,
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diff changeset
3993 quae ad hoc solum erat ut eos ad Christum duceret. Nec dicit: ite
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diff changeset
3994 ad eum, ne videantur discipuli gratiam praestare Christo, si eum
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3995 sequerentur; sed commendat Christi gratiam, ut quasi in beneficium
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diff changeset
3996 sibi computent, si Christum sequuntur. Et ideo dicit <i>ecce agnus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3997 Dei</i>; idest, ecce in quo est gratia, et virtus purgativa
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parents: 30
diff changeset
3998 peccatorum: agnus enim offerebatur pro peccatis, ut dictum est.
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diff changeset
3999 Consequenter ponitur fructus testimonii, cum dicit <i>et audierunt
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diff changeset
4000 eum duo discipuli loquentem</i>, et primo ponitur fructus
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4001 proveniens ex testimonio Ioannis et discipulorum eius; secundo vero
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4002 ponitur fructus proveniens ex praedicatione Christi, ibi <i>in
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diff changeset
4003 crastinum autem voluit exire in Galilaeam</i>. Circa primum primo
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diff changeset
4004 ponitur fructus proveniens ex testimonio Ioannis; secundo fructus
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diff changeset
4005 proveniens ex praedicatione unius discipulorum eius, ibi <i>erat
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diff changeset
4006 autem Andreas frater Simonis Petri</i> et cetera. Circa primum duo
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diff changeset
4007 facit. Primo ponitur inchoatio huius fructus ex testimonio Ioannis
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diff changeset
4008 facta. Secundo ponitur consummatio facta per Christum, ibi
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diff changeset
4009 <i>conversus autem Iesus</i> et cetera. Dicit ergo primo <i>et
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diff changeset
4010 audierunt eum</i>, scilicet Ioannem, <i>duo discipuli</i>, qui
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diff changeset
4011 erant cum eo, <i>loquentem (ecce agnus Dei) et secuti sunt
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diff changeset
4012 Iesum</i>, ad litteram: euntes cum eo. Ubi quatuor, secundum
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diff changeset
4013 Chrysostomum, considerari possunt. Primo quia hoc quod Ioannes
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diff changeset
4014 loquitur et Christus tacet, et verbo Ioannis discipuli congregantur
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diff changeset
4015 ad Christum, competit mysterio: Christus enim est sponsus
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diff changeset
4016 Ecclesiae, Ioannes vero amicus et paranymphus sponsi. Officium
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diff changeset
4017 autem paranymphi est sponsam tradere sponso, et loquendo, pacta
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diff changeset
4018 tradere; sponsi autem est quasi prae verecundia tacere, et de
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diff changeset
4019 sponsa iam habita pro velle disponere. Sic ergo discipuli traduntur
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diff changeset
4020 a Ioanne Christo quasi desponsati per fidem. Ioannes loquitur,
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diff changeset
4021 Christus tacet; sed tamen susceptos diligenter instruxit. Secundo
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diff changeset
4022 vero quod cum Ioannes dignitatem Christi commendans dixit <i>ante
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diff changeset
4023 me factus est</i>, et quoniam <i>non sum dignus solvere corrigiam
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diff changeset
4024 calceamenti eius</i>, nullus conversus est; sed quando humilia de
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diff changeset
4025 Christo, et incarnationis mysterio locutus est, tunc secuti sunt
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diff changeset
4026 eum discipuli: quia humilia, et quae pro nobis passus est Christus,
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diff changeset
4027 magis movent nos; et ideo dicitur Cant. I, 2: <i>oleum effusum
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diff changeset
4028 nomen tuum</i>, idest misericordia, qua salutem omnium procurasti;
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diff changeset
4029 et ideo statim sequitur <i>adolescentulae dilexerunt te nimis</i>.
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diff changeset
4030 Tertio, quia verbum praedicationis est sicut semen cadens in
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diff changeset
4031 diversas terras: in una quidem fructificat, in alia non. Ita et
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diff changeset
4032 Ioannes cum praedicat, non omnes discipulos convertit ad Christum,
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diff changeset
4033 sed duos tantum, scilicet qui bene dispositi erant; alii vero e
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diff changeset
4034 contrario invidia moventur ad Christum: unde et quaestionem ei
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diff changeset
4035 movent, ut dicitur Matth. IX, 14. Quartum est quod discipuli
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diff changeset
4036 Ioannis audito eius testimonio de Christo, non statim ingesserunt
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diff changeset
4037 se ad loquendum cum eo ex abrupto, sed quasi studiosi cum quadam
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diff changeset
4038 verecundia singulariter loqui cum eo, et in secreto loco
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diff changeset
4039 studuerunt. Eccle. VIII, 6: <i>omni negotio tempus est, et
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diff changeset
4040 opportunitas</i>. Consequenter ponitur consummatio fructus, cum
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diff changeset
4041 dicit <i>conversus autem Iesus</i>. Quod enim Ioannes inchoavit,
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diff changeset
4042 consummatur per Christum, quia <i>neminem ad perfectum adduxit
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diff changeset
4043 lex</i>, ut habetur Hebr. VII, 19. Et circa hoc Christus duo facit:
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diff changeset
4044 primo enim examinavit discipulos sequentes; secundo eos instruxit,
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diff changeset
4045 ibi <i>dicit eis: venite, et videte</i>. Circa primum primo ponitur
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diff changeset
4046 Christi examinantis interrogatio; secundo discipulorum examinatorum
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diff changeset
4047 responsio, ibi <i>qui dixerunt ei: Rabbi, ubi habitas?</i> Dicit
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diff changeset
4048 ergo <i>conversus autem Iesus, et videns eos sequentes se, dixit
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diff changeset
4049 eis</i>. Et quidem per litteralem sensum intelligendum est quod
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diff changeset
4050 Christus eos praeibat, et hi duo discipuli eum sequentes, faciem
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diff changeset
4051 eius minime videbant: et ideo Christus ut daret eis fiduciam,
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diff changeset
4052 convertit se ad eos. In quo datur nobis intelligi, quod omnibus,
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diff changeset
4053 qui Christum sequi incipiunt puro corde, dat fiduciam vel spem
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diff changeset
4054 misericordiae; Sap. VI, 14: <i>praeoccupat eos qui se
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diff changeset
4055 concupiscunt</i>. Convertit autem se Iesus ad nos, ut videatur a
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diff changeset
4056 nobis: hoc erit in illa beata visione, quando ostendet nobis faciem
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diff changeset
4057 suam, ut dicitur in Ps. LXXIX, 4: <i>ostende nobis faciem tuam, et
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diff changeset
4058 salvi erimus</i>. Quamdiu enim in mundo isto sumus, videmus
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diff changeset
4059 posteriora eius, quia per effectus in eius cognitionem venimus;
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diff changeset
4060 unde dicitur Ex. XXXIII, 23: <i>posteriora mea videbis</i>. Item
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diff changeset
4061 convertit se ut opem suae misericordiae nobis impendat. Hoc petebat
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diff changeset
4062 Ps. LXXXIX, 13: <i>convertere, domine, aliquantulum</i> et cetera.
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diff changeset
4063 Quamdiu enim Christus opem suae miserationis non impendit, videtur
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diff changeset
4064 a nobis aversus. Conversus est ergo Iesus ad discipulos Ioannis eum
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diff changeset
4065 sequentes, ut faciem suam eis ostenderet, et gratiam eis
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diff changeset
4066 infunderet. Examinat autem eos specialiter de intentione.
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diff changeset
4067 Sequentium namque Christum non eadem intentio est: quidam enim eum
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diff changeset
4068 sequuntur propter bona temporalia; alii vero propter bona
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diff changeset
4069 spiritualia. Et ideo quid isti intendant, dominus quaerit, dicens
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diff changeset
4070 <i>quid quaeritis?</i> Non quidem ut discat, sed ut rectam
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diff changeset
4071 intentionem aperientes, magis familiares faciat, et ostendat eos
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diff changeset
4072 auditione dignos. Notandum autem, quod hoc est primum verbum quod
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diff changeset
4073 Christus in isto Evangelio loquitur. Et congrue, quia primum quod
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diff changeset
4074 quaerit Deus ab homine, est recta intentio. Et secundum Origenem,
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diff changeset
4075 post sex verba quae Ioannes dixerat, Christus septimum locutus est.
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diff changeset
4076 Primum namque Ioannes Baptista locutus est, quando testimonium
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diff changeset
4077 perhibens de Christo, clamabat dicens <i>hic est de quo dixi</i>.
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diff changeset
4078 Aliud quando dixit <i>non sum dignus solvere corrigiam calceamenti
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diff changeset
4079 eius</i>. Tertium quando dixit <i>ego baptizo in aqua, medius autem
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diff changeset
4080 vestrum stetit quem vos nescitis</i>. Quartum <i>ecce agnus
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diff changeset
4081 Dei</i>. Quintum <i>vidi spiritum descendentem quasi columbam</i>
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diff changeset
4082 et cetera. Sextum, cum hic dicit <i>ecce agnus Dei</i>. Et Christus
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diff changeset
4083 septimum loquitur, ut intelligas mystice, quod quies, quae
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diff changeset
4084 designatur per septimum diem, nobis est futura per Christum, et
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diff changeset
4085 quod in ipso est plenitudo septiformis gratiae spiritus sancti.
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diff changeset
4086 Consequenter respondent discipuli <i>qui dixerunt ei</i> et cetera.
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diff changeset
4087 Et quidem interrogati de uno, duo respondent. Primo quidem quare
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diff changeset
4088 Christum sequuntur, scilicet ut addiscant, unde et magistrum eum
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diff changeset
4089 vocant <i>Rabbi (quod dicitur interpretatum magister)</i> quasi
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diff changeset
4090 dicerent: quaerimus, ut nos doceas. Iam enim praecognoscebant quod
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diff changeset
4091 dicitur Matth. XXIII, 10, <i>unus est magister vester Christus</i>.
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diff changeset
4092 Secundo vero quod sequendo quaerunt, scilicet <i>ubi habitas?</i>
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diff changeset
4093 Et quidem litteraliter dici potest quod in veritate domum Christi
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diff changeset
4094 quaerebant. Propter enim mira et magna, quae a Ioanne de eo
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diff changeset
4095 audierant, nolebant eum perfunctorie interrogare, nec semel tantum,
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diff changeset
4096 sed frequenter et seriose; et ideo domum eius scire volebant, ut
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diff changeset
4097 frequenter ad eum accederent, iuxta consilium sapientis, Eccli. VI,
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diff changeset
4098 36: <i>si videris sensatum, evigila ad illum</i>, et Prov. c. VIII,
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diff changeset
4099 34: <i>beatus qui audit me, et vigilat ad fores meas quotidie</i>.
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diff changeset
4100 Allegorice autem in caelis est habitaculum Dei, secundum illud Ps.
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diff changeset
4101 CXXII, 1: <i>ad te levavi oculos meos qui habitas in caelis</i>.
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diff changeset
4102 Quaerunt ergo ubi Christus habitet, quia ad hoc debemus Christum
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diff changeset
4103 sequi ut per eum ducamur ad caelos, idest ad gloriam caelestem.
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diff changeset
4104 Moraliter autem interrogant <i>ubi habitas?</i> Quasi vellent
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diff changeset
4105 scire, quales debent esse homines qui digni sunt quod Christus
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diff changeset
4106 habitet in eis; de quo habitaculo dicitur Eph. II, 22:
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diff changeset
4107 <i>aedificamini in habitaculum Dei</i>, et Cant. I, v. 6: <i>indica
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diff changeset
4108 mihi, quem diligit anima mea, ubi pascas, ubi cubes in meridie</i>.
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diff changeset
4109 Consequenter cum dicit <i>venite, et videte</i>, ponitur instructio
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diff changeset
4110 discipulorum a Christo, et primo describitur ipsa instructio
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diff changeset
4111 discipulorum a Christo; secundo commendatur discipulorum obedientia
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diff changeset
4112 <i>venerunt, et viderunt</i>; tertio determinatur tempus <i>quia
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diff changeset
4113 hora erat quasi decima</i>. Dicit ergo primo <i>venite, et
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diff changeset
4114 videte</i>, scilicet ubi habitem. Sed hic est quaestio. Cum dominus
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diff changeset
4115 dicat, Matth. VIII, 20, <i>filius hominis non habet ubi caput suum
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diff changeset
4116 reclinet</i>, quare dicit <i>venite, et videte</i> ubi habito?
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diff changeset
4117 Respondeo dicendum, secundum Chrysostomum, quod per hoc quod dixit
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diff changeset
4118 dominus: <i>filius hominis non habet ubi caput suum reclinet</i>,
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diff changeset
4119 demonstravit quod non habuit proprium habitaculum, non quod in domo
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diff changeset
4120 alicuius alterius non maneret. Et ad hanc videndum istos invitabat,
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diff changeset
4121 dicens <i>venite, et videte</i>. Mystice autem dicit <i>venite, et
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diff changeset
4122 videte</i> quia habitatio Dei, sive gloriae, sive gratiae, agnosci
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diff changeset
4123 non potest nisi per experientiam: nam verbis explicari non potest;
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diff changeset
4124 Apoc. II, 17: <i>in calculo nomen novum</i> et cetera. Et ideo
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diff changeset
4125 dicit <i>venite, et videte. Venite</i>, credendo et operando, <i>et
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diff changeset
4126 videte</i>, experiendo et intelligendo. Notandum autem, quod
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diff changeset
4127 quatuor modis pervenitur ad hanc cognitionem. Primo per bonorum
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diff changeset
4128 operum actionem: unde dicit <i>venite</i>. Ps. XLI, 3: <i>quando
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diff changeset
4129 veniam, et apparebo ante faciem domini</i>. Secundo per mentis
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diff changeset
4130 quietem, seu vacationem; Ps. XLV, 11: <i>vacate, et videte</i>.
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diff changeset
4131 Tertio per divinae dulcedinis gustationem; Ps. XXXIII, 9:
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diff changeset
4132 <i>gustate, et videte, quoniam suavis est dominus</i>. Quarto per
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diff changeset
4133 operationem devotionis; Thren. III, v. 41: <i>levemus corda nostra
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diff changeset
4134 cum manibus orando</i> et cetera. Et ideo dicit dominus Lc. XXIV,
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diff changeset
4135 v. 39: <i>palpate, et videte</i> et cetera. Consequenter ponitur
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diff changeset
4136 discipulorum obedientia, quia statim sequitur <i>venerunt, et
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diff changeset
4137 viderunt</i>, quia veniendo viderunt, et videntes non deseruerunt,
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diff changeset
4138 unde dicitur <i>et manserunt ibi die illo</i> quia, ut dicitur
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diff changeset
4139 infra c. VI, 45, <i>omnis qui audit a patre, et didicit, venit ad
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diff changeset
4140 me</i>. Qui enim recedunt a Christo, non viderunt eum adhuc, sicut
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diff changeset
4141 videre oportet. Isti autem qui perfecte credendo, eum viderunt,
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diff changeset
4142 <i>manserunt ibi die illo</i>; audientes et videntes beatum diem,
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diff changeset
4143 beatam noctem duxerunt; III Reg. X, 8: <i>beati viri tui, et beati
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diff changeset
4144 servi tui, qui stant coram te semper</i>. Et ideo, ut dicit
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diff changeset
4145 Augustinus, <i>aedificemus et nosmetipsi in corde nostro, et
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diff changeset
4146 faciamus domum quo veniat ille, et doceat nos</i>. Et dicit <i>die
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diff changeset
4147 illo</i>, quia nox esse non potest ubi est lumen Christi, ubi est
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diff changeset
4148 sol iustitiae. Tempus autem determinatur consequenter, cum dicit
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diff changeset
4149 <i>hora autem erat quasi decima</i>. Quod quidem Evangelista
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diff changeset
4150 determinat, ut, secundum litteram, insinuet commendationem Christi,
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diff changeset
4151 et discipulorum. Hora enim decima est in occasu diei: ex quo et
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diff changeset
4152 Christus commendatur, qui tam studiosus erat ad docendum, quod nec
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diff changeset
4153 propter temporis tarditatem eos docere distulit, sed in hora decima
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diff changeset
4154 docuit eos; Eccle. XI, 6: <i>mane semina semen tuum, et vespere ne
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diff changeset
4155 cesset manus tua</i>. Similiter etiam commendatur et discipulorum
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diff changeset
4156 temperantia. Quia etiam hora decima qua consueverunt homines
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diff changeset
4157 comedisse et esse minus sobrii ad perceptionem sapientiae, ipsi et
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diff changeset
4158 sobrii et apti erant ad sapientiam audiendam, nec propter cibum,
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diff changeset
4159 aut vinum impediebantur. Nec mirum, quia discipuli eius fuerant,
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diff changeset
4160 scilicet Ioannis, cuius potus erat aqua, esca autem locusta et mel
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diff changeset
4161 silvestre. Secundum autem Augustinum, per horam decimam lex
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diff changeset
4162 signatur, quae in decem praeceptis data est. Erat ergo hora decima
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diff changeset
4163 quando isti venerunt, et manserunt cum Christo, et ab eo
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diff changeset
4164 erudiuntur, ut impleretur lex per Christum quae a Iudaeis impleri
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diff changeset
4165 non poterat. Et ideo etiam in ipsa hora vocatus est Rabbi, idest
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diff changeset
4166 magister. Consequenter cum dicit <i>erat autem Andreas frater
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diff changeset
4167 Simonis Petri</i> etc. ponitur fructus quem fecit discipulus
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diff changeset
4168 Ioannis conversus ad Christum. Et super hoc primo describitur
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diff changeset
4169 discipulus; secundo fructus ab ipso inchoatus, ibi <i>invenit hic
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diff changeset
4170 primum fratrem suum Simonem</i>; tertio ponitur consummatio fructus
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diff changeset
4171 facta per Christum, ibi <i>intuitus autem eum Iesus dixit</i>.
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diff changeset
4172 Describitur autem discipulus primo a nomine, cum dicit <i>erat
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diff changeset
4173 autem Andreas</i>, idest virilis. Ps. XXX, 25: <i>viriliter agite,
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diff changeset
4174 et confortetur cor vestrum</i>. Exprimit autem nomen, ut ostendatur
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diff changeset
4175 eius privilegium: tum quia prior conversus est ad fidem Christi
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diff changeset
4176 perfecte, tum etiam quia Christum praedicavit: unde sicut Stephanus
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diff changeset
4177 fuit primus martyr post Christum, ita et Andreas fuit primus
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diff changeset
4178 Christianus. Secundo describitur a cognatione, quia <i>frater
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diff changeset
4179 Simonis Petri</i>: quia iunior erat. Et hoc quidem est ad
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diff changeset
4180 commendationem suam, ut qui aetate posterior, fide efficiatur
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diff changeset
4181 primus. Tertio a disciplina, quia <i>unus ex duobus qui audierant a
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diff changeset
4182 Ioanne</i>. Et huius quidem nomen describitur ad ostendendum
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diff changeset
4183 Andreae privilegium quod insignis fuerit. Alterius enim nomen
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diff changeset
4184 tacetur: aut quia ille alius fuit Ioannes Evangelista, cuius
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diff changeset
4185 consuetudo est in suo Evangelio cum de eo agitur, nomen suum non
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diff changeset
4186 exprimere propter humilitatem; aut, secundum Chrysostomum, non fuit
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diff changeset
4187 aliquis insignis, nec fecit aliquid magnum: unde non fuisset
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diff changeset
4188 utilitas nomen eius ponere. Sic enim et Lucas, cap. X, nomina
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diff changeset
4189 septuaginta duorum discipulorum, quos dominus binos misit ante
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diff changeset
4190 faciem suam, non posuit, quia non erant solemnes personae et
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diff changeset
4191 insignes, sicut apostoli fuerunt. Aut, secundum Alcuinum, ille
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diff changeset
4192 discipulus fuit Philippus: et hoc patet, quia statim postquam
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diff changeset
4193 Evangelista prosecutus est de Andrea, prosequitur de Philippo,
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diff changeset
4194 dicens: <i>in crastinum autem voluit exire in Galilaeam, et invenit
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diff changeset
4195 Philippum</i> et cetera. Quarto commendatur a devotionis studio:
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diff changeset
4196 unde dicitur <i>et secuti fuerant eum</i>, idest Iesum. Iob XXIII,
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diff changeset
4197 11: <i>vestigia eius secutus est pes meus</i>. Fructus autem
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diff changeset
4198 inchoatus per Andream ponitur, cum dicit <i>invenit hic primum
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diff changeset
4199 Simonem fratrem suum</i>. Et primo insinuat apud quem fructum
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diff changeset
4200 fecit, scilicet apud fratrem suum, ut commendet suae conversionis
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diff changeset
4201 perfectionem: sicut enim Petrus dicit in itinerario Clementis,
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diff changeset
4202 evidens signum perfectae conversionis alicuius est, cum conversus,
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diff changeset
4203 quanto aliquis sibi est magis coniunctus, tanto magis satagit eum
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diff changeset
4204 convertere ad Christum. Et ideo Andreas perfecte conversus non
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diff changeset
4205 detinuit apud seipsum inventum thesaurum, sed festinat et currit
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diff changeset
4206 cito ad fratrem, traditurus ei bona quae suscepit. Et ideo dicit
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diff changeset
4207 <i>invenit hic</i>, scilicet Andreas, <i>primum</i>, idest primo
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diff changeset
4208 adverbialiter, <i>fratrem suum Simonem</i>, quem quaerebat, ut
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diff changeset
4209 sicut erat sanguine, ita faceret eum germanum fide. Prov. XVIII,
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diff changeset
4210 19: <i>frater qui adiuvatur a fratre quasi civitas firma</i>; Apoc.
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diff changeset
4211 ult., 17: <i>qui audit, dicat, veni</i>. Secundo ponit verba quae
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diff changeset
4212 dicit Andreas <i>invenimus Messiam (quod interpretatur
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diff changeset
4213 Christus)</i>; ubi, secundum Chrysostomum, tacite respondet cuidam
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diff changeset
4214 quaestioni. Scilicet, si quis eum interrogaret de quo instructi
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diff changeset
4215 fuissent a Christo, in promptu est responsio, scilicet quod per
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diff changeset
4216 testimonia Scripturae instruxit eum intantum quod cognosceret eum
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4217 esse Christum. Et ideo dicit <i>invenimus</i>. Per quod etiam
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diff changeset
4218 innuit quod diu cum desiderio eum quaesierat; Prov. III, 13:
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diff changeset
4219 <i>beatus homo qui invenit sapientiam. Messia</i> Hebraice, quod
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diff changeset
4220 Graece interpretatum est Christus, idest unctus Latine: quia
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diff changeset
4221 specialiter unctus est oleo invisibili, idest spiritus sancti. Ideo
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diff changeset
4222 signanter nomine isto manifestat eum: unde in Ps. XLIV, 8 dicitur:
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diff changeset
4223 <i>unxit te Deus tuus oleo laetitiae prae consortibus</i>, idest
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diff changeset
4224 prae omnibus sanctis: nam omnes sancti isto oleo unguntur; sed iste
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diff changeset
4225 singulariter unctus est, et singulariter sanctus. Ideo secundum
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diff changeset
4226 Chrysostomum, non dicit Messiam simpliciter, sed cum adiectione
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diff changeset
4227 articuli. Tertio ponit fructum quem fecit, quia <i>adduxit eum ad
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diff changeset
4228 Iesum</i>, scilicet Petrum. In quo Petri obedientia commendatur:
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diff changeset
4229 confestim enim occurrit, in hoc non tardans. Et Andreae devotionem
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diff changeset
4230 considera: quia duxit eum ad Iesum, non ad se (sciebat enim se
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diff changeset
4231 infirmum), et ideo eum ad Christum adducit, ut ipse eum instruat;
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diff changeset
4232 instruens simul per hoc, quod hic debet esse praedicatorum conatus
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diff changeset
4233 et studium, ut fructus praedicationis et studium non sibi
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diff changeset
4234 vindicent, seu ad utilitatem et honorem proprium convertant, sed ut
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4235 adducant ad Iesum, idest ad eius gloriam et honorem referant. II
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diff changeset
4236 Cor. IV, 5: <i>non enim praedicamus nosmetipsos, sed Iesum
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diff changeset
4237 Christum</i>. Consummatio autem huius fructus ponitur cum dicit
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4238 <i>intuitus autem eum Iesus dixit</i>, et cetera. Ubi Christus, ad
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diff changeset
4239 fidem divinitatis eum elevare volens, incipit quae divinitatis sunt
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diff changeset
4240 opera facere, occulta praedicans. Et primo quidem quantum ad
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diff changeset
4241 occulta praesentiae; unde <i>intuitus eum</i>, idest, statim cum
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diff changeset
4242 vidit eum virtute divinitatis, consideravit, et dixit ei nomen
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diff changeset
4243 suum: unde dicit <i>tu es Simon</i>. Nec mirum, quia, ut dicitur I
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diff changeset
4244 Reg. XVI, v. 7, <i>homines vident ea quae apparent, Deus autem
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diff changeset
4245 intuetur cor</i>. Congruit autem hoc nomen mysterio. Nam Simon
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diff changeset
4246 interpretatur obediens; ut insinuet quod obedientia necessaria est
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diff changeset
4247 ei qui conversus est ad Christum per fidem. Act. V, 32: <i>dat
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diff changeset
4248 spiritum sanctum obedientibus sibi</i>. Secundo vero quantum ad
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diff changeset
4249 occulta praeterita. Unde dicit <i>filius Ioanna</i>, quia hoc
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diff changeset
4250 nomine vocatus est pater suus, vel, secundum Matthaeum, filius
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diff changeset
4251 Iona, cum dicit <i>Simon Bariona</i>. Et utrumque congruit
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diff changeset
4252 mysterio. Ioanna enim interpretatur gratia, ut insinuet quod
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diff changeset
4253 homines per gratiam veniunt ad fidem Christi; Eph. II, 5: <i>gratia
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diff changeset
4254 salvati estis</i> et cetera. Iona vero interpretatur columba, ut
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diff changeset
4255 insinuet quod per spiritum sanctum, qui datus est nobis, firmamur
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diff changeset
4256 in amore Dei, ut dicitur Rom. V, 5: <i>caritas Dei diffusa est in
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diff changeset
4257 cordibus nostris</i>. Tertio vero quantum ad occulta futura; unde
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diff changeset
4258 dicit <i>tu vocaberis Cephas, quod interpretatur Petrus</i>, et in
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diff changeset
4259 Graeco caput. Et congruit mysterio, ut ille qui debet esse aliorum
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diff changeset
4260 caput et Christi vicarius, firmitati inhaereret. Matth. XVI, 18:
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4261 <i>tu es Petrus, et super hanc petram aedificabo Ecclesiam
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diff changeset
4262 meam</i>. Sed hic est quaestio litteralis. Et primo quare Christus
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diff changeset
4263 imposuit ei in principio suae conversionis nomen, et non voluit
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diff changeset
4264 quod a principio nativitatis suae hoc nomine vocaretur? Ad hoc
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diff changeset
4265 respondetur dupliciter. Secundum Chrysostomum, primo quidem quia
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diff changeset
4266 nomina divinitus imposita aliquam eminentiam gratiae spiritualis
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4267 designant. Quando autem Deus confert specialem gratiam alicui, ab
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diff changeset
4268 ipsa nativitate nomen gratiam illam significans imponitur; sicut
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diff changeset
4269 patet de Ioanne Baptista, qui ante a Deo est nominatus quam natus,
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diff changeset
4270 quia fuit sanctificatus in utero matris. Aliquando autem aliter
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diff changeset
4271 confertur eminentia gratiae specialis tempore procedenti; et talia
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diff changeset
4272 nomina divinitus imponuntur non a principio nativitatis, sed in
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diff changeset
4273 ipso processu temporis; sicut patet de Abraham et Sara, quibus
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diff changeset
4274 nomina mutata sunt quando promissionem multiplicandi germinis
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4275 acceperunt. Eodem modo et Petrus nominatur divinitus quando ad
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4276 fidem Christi, et gratiam apostolatus vocatur, et specialiter quia
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diff changeset
4277 constitutus est princeps apostolorum totius Ecclesiae; quod in
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4278 aliis apostolis non est factum. Secundum Augustinum autem, quia si
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diff changeset
4279 a principio fuisset nominatus Cephas, non apparuisset mysterium. Et
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diff changeset
4280 ideo voluit dominus quod tunc nomen haberet, ut mutatione nominis,
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diff changeset
4281 Ecclesiae mysterium appareret, quae in confessione fidei eius
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diff changeset
4282 fundata erat. Petrus enim a petra dicitur; petra autem erat
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diff changeset
4283 Christus. In Petri ergo nomine figurata est Ecclesia, quae supra
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diff changeset
4284 firmam petram immobilem, idest Christum, aedificata est. Secunda
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4285 quaestio est utrum hic fuerit impositum hoc nomen Simoni, an in
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diff changeset
4286 Matthaeo cum dicitur <i>tu es Petrus</i>. Et ad hoc respondet
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diff changeset
4287 Augustinus dicens, quod istud nomen hoc loco fuit Simoni impositum;
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diff changeset
4288 sed quod dicit ei dominus in Matth. <i>tu es Petrus</i> etc. non
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diff changeset
4289 est nominis impositio, sed impositi nominis commemoratio, ut quasi
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diff changeset
4290 utatur illo nomine tamquam iam imposito. Alii autem dicunt, quod
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diff changeset
4291 hoc nomen fuit impositum Simoni quando dominus dixit ei <i>tu es
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diff changeset
4292 Petrus, et super hanc petram aedificabo Ecclesiam meam</i>. Hic
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diff changeset
4293 vero non imponit ei hoc nomen, sed praesignat quod sit ei postmodum
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diff changeset
4294 imponendum. Tertia quaestio est de vocatione Petri et Andreae: quia
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diff changeset
4295 hic dicitur, quod fuerunt vocati iuxta Iordanem, quia fuerunt
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diff changeset
4296 discipuli Ioannis; et Matth. IV, 18 dicitur, quod Christus vocavit
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diff changeset
4297 eos iuxta mare Galilaeae. Et ad hoc dicendum, quod triplex fuit
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diff changeset
4298 vocatio apostolorum. Prima fuit ad cognitionem, seu familiaritatem,
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diff changeset
4299 et fidem; et de hac dicitur hic. Secunda fuit in officii
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diff changeset
4300 praesignatione, de qua habetur Lc. V, 10: <i>ex hoc eris homines
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diff changeset
4301 capiens</i>. Tertia fuit ad apostolatum, de qua dicitur Matth. IV,
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diff changeset
4302 18 s., quae fuit perfecta, quia postea non redierunt ad
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diff changeset
4303 propria.</p>
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diff changeset
4304 <br />
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diff changeset
4305 <div class="D">Lectio 16</div>
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4306 <p title="Super Io., cap. 1 l. 16"><a name="87434"><span class=
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diff changeset
4307 "ref">[87434] Super Io., cap. 1 l. 16</span></a> Posito fructu qui
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diff changeset
4308 provenit ex praedicatione Ioannis, et eius discipuli, consequenter
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diff changeset
4309 Evangelista manifestat fructum qui provenit ex praedicatione
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diff changeset
4310 Christi, et primo agit de conversione unius discipuli ad
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diff changeset
4311 praedicationem Christi; secundo de conversione aliorum ad
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diff changeset
4312 praedicationem discipuli ad Christum conversi, ibi <i>invenit
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diff changeset
4313 Philippus Nathanaelem</i> et cetera. Circa primum tria facit. Primo
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4314 ponitur discipuli vocandi occasio; secundo subditur ipsius
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diff changeset
4315 discipuli vocatio; tertio describitur vocati discipuli conditio,
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diff changeset
4316 ibi <i>erat autem Philippus a Bethsaida</i>. Occasio quidem
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4317 vocationis fuit exitus Iesu a Iudaea. Et ideo dicitur <i>in
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diff changeset
4318 crastinum</i> autem <i>voluit exire</i>, scilicet Iesus a Iudaea,
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diff changeset
4319 <i>in Galilaeam, et invenit Philippum</i>. Ratio autem exitus Iesu
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diff changeset
4320 in Galilaeam assignatur triplex: duae videlicet litterales, quarum
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diff changeset
4321 una est quia postquam baptizatus fuerat a Ioanne, volens honorem
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diff changeset
4322 deferre Baptistae, exivit in Galilaeam, a Iudaea recedens, ne sua
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diff changeset
4323 praesentia offuscaret, et minueret Ioannis magisterium, dum adhuc
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diff changeset
4324 statum haberet: docens nos honore invicem praevenire, ut dicitur
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diff changeset
4325 Rom. XII, 10. Secunda ratio est quia in Galilaea non sunt insignes
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diff changeset
4326 personae, infra VII, 52: <i>a Galilaea propheta non surgit</i> etc.
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diff changeset
4327 et ideo voluit exire illuc Iesus, et eligere inde principes orbis
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diff changeset
4328 terrae, qui sunt prophetis maiores, ut per hoc suam virtutem
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diff changeset
4329 ostendat. Ps. CVI, 35: <i>posuit desertum in stagna aquarum</i>.
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diff changeset
4330 Tertia ratio est mystica: quia Galilaea interpretatur
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4331 transmigratio. Voluit ergo exire a Iudaea in Galilaeam ut
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diff changeset
4332 insinuaret quod in crastinum, idest in die gratiae, scilicet
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diff changeset
4333 Evangelii, exiret a Iudaea in Galilaeam, idest ad gentes salvandas;
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diff changeset
4334 infra VII, 35: <i>numquid hic iturus est in dispersionem
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diff changeset
4335 gentium?</i> Vocatio ergo discipuli est ad sequendum; et ideo dicit
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diff changeset
4336 <i>invenit Philippum, et dicit ei: sequere me</i>. Et nota, quod
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diff changeset
4337 aliquando homo invenit Deum, sed quasi ignotum; Prov. VIII, 35:
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4338 <i>qui invenerit me, inveniet vitam, et hauriet salutem a
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diff changeset
4339 domino</i>. Aliquando Deus invenit hominem, sed ut eum manifestet,
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diff changeset
4340 et magnificet; Ps. LXXXVIII, 21: <i>inveni David servum meum</i>.
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diff changeset
4341 Et sic Christus invenit Philippum, ut eum ad fidem et gratiam
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4342 vocet: et ideo statim dicit <i>sequere me</i>. Quaestio est quare
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diff changeset
4343 Iesus a principio non vocavit discipulos. Ad quod respondet
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diff changeset
4344 Chrysostomus, quod noluit a principio aliquem vocare, antequam
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diff changeset
4345 aliquis spontaneus ei adhaereret per praedicationem Ioannis: quia
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diff changeset
4346 homines magis exemplo trahuntur quam verbis Ex. XXVI, <i>cortina
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diff changeset
4347 trahit cortinam</i>. Quaeritur etiam quare Philippus statim ad unum
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diff changeset
4348 verbum secutus est Christum, cum Andreas eum secutus fuerit audiens
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diff changeset
4349 a Ioanne de Christo, Petrus autem ab Andrea. Ad hoc est triplex
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diff changeset
4350 responsio. Una, quia Philippus iam instructus erat a Ioanne; quia,
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diff changeset
4351 secundum unam expositionem supra positam, ille alius, qui cum
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diff changeset
4352 Andrea secutus est Christum, erat Philippus. Alia ratio est quia
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diff changeset
4353 vox Christi virtutem quamdam habebat ut non solum exterius, sed
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diff changeset
4354 etiam interius cor moveret; Ier. XXIII, 29: <i>verba mea sunt quasi
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diff changeset
4355 ignis</i>. Non enim vox Christi solum exterioribus dicebatur, sed
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diff changeset
4356 fidelium interiora ad eius inflammabat amorem. Tertio, quia forte
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diff changeset
4357 Philippus iam de Christo fuerat instructus ab Andrea et Petro, quia
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diff changeset
4358 ex eadem villa erant; quod Evangelista videtur innuere per hoc quod
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diff changeset
4359 subdit <i>erat autem Philippus a Bethsaida civitate Andreae et
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diff changeset
4360 Petri</i>. In quo discipuli vocati conditio exprimitur: quia erat a
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diff changeset
4361 Bethsaida. Et sic congruit mysterio. Bethsaida enim domus venatorum
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diff changeset
4362 interpretatur: ut ostendat quales tunc animo erant Philippus,
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diff changeset
4363 Petrus et Andreas, et quod de domo venatorum, congrue venatores ad
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diff changeset
4364 capiendas animas ad vitam vocaret. Ier. XVI, 16: <i>mittam meos
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diff changeset
4365 venatores</i> et cetera. Consequenter ponitur fructus discipuli ad
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diff changeset
4366 Christum conversi, et primo ponitur inchoatio fructus facta a
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diff changeset
4367 discipulo; secundo consummatio facta per Christum, ibi <i>vidit
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diff changeset
4368 Iesus Nathanaelem</i>. Circa primum tria facit. Primo ponitur
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diff changeset
4369 Annuntiatio Philippi; secundo responsio Nathanaelis, ibi <i>et
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diff changeset
4370 dixit Nathanael</i>; tertio consequens admonitio Philippi, ibi
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4371 <i>dicit ei Philippus</i>. Circa primum attende, quod sicut Andreas
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diff changeset
4372 perfecte conversus studuit adducere fratrem suum ad Christum, ita
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diff changeset
4373 et Philippus fratrem suum Nathanaelem. Et ideo dicit <i>invenit
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diff changeset
4374 Philippus Nathanaelem</i>, quem forte quaerebat, sicut Andreas
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diff changeset
4375 Petrum quaesierat: quod fuit signum perfectae conversionis. <i>Et
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diff changeset
4376 dixit ei</i>. Nathanael interpretatur donum Dei; et quod aliquis ad
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diff changeset
4377 Christum convertatur, ex dono Dei est. Annuntiat autem ei omnes
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diff changeset
4378 prophetias et legem complementum habere, et desideria sanctorum
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diff changeset
4379 patrum non esse frustrata, sed esse verificata, et quod eorum
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diff changeset
4380 desideriis erat promissum a Deo, iam adimpletum esse. <i>Quem
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diff changeset
4381 scripsit Moyses in lege et prophetis, invenimus Iesum</i>; per quod
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diff changeset
4382 datur intelligi quod Nathanael erat satis peritus in lege, et quod
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diff changeset
4383 etiam Philippus iam instructus de Christo, voluit Nathanaelem ex
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diff changeset
4384 sibi notis, scilicet ex lege et prophetis, inducere ad Christum, et
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diff changeset
4385 ideo dicit <i>quem scripsit Moyses</i> et cetera. Moyses enim de
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diff changeset
4386 Christo scripsit; infra V, 46: <i>si crederetis Moysi, crederetis
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diff changeset
4387 forsitan et mihi: de me enim ille scripsit</i>. Similiter prophetae
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diff changeset
4388 de Christo scripserunt; Act. c. X, 43: <i>huic omnes prophetae
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diff changeset
4389 testimonium perhibent</i>. Etiam attende, quod tria dicit de
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diff changeset
4390 Christo Philippus, legi et prophetis consona. Primo quidem nomen;
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diff changeset
4391 unde dixit <i>invenimus Iesum</i>. Et hoc consonat prophetis: Is.
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diff changeset
4392 XIX, v. 20: <i>mittam eis salvatorem</i> etc.; Hab. ult., v. 18:
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diff changeset
4393 <i>exultabo in Deo Iesu meo</i>. Secundo vero genus, unde duxit
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diff changeset
4394 originem humanam cum dicit <i>filium Ioseph</i>, scilicet qui erat
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diff changeset
4395 de domo David et familia. Et quamvis ex eo Christus originem non
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diff changeset
4396 duxerit, tamen ex virgine duxit, quae erat de eadem progenie cum
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diff changeset
4397 Ioseph. Vocat autem <i>filium Ioseph</i>, quia eius filius
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diff changeset
4398 aestimabatur esse, cui scilicet desponsata erat mater eius. Unde
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diff changeset
4399 dicitur Lc. c. III, 23: <i>ut putabatur filius Ioseph</i>. Nec
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diff changeset
4400 mirum, si Philippus vocabat eum filium Ioseph, cum et mater eius
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diff changeset
4401 divinae incarnationis conscia, ipsum eius filium diceret; Lc. II,
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diff changeset
4402 48, <i>pater tuus, et ego dolentes quaerebamus te</i>. Et si quidem
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diff changeset
4403 aliquis filius alicuius vocatur, quia nutritur ab ipso, Ioseph
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diff changeset
4404 multo amplius pater Iesu dici poterat, licet secundum carnem pater
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4405 non esset: quia et eum nutriverat, et sponsus matris virginis erat.
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4406 Dicitur autem hic a Philippo non tamquam de commixtione Ioseph et
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diff changeset
4407 virginis natus esset, sed quia sciebat Christum de generatione
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diff changeset
4408 David nasciturum, de cuius domo et familia erat Ioseph, cui
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4409 desponsata erat Maria. Et hoc etiam consonat prophetis: Ierem.
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diff changeset
4410 XXIII, 5: <i>suscitabo David germen iustum</i> et cetera. Tertio
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diff changeset
4411 commemorat patriam, dicens <i>a Nazareth</i>: non quia in ea natus
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4412 esset, immo in Bethlehem, sed quia in ea erat nutritus. Quia enim
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4413 nativitas eius multis erat incognita, locus autem ubi nutritus
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4414 erat, cognitus erat multis, ideo Philippus Bethlehem tacuit, et
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4415 posuit Nazareth. Et hoc quidem consonat dictis prophetarum; nam,
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4416 Is. XI, 1: <i>egredietur virga de radice Iesse, et flos</i>, sive
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4417 Nazaraeus, secundum aliam litteram, <i>de radice eius ascendet</i>.
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4418 Consequenter cum dicit <i>et dixit ei Nathanael</i> etc. ponitur
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4419 responsio Nathanaelis: quod quidem potest legi et assertive et
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diff changeset
4420 interrogative; et utroque modo eiusmodi responsio congruit verbis
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4421 Philippi. Si enim, secundum quod Augustinus vult, legatur
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4422 assertive, est sensus: <i>a Nazareth potest aliquid boni esse</i>.
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4423 Idest, a civitate, tanti nominis, potest esse quod aliquid summae
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4424 gratiae nobis oriatur, seu aliquis doctor eximius, qui florem
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4425 virtutum et munditiam sanctitatis nobis praedicet. Nazareth enim
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4426 flos interpretatur. Ex quo datur intelligi quod Nathanael
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4427 doctissimus in lege, scrutatus Scripturas, praenoscebat quod de
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4428 Nazareth expectandus esset salvator, quod non facile alii Scribae
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4429 et Pharisaei noverant; et ideo, cum Philippus diceret <i>invenimus
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4430 Iesum a Nazareth</i>, erectus in spem, respondit: vere a Nazareth
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4431 potest esse et cetera. Si vero legatur, secundum Chrysostomum,
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4432 interrogative, tunc est sensus: <i>a Nazareth potest aliquid boni
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4433 esse?</i> Quasi dicat: omnia alia quae dicis credibilia videntur
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4434 esse, quia et nomen et genus prophetis consonat, sed hoc quod dicis
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4435 <i>a Nazareth</i>, non videtur possibile. Nathanael enim habuerat
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4436 per Scripturas, quod a Bethlehem oportet Christum venire, secundum
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diff changeset
4437 illud Matth. II, 6: <i>et tu, Bethlehem terra Iuda, nequaquam
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diff changeset
4438 minima es in principibus Iuda: ex te enim exiet dux qui regat
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diff changeset
4439 populum meum Israel</i>. Et ideo, non inveniens convenire
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4440 enunciationem Philippi cum prophetica praedicatione, prudenter et
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diff changeset
4441 mansuete de veritate dicti interrogat <i>a Nazareth potest aliquid
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4442 boni esse?</i> Consequenter ponitur admonitio Philippi: <i>dixit ei
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4443 Philippus: veni et vide</i>; quae quidem admonitio utrique
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diff changeset
4444 responsioni Nathanaelis convenit. Assertive quidem, ut dicatur: tu
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diff changeset
4445 dicis quod a Nazareth potest aliquid boni esse, sed ego dico, quod
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diff changeset
4446 illud bonum quod tibi annuntio, tantum et tam magnificum est quod
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diff changeset
4447 ego exprimere non valeo; et ideo <i>veni, et vide</i>.
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diff changeset
4448 Interrogative autem legitur sic. Tu admirando dicis: <i>a Nazareth
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4449 potest aliquid boni esse?</i> Reputans hoc esse impossibile
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diff changeset
4450 secundum Scripturas; sed si experiri volueris quae ego expertus
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diff changeset
4451 sum, intelliges vera esse quae dico; et ideo <i>veni, et vide</i>.
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4452 Trahit quidem Philippus Nathanaelem ad Christum, eius
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diff changeset
4453 interrogationibus non fractus, qui scit de reliquo eum non
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diff changeset
4454 contradicturum, si verba et doctrinam Christi gustaverit: et in hoc
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diff changeset
4455 Philippus Christum secutus est, qui superius interrogantibus eum de
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diff changeset
4456 habitaculo, respondit: <i>venite, et videte</i>. Ps. XXXIII, 6:
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diff changeset
4457 <i>accedite ad eum, et illuminamini</i>. Consequenter cum dicit
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diff changeset
4458 <i>vidit Iesus Nathanaelem</i>, ponitur consummatio fructus per
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diff changeset
4459 Christum. Sciendum autem, quod aliqui dupliciter convertuntur ad
495930650732 to XML, fix initial link by hand
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4460 Christum: quidam per miracula visa, et experta in se, sive in
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4461 aliis; quidam vero per spirationes internas, et per prophetiam et
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4462 praenoscentiam occultorum futurorum. Sed efficacior est modus per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4463 prophetias et praenoscentiam futurorum converti, quam per miracula.
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diff changeset
4464 Ipsi enim Daemones, et aliqui homines eorum auxilio, aliqua mira
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diff changeset
4465 praetendere possunt: sed futura praedicere solius divinae virtutis
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diff changeset
4466 opus est; Is. XLI, 23: <i>ventura quoque annuntiate, et dicemus
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diff changeset
4467 quod dii estis</i>; I Cor. c. XIV, 22: <i>prophetiae datae sunt
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diff changeset
4468 fidelibus</i>. Et inde est quod dominus non per miracula, sed per
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4469 praenuntiationem occultorum Nathanaelem ad fidem trahit; et ideo
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diff changeset
4470 dicit de eo <i>ecce vere Israelita, in quo dolus non est</i>. Ubi
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diff changeset
4471 tria occulta ei insinuat, scilicet occulta praesentia, quae sunt in
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diff changeset
4472 corde, praeterita facta, et futura caelestia: quae quidem tria
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diff changeset
4473 scire, divinum est, non humanum opus. Occulta quidem praesentia
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diff changeset
4474 insinuat ei, cum dicit <i>ecce vere Israelita, in quo dolus non
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diff changeset
4475 est</i>: ubi quidem primo ponitur Christi praenuntiatio; secundo
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diff changeset
4476 vero Nathanaelis inquisitio, ibi <i>unde me nosti?</i> Dicit ergo
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diff changeset
4477 circa primum <i>vidit Iesus Nathanaelem venientem ad se</i>, quasi
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diff changeset
4478 dicat: antequam ad ipsum perveniret, dixit de eo: <i>ecce vere
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diff changeset
4479 Israelita</i> et cetera. Dixit autem hoc de eo antequam ad ipsum
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diff changeset
4480 perveniret, quia si dixisset hoc postquam ad Iesum pervenisset,
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diff changeset
4481 potuisset credere Nathanael quod hoc Iesus audivisset a Philippo.
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diff changeset
4482 Dixit autem <i>ecce vere Israelita, in quo dolus non est</i>:
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parents: 30
diff changeset
4483 Israel autem duas interpretationes habet. Uno enim modo
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diff changeset
4484 interpretatur rectissimus; Is. XLIV, 2: <i>noli timere, serve meus
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diff changeset
4485 rectissime, quem elegi</i>, ubi dicit Glossa, quod Israel
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diff changeset
4486 interpretatur rectissimus. Alio modo Israel interpretatur vir
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diff changeset
4487 videns Deum. Et secundum utrumque, Nathanael est vere Israelita:
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diff changeset
4488 quia enim ille dicitur rectus in quo non est dolus, ideo dicitur
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diff changeset
4489 <i>vere Israelita, in quo dolus non est</i>; quasi dicat: vere
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diff changeset
4490 repraesentas genus tuum, quia tu es rectus et sine dolo. Quia vero
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diff changeset
4491 per munditiam et simplicitatem homo Deum videt, ideo dixit <i>vere
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diff changeset
4492 Israelita</i>; idest, tu es vir vere videns Deum, quia tu es
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diff changeset
4493 simplex et sine dolo. Dixit autem <i>in quo dolus non est</i>, ne
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diff changeset
4494 credatur quod malitiose dixerit: <i>a Nazareth potest aliquid boni
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diff changeset
4495 esse?</i> Quasi interrogans. Augustinus autem aliter exponit.
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diff changeset
4496 Manifestum est enim quod omnes sub peccato nascuntur. Illi ergo
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diff changeset
4497 dicuntur dolosi qui peccatum habentes in corde, exterius fingunt se
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diff changeset
4498 iustos; qui vero peccator est, et se peccatorem confitetur, non est
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diff changeset
4499 dolosus. Dixit ergo <i>ecce vere Israelita, in quo dolus non
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diff changeset
4500 est</i>, non quod peccatum non haberet, non quod illi medicus
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diff changeset
4501 necessarius non esset, quia nemo sic natus est ut nullo medico
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diff changeset
4502 indigeat; sed in eo confessionem peccati laudavit. Consequenter cum
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diff changeset
4503 dicit <i>unde me nosti?</i> Ponitur Nathanaelis inquisitio.
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diff changeset
4504 Admirans enim Nathanael virtutem Dei in occultorum manifestatione,
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diff changeset
4505 quia hoc solius Dei est: Ier. XVII, 9, <i>pravum est cor hominis,
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diff changeset
4506 et inscrutabile, et quis cognoscet illud? Ego dominus scrutans cor
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diff changeset
4507 et probans renes</i>; et I Reg. XVI, 7, <i>homines vident ea quae
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diff changeset
4508 parent, Deus autem intuetur cor</i>, ideo quaerit <i>unde me
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diff changeset
4509 nosti?</i> In quo commendatur Nathanaelis humilitas: quia licet
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diff changeset
4510 laudaretur, non est elatus; sed laudem propriam suspectam habuit:
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diff changeset
4511 contra quod dicitur Is. III, 12: <i>popule meus, qui beatum te
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diff changeset
4512 dicunt, ipsi te decipiunt</i>. Praeterita vero absentia insinuat,
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diff changeset
4513 cum dicit <i>priusquam te Philippus vocaret, cum esses sub ficu,
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diff changeset
4514 vidi te</i>, ubi primo ponitur denuntiatio Christi; secundo
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diff changeset
4515 confessio Nathanaelis, ibi <i>respondit et Nathanael, et ait:
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diff changeset
4516 Rabbi, tu es filius Dei</i>. Circa primum sciendum est, quod
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diff changeset
4517 Nathanael posset habere duplicem suspicionem de Christo: unam quod
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diff changeset
4518 dixisset Christus praemissa, volens ei blandiri et ad amicitiam
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diff changeset
4519 suam trahere; aliam quod ea quae dixit supra, ab alio cognovisset.
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diff changeset
4520 Ut ergo suspicionem auferat, et ad altiora erigat, illa occulta
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diff changeset
4521 manifestat quae nullus nisi divinitus scire potuisset, ea videlicet
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diff changeset
4522 quae statim circa ipsum Nathanaelem contigerant: et hoc est quod
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diff changeset
4523 dicit <i>priusquam te Philippus vocaret, cum esses sub ficu, vidi
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diff changeset
4524 te</i>. Ad litteram enim, sub arbore fici fuerat Nathanael, cum a
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diff changeset
4525 Philippo vocaretur: quod Christus virtute divinitatis coniecerat,
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diff changeset
4526 quia, ut dicitur Eccli. XXIII, v. 28, <i>oculi domini multo
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diff changeset
4527 lucidiores super solem</i>. Mystice autem per ficum designatur
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diff changeset
4528 peccatum: tum quia invenimus arborem fici maledictam folia sola
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diff changeset
4529 habentem, et non fructum, Matth. XXI, 19 quod factum est in figuram
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diff changeset
4530 peccati; tum quia Adam et Eva cum peccassent, de foliis ficus
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diff changeset
4531 perizomata fecerunt. Dicit ergo <i>cum esses sub ficu</i>, idest,
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diff changeset
4532 sub umbra peccati antequam ad gratiam vocatus esses, <i>ego vidi
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diff changeset
4533 te</i>, scilicet oculo misericordiae: nam ipsa Dei praedestinatio
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diff changeset
4534 oculo pietatis respicit praedestinatos sub peccatis viventes; Eph.
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diff changeset
4535 I, 4: <i>elegit nos ante mundi constitutionem</i> et cetera. Et de
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diff changeset
4536 isto oculo loquitur hic. <i>Vidi te</i>, praedestinando scilicet ab
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diff changeset
4537 aeterno. Vel, secundum Gregorium, <i>cum esses sub ficu</i>, idest
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diff changeset
4538 sub umbra legis, <i>vidi te</i>. Hebr. X, v. 1: <i>umbram habens
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diff changeset
4539 lex futurorum bonorum</i> et cetera. Statim autem Nathanael ad hoc
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diff changeset
4540 conversus, et virtutem divinitatis in Christo cognoscens, in vocem
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diff changeset
4541 confessionis et laudem prorumpit, dicens <i>Rabbi, tu es filius
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diff changeset
4542 Dei</i>. Ubi tria considerat de Christo, scilicet plenitudinem
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diff changeset
4543 scientiae, cum dicit <i>Rabbi</i>, quod interpretatur magister; ac
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diff changeset
4544 si dicat, perfectus es in scientia. Iam praesentiebat quod dicitur
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diff changeset
4545 Matth. XXIII, 10: <i>magister vester unus est, Christus</i>.
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diff changeset
4546 Secundo excellentiam singularis gratiae, cum dicit <i>tu es filius
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diff changeset
4547 Dei</i>. Nam quod homo sit filius Dei per adoptionem, non est nisi
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diff changeset
4548 gratiae; et etiam esse filium Dei per unionem, quod est proprium
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diff changeset
4549 homini Christo, per gratiam est: quia non ex aliquibus
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diff changeset
4550 praecedentibus meritis, sed per gratiam unionis homo ille est
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diff changeset
4551 filius Dei. Tertio vero immensitatem potentiae, cum dicit <i>tu es
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diff changeset
4552 rex Israel</i>, idest expectatus ab Israel in regem et defensorem;
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diff changeset
4553 Dan. VII, 14: <i>potestas eius, potestas aeterna</i> et cetera. Sed
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diff changeset
4554 circa hoc insurgit quaestio, secundum Chrysostomum. Cum Petrus, qui
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diff changeset
4555 post multa miracula, post magnam doctrinam confessus fuit quod hic
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diff changeset
4556 confitetur Nathanael de Christo, <i>tu es filius Dei</i>, meruit
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diff changeset
4557 beatificari, dicente domino: <i>beatus es, Simon Bariona</i> etc.,
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diff changeset
4558 cur et Nathanael, qui simile dixerat ante visa miracula et
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diff changeset
4559 perceptam doctrinam, beatificatus non fuit? Et ad hoc respondet
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diff changeset
4560 Chrysostomus, quod huius causa est, quia licet eadem verba
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diff changeset
4561 Nathanael et Petrus protulerint, non tamen fuit eadem intentio
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diff changeset
4562 utriusque. Petrus quidem confessus fuit, Christum esse filium Dei
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diff changeset
4563 verum per naturam, ut scilicet sic esset homo quod tamen esset
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diff changeset
4564 verus Deus; hic autem confessus est esse filium Dei per adoptionem,
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diff changeset
4565 secundum illud Ps. LXXXI, 6: <i>ego dixi: dii estis, et filii
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diff changeset
4566 excelsi omnes</i>. Et hoc patet per verba sequentia. Si enim
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diff changeset
4567 intellexisset eum esse filium Dei per naturam, non dixisset, <i>tu
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diff changeset
4568 es rex Israel</i> solum, sed totius mundi. Hoc etiam patet, quia ad
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diff changeset
4569 fidem Petri Christus nihil addidit, quasi perfectam existentem, sed
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diff changeset
4570 Ecclesiam dixit se fabricaturum esse in confessione illius. Sed
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diff changeset
4571 Nathanaelem, quasi maiori parte suae confessionis deficiente,
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diff changeset
4572 elevat ad maiora, scilicet ad cognitionem divinitatis suae. Unde
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diff changeset
4573 dixit <i>maius his videbis</i>. Ubi notatur tertium, scilicet
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diff changeset
4574 insinuatio futurorum, quasi dicat: quia dixi tibi praeterita,
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diff changeset
4575 credis me esse filium Dei per adoptionem et regem Israel tantum,
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diff changeset
4576 sed ducam te ad maiorem cognitionem, ut scilicet credas me filium
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diff changeset
4577 Dei naturalem et regem omnium saeculorum. Et ideo sequitur <i>amen,
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diff changeset
4578 amen dico vobis, videbitis caelum apertum, et Angelos Dei
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diff changeset
4579 ascendentes et descendentes super filium hominis</i>, ubi, secundum
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diff changeset
4580 Chrysostomum, vult probare dominus quod sit verus Dei filius, et
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diff changeset
4581 Deus. Angelorum enim est proprium ministrare, et subiici, Ps. CII:
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diff changeset
4582 <i>benedicite domino, omnes Angeli eius, ministri eius, qui facitis
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diff changeset
4583 voluntatem eius</i>. Cum ergo videbitis quod Angeli administrabunt
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diff changeset
4584 mihi, certum erit vobis quod sum verus filius Dei. Hebr. c. I, 6:
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diff changeset
4585 <i>cum introducit primogenitum in orbem terrae, dicit: et adorent
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diff changeset
4586 eum omnes Angeli Dei</i>. Sed quando viderunt hoc apostoli?
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4587 Viderunt, inquam, in passione, quando Angelus affuit illi,
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4588 confortans eum, Lc. XXII, 43. Item in resurrectione, quando
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4589 apostoli invenerunt duos Angelos stantes supra sepulcrum. Similiter
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4590 in ascensione, quando dixerunt apostolis, Act. I, 11: <i>viri
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4591 Galilaei, quid admiramini aspicientes in caelum? Hic Iesus qui
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4592 assumptus est a vobis in caelum, sic veniet quemadmodum vidistis
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4593 eum euntem in caelum</i>. Et quia de praeteritis ei vera iam
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4594 dixerat, magis ei credibile fuit quod praenuntiat de futuro, cum
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4595 dicit <i>videbitis</i>. Evidens enim argumentum est vera dicere de
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4596 futuris qui de occultis praeteritis manifestaverat veritatem. Dicit
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4597 autem <i>super filium hominis Angelos ascendentes et
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4598 descendentes</i>, quia secundum carnem mortalem paulo minoratus est
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4599 ab Angelis: et intantum Angeli ascendunt et descendunt super eum;
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4600 sed secundum quod est filius Dei, ipse super Angelos est, ut dictum
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4601 est. Secundum Augustinum autem, pulchre in verbis praedictis suam
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4602 divinitatem manifestat. Legitur enim Gen. XXVIII, 12 quod <i>Iacob
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4603 vidit scalam, et Angelos ascendentes et descendentes</i>. Et Iacob
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4604 intelligens quid vidit, surgens unxit lapidem oleo, et deinde
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4605 dixit: <i>vere dominus est in loco isto</i>. Lapis iste Christus
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4606 est, quem reprobaverunt aedificantes; et est unctus oleo invisibili
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4607 spiritus sancti; sed erigitur in titulum, quia futurus erat
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4608 Ecclesiae fundamentum, ut dicitur I ad Cor. c. III, 11:
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4609 <i>fundamentum aliud nemo potest ponere praeter id quod positum
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4610 est</i>. Angeli autem ascendunt et descendunt, inquantum ei adsunt
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4611 obsequendo et ministrando. Dixit ergo: <i>amen, amen dico vobis,
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4612 videbitis caelum apertum</i> etc., quasi dicat: quia vere Israelita
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4613 es, attende ad id quod Israel vidit, ut scilicet credas me illum
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4614 esse qui est significatus per unctum lapidem a Iacob: nam tu etiam
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4615 videbis super ipsum Angelos ascendentes et descendentes. Vel Angeli
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4616 sunt praedicatores, secundum Augustinum, praedicantes Christum; Is.
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4617 XVIII, 2: <i>ite veloces Angeli ad gentem convulsam et
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4618 dilaceratam</i>; qui quidem ascendunt per contemplationem, sicut
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4619 Paulus ascenderat usque ad tertium caelum, ut dicitur II Cor. c.
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4620 XII, 2, et descendunt per proximorum eruditionem <i>super filium
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4621 hominis</i>, idest ad honorem Christi: quia, ut dicitur II Cor. IV,
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4622 v. 5: <i>non enim praedicamus nos ipsos, sed Iesum Christum dominum
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4623 nostrum</i>. Sed ut ascendant et descendant, apertum est caelum,
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4624 quia oportet quod gratia caelestis detur praedicatoribus, ut
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4625 ascendant et descendant. Ps. LXVII, 9: <i>caeli distillaverunt</i>
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4626 etc.; Apoc. IV, v. 1: <i>postea vidi caelum apertum</i> et cetera.
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4627 Ratio autem quare Nathanael non eligitur in apostolum post tantam
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4628 fidei confessionem, ista est, quia Christus noluit quod mundi
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4629 conversio ad fidem ascriberetur humanae sapientiae, sed solum
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4630 potentiae Dei. Et ideo non voluit Nathanaelem in lege peritissimum,
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4631 in apostolum eligere; sed simplices et indoctos elegit; ut dicitur
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4632 I Cor. I, 26: <i>non multi sapientes (...) sed quae stulta sunt
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4633 mundi elegit Deus</i>.</p>
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4634 <div class="centro"><br />
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4635 <p><a href="cih00.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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4636 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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4637 <a href="cih02.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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4638 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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4639 <br />
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4640 <hr />
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4641 <br />
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4642 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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4643 hanc editionem<br />
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4644 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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4645 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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4646 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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4647 </div>
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4648 </body>
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4649 </html>