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author Henry S. Thompson <ht@inf.ed.ac.uk>
date Sat, 03 May 2025 22:47:32 +0100
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª q. 50-64</title>
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19 </head>
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20 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars a quaestione L ad quaestionem
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21 LXIV</div><div class="centro">
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22 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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23 <tr>
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24 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Justo Ghent depictus" border="0" height="190" width="120" src="icons/ghent190.jpg"/></th>
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25 </tr>
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26 </table>
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27 <br/>
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28 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1889 editum<br/>
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29 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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30 magneticas<br/>
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31 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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32 <br/></span><br/>
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33 <hr/>
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34 <br/>
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35 <p><a href="sth1044.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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36 <a href="sth1065.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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37 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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38 //
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39 &lt;!--
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40 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30639"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 52 a. 2 s. c.');
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138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30640"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 52 a. 2 co.');
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139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30641"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 52 a. 2 ad 1');
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140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30642"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 52 a. 3 arg. 1');
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141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30643"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 52 a. 3 arg. 2');
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142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30644"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 52 a. 3 arg. 3');
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143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30645"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 52 a. 3 s. c.');
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144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30646"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 52 a. 3 co.');
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145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30647"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 52 a. 3 ad 1');
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146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30648"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 52 a. 3 ad 2');
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147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30649"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 52 a. 3 ad 3');
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148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30650"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 pr.');
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149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30651"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 1 arg. 1');
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150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30652"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 1 arg. 2');
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151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30653"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 1 arg. 3');
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152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30654"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 1 s. c.');
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diff changeset
153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30655"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 1 co.');
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154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30656"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 1 ad 1');
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155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30657"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 1 ad 2');
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156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30658"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 1 ad 3');
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157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30659"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 2 arg. 1');
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158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30660"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 2 arg. 2');
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159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30661"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 2 s. c.');
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160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30662"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30663"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 2 ad 1');
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diff changeset
162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30664"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 2 ad 2');
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163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30665"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 2 ad 3');
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164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30666"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 3 arg. 1');
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165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30667"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30668"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 3 arg. 3');
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167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30669"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 3 s. c.');
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diff changeset
168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30670"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30671"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 3 ad 1');
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170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30672"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30673"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 53 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30674"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 pr.');
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parents: 28
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173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30675"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 1 arg. 1');
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diff changeset
174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30676"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 1 arg. 2');
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175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30677"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 1 arg. 3');
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30678"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 1 s. c.');
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177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30679"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 1 co.');
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diff changeset
178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30680"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 1 ad 1');
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diff changeset
179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30681"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 1 ad 2');
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180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30682"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30683"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30684"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 2 arg. 2');
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183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30685"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 2 s. c.');
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184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30686"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 2 co.');
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185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30687"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 2 ad 1');
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186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30688"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 2 ad 2');
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187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30689"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 3 arg. 1');
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188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30690"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30691"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 3 arg. 3');
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190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30692"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 3 s. c.');
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191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30693"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30694"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30695"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 3 ad 2');
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194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30696"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30697"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30698"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 4 arg. 2');
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197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30699"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 4 s. c.');
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198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30700"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30701"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30702"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30703"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30704"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30705"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 5 arg. 3');
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diff changeset
204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30706"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 5 s. c.');
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205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30707"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
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206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30708"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 54 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30709"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 pr.');
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parents: 28
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208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30710"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30711"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30712"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 1 arg. 3');
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diff changeset
211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30713"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 1 s. c.');
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diff changeset
212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30714"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30715"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30716"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30717"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30718"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30719"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30720"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 2 arg. 3');
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30721"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 2 s. c.');
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diff changeset
220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30722"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30723"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30724"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30725"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30726"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30727"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30728"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 3 arg. 3');
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30729"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 3 s. c.');
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30730"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30731"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30732"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30733"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 55 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30734"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 pr.');
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parents: 28
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233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30735"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30736"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30737"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 1 arg. 3');
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236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30738"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 1 s. c.');
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diff changeset
237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30739"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30740"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30741"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30742"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30743"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30744"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30745"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30746"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 2 arg. 4');
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245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30747"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30748"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30749"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30750"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30751"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30752"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30753"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30754"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30755"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30756"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30757"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30758"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30759"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30760"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 56 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30761"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 pr.');
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parents: 28
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260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30762"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30763"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30764"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30765"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30766"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 1 co.');
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265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30767"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 1 ad 1');
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266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30768"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30769"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30770"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30771"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30772"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 2 arg. 3');
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271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30773"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30774"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30775"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30776"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30777"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30778"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30779"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30780"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30781"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 3 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30782"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30783"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30784"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30785"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30786"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30787"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 3 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30788"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30789"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30790"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30791"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30792"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30793"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30794"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30795"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30796"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30797"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30798"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30799"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30800"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30801"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30802"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30803"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 57 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30804"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 pr.');
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parents: 28
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303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30805"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30806"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30807"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30808"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30809"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30810"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30811"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30812"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30813"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30814"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30815"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30816"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30817"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30818"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30819"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30820"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30821"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30822"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30823"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30824"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30825"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30826"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30827"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30828"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30829"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30830"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30831"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30832"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30833"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30834"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30835"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30836"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30837"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30838"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30839"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30840"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30841"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30842"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30843"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30844"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30845"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30846"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30847"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30848"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30849"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30850"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30851"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 7 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30852"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30853"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 7 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30854"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 7 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30855"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 7 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30856"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 7 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30857"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 7 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30858"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 58 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30859"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 pr.');
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parents: 28
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358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30860"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
359 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30861"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
360 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30862"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30863"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30864"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30865"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30866"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
365 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30867"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30868"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30869"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
368 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30870"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30871"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30872"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30873"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30874"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30875"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30876"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30877"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30878"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30879"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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378 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30880"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
379 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30881"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
380 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30882"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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381 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30883"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
382 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30884"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
383 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30885"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
384 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30886"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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385 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30887"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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386 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30888"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
387 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30889"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
388 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30890"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
389 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30891"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 59 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
390 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30892"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 pr.');
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parents: 28
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391 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30893"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
392 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30894"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
393 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30895"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30896"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
395 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30897"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
396 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30898"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
397 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30899"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
398 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30900"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
399 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30901"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
400 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30902"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
401 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30903"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
402 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30904"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
403 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30905"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
404 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30906"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
405 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30907"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
406 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30908"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
407 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30909"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
408 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30910"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
409 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30911"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
410 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30912"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
411 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30913"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
412 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30914"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
413 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30915"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
414 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30916"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
415 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30917"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
416 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30918"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
417 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30919"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
418 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30920"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
419 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30921"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
420 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30922"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
421 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30923"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
422 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30924"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
423 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30925"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
424 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30926"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 5 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
425 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30927"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 5 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
426 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30928"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
427 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30929"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
428 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30930"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
429 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30931"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
430 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30932"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
431 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30933"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 5 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
432 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30934"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 60 a. 5 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
433 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30935"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
434 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30936"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
435 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30937"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
436 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30938"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
437 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30939"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
438 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30940"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
439 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30941"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
440 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30942"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
441 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30943"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
442 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30944"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
443 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30945"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
444 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30946"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
445 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30947"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
446 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30948"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
447 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30949"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
448 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30950"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
449 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30951"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
450 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30952"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
451 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30953"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
452 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30954"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
453 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30955"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
454 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30956"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
455 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30957"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
456 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30958"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
457 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30959"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
458 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30960"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
459 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30961"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
460 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30962"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
461 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30963"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
462 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30964"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
463 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30965"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
464 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30966"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
465 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30967"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 61 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
466 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30968"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
467 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30969"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
468 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30970"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
469 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30971"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
470 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30972"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
471 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30973"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
472 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30974"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
473 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30975"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
474 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30976"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
475 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30977"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
476 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30978"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
477 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30979"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
478 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30980"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
479 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30981"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
480 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30982"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
481 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30983"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
482 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30984"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
483 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30985"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
484 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30986"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
485 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30987"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
486 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30988"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
487 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30989"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
488 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30990"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
489 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30991"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
490 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30992"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
491 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30993"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
492 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30994"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
493 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30995"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
494 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30996"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
495 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30997"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
496 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30998"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
497 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#30999"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
498 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31000"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
499 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31001"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
500 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31002"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
501 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31003"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
502 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31004"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
503 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31005"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
504 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31006"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
505 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31007"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
506 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31008"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
507 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31009"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
508 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31010"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
509 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31011"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
510 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31012"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
511 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31013"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
512 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31014"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
513 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31015"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
514 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31016"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
515 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31017"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
516 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31018"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
517 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31019"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
518 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31020"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
519 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31021"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
520 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31022"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
521 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31023"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
522 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31024"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
523 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31025"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
524 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31026"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
525 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31027"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
526 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31028"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
527 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31029"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
528 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31030"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
529 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31031"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
530 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31032"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
531 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31033"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 9 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
532 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31034"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 9 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
533 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31035"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 9 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
534 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31036"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 9 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
535 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31037"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 9 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
536 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31038"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 9 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
537 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31039"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 9 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
538 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31040"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 62 a. 9 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
539 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31041"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
540 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31042"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
541 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31043"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
542 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31044"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
543 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31045"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
544 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31046"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
545 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31047"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
546 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31048"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
547 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31049"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
548 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31050"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
549 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31051"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
550 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31052"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
551 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31053"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
552 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31054"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
553 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31055"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
554 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31056"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
555 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31057"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
556 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31058"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
557 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31059"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
558 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31060"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
559 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31061"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
560 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31062"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
561 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31063"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
562 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31064"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
563 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31065"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 3 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
564 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31066"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
565 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31067"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
566 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31068"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
567 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31069"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
568 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31070"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
569 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31071"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
570 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31072"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
571 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31073"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
572 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31074"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
573 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31075"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
574 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31076"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
575 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31077"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 5 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
576 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31078"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
577 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31079"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
578 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31080"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
579 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31081"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
580 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31082"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
581 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31083"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 5 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
582 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31084"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
583 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31085"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
584 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31086"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
585 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31087"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 6 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
586 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31088"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
587 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31089"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
588 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31090"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
589 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31091"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
590 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31092"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
591 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31093"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 6 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
592 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31094"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
593 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31095"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
594 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31096"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
595 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31097"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
596 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31098"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
597 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31099"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
598 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31100"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
599 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31101"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
600 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31102"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
601 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31103"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
602 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31104"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
603 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31105"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
604 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31106"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
605 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31107"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
606 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31108"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
607 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31109"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
608 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31110"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 9 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
609 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31111"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 9 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
610 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31112"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 9 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
611 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31113"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 9 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
612 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31114"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 9 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
613 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31115"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 9 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
614 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31116"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 9 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
615 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31117"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 63 a. 9 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
616 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31118"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
617 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31119"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
618 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31120"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
619 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31121"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
620 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31122"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
621 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31123"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 1 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
622 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31124"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
623 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31125"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
624 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31126"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
625 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31127"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
626 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31128"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
627 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31129"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
628 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31130"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 1 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
629 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31131"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
630 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31132"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
631 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31133"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
632 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31134"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
633 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31135"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 2 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
634 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31136"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
635 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31137"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
636 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31138"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
637 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31139"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
638 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31140"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
639 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31141"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
640 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31142"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 2 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
641 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31143"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
642 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31144"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
643 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31145"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
644 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31146"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
645 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31147"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
646 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31148"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
647 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31149"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
648 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31150"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
649 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31151"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
650 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31152"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 4 arg. 2');
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651 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31153"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 4 arg. 3');
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652 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31154"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 4 s. c.');
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653 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31155"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 4 co.');
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654 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31156"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 4 ad 1');
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655 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31157"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 4 ad 2');
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656 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31158"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 64 a. 4 ad 3');
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657 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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658 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
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659 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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660 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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661 // --&gt;
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662 //
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663 </script><br/>
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664 <hr/>
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665 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q50"><h2>Quaestio 50</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 50 pr."><a name="30551"><span class="ref">[30551]
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666 Iª q. 50 pr.</span></a> Post haec considerandum est de
28
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667 distinctione corporalis et spiritualis creaturae. Et primo, de
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668 creatura pure spirituali, quae in Scriptura sacra Angelus
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diff changeset
669 nominatur; secundo, de creatura pure corporali; tertio, de creatura
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670 composita ex corporali et spirituali, quae est homo. Circa vero
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diff changeset
671 Angelos, considerandum est primo de his quae pertinent ad eorum
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diff changeset
672 substantiam; secundo, de his quae pertinent ad eorum intellectum;
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673 tertio, de his quae pertinent ad eorum voluntatem; quarto, de his
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674 quae pertinent ad eorum creationem. De substantia autem eorum
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diff changeset
675 considerandum est et absolute, et per comparationem ad corporalia.
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diff changeset
676 Circa substantiam vero eorum absolute, quinque quaeruntur. Primo,
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diff changeset
677 utrum sit aliqua creatura omnino spiritualis, et penitus
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diff changeset
678 incorporea. Secundo, supposito quod Angelus sit talis, quaeritur
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diff changeset
679 utrum Angelus sit compositus ex materia et forma. Tertio, quaeritur
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diff changeset
680 de multitudine eorum. Quarto, de differentia ipsorum ab invicem.
53
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diff changeset
681 Quinto, de immortalitate, seu incorruptibilitate ipsorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 50 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30552"><span class="ref">[30552] Iª q. 50 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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diff changeset
682 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non sit omnino incorporeus. Illud
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diff changeset
683 enim quod est incorporeum solum quoad nos, et non quoad Deum, non
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diff changeset
684 est incorporeum simpliciter. Sed Damascenus dicit, in libro II,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 quod <i>Angelus incorporeus et immaterialis dicitur quantum ad nos,
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diff changeset
686 sed comparatus ad Deum, corporeus et materialis invenitur</i>. Non
53
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687 ergo est incorporeus simpliciter.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30553"><span class="ref">[30553] Iª q. 50 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
28
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diff changeset
688 movetur nisi corpus, ut probatur in VI Physic. Sed Damascenus dicit
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diff changeset
689 ibidem quod Angelus est substantia intellectualis semper mobilis.
53
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690 Angelus ergo est substantia corporea.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30554"><span class="ref">[30554] Iª q. 50 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
691 Ambrosius dicit, in libro de spiritu sancto, <i>omnis creatura
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diff changeset
692 certis suae naturae circumscripta est limitibus</i>. Circumscribi
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diff changeset
693 autem proprium est corporum. Ergo omnis creatura est corporea.
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diff changeset
694 Angeli autem sunt Dei creaturae, ut patet in Psalmo CXLVIII,
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diff changeset
695 laudate dominum, omnes Angeli eius; et postea subditur, <i>quoniam
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diff changeset
696 ipse dixit, et facta sunt, ipse mandavit, et creata sunt</i>. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
697 Angeli sunt corporei.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30555"><span class="ref">[30555] Iª q. 50 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
698 quod dicitur in Psalmo CIII, <i>qui facit Angelos suos
53
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diff changeset
699 spiritus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 1 co."><a name="30556"><span class="ref">[30556] Iª q. 50 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
700 quod necesse est ponere aliquas creaturas incorporeas. Id enim quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 praecipue in rebus creatis Deus intendit est bonum quod consistit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 in assimilatione ad Deum. Perfecta autem assimilatio effectus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
703 causam attenditur, quando effectus imitatur causam secundum illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
704 per quod causa producit effectum; sicut calidum facit calidum. Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 autem creaturam producit per intellectum et voluntatem, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 ostensum est. Unde ad perfectionem universi requiritur quod sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
707 aliquae creaturae intellectuales. Intelligere autem non potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 actus corporis, nec alicuius virtutis corporeae, quia omne corpus
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diff changeset
709 determinatur ad hic et nunc. Unde necesse est ponere, ad hoc quod
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diff changeset
710 universum sit perfectum, quod sit aliqua incorporea creatura.
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diff changeset
711 Antiqui autem, ignorantes vim intelligendi, et non distinguentes
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diff changeset
712 inter sensum et intellectum, nihil esse existimaverunt in mundo,
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diff changeset
713 nisi quod sensu et imaginatione apprehendi potest. Et quia sub
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 imaginatione non cadit nisi corpus, existimaverunt quod nullum ens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 esset nisi corpus; ut philosophus dicit in IV Physic. Et ex his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 processit Sadducaeorum error, dicentium non esse spiritum. Sed hoc
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diff changeset
717 ipsum quod intellectus est altior sensu, rationabiliter ostendit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 esse aliquas res incorporeas, a solo intellectu
53
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719 comprehensibiles.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30557"><span class="ref">[30557] Iª q. 50 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
720 dicendum quod substantiae incorporeae medium sunt inter Deum et
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diff changeset
721 creaturas corporeas. Medium autem comparatum ad unum extremum,
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diff changeset
722 videtur alterum extremum; sicut tepidum comparatum calido, videtur
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diff changeset
723 frigidum. Et hac ratione dicitur quod Angeli, Deo comparati, sunt
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diff changeset
724 materiales et corporei, non quod in eis sit aliquid de natura
53
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diff changeset
725 corporea.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30558"><span class="ref">[30558] Iª q. 50 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
726 dicendum quod motus ibi accipitur prout intelligere et velle motus
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diff changeset
727 quidam dicuntur. Dicitur ergo Angelus substantia semper mobilis,
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diff changeset
728 quia semper est actu intelligens, non quandoque actu et quandoque
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diff changeset
729 potentia, sicut nos. Unde patet quod ratio procedit ex
53
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diff changeset
730 aequivoco.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30559"><span class="ref">[30559] Iª q. 50 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
731 dicendum quod circumscribi terminis localibus est proprium
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diff changeset
732 corporum, sed circumscribi terminis essentialibus est commune
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parents: 26
diff changeset
733 cuilibet creaturae, tam corporali quam spirituali. Unde dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 Ambrosius, in libro de Spir. Sanct., quod licet quaedam locis
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diff changeset
735 corporalibus non contineantur, circumscriptione tamen substantiae
53
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736 non carent.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 50 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30560"><span class="ref">[30560] Iª q. 50 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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diff changeset
737 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus sit compositus ex materia et
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diff changeset
738 forma. Omne enim quod continetur sub aliquo genere, est compositum
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diff changeset
739 ex genere et differentia, quae, adveniens generi, constituit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
740 speciem. Sed genus sumitur ex materia, differentia vero ex forma,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
741 ut patet in VIII Metaphys. Ergo omne quod est in genere, est
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diff changeset
742 compositum ex materia et forma. Sed Angelus est in genere
53
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diff changeset
743 substantiae. Ergo est compositus ex materia et forma.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30561"><span class="ref">[30561] Iª q. 50 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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diff changeset
744 quocumque inveniuntur proprietates materiae, ibi invenitur materia.
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diff changeset
745 Proprietates autem materiae sunt recipere et substare; unde dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 Boetius, in libro de Trin., quod <i>forma simplex subiectum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
747 non potest</i>. Haec autem inveniuntur in Angelo. Ergo Angelus est
53
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diff changeset
748 compositus ex materia et forma.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30562"><span class="ref">[30562] Iª q. 50 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, forma
28
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diff changeset
749 est actus. Quod ergo est forma tantum, est actus purus. Sed Angelus
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diff changeset
750 non est actus purus, hoc enim solius Dei est. Ergo non est forma
53
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diff changeset
751 tantum, sed habet formam in materia.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="30563"><span class="ref">[30563] Iª q. 50 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, forma
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
752 proprie limitatur et finitur per materiam. Forma ergo quae non est
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diff changeset
753 in materia, est forma infinita. Sed forma Angeli non est infinita,
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diff changeset
754 quia omnis creatura finita est. Ergo forma Angeli est in
53
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diff changeset
755 materia.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30564"><span class="ref">[30564] Iª q. 50 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
756 quod Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>primae
53
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diff changeset
757 creaturae sicut incorporales et immateriales intelliguntur</i>.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 2 co."><a name="30565"><span class="ref">[30565] Iª q. 50 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
758 quod quidam ponunt Angelos esse compositos ex materia et forma. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
759 hanc opinionem astruere nititur Avicebron in libro fontis vitae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 Supponit enim quod quaecumque distinguuntur secundum intellectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 sint etiam in rebus distincta. In substantia autem incorporea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
762 intellectus apprehendit aliquid per quod distinguitur a substantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
763 corporea, et aliquid per quod cum ea convenit. Unde ex hoc vult
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diff changeset
764 concludere quod illud per quod differt substantia incorporea a
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diff changeset
765 corporea, sit ei quasi forma, et illud quod subiicitur huic formae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
766 distinguenti quasi commune, sit materia eius. Et propter hoc ponit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
767 quod eadem est materia universalis spiritualium et corporalium, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 intelligatur quod forma incorporeae substantiae sic sit impressa in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
769 materia spiritualium, sicut forma quantitatis est impressa in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
770 materia corporalium. Sed primo aspectu apparet esse impossibile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 unam esse materiam spiritualium et corporalium. Non enim est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
772 possibile quod forma spiritualis et corporalis recipiatur in una
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 parte materiae, quia sic una et eadem res numero esset corporalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 et spiritualis. Unde relinquitur quod alia pars materiae sit quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
775 recipit formam corporalem, et alia quae recipit formam spiritualem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
776 Materiam autem dividi in partes non contingit nisi secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 intelligitur sub quantitate, qua remota, remanet substantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
778 indivisibilis, ut dicitur in I Physic. Sic igitur relinquitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 materia spiritualium sit subiecta quantitati, quod est impossibile.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 Impossibile est ergo quod una sit materia corporalium et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
781 spiritualium. Sed adhuc ulterius impossibile est quod substantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
782 intellectualis habeat qualemcumque materiam. Operatio enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 cuiuslibet rei est secundum modum substantiae eius. Intelligere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 autem est operatio penitus immaterialis. Quod ex eius obiecto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 apparet, a quo actus quilibet recipit speciem et rationem, sic enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
786 unumquodque intelligitur, inquantum a materia abstrahitur; quia
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diff changeset
787 formae in materia sunt individuales formae, quas intellectus non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
788 apprehendit secundum quod huiusmodi. Unde relinquitur quod omnis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
789 substantia intellectualis est omnino immaterialis. Non est autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
790 necessarium quod ea quae distinguuntur secundum intellectum, sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
791 distincta in rebus, quia intellectus non apprehendit res secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 modum rerum, sed secundum modum suum. Unde res materiales, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 sunt infra intellectum nostrum, simpliciori modo sunt in intellectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 nostro, quam sint in seipsis. Substantiae autem angelicae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
795 supra intellectum nostrum. Unde intellectus noster non potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 attingere ad apprehendendum eas secundum quod sunt in seipsis; sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 per modum suum, secundum quod apprehendit res compositas. Et sic
53
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diff changeset
798 etiam apprehendit Deum, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30566"><span class="ref">[30566] Iª q. 50 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
799 dicendum quod differentia est quae constituit speciem. Unumquodque
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diff changeset
800 autem constituitur in specie, secundum quod determinatur ad aliquem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
801 specialem gradum in entibus, quia species rerum sunt sicut numeri,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 qui differunt per additionem et subtractionem unitatis, ut dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
803 in VIII Metaphys. In rebus autem materialibus aliud est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
804 determinat ad specialem gradum, scilicet forma, et aliud quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 determinatur, scilicet materia, unde ab alio sumitur genus, et ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 alio differentia. Sed in rebus immaterialibus non est aliud
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diff changeset
807 determinans et determinatum, sed unaquaeque earum secundum seipsam
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diff changeset
808 tenet determinatum gradum in entibus. Et ideo genus et differentia
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diff changeset
809 in eis non accipitur secundum aliud et aliud, sed secundum unum et
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diff changeset
810 idem. Quod tamen differt secundum considerationem nostram,
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diff changeset
811 inquantum enim intellectus noster considerat illam rem ut
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diff changeset
812 indeterminate, accipitur in eis ratio generis; inquantum vero
53
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813 considerat ut determinate, accipitur ratio differentiae.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30567"><span class="ref">[30567] Iª q. 50 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
814 dicendum quod ratio illa ponitur in libro fontis vitae. Et esset
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diff changeset
815 necessaria, si idem esset modus quo recipit intellectus, et quo
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diff changeset
816 recipit materia. Sed hoc patet esse falsum. Materia enim recipit
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diff changeset
817 formam, ut secundum ipsam constituatur in esse alicuius speciei,
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diff changeset
818 vel aeris, vel ignis, vel cuiuscumque alterius. Sic autem
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diff changeset
819 intellectus non recipit formam, alioquin verificaretur opinio
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diff changeset
820 Empedoclis, qui posuit quod terram terra cognoscimus, et ignem
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diff changeset
821 igne. Sed forma intelligibilis est in intellectu secundum ipsam
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diff changeset
822 rationem formae, sic enim cognoscitur ab intellectu. Unde talis
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diff changeset
823 receptio non est receptio materiae, sed est receptio substantiae
53
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824 immaterialis.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30568"><span class="ref">[30568] Iª q. 50 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
825 dicendum quod, licet in Angelo non sit compositio formae et
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diff changeset
826 materiae, est tamen in eo actus et potentia. Quod quidem manifestum
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diff changeset
827 potest esse ex consideratione rerum materialium, in quibus
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diff changeset
828 invenitur duplex compositio. Prima quidem formae et materiae, ex
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diff changeset
829 quibus constituitur natura aliqua. Natura autem sic composita non
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diff changeset
830 est suum esse, sed esse est actus eius. Unde ipsa natura comparatur
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diff changeset
831 ad suum esse sicut potentia ad actum. Subtracta ergo materia, et
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diff changeset
832 posito quod ipsa forma subsistat non in materia, adhuc remanet
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diff changeset
833 comparatio formae ad ipsum esse ut potentiae ad actum. Et talis
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diff changeset
834 compositio intelligenda est in Angelis. Et hoc est quod a quibusdam
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diff changeset
835 dicitur, quod Angelus est compositus ex quo est et quod est, vel ex
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diff changeset
836 esse et quod est, ut Boetius dicit, nam quod est est ipsa forma
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diff changeset
837 subsistens; ipsum autem esse est quo substantia est, sicut cursus
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diff changeset
838 est quo currens currit. Sed in Deo non est aliud esse et quod est,
53
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839 ut supra ostensum est. Unde solus Deus est actus purus.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="30569"><span class="ref">[30569] Iª q. 50 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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840 dicendum quod omnis creatura est finita simpliciter, inquantum esse
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diff changeset
841 eius non est absolutum subsistens, sed limitatur ad naturam aliquam
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diff changeset
842 cui advenit. Sed nihil prohibet aliquam creaturam esse secundum
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843 quid infinitam. Creaturae autem materiales habent infinitatem ex
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diff changeset
844 parte materiae, sed finitatem ex parte formae, quae limitatur per
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diff changeset
845 materiam in qua recipitur. Substantiae autem immateriales creatae
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diff changeset
846 sunt finitae secundum suum esse, sed infinitae secundum quod eorum
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diff changeset
847 formae non sunt receptae in alio. Sicut si diceremus albedinem
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diff changeset
848 separatam existentem esse infinitam quantum ad rationem albedinis,
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diff changeset
849 quia non contrahitur ad aliquod subiectum; esse tamen eius esset
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diff changeset
850 finitum, quia determinatur ad aliquam naturam specialem. Et propter
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diff changeset
851 hoc dicitur in libro de causis, quod intelligentia est finita
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diff changeset
852 superius, inquantum scilicet recipit esse a suo superiori; sed est
53
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853 infinita inferius, inquantum non recipitur in aliqua materia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 50 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30570"><span class="ref">[30570] Iª q. 50 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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diff changeset
854 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli non sint in aliquo magno numero.
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diff changeset
855 Numerus enim species quantitatis est, et sequitur divisionem
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diff changeset
856 continui. Hoc autem non potest esse in Angelis cum sint incorporei,
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diff changeset
857 ut supra ostensum est. Ergo Angeli non possunt esse in aliquo magno
53
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diff changeset
858 numero.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30571"><span class="ref">[30571] Iª q. 50 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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859 quanto aliquid est magis propinquum uni, tanto minus est
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diff changeset
860 multiplicatum, ut in numeris apparet. Natura autem angelica inter
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diff changeset
861 alias naturas creatas est Deo propinquior. Cum ergo Deus sit maxime
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diff changeset
862 unus, videtur quod in natura angelica inveniatur minimum de
53
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diff changeset
863 multitudine.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30572"><span class="ref">[30572] Iª q. 50 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
864 proprius effectus separatarum substantiarum videtur esse motus
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diff changeset
865 corporum caelestium. Sed motus corporum caelestium sunt secundum
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diff changeset
866 aliquem determinatum numerum paucum, qui a nobis comprehendi
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diff changeset
867 potest. Ergo Angeli non sunt in maiori multitudine, quam motus
53
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868 corporum caelestium.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="30573"><span class="ref">[30573] Iª q. 50 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
869 Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>propter radios
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diff changeset
870 divinae bonitatis subsistunt intelligibiles et intellectuales omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 substantiae</i>. Sed radius non multiplicatur nisi secundum
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diff changeset
872 diversitatem recipientium. Non autem potest dici quod materia sit
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diff changeset
873 receptiva intelligibilis radii, cum substantiae intellectuales sint
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diff changeset
874 immateriales, ut supra ostensum est. Ergo videtur quod
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diff changeset
875 multiplicatio substantiarum intellectualium non possit esse nisi
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diff changeset
876 secundum exigentiam primorum corporum, scilicet caelestium, ut ad
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diff changeset
877 ea quodammodo processus praedictorum radiorum terminetur. Et sic
53
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diff changeset
878 idem quod prius.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30574"><span class="ref">[30574] Iª q. 50 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
879 quod dicitur Dan. VII, <i>millia millium ministrabant ei, et decies
53
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diff changeset
880 millies centena millia assistebant ei</i>.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 3 co."><a name="30575"><span class="ref">[30575] Iª q. 50 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
881 quod circa numerum substantiarum separatarum, diversi diversis viis
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diff changeset
882 processerunt. Plato enim posuit substantias separatas esse species
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diff changeset
883 rerum sensibilium, utpote si poneremus ipsam naturam humanam esse
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diff changeset
884 separatam. Et secundum hoc oportebat dicere quod substantiae
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diff changeset
885 separatae sint secundum numerum specierum sensibilium. Sed hanc
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diff changeset
886 positionem improbat Aristoteles, ex eo quod materia est de ratione
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diff changeset
887 speciei horum sensibilium. Unde substantiae separatae non possunt
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diff changeset
888 esse species exemplares horum sensibilium, sed habent quasdam
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diff changeset
889 naturas altiores naturis rerum sensibilium. Posuit tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 Aristoteles quod illae naturae perfectiores habent ordinem ad
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diff changeset
891 sensibilia ista, secundum rationem moventis et finis. Et ideo
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diff changeset
892 secundum numerum primorum motuum, conatus est adinvenire numerum
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diff changeset
893 substantiarum separatarum. Sed quia hoc videtur repugnare
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diff changeset
894 documentis sacrae Scripturae, Rabbi Moyses, Iudaeus, volens
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diff changeset
895 utrumque concordare, posuit quod Angeli, secundum quod dicuntur
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diff changeset
896 substantiae immateriales, multiplicantur secundum numerum motuum
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diff changeset
897 vel corporum caelestium, secundum Aristotelem. Sed posuit quod
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diff changeset
898 Angeli in Scriptura dicuntur etiam homines divina annuntiantes; et
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diff changeset
899 iterum virtutes rerum naturalium, quae Dei omnipotentiam
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diff changeset
900 manifestant. Sed hoc est alienum a consuetudine Scripturae, quod
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diff changeset
901 virtutes rerum irrationabilium Angeli nominentur. Unde dicendum est
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diff changeset
902 quod etiam Angeli secundum quod sunt immateriales substantiae, in
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diff changeset
903 quadam multitudine maxima sunt, omnem materialem multitudinem
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diff changeset
904 excedentes. Et hoc est quod dicit Dionysius, XIV cap. Caelest.
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diff changeset
905 Hierarch., <i>multi sunt beati exercitus supernarum mentium,
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diff changeset
906 infirmam et constrictam excedentes nostrorum materialium numerorum
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diff changeset
907 commensurationem</i>. Et huius ratio est quia, cum perfectio
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diff changeset
908 universi sit illud quod praecipue Deus intendit in creatione rerum,
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diff changeset
909 quanto aliqua sunt magis perfecta tanto in maiori excessu sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 creata a Deo. Sicut autem in corporibus attenditur excessus
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diff changeset
911 secundum magnitudinem, ita in rebus incorporeis potest attendi
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diff changeset
912 excessus secundum multitudinem. Videmus autem quod corpora
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diff changeset
913 incorruptibilia, quae sunt perfectiora inter corpora, excedunt
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diff changeset
914 quasi incomparabiliter secundum magnitudinem corpora corruptibilia,
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diff changeset
915 nam tota sphaera activorum et passivorum est aliquid modicum
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diff changeset
916 respectu corporum caelestium. Unde rationabile est quod substantiae
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diff changeset
917 immateriales excedant secundum multitudinem substantias materiales,
53
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diff changeset
918 quasi incomparabiliter.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30576"><span class="ref">[30576] Iª q. 50 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
919 dicendum quod in Angelis non est numerus qui est quantitas
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diff changeset
920 discreta, causatus ex divisione continui, sed causatus ex
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diff changeset
921 distinctione formarum, prout multitudo est de transcendentibus, ut
53
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diff changeset
922 supra dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30577"><span class="ref">[30577] Iª q. 50 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
923 dicendum quod ex hoc quod natura angelica est Deo propinqua,
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diff changeset
924 oportet quod habeat minimum de multitudine in sui compositione, non
53
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diff changeset
925 autem ita quod in paucis salvetur.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30578"><span class="ref">[30578] Iª q. 50 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 dicendum quod ratio illa est Aristotelis in XII Metaphys. Et ex
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diff changeset
927 necessitate concluderet, si substantiae separatae essent propter
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diff changeset
928 substantias corporales, sic enim frustra essent immateriales
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diff changeset
929 substantiae, nisi ex eis aliquis motus in rebus corporalibus
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diff changeset
930 appareret. Non est autem hoc verum, quod substantiae immateriales
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diff changeset
931 sint propter corporales, quia finis nobilior est his quae sunt ad
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diff changeset
932 finem. Unde etiam Aristoteles dicit ibidem quod haec ratio non est
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diff changeset
933 necessaria, sed probabilis. Coactus autem fuit hac ratione uti,
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diff changeset
934 quia ad cognoscendum intelligibilia non possumus pervenire nisi per
53
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935 sensibilia.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="30579"><span class="ref">[30579] Iª q. 50 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
936 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit secundum opinionem eorum qui
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diff changeset
937 causam distinctionis rerum ponebant esse materiam. Hoc autem
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diff changeset
938 improbatum est. Unde multiplicatio Angelorum neque secundum
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diff changeset
939 materiam, neque secundum corpora est accipienda, sed secundum
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diff changeset
940 divinam sapientiam, diversos ordines immaterialium substantiarum
53
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941 excogitantem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 50 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30580"><span class="ref">[30580] Iª q. 50 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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diff changeset
942 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli non differant specie. Cum enim
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diff changeset
943 differentia sit nobilior genere, quaecumque conveniunt secundum id
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diff changeset
944 quod est nobilissimum in eis, conveniunt in ultima differentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 constitutiva; et ita sunt eadem secundum speciem. Sed omnes Angeli
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diff changeset
946 conveniunt in eo quod est nobilissimum in eis, scilicet in
53
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diff changeset
947 intellectualitate. Ergo omnes Angeli sunt unius speciei.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30581"><span class="ref">[30581] Iª q. 50 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, magis
28
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diff changeset
948 et minus non diversificant speciem. Sed Angeli non videntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 differre ad invicem nisi secundum magis et minus; prout scilicet
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diff changeset
950 unus alio est simplicior, et perspicacioris intellectus. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
951 Angeli non differunt specie.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30582"><span class="ref">[30582] Iª q. 50 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, anima
28
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diff changeset
952 et Angelus ex opposito dividuntur. Sed omnes animae sunt unius
53
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diff changeset
953 speciei. Ergo et Angeli.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="30583"><span class="ref">[30583] Iª q. 50 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 quanto aliquid est perfectius in natura, tanto magis debet
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diff changeset
955 multiplicari. Hoc autem non esset, si in una specie esset unum
53
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diff changeset
956 tantum individuum. Ergo multi Angeli sunt unius speciei.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30584"><span class="ref">[30584] Iª q. 50 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
957 quod in his quae sunt unius speciei, non est invenire prius et
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diff changeset
958 posterius, ut dicitur in III Metaphys. Sed in Angelis, etiam unius
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diff changeset
959 ordinis, sunt primi et medii et ultimi, ut dicit Dionysius, X cap.
53
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960 Ang. Hier. Ergo Angeli non sunt eiusdem speciei.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 4 co."><a name="30585"><span class="ref">[30585] Iª q. 50 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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961 quod quidam dixerunt omnes substantias spirituales esse unius
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diff changeset
962 speciei, etiam animas. Alii vero quod omnes Angeli sunt unius
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diff changeset
963 speciei, sed non animae. Quidam vero quod omnes Angeli unius
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diff changeset
964 hierarchiae, aut etiam unius ordinis. Sed hoc est impossibile. Ea
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diff changeset
965 enim quae conveniunt specie et differunt numero, conveniunt in
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diff changeset
966 forma, et distinguuntur materialiter. Si ergo Angeli non sunt
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diff changeset
967 compositi ex materia et forma, ut dictum est supra, sequitur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 impossibile sit esse duos Angelos unius speciei. Sicut etiam
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diff changeset
969 impossibile esset dicere quod essent plures albedines separatae,
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diff changeset
970 aut plures humanitates; cum albedines non sint plures nisi secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 quod sunt in pluribus substantiis. Si tamen Angeli haberent
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diff changeset
972 materiam, nec sic possent esse plures Angeli unius speciei. Sic
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diff changeset
973 enim oporteret quod principium distinctionis unius ab alio esset
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diff changeset
974 materia, non quidem secundum divisionem quantitatis, cum sint
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diff changeset
975 incorporei, sed secundum diversitatem potentiarum. Quae quidem
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diff changeset
976 diversitas materiae causat diversitatem non solum speciei, sed
53
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diff changeset
977 generis.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30586"><span class="ref">[30586] Iª q. 50 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
978 dicendum quod differentia est nobilior genere, sicut determinatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 indeterminato et proprium communi; non autem sicut alia et alia
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diff changeset
980 natura. Alioquin oporteret quod omnia animalia irrationalia essent
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diff changeset
981 unius speciei; vel quod esset in eis aliqua alia perfectior forma
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diff changeset
982 quam anima sensibilis. Differunt ergo specie animalia irrationalia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 secundum diversos gradus determinatos naturae sensitivae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
984 similiter omnes Angeli differunt specie secundum diversos gradus
53
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diff changeset
985 naturae intellectivae.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30587"><span class="ref">[30587] Iª q. 50 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 dicendum quod magis et minus, secundum quod causantur ex intensione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 et remissione unius formae, non diversificant speciem. Sed secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 quod causantur ex formis diversorum graduum, sic diversificant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 speciem, sicut si dicamus quod ignis est perfectior aere. Et hoc
53
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diff changeset
990 modo Angeli diversificantur secundum magis et minus.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="30588"><span class="ref">[30588] Iª q. 50 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 dicendum quod bonum speciei praeponderat bono individui. Unde multo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 melius est quod multiplicentur species in Angelis, quam quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
993 multiplicentur individua in una specie.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="30589"><span class="ref">[30589] Iª q. 50 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 dicendum quod multiplicatio secundum numerum, cum in infinitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 protendi possit, non intenditur ab agente, sed sola multiplicatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 secundum speciem, ut supra dictum est. Unde perfectio naturae
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diff changeset
997 angelicae requirit multiplicationem specierum, non autem
53
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diff changeset
998 multiplicationem individuorum in una specie.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 50 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="30590"><span class="ref">[30590] Iª q. 50 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
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diff changeset
999 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli non sint incorruptibiles. Dicit
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diff changeset
1000 enim Damascenus de Angelo, quod <i>est substantia intellectualis,
53
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diff changeset
1001 gratia et non natura immortalitatem suscipiens</i>.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="30591"><span class="ref">[30591] Iª q. 50 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Plato
28
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diff changeset
1002 dicit, in Timaeo, <i>o dii deorum, quorum opifex idem paterque ego,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 opera siquidem vos mea, dissolubilia natura, me tamen ita volente
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 indissolubilia</i>. Hos autem deos non aliud quam Angelos
53
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diff changeset
1005 intelligere potest. Ergo Angeli natura sua sunt corruptibiles.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="30592"><span class="ref">[30592] Iª q. 50 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 secundum Gregorium, <i>omnia in nihilum deciderent, nisi ea manus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 omnipotentis conservaret</i>. Sed quod in nihilum redigi potest,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 est corruptibile. Ergo, cum Angeli sint a Deo facti, videtur quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1009 sint corruptibiles secundum suam naturam.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 5 s. c."><a name="30593"><span class="ref">[30593] Iª q. 50 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1010 quod Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod intellectuales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1011 substantiae <i>vitam habent indeficientem, ab universa corruptione,
53
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diff changeset
1012 morte et materia et generatione mundae existentes</i>.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 5 co."><a name="30594"><span class="ref">[30594] Iª q. 50 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 quod necesse est dicere Angelos secundum suam naturam esse
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diff changeset
1014 incorruptibiles. Cuius ratio est, quia nihil corrumpitur nisi per
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diff changeset
1015 hoc, quod forma eius a materia separatur, unde, cum Angelus sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 ipsa forma subsistens, ut ex dictis patet, impossibile est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 eius substantia sit corruptibilis. Quod enim convenit alicui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1018 secundum se, nunquam ab eo separari potest, ab eo autem cui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 convenit per aliud, potest separari, separato eo secundum quod ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 conveniebat. Rotunditas enim a circulo separari non potest, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 convenit ei secundum seipsum, sed aeneus circulus potest amittere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 rotunditatem per hoc, quod circularis figura separatur ab aere.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 Esse autem secundum se competit formae, unumquodque enim est ens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 actu secundum quod habet formam. Materia vero est ens actu per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 formam. Compositum igitur ex materia et forma desinit esse actu per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 hoc, quod forma separatur a materia. Sed si ipsa forma subsistat in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 suo esse, sicut est in Angelis, ut dictum est, non potest amittere
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diff changeset
1028 esse. Ipsa igitur immaterialitas Angeli est ratio quare Angelus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 incorruptibilis secundum suam naturam. Et huius incorruptibilitatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 signum accipi potest ex eius intellectuali operatione, quia enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1031 unumquodque operatur secundum quod est actu, operatio rei indicat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1032 modum esse ipsius. Species autem et ratio operationis ex obiecto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1033 comprehenditur. Obiectum autem intelligibile, cum sit supra tempus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 est sempiternum. Unde omnis substantia intellectualis est
53
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diff changeset
1035 incorruptibilis secundum suam naturam.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="30595"><span class="ref">[30595] Iª q. 50 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 dicendum quod Damascenus accipit immortalitatem perfectam, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 includit omnimodam immutabilitatem, quia omnis mutatio est quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 mors, ut Augustinus dicit. Perfectam autem immutabilitatem Angeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1039 non nisi per gratiam assequuntur, ut infra patebit.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="30596"><span class="ref">[30596] Iª q. 50 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 dicendum quod Plato per deos intelligit corpora caelestia, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1041 existimabat esse ex elementis composita, et ideo secundum suam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 naturam dissolubilia, sed voluntate divina semper conservantur in
53
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diff changeset
1043 esse.</p><p title="I q. 50 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="30597"><span class="ref">[30597] Iª q. 50 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, quoddam necessarium est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 habet causam suae necessitatis. Unde non repugnat necessario nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1046 incorruptibili, quod esse eius dependeat ab alio sicut a causa. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 hoc ergo quod dicitur quod omnia deciderent in nihilum nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 continerentur a Deo, et etiam Angeli, non datur intelligi quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 Angelis sit aliquod corruptionis principium, sed quod esse Angeli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1050 dependeat a Deo sicut a causa. Non autem dicitur aliquid esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1051 corruptibile, per hoc quod Deus possit illud in non esse redigere,
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diff changeset
1052 subtrahendo suam conservationem, sed per hoc quod in seipso aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 principium corruptionis habet, vel contrarietatem vel saltem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1054 potentiam materiae.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q51"><h2>Quaestio 51</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 51 pr."><a name="30598"><span class="ref">[30598]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1055 Iª q. 51 pr.</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de Angelis per
28
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diff changeset
1056 comparationem ad corporalia. Et primo, de comparatione Angelorum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 corpora; secundo, de comparatione Angelorum ad loca corporalia;
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diff changeset
1058 tertio, de comparatione Angelorum ad motum localem. Circa primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 quaeruntur tria. Primo, utrum Angeli habeant corpora naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 sibi unita. Secundo, utrum assumant corpora. Tertio, utrum in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1061 corporibus assumptis exerceant opera vitae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 51 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30599"><span class="ref">[30599] Iª q. 51 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli habeant corpora naturaliter sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 unita. Dicit enim Origenes, in libro peri archon, <i>solius Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 idest patris et filii et spiritus sancti, naturae illud proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 est, ut sine materiali substantia et absque ulla corporeae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 adiectionis societate, intelligatur existere</i>. Bernardus etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 dicit, in VI homilia super Cant., <i>demus Deo soli, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 immortalitatem sic incorporeitatem, cuius natura sola neque propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 se neque propter alium, solatio indiget instrumenti corporei.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 Liquet autem omnem spiritum creatum corporeo indigere solatio</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 Augustinus etiam dicit, super Gen. ad Litt., <i>Daemones aerea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 dicuntur animalia, quia corporum aereorum natura vigent</i>. Eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 autem est natura Daemonis et Angeli. Ergo Angeli habent corpora
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1074 naturaliter sibi unita.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30600"><span class="ref">[30600] Iª q. 51 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 Gregorius, in homilia Epiphaniae, nominat Angelum rationale animal.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1076 Omne autem animal componitur ex corpore et anima. Ergo Angeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1077 habent corpora naturaliter sibi unita.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30601"><span class="ref">[30601] Iª q. 51 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 perfectior est vita in Angelis quam in animabus. Sed anima non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 solum vivit, sed etiam vivificat corpus. Ergo Angeli vivificant
53
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diff changeset
1080 corpora naturaliter sibi unita.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30602"><span class="ref">[30602] Iª q. 51 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 quod dicit Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>Angeli sicut
53
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diff changeset
1082 incorporales intelliguntur</i>.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 1 co."><a name="30603"><span class="ref">[30603] Iª q. 51 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1083 quod Angeli non habent corpora sibi naturaliter unita. Quod enim
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diff changeset
1084 accidit alicui naturae, non invenitur universaliter in natura illa,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 sicut habere alas, quia non est de ratione animalis, non convenit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 omni animali. Cum autem intelligere non sit actus corporis nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 alicuius virtutis corporeae, ut infra patebit, habere corpus unitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1088 non est de ratione substantiae intellectualis inquantum huiusmodi,
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diff changeset
1089 sed accidit alicui substantiae intellectuali propter aliquid aliud;
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diff changeset
1090 sicut humanae animae competit uniri corpori, quia est imperfecta et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 in potentia existens in genere intellectualium substantiarum, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 habens in sui natura plenitudinem scientiae, sed acquirens eam per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 sensus corporeos a sensibilibus rebus, ut infra dicetur. In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 quocumque autem genere invenitur aliquid imperfectum, oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 praeexistere aliquid perfectum in genere illo. Sunt igitur aliquae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 substantiae perfectae intellectuales in natura intellectuali, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 indigentes acquirere scientiam a sensibilibus rebus. Non igitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 omnes substantiae intellectuales sunt unitae corporibus; sed
53
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diff changeset
1099 aliquae sunt a corporibus separatae. Et has dicimus Angelos.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30604"><span class="ref">[30604] Iª q. 51 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, quorundam opinio fuit quod
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diff changeset
1101 omne ens esset corpus. Et ex hac existimatione derivatum videtur,
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diff changeset
1102 quod aliqui existimaverunt nullas substantias incorporeas esse nisi
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diff changeset
1103 corporibus unitas; adeo quod quidam etiam posuerunt Deum esse
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diff changeset
1104 animam mundi, ut Augustinus narrat in VII de Civ. Dei. Sed quia hoc
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diff changeset
1105 fidei Catholicae repugnat, quae ponit Deum super omnia exaltatum,
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diff changeset
1106 secundum illud Psalmi VIII, <i>elevata est magnificentia tua super
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diff changeset
1107 caelos</i>, Origenes, hoc de Deo dicere recusans, de aliis secutus
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diff changeset
1108 est aliorum opinionem; sicut et in multis aliis deceptus fuit,
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diff changeset
1109 sequens antiquorum philosophorum opiniones. Verbum autem Bernardi
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diff changeset
1110 potest exponi, quod spiritus creati indigeant corporali
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diff changeset
1111 instrumento, non naturaliter unito, sed ad aliquid assumpto, ut
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1112 infra dicetur. Augustinus autem loquitur non asserendo, sed
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1113 opinione Platonicorum utens, qui ponebant esse quaedam animalia
53
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diff changeset
1114 aerea, quae Daemones nominabant.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30605"><span class="ref">[30605] Iª q. 51 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 dicendum quod Gregorius nominat Angelum rationale animal
53
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diff changeset
1116 metaphorice, propter similitudinem rationis.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30606"><span class="ref">[30606] Iª q. 51 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 dicendum quod vivificare effective simpliciter perfectionis est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 Unde et Deo convenit secundum illud I Reg. II, <i>dominus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 mortificat et vivificat</i>. Sed vivificare formaliter est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 substantiae quae est pars alicuius naturae, et non habentis in se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 integram naturam speciei. Unde substantia intellectualis quae non
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diff changeset
1122 est unita corpori, est perfectior quam ea quae est corpori
53
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diff changeset
1123 unita.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 51 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30607"><span class="ref">[30607] Iª q. 51 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1124 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli non assumant corpora. In opere enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 Angeli nihil est superfluum; sicut neque in opere naturae. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 superfluum esset quod Angeli corpora assumerent, Angelus enim non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 indiget corpore, cum eius virtus omnem virtutem corporis excedat.
53
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diff changeset
1128 Ergo Angelus non assumit corpus.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30608"><span class="ref">[30608] Iª q. 51 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omnis
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 assumptio ad aliquam unionem terminatur, quia assumere dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 quasi ad se sumere. Sed corpus non unitur Angelo ut formae, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 dictum est. Ex eo autem quod unitur sibi ut motori, non dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 assumi, alioquin sequeretur quod omnia corpora mota ab Angelis,
53
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diff changeset
1133 essent ab eis assumpta. Ergo Angeli non assumunt corpora.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30609"><span class="ref">[30609] Iª q. 51 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 Angeli non assumunt corpora de terra vel aqua, quia non subito
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 disparerent; neque iterum de igne, quia comburerent ea quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 contingerent; neque iterum ex aere, quia aer infigurabilis est et
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1137 incolorabilis. Ergo Angeli corpora non assumunt.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30610"><span class="ref">[30610] Iª q. 51 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 quod Augustinus dicit, XVI de Civ. Dei, quod Angeli in assumptis
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1139 corporibus Abrahae apparuerunt.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 2 co."><a name="30611"><span class="ref">[30611] Iª q. 51 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 quod quidam dixerunt Angelos nunquam corpora assumere, sed omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 quae in Scripturis divinis leguntur de apparitionibus Angelorum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 contigisse in visione prophetiae, hoc est secundum imaginationem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 Sed hoc repugnat intentioni Scripturae. Illud enim quod imaginaria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 visione videtur, est in sola imaginatione videntis, unde non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 videtur indifferenter ab omnibus. Scriptura autem divina sic
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 introducit interdum Angelos apparentes, ut communiter ab omnibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 viderentur; sicut Angeli apparentes Abrahae, visi sunt ab eo et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 tota familia eius, et a Loth, et a civibus Sodomorum. Similiter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 Angelus qui apparuit Tobiae, ab omnibus videbatur. Ex quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 manifestum fit huiusmodi contigisse secundum corpoream visionem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 qua videtur id quod positum est extra videntem, unde ab omnibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 videri potest. Tali autem visione non videtur nisi corpus. Cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 igitur Angeli neque corpora sint, neque habeant corpora naturaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 sibi unita, ut ex dictis patet, relinquitur quod interdum corpora
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1155 assumant.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30612"><span class="ref">[30612] Iª q. 51 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 dicendum quod Angeli non indigent corpore assumpto propter seipsos,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 sed propter nos; ut familiariter cum hominibus conversando,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 demonstrent intelligibilem societatem quam homines expectant cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 eis habendam in futura vita. Hoc etiam quod Angeli corpora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 assumpserunt in veteri testamento, fuit quoddam figurale indicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 quod verbum Dei assumpturum esset corpus humanum, omnes enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 apparitiones veteris testamenti ad illam apparitionem ordinatae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1163 fuerunt, qua filius Dei apparuit in carne.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30613"><span class="ref">[30613] Iª q. 51 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 dicendum quod corpus assumptum unitur Angelo, non quidem ut formae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 neque solum ut motori; sed sicut motori repraesentato per corpus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 mobile assumptum. Sicut enim in sacra Scriptura proprietates rerum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 intelligibilium sub similitudinibus rerum sensibilium describuntur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 ita corpora sensibilia divina virtute sic formantur ab Angelis, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 congruant ad repraesentandum Angeli intelligibiles proprietates. Et
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1170 hoc est Angelum assumere corpus.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30614"><span class="ref">[30614] Iª q. 51 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 dicendum quod, licet aer, in sua raritate manens, non retineat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 figuram neque colorem; quando tamen condensatur, et figurari et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 colorari potest, sicut patet in nubibus. Et sic Angeli assumunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 corpora ex aere, condensando ipsum virtute divina, quantum necesse
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1175 est ad corporis assumendi formationem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30615"><span class="ref">[30615] Iª q. 51 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli in corporibus assumptis opera vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 exerceant. Angelos enim veritatis non decet aliqua fictio. Esset
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 autem fictio, si corpus ab eis assumptum, quod vivum videtur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 opera vitae habens, non haberet huiusmodi. Ergo Angeli in assumpto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1180 corpore opera vitae exercent.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30616"><span class="ref">[30616] Iª q. 51 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 operibus Angeli non sunt aliqua frustra. Frustra autem in corpore
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 assumpto per Angelum formarentur oculi et nares et alia sensuum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 instrumenta, nisi per ea Angelus sentiret. Ergo Angelus sentit per
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1184 corpus assumptum. Quod est propriissimum opus vitae.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30617"><span class="ref">[30617] Iª q. 51 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 moveri motu processivo est unum de operibus vitae, ut patet in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 de anima. Manifeste autem Angeli apparent in assumptis corporibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 moveri. Dicitur enim Gen. XVIII, quod Abraham simul gradiebatur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 deducens Angelos qui ei apparuerant. Et Angelus Tobiae quaerenti,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 nosti viam quae ducit in civitatem Medorum? Respondit, <i>novi, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 omnia itinera eius frequenter ambulavi</i>. Ergo Angeli in
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1191 corporibus assumptis frequenter exercent opera vitae.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="30618"><span class="ref">[30618] Iª q. 51 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 locutio est opus viventis, fit enim per vocem, quae est sonus ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 ore animalis prolatus ut dicitur in II de anima. Manifestum est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 autem ex multis locis Scripturae, Angelos in assumptis corporibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 locutos fuisse. Ergo in corporibus assumptis exercent opera
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1196 vitae.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="30619"><span class="ref">[30619] Iª q. 51 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 comedere est proprium opus animalis, unde dominus post
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 resurrectionem, in argumentum resumptae vitae, cum discipulis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 manducavit, ut habetur Lucae ultimo. Sed Angeli in assumptis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 corporibus apparentes comederunt, et Abraham eis cibos obtulit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 quos tamen prius adoraverat, ut habetur Gen. XVIII. Ergo Angeli in
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1202 assumptis corporibus exercent opera vitae.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 arg. 6"><a name="30620"><span class="ref">[30620] Iª q. 51 a. 3 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 generare hominem est actus vitae. Sed hoc competit Angelis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 assumptis corporibus dicitur enim Gen. VI, <i>postquam ingressi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 sunt filii Dei ad filias hominum, illaeque genuerunt, isti sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 potentes a saeculo viri famosi</i>. Ergo Angeli exercent opera
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1207 vitae in corporibus assumptis.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30621"><span class="ref">[30621] Iª q. 51 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 corpora assumpta ab Angelis non vivunt, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1209 nec opera vitae per ea exerceri possunt.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 co."><a name="30622"><span class="ref">[30622] Iª q. 51 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 quod quaedam opera viventium habent aliquid commune cum aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 operibus, ut locutio, quae est opus viventis, convenit cum aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 sonis inanimatorum, inquantum est sonus; et progressio cum aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 motibus, inquantum est motus. Quantum ergo ad id quod est commune
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 utrisque operibus, possunt opera vitae fieri ab Angelis per corpora
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 assumpta. Non autem quantum ad id quod est proprium viventium, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 secundum philosophum, in libro de Somn. et Vig., cuius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 potentia, eius est actio; unde nihil potest habere opus vitae, quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1218 non habet vitam, quae est potentiale principium talis actionis.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30623"><span class="ref">[30623] Iª q. 51 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 dicendum quod, sicut non est contra veritatem quod in Scriptura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 intelligibilia sub figuris sensibilibus describuntur, quia hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 dicitur ad adstruendum quod intelligibilia sint sensibilia, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 figuras sensibilium proprietates intelligibilium secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 similitudinem quandam dantur intelligi; ita non repugnat veritati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 sanctorum Angelorum quod corpora ab eis assumpta videntur homines
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 viventes, licet non sint. Non enim assumuntur nisi ut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 proprietates hominis et operum hominis. Spirituales proprietates
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 Angelorum et eorum spiritualia opera designentur. Quod non ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 congrue fieret, si veros homines assumerent, quia proprietates
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1229 eorum ducerent in ipsos homines, non in Angelos.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30624"><span class="ref">[30624] Iª q. 51 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 dicendum quod sentire est totaliter opus vitae, unde nullo modo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 dicendum quod Angeli per organa assumptorum corporum sentiant. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 tamen superflue sunt formata. Non enim ad hoc sunt formata, ut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 ea sentiatur, sed ad hoc ut per huiusmodi organa virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 spirituales Angelorum designentur; sicut per oculum designatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 virtus cognitiva Angeli, et per alia membra aliae eius virtutes, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1236 Dionysius docet, ult. cap. Cael. Hier.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30625"><span class="ref">[30625] Iª q. 51 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 dicendum quod motus qui est a motore coniuncto, est proprium opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 vitae. Sic autem non moventur corpora assumpta ab eis, quia Angeli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 non sunt eorum formae. Moventur tamen Angeli per accidens, motis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 huiusmodi corporibus, cum sint in eis sicut motores in mobilibus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 et ita sunt hic quod non alibi, quod de Deo dici non potest. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 licet Deus non moveatur, motis his in quibus est, quia ubique est;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 Angeli tamen moventur per accidens ad motum corporum assumptorum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 Non autem ad motum corporum caelestium, etiamsi sint in eis sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 motores in mobilibus, quia corpora caelestia non recedunt de loco
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 secundum totum; nec determinatur spiritui moventi orbem locus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 secundum aliquam determinatam partem substantiae orbis, quae nunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 est in oriente, nunc in occidente; sed secundum determinatum situm,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 quia semper est in oriente virtus movens, ut dicitur in VIII
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1250 Physic.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="30626"><span class="ref">[30626] Iª q. 51 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 dicendum quod Angeli proprie non loquuntur per corpora assumpta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 sed est aliquid simile locutioni, inquantum formant sonos in aere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1253 similes vocibus humanis.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="30627"><span class="ref">[30627] Iª q. 51 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 dicendum quod nec etiam comedere, proprie loquendo, Angelis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 convenit, quia comestio importat sumptionem cibi convertibilis in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 substantiam comedentis. Et quamvis in corpus Christi post
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 resurrectionem cibus non converteretur, sed resolveretur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 praeiacentem materiam, tamen Christus habebat corpus talis naturae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 in quod posset cibus converti, unde fuit vera comestio. Sed cibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 assumptus ab Angelis neque convertebatur in corpus assumptum, neque
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diff changeset
1261 corpus illud talis erat naturae in quod posset alimentum converti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 unde non fuit vera comestio, sed figurativa spiritualis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 comestionis. Et hoc est quod Angelus dixit, Tob. XII, <i>cum essem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 vobiscum, videbar quidem manducare et bibere, sed ego potu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 invisibili et cibo utor</i>. Abraham autem obtulit eis cibos,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 existimans eos homines esse; in quibus tamen Deum venerabatur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 sicut solet Deus esse in prophetis, ut Augustinus dicit, XVI de
53
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diff changeset
1268 Civ. Dei.</p><p title="I q. 51 a. 3 ad 6"><a name="30628"><span class="ref">[30628] Iª q. 51 a. 3 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, XV de Civ. Dei, <i>multi se expertos,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 vel ab expertis audisse confirmant, Silvanos et Faunos, quos vulgus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 incubos vocat, improbos saepe extitisse mulieribus et earum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 expetisse atque peregisse concubitum. Unde hoc negare impudentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 videtur. Sed Angeli Dei sancti nullo modo sic labi ante diluvium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 potuerunt. Unde per filios Dei intelliguntur filii Seth, qui boni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 erant, filias autem hominum nominat Scriptura eas quae natae erant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 de stirpe Cain. Neque mirandum est quod de eis gigantes nasci
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 potuerunt, neque enim omnes gigantes fuerunt, sed multo plures ante
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 diluvium quam post</i>. Si tamen ex coitu Daemonum aliqui interdum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 nascuntur, hoc non est per semen ab eis decisum, aut a corporibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 assumptis, sed per semen alicuius hominis ad hoc acceptum, utpote
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 quod idem Daemon qui est succubus ad virum, fiat incubus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 mulierem; sicut et aliarum rerum semina assumunt ad aliquarum rerum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 generationem, ut Augustinus dicit, III de Trin.; ut sic ille qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 nascitur non sit filius Daemonis, sed illius hominis cuius est
53
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diff changeset
1285 semen acceptum.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q52"><h2>Quaestio 52</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 52 pr."><a name="30629"><span class="ref">[30629]
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diff changeset
1286 Iª q. 52 pr.</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de loco Angeli. Et
28
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diff changeset
1287 circa hoc quaeruntur tria. Primo, utrum Angelus sit in loco.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 Secundo, utrum possit esse in pluribus locis simul. Tertio, utrum
53
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diff changeset
1289 plures Angeli possint esse in eodem loco.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 52 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30630"><span class="ref">[30630] Iª q. 52 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non sit in loco. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 Boetius, in libro de Hebd., <i>communis animi conceptio apud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 sapientes est, incorporalia in loco non esse</i>. Et Aristoteles,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 in IV Physic., dicit quod <i>non omne quod est, est in loco, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 mobile corpus</i>. Sed Angelus non est corpus, ut supra ostensum
53
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diff changeset
1295 est. Ergo Angelus non est in loco.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30631"><span class="ref">[30631] Iª q. 52 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, locus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 est quantitas positionem habens. Omne ergo quod est in loco, habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 aliquem situm. Sed habere situm non potest convenire Angelo, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 substantia sua sit immunis a quantitate, cuius propria differentia
53
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diff changeset
1299 est positionem habere. Ergo Angelus non est in loco.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30632"><span class="ref">[30632] Iª q. 52 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, esse
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 in loco est mensurari loco et contineri a loco, ut patet per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 philosophum in IV Physic. Sed Angelus non potest mensurari neque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 contineri a loco, quia continens est formalius contento, sicut aer
53
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diff changeset
1303 aqua, ut dicitur in IV Physic. Ergo Angelus non est in loco.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30633"><span class="ref">[30633] Iª q. 52 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 quod in collecta dicitur, <i>Angeli tui sancti, habitantes in ea,
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1305 nos in pace custodiant</i>.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 1 co."><a name="30634"><span class="ref">[30634] Iª q. 52 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 quod Angelo convenit esse in loco, aequivoce tamen dicitur Angelus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 esse in loco, et corpus. Corpus enim est in loco per hoc, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 applicatur loco secundum contactum dimensivae quantitatis. Quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 quidem in Angelis non est; sed est in eis quantitas virtualis. Per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 applicationem igitur virtutis angelicae ad aliquem locum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 qualitercumque, dicitur Angelus esse in loco corporeo. Et secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 hoc patet quod non oportet dicere quod Angelus commensuretur loco;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1313 vel quod habeat situm in continuo. Haec enim conveniunt corpori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 locato, prout est quantum quantitate dimensiva. Similiter etiam non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 oportet propter hoc, quod contineatur a loco. Nam substantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 incorporea sua virtute contingens rem corpoream, continet ipsam, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1317 non continetur ab ea, anima enim est in corpore ut continens, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1318 non ut contenta. Et similiter Angelus dicitur esse in loco
53
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diff changeset
1319 corporeo, non ut contentum, sed ut continens aliquo modo.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 1 ad arg."><a name="30635"><span class="ref">[30635] Iª q. 52 a. 1 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1320 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 52 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30636"><span class="ref">[30636] Iª q. 52 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus possit esse in pluribus locis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 simul. Angelus enim non est minoris virtutis quam anima. Sed anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 est simul in pluribus locis, quia est tota in qualibet parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 corporis, ut Augustinus dicit. Ergo Angelus potest esse in pluribus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1325 locis simul.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30637"><span class="ref">[30637] Iª q. 52 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 Angelus est in corpore assumpto; et cum assumat corpus continuum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 videtur quod sit in qualibet eius parte. Sed secundum partes eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 considerantur diversa loca. Ergo Angelus est simul in pluribus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1329 locis.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30638"><span class="ref">[30638] Iª q. 52 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 Damascenus dicit quod ubi Angelus operatur, ibi est. Sed aliquando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 operatur simul in pluribus locis, ut patet de Angelo subvertente
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 Sodomam, Gen. XIX. Ergo Angelus potest esse in pluribus locis
53
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diff changeset
1333 simul.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30639"><span class="ref">[30639] Iª q. 52 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 quod Damascenus dicit, quod <i>Angeli, dum sunt in caelo, non sunt
53
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diff changeset
1335 in terra</i>.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 2 co."><a name="30640"><span class="ref">[30640] Iª q. 52 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 quod Angelus est virtutis et essentiae finitae. Divina autem virtus
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diff changeset
1337 et essentia infinita est, et est universalis causa omnium, et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 sua virtute omnia contingit, et non solum in pluribus locis est,
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diff changeset
1339 sed ubique. Virtus autem Angeli, quia finita est, non se extendit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 ad omnia, sed ad aliquid unum determinatum. Oportet enim quidquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 comparatur ad unam virtutem, ut unum aliquid comparari ad ipsam.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 Sicut igitur universum ens comparatur ut unum aliquid ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 universalem Dei virtutem, ita et aliquod particulare ens comparatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1344 ut aliquid unum ad Angeli virtutem. Unde cum Angelus sit in loco
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 per applicationem virtutis suae ad locum, sequitur quod non sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 ubique, nec in pluribus locis, sed in uno loco tantum. Circa hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 tamen aliqui decepti sunt. Quidam enim, imaginationem transcendere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 non valentes, cogitaverunt indivisibilitatem Angeli ad modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 indivisibilitatis puncti, et inde crediderunt quod Angelus non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 posset esse nisi in loco punctali. Sed manifeste decepti sunt. Nam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 punctum est indivisibile habens situm, sed Angelus est indivisibile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 extra genus quantitatis et situs existens. Unde non est necesse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 quod determinetur ei unus locus indivisibilis secundum situm; sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 vel divisibilis vel indivisibilis, vel maior vel minor, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1355 quod voluntarie applicat suam virtutem ad corpus maius vel minus.
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diff changeset
1356 Et sic totum corpus cui per suam virtutem applicatur, correspondet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 ei ut unus locus. Nec tamen oportet quod si aliquis Angelus movet
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diff changeset
1358 caelum, quod sit ubique. Primo quidem, quia non applicatur virtus
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diff changeset
1359 eius nisi ad id quod primo ab ipso movetur, una autem pars caeli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 est in qua primo est motus, scilicet pars orientis, unde etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 philosophus, in VIII Physic., virtutem motoris caelorum attribuit
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diff changeset
1362 parti orientis. Secundo, quia non ponitur a philosophis quod una
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 substantia separata moveat omnes orbes immediate. Unde non oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 quod sit ubique. Sic igitur patet quod diversimode esse in loco
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 convenit corpori, et Angelo, et Deo. Nam corpus est in loco
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 circumscriptive, quia commensuratur loco. Angelus autem non
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diff changeset
1367 circumscriptive, cum non commensuretur loco, sed definitive, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 ita est in uno loco, quod non in alio. Deus autem neque
53
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diff changeset
1369 circumscriptive neque definitive, quia est ubique.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30641"><span class="ref">[30641] Iª q. 52 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc patet
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 de facili responsio ad obiecta, quia totum illud cui immediate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 applicatur virtus Angeli, reputatur ut unus locus eius, licet sit
53
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diff changeset
1372 continuum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 52 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30642"><span class="ref">[30642] Iª q. 52 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 proceditur. Videtur quod plures Angeli possint simul esse in eodem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 loco. Plura enim corpora non possunt esse simul in eodem loco, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 replent locum. Sed Angeli non replent locum, quia solum corpus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 replet locum, ut non sit vacuum, ut patet per philosophum, in IV
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1377 Physic. Ergo plures Angeli possunt esse in uno loco.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30643"><span class="ref">[30643] Iª q. 52 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, plus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 differt Angelus et corpus quam duo Angeli. Sed Angelus et corpus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 sunt simul in eodem loco, quia nullus locus est qui non sit plenus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 sensibili corpore, ut probatur in IV Physic. Ergo multo magis duo
53
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diff changeset
1381 Angeli possunt esse in eodem loco.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30644"><span class="ref">[30644] Iª q. 52 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, anima
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 est in qualibet parte corporis, secundum Augustinum. Sed Daemones,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 licet non illabantur mentibus, illabuntur tamen interdum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 corporibus, et sic anima et Daemon sunt simul in eodem loco. Ergo,
53
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diff changeset
1385 eadem ratione, quaecumque aliae spirituales substantiae.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30645"><span class="ref">[30645] Iª q. 52 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, duae
28
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diff changeset
1386 animae non sunt in eodem corpore. Ergo, pari ratione, neque duo
53
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diff changeset
1387 Angeli in eodem loco.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 3 co."><a name="30646"><span class="ref">[30646] Iª q. 52 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 quod duo Angeli non sunt simul in eodem loco. Et ratio huius est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 quia impossibile est quod duae causae completae sint immediatae
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diff changeset
1390 unius et eiusdem rei. Quod patet in omni genere causarum, una enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 est forma proxima unius rei, et unum est proximum movens, licet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 possint esse plures motores remoti. Nec habet instantiam de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 pluribus trahentibus navem, quia nullus eorum est perfectus motor,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 cum virtus uniuscuiusque sit insufficiens ad movendum; sed omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 simul sunt in loco unius motoris, inquantum omnes virtutes eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 aggregantur ad unum motum faciendum. Unde cum Angelus dicatur esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 in loco per hoc quod virtus eius immediate contingit locum per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 modum continentis perfecti, ut dictum est, non potest esse nisi
53
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diff changeset
1399 unus Angelus in uno loco.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30647"><span class="ref">[30647] Iª q. 52 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1400 dicendum quod plures Angelos esse in uno loco non impeditur propter
53
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diff changeset
1401 impletionem loci, sed propter aliam causam, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30648"><span class="ref">[30648] Iª q. 52 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1402 dicendum quod Angelus et corpus non eodem modo sunt in loco, unde
53
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diff changeset
1403 ratio non sequitur.</p><p title="I q. 52 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30649"><span class="ref">[30649] Iª q. 52 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1404 dicendum quod nec etiam Daemon et anima comparantur ad corpus
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diff changeset
1405 secundum eandem habitudinem causae; cum anima sit forma, non autem
53
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diff changeset
1406 Daemon. Unde ratio non sequitur.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q53"><h2>Quaestio 53</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 53 pr."><a name="30650"><span class="ref">[30650]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1407 Iª q. 53 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de motu
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 locali Angelorum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur tria. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 Angelus possit moveri localiter. Secundo, utrum moveatur de loco ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 locum, pertranseundo medium. Tertio, utrum motus Angeli sit in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1411 tempore vel in instanti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 53 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30651"><span class="ref">[30651] Iª q. 53 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non possit moveri localiter. Ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 enim probat philosophus in VI Physic., nullum impartibile movetur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 quia dum aliquid est in termino a quo, non movetur; nec etiam dum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 est in termino ad quem, sed tunc mutatum est, unde relinquitur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 omne quod movetur, dum movetur, partim est in termino a quo, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 partim in termino ad quem. Sed Angelus est impartibilis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1418 Angelus non potest moveri localiter.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30652"><span class="ref">[30652] Iª q. 53 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, motus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 est actus imperfecti, ut dicitur in III Physic. Sed Angelus beatus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1420 non est imperfectus. Ergo Angelus beatus non movetur localiter.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30653"><span class="ref">[30653] Iª q. 53 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, motus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 non est nisi propter indigentiam. Sed sanctorum Angelorum nulla est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1422 indigentia. Ergo sancti Angeli localiter non moventur.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30654"><span class="ref">[30654] Iª q. 53 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 eiusdem rationis est Angelum beatum moveri, et animam beatam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 moveri. Sed necesse est dicere animam beatam localiter moveri, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 sit articulus fidei quod Christus secundum animam, descendit ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1426 Inferos. Ergo Angelus beatus movetur localiter.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 1 co."><a name="30655"><span class="ref">[30655] Iª q. 53 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 quod Angelus beatus potest moveri localiter. Sed sicut esse in loco
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 aequivoce convenit corpori et Angelo, ita etiam et moveri secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 locum. Corpus enim est in loco, inquantum continetur sub loco, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 commensuratur loco. Unde oportet quod etiam motus corporis secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 locum, commensuretur loco, et sit secundum exigentiam eius. Et inde
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 est quod secundum continuitatem magnitudinis est continuitas motus;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 et secundum prius et posterius in magnitudine, est prius et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 posterius in motu locali corporis, ut dicitur in IV Physic. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 Angelus non est in loco ut commensuratus et contentus, sed magis ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 continens. Unde motus Angeli in loco, non oportet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 commensuretur loco, nec quod sit secundum exigentiam eius, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 habeat continuitatem ex loco; sed est motus non continuus. Quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 enim Angelus non est in loco nisi secundum contactum virtutis, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 dictum est, necesse est quod motus Angeli in loco nihil aliud sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 quam diversi contactus diversorum locorum successive et non simul,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 quia Angelus non potest simul esse in pluribus locis, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 dictum est. Huiusmodi autem contactus non est necessarium esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 continuos. Potest tamen in huiusmodi contactibus continuitas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 quaedam inveniri. Quia, ut dictum est, nihil prohibet Angelo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 assignare locum divisibilem, per contactum suae virtutis; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 corpori assignatur locus divisibilis, per contactum suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 magnitudinis. Unde sicut corpus successive, et non simul, dimittit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 locum in quo prius erat, et ex hoc causatur continuitas in motu
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 locali eius; ita etiam Angelus potest dimittere successive locum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 divisibilem in quo prius erat, et sic motus eius erit continuus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 potest etiam totum locum simul dimittere, et toti alteri loco simul
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1453 se applicare, et sic motus eius non erit continuus.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30656"><span class="ref">[30656] Iª q. 53 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 dicendum quod illa ratio dupliciter deficit in proposito. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 quidem, quia demonstratio Aristotelis procedit de indivisibili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 secundum quantitatem, cui respondet locus de necessitate
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 indivisibilis. Quod non potest dici de Angelo. Secundo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 demonstratio Aristotelis procedit de motu continuo. Si enim motus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 non esset continuus, posset dici quod aliquid movetur dum est in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 termino a quo, et dum est in termino ad quem, quia ipsa successio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 diversorum ubi circa eandem rem, motus diceretur; unde in quolibet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 illorum ubi res esset, illa posset dici moveri. Sed continuitas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 motus hoc impedit, quia nullum continuum est in termino suo, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 patet, quia linea non est in puncto. Et ideo oportet quod illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 quod movetur, non sit totaliter in altero terminorum, dum movetur;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 sed partim in uno, et partim in altero. Secundum ergo quod motus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 Angeli non est continuus, demonstratio Aristotelis non procedit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 proposito. Sed secundum quod motus Angeli ponitur continuus, sic
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 concedi potest quod Angelus, dum movetur, partim est in termino a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 quo, et partim in termino ad quem (ut tamen partialitas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 referatur ad substantiam Angeli, sed ad locum), quia in principio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 sui motus continui, Angelus est in toto loco divisibili a quo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 incipit moveri; sed dum est in ipso moveri, est in parte primi loci
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 quem deserit, et in parte secundi loci quem occupat. Et hoc quidem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 quod possit occupare partes duorum locorum, competit Angelo ex hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 quod potest occupare locum divisibilem per applicationem suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 virtutis sicut corpus per applicationem magnitudinis. Unde sequitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 de corpore mobili secundum locum, quod sit divisibile secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 magnitudinem de Angelo autem, quod virtus eius possit applicari
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1480 alicui divisibili.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30657"><span class="ref">[30657] Iª q. 53 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 dicendum quod motus existentis in potentia, est actus imperfecti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 Sed motus qui est secundum applicationem virtutis, est existentis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1483 in actu, quia virtus rei est secundum quod actu est.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30658"><span class="ref">[30658] Iª q. 53 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 dicendum quod motus existentis in potentia, est propter indigentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 suam, sed motus existentis in actu, non est propter indigentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 suam, sed propter indigentiam alterius. Et hoc modo Angelus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 propter indigentiam nostram, localiter movetur, secundum illud Heb.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 I, <i>omnes sunt administratorii spiritus, in ministerium missi
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1489 propter eos qui haereditatem capiunt salutis</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 53 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30659"><span class="ref">[30659] Iª q. 53 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non transeat per medium. Omne enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 quod pertransit medium, prius pertransit locum sibi aequalem, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 maiorem. Locus autem aequalis Angeli, qui est indivisibilis, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 locus punctalis. Si ergo Angelus in suo motu pertransit medium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 oportet quod numeret puncta infinita suo motu, quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1495 impossibile.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30660"><span class="ref">[30660] Iª q. 53 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 Angelus est simplicioris substantiae quam anima nostra. Sed anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 nostra sua cogitatione potest transire de uno extremo in aliud, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 pertranseundo medium, possum enim cogitare Galliam et postea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 Syriam, nihil cogitando de Italia, quae est in medio. Ergo multo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 magis Angelus potest de uno extremo transire ad aliud, non per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1501 medium.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30661"><span class="ref">[30661] Iª q. 53 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, si
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 Angelus movetur de uno loco ad alium, quando est in termino ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 quem, non movetur, sed mutatus est. Sed ante omne mutatum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 praecedit mutari, ergo alicubi existens movebatur. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 movebatur dum erat in termino a quo. Movebatur ergo dum erat in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1506 medio. Et ita oportet quod pertranseat medium.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 2 co."><a name="30662"><span class="ref">[30662] Iª q. 53 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 quod, sicut supra dictum est, motus localis Angeli potest esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 continuus, et non continuus. Si ergo sit continuus, non potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 Angelus moveri de uno extremo in alterum, quin transeat per medium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 quia, ut dicitur in V Physic., medium est in quod prius venit quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 continue mutatur, quam in quod mutatur ultimum; ordo enim prioris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 et posterioris in motu continuo, est secundum ordinem prioris et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 posterioris in magnitudine, ut dicitur in IV Physic. Si autem motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 Angeli non sit continuus, possibile est quod pertranseat de aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 extremo in aliud, non pertransito medio. Quod sic patet. Inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 quaelibet enim duo extrema loca sunt infinita loca media; sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 accipiantur loca divisibilia, sive indivisibilia. Et de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 indivisibilibus quidem manifestum est, quia inter quaelibet duo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 puncta sunt infinita puncta media, cum nulla duo puncta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 consequantur se invicem sine medio, ut in VI Physic. probatur. De
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 locis autem divisibilibus necesse est etiam hoc dicere. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 demonstratur ex motu continuo alicuius corporis. Corpus enim non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 movetur de loco ad locum nisi in tempore. In toto autem tempore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 mensurante motum corporis, non est accipere duo nunc, in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 corpus quod movetur non sit in alio et alio loco, quia si in uno et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 eodem loco esset in duobus nunc, sequeretur quod ibi quiesceret;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 cum nihil aliud sit quiescere quam in loco eodem esse nunc et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 prius. Cum igitur inter primum nunc et ultimum temporis mensurantis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 motum, sint infinita nunc, oportet quod inter primum locum, a quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 incipit moveri, et ultimum locum, ad quem terminatur motus, sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 infinita loca. Et hoc sic etiam sensibiliter apparet. Sit enim unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 corpus unius palmi, et sit via per quam transit, duorum palmorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 manifestum est quod locus primus, a quo incipit motus, est unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 palmi; et locus, ad quem terminatur motus, est alterius palmi.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 Manifestum est autem quod, quando incipit moveri, paulatim deserit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 primum palmum, et subintrat secundum. Secundum ergo quod dividitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 magnitudo palmi, secundum hoc multiplicantur loca media, quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 quodlibet punctum signatum in magnitudine primi palmi, est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 principium unius loci; et punctum signatum in magnitudine alterius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 palmi, est terminus eiusdem. Unde cum magnitudo sit divisibilis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 infinitum, et puncta sint etiam infinita in potentia in qualibet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 magnitudine; sequitur quod inter quaelibet duo loca sint infinita
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 loca media. Mobile autem infinitatem mediorum locorum non consumit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 nisi per continuitatem motus, quia sicut loca media sunt infinita
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 in potentia, ita et in motu continuo est accipere infinita quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 in potentia. Si ergo motus non sit continuus, omnes partes motus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 erunt numeratae in actu. Si ergo mobile quodcumque moveatur motu
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 non continuo, sequitur quod vel non transeat omnia media, vel quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 actu numeret media infinita, quod est impossibile. Sic igitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 secundum quod motus Angeli non est continuus, non pertransit omnia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 media. Hoc autem, scilicet moveri de extremo in extremum et non per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 medium, potest convenire Angelo sed non corpori. Quia corpus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 mensuratur et continetur sub loco, unde oportet quod sequatur leges
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 loci in suo motu. Sed substantia Angeli non est subdita loco ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 contenta, sed est superior eo ut continens, unde in potestate eius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 est applicare se loco prout vult, vel per medium vel sine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1557 medio.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30663"><span class="ref">[30663] Iª q. 53 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 dicendum quod locus Angeli non accipitur ei aequalis secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 magnitudinem, sed secundum contactum virtutis, et sic locus Angeli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 potest esse divisibilis, et non semper punctalis. Sed tamen loca
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 media etiam divisibilia, sunt infinita, ut dictum est, sed
53
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diff changeset
1562 consumuntur per continuitatem motus, ut patet ex praedictis.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30664"><span class="ref">[30664] Iª q. 53 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 dicendum quod Angelus dum movetur localiter, applicatur eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 essentia diversis locis, animae autem essentia non applicatur rebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 quas cogitat, sed potius res cogitatae sunt in ipsa. Et ideo non
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1566 est simile.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30665"><span class="ref">[30665] Iª q. 53 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 dicendum quod in motu continuo mutatum esse non est pars moveri,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 sed terminus unde oportet quod moveri sit ante mutatum esse. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 ideo oportet quod talis motus sit per medium. Sed in motu non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 continuo mutatum esse est pars, sicut unitas est pars numeri, unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 successio diversorum locorum, etiam sine medio, constituit talem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1572 motum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 53 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30666"><span class="ref">[30666] Iª q. 53 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 proceditur. Videtur quod motus Angeli sit in instanti. Quanto enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 virtus motoris fuerit fortior, et mobile minus resistens motori,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 tanto motus est velocior. Sed virtus Angeli moventis seipsum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 improportionabiliter excedit virtutem moventem aliquod corpus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 Proportio autem velocitatum est secundum minorationem temporis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 Omne autem tempus omni tempori proportionabile est. Si igitur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1579 aliquod corpus movetur in tempore, Angelus movetur in instanti.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30667"><span class="ref">[30667] Iª q. 53 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, motus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 Angeli simplicior est quam aliqua mutatio corporalis. Sed aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 mutatio corporalis est in instanti, ut illuminatio, tum quia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 illuminatur aliquid successive, sicut calefit successive; tum quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 radius non prius pertingit ad propinquum quam ad remotum. Ergo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1584 multo magis motus Angeli est in instanti.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30668"><span class="ref">[30668] Iª q. 53 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 Angelus movetur in tempore de loco ad locum, manifestum est quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 ultimo instanti illius temporis est in termino ad quem, in toto
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 autem tempore praecedenti, aut est in loco immediate praecedenti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 qui accipitur ut terminus a quo; aut partim in uno et partim in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 alio. Si autem partim in uno et partim in alio, sequitur quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 partibilis, quod est impossibile. Ergo in toto tempore praecedenti
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 est in termino a quo. Ergo quiescit ibi, cum quiescere sit in eodem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 esse nunc et prius, ut dictum est. Et sic sequitur quod non
53
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diff changeset
1593 moveatur nisi in ultimo instanti temporis.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30669"><span class="ref">[30669] Iª q. 53 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, in
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 omni mutatione est prius et posterius. Sed prius et posterius motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 numeratur secundum tempus. Ergo omnis motus est in tempore, etiam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1596 motus Angeli; cum in eo sit prius et posterius.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 3 co."><a name="30670"><span class="ref">[30670] Iª q. 53 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 quod quidam dixerunt motum localem Angeli esse in instanti.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 Dicebant enim quod, cum Angelus movetur de uno loco ad alium, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 toto tempore praecedenti Angelus est in termino a quo in ultimo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 autem instanti illius temporis est in termino ad quem. Nec oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 esse aliquod medium inter duos terminos; sicut non est aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 medium inter tempus et terminum temporis. Inter duo autem nunc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 temporis, est tempus medium, unde dicunt quod non est dare ultimum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 nunc in quo fuit in termino a quo. Sicut in illuminatione, et in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 generatione substantiali ignis, non est dare ultimum instans in quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 aer fuit tenebrosus, vel in quo materia fuit sub privatione formae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 ignis, sed est dare ultimum tempus, ita quod in ultimo illius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 temporis est vel lumen in aere, vel forma ignis in materia. Et sic
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diff changeset
1609 illuminatio et generatio substantialis dicuntur motus instantanei.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 Sed hoc non habet locum in proposito. Quod sic ostenditur. De
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 ratione enim quietis est quod quiescens non aliter se habeat nunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 et prius, et ideo in quolibet nunc temporis mensurantis quietem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 quiescens est in eodem et in primo, et in medio, et in ultimo. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 de ratione motus est quod id quod movetur, aliter se habeat nunc et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1615 prius, et ideo in quolibet nunc temporis mensurantis motum, mobile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 se habet in alia et alia dispositione, unde oportet quod in ultimo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 nunc habeat formam quam prius non habebat. Et sic patet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 quiescere in toto tempore in aliquo, puta in albedine, est esse in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 illo in quolibet instanti illius temporis, unde non est possibile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 ut aliquid in toto tempore praecedenti quiescat in uno termino et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 postea in ultimo instanti illius temporis sit in alio termino. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 hoc est possibile in motu, quia moveri in toto aliquo tempore, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 est esse in eadem dispositione in quolibet instanti illius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 temporis. Igitur omnes huiusmodi mutationes instantaneae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 termini motus continui, sicut generatio est terminus alterationis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 materiae, et illuminatio terminus motus localis corporis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 illuminantis. Motus autem localis Angeli non est terminus alicuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 alterius motus continui, sed est per seipsum, a nullo alio motu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 dependens. Unde impossibile est dicere quod in toto tempore sit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 aliquo loco, et in ultimo nunc sit in alio loco. Sed oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 assignare nunc in quo ultimo fuit in loco praecedenti. Ubi autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 sunt multa nunc sibi succedentia, ibi de necessitate est tempus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 cum tempus nihil aliud sit quam numeratio prioris et posterioris in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 motu. Unde relinquitur quod motus Angeli sit in tempore. In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 continuo quidem tempore, si sit motus eius continuus; in non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 continuo autem, si motus sit non continuus (utroque enim modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 contingit esse motum Angeli, ut dictum est), continuitas enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 temporis est ex continuitate motus, ut dicitur in IV Physic. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 istud tempus, sive sit tempus continuum sive non, non est idem cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 tempore quod mensurat motum caeli, et quo mensurantur omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 corporalia, quae habent mutabilitatem ex motu caeli. Motus enim
53
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diff changeset
1642 Angeli non dependet ex motu caeli.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30671"><span class="ref">[30671] Iª q. 53 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 dicendum quod, si tempus motus Angeli non sit continuum, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 successio quaedam ipsorum nunc, non habebit proportionem ad tempus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 quod mensurat motum corporalium, quod est continuum, cum non sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 eiusdem rationis. Si vero sit continuum, est quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 proportionabile, non quidem propter proportionem moventis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 mobilis sed propter proportionem magnitudinum in quibus est motus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 Et praeterea, velocitas motus Angeli non est secundum quantitatem
53
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diff changeset
1650 suae virtutis; sed secundum determinationem suae voluntatis.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30672"><span class="ref">[30672] Iª q. 53 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 dicendum quod illuminatio est terminus motus; et est alteratio, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 motus localis ut intelligatur lumen moveri prius ad propinquum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 quam ad remotum. Motus autem Angeli est localis, et non est
53
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diff changeset
1654 terminus motus. Unde non est simile.</p><p title="I q. 53 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30673"><span class="ref">[30673] Iª q. 53 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de tempore continuo. Tempus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 autem motus Angeli potest esse non continuum. Et sic Angelus in uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 instanti potest esse in uno loco, et in alio instanti in alio loco,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 nullo tempore intermedio existente. Si autem tempus motus Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 sit continuum, Angelus in toto tempore praecedenti ultimum nunc,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 variatur per infinita loca, ut prius expositum est. Est tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 partim in uno locorum continuorum et partim in alio, non quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 substantia illius sit partibilis; sed quia virtus sua applicatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 partem primi loci et ad partem secundi, ut etiam supra dictum
53
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diff changeset
1664 est.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q54"><h2>Quaestio 54</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 54 pr."><a name="30674"><span class="ref">[30674]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1665 Iª q. 54 pr.</span></a> Consideratis his quae ad substantiam
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 Angeli pertinent, procedendum est ad cognitionem ipsius. Haec autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 consideratio erit quadripartita, nam primo considerandum est de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 quae pertinent ad virtutem cognoscitivam Angeli; secundo, de his
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 quae pertinent ad medium cognoscendi ipsius; tertio, de his quae ab
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 eo cognoscuntur; quarto, de modo cognitionis ipsorum. Circa primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 quaeruntur quinque. Primo, utrum intelligere Angeli sit sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 substantia. Secundo, utrum eius esse sit suum intelligere. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 utrum eius substantia sit sua virtus intellectiva. Quarto, utrum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 Angelis sit intellectus agens et possibilis. Quinto, utrum in eis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1675 sit aliqua alia potentia cognoscitiva quam intellectus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 54 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30675"><span class="ref">[30675] Iª q. 54 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 proceditur. Videtur quod intelligere Angeli sit eius substantia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 Angelus enim est sublimior et simplicior quam intellectus agens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 animae. Sed substantia intellectus agentis est sua actio; ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 in III de anima per Aristotelem, et eius Commentatorem. Ergo, multo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1680 fortius, substantia Angeli est sua actio, quae est intelligere.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30676"><span class="ref">[30676] Iª q. 54 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 philosophus dicit, in XII Metaphys., quod actio intellectus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 vita. Sed cum vivere sit esse viventibus, ut dicitur in II de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 anima, videtur quod vita sit essentia. Ergo actio intellectus est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1684 essentia intelligentis Angeli.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30677"><span class="ref">[30677] Iª q. 54 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 extrema sunt unum, medium non differt ab eis, quia extremum magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 distat ab extremo, quam medium. Sed in Angelo idem est intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 et intellectum, ad minus inquantum intelligit essentiam suam. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 intelligere, quod cadit medium inter intellectum et rem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1689 intellectam, est idem cum substantia Angeli intelligentis.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30678"><span class="ref">[30678] Iª q. 54 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, plus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 differt actio rei a substantia eius, quam ipsum esse eius. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 nullius creati suum esse est sua substantia, hoc enim solius Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 proprium est, ut ex superioribus patet. Ergo neque Angeli, neque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1693 alterius creaturae, sua actio est eius substantia.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 1 co."><a name="30679"><span class="ref">[30679] Iª q. 54 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 quod impossibile est quod actio Angeli, vel cuiuscumque alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 creaturae, sit eius substantia. Actio enim est proprie actualitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 virtutis; sicut esse est actualitas substantiae vel essentiae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 Impossibile est autem quod aliquid quod non est purus actus, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 aliquid habet de potentia admixtum, sit sua actualitas, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 actualitas potentialitati repugnat. Solus autem Deus est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 purus. Unde in solo Deo sua substantia est suum esse et suum agere.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 Praeterea, si intelligere Angeli esset sua substantia, oporteret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 quod intelligere Angeli esset subsistens. Intelligere autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 subsistens non potest esse nisi unum; sicut nec aliquod abstractum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 subsistens. Unde unius Angeli substantia non distingueretur neque a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 substantia Dei, quae est ipsum intelligere subsistens; neque a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 substantia alterius Angeli. Si etiam Angelus ipse esset suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 intelligere, non possent esse gradus in intelligendo perfectius et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 minus perfecte, cum hoc contingat propter diversam participationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1709 ipsius intelligere.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30680"><span class="ref">[30680] Iª q. 54 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 dicendum quod, cum dicitur quod intellectus agens est sua actio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 est praedicatio non per essentiam, sed per concomitantiam, quia cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 sit in actu eius substantia, statim quantum est in se, concomitatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 ipsam actio. Quod non est de intellectu possibili, qui non habet
53
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diff changeset
1714 actiones nisi postquam fuerit factus in actu.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30681"><span class="ref">[30681] Iª q. 54 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 dicendum quod vita non hoc modo se habet ad vivere, sicut essentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 ad esse; sed sicut cursus ad currere, quorum unum significat actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 in abstracto, aliud in concreto. Unde non sequitur si vivere sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 esse, quod vita sit essentia. Quamvis etiam quandoque vita pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 essentia ponatur; secundum quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 Trin., quod <i>memoria et intelligentia et voluntas sunt una
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 essentia, una vita</i>. Sed sic non accipitur a philosopho cum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1722 dicit quod <i>actio intellectus est vita</i>.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30682"><span class="ref">[30682] Iª q. 54 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 dicendum quod actio quae transit in aliquid extrinsecum, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 realiter media inter agens et subiectum recipiens actionem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 actio quae manet in agente, non est realiter medium inter agens et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 obiectum, sed secundum modum significandi tantum, realiter vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 consequitur unionem obiecti cum agente. Ex hoc enim quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 intellectum fit unum cum intelligente, consequitur intelligere,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1729 quasi quidam effectus differens ab utroque.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 54 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30683"><span class="ref">[30683] Iª q. 54 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 proceditur. Videtur quod intelligere Angeli sit eius esse. Vivere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 enim viventibus est esse, ut dicitur in II de anima. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 intelligere est quoddam vivere, ut in eodem dicitur. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1733 intelligere Angeli est eius esse.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30684"><span class="ref">[30684] Iª q. 54 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 se habet causa ad causam, ita effectus ad effectum. Sed forma per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 quam Angelus est, est eadem cum forma per quam intelligit ad minus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1736 seipsum. Ergo eius intelligere est idem cum suo esse.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30685"><span class="ref">[30685] Iª q. 54 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 intelligere Angeli est motus eius; ut patet per Dionysium, IV cap.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 de Div. Nom. Sed esse non est motus. Ergo esse Angeli non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1739 intelligere eius.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 2 co."><a name="30686"><span class="ref">[30686] Iª q. 54 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 quod actio Angeli non est eius esse, neque actio alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 creaturae. Duplex enim est actionis genus, ut dicitur IX Metaphys.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 Una scilicet actio est quae transit in aliquid exterius, inferens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 ei passionem, sicut urere et secare. Alia vero actio est quae non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 transit in rem exteriorem, sed manet in ipso agente, sicut sentire,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 intelligere et velle, per huiusmodi enim actionem non immutatur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 aliquid extrinsecum, sed totum in ipso agente agitur. De prima ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 actione manifestum est quod non potest esse ipsum esse agentis, nam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 esse agentis significatur intra ipsum, actio autem talis est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 effluxus in actum ab agente. Secunda autem actio de sui ratione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 habet infinitatem, vel simpliciter, vel secundum quid. Simpliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 quidem, sicut intelligere, cuius obiectum est verum, et velle,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 cuius obiectum est bonum, quorum utrumque convertitur cum ente; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 ita intelligere et velle, quantum est de se, habent se ad omnia; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 utrumque recipit speciem ab obiecto. Secundum quid autem infinitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 est sentire, quod se habet ad omnia sensibilia, sicut visus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 omnia visibilia. Esse autem cuiuslibet creaturae est determinatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 ad unum secundum genus et speciem, esse autem solius Dei est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 simpliciter infinitum, in se omnia comprehendens, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 Dionysius, V cap. de Div. Nom. Unde solum esse divinum est suum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1760 intelligere et suum velle.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30687"><span class="ref">[30687] Iª q. 54 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 dicendum quod vivere quandoque sumitur pro ipso esse viventis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 quandoque vero pro operatione vitae, idest per quam demonstratur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 aliquid esse vivens. Et hoc modo philosophus dicit quod intelligere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 est vivere quoddam, ibi enim distinguit diversos gradus viventium
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1765 secundum diversa opera vitae.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30688"><span class="ref">[30688] Iª q. 54 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 dicendum quod ipsa essentia Angeli est ratio totius sui esse, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 autem est ratio totius sui intelligere, quia non omnia intelligere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 potest per suam essentiam. Et ideo secundum propriam rationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 inquantum est talis essentia, comparatur ad ipsum esse Angeli. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 ad eius intelligere comparatur secundum rationem universalioris
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 obiecti, scilicet veri vel entis. Et sic patet quod, licet sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 eadem forma, non tamen secundum eandem rationem est principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 essendi et intelligendi. Et propter hoc non sequitur quod in Angelo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1774 sit idem esse et intelligere.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 54 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30689"><span class="ref">[30689] Iª q. 54 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 proceditur. Videtur quod virtus vel potentia intellectiva in Angelo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 non sit aliud quam sua essentia. Mens enim et intellectus nominant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 potentiam intellectivam. Sed Dionysius in pluribus locis suorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 librorum, nominat ipsos Angelos intellectus et mentes. Ergo Angelus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1779 est sua potentia intellectiva.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30690"><span class="ref">[30690] Iª q. 54 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 potentia intellectiva in Angelo est aliquid praeter eius essentiam,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 oportet quod sit accidens, hoc enim dicimus esse accidens alicuius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 quod est praeter eius essentiam. <i>Sed forma simplex subiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 esse non potest</i>, ut Boetius dicit, in libro de Trin. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1784 Angelus non esset forma simplex, quod est contra praemissa.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30691"><span class="ref">[30691] Iª q. 54 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 Augustinus dicit, XII Confess., quod Deus fecit angelicam naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 prope se, materiam autem primam prope nihil, ex quo videtur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 Angelus sit simplicior quam materia prima, utpote Deo propinquior.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 Sed materia prima est sua potentia. Ergo multo magis Angelus est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1789 sua potentia intellectiva.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30692"><span class="ref">[30692] Iª q. 54 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 quod Dionysius dicit, XI cap. Angel. Hier., quod <i>Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 dividuntur in substantiam, virtutem et operationem</i>. Ergo aliud
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1792 est in eis substantia, et aliud virtus, et aliud operatio.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 3 co."><a name="30693"><span class="ref">[30693] Iª q. 54 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 quod nec in Angelo nec in aliqua creatura, virtus vel potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 operativa est idem quod sua essentia. Quod sic patet. Cum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 potentia dicatur ad actum, oportet quod secundum diversitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 actuum sit diversitas potentiarum, propter quod dicitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 proprius actus respondet propriae potentiae. In omni autem creato
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 essentia differt a suo esse, et comparatur ad ipsum sicut potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 ad actum, ut ex supra dictis patet. Actus autem ad quem comparatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 potentia operativa, est operatio. In Angelo autem non est idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 intelligere et esse, nec aliqua alia operatio aut in ipso aut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 quocumque alio creato, est idem quod eius esse. Unde essentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 Angeli non est eius potentia intellectiva, nec alicuius creati
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1804 essentia est eius operativa potentia.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30694"><span class="ref">[30694] Iª q. 54 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 dicendum quod Angelus dicitur intellectus et mens, quia tota eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 cognitio est intellectualis. Cognitio autem animae partim est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1807 intellectualis, et partim sensitiva.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30695"><span class="ref">[30695] Iª q. 54 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 dicendum quod forma simplex quae est actus purus, nullius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 accidentis potest esse subiectum, quia subiectum comparatur ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 accidens ut potentia ad actum. Et huiusmodi est solus Deus. Et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 tali forma loquitur ibi Boetius. Forma autem simplex quae non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 suum esse, sed comparatur ad ipsum ut potentia ad actum, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 esse subiectum accidentis, et praecipue eius quod consequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 speciem, huiusmodi enim accidens pertinet ad formam (accidens vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 quod est individui, non consequens totam speciem, consequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 materiam, quae est individuationis principium). Et talis forma
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1817 simplex est Angelus.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30696"><span class="ref">[30696] Iª q. 54 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 dicendum quod potentia materiae est ad ipsum esse substantiale, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 non potentia operativa, sed ad esse accidentale. Unde non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1820 simile.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 54 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30697"><span class="ref">[30697] Iª q. 54 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 proceditur. Videtur quod in Angelo sit intellectus agens et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 possibilis. Dicit enim philosophus, in III de anima, quod <i>sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 in omni natura est aliquid quo est omnia fieri, et aliquid quo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 omnia facere, ita etiam in anima</i>. Sed Angelus est natura
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1825 quaedam. Ergo in eo est intellectus agens et possibilis.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30698"><span class="ref">[30698] Iª q. 54 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 recipere est proprium intellectus possibilis, illuminare autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 proprium intellectus agentis, ut patet in III de anima. Sed Angelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 recipit illuminationem a superiori, et illuminat inferiorem. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1829 in eo est intellectus agens et possibilis.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30699"><span class="ref">[30699] Iª q. 54 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 quod in nobis intellectus agens et possibilis est per comparationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 ad phantasmata; quae quidem comparantur ad intellectum possibilem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 ut colores ad visum, ad intellectum autem agentem ut colores ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 lumen, ut patet ex III de anima. Sed hoc non est in Angelo. Ergo in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1834 Angelo non est intellectus agens et possibilis.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 4 co."><a name="30700"><span class="ref">[30700] Iª q. 54 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 quod necessitas ponendi intellectum possibilem in nobis, fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 propter hoc, quod nos invenimur quandoque intelligentes in potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 et non in actu, unde oportet esse quandam virtutem, quae sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 potentia ad intelligibilia ante ipsum intelligere, sed reducitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 actum eorum cum fit sciens, et ulterius cum fit considerans. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 haec virtus vocatur intellectus possibilis. Necessitas autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 ponendi intellectum agentem fuit, quia naturae rerum materialium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 quas nos intelligimus, non subsistunt extra animam immateriales et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 intelligibiles in actu, sed sunt solum intelligibiles in potentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 extra animam existentes, et ideo oportuit esse aliquam virtutem,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 quae faceret illas naturas intelligibiles actu. Et haec virtus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 dicitur intellectus agens in nobis. Utraque autem necessitas deest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 in Angelis. Quia neque sunt quandoque intelligentes in potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 tantum, respectu eorum quae naturaliter intelligunt, neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 intelligibilia eorum sunt intelligibilia in potentia, sed in actu;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 intelligunt enim primo et principaliter res immateriales, ut infra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 patebit. Et ideo non potest in eis esse intellectus agens et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1852 possibilis, nisi aequivoce.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30701"><span class="ref">[30701] Iª q. 54 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 dicendum quod philosophus intelligit ista duo esse in omni natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 in qua contingit esse generari vel fieri, ut ipsa verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 demonstrant. In Angelo autem non generatur scientia, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 naturaliter adest. Unde non oportet ponere in eis agens et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1857 possibile.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30702"><span class="ref">[30702] Iª q. 54 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 dicendum quod intellectus agentis est illuminare non quidem alium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 intelligentem, sed intelligibilia in potentia, inquantum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 abstractionem facit ea intelligibilia actu. Ad intellectum autem
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1861 possibilem pertinet esse in potentia respectu naturalium
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diff changeset
1862 cognoscibilium, et quandoque fieri actu. Unde quod Angelus
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diff changeset
1863 illuminat Angelum, non pertinet ad rationem intellectus agentis.
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diff changeset
1864 Neque ad rationem intellectus possibilis pertinet, quod illuminatur
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diff changeset
1865 de supernaturalibus mysteriis, ad quae cognoscenda quandoque est in
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1866 potentia. Si quis autem velit haec vocare intellectum agentem et
53
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1867 possibilem, aequivoce dicet, nec de nominibus est curandum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 54 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="30703"><span class="ref">[30703] Iª q. 54 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
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1868 proceditur. Videtur quod in Angelis non sit sola intellectiva
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diff changeset
1869 cognitio. Dicit enim Augustinus, VIII de Civ. Dei, quod in Angelis
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1870 est vita quae intelligit et sentit. Ergo in eis est potentia
53
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1871 sensitiva.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="30704"><span class="ref">[30704] Iª q. 54 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1872 Isidorus dicit quod Angeli multa noverunt per experientiam.
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1873 Experientia autem fit ex multis memoriis, ut dicitur in I Metaphys.
53
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1874 Ergo in eis est etiam memorativa potentia.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="30705"><span class="ref">[30705] Iª q. 54 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1875 Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod in Daemonibus est
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diff changeset
1876 phantasia proterva. Phantasia autem ad vim imaginativam pertinet.
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1877 Ergo in Daemonibus est vis imaginativa. Et eadem ratione in
53
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1878 Angelis, quia sunt eiusdem naturae.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 5 s. c."><a name="30706"><span class="ref">[30706] Iª q. 54 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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1879 quod Gregorius dicit, in homilia de ascensione, quod <i>homo sentit
53
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1880 cum pecoribus, et intelligit cum Angelis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 5 co."><a name="30707"><span class="ref">[30707] Iª q. 54 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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1881 quod in anima nostra sunt quaedam vires, quarum operationes per
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diff changeset
1882 organa corporea exercentur, et huiusmodi vires sunt actus quarundam
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1883 partium corporis, sicut est visus in oculo, et auditus in aure.
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1884 Quaedam vero vires animae nostrae sunt, quarum operationes per
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diff changeset
1885 organa corporea non exercentur, ut intellectus et voluntas, et
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1886 huiusmodi non sunt actus aliquarum partium corporis. Angeli autem
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1887 non habent corpora sibi naturaliter unita, ut ex supra dictis
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1888 patet. Unde de viribus animae non possunt eis competere nisi
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1889 intellectus et voluntas. Et hoc etiam Commentator dicit, XII
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diff changeset
1890 Metaphys., quod substantiae separatae dividuntur in intellectum et
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diff changeset
1891 voluntatem. Et hoc convenit ordini universi, ut suprema creatura
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diff changeset
1892 intellectualis sit totaliter intellectiva; et non secundum partem,
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1893 ut anima nostra. Et propter hoc etiam Angeli vocantur intellectus
53
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1894 et mentes, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 54 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="30708"><span class="ref">[30708] Iª q. 54 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad ea vero quae in
28
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1895 contrarium obiiciuntur, potest dupliciter responderi. Uno modo,
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diff changeset
1896 quod auctoritates illae loquuntur secundum opinionem illorum qui
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1897 posuerunt Angelos et Daemones habere corpora naturaliter sibi
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1898 unita. Qua opinione frequenter Augustinus in libris suis utitur,
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diff changeset
1899 licet eam asserere non intendat, unde dicit, XXI de Civ. Dei, quod
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diff changeset
1900 <i>super hac inquisitione non est multum laborandum</i>. Alio modo
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1901 potest dici, quod auctoritates illae, et consimiles, sunt
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diff changeset
1902 intelligendae per quandam similitudinem. Quia cum sensus certam
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diff changeset
1903 apprehensionem habeat de proprio sensibili, est in usu loquentium
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diff changeset
1904 ut etiam secundum certam apprehensionem intellectus aliquid sentire
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diff changeset
1905 dicamur. Unde etiam sententia nominatur. Experientia vero Angelis
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diff changeset
1906 attribui potest per similitudinem cognitorum, etsi non per
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diff changeset
1907 similitudinem virtutis cognoscitivae. Est enim in nobis
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1908 experientia, dum singularia per sensum cognoscimus, Angeli autem
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1909 singularia cognoscunt, ut infra patebit, sed non per sensum. Sed
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diff changeset
1910 tamen memoria in Angelis potest poni, secundum quod ab Augustino
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1911 ponitur in mente; licet non possit eis competere secundum quod
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1912 ponitur pars animae sensitivae. Similiter dicendum quod phantasia
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1913 proterva attribuitur Daemonibus, ex eo quod habent falsam practicam
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1914 existimationem de vero bono, deceptio autem in nobis proprie fit
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1915 secundum phantasiam, per quam interdum similitudinibus rerum
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1916 inhaeremus sicut rebus ipsis, ut patet in dormientibus et
53
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1917 amentibus.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q55"><h2>Quaestio 55</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 55 pr."><a name="30709"><span class="ref">[30709]
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1918 Iª q. 55 pr.</span></a> Consequenter quaeritur de medio
28
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1919 cognitionis angelicae. Et circa hoc quaeruntur tria. Primo, utrum
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1920 Angeli cognoscant omnia per suam substantiam, vel per aliquas
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1921 species. Secundo, si per species, utrum per species connaturales,
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1922 vel per species a rebus acceptas. Tertio, utrum Angeli superiores
53
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1923 cognoscant per species magis universales, quam inferiores.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 55 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30710"><span class="ref">[30710] Iª q. 55 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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1924 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli cognoscant omnia per suam
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diff changeset
1925 substantiam. Dicit enim Dionysius, VII cap. de Div. Nom., quod
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1926 <i>Angeli sciunt ea quae sunt in terra, secundum propriam naturam
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1927 mentis</i>. Sed natura Angeli est eius essentia. Ergo Angelus per
53
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1928 suam essentiam res cognoscit.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30711"><span class="ref">[30711] Iª q. 55 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1929 secundum philosophum, in XII Metaphys., et in III de anima, <i>in
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1930 his quae sunt sine materia, idem est intellectus et quod
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1931 intelligitur</i>. Id autem quod intelligitur est idem intelligenti
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1932 ratione eius quo intelligitur. Ergo in his quae sunt sine materia,
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1933 sicut sunt Angeli, id quo intelligitur est ipsa substantia
53
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1934 intelligentis.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30712"><span class="ref">[30712] Iª q. 55 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
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1935 quod est in altero, est in eo per modum eius in quo est. Sed
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1936 Angelus habet naturam intellectualem. Ergo quidquid est in ipso,
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1937 est in eo per modum intelligibilem. Sed omnia sunt in eo, quia
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1938 inferiora in entibus sunt in superioribus essentialiter, superiora
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1939 vero sunt in inferioribus participative; et ideo dicit Dionysius,
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1940 IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod Deus tota in totis congregat, idest
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1941 omnia in omnibus. Ergo Angelus omnia in sua substantia
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1942 cognoscit.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30713"><span class="ref">[30713] Iª q. 55 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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1943 quod Dionysius dicit, in eodem capite, quod Angeli illuminantur
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1944 rationibus rerum. Ergo cognoscunt per rationes rerum, et non per
53
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1945 propriam substantiam.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 1 co."><a name="30714"><span class="ref">[30714] Iª q. 55 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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1946 quod illud quo intellectus intelligit, comparatur ad intellectum
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1947 intelligentem ut forma eius, quia forma est quo agens agit. Oportet
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1948 autem, ad hoc quod potentia perfecte compleatur per formam, quod
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1949 omnia contineantur sub forma, ad quae potentia se extendit. Et inde
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1950 est quod in rebus corruptibilibus forma non perfecte complet
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1951 potentiam materiae, quia potentia materiae ad plura se extendit
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1952 quam sit continentia formae huius vel illius. Potentia autem
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1953 intellectiva Angeli se extendit ad intelligendum omnia, quia
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1954 obiectum intellectus est ens vel verum commune. Ipsa autem essentia
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1955 Angeli non comprehendit in se omnia, cum sit essentia determinata
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1956 ad genus et ad speciem. Hoc autem proprium est essentiae divinae,
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1957 quae infinita est, ut in se simpliciter omnia comprehendat
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1958 perfecte. Et ideo solus Deus cognoscit omnia per suam essentiam.
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1959 Angelus autem per suam essentiam non potest omnia cognoscere; sed
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1960 oportet intellectum eius aliquibus speciebus perfici ad res
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1961 cognoscendas.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30715"><span class="ref">[30715] Iª q. 55 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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1962 dicendum quod, cum dicitur Angelum secundum suam naturam res
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1963 cognoscere, ly secundum non determinat medium cognitionis, quod est
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1964 similitudo cogniti; sed virtutem cognoscitivam, quae convenit
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1965 Angelo secundum suam naturam.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30716"><span class="ref">[30716] Iª q. 55 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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1966 dicendum quod, sicut sensus in actu est sensibile in actu, ut
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1967 dicitur in III de anima, non ita quod ipsa vis sensitiva sit ipsa
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1968 similitudo sensibilis quae est in sensu, sed quia ex utroque fit
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1969 unum sicut ex actu et potentia; ita et intellectus in actu dicitur
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1970 esse intellectum in actu, non quod substantia intellectus sit ipsa
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1971 similitudo per quam intelligit, sed quia illa similitudo est forma
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1972 eius. Idem est autem quod dicitur, in his quae sunt sine materia,
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1973 idem est intellectus et quod intelligitur, ac si diceretur quod
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1974 intellectus in actu est intellectum in actu, ex hoc enim aliquid
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1975 est intellectum in actu quod est immateriale.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30717"><span class="ref">[30717] Iª q. 55 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1976 dicendum quod ea quae sunt infra Angelum, et ea quae sunt supra
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1977 ipsum, sunt quodammodo in substantia eius, non quidem perfecte,
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1978 neque secundum propriam rationem, cum Angeli essentia, finita
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1979 existens, secundum propriam rationem ab aliis distinguatur; sed
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diff changeset
1980 secundum quandam rationem communem. In essentia autem Dei sunt
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1981 omnia perfecte et secundum propriam rationem, sicut in prima et
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diff changeset
1982 universali virtute operativa, a qua procedit quidquid est in
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1983 quacumque re vel proprium vel commune. Et ideo Deus per essentiam
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1984 suam habet propriam cognitionem de rebus omnibus, non autem
53
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1985 Angelus, sed solam communem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 55 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30718"><span class="ref">[30718] Iª q. 55 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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diff changeset
1986 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli intelligant per species a rebus
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diff changeset
1987 acceptas. Omne enim quod intelligitur, per aliquam sui
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diff changeset
1988 similitudinem in intelligente intelligitur. Similitudo autem
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diff changeset
1989 alicuius in altero existens, aut est ibi per modum exemplaris, ita
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1990 quod illa similitudo sit causa rei, aut est ibi per modum imaginis,
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1991 ita quod sit causata a re. Oportet igitur quod omnis scientia
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diff changeset
1992 intelligentis vel sit causa rei intellectae, vel causata a re. Sed
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diff changeset
1993 scientia Angeli non est causa rerum existentium in natura, sed sola
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diff changeset
1994 divina scientia. Ergo oportet quod species per quas intelligit
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1995 intellectus angelicus, sint a rebus acceptae.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30719"><span class="ref">[30719] Iª q. 55 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, lumen
28
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diff changeset
1996 angelicum est fortius quam lumen intellectus agentis in anima. Sed
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diff changeset
1997 lumen intellectus agentis abstrahit species intelligibiles a
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diff changeset
1998 phantasmatibus. Ergo lumen intellectus angelici potest abstrahere
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1999 species etiam ab ipsis rebus sensibilibus. Et ita nihil prohibet
53
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2000 dicere quod Angelus intelligat per species a rebus acceptas.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30720"><span class="ref">[30720] Iª q. 55 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2001 species quae sunt in intellectu, indifferenter se habent ad
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diff changeset
2002 praesens et distans, nisi quatenus a rebus sensibilibus
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diff changeset
2003 accipiuntur. Si ergo Angelus non intelligit per species a rebus
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2004 acceptas, eius cognitio indifferenter se haberet ad propinqua et
53
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2005 distantia, et ita frustra secundum locum moveretur.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30721"><span class="ref">[30721] Iª q. 55 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
2006 quod Dionysius dicit, VII cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>Angeli non
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2007 congregant divinam cognitionem a rebus divisibilibus, aut a
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2008 sensibilibus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 2 co."><a name="30722"><span class="ref">[30722] Iª q. 55 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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2009 quod species per quas Angeli intelligunt, non sunt a rebus
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diff changeset
2010 acceptae, sed eis connaturales. Sic enim oportet intelligere
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2011 distinctionem et ordinem spiritualium substantiarum, sicut est
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diff changeset
2012 distinctio et ordo corporalium. Suprema autem corpora habent
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diff changeset
2013 potentiam in sui natura totaliter perfectam per formam, in
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diff changeset
2014 corporibus autem inferioribus potentia materiae non totaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2015 perficitur per formam, sed accipit nunc unam, nunc aliam formam, ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2016 aliquo agente. Similiter et inferiores substantiae intellectivae,
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diff changeset
2017 scilicet animae humanae, habent potentiam intellectivam non
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diff changeset
2018 completam naturaliter; sed completur in eis successive, per hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2019 quod accipiunt species intelligibiles a rebus. Potentia vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2020 intellectiva in substantiis spiritualibus superioribus, idest in
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diff changeset
2021 Angelis, naturaliter completa est per species intelligibiles,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2022 inquantum habent species intelligibiles connaturales ad omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2023 intelligenda quae naturaliter cognoscere possunt. Et hoc etiam ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2024 ipso modo essendi huiusmodi substantiarum apparet. Substantiae enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 spirituales inferiores, scilicet animae, habent esse affine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 corpori, inquantum sunt corporum formae, et ideo ex ipso modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2027 essendi competit eis ut a corporibus, et per corpora suam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2028 perfectionem intelligibilem consequantur, alioquin frustra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2029 corporibus unirentur. Substantiae vero superiores, idest Angeli,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 sunt a corporibus totaliter absolutae, immaterialiter et in esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 intelligibili subsistentes, et ideo suam perfectionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 intelligibilem consequuntur per intelligibilem effluxum, quo a Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 species rerum cognitarum acceperunt simul cum intellectuali natura.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 Unde Augustinus dicit, II super Gen. ad Litt., quod <i>cetera, quae
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diff changeset
2035 infra Angelos sunt, ita creantur, ut prius fiant in cognitione
53
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diff changeset
2036 rationalis creaturae, ac deinde in genere suo</i>.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30723"><span class="ref">[30723] Iª q. 55 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 dicendum quod in mente Angeli sunt similitudines creaturarum, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 quidem ab ipsis creaturis acceptae, sed a Deo, qui est creaturarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 causa, et in quo primo similitudines rerum existunt. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2040 Augustinus dicit, in eodem libro, quod <i>sicut ratio qua creatura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 conditur, prius est in verbo Dei quam ipsa creatura quae conditur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 sic et eiusdem rationis cognitio prius fit in creatura
53
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diff changeset
2043 intellectuali, ac deinde est ipsa conditio creaturae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30724"><span class="ref">[30724] Iª q. 55 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 dicendum quod de extremo ad extremum non pervenitur nisi per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 medium. Esse autem formae in imaginatione, quod est quidem sine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 materia, non tamen sine materialibus conditionibus, medium est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 inter esse formae quae est in materia, et esse formae quae est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 intellectu per abstractionem a materia et a conditionibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 materialibus. Unde quantumcumque sit potens intellectus angelicus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 non posset formas materiales reducere ad esse intelligibile, nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 prius reduceret eas ad esse formarum imaginatarum. Quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 impossibile, cum careat imaginatione, ut dictum est. Dato etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 quod posset abstrahere species intelligibiles a rebus materialibus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 non tamen abstraheret, quia non indigeret eis, cum habeat species
53
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diff changeset
2055 intelligibiles connaturales.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30725"><span class="ref">[30725] Iª q. 55 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 dicendum quod cognitio Angeli indifferenter se habet ad distans et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 propinquum secundum locum. Non tamen propter hoc motus eius localis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 est frustra, non enim movetur localiter ad cognitionem accipiendam,
53
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diff changeset
2059 sed ad operandum aliquid in loco.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 55 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30726"><span class="ref">[30726] Iª q. 55 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 proceditur. Videtur quod superiores Angeli non intelligant per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 species magis universales quam inferiores. Universale enim esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 videtur quod a particularibus abstrahitur. Sed Angeli non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 intelligunt per species a rebus abstractas. Ergo non potest dici
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 quod species intellectus angelici sint magis vel minus
53
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diff changeset
2065 universales.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30727"><span class="ref">[30727] Iª q. 55 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, quod
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 cognoscitur in speciali, perfectius cognoscitur quam quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 cognoscitur in universali, quia cognoscere aliquid in universali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 est quodammodo medium inter potentiam et actum. Si ergo Angeli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 superiores cognoscunt per formas magis universales quam inferiores,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 sequitur quod Angeli superiores habeant scientiam magis imperfectam
53
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diff changeset
2071 quam inferiores. Quod est inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30728"><span class="ref">[30728] Iª q. 55 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, idem
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 non potest esse propria ratio multorum. Sed si Angelus superior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 cognoscat per unam formam universalem diversa, quae inferior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 Angelus cognoscit per plures formas speciales, sequitur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 Angelus superior utitur una forma universali ad cognoscendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 diversa. Ergo non poterit habere propriam cognitionem de utroque.
53
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diff changeset
2077 Quod videtur inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30729"><span class="ref">[30729] Iª q. 55 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 quod dicit Dionysius, XII cap. Angel. Hier., quod superiores Angeli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 participant scientiam magis in universali quam inferiores. Et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 libro de causis dicitur quod Angeli superiores habent formas magis
53
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diff changeset
2081 universales.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 3 co."><a name="30730"><span class="ref">[30730] Iª q. 55 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 quod ex hoc sunt in rebus aliqua superiora, quod sunt uni primo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 quod est Deus, propinquiora et similiora. In Deo autem tota
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 plenitudo intellectualis cognitionis continetur in uno, scilicet in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 essentia divina, per quam Deus omnia cognoscit. Quae quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 intelligibilis plenitudo in intellectibus creatis inferiori modo et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 minus simpliciter invenitur. Unde oportet quod ea quae Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 cognoscit per unum, inferiores intellectus cognoscant per multa, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 tanto amplius per plura, quanto amplius intellectus inferior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 fuerit. Sic igitur quanto Angelus fuerit superior, tanto per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 pauciores species universitatem intelligibilium apprehendere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 poterit. Et ideo oportet quod eius formae sint universaliores,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 quasi ad plura se extendentes unaquaeque earum. Et de hoc exemplum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 aliqualiter in nobis perspici potest. Sunt enim quidam, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 veritatem intelligibilem capere non possunt, nisi eis particulatim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 per singula explicetur, et hoc quidem ex debilitate intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 eorum contingit. Alii vero, qui sunt fortioris intellectus, ex
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2098 paucis multa capere possunt.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30731"><span class="ref">[30731] Iª q. 55 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 dicendum quod accidit universali ut a singularibus abstrahatur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 inquantum intellectus illud cognoscens a rebus cognitionem accipit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 Si vero sit aliquis intellectus a rebus cognitionem non accipiens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 universale ab eo cognitum non erit abstractum a rebus, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 quodammodo ante res praeexistens, vel secundum ordinem causae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 sicut universales rerum rationes sunt in verbo Dei; vel saltem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 ordine naturae, sicut universales rerum rationes sunt in intellectu
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2106 angelico.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30732"><span class="ref">[30732] Iª q. 55 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 dicendum quod cognoscere aliquid in universali, dicitur dupliciter.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 Uno modo, ex parte rei cognitae, ut scilicet cognoscatur solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 universalis natura rei. Et sic cognoscere aliquid in universali est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 imperfectius, imperfecte enim cognosceret hominem, qui cognosceret
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 de eo solum quod est animal. Alio modo, ex parte medii cognoscendi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 Et sic perfectius est cognoscere aliquid in universali, perfectior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 enim est intellectus qui per unum universale medium potest singula
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2114 propria cognoscere, quam qui non potest.</p><p title="I q. 55 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30733"><span class="ref">[30733] Iª q. 55 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 dicendum quod idem non potest esse plurium propria ratio adaequata.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 Sed si sit excellens, potest idem accipi ut propria ratio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 similitudo diversorum. Sicut in homine est universalis prudentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 quantum ad omnes actus virtutum; et potest accipi ut propria ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 et similitudo particularis prudentiae quae est in leone ad actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 magnanimitatis, et eius quae est in vulpe ad actus cautelae, et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 de aliis. Similiter essentia divina accipitur, propter sui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 excellentiam, ut propria ratio singulorum, quia est in ea unde sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 singula similentur secundum proprias rationes. Et eodem modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 dicendum est de ratione universali quae est in mente Angeli, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 per eam, propter eius excellentiam, multa cognosci possunt propria
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2126 cognitione.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q56"><h2>Quaestio 56</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 56 pr."><a name="30734"><span class="ref">[30734]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2127 Iª q. 56 pr.</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de cognitione
28
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diff changeset
2128 Angelorum ex parte rerum quas cognoscunt. Et primo, de cognitione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 rerum immaterialium; secundo, de cognitione rerum materialium.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 Circa primum quaeruntur tria. Primo, utrum Angelus cognoscat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 seipsum. Secundo, utrum unus cognoscat alium. Tertio, utrum Angelus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2132 per sua naturalia cognoscat Deum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 56 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30735"><span class="ref">[30735] Iª q. 56 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus seipsum non cognoscat. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 Dionysius, VI cap. Angel. Hier., quod Angeli ignorant proprias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 virtutes. Cognita autem substantia, cognoscitur virtus. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2136 Angelus non cognoscit suam essentiam.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30736"><span class="ref">[30736] Iª q. 56 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 Angelus est quaedam substantia singularis, alioquin non ageret, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 actus sint singularium subsistentium. Sed nullum singulare est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 intelligibile. Ergo non potest intelligi. Et ita, cum Angelo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2140 adsit nisi intellectiva cognitio, non poterit aliquis Angelus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2141 cognoscere seipsum.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30737"><span class="ref">[30737] Iª q. 56 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 intellectus movetur ab intelligibili, quia intelligere est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 pati, ut dicitur in III de anima. Sed nihil movetur aut patitur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 seipso; ut in rebus corporalibus apparet. Ergo Angelus non potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2145 intelligere seipsum.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30738"><span class="ref">[30738] Iª q. 56 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 quod Augustinus dicit, II super Gen. ad Litt., quod <i>Angelus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 ipsa sua conformatione, hoc est illustratione veritatis, cognovit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2148 seipsum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 1 co."><a name="30739"><span class="ref">[30739] Iª q. 56 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, obiectum aliter se habet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 actione quae manet in agente, et in actione quae transit in aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 exterius. Nam in actione quae transit in aliquid exterius, obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 sive materia in quam transit actus, est separata ab agente, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 calefactum a calefaciente, et aedificatum ab aedificante. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 actione quae manet in agente, oportet ad hoc quod procedat actio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 quod obiectum uniatur agenti, sicut oportet quod sensibile uniatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 sensui, ad hoc quod sentiat actu. Et ita se habet obiectum unitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 potentiae ad huiusmodi actionem, sicut forma quae est principium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 actionis in aliis agentibus, sicut enim calor est principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 formale calefactionis in igne, ita species rei visae est principium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 formale visionis in oculo. Sed considerandum est quod huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 species obiecti quandoque est in potentia tantum in cognoscitiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 virtute, et tunc est cognoscens in potentia tantum; et ad hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 actu cognoscat, requiritur quod potentia cognoscitiva reducatur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 actum speciei. Si autem semper eam actu habeat, nihilominus per eam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 cognoscere potest absque aliqua mutatione vel receptione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 praecedenti. Ex quo patet quod moveri ab obiecto non est de ratione
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diff changeset
2167 cognoscentis inquantum est cognoscens, sed inquantum est potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 cognoscens. Nihil autem differt, ad hoc quod forma sit principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 actionis, quod ipsa forma sit alii inhaerens, et quod sit per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 subsistens, non enim minus calor calefaceret si esset per se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 subsistens, quam calefacit inhaerens. Sic igitur et si aliquid in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 genere intelligibilium se habeat ut forma intelligibilis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 subsistens, intelliget seipsum. Angelus autem, cum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 immaterialis, est quaedam forma subsistens, et per hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 intelligibilis actu. Unde sequitur quod per suam formam, quae est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2176 sua substantia, seipsum intelligat.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30740"><span class="ref">[30740] Iª q. 56 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 dicendum quod littera illa est antiquae translationis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 corrigitur per novam, in qua dicitur, praeterea et ipsos, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 Angelos, cognovisse proprias virtutes; loco cuius habebatur in alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 translatione, et adhuc et eos ignorare proprias virtutes. Quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 etiam littera antiquae translationis salvari possit quantum ad hoc,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 quod Angeli non perfecte cognoscunt suam virtutem, secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 procedit ab ordine divinae sapientiae, quae est Angelis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2184 incomprehensibilis.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30741"><span class="ref">[30741] Iª q. 56 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 dicendum quod singularium quae sunt in rebus corporalibus, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 intellectus, apud nos, non ratione singularitatis, sed ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 materiae, quae est in eis individuationis principium. Unde si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 aliqua singularia sunt sine materia subsistentia, sicut sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2189 Angeli, illa nihil prohibet intelligibilia esse actu.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30742"><span class="ref">[30742] Iª q. 56 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 dicendum quod moveri et pati convenit intellectui secundum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 in potentia. Unde non habet locum in intellectu angelico; maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 quantum ad hoc quod intelligit seipsum. Actio etiam intellectus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 est eiusdem rationis cum actione quae in corporalibus invenitur, in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2194 aliam materiam transeunte.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 56 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30743"><span class="ref">[30743] Iª q. 56 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 proceditur. Videtur quod unus Angelus alium non cognoscat. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 enim philosophus, in III de anima, quod si intellectus humanus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 haberet in se aliquam naturam de numero naturarum rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 sensibilium, illa natura interius existens prohiberet apparere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 extranea, sicut etiam si pupilla esset colorata aliquo colore, non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 posset videre omnem colorem. Sed sicut se habet intellectus humanus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 ad cognoscendas res corporeas, ita se habet intellectus angelicus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 ad cognoscendas res immateriales. Cum igitur intellectus angelicus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 habeat in se aliquam naturam determinatam de numero illarum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2204 naturarum, videtur quod alias cognoscere non possit.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30744"><span class="ref">[30744] Iª q. 56 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 libro de causis dicitur quod <i>omnis intelligentia sit quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 supra se, inquantum est causata ab eo; et quod est sub se,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 inquantum est causa eius</i>. Sed unus Angelus non est causa
53
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diff changeset
2208 alterius. Ergo unus Angelus non cognoscit alium.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30745"><span class="ref">[30745] Iª q. 56 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, unus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 Angelus non potest cognoscere alium per essentiam ipsius Angeli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 cognoscentis, cum omnis cognitio sit secundum rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 similitudinis, essentia autem Angeli cognoscentis non est similis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 essentiae Angeli cogniti nisi in genere, ut ex supra dictis patet;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 unde sequeretur quod unus Angelus non haberet de alio cognitionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 propriam, sed generalem tantum. Similiter etiam non potest dici
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 quod unus Angelus cognoscat alium per essentiam Angeli cogniti,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 quia illud quo intellectus intelligit, est intrinsecum intellectui;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 sola autem Trinitas illabitur menti. Similiter etiam dici non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 potest quod unus cognoscat alium per speciem, quia illa species non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 differret ab Angelo intellecto, cum utrumque sit immateriale. Nullo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2220 igitur modo videtur quod unus Angelus possit intelligere alium.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="30746"><span class="ref">[30746] Iª q. 56 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 unus Angelus intelligit alium, aut hoc esset per speciem innatam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 et sic sequeretur quod, si Deus nunc de novo crearet aliquem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 Angelum, quod non posset cognosci ab his qui nunc sunt. Aut per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 speciem acquisitam a rebus, et sic sequeretur quod Angeli
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 superiores non possent cognoscere inferiores, a quibus nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 accipiunt. Nullo igitur modo videtur quod unus Angelus alium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2227 cognoscat.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30747"><span class="ref">[30747] Iª q. 56 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 quod dicitur in libro de causis, quod <i>omnis intelligentia scit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2229 res quae non corrumpuntur</i>.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 2 co."><a name="30748"><span class="ref">[30748] Iª q. 56 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, II super Gen. ad Litt., ea quae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 verbo Dei ab aeterno praeextiterunt, dupliciter ab eo effluxerunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 uno modo, in intellectum angelicum; alio modo, ut subsisterent in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 propriis naturis. In intellectum autem angelicum processerunt per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 hoc, quod Deus menti angelicae impressit rerum similitudines, quas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 in esse naturali produxit. In verbo autem Dei ab aeterno extiterunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 non solum rationes rerum corporalium, sed etiam rationes omnium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 spiritualium creaturarum. Sic igitur unicuique spiritualium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 creaturarum a verbo Dei impressae sunt omnes rationes rerum omnium,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 tam corporalium quam spiritualium. Ita tamen quod unicuique Angelo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 impressa est ratio suae speciei secundum esse naturale et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 intelligibile simul, ita scilicet quod in natura suae speciei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 subsisteret, et per eam se intelligeret, aliarum vero naturarum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 tam spiritualium quam corporalium, rationes sunt ei impressae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 secundum esse intelligibile tantum, ut videlicet per huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 species impressas, tam creaturas corporales quam spirituales
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2246 cognosceret.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30749"><span class="ref">[30749] Iª q. 56 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 dicendum quod naturae spirituales Angelorum ab invicem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 distinguuntur ordine quodam, sicut supra dictum est. Et sic natura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 unius Angeli non prohibet intellectum ipsius a cognoscendis aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 naturis Angelorum, cum tam superiores quam inferiores habeant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 affinitatem cum natura eius, differentia existente tantum secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2252 diversos gradus perfectionis.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30750"><span class="ref">[30750] Iª q. 56 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 dicendum quod ratio causae et causati non facit ad hoc quod unus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 Angelus alium cognoscat, nisi ratione similitudinis, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 causa et causatum sunt similia. Et ideo, si inter Angelos ponatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 similitudo absque causalitate, remanebit in uno cognitio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2257 alterius.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30751"><span class="ref">[30751] Iª q. 56 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 dicendum quod unus Angelus cognoscit alium per speciem eius in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 intellectu suo existentem, quae differt ab Angelo cuius similitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 est, non secundum esse materiale et immateriale, sed secundum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 naturale et intentionale. Nam ipse Angelus est forma subsistens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 esse naturali, non autem species eius quae est in intellectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 alterius Angeli, sed habet ibi esse intelligibile tantum. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 etiam et forma coloris in pariete habet esse naturale, in medio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2265 autem deferente habet esse intentionale tantum.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="30752"><span class="ref">[30752] Iª q. 56 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 dicendum quod Deus unamquamque creaturam fecit proportionatam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 universo quod facere disposuit. Et ideo, si Deus instituisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 facere plures Angelos vel plures naturas rerum, plures species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 intelligibiles mentibus angelicis impressisset. Sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 aedificator voluisset facere maiorem domum, fecisset maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 fundamentum. Unde eiusdem rationis est quod Deus adderet aliquam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2272 creaturam universo, et aliquam speciem intelligibilem Angelo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 56 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30753"><span class="ref">[30753] Iª q. 56 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli per sua naturalia Deum cognoscere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 non possint. Dicit enim Dionysius, I cap. de Div. Nom., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 <i>Deus est super omnes caelestes mentes incomprehensibili virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 collocatus</i>. Et postea subdit quod, <i>quia est supra omnem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2277 substantiam, ab omni cognitione est segregatus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30754"><span class="ref">[30754] Iª q. 56 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 in infinitum distat ab intellectu Angeli. Sed in infinitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 distantia non possunt attingi. Ergo videtur quod Angelus per sua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2280 naturalia non possit Deum cognoscere.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30755"><span class="ref">[30755] Iª q. 56 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, I
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 Cor. XIII dicitur, <i>videmus nunc per speculum in aenigmate, tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 autem facie ad faciem</i>. Ex quo videtur quod sit duplex Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 cognitio, una, qua videtur per sui essentiam, secundum quam dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 videri facie ad faciem; alia, secundum quod videtur in speculo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 creaturarum. Sed primam Dei cognitionem Angelus habere non potuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 per sua naturalia, ut supra ostensum est. Visio autem specularis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 Angelis non convenit, quia non accipiunt divinam cognitionem e
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 rebus sensibilibus, ut dicit Dionysius, VII cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2289 Angeli per sua naturalia Deum cognoscere non possunt.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30756"><span class="ref">[30756] Iª q. 56 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 Angeli sunt potentiores in cognoscendo quam homines. Sed homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 per sua naturalia Deum cognoscere possunt; secundum illud Rom. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 <i>quod notum est Dei, manifestum est in illis</i>. Ergo multo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2293 magis Angeli.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 3 co."><a name="30757"><span class="ref">[30757] Iª q. 56 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 quod Angeli aliquam cognitionem de Deo habere possunt per sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 naturalia. Ad cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 tripliciter cognoscitur. Uno modo, per praesentiam suae essentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 in cognoscente, sicut si lux videatur in oculo, et sic dictum est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 quod Angelus intelligit seipsum. Alio modo, per praesentiam suae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 similitudinis in potentia cognoscitiva, sicut lapis videtur ab
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 oculo per hoc quod similitudo eius resultat in oculo. Tertio modo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 per hoc quod similitudo rei cognitae non accipitur immediate ab
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 ipsa re cognita, sed a re alia, in qua resultat, sicut cum videmus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 hominem in speculo. Primae igitur cognitioni assimilatur divina
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 cognitio, qua per essentiam suam videtur. Et haec cognitio Dei non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 potest adesse creaturae alicui per sua naturalia, ut supra dictum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 est. Tertiae autem cognitioni assimilatur cognitio qua nos
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 cognoscimus Deum in via, per similitudinem eius in creaturis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 resultantem; secundum illud Rom. I, <i>invisibilia Dei per ea quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 facta sunt, intellecta, conspiciuntur</i>. Unde et dicimur Deum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 videre in speculo. Cognitio autem qua Angelus per sua naturalia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 cognoscit Deum, media est inter has duas; et similatur illi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 cognitioni qua videtur res per speciem ab ea acceptam. Quia enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 imago Dei est in ipsa natura Angeli impressa per suam essentiam,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 Angelus Deum cognoscit, inquantum est similitudo Dei. Non tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 ipsam essentiam Dei videt, quia nulla similitudo creata est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 sufficiens ad repraesentandam divinam essentiam. Unde magis ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 cognitio tenet se cum speculari, quia et ipsa natura angelica est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2318 quoddam speculum divinam similitudinem repraesentans.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30758"><span class="ref">[30758] Iª q. 56 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 dicendum quod Dionysius loquitur de cognitione comprehensionis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 expresse eius verba ostendunt. Et sic a nullo intellectu creato
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2321 cognoscitur.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30759"><span class="ref">[30759] Iª q. 56 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 dicendum quod propter hoc quod intellectus et essentia Angeli in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 infinitum distant a Deo, sequitur quod non possit ipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 comprehendere, nec per suam naturam eius essentiam videre. Non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 tamen sequitur propter hoc, quod nullam eius cognitionem habere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 possit, quia sicut Deus in infinitum distat ab Angelo, ita cognitio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 quam Deus habet de seipso, in infinitum distat a cognitione quam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2328 Angelus habet de eo.</p><p title="I q. 56 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30760"><span class="ref">[30760] Iª q. 56 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 dicendum quod cognitio quam naturaliter Angelus habet de Deo, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 media inter utramque cognitionem, et tamen magis se tenet cum una,
53
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diff changeset
2331 ut supra dictum est.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q57"><h2>Quaestio 57</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 57 pr."><a name="30761"><span class="ref">[30761]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2332 Iª q. 57 pr.</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de his materialibus
28
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diff changeset
2333 quae ab Angelis cognoscuntur. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quinque.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 Primo, utrum Angeli cognoscant naturas rerum materialium. Secundo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 utrum cognoscant singularia. Tertio, utrum cognoscant futura.
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diff changeset
2336 Quarto, utrum cognoscant cogitationes cordium. Quinto, utrum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2337 cognoscant omnia mysteria gratiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 57 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30762"><span class="ref">[30762] Iª q. 57 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli non cognoscant res materiales.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 Intellectum enim est perfectio intelligentis. Res autem materiales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 non possunt esse perfectiones Angelorum, cum sint infra ipsos. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2341 Angeli non cognoscunt res materiales.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30763"><span class="ref">[30763] Iª q. 57 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, visio
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 intellectualis est eorum quae sunt in anima per sui essentiam, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 dicitur in Glossa, II ad Cor. XII. Sed res materiales non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 esse in anima hominis, vel in mente Angeli, per suas essentias.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 Ergo non possunt intellectuali visione cognosci, sed solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 imaginaria, qua apprehenduntur similitudines corporum; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 sensibili, quae est de ipsis corporibus. In Angelis autem non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 visio imaginaria et sensibilis, sed solum intellectualis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2349 Angeli materialia cognoscere non possunt.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30764"><span class="ref">[30764] Iª q. 57 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, res
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 materiales non sunt intelligibiles in actu, sed sunt cognoscibiles
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 apprehensione sensus et imaginationis; quae non est in Angelis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
2352 Ergo Angeli materialia non cognoscunt.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30765"><span class="ref">[30765] Iª q. 57 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 quidquid potest inferior virtus, potest virtus superior. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 intellectus hominis, qui est ordine naturae infra intellectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 Angeli, potest cognoscere res materiales. Ergo multo fortius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2356 intellectus Angeli.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 1 co."><a name="30766"><span class="ref">[30766] Iª q. 57 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 quod talis est ordo in rebus, quod superiora in entibus sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 perfectiora inferioribus, et quod in inferioribus continetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 deficienter et partialiter et multipliciter, in superioribus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 continetur eminenter et per quandam totalitatem et simplicitatem.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 Et ideo in Deo, sicut in summo rerum vertice, omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 supersubstantialiter praeexistunt secundum ipsum suum simplex esse,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 ut Dionysius dicit, in libro de Div. Nom. Angeli autem inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 ceteras creaturas sunt Deo propinquiores et similiores, unde et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 plura participant ex bonitate divina, et perfectius, ut Dionysius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 dicit, IV cap. Cael. Hier. Sic igitur omnia materialia in ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 Angelis praeexistunt, simplicius quidem et immaterialius quam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 ipsis rebus; multiplicius autem et imperfectius quam in Deo. Omne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 autem quod est in aliquo; est in eo per modum eius in quo est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 Angeli autem secundum suam naturam sunt intellectuales. Et ideo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 sicut Deus per suam essentiam materialia cognoscit, ita Angeli ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 cognoscunt per hoc quod sunt in eis per suas intelligibiles
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2373 species.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30767"><span class="ref">[30767] Iª q. 57 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 dicendum quod intellectum est perfectio intelligentis secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 speciem intelligibilem quam habet in intellectu. Et sic species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 intelligibiles quae sunt in intellectu Angeli, sunt perfectiones et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2377 actus intellectus angelici.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30768"><span class="ref">[30768] Iª q. 57 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 dicendum quod sensus non apprehendit essentias rerum, sed exteriora
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 accidentia tantum. Similiter neque imaginatio, sed apprehendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 solas similitudines corporum. Intellectus autem solus apprehendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 essentias rerum. Unde in III de anima dicitur quod obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 intellectus est quod quid est, circa quod non errat, sicut neque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 sensus circa proprium sensibile. Sic ergo essentiae rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 materialium sunt in intellectu hominis vel Angeli, ut intellectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 est in intelligente, et non secundum esse suum reale. Quaedam vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 sunt quae sunt in intellectu vel in anima secundum utrumque esse.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2387 Et utrorumque est visio intellectualis.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30769"><span class="ref">[30769] Iª q. 57 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 dicendum quod, si Angelus acciperet cognitionem rerum materialium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 ab ipsis rebus materialibus, oporteret quod faceret eas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 intelligibiles actu, abstrahendo eas. Non autem accipit cognitionem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 earum a rebus materialibus, sed per species actu intelligibiles
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 rerum sibi connaturales, rerum materialium notitiam habet; sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 intellectus noster secundum species quas intelligibiles facit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2394 abstrahendo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 57 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30770"><span class="ref">[30770] Iª q. 57 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus singularia non cognoscat. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 enim philosophus, in I Physic., quod sensus est singularium, ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 vero (vel intellectus) universalium. In Angelis autem non est vis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 cognoscitiva nisi intellectiva, ut ex superioribus patet. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2399 singularia non cognoscunt.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30771"><span class="ref">[30771] Iª q. 57 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omnis
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 cognitio est per assimilationem aliquam cognoscentis ad cognitum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 Sed non videtur quod possit esse aliqua assimilatio Angeli ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 singulare inquantum est singulare, cum Angelus sit immaterialis, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 supra dictum est, singularitatis vero principium sit materia. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2404 Angelus non potest cognoscere singularia.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30772"><span class="ref">[30772] Iª q. 57 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 Angelus scit singularia, aut per species singulares, aut per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 species universales. Non per singulares, quia sic oporteret quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 haberet species infinitas. Neque per universales, quia universale
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 non est sufficiens principium cognoscendi singulare inquantum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 singulare, cum in universali singularia non cognoscantur nisi in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2410 potentia. Ergo Angelus non cognoscit singularia.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30773"><span class="ref">[30773] Iª q. 57 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 nullus potest custodire quod non cognoscit. Sed Angeli custodiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 homines singulares, secundum illud Psalmi XC, <i>Angelis suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 mandavit de te,</i> et cetera. Ergo Angeli cognoscunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2414 singularia.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 2 co."><a name="30774"><span class="ref">[30774] Iª q. 57 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 quod quidam totaliter subtraxerunt Angelis singularium cognitionem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 Sed hoc primo quidem derogat Catholicae fidei, quae ponit haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 inferiora administrari per Angelos, secundum illud Heb. I, <i>omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 sunt administratorii spiritus</i>. Si autem singularium notitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 non haberent, nullam providentiam habere possent de his quae in hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 mundo aguntur; cum actus singularium sint. Et hoc est contra illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 quod dicitur Eccle. V, <i>ne dicas coram Angelo, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 providentia</i>. Secundo, etiam derogat philosophiae documentis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 secundum quae ponuntur Angeli motores caelestium orbium, et quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 eos moveant secundum intellectum et voluntatem. Et ideo alii
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 dixerunt quod Angelus habet quidem cognitionem singularium, sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 causis universalibus, ad quas reducuntur particulares omnes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 effectus, sicut si astrologus iudicet de aliqua eclipsi futura, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 dispositiones caelestium motuum. Sed haec positio praedicta
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 inconvenientia non evadit, quia sic cognoscere singulare in causis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 universalibus, non est cognoscere ipsum ut est singulare, hoc est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 ut est hic et nunc. Astrologus enim cognoscens eclipsim futuram per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 computationem caelestium motuum, scit eam in universali; et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 prout est hic et nunc, nisi per sensum accipiat. Administratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 autem et providentia et motus sunt singularium, prout sunt hic et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 nunc. Et ideo aliter dicendum est quod, sicut homo cognoscit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 diversis viribus cognitivis omnia rerum genera, intellectu quidem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 universalia et immaterialia, sensu autem singularia et corporalia;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 ita Angelus per unam intellectivam virtutem utraque cognoscit. Hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 enim rerum ordo habet, quod quanto aliquid est superius, tanto
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 habeat virtutem magis unitam et ad plura se extendentem, sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 ipso homine patet quod sensus communis, qui est superior quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 sensus proprius, licet sit unica potentia, omnia cognoscit quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 quinque sensibus exterioribus cognoscuntur, et quaedam alia quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 nullus sensus exterior cognoscit, scilicet differentiam albi et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 dulcis. Et simile etiam est in aliis considerare. Unde cum Angelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 naturae ordine sit supra hominem, inconveniens est dicere quod homo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 quacumque sua potentia cognoscat aliquid, quod Angelus per unam vim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 suam cognoscitivam, scilicet intellectum, non cognoscat. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 Aristoteles pro inconvenienti habet ut litem, quam nos scimus, Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 ignoret; ut patet in I de anima, et in III Metaphys. Modus autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 quo intellectus Angeli singularia cognoscit, ex hoc considerari
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 potest quod, sicut a Deo effluunt res ut subsistant in propriis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 naturis, ita etiam ut sint in cognitione angelica. Manifestum est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 autem quod a Deo effluit in rebus non solum illud quod ad naturam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 universalem pertinet, sed etiam ea quae sunt individuationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 principia, est enim causa totius substantiae rei, et quantum ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 materiam et quantum ad formam. Et secundum quod causat, sic et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 cognoscit, quia scientia eius est causa rei, ut supra ostensum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 Sicut igitur Deus per essentiam suam, per quam omnia causat, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 similitudo omnium, et per eam omnia cognoscit non solum quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 naturas universales, sed etiam quantum ad singularitatem; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 Angeli per species a Deo inditas, res cognoscunt non solum quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 ad naturam universalem, sed etiam secundum earum singularitatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 inquantum sunt quaedam repraesentationes multiplicatae illius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2465 unicae et simplicis essentiae.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30775"><span class="ref">[30775] Iª q. 57 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 dicendum quod philosophus loquitur de intellectu nostro, qui non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 intelligit res nisi abstrahendo; et per ipsam abstractionem a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 materialibus conditionibus, id quod abstrahitur, fit universale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 Hic autem modus intelligendi non convenit Angelis, ut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2470 est, et ideo non est eadem ratio.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30776"><span class="ref">[30776] Iª q. 57 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 dicendum quod secundum suam naturam Angeli non assimilantur rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 materialibus sicut assimilatur aliquid alicui secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 convenientiam in genere vel in specie, aut in accidente; sed sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 superius habet similitudinem cum inferiori, ut sol cum igne. Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 hunc etiam modum in Deo est similitudo omnium, et quantum ad formam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 et quantum ad materiam, inquantum in ipso praeexistit ut in causa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 quidquid in rebus invenitur. Et eadem ratione species intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 Angeli, quae sunt quaedam derivatae similitudines a divina
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 essentia, sunt similitudines rerum non solum quantum ad formam, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2480 etiam quantum ad materiam.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30777"><span class="ref">[30777] Iª q. 57 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 dicendum quod Angeli cognoscunt singularia per formas universales,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 quae tamen sunt similitudines rerum et quantum ad principia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 universalia, et quantum ad individuationis principia. Quomodo autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2484 per eandem speciem possint multa cognosci iam supra dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 57 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30778"><span class="ref">[30778] Iª q. 57 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli cognoscant futura. Angeli enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 potentiores sunt in cognoscendo quam homines. Sed homines aliqui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2487 cognoscunt multa futura. Ergo multo fortius Angeli.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30779"><span class="ref">[30779] Iª q. 57 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 praesens et futurum sunt differentiae temporis. Sed intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 Angeli est supra tempus, parificatur enim intelligentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 aeternitati, idest aevo, ut dicitur in libro de causis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 quantum ad intellectum Angeli, non differunt praeteritum et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2492 futurum; sed indifferenter cognoscit utrumque.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30780"><span class="ref">[30780] Iª q. 57 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 Angelus non cognoscit per species acceptas a rebus, sed per species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 innatas universales. Sed species universales aequaliter se habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 ad praesens, praeteritum et futurum. Ergo videtur quod Angeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2496 indifferenter cognoscant praeterita et praesentia et futura.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="30781"><span class="ref">[30781] Iª q. 57 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 aliquid dicitur distans secundum tempus, ita secundum locum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 Angeli cognoscunt distantia secundum locum. Ergo etiam cognoscunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2499 distantia secundum tempus futurum.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30782"><span class="ref">[30782] Iª q. 57 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, id
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 quod est proprium signum divinitatis, non convenit Angelis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 cognoscere futura est proprium signum divinitatis; secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 Isaiae XLI, <i>annuntiate quae ventura sunt in futurum, et sciemus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2503 quod dii estis vos</i>. Ergo Angeli non cognoscunt futura.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 3 co."><a name="30783"><span class="ref">[30783] Iª q. 57 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 quod futurum dupliciter potest cognosci. Uno modo, in causa sua. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 sic futura quae ex necessitate ex causis suis proveniunt, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 certam scientiam cognoscuntur, ut solem oriri cras. Quae vero ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 suis causis proveniunt ut in pluribus, cognoscuntur non per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 certitudinem, sed per coniecturam; sicut medicus praecognoscit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 sanitatem infirmi. Et iste modus cognoscendi futura adest Angelis;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 et tanto magis quam nobis, quanto magis rerum causas et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 universalius et perfectius cognoscunt; sicut medici qui acutius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 vident causas, melius de futuro statu aegritudinis prognosticantur.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 Quae vero proveniunt ex causis suis ut in paucioribus, penitus sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 ignota, sicut casualia et fortuita. Alio modo cognoscuntur futura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 in seipsis. Et sic solius Dei est futura cognoscere, non solum quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 ex necessitate proveniunt, vel ut in pluribus, sed etiam casualia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 et fortuita, quia Deus videt omnia in sua aeternitate, quae, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 sit simplex, toti tempori adest, et ipsum concludit. Et ideo unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 Dei intuitus fertur in omnia quae aguntur per totum tempus sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 praesentia, et videt omnia ut in seipsis sunt; sicut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 est cum de Dei scientia ageretur. Angelicus autem intellectus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 quilibet intellectus creatus, deficit ab aeternitate divina. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 non potest ab aliquo intellectu creato cognosci futurum, ut est in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2524 suo esse.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30784"><span class="ref">[30784] Iª q. 57 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 dicendum quod homines non cognoscunt futura nisi in causis suis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 vel Deo revelante. Et sic Angeli multo subtilius futura
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2527 cognoscunt.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30785"><span class="ref">[30785] Iª q. 57 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 dicendum quod, licet intellectus Angeli sit supra tempus quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 mensurantur corporales motus, est tamen in intellectu Angeli tempus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 secundum successionem intelligibilium conceptionum; secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 dicit Augustinus, VIII super Gen. ad Litt., quod <i>Deus movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 spiritualem creaturam per tempus</i>. Et ita, cum sit successio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 intellectu Angeli, non omnia quae aguntur per totum tempus, sunt ei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2534 praesentia.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30786"><span class="ref">[30786] Iª q. 57 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 dicendum quod, licet species quae sunt in intellectu Angeli,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 quantum est de se, aequaliter se habeant ad praesentia, praeterita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 et futura; tamen praesentia, praeterita et futura non aequaliter se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 habent ad rationes. Quia ea quae praesentia sunt, habent naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 per quam assimilantur speciebus quae sunt in mente Angeli, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 per eas cognosci possunt. Sed quae futura sunt, nondum habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 naturam per quam illis assimilentur, unde per eas cognosci non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2542 possunt.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="30787"><span class="ref">[30787] Iª q. 57 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 dicendum quod distantia secundum locum sunt iam in rerum natura, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 participant aliquam speciem, cuius similitudo est in Angelo, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 non est verum de futuris, ut dictum est. Et ideo non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2546 simile.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 57 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30788"><span class="ref">[30788] Iª q. 57 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli cognoscant cogitationes cordium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 Dicit enim Gregorius, in moralibus, super illud Iob XXVIII, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 aequabitur ei aurum vel vitrum</i>, quod tunc, scilicet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 beatitudine resurgentium, unus <i>erit perspicabilis alteri sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 ipse sibi, et cum uniuscuiusque intellectus attenditur, simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 conscientia penetratur</i>. Sed resurgentes erunt similes Angelis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 sicut habetur Matth. XXII. Ergo unus Angelus potest videre id quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2554 est in conscientia alterius.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30789"><span class="ref">[30789] Iª q. 57 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 se habent figurae ad corpora, ita se habent species intelligibiles
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 ad intellectum. Sed viso corpore, videtur eius figura. Ergo visa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 substantia intellectuali, videtur species intelligibilis quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 in ipsa. Ergo, cum Angelus videat alium Angelum, et etiam animam,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2559 videtur quod possit videre cogitationem utriusque.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30790"><span class="ref">[30790] Iª q. 57 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ea
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 quae sunt in intellectu nostro, sunt similiora Angelo quam ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 sunt in phantasia, cum haec sint intellecta in actu, illa vero in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 potentia tantum. Sed ea quae sunt in phantasia, possunt cognosci ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 Angelo sicut corporalia, cum phantasia sit virtus corporis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 videtur quod Angelus possit cognoscere cogitationes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2565 intellectus.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30791"><span class="ref">[30791] Iª q. 57 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, quod
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 est proprium Dei, non convenit Angelis. Sed cognoscere cogitationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 cordium est proprium Dei, secundum illud Ierem. XVII, <i>pravum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 cor hominis et inscrutabile, quis cognoscet illud? Ego, dominus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2569 scrutans corda</i>. Ergo Angeli non cognoscunt secreta cordium.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 4 co."><a name="30792"><span class="ref">[30792] Iª q. 57 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 quod cogitatio cordis dupliciter potest cognosci. Uno modo, in suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 effectu. Et sic non solum ab Angelo, sed etiam ab homine cognosci
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 potest; et tanto subtilius, quanto effectus huiusmodi fuerit magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 occultus. Cognoscitur enim cogitatio interdum non solum per actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 exteriorem, sed etiam per immutationem vultus, et etiam medici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 aliquas affectiones animi per pulsum cognoscere possunt. Et multo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 magis Angeli, vel etiam Daemones, quanto subtilius huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 immutationes occultas corporales perpendunt. Unde Augustinus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 in libro de divinatione Daemonum, quod <i>aliquando hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 dispositiones, non solum voce prolatas, verum etiam cogitatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 conceptas, cum signa quaedam in corpore exprimuntur ex animo, tota
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 facilitate perdiscunt</i>, quamvis in libro Retract. hoc dicat non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 esse asserendum quomodo fiat. Alio modo possunt cognosci
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 cogitationes, prout sunt in intellectu; et affectiones, prout sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 in voluntate. Et sic solus Deus cogitationes cordium et affectiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 voluntatum cognoscere potest. Cuius ratio est, quia voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 rationalis creaturae soli Deo subiacet; et ipse solus in eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 operari potest, qui est principale eius obiectum, ut ultimus finis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 et hoc magis infra patebit. Et ideo ea quae in voluntate sunt, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 quae ex voluntate sola dependent, soli Deo sunt nota. Manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 est autem quod ex sola voluntate dependet quod aliquis actu aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 consideret, quia cum aliquis habet habitum scientiae, vel species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 intelligibiles in eo existentes, utitur eis cum vult. Et ideo dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 apostolus, I Cor. II, quod <i>quae sunt hominis, nemo novit nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2594 spiritus hominis, qui in ipso est</i>.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30793"><span class="ref">[30793] Iª q. 57 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 dicendum quod modo cogitatio unius hominis non cognoscitur ab alio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 propter duplex impedimentum, scilicet propter grossitiem corporis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 et propter voluntatem claudentem sua secreta. Primum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 obstaculum tolletur in resurrectione, nec est in Angelis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 secundum impedimentum manebit post resurrectionem, et est modo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 Angelis. Et tamen qualitatem mentis, quantum ad quantitatem gratiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 et gloriae, repraesentabit claritas corporis. Et sic unus mentem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2602 alterius videre poterit.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30794"><span class="ref">[30794] Iª q. 57 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 dicendum quod, etsi unus Angelus, species intelligibiles alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 videat, per hoc quod modus intelligibilium specierum, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 maiorem et minorem universalitatem, proportionatur nobilitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 substantiarum; non tamen sequitur quod unus cognoscat quomodo alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 illis intelligibilibus speciebus utitur actualiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2608 considerando.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="30795"><span class="ref">[30795] Iª q. 57 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 dicendum quod appetitus brutalis non est dominus sui actus, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 sequitur impressionem alterius causae corporalis vel spiritualis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 Quia igitur Angeli cognoscunt res corporales et dispositiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 earum, possunt per haec cognoscere quod est in appetitu et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 apprehensione phantastica brutorum animalium; et etiam hominum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 secundum quod in eis quandoque appetitus sensitivus procedit in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 actum, sequens aliquam impressionem corporalem, sicut in brutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 semper est. Non tamen oportet quod Angeli cognoscant motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 appetitus sensitivi et apprehensionem phantasticam hominis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 secundum quod moventur a voluntate et ratione, quia etiam inferior
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 pars animae participat aliqualiter rationem, sicut obediens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 imperanti, ut dicitur in I Ethic. Nec tamen sequitur quod, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 Angelus cognoscit quod est in appetitu sensitivo vel phantasia
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diff changeset
2622 hominis, quod cognoscat id quod est in cogitatione vel voluntate,
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diff changeset
2623 quia intellectus vel voluntas non subiacet appetitui sensitivo et
53
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diff changeset
2624 phantasiae, sed potest eis diversimode uti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 57 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="30796"><span class="ref">[30796] Iª q. 57 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
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diff changeset
2625 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli mysteria gratiae cognoscant. Quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 inter omnia mysteria excellentius est mysterium incarnationis
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diff changeset
2627 Christi. Sed hoc Angeli cognoverunt a principio, dicit enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 Augustinus, V super Gen. ad Litt., quod <i>sic fuit hoc mysterium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 absconditum a saeculis in Deo, ut tamen innotesceret principibus et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 potestatibus in caelestibus</i>. Et dicit apostolus, I ad Tim. III,
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diff changeset
2631 quod <i>apparuit Angelis illud magnum sacramentum pietatis</i>.
53
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diff changeset
2632 Ergo Angeli mysteria gratiae cognoscunt.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="30797"><span class="ref">[30797] Iª q. 57 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2633 rationes omnium mysteriorum gratiae in divina sapientia
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diff changeset
2634 continentur. Sed Angeli vident ipsam Dei sapientiam, quae est eius
53
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diff changeset
2635 essentia. Ergo Angeli mysteria gratiae cognoscunt.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="30798"><span class="ref">[30798] Iª q. 57 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 prophetae per Angelos instruuntur, ut patet per Dionysium, IV cap.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 Angel. Hier. Sed prophetae mysteria gratiae cognoverunt, dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 enim Amos III, <i>non faciet dominus verbum, nisi revelaverit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 secretum ad servos suos, prophetas</i>. Ergo Angeli mysteria
53
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diff changeset
2640 gratiae cognoscunt.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 5 s. c."><a name="30799"><span class="ref">[30799] Iª q. 57 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
2641 quod nullus discit illud quod cognoscit. Sed Angeli, etiam supremi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 quaerunt de divinis mysteriis gratiae, et ea discunt, dicitur enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 VII cap. Cael. Hier., quod <i>sacra Scriptura inducit quasdam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 caelestes essentias ad ipsum Iesum quaestionem facientes, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 addiscentes scientiam divinae eius operationis pro nobis, et Iesum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 eas sine medio docentem</i>; ut patet Isaiae LXIII, ubi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 quaerentibus Angelis, quis est iste qui venit de Edom? Respondit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 Iesus, ego, qui loquor iustitiam. Ergo Angeli non cognoscunt
53
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diff changeset
2649 mysteria gratiae.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 5 co."><a name="30800"><span class="ref">[30800] Iª q. 57 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 quod in Angelis est cognitio duplex. Una quidem naturalis, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 quam cognoscunt res tum per essentiam suam, tum etiam per species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 innatas. Et hac cognitione mysteria gratiae Angeli cognoscere non
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diff changeset
2653 possunt. Haec enim mysteria ex pura Dei voluntate dependent, si
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diff changeset
2654 autem unus Angelus non potest cognoscere cogitationes alterius ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 voluntate eius dependentes, multo minus potest cognoscere ea quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 ex sola Dei voluntate dependent. Et sic argumentatur apostolus, I
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 Cor. II, <i>quae sunt hominis, nemo novit nisi spiritus hominis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 qui in ipso est. Ita et quae sunt Dei, nemo novit nisi spiritus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 Dei</i>. Est autem alia Angelorum cognitio, quae eos beatos facit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 qua vident verbum et res in verbo. Et hac quidem visione cognoscunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 mysteria gratiae, non quidem omnia, nec aequaliter omnes sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 secundum quod Deus voluerit eis revelare; secundum illud apostoli,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 I Cor. II, <i>nobis autem revelavit Deus per spiritum suum</i>. Ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 tamen quod superiores Angeli, perspicacius divinam sapientiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 contemplantes, plura mysteria et altiora in ipsa Dei visione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 cognoscunt, quae inferioribus manifestant, eos illuminando. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 horum etiam mysteriorum quaedam a principio suae creationis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 cognoverunt; quaedam vero postmodum, secundum quod eorum officiis
53
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diff changeset
2669 congruit, edocentur.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="30801"><span class="ref">[30801] Iª q. 57 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 dicendum quod de mysterio incarnationis Christi dupliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 contingit loqui. Uno modo, in generali, et sic omnibus revelatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 est a principio suae beatitudinis. Cuius ratio est, quia hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 quoddam generale principium, ad quod omnia eorum officia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 ordinantur, <i>omnes enim sunt administratorii spiritus</i>, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 dicitur Heb. I, <i>in ministerium missi propter eos qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 haereditatem capiunt salutis</i>; quod quidem fit per incarnationis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 mysterium. Unde oportuit de hoc mysterio omnes a principio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 communiter edoceri. Alio modo possumus loqui de mysterio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 incarnationis quantum ad speciales conditiones. Et sic non omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 Angeli a principio de omnibus sunt edocti, immo quidam, etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 superiores Angeli, postmodum didicerunt, ut patet per auctoritatem
53
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diff changeset
2682 Dionysii inductam.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="30802"><span class="ref">[30802] Iª q. 57 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 dicendum quod, licet Angeli beati divinam sapientiam contemplentur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 non tamen eam comprehendunt. Et ideo non oportet quod cognoscant
53
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diff changeset
2685 quidquid in ea latet.</p><p title="I q. 57 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="30803"><span class="ref">[30803] Iª q. 57 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 dicendum quod quidquid prophetae cognoverunt de mysteriis gratiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 per revelationem divinam, multo excellentius est Angelis revelatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 Et licet prophetis ea quae Deus facturus erat circa salutem humani
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 generis, in generali revelaverit; quaedam tamen specialia apostoli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 circa hoc cognoverunt, quae prophetae non cognoverant; secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 illud Ephes. III, <i>potestis, legentes, intelligere prudentiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 meam in mysterio Christi, quod aliis generationibus non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 agnitum, sicut nunc revelatum est sanctis apostolis eius</i>. Inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 ipsos etiam prophetas, posteriores cognoverunt quod priores non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 cognoverant; secundum illud Psalmi CXVIII, <i>super senes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 intellexi</i>. Et Gregorius dicit quod per successiones temporum,
53
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diff changeset
2697 crevit divinae cognitionis augmentum.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q58"><h2>Quaestio 58</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 58 pr."><a name="30804"><span class="ref">[30804]
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diff changeset
2698 Iª q. 58 pr.</span></a> Post haec considerandum est de modo
28
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diff changeset
2699 angelicae cognitionis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur septem. Primo, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 intellectus Angeli quandoque sit in potentia, quandoque in actu.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 Secundo, utrum Angelus possit simul intelligere multa. Tertio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 utrum intelligat discurrendo. Quarto, utrum intelligat componendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 et dividendo. Quinto, utrum in intellectu Angeli possit esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 falsitas. Sexto, utrum cognitio Angeli possit dici matutina et
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diff changeset
2705 vespertina. Septimo, utrum sit eadem cognitio matutina et
53
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diff changeset
2706 vespertina, vel diversae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 58 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30805"><span class="ref">[30805] Iª q. 58 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus Angeli quandoque sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 potentia. Motus enim est actus existentis in potentia, ut dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 III Physic. Sed mentes angelicae intelligendo moventur, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo mentes angelicae quandoque
53
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diff changeset
2711 sunt in potentia.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30806"><span class="ref">[30806] Iª q. 58 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, cum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 desiderium sit rei non habitae, possibilis tamen haberi, quicumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 desiderat aliquid intelligere, est in potentia ad illud. Sed I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 Petri I, dicitur, <i>in quem desiderant Angeli prospicere</i>. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
2715 intellectus Angeli quandoque est in potentia.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30807"><span class="ref">[30807] Iª q. 58 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 libro de causis dicitur quod intelligentia intelligit secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 modum suae substantiae. Sed substantia Angeli habet aliquid de
53
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diff changeset
2718 potentia permixtum. Ergo quandoque intelligit in potentia.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30808"><span class="ref">[30808] Iª q. 58 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 quod Augustinus dicit, II super Gen. ad Litt., quod <i>Angeli, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 quo creati sunt, ipsa verbi aeternitate, sancta et pia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 contemplatione perfruuntur</i>. Sed intellectus contemplans non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 in potentia, sed in actu. Ergo intellectus Angeli non est in
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2723 potentia.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 1 co."><a name="30809"><span class="ref">[30809] Iª q. 58 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in III de anima et in VIII Physic.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 intellectus dupliciter est in potentia, uno modo, sicut ante
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 addiscere vel invenire, idest antequam habeat habitum scientiae;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 alio modo dicitur esse in potentia, sicut cum iam habet habitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 scientiae, sed non considerat. Primo igitur modo, intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 Angeli nunquam est in potentia respectu eorum ad quae eius cognitio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 naturalis se extendere potest. Sicut enim corpora superiora,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 scilicet caelestia, non habent potentiam ad esse, quae non sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 completa per actum; ita caelestes intellectus, scilicet Angeli, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 habent aliquam intelligibilem potentiam, quae non sit totaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 completa per species intelligibiles connaturales eis. Sed quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 ad ea quae eis divinitus revelantur, nihil prohibet intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 eorum esse in potentia, quia sic etiam corpora caelestia sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 potentia quandoque ut illuminentur a sole. Secundo vero modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 intellectus Angeli potest esse in potentia ad ea quae cognoscit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 naturali cognitione, non enim omnia quae naturali cognitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 cognoscit, semper actu considerat. Sed ad cognitionem verbi, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 eorum quae in verbo videt, nunquam hoc modo est in potentia, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 semper actu intuetur verbum, et ea quae in verbo videt. In hac enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 visione eorum beatitudo consistit, beatitudo autem non consistit in
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2744 habitu, sed in actu, ut dicit philosophus, in I Ethic.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30810"><span class="ref">[30810] Iª q. 58 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 dicendum quod motus ibi non sumitur secundum quod est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 imperfecti, idest existentis in potentia; sed secundum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 actus perfecti, idest existentis in actu. Sic enim intelligere et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2748 sentire dicuntur motus, ut dicitur in III de anima.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30811"><span class="ref">[30811] Iª q. 58 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 dicendum quod desiderium illud Angelorum non excludit rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 desideratam, sed eius fastidium. Vel dicuntur desiderare Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 visionem, quantum ad novas revelationes, quas pro opportunitate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2752 negotiorum a Deo recipiunt.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30812"><span class="ref">[30812] Iª q. 58 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 dicendum quod in substantia Angeli non est aliqua potentia denudata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 ab actu. Et similiter nec intellectus Angeli sic est in potentia,
53
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diff changeset
2755 quod sit absque actu.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 58 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30813"><span class="ref">[30813] Iª q. 58 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non possit simul multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 intelligere. Dicit enim philosophus, II Topic., quod <i>contingit
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2758 multa scire, sed unum tantum intelligere</i>.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30814"><span class="ref">[30814] Iª q. 58 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 intelligitur nisi secundum quod intellectus formatur per speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 intelligibilem, sicut corpus formatur per figuram. Sed unum corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 non potest formari diversis figuris. Ergo unus intellectus non
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2762 potest simul intelligere diversa intelligibilia.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30815"><span class="ref">[30815] Iª q. 58 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 intelligere est motus quidam. Nullus autem motus terminatur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2764 diversos terminos. Ergo non contingit simul multa intelligere.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30816"><span class="ref">[30816] Iª q. 58 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 quod dicit Augustinus, IV Sup. Gen. ad Litt., <i>potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 spiritualis mentis angelicae cuncta quae voluerit, facillime simul
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2767 comprehendit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 2 co."><a name="30817"><span class="ref">[30817] Iª q. 58 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 quod, sicut ad unitatem motus requiritur unitas termini, ita ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 unitatem operationis requiritur unitas obiecti. Contingit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 aliqua accipi ut plura, et ut unum; sicut partes alicuius continui.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 Si enim unaquaeque per se accipiatur, plures sunt, unde et non una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 operatione, nec simul accipiuntur per sensum et intellectum. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 modo accipiuntur secundum quod sunt unum in toto, et sic simul et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 una operatione cognoscuntur tam per sensum quam per intellectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 dum totum continuum consideratur, ut dicitur in III de anima. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 sic etiam intellectus noster simul intelligit subiectum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 praedicatum, prout sunt partes unius propositionis; et duo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 comparata, secundum quod conveniunt in una comparatione. Ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 patet quod multa, secundum quod sunt distincta, non possunt simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 intelligi; sed secundum quod uniuntur in uno intelligibili, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 simul intelliguntur. Unumquodque autem est intelligibile in actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 secundum quod eius similitudo est in intellectu. Quaecumque igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 per unam speciem intelligibilem cognosci possunt, cognoscuntur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 unum intelligibile; et ideo simul cognoscuntur. Quae vero per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 diversas species intelligibiles cognoscuntur, ut diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 intelligibilia capiuntur. Angeli igitur ea cognitione qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 cognoscunt res per verbum, omnia cognoscunt una intelligibili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 specie, quae est essentia divina. Et ideo quantum ad talem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 cognitionem, omnia simul cognoscunt, sicut et in patria <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 erunt volubiles nostrae cogitationes, ab aliis in alia euntes atque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 redeuntes, sed omnem scientiam nostram simul uno conspectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 videbimus</i>, ut Augustinus dicit in XV de Trin. Ea vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 cognitione qua cognoscunt res per species innatas, omnia illa simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 possunt intelligere, quae una specie cognoscuntur; non autem illa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2795 quae diversis.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30818"><span class="ref">[30818] Iª q. 58 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 dicendum quod intelligere multa ut unum, est quodammodo unum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2797 intelligere.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30819"><span class="ref">[30819] Iª q. 58 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 dicendum quod intellectus formatur per intelligibilem speciem quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 apud se habet. Et ideo sic potest una specie intelligibili multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 simul intelligibilia intueri, sicut unum corpus per unam figuram
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2801 potest simul multis corporibus assimilari.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30820"><span class="ref">[30820] Iª q. 58 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2802 dicendum sicut ad primum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 58 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30821"><span class="ref">[30821] Iª q. 58 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus cognoscat discurrendo. Discursus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 enim intellectus attenditur secundum hoc, quod unum per aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 cognoscitur. Sed Angeli cognoscunt unum per aliud, cognoscunt enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 creaturas per verbum. Ergo intellectus Angeli cognoscit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2807 discurrendo.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30822"><span class="ref">[30822] Iª q. 58 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 quidquid potest virtus inferior, potest et virtus superior. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 intellectus humanus potest syllogizare, et in effectibus causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 cognoscere, secundum quae discursus attenditur. Ergo intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 Angeli, qui superior est ordine naturae, multo magis hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2812 potest.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30823"><span class="ref">[30823] Iª q. 58 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 Isidorus dicit quod Daemones per experientiam multa cognoscunt. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 experimentalis cognitio est discursiva, <i>ex multis enim memoriis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 fit unum experimentum, et ex multis experimentis fit unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 universale</i>, ut dicitur in fine Poster., et in principio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2817 Metaphys. Ergo cognitio Angelorum est discursiva.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30824"><span class="ref">[30824] Iª q. 58 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 quod Dionysius dicit, VII cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>Angeli non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 congregant divinam cognitionem a sermonibus diffusis, neque ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2820 aliquo communi ad ista specialia simul aguntur</i>.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 3 co."><a name="30825"><span class="ref">[30825] Iª q. 58 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 quod, sicut saepius dictum est, Angeli illum gradum tenent in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 substantiis spiritualibus, quem corpora caelestia in substantiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 corporeis, nam et caelestes mentes a Dionysio dicuntur. Est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 haec differentia inter caelestia et terrena corpora, quod corpora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 terrena per mutationem et motum adipiscuntur suam ultimam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 perfectionem, corpora vero caelestia statim, ex ipsa sua natura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 suam ultimam perfectionem habent. Sic igitur et inferiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 intellectus, scilicet hominum, per quendam motum et discursum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 intellectualis operationis perfectionem in cognitione veritatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 adipiscuntur; dum scilicet ex uno cognito in aliud cognitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 procedunt. Si autem statim in ipsa cognitione principii noti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 inspicerent quasi notas omnes conclusiones consequentes, in eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 discursus locum non haberet. Et hoc est in Angelis, quia statim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 illis quae primo naturaliter cognoscunt, inspiciunt omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 quaecumque in eis cognosci possunt. Et ideo dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 intellectuales, quia etiam apud nos, ea quae statim naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 apprehenduntur, intelligi dicuntur; unde intellectus dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 habitus primorum principiorum. Animae vero humanae, quae veritatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 notitiam per quendam discursum acquirunt, rationales vocantur. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 quidem contingit ex debilitate intellectualis luminis in eis. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 enim haberent plenitudinem intellectualis luminis, sicut Angeli,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 statim in primo aspectu principiorum totam virtutem eorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2843 comprehenderent, intuendo quidquid ex eis syllogizari posset.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30826"><span class="ref">[30826] Iª q. 58 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 dicendum quod discursus quendam motum nominat. Omnis autem motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 est de uno priori in aliud posterius. Unde discursiva cognitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 attenditur secundum quod ex aliquo prius noto devenitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 cognitionem alterius posterius noti, quod prius erat ignotum. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 autem in uno inspecto simul aliud inspiciatur, sicut in speculo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 inspicitur simul imago rei et res; non est propter hoc cognitio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2850 discursiva. Et hoc modo cognoscunt Angeli res in verbo.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30827"><span class="ref">[30827] Iª q. 58 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 dicendum quod Angeli syllogizare possunt, tanquam syllogismum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 cognoscentes; et in causis effectus vident, et in effectibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 causas, non tamen ita quod cognitionem veritatis ignotae acquirant
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2854 syllogizando ex causis in causata, et ex causatis in causas.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30828"><span class="ref">[30828] Iª q. 58 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 dicendum quod experientia in Angelis et Daemonibus dicitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 quandam similitudinem, prout scilicet cognoscunt sensibilia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2857 praesentia; tamen absque omni discursu.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 58 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30829"><span class="ref">[30829] Iª q. 58 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli intelligant componendo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 dividendo. Ubi enim est multitudo intellectuum, ibi est compositio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 intellectuum, ut dicitur in III de anima. Sed in intellectu Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 est multitudo intellectuum, cum per diversas species diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 intelligat, et non omnia simul. Ergo in intellectu Angeli est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2863 compositio et divisio.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30830"><span class="ref">[30830] Iª q. 58 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, plus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 distat negatio ab affirmatione, quam quaecumque duae naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 oppositae, quia prima distinctio est per affirmationem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 negationem. Sed aliquas naturas distantes Angelus non cognoscit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 unum, sed per diversas species, ut ex dictis patet. Ergo oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 quod affirmationem et negationem cognoscat per diversa. Et ita
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2869 videtur quod Angelus intelligat componendo et dividendo.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30831"><span class="ref">[30831] Iª q. 58 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 locutio est signum intellectus. Sed Angeli hominibus loquentes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 proferunt affirmativas et negativas enuntiationes, quae sunt signa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 compositionis et divisionis in intellectu; ut ex multis locis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 sacrae Scripturae apparet. Ergo videtur quod Angelus intelligat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2874 componendo et dividendo.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30832"><span class="ref">[30832] Iª q. 58 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 quod Dionysius dicit, VII cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 intellectualis Angelorum resplendet conspicaci divinorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 intellectuum simplicitate</i>. Sed simplex intelligentia est sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 compositione et divisione, ut dicitur in III de anima. Ergo Angelus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2879 intelligit sine compositione et divisione.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 4 co."><a name="30833"><span class="ref">[30833] Iª q. 58 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 quod, sicut in intellectu ratiocinante comparatur conclusio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 principium, ita in intellectu componente et dividente comparatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 praedicatum ad subiectum. Si enim intellectus statim in ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 principio videret conclusionis veritatem, nunquam intelligeret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 discurrendo vel ratiocinando. Similiter si intellectus statim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 apprehensione quidditatis subiecti, haberet notitiam de omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 quae possunt attribui subiecto vel removeri ab eo, nunquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 intelligeret componendo et dividendo, sed solum intelligendo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 quid est. Sic igitur patet quod ex eodem provenit quod intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 noster intelligit discurrendo, et componendo et dividendo, ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 scilicet, quod non statim in prima apprehensione alicuius primi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 apprehensi, potest inspicere quidquid in eo virtute continetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 Quod contingit ex debilitate luminis intellectualis in nobis, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 dictum est. Unde cum in Angelo sit lumen intellectuale perfectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 cum sit speculum purum et clarissimum, ut dicit Dionysius, IV cap.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 de Div. Nom.; relinquitur quod Angelus, sicut non intelligit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 ratiocinando, ita non intelligit componendo et dividendo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 Nihilominus tamen compositionem et divisionem enuntiationum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 intelligit, sicut et ratiocinationem syllogismorum, intelligit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 composita simpliciter, et mobilia immobiliter, et materialia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2900 immaterialiter.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30834"><span class="ref">[30834] Iª q. 58 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 dicendum quod non qualiscumque multitudo intellectuum compositionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 causat, sed multitudo illorum intellectuum quorum unum attribuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 alteri, vel removetur ab altero. Angelus autem, intelligendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 quidditatem alicuius rei, simul intelligit quidquid ei attribui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 potest vel removeri ab ea. Unde intelligendo quod quid est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 intelligit quidquid nos intelligere possumus et componendo et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2907 dividendo, per unum suum simplicem intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30835"><span class="ref">[30835] Iª q. 58 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 dicendum quod diversae quidditates rerum minus differunt, quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 ad rationem existendi, quam affirmatio et negatio. Tamen quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 rationem cognoscendi, affirmatio et negatio magis conveniunt, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 statim per hoc quod cognoscitur veritas affirmationis, cognoscitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2912 falsitas negationis oppositae.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="30836"><span class="ref">[30836] Iª q. 58 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 dicendum quod hoc quod Angeli loquuntur enuntiationes affirmativas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 et negativas, manifestat quod Angeli cognoscunt compositionem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 divisionem, non autem quod cognoscant componendo et dividendo, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2916 simpliciter cognoscendo quod quid est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 58 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="30837"><span class="ref">[30837] Iª q. 58 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 proceditur. Videtur quod in intellectu Angeli possit esse falsitas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 Protervitas enim ad falsitatem pertinet. Sed in Daemonibus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 phantasia proterva, ut dicit Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2920 videtur quod in Angelorum intellectu possit esse falsitas.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="30838"><span class="ref">[30838] Iª q. 58 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 nescientia est causa falsae aestimationis. Sed in Angelis potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 esse nescientia, ut Dionysius dicit, VI cap. Eccles. Hier. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2923 videtur quod in eis possit esse falsitas.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="30839"><span class="ref">[30839] Iª q. 58 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 quod cadit a veritate sapientiae, et habet rationem depravatam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 habet falsitatem vel errorem in suo intellectu. Sed hoc Dionysius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 dicit de Daemonibus, VII cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo videtur quod in
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2927 intellectu Angelorum possit esse falsitas.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 5 s. c."><a name="30840"><span class="ref">[30840] Iª q. 58 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 philosophus dicit, III de anima, quod <i>intellectus semper verus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 est</i>. Augustinus etiam dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 quod <i>nihil intelligitur nisi verum</i>. Sed Angeli non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 cognoscunt aliquid nisi intelligendo. Ergo in Angeli cognitione non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2932 potest esse deceptio et falsitas.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 5 co."><a name="30841"><span class="ref">[30841] Iª q. 58 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 quod huius quaestionis veritas aliquatenus ex praemissa dependet.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 Dictum est enim quod Angelus non intelligit componendo et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 dividendo, sed intelligendo quod quid est. Intellectus autem circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 quod quid est semper verus est, sicut et sensus circa proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 obiectum, ut dicitur in III de anima. Sed per accidens in nobis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 accidit deceptio et falsitas intelligendo quod quid est, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 secundum rationem alicuius compositionis, vel cum definitionem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 unius rei accipimus ut definitionem alterius; vel cum partes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 definitionis sibi non cohaerent, sicut si accipiatur pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 definitione alicuius rei, animal quadrupes volatile (nullum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 animal tale est); et hoc quidem accidit in compositis, quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 definitio ex diversis sumitur, quorum unum est materiale ad aliud.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 Sed intelligendo quidditates simplices, ut dicitur in IX Metaphys.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 non est falsitas, quia vel totaliter non attinguntur, et nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 intelligimus de eis; vel cognoscuntur ut sunt. Sic igitur per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 non potest esse falsitas aut error aut deceptio in intellectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 alicuius Angeli; sed per accidens contingit. Alio tamen modo quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 in nobis. Nam nos componendo et dividendo quandoque ad intellectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 quidditatis pervenimus, sicut cum dividendo vel demonstrando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 definitionem investigamus. Quod quidem in Angelis non contingit;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 sed per quod quid est rei cognoscunt omnes enuntiationes ad illam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 rem pertinentes. Manifestum est autem quod quidditas rei potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 esse principium cognoscendi respectu eorum quae naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 conveniunt rei vel ab ea removentur, non autem eorum quae a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 supernaturali Dei ordinatione dependent. Angeli igitur boni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 habentes rectam voluntatem, per cognitionem quidditatis rei non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 iudicant de his quae naturaliter ad rem pertinent, nisi salva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 ordinatione divina. Unde in eis non potest esse falsitas aut error.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 Daemones vero, per voluntatem perversam subducentes intellectum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 divina sapientia, absolute interdum de rebus iudicant secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 naturalem conditionem. Et in his quae naturaliter ad rem pertinent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 non decipiuntur. Sed decipi possunt quantum ad ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 supernaturalia sunt, sicut si considerans hominem mortuum, iudicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 eum non resurrecturum; et si videns hominem Christum, iudicet eum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2967 non esse Deum.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="30842"><span class="ref">[30842] Iª q. 58 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc patet
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 responsio ad ea quae utrinque obiiciuntur. Nam protervitas Daemonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 est secundum quod non subduntur divinae sapientiae. Nescientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 autem est in Angelis, non respectu naturalium cognoscibilium, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 supernaturalium. Patet etiam quod intellectus eius quod quid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 semper est verus, nisi per accidens, secundum quod indebite
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2973 ordinatur ad aliquam compositionem vel divisionem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 58 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="30843"><span class="ref">[30843] Iª q. 58 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 proceditur. Videtur quod in Angelis non sit vespertina neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 matutina cognitio. Vespere enim et mane admixtionem tenebrarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 habent. Sed in cognitione Angeli non est aliqua tenebrositas; cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 non sit ibi error vel falsitas. Ergo cognitio Angeli non debet dici
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2978 matutina vel vespertina.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="30844"><span class="ref">[30844] Iª q. 58 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, inter
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 vespere et mane cadit nox; et inter mane et vespere cadit meridies.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 Si igitur in Angelis cadit cognitio matutina et vespertina, pari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 ratione videtur quod in eis debeat esse meridiana et nocturna
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2982 cognitio.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="30845"><span class="ref">[30845] Iª q. 58 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 cognitio distinguitur secundum differentiam cognitorum, unde in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 de anima dicit philosophus quod <i>scientiae secantur quemadmodum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 et res</i>. Triplex autem est esse rerum, scilicet in verbo, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 propria natura, et in intelligentia angelica, ut Augustinus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 II super Gen. ad Litt. Ergo, si ponatur cognitio matutina in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 Angelis et vespertina, propter esse rerum in verbo et in propria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 natura; debet etiam in eis poni tertia cognitio, propter esse rerum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2990 in intelligentia angelica.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 6 s. c."><a name="30846"><span class="ref">[30846] Iª q. 58 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 quod Augustinus, IV super Gen. ad Litt., et XI de Civ. Dei,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2992 distinguit cognitionem Angelorum per matutinam et vespertinam.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 6 co."><a name="30847"><span class="ref">[30847] Iª q. 58 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 quod hoc quod dicitur de cognitione matutina et vespertina in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 Angelis, introductum est ab Augustino, qui sex dies in quibus Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 legitur fecisse cuncta, Gen. I, intelligi vult non hos usitatos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 dies qui solis circuitu peraguntur, cum sol quarto die factus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 legatur; sed unum diem, scilicet cognitionem angelicam sex rerum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 generibus praesentatam. Sicut autem in die consueto mane est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 principium diei, vespere autem terminus, ita cognitio ipsius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 primordialis esse rerum, dicitur cognitio matutina, et haec est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 secundum quod res sunt in verbo. Cognitio autem ipsius esse rei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 creatae secundum quod in propria natura consistit, dicitur cognitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 vespertina, nam esse rerum fluit a verbo sicut a quodam primordiali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 principio, et hic effluxus terminatur ad esse rerum quod in propria
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3005 natura habent.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="30848"><span class="ref">[30848] Iª q. 58 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 dicendum quod vespere et mane non accipiuntur in cognitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 angelica secundum similitudinem ad admixtionem tenebrarum; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 secundum similitudinem principii et termini. Vel dicendum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 nihil prohibet, ut dicit Augustinus IV super Gen. ad Litt., aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 in comparatione ad unum dici lux, et in comparatione ad aliud dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 tenebra. Sicut vita fidelium et iustorum, in comparatione ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 impios, dicitur lux, secundum illud Ephes. V, <i>fuistis aliquando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 tenebrae, nunc autem lux in domino</i>; quae tamen vita fidelium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3014 in comparatione ad vitam gloriae, tenebrosa dicitur, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 II Petri I, <i>habetis propheticum sermonem, cui bene facitis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 attendentes quasi lucernae lucenti in caliginoso loco</i>. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 igitur cognitio Angeli qua cognoscit res in propria natura, dies
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 est per comparationem ad ignorantiam vel errorem, sed obscura est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3019 per comparationem ad visionem verbi.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="30849"><span class="ref">[30849] Iª q. 58 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 dicendum quod matutina et vespertina cognitio ad diem pertinet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 idest ad Angelos illuminatos, qui sunt distincti a tenebris, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 a malis Angelis. Angeli autem boni, cognoscentes creaturam, non in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 ea figuntur, quod esset tenebrescere et noctem fieri; sed hoc ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 referunt ad laudem Dei, in quo sicut in principio omnia cognoscunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 Et ideo post vesperam non ponitur nox, sed mane, ita quod mane sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 finis praecedentis diei et principium sequentis, inquantum Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 cognitionem praecedentis operis ad laudem Dei referunt. Meridies
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 autem sub nomine diei comprehenditur, quasi medium inter duo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 extrema. Vel potest meridies referri ad cognitionem ipsius Dei, qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3030 non habet principium nec finem.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="30850"><span class="ref">[30850] Iª q. 58 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 dicendum quod etiam ipsi Angeli creaturae sunt. Unde esse rerum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 intelligentia angelica comprehenditur sub vespertina cognitione,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3033 sicut et esse rerum in propria natura.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 58 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="30851"><span class="ref">[30851] Iª q. 58 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 proceditur. Videtur quod una sit cognitio vespertina et matutina.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 Dicitur enim Gen. I, <i>factum est vespere et mane dies unus</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 Sed per diem intelligitur cognitio angelica, ut Augustinus dicit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 Ergo una et eadem est cognitio in Angelis matutina et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3038 vespertina.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="30852"><span class="ref">[30852] Iª q. 58 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 impossibile est unam potentiam simul duas operationes habere. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 Angeli semper sunt in actu cognitionis matutinae, quia semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 vident Deum et res in Deo, secundum illud Matth. XVIII, <i>Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 eorum semper vident faciem patris mei</i> et cetera. Ergo, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 cognitio vespertina esset alia a matutina, nullo modo Angelus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3044 posset esse in actu cognitionis vespertinae.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="30853"><span class="ref">[30853] Iª q. 58 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 apostolus dicit, I Cor. XIII, <i>cum venerit quod perfectum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 evacuabitur quod ex parte est</i>. Sed si cognitio vespertina sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 alia a matutina, comparatur ad ipsam sicut imperfectum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 perfectum. Ergo non poterit simul vespertina cognitio esse cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3049 matutina.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 7 s. c."><a name="30854"><span class="ref">[30854] Iª q. 58 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> In contrarium est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 quod dicit Augustinus, IV super Gen. ad Litt., <i>quod multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 interest inter cognitionem rei cuiuscumque in verbo Dei, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 cognitionem eius in natura eius, ut illud merito pertineat ad diem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3053 hoc ad vesperam</i>.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 7 co."><a name="30855"><span class="ref">[30855] Iª q. 58 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 quod, sicut dictum est, cognitio vespertina dicitur, qua Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 cognoscunt res in propria natura. Quod non potest ita intelligi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 quasi ex propria rerum natura cognitionem accipiant, ut haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 praepositio in indicet habitudinem principii, quia non accipiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 Angeli cognitionem a rebus, ut supra habitum est. Relinquitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 igitur quod hoc quod dicitur in propria natura, accipiatur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 rationem cogniti, secundum quod subest cognitioni; ut scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 cognitio vespertina in Angelis dicatur secundum quod cognoscunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 esse rerum quod habent res in propria natura. Quod quidem per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 duplex medium cognoscunt, scilicet per species innatas, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 rationes rerum in verbo existentes. Non enim, videndo verbum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 cognoscunt solum illud esse rerum quod habent in verbo; sed illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 esse quod habent in propria natura; sicut Deus per hoc quod videt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 se, cognoscit esse rerum quod habent in propria natura. Si ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 dicatur cognitio vespertina secundum quod cognoscunt esse rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 quod habent in propria natura, videndo verbum; sic una et eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 secundum essentiam est cognitio vespertina et matutina, differens
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 solum secundum cognita. Si vero cognitio vespertina dicatur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 secundum quod Angeli cognoscunt esse rerum quod habent in propria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 natura, per formas innatas; sic alia est cognitio vespertina et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 matutina. Et ita videtur intelligere Augustinus, cum unam ponat
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3075 imperfectam respectu alterius.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="30856"><span class="ref">[30856] Iª q. 58 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 dicendum quod, sicut numerus sex dierum, secundum intellectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 Augustini, accipitur secundum sex genera rerum quae cognoscuntur ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 Angelis; ita unitas diei accipitur secundum unitatem rei cognitae,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3079 quae tamen diversis cognitionibus cognosci potest.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="30857"><span class="ref">[30857] Iª q. 58 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 dicendum quod duae operationes possunt simul esse unius potentiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 quarum una ad aliam refertur; ut patet cum voluntas simul vult et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 finem et ea quae sunt ad finem, et intellectus simul intelligit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 principia et conclusiones per principia, quando iam scientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 acquisivit. Cognitio autem vespertina in Angelis refertur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 matutinam, ut Augustinus dicit. Unde nihil prohibet utramque simul
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3086 esse in Angelis.</p><p title="I q. 58 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="30858"><span class="ref">[30858] Iª q. 58 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 dicendum quod, veniente perfecto, evacuatur imperfectum quod ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 opponitur, sicut fides, quae est eorum quae non videntur, evacuatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 visione veniente. Sed imperfectio vespertinae cognitionis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 opponitur perfectioni matutinae. Quod enim cognoscatur aliquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 seipso, non est oppositum ei quod cognoscatur in sua causa. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 iterum quod aliquid cognoscatur per duo media, quorum unum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 perfectius et aliud imperfectius, aliquid repugnans habet, sicut ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 eandem conclusionem habere possumus et medium demonstrativum et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 dialecticum. Et similiter eadem res potest sciri ab Angelo per
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3096 verbum increatum, et per speciem innatam.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q59"><h2>Quaestio 59</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 59 pr."><a name="30859"><span class="ref">[30859]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3097 Iª q. 59 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de his
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 quae pertinent ad voluntatem Angelorum. Et primo considerabimus de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 ipsa voluntate secundo, de motu eius, qui est amor sive dilectio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum in Angelis sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 voluntas. Secundo, utrum voluntas Angeli sit ipsa natura eorum, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 etiam ipse intellectus eorum. Tertio, utrum in Angelis sit liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 arbitrium. Quarto, utrum in eis sit irascibilis et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3104 concupiscibilis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 59 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30860"><span class="ref">[30860] Iª q. 59 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 proceditur. Videtur quod in Angelis non sit voluntas. Quia, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 dicit philosophus, in III de anima, <i>voluntas in ratione est</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 Sed in Angelis non est ratio, sed aliquid superius ratione. Ergo in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3108 Angelis non est voluntas, sed aliquid superius voluntate.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30861"><span class="ref">[30861] Iª q. 59 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 voluntas sub appetitu continetur, ut patet per philosophum, in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 de anima. Sed appetitus est imperfecti, est enim eius quod nondum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 habetur. Cum igitur in Angelis, maxime in beatis, non sit aliqua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3112 imperfectio, videtur quod non sit in eis voluntas.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30862"><span class="ref">[30862] Iª q. 59 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod voluntas est movens motum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 movetur enim ab appetibili intellecto. Sed Angeli sunt immobiles;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3115 cum sint incorporei. Ergo in Angelis non est voluntas.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30863"><span class="ref">[30863] Iª q. 59 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 quod Augustinus dicit, X Lib. de Trin., quod imago Trinitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 invenitur in mente secundum memoriam, intelligentiam et voluntatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 Imago autem Dei invenitur non solum in mente humana, sed etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 mente angelica; cum etiam mens angelica sit capax Dei. Ergo in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3120 Angelis est voluntas.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 1 co."><a name="30864"><span class="ref">[30864] Iª q. 59 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 quod necesse est ponere in Angelis voluntatem. Ad cuius evidentiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 considerandum est quod, cum omnia procedant ex voluntate divina,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 omnia suo modo per appetitum inclinantur in bonum, sed diversimode.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 Quaedam enim inclinantur in bonum, per solam naturalem habitudinem,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 absque cognitione, sicut plantae et corpora inanimata. Et talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 inclinatio ad bonum vocatur appetitus naturalis. Quaedam vero ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 bonum inclinantur cum aliqua cognitione; non quidem sic quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 cognoscant ipsam rationem boni, sed cognoscunt aliquod bonum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 particulare; sicut sensus, qui cognoscit dulce et album et aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 huiusmodi. Inclinatio autem hanc cognitionem sequens, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 appetitus sensitivus. Quaedam vero inclinantur ad bonum cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 cognitione qua cognoscunt ipsam boni rationem; quod est proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 intellectus. Et haec perfectissime inclinantur in bonum; non quidem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 quasi ab alio solummodo directa in bonum, sicut ea quae cognitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 carent; neque in bonum particulariter tantum, sicut ea in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 est sola sensitiva cognitio; sed quasi inclinata in ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 universale bonum. Et haec inclinatio dicitur voluntas. Unde cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 Angeli per intellectum cognoscant ipsam universalem rationem boni,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3139 manifestum est quod in eis sit voluntas.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30865"><span class="ref">[30865] Iª q. 59 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 dicendum quod aliter ratio transcendit sensum, et aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 intellectus rationem. Ratio enim transcendit sensum, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 diversitatem cognitorum, nam sensus est particularium, ratio vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 universalium. Et ideo oportet quod sit alius appetitus tendens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 bonum universale, qui debetur rationi; et alius tendens in bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 particulare, qui debetur sensui. Sed intellectus et ratio differunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 quantum ad modum cognoscendi, quia scilicet intellectus cognoscit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 simplici intuitu, ratio vero discurrendo de uno in aliud. Sed tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 ratio per discursum pervenit ad cognoscendum illud, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 intellectus sine discursu cognoscit, scilicet universale. Idem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 ergo obiectum quod appetitivae proponitur et ex parte rationis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 ex parte intellectus. Unde in Angelis, qui sunt intellectuales
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3152 tantum, non est appetitus superior voluntate.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30866"><span class="ref">[30866] Iª q. 59 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 dicendum quod, licet nomen appetitivae partis sit sumptum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 appetendo ea quae non habentur, tamen appetitiva pars non solum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 haec se extendit, sed etiam ad multa alia. Sicut et nomen lapidis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 sumptum est a laesione pedis, cum tamen lapidi non hoc solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 conveniat. Similiter irascibilis potentia denominatur ab ira; cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 tamen in ea sint plures aliae passiones, ut spes et audacia et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3159 huiusmodi.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30867"><span class="ref">[30867] Iª q. 59 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 dicendum quod voluntas dicitur movens motum, secundum quod velle
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 est motus quidam, et intelligere; cuiusmodi motum nihil prohibet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 Angelis esse, quia talis motus est actus perfecti, ut dicitur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3163 III de anima.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 59 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30868"><span class="ref">[30868] Iª q. 59 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 proceditur. Videtur quod in Angelis non differat voluntas ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 intellectu et natura. Angelus enim est simplicior quam corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 naturale. Sed corpus naturale per suam formam inclinatur in suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 finem, qui est eius bonum. Ergo multo magis Angelus. Forma autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 Angeli est vel natura ipsa in qua subsistit, vel species quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 in intellectu eius. Ergo Angelus inclinatur in bonum per naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 suam, et per speciem intelligibilem. Haec autem inclinatio ad bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 pertinet ad voluntatem. Voluntas igitur Angeli non est aliud quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3172 eius natura vel intellectus.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30869"><span class="ref">[30869] Iª q. 59 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 obiectum intellectus est verum, voluntatis autem bonum. Bonum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 et verum non differunt realiter, sed secundum rationem tantum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3175 voluntas et intellectus non differunt realiter.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30870"><span class="ref">[30870] Iª q. 59 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 distinctio communis et proprii non diversificat potentias, eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 enim potentia visiva est coloris et albedinis. Sed bonum et verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 videntur se habere sicut commune et proprium, nam verum est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 bonum, scilicet intellectus. Ergo voluntas, cuius obiectum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3180 bonum, non differt ab intellectu, cuius obiectum est verum.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30871"><span class="ref">[30871] Iª q. 59 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 voluntas in Angelis est bonorum tantum. Intellectus autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 bonorum et malorum, cognoscunt enim utrumque. Ergo voluntas in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3183 Angelis est aliud quam eius intellectus.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 2 co."><a name="30872"><span class="ref">[30872] Iª q. 59 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 quod voluntas in Angelis est quaedam virtus vel potentia, quae nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3185 est ipsa eorum natura, nec eorum intellectus. Et quod non sit eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 natura, apparet ex hoc, quod natura vel essentia alicuius rei intra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 ipsam rem comprehenditur, quidquid ergo se extendit ad id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 extra rem, non est rei essentia. Unde videmus in corporibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 naturalibus, quod inclinatio quae est ad esse rei, non est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 aliquid superadditum essentiae; sed per materiam, quae appetit esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 antequam illud habeat, et per formam, quae tenet rem in esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 postquam fuerit. Sed inclinatio ad aliquid extrinsecum, est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 aliquid essentiae superadditum, sicut inclinatio ad locum est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 gravitatem vel levitatem, inclinatio autem ad faciendum sibi simile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 est per qualitates activas. Voluntas autem habet inclinationem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 bonum naturaliter. Unde ibi solum est idem essentia et voluntas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 ubi totaliter bonum continetur in essentia volentis; scilicet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 Deo, qui nihil vult extra se nisi ratione suae bonitatis. Quod de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 nulla creatura potest dici; cum bonum infinitum sit extra essentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 cuiuslibet creati. Unde nec voluntas Angeli, nec alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 creaturae, potest esse idem quod eius essentia. Similiter nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 potest esse idem quod intellectus Angeli vel hominis. Nam cognitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 fit per hoc quod cognitum est in cognoscente, unde ea ratione se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 extendit eius intellectus in id quod est extra se, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 illud quod extra ipsum est per essentiam, natum est aliquo modo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 eo esse. Voluntas vero se extendit in id quod extra se est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 secundum quod quadam inclinatione quodammodo tendit in rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 exteriorem. Alterius autem virtutis est, quod aliquid habeat in se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 quod est extra se, et quod ipsum tendat in rem exteriorem. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 oportet quod in qualibet creatura sit aliud intellectus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 voluntas. Non autem in Deo, qui habet et ens universale et bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 universale in seipso. Unde tam voluntas quam intellectus est eius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3213 essentia.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30873"><span class="ref">[30873] Iª q. 59 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 dicendum quod corpus naturale per formam substantialem inclinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 in esse suum, sed in exterius inclinatur per aliquid additum, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3216 dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30874"><span class="ref">[30874] Iª q. 59 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 dicendum quod potentiae non diversificantur secundum materialem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3218 distinctionem obiectorum, sed secundum formalem distinctionem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 attenditur secundum rationem obiecti. Et ideo diversitas secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 rationem boni et veri, sufficit ad diversitatem intellectus et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3221 voluntatis.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30875"><span class="ref">[30875] Iª q. 59 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 dicendum quod, quia bonum et verum convertuntur secundum rem, inde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 est quod et bonum ab intellectu intelligitur sub ratione veri, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 verum a voluntate appetitur sub ratione boni. Sed tamen diversitas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3225 rationum ad diversificandum potentias sufficit, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 59 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30876"><span class="ref">[30876] Iª q. 59 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 proceditur. Videtur quod in Angelis non sit liberum arbitrium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 Actus enim liberi arbitrii est eligere. Sed electio non potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 in Angelis, cum electio sit appetitus praeconsiliati, consilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 autem est inquisitio quaedam ut dicitur in III Ethic.; Angeli autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3230 non cognoscunt inquirendo, quia hoc pertinet ad discursum rationis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3231 Ergo videtur quod in Angelis non sit liberum arbitrium.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30877"><span class="ref">[30877] Iª q. 59 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 liberum arbitrium se habet ad utrumlibet. Sed ex parte intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 non est aliquid se habens ad utrumlibet in Angelis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 intellectus eorum non fallitur in naturalibus intelligibilibus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 dictum est. Ergo nec ex parte appetitus liberum arbitrium in eis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3236 esse potest.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30878"><span class="ref">[30878] Iª q. 59 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ea
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 quae sunt naturalia in Angelis, conveniunt eis secundum magis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 minus, quia in superioribus Angelis natura intellectualis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 perfectior quam in inferioribus. Liberum autem arbitrium non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 recipit magis et minus. Ergo in Angelis non est liberum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3241 arbitrium.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30879"><span class="ref">[30879] Iª q. 59 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 libertas arbitrii ad dignitatem hominis pertinet. Sed Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 digniores sunt hominibus. Ergo libertas arbitrii, cum sit in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3244 hominibus, multo magis est in Angelis.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 3 co."><a name="30880"><span class="ref">[30880] Iª q. 59 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 quod quaedam sunt quae non agunt ex aliquo arbitrio, sed quasi ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 aliis acta et mota, sicut sagitta a sagittante movetur ad finem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 Quaedam vero agunt quodam arbitrio, sed non libero, sicut animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 irrationalia, ovis enim fugit lupum ex quodam iudicio, quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 existimat eum sibi noxium; sed hoc iudicium non est sibi liberum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 sed a natura inditum. Sed solum id quod habet intellectum, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 agere iudicio libero, inquantum cognoscit universalem rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 boni, ex qua potest iudicare hoc vel illud esse bonum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 ubicumque est intellectus, est liberum arbitrium. Et sic patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 liberum arbitrium esse in Angelis etiam excellentius quam in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3255 hominibus, sicut et intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30881"><span class="ref">[30881] Iª q. 59 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 dicendum quod philosophus loquitur de electione secundum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 hominis. Sicut autem aestimatio hominis in speculativis differt ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 aestimatione Angeli in hoc, quod una est absque inquisitione, alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 vero per inquisitionem; ita et in operativis. Unde in Angelis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 electio; non tamen cum inquisitiva deliberatione consilii, sed per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3261 subitam acceptionem veritatis.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30882"><span class="ref">[30882] Iª q. 59 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, cognitio fit per hoc quod cognita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 sunt in cognoscente. Ad imperfectionem autem alicuius rei pertinet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 si non sit in ea id quod natum est in ea esse. Unde Angelus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 esset perfectus in sua natura, si intellectus eius non esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 determinatus ad omnem veritatem quam naturaliter cognoscere potest.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 Sed actus appetitivae virtutis est per hoc quod affectus inclinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 ad rem exteriorem. Non autem dependet perfectio rei ex omni re ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 quam inclinatur, sed solum ex superiori. Et ideo non pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 imperfectionem Angeli, si non habet voluntatem determinatam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 respectu eorum quae infra ipsum sunt. Pertineret autem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 imperfectionem eius, si indeterminate se haberet ad illud quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3273 supra ipsum est.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30883"><span class="ref">[30883] Iª q. 59 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 dicendum quod liberum arbitrium nobiliori modo est in superioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 Angelis, quam in inferioribus, sicut et iudicium intellectus. Tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 verum est quod ipsa libertas, secundum quod in ea consideratur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3277 quaedam remotio coactionis, non suscipit magis et minus, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 privationes et negationes non remittuntur nec intenduntur per se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 sed solum per suam causam, vel secundum aliquam affirmationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3280 adiunctam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 59 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30884"><span class="ref">[30884] Iª q. 59 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 proceditur. Videtur quod in Angelis sit irascibilis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 concupiscibilis. Dicit enim Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 in Daemonibus est furor irrationabilis et concupiscentia amens. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 Daemones eiusdem naturae sunt cum Angelis, quia peccatum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 mutavit in eis naturam. Ergo in Angelis est irascibilis et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3286 concupiscibilis.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30885"><span class="ref">[30885] Iª q. 59 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, amor
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 et gaudium in concupiscibili sunt; ira vero, spes et timor in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 irascibili. Sed haec attribuuntur Angelis bonis et malis in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3289 Scripturis. Ergo in Angelis est irascibilis et concupiscibilis.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30886"><span class="ref">[30886] Iª q. 59 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 virtutes quaedam dicuntur esse in irascibili et concupiscibili;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 sicut caritas et temperantia videntur esse in concupiscibili, spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 autem et fortitudo in irascibili. Sed virtutes hae sunt in Angelis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3293 Ergo in Angelis est concupiscibilis et irascibilis.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30887"><span class="ref">[30887] Iª q. 59 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 quod philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod irascibilis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 concupiscibilis sunt in parte sensitiva; quae non est in Angelis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3296 Ergo in eis non est irascibilis et concupiscibilis.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 4 co."><a name="30888"><span class="ref">[30888] Iª q. 59 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 quod intellectivus appetitus non dividitur per irascibilem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 concupiscibilem, sed solum appetitus sensitivus. Cuius ratio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 quia cum potentiae non distinguantur secundum distinctionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 materialem obiectorum, sed solum secundum rationem formalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 obiecti; si alicui potentiae respondeat aliquod obiectum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 rationem communem, non erit distinctio potentiarum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 diversitatem propriorum quae sub illo communi continentur. Sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 proprium obiectum potentiae visivae est color secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 coloris, non distinguuntur plures potentiae visivae secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 differentiam albi et nigri, sed si proprium obiectum alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 potentiae esset album inquantum album, distingueretur potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 visiva albi a potentia visiva nigri. Manifestum est autem ex dictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 quod obiectum appetitus intellectivi, qui voluntas dicitur, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 bonum secundum communem boni rationem, nec potest esse aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 appetitus nisi boni. Unde in parte intellectiva appetitus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3312 dividitur secundum distinctionem aliquorum particularium bonorum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 sicut dividitur appetitus sensitivus, qui non respicit bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 secundum communem rationem, sed quoddam particulare bonum. Unde,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 cum in Angelis non sit nisi appetitus intellectivus, eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 appetitus non distinguitur per irascibilem et concupiscibilem, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3317 remanet indivisus; et vocatur voluntas.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30889"><span class="ref">[30889] Iª q. 59 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3318 dicendum quod furor et concupiscentia metaphorice dicuntur esse in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 Daemonibus, sicut et ira quandoque Deo attribuitur, propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3320 similitudinem effectus.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30890"><span class="ref">[30890] Iª q. 59 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 dicendum quod amor et gaudium, secundum quod sunt passiones, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 in concupiscibili, sed secundum quod nominant simplicem voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 actum, sic sunt in intellectiva parte; prout amare est velle bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 alicui, et gaudere est quiescere voluntatem in aliquo bono habito.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 Et universaliter nihil horum dicitur de Angelis secundum passionem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3326 ut Augustinus dicit, IX de Civ. Dei.</p><p title="I q. 59 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="30891"><span class="ref">[30891] Iª q. 59 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 dicendum quod caritas, secundum quod est virtus, non est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 concupiscibili, sed in voluntate. Nam obiectum concupiscibilis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 bonum delectabile secundum sensum, huiusmodi autem non est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3330 divinum, quod est obiectum caritatis. Et eadem ratione dicendum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 quod spes non est in irascibili, quia obiectum irascibilis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 quoddam arduum quod est sensibile, circa quod non est spes quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 virtus, sed circa arduum divinum. Temperantia autem, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 est virtus humana, est circa concupiscentias delectabilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 sensibilium, quae pertinent ad vim concupiscibilem. Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 fortitudo est circa audacias et timores quae sunt in irascibili. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 ideo temperantia, secundum quod est virtus humana, est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 concupiscibili, et fortitudo in irascibili. Sed hoc modo non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 in Angelis. Non enim in eis sunt passiones concupiscentiarum, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 timoris et audaciae, quas oporteat per temperantiam et fortitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 regulare. Sed temperantia in eis dicitur, secundum quod moderate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 suam voluntatem exhibent secundum regulam divinae voluntatis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 fortitudo in eis dicitur, secundum quod voluntatem divinam firmiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 exequuntur. Quod totum fit per voluntatem; et non per irascibilem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3345 et concupiscibilem.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q60"><h2>Quaestio 60</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 60 pr."><a name="30892"><span class="ref">[30892]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3346 Iª q. 60 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de actu
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 voluntatis, qui est amor sive dilectio, nam omnis actus appetitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 virtutis ex amore seu dilectione derivatur. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 quinque. Primo, utrum in Angelis sit dilectio naturalis. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 utrum in eis sit dilectio electiva. Tertio, utrum Angelus diligat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 seipsum dilectione naturali an electiva. Quarto, utrum unus Angelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 diligat alium dilectione naturali sicut seipsum. Quinto, utrum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3353 Angelus naturali dilectione diligat Deum plus quam seipsum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 60 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30893"><span class="ref">[30893] Iª q. 60 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 proceditur. Videtur quod in Angelis non sit amor vel dilectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 naturalis. Amor enim naturalis dividitur contra intellectualem; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 patet per Dionysium, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Sed amor Angeli est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3357 intellectualis. Ergo non est naturalis.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30894"><span class="ref">[30894] Iª q. 60 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ea
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 quae amant amore naturali, magis aguntur quam agant, nihil enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 habet dominium suae naturae. Sed Angeli non aguntur, sed agunt; cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 sint liberi arbitrii, ut ostensum est. Ergo in Angelis non est amor
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3361 seu dilectio naturalis.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30895"><span class="ref">[30895] Iª q. 60 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omnis
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 dilectio aut est recta, aut non recta. Dilectio autem recta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 pertinet ad caritatem, dilectio autem non recta pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 iniquitatem. Neutrum autem horum pertinet ad naturam, quia caritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 est supra naturam, iniquitas autem est contra naturam. Ergo nulla
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3366 dilectio naturalis est in Angelis.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30896"><span class="ref">[30896] Iª q. 60 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 quod dilectio sequitur cognitionem, nihil enim amatur nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 cognitum, ut Augustinus dicit, X de Trin. Sed in Angelis est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3369 cognitio naturalis. Ergo et dilectio naturalis.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 1 co."><a name="30897"><span class="ref">[30897] Iª q. 60 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 quod necesse est in Angelis ponere dilectionem naturalem. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 evidentiam, considerandum est quod semper prius salvatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 posteriori. Natura autem prior est quam intellectus, quia natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 cuiuscumque rei est essentia eius. Unde id quod est naturae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 oportet salvari etiam in habentibus intellectum. Est autem hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 commune omni naturae, ut habeat aliquam inclinationem, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 appetitus naturalis vel amor. Quae tamen inclinatio diversimode
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 invenitur in diversis naturis, in unaquaque secundum modum eius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 Unde in natura intellectuali invenitur inclinatio naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 secundum voluntatem; in natura autem sensitiva, secundum appetitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 sensitivum, in natura vero carente cognitione, secundum solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 ordinem naturae in aliquid. Unde cum Angelus sit natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 intellectualis, oportet quod in voluntate eius sit naturalis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3383 dilectio.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30898"><span class="ref">[30898] Iª q. 60 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 dicendum quod intellectualis amor dividitur contra naturalem qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 est solum naturalis, inquantum est naturae quae non addit supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3386 rationem naturae perfectionem sensus aut intellectus.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30899"><span class="ref">[30899] Iª q. 60 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 dicendum quod omnia quae sunt in toto mundo, aguntur ab aliquo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 praeter primum agens, quod ita agit quod nullo modo ab alio agitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 in quo est idem natura et voluntas. Et ideo non est inconveniens si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 Angelus agatur, inquantum inclinatio naturalis est sibi indita ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 auctore suae naturae. Non tamen sic agitur quod non agat; cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3392 habeat liberam voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30900"><span class="ref">[30900] Iª q. 60 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 dicendum quod, sicut cognitio naturalis semper est vera ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 dilectio naturalis semper est recta, cum amor naturalis nihil aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 sit quam inclinatio naturae indita ab auctore naturae. Dicere ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 quod inclinatio naturalis non sit recta, est derogare auctori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3397 naturae. Alia tamen est rectitudo naturalis dilectionis, et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 est rectitudo caritatis et virtutis, quia una rectitudo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 perfectiva alterius. Sicut etiam alia est veritas naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 cognitionis; et alia est veritas cognitionis infusae vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3401 acquisitae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 60 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30901"><span class="ref">[30901] Iª q. 60 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 proceditur. Videtur quod in Angelis non sit dilectio electiva.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 Dilectio enim electiva videtur esse amor rationalis, cum electio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 sequatur consilium, quod in inquisitione consistit, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 III Ethic. Sed rationalis amor dividitur contra intellectualem (qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 est proprius Angelorum); ut dicitur IV cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3407 Angelis non est dilectio electiva.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30902"><span class="ref">[30902] Iª q. 60 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 Angelis non est nisi cognitio naturalis, praeter cognitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 infusam, quia non discurrunt de principiis ad acquirendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 conclusiones. Et sic ad omnia quae naturaliter cognoscere possunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3411 sic se habent sicut intellectus noster ad prima principia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 naturaliter cognoscere potest. Sed dilectio sequitur cognitionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 ut dictum est. Ergo in Angelis, praeter dilectionem gratuitam, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3414 est nisi dilectio naturalis. Non ergo electiva.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30903"><span class="ref">[30903] Iª q. 60 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 naturalibus neque meremur neque demeremur. Sed Angeli sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 dilectione aliqua merentur, vel demerentur. Ergo in eis est aliqua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3417 dilectio electiva.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 2 co."><a name="30904"><span class="ref">[30904] Iª q. 60 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 quod in Angelis est quaedam dilectio naturalis et quaedam electiva.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 Et naturalis dilectio in eis est principium electivae, quia semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 id quod pertinet ad prius, habet rationem principii; unde, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3421 natura sit primum quod est in unoquoque, oportet quod id quod ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 naturam pertinet, sit principium in quolibet. Et hoc apparet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 homine et quantum ad intellectum, et quantum ad voluntatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 Intellectus enim cognoscit principia naturaliter, et ex hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 cognitione causatur in homine scientia conclusionum, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 cognoscuntur naturaliter ab homine, sed per inventionem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 doctrinam. Similiter in voluntate finis hoc modo se habet, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 principium in intellectu, ut dicitur in II Physic. Unde voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 naturaliter tendit in suum finem ultimum, omnis enim homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 naturaliter vult beatitudinem. Et ex hac naturali voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 causantur omnes aliae voluntates, cum quidquid homo vult, velit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3432 propter finem. Dilectio igitur boni quod homo naturaliter vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 sicut finem, est dilectio naturalis, dilectio autem ab hac
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 derivata, quae est boni quod diligitur propter finem, est dilectio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 electiva. Hoc tamen differenter se habet ex parte intellectus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 voluntatis. Quia, sicut supra dictum est, cognitio intellectus fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3437 secundum quod res cognitae sunt in cognoscente. Est autem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 imperfectione intellectualis naturae in homine, quod non statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 eius intellectus naturaliter habet omnia intelligibilia, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 quaedam, a quibus in alia quodammodo movetur. Sed actus appetitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 virtutis est, e converso, secundum ordinem appetentis ad res.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 Quarum quaedam sunt secundum se bona, et ideo secundum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 appetibilia, quaedam vero habent rationem bonitatis ex ordine ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 aliud, et sunt appetibilia propter aliud. Unde non est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 imperfectione appetentis, quod aliquid appetat naturaliter ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 finem, et aliquid per electionem, ut ordinatur in finem. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 igitur natura intellectualis in Angelis perfecta est, invenitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 eis sola cognitio naturalis, non autem ratiocinativa, sed invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 in eis dilectio et naturalis et electiva. Haec autem dicta sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 praetermissis his quae supra naturam sunt, horum enim natura non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3451 est principium sufficiens. De his autem infra dicetur.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30905"><span class="ref">[30905] Iª q. 60 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 dicendum quod non omnis dilectio electiva est amor rationalis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 secundum quod rationalis amor dividitur contra intellectualem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 Dicitur enim sic amor rationalis, qui sequitur cognitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 ratiocinativam, non omnis autem electio consequitur discursum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 rationis, ut supra dictum est, cum de libero arbitrio ageretur; sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3457 solum electio hominis. Unde ratio non sequitur.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30906"><span class="ref">[30906] Iª q. 60 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3458 responsio ex dictis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 60 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30907"><span class="ref">[30907] Iª q. 60 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non diligat seipsum dilectione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 naturali et electiva. Dilectio enim naturalis est ipsius finis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 sicut dictum est; dilectio autem electiva, eorum quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 finem. Sed idem non potest esse finis et ad finem, respectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 eiusdem. Ergo non potest esse eiusdem dilectio naturalis et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3464 electiva.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30908"><span class="ref">[30908] Iª q. 60 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, amor
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 est virtus unitiva et concretiva, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 Div. Nom. Sed unitio et concretio est diversorum in unum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3467 reductorum. Ergo non potest Angelus diligere seipsum.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30909"><span class="ref">[30909] Iª q. 60 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 dilectio est quidam motus. Sed omnis motus in alterum tendit. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 videtur quod Angelus non possit amare seipsum dilectione naturali,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3470 nec electiva.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30910"><span class="ref">[30910] Iª q. 60 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 quod philosophus dicit, IX Ethic., quod <i>amicabilia quae sunt ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3472 alterum, veniunt ex amicabilibus quae sunt ad seipsum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 3 co."><a name="30911"><span class="ref">[30911] Iª q. 60 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 quod, cum amor sit boni, bonum autem sit et in substantia et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 accidente, ut patet I Ethic., dupliciter aliquid amatur, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 ut bonum subsistens; alio modo, ut bonum accidentale sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 inhaerens. Illud quidem amatur ut bonum subsistens, quod sic amatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 ut ei aliquis velit bonum. Ut bonum vero accidentale seu inhaerens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 amatur id quod desideratur alteri, sicut amatur scientia, non ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 ipsa sit bona, sed ut habeatur. Et hunc modum amoris quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 nominaverunt concupiscentiam, primum vero amicitiam. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 autem quod in rebus cognitione carentibus, unumquodque naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 appetit consequi id quod est sibi bonum; sicut ignis locum sursum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 Unde et Angelus et homo naturaliter appetunt suum bonum et suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 perfectionem. Et hoc est amare seipsum. Unde naturaliter tam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 Angelus quam homo diligit seipsum, inquantum aliquod bonum naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 appetitu sibi desiderat. Inquantum vero sibi desiderat aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 bonum per electionem, intantum amat seipsum dilectione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3488 electiva.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30912"><span class="ref">[30912] Iª q. 60 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 dicendum quod Angelus aut homo non diligit se dilectione naturali
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3490 et electiva secundum idem; sed secundum diversa, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30913"><span class="ref">[30913] Iª q. 60 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 dicendum quod, sicut plus est esse unum quam uniri, ita amor magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 est unus ad seipsum, quam ad diversa quae ei uniuntur. Sed ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 Dionysius usus fuit nomine unitionis et concretionis, ut ostenderet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 derivationem amoris a se in alia, sicut ab uno derivatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3495 unitio.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30914"><span class="ref">[30914] Iª q. 60 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 dicendum quod, sicut amor est actio manens in agente, ita est motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3497 manens in amante, non autem tendens in aliquid aliud ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 necessitate; sed potest reflecti super amantem, ut amet seipsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 sicut et cognitio reflectitur in cognoscentem, ut cognoscat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3500 seipsum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 60 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30915"><span class="ref">[30915] Iª q. 60 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 proceditur. Videtur quod unus Angelus non diligat naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3502 dilectione alium sicut seipsum. Dilectio enim sequitur cognitionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 Sed unus Angelus non cognoscit alium sicut seipsum, quia seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 cognoscit per suam essentiam, alium vero per eius similitudinem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 supra dictum est. Ergo videtur quod unus Angelus non diligat alium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3506 sicut seipsum.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30916"><span class="ref">[30916] Iª q. 60 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, causa
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 est potior causato, et principium eo quod ex principio derivatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 Sed dilectio quae est ad alium, derivatur ab ea quae est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 seipsum; sicut dicit philosophus, IX Ethic. Ergo Angelus non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3510 diligit alium sicut seipsum, sed seipsum magis.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30917"><span class="ref">[30917] Iª q. 60 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 dilectio naturalis est alicuius tanquam finis; et non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 removeri. Sed unus Angelus non est finis alterius; et iterum haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 dilectio potest removeri, ut patet in Daemonibus, qui non diligunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 bonos Angelos. Ergo unus Angelus non diligit alium naturali
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3515 dilectione sicut seipsum.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30918"><span class="ref">[30918] Iª q. 60 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 quia illud quod invenitur in omnibus, etiam ratione carentibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 videtur esse naturale. Sed sicut dicitur Eccli. XIII, omne animal
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 diligit sibi simile. Ergo Angelus diligit naturaliter alium sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3519 seipsum.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 4 co."><a name="30919"><span class="ref">[30919] Iª q. 60 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 quod, sicut dictum est, Angelus et homo naturaliter seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 diligit. Illud autem quod est unum cum aliquo, est ipsummet, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 unumquodque diligit id quod est unum sibi. Et si quidem sit unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 sibi unione naturali, diligit illud dilectione naturali, si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3524 sit unum secum unione non naturali, diligit ipsum dilectione non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 naturali. Sicut homo diligit civem suum dilectione politicae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 virtutis; consanguineum autem suum dilectione naturali, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 est unum cum eo in principio generationis naturalis. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 autem quod id quod est unum cum aliquo, genere vel specie, est unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 per naturam. Et ideo dilectione naturali quaelibet res diligit id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 quod est secum unum secundum speciem, inquantum diligit speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3531 suam. Et hoc etiam apparet in his quae cognitione carent, nam ignis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 naturalem inclinationem habet ut communicet alteri suam formam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 quod est bonum eius; sicut naturaliter inclinatur ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 quaerat bonum suum, ut esse sursum. Sic ergo dicendum est quod unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 Angelus diligit alium naturali dilectione, inquantum convenit cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 eo in natura. Sed inquantum convenit cum eo in aliquibus aliis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 etiam inquantum differt ab eo secundum quaedam alia, non diligit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3538 eum naturali dilectione.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30920"><span class="ref">[30920] Iª q. 60 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3539 dicendum quod hoc quod dico sicut seipsum, potest uno modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 determinare cognitionem seu dilectionem ex parte cogniti et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 dilecti. Et sic cognoscit alium sicut seipsum, quia cognoscit alium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 esse, sicut cognoscit seipsum esse. Alio modo potest determinare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 cognitionem et dilectionem ex parte diligentis et cognoscentis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 sic non cognoscit alium sicut seipsum, quia se cognoscit per suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 essentiam, alium autem non per eius essentiam. Et similiter non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 diligit alium sicut seipsum, quia seipsum diligit per suam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3547 voluntatem, alium autem non diligit per eius voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30921"><span class="ref">[30921] Iª q. 60 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 dicendum quod ly sicut non designat aequalitatem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 similitudinem. Cum enim dilectio naturalis super unitatem naturalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 fundetur, illud quod est minus unum cum eo, naturaliter minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 diligit. Unde naturaliter plus diligit quod est unum numero, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 quod est unum specie vel genere. Sed naturale est quod similem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 dilectionem habeat ad alium sicut ad seipsum, quantum ad hoc, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 sicut seipsum diligit inquantum vult sibi bonum, ita alium diligat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3555 inquantum vult eius bonum.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="30922"><span class="ref">[30922] Iª q. 60 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 dicendum quod dilectio naturalis dicitur esse ipsius finis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3557 tanquam cui aliquis velit bonum; sed tanquam bonum quod quis vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 sibi, et per consequens alii, inquantum est unum sibi. Nec ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 dilectio naturalis removeri potest etiam ab Angelis malis, quin
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 dilectionem naturalem habeant ad alios Angelos, inquantum cum eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 communicant in natura. Sed odiunt eos, inquantum diversificantur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3562 secundum iustitiam et iniustitiam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 60 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="30923"><span class="ref">[30923] Iª q. 60 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3563 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus naturali dilectione non diligat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 Deum plus quam seipsum. Quia, ut dictum est, dilectio naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 fundatur super unione naturali. Sed natura divina maxime distat a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3566 natura Angeli. Ergo naturali dilectione Angelus minus diligit Deum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3567 quam se, vel etiam alium Angelum.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="30924"><span class="ref">[30924] Iª q. 60 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 propter quod unumquodque, et illud magis. Sed naturali dilectione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 quilibet diligit alium propter se, unumquodque enim diligit aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 inquantum est bonum sibi. Ergo dilectione naturali Angelus non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3571 diligit Deum plus quam seipsum.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="30925"><span class="ref">[30925] Iª q. 60 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 natura reflectitur in seipsam, videmus enim quod omne agens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 naturaliter agit ad conservationem sui. Non autem reflecteretur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 seipsam natura, si tenderet in aliud plus quam in seipsam. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3575 naturali dilectione diligit Angelus Deum plus quam se.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="30926"><span class="ref">[30926] Iª q. 60 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, hoc
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 videtur esse proprium caritatis, ut aliquis Deum plus quam seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3577 diligat. Sed dilectio caritatis non est naturalis in Angelis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 diffunditur in cordibus eorum per spiritum sanctum, qui datus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 eis, ut dicit Augustinus, XII de Civ. Dei. Ergo non diligunt Deum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3580 Angeli dilectione naturali plus quam seipsos.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 5 arg. 5"><a name="30927"><span class="ref">[30927] Iª q. 60 a. 5 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 dilectio naturalis semper manet, manente natura. Sed diligere Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 plus quam seipsum non manet in peccante Angelo vel homine, quia, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3583 Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ. Dei, <i>fecerunt civitates duas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 amores duo, terrenam scilicet amor sui usque ad Dei contemptum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 caelestem vero amor Dei usque ad contemptum sui</i>. Ergo diligere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3586 Deum supra seipsum non est naturale.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 5 s. c."><a name="30928"><span class="ref">[30928] Iª q. 60 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, omnia
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 moralia legis praecepta sunt de lege naturae. Sed praeceptum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 diligendo Deum supra seipsum, est praeceptum morale legis. Ergo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 de lege naturae. Ergo dilectione naturali Angelus diligit Deum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3590 supra seipsum.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 5 co."><a name="30929"><span class="ref">[30929] Iª q. 60 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 quod quidam dixerunt quod Angelus naturali dilectione diligit Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 plus quam se, amore concupiscentiae, quia scilicet plus appetit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 sibi bonum divinum quam bonum suum. Et quodammodo amore amicitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 inquantum scilicet Deo vult naturaliter Angelus maius bonum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 sibi, vult enim naturaliter Deum esse Deum, se autem vult habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 naturam propriam. Sed simpliciter loquendo, naturali dilectione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 plus diligit se quam Deum, quia intensius et principalius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 naturaliter diligit se quam Deum. Sed falsitas huius opinionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 manifeste apparet, si quis in rebus naturalibus consideret ad quid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 res naturaliter moveatur, inclinatio enim naturalis in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3601 sunt sine ratione, demonstrat inclinationem naturalem in voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 intellectualis naturae. Unumquodque autem in rebus naturalibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 quod secundum naturam hoc ipsum quod est, alterius est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 principalius et magis inclinatur in id cuius est, quam in seipsum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 Et haec inclinatio naturalis demonstratur ex his quae naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 aguntur, quia <i>unumquodque, sicut agitur naturaliter, sic aptum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 natum est agi</i>, ut dicitur in II Physic. Videmus enim quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 naturaliter pars se exponit, ad conservationem totius, sicut manus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 exponitur ictui, absque deliberatione, ad conservationem totius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 corporis. Et quia ratio imitatur naturam, huiusmodi inclinationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 invenimus in virtutibus politicis, est enim virtuosi civis, ut se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 exponat mortis periculo pro totius reipublicae conservatione; et si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 homo esset naturalis pars huius civitatis, haec inclinatio esset ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 naturalis. Quia igitur bonum universale est ipse Deus, et sub hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3615 bono continetur etiam Angelus et homo et omnis creatura, quia omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 creatura naturaliter, secundum id quod est, Dei est; sequitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 naturali dilectione etiam Angelus et homo plus et principalius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3618 diligat Deum quam seipsum. Alioquin, si naturaliter plus seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 diligeret quam Deum, sequeretur quod naturalis dilectio esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3620 perversa; et quod non perficeretur per caritatem, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3621 destrueretur.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="30930"><span class="ref">[30930] Iª q. 60 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit in his quae ex aequo dividuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 quorum unum non est alteri ratio existendi et bonitatis, in talibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3624 enim unumquodque diligit naturaliter magis seipsum quam alterum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 inquantum est magis sibi ipsi unum quam alteri. Sed in illis quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 unum est tota ratio existendi et bonitatis alii, magis diligitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 naturaliter tale alterum quam ipsum; sicut dictum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 unaquaeque pars diligit naturaliter totum plus quam se. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 quodlibet singulare naturaliter diligit plus bonum suae speciei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 quam bonum suum singulare. Deus autem non solum est bonum unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 speciei, sed est ipsum universale bonum simpliciter. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3632 unumquodque suo modo naturaliter diligit Deum plus quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3633 seipsum.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="30931"><span class="ref">[30931] Iª q. 60 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 dicendum quod, cum dicitur quod Deus diligitur ab Angelo inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 est ei bonus, si ly inquantum dicat finem, sic falsum est, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 diligit naturaliter Deum propter bonum suum, sed propter ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 Deum. Si vero dicat rationem amoris ex parte amantis, sic verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3638 est, non enim esset in natura alicuius quod amaret Deum, nisi ex eo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3639 quod unumquodque dependet a bono quod est Deus.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="30932"><span class="ref">[30932] Iª q. 60 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3640 dicendum quod natura reflectitur in seipsam non solum quantum ad id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 quod est ei singulare, sed multo magis quantum ad commune,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 inclinatur enim unumquodque ad conservandum non solum suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 individuum, sed etiam suam speciem. Et multo magis habet naturalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 inclinationem unumquodque in id quod est bonum universale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3645 simpliciter.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="30933"><span class="ref">[30933] Iª q. 60 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 dicendum quod Deus, secundum quod est universale bonum, a quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 dependet omne bonum naturale, diligitur naturali dilectione ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3648 unoquoque. Inquantum vero est bonum beatificans naturaliter omnes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3649 supernaturali beatitudine, sic diligitur dilectione caritatis.</p><p title="I q. 60 a. 5 ad 5"><a name="30934"><span class="ref">[30934] Iª q. 60 a. 5 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3650 dicendum quod, cum in Deo sit unum et idem eius substantia et bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 commune, omnes qui vident ipsam Dei essentiam, eodem motu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 dilectionis moventur in ipsam Dei essentiam prout est ab aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 distincta, et secundum quod est quoddam bonum commune. Et quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3654 inquantum est bonum commune, naturaliter amatur ab omnibus;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 quicumque videt eum per essentiam, impossibile est quin diligat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 ipsum. Sed illi qui non vident essentiam eius, cognoscunt eum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 aliquos particulares effectus, qui interdum eorum voluntati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 contrariantur. Et sic hoc modo dicuntur odio habere Deum, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 tamen, inquantum est bonum commune omnium, unumquodque naturaliter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3660 diligat plus Deum quam seipsum.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q61"><h2>Quaestio 61</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 61 pr."><a name="30935"><span class="ref">[30935]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3661 Iª q. 61 pr.</span></a> Post ea quae praemissa sunt de natura
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 Angelorum, et cognitione et voluntate eorum, restat considerandum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 de eorum creatione, sive universaliter de eorum exordio. Et haec
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3664 consideratio est tripartita. Nam primo considerabimus quomodo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 producti sunt in esse naturae; secundo, quomodo perfecti sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 gratia vel gloria; tertio, quomodo aliqui ex eis facti sunt mali.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum Angelus habeat causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3668 sui esse. Secundo, utrum Angelus sit ab aeterno. Tertio, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 Angelus sit creatus ante corporalem creaturam. Quarto, utrum Angeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3670 fuerint creati in caelo Empyreo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 61 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30936"><span class="ref">[30936] Iª q. 61 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli non habeant causam sui esse. De his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 enim quae sunt a Deo creata, agitur Genesis I. Sed nulla mentio fit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3673 ibi de Angelis. Ergo Angeli non sunt creati a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30937"><span class="ref">[30937] Iª q. 61 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 philosophus dicit, in VIII Metaphys., quod si aliqua substantia sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3675 forma sine materia, <i>statim per seipsam est ens et unum, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 habet causam quae faciat eam ens et unum</i>. Sed Angeli sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 formae immateriales, ut supra ostensum est. Ergo non habent causam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3678 sui esse.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30938"><span class="ref">[30938] Iª q. 61 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 quod fit ab aliquo agente, per hoc quod fit, accipit formam ab eo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3680 Sed Angeli, cum sint formae, non accipiunt formam ab aliquo agente.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3681 Ergo Angeli non habent causam agentem.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30939"><span class="ref">[30939] Iª q. 61 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 quod dicitur in Psalmo CXLVIII, <i>laudate eum, omnes Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 eius</i>. Et postea subdit, <i>quoniam ipse dixit, et facta
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3684 sunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 1 co."><a name="30940"><span class="ref">[30940] Iª q. 61 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3685 quod necesse est dicere et Angelos, et omne id quod praeter Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 est, a Deo factum esse. Solus enim Deus est suum esse, in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3687 autem aliis differt essentia rei et esse eius, ut ex superioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 patet. Et ex hoc manifestum est quod solus Deus est ens per suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 essentiam, omnia vero alia sunt entia per participationem. Omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3690 autem quod est per participationem causatur ab eo quod est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 essentiam, sicut omne ignitum causatur ab igne. Unde necesse est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3692 Angelos a Deo creatos esse.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30941"><span class="ref">[30941] Iª q. 61 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 dicendum quod Augustinus dicit, in XI de Civ. Dei, quod Angeli non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3694 sunt praetermissi in illa prima rerum creatione, sed significantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 nomine caeli, aut etiam lucis. Ideo autem vel praetermissi sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 vel nominibus rerum corporalium significati, quia Moyses rudi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 populo loquebatur, qui nondum capere poterat incorpoream naturam;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3698 et si eis fuisset expressum aliquas res esse super omnem naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 corpoream, fuisset eis occasio idololatriae, ad quam proni erant,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3700 et a qua Moyses eos praecipue revocare intendebat.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30942"><span class="ref">[30942] Iª q. 61 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3701 dicendum quod substantiae quae sunt formae subsistentes, non habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 causam aliquam formalem sui esse et suae unitatis, nec causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 agentem per transmutationem materiae de potentia in actum, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3704 habent causam producentem totam substantiam.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30943"><span class="ref">[30943] Iª q. 61 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Et per hoc patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3705 solutio ad tertium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 61 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30944"><span class="ref">[30944] Iª q. 61 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus sit productus a Deo ab aeterno.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 Deus enim est causa Angeli per suum esse, non enim agit per aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 additum suae essentiae. Sed esse eius est aeternum. Ergo ab aeterno
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3709 Angelos produxit.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30945"><span class="ref">[30945] Iª q. 61 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3710 quod quandoque est et quandoque non est, subiacet tempori. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3711 Angelus est supra tempus, ut dicitur in libro de causis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3712 Angelus non quandoque est, et quandoque non est, sed semper.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30946"><span class="ref">[30946] Iª q. 61 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 Augustinus probat incorruptibilitatem animae per hoc, quod per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 intellectum est capax veritatis. Sed sicut veritas est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3715 incorruptibilis, ita est aeterna. Ergo natura intellectualis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 animae et Angeli, non solum est incorruptibilis, sed etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3717 aeterna.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30947"><span class="ref">[30947] Iª q. 61 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 quod dicitur Prov. VIII, ex persona sapientiae genitae, <i>dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 possedit me ab initio viarum suarum, antequam quidquam faceret a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3720 principio</i>. Sed Angeli sunt facti a Deo, ut ostensum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3721 Angeli aliquando non fuerunt.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 2 co."><a name="30948"><span class="ref">[30948] Iª q. 61 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 quod solus Deus, pater et filius et spiritus sanctus, est ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 aeterno. Hoc enim fides Catholica indubitanter tenet; et omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 contrarium est sicut haereticum refutandum. Sic enim Deus creaturas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 produxit, quod eas ex nihilo fecit, idest postquam nihil
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3726 fuerat.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30949"><span class="ref">[30949] Iª q. 61 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3727 dicendum quod esse Dei est ipsum eius velle. Per hoc ergo quod Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 produxit Angelos et alias creaturas per suum esse, non excluditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 quin eas produxerit per suam voluntatem. Voluntas autem Dei non de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 necessitate se habet ad productionem creaturarum, ut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3731 est. Et ideo produxit et quae voluit, et quando voluit.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30950"><span class="ref">[30950] Iª q. 61 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 dicendum quod Angelus est supra tempus quod est numerus motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3733 caeli, quia est supra omnem motum corporalis naturae. Non tamen est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 supra tempus quod est numerus successionis esse eius post non esse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 et etiam quod est numerus successionis quae est in operationibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 eius. Unde Augustinus dicit, VIII super Gen. ad Litt., quod <i>Deus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3737 movet creaturam spiritualem per tempus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30951"><span class="ref">[30951] Iª q. 61 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 dicendum quod Angeli et animae intellectivae, ex hoc ipso quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3739 habent naturam per quam sunt capaces veritatis, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 incorruptibiles. Sed hanc naturam non habuerunt ab aeterno; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 data fuit eis a Deo quando ipse voluit. Unde non sequitur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3742 Angeli sint ab aeterno.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 61 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30952"><span class="ref">[30952] Iª q. 61 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli fuerint creati ante mundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 corporeum. Dicit enim Hieronymus, super epistolam ad Titum, <i>sex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 millia nondum nostri temporis complentur annorum; et quanta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3746 tempora, quantasque saeculorum origines fuisse arbitrandum est, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 quibus Angeli, throni, dominationes, ceterique ordines Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3748 servierunt?</i> Damascenus etiam dicit, in II libro, <i>quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 dicunt quod ante omnem creationem geniti sunt Angeli; ut theologus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 dicit Gregorius, primum quidem excogitavit angelicas virtutes et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3751 caelestes, et excogitatio opus eius fuit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30953"><span class="ref">[30953] Iª q. 61 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3752 angelica natura est media inter naturam divinam et naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 corpoream. Sed natura divina est ab aeterno, natura autem corporea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 ex tempore. Ergo natura angelica facta est ante creationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3755 temporis, et post aeternitatem.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30954"><span class="ref">[30954] Iª q. 61 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, plus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 distat natura angelica a natura corporali, quam una natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 corporalis ab alia. Sed una natura corporalis fuit facta ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 aliam, unde et sex dies productionis rerum in principio Genesis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 describuntur. Ergo multo magis natura angelica facta est ante omnem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3760 naturam corporalem.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30955"><span class="ref">[30955] Iª q. 61 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3761 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 terram</i>. Non autem hoc esset verum, si aliquid creasset antea.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3763 Ergo Angeli non sunt ante naturam corpoream creati.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 3 co."><a name="30956"><span class="ref">[30956] Iª q. 61 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3764 quod circa hoc invenitur duplex sanctorum doctorum sententia, illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3765 tamen probabilior videtur, quod Angeli simul cum creatura corporea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 sunt creati. Angeli enim sunt quaedam pars universi, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 constituunt per se unum universum, sed tam ipsi quam creatura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 corporea in constitutionem unius universi conveniunt. Quod apparet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3769 ex ordine unius creaturae ad aliam, ordo enim rerum ad invicem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 bonum universi. Nulla autem pars perfecta est a suo toto separata.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 Non est igitur probabile ut Deus, cuius perfecta sunt opera, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 dicitur Deut. XXXII, creaturam angelicam seorsum ante alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3773 creaturas creaverit. Quamvis contrarium non sit reputandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 erroneum; praecipue propter sententiam Gregorii Nazianzeni, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 tanta est in doctrina Christiana auctoritas, ut nullus unquam eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3776 dictis calumniam inferre praesumpserit, sicut nec Athanasii
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3777 documentis, ut Hieronymus dicit.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30957"><span class="ref">[30957] Iª q. 61 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 dicendum quod Hieronymus loquitur secundum sententiam doctorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 Graecorum, qui omnes hoc concorditer sentiunt, quod Angeli sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3780 ante mundum corporeum creati.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30958"><span class="ref">[30958] Iª q. 61 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3781 dicendum quod Deus non est aliqua pars universi, sed est supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 totum universum, praehabens in se eminentiori modo totam universi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 perfectionem. Angelus autem est pars universi. Unde non est eadem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3784 ratio.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30959"><span class="ref">[30959] Iª q. 61 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 dicendum quod creaturae corporeae omnes sunt unum in materia, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 Angeli non conveniunt in materia cum creatura corporea. Unde,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 creata materia corporalis creaturae, omnia quodammodo sunt creata,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 non autem, creatis Angelis, esset ipsum universum creatum. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 contrarium teneatur, quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>in principio creavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3790 Deus caelum et terram</i> exponendum est, in principio, idest in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 filio, vel in principio temporis, non autem in principio, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3792 ante quod nihil, nisi dicatur, ante quod nihil in genere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3793 corporalium creaturarum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 61 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30960"><span class="ref">[30960] Iª q. 61 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli non sint creati in caelo Empyreo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 Angeli enim sunt substantiae incorporeae. Sed substantia incorporea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 non dependet a corpore secundum suum esse, et per consequens neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 secundum suum fieri. Ergo Angeli non sunt creati in loco
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3798 corporeo.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30961"><span class="ref">[30961] Iª q. 61 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 Augustinus dicit, III super Gen. ad Litt., quod Angeli fuerunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3800 creati in superiori parte aeris. Non ergo in caelo Empyreo.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30962"><span class="ref">[30962] Iª q. 61 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3801 caelum Empyreum dicitur esse caelum supremum. Si igitur Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 creati fuissent in caelo Empyreo, non convenisset eis in superius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 caelum ascendere. Quod est contra id quod ex persona Angeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3804 peccantis dicitur Isaiae XIV, <i>ascendam in caelum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30963"><span class="ref">[30963] Iª q. 61 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 quod Strabus dicit, super illud, <i>in principio creavit Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3806 caelum et terram, caelum non visibile firmamentum hic appellat, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3807 Empyreum, idest igneum vel intellectuale, quod non ab ardore, sed a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3808 splendore dicitur, quod statim factum, Angelis est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3809 repletum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 4 co."><a name="30964"><span class="ref">[30964] Iª q. 61 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 quod, sicut dictum est, ex creaturis corporalibus et spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3811 unum universum constituitur. Unde sic creatae sunt spirituales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3812 creaturae, quod ad creaturam corporalem aliquem ordinem habent, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 toti creaturae corporali praesident. Unde conveniens fuit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 Angeli in supremo corpore crearentur, tanquam toti naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 corporeae praesidentes; sive id dicatur caelum Empyreum, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3816 qualitercumque nominetur. Unde Isidorus dicit quod supremum caelum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3817 est caelum Angelorum, super illud Deut. X, <i>domini Dei tui est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3818 caelum, et caelum caeli</i>.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30965"><span class="ref">[30965] Iª q. 61 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 dicendum quod Angeli non sunt creati in loco corporeo, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 dependentes a corpore secundum suum esse vel secundum suum fieri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 potuisset enim Deus Angelos ante totam creaturam corporalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 creasse, ut multi sancti doctores tenent. Sed facti sunt in loco
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3823 corporeo, ad ostendendum ordinem eorum ad naturam corpoream, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3824 quod sua virtute corpora contingunt.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30966"><span class="ref">[30966] Iª q. 61 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3825 dicendum quod Augustinus forte per supremam partem aeris intelligit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3826 supremam partem caeli, cum quo aer quandam convenientiam habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 propter suam subtilitatem et diaphaneitatem. Vel loquitur non de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 omnibus Angelis, sed de illis qui peccaverunt, qui secundum quosdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3829 fuerunt de inferioribus ordinibus. Nihil autem prohibet dicere quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3830 superiores Angeli, habentes virtutem elevatam et universalem supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 omnia corpora, sint in supremo creaturae corporeae creati; alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3832 vero, habentes virtutes magis particulares, sint creati in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3833 inferioribus corporibus.</p><p title="I q. 61 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="30967"><span class="ref">[30967] Iª q. 61 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 dicendum quod loquitur ibi non de caelo aliquo corporeo, sed de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3835 caelo sanctae Trinitatis, in quod Angelus peccans ascendere voluit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3836 dum voluit aliquo modo Deo aequiparari, ut infra patebit.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q62"><h2>Quaestio 62</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 62 pr."><a name="30968"><span class="ref">[30968]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3837 Iª q. 62 pr.</span></a> Consequenter investigandum est quomodo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3838 Angeli facti sunt in esse gratiae vel gloriae. Et circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3839 quaeruntur novem. Primo, utrum Angeli fuerint in sua creatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3840 beati. Secundo, utrum indiguerint gratia ad hoc quod ad Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3841 converterentur. Tertio, utrum fuerint creati in gratia. Quarto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3842 utrum suam beatitudinem meruerint. Quinto, utrum statim post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3843 meritum beatitudinem adepti fuerint. Sexto, utrum gratiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3844 gloriam secundum capacitatem suorum naturalium receperint. Septimo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3845 utrum post consecutionem gloriae remanserit in eis dilectio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3846 cognitio naturalis. Octavo, utrum postmodum potuerint peccare.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3847 Nono, utrum post adeptionem gloriae potuerint proficere.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 62 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30969"><span class="ref">[30969] Iª q. 62 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3848 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli fuerint creati beati. Dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3849 in libro de ecclesiasticis dogmatibus, quod <i>Angeli qui in illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3850 in qua creati sunt beatitudine perseverant, non natura possident
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3851 bonum quod habent</i>. Sunt ergo Angeli creati in beatitudine.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30970"><span class="ref">[30970] Iª q. 62 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3852 natura angelica est nobilior quam creatura corporalis. Sed creatura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3853 corporalis statim in principio suae creationis fuit creata formata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3854 et perfecta; nec informitas praecessit in ea formationem tempore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3855 sed natura tantum, ut Augustinus dicit, I super Gen. ad Litt. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3856 nec naturam angelicam creavit Deus informem et imperfectam. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3857 eius formatio et perfectio est per beatitudinem, secundum quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3858 fruitur Deo. Ergo fuit creata beata.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30971"><span class="ref">[30971] Iª q. 62 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3859 secundum Augustinum, super Gen. ad Litt., ea quae leguntur facta in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3860 operibus sex dierum, simul facta fuerunt, et sic oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3861 statim a principio creationis rerum fuerint omnes illi sex dies.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3862 Sed in illis sex diebus, secundum eius expositionem, mane fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3863 cognitio angelica secundum quam cognoverunt verbum et res in verbo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3864 Ergo statim a principio creationis cognoverunt verbum et res in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3865 verbo. Sed Angeli beati sunt per hoc quod verbum vident. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3866 statim a principio suae creationis Angeli fuerunt beati.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30972"><span class="ref">[30972] Iª q. 62 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3867 ratione beatitudinis est stabilitas sive confirmatio in bono. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3868 Angeli non statim ut creati sunt, fuerunt confirmati in bono, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3869 casus quorundam ostendit. Non ergo Angeli in sua creatione fuerunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3870 beati.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 1 co."><a name="30973"><span class="ref">[30973] Iª q. 62 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3871 quod nomine beatitudinis intelligitur ultima perfectio rationalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3872 seu intellectualis naturae, et inde est quod naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3873 desideratur, quia unumquodque naturaliter desiderat suam ultimam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3874 perfectionem. Ultima autem perfectio rationalis seu intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3875 naturae est duplex. Una quidem, quam potest assequi virtute suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3876 naturae, et haec quodammodo beatitudo vel felicitas dicitur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3877 et Aristoteles perfectissimam hominis contemplationem, qua optimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3878 intelligibile, quod est Deus, contemplari potest in hac vita, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3879 esse ultimam hominis felicitatem. Sed super hanc felicitatem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3880 alia felicitas, quam in futuro expectamus, qua videbimus Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3881 sicuti est. Quod quidem est supra cuiuslibet intellectus creati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3882 naturam, ut supra ostensum est. Sic igitur dicendum est quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3883 quantum ad primam beatitudinem, quam Angelus assequi virtute suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3884 naturae potuit, fuit creatus beatus. Quia perfectionem huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3885 Angelus non acquirit per aliquem motum discursivum, sicut homo, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3886 statim ei adest propter suae naturae dignitatem, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3887 est. Sed ultimam beatitudinem, quae facultatem naturae excedit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3888 Angeli non statim in principio suae creationis habuerunt, quia haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3889 beatitudo non est aliquid naturae, sed naturae finis; et ideo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3890 statim eam a principio debuerunt habere.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30974"><span class="ref">[30974] Iª q. 62 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3891 dicendum quod beatitudo ibi accipitur pro illa perfectione naturali
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3892 quam Angelus habuit in statu innocentiae.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30975"><span class="ref">[30975] Iª q. 62 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3893 dicendum quod creatura corporalis statim in principio suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3894 creationis habere non potuit perfectionem ad quam per suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3895 operationem perducitur, unde, secundum Augustinum, germinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3896 plantarum ex terra non statim fuit in primis operibus, in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3897 virtus sola germinativa plantarum data est terrae. Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3898 creatura angelica in principio suae creationis habuit perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3899 suae naturae; non autem perfectionem ad quam per suam operationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3900 pervenire debebat.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30976"><span class="ref">[30976] Iª q. 62 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3901 dicendum quod Angelus duplicem habet verbi cognitionem, unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3902 naturalem, et aliam gloriae, naturalem quidem, qua cognoscit verbum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3903 per eius similitudinem in sua natura relucentem; cognitionem vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3904 gloriae, qua cognoscit verbum per suam essentiam. Et utraque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3905 cognoscit Angelus res in verbo, sed naturali quidem cognitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3906 imperfecte, cognitione vero gloriae perfecte. Prima ergo cognitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3907 rerum in verbo affuit Angelo a principio suae creationis, secunda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3908 vero non, sed quando facti sunt beati per conversionem ad bonum. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3909 haec proprie dicitur cognitio matutina.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 62 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30977"><span class="ref">[30977] Iª q. 62 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3910 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non indiguerit gratia ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3911 converteretur in Deum. Ad ea enim quae naturaliter possumus, gratia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3912 non indigemus. Sed naturaliter Angelus convertitur in Deum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3913 naturaliter Deum diligit, ut ex supra dictis patet. Ergo Angelus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3914 non indiguit gratia ad hoc quod converteretur in Deum.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30978"><span class="ref">[30978] Iª q. 62 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad ea
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3915 tantum videmur indigere auxilio, quae sunt difficilia. Sed converti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3916 ad Deum non erat difficile Angelo; cum nihil esset in eo quod huic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3917 conversioni repugnaret. Ergo Angelus non indiguit auxilio gratiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3918 ad hoc quod converteretur in Deum.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30979"><span class="ref">[30979] Iª q. 62 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3919 converti ad Deum est se ad gratiam praeparare, unde Zach. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3920 dicitur, <i>convertimini ad me, et ego convertar ad vos</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3921 nos non indigemus gratia ad hoc quod nos ad gratiam praeparemus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3922 quia sic esset abire in infinitum. Ergo non indiguit gratia Angelus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3923 ad hoc quod converteretur in Deum.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30980"><span class="ref">[30980] Iª q. 62 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, per
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3924 conversionem ad Deum Angelus pervenit ad beatitudinem. Si igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3925 non indiguisset gratia ad hoc quod converteretur in Deum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3926 sequeretur quod non indigeret gratia ad habendam vitam aeternam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3927 Quod est contra illud apostoli, Rom. VI, <i>gratia Dei vita
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3928 aeterna</i>.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 2 co."><a name="30981"><span class="ref">[30981] Iª q. 62 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3929 quod Angeli indiguerunt gratia ad hoc quod converterentur in Deum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3930 prout est obiectum beatitudinis. Sicut enim superius dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3931 naturalis motus voluntatis est principium omnium eorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3932 volumus. Naturalis autem inclinatio voluntatis est ad id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3933 conveniens secundum naturam. Et ideo, si aliquid sit supra naturam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3934 voluntas in id ferri non potest, nisi ab aliquo alio supernaturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3935 principio adiuta. Sicut patet quod ignis habet naturalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3936 inclinationem ad calefaciendum, et ad generandum ignem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3937 generare carnem est supra naturalem virtutem ignis, unde ignis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3938 hoc nullam inclinationem habet, nisi secundum quod movetur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3939 instrumentum ab anima nutritiva. Ostensum est autem supra, cum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3940 Dei cognitione ageretur, quod videre Deum per essentiam, in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3941 ultima beatitudo rationalis creaturae consistit, est supra naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3942 cuiuslibet intellectus creati. Unde nulla creatura rationalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3943 potest habere motum voluntatis ordinatum ad illam beatitudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3944 nisi mota a supernaturali agente. Et hoc dicimus auxilium gratiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3945 Et ideo dicendum est quod Angelus in illam beatitudinem voluntate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3946 converti non potuit, nisi per auxilium gratiae.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30982"><span class="ref">[30982] Iª q. 62 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3947 dicendum quod Angelus naturaliter diligit Deum, inquantum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3948 principium naturalis esse. Hic autem loquimur de conversione ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3949 Deum, inquantum est beatificans per suae essentiae visionem.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30983"><span class="ref">[30983] Iª q. 62 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3950 dicendum quod difficile est quod transcendit potentiam. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3951 contingit esse dupliciter. Uno modo, quia transcendit potentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3952 secundum suum naturalem ordinem. Et tunc, si ad hoc possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3953 pervenire aliquo auxilio, dicitur difficile; si autem nullo modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3954 dicitur impossibile, sicut impossibile est hominem volare. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3955 modo transcendit aliquid potentiam, non secundum ordinem naturalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3956 potentiae, sed propter aliquod impedimentum potentiae adiunctum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3957 Sicut ascendere non est contra naturalem ordinem potentiae animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3958 motivae, quia anima, quantum est de se, nata est movere in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3959 quamlibet partem, sed impeditur ab hoc propter corporis gravitatem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3960 unde difficile est homini ascendere. Converti autem ad beatitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3961 ultimam, homini quidem est difficile et quia est supra naturam, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3962 quia habet impedimentum ex corruptione corporis et infectione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3963 peccati. Sed Angelo est difficile propter hoc solum quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3964 supernaturale.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30984"><span class="ref">[30984] Iª q. 62 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3965 dicendum quod quilibet motus voluntatis in Deum, potest dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3966 conversio in ipsum. Et ideo triplex est conversio in Deum. Una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3967 quidem per dilectionem perfectam, quae est creaturae iam Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3968 fruentis. Et ad hanc conversionem requiritur gratia consummata.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3969 Alia conversio est, quae est meritum beatitudinis. Et ad hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3970 requiritur habitualis gratia, quae est merendi principium. Tertia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3971 conversio est, per quam aliquis praeparat se ad gratiam habendam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3972 Et ad hanc non exigitur aliqua habitualis gratia, sed operatio Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3973 ad se animam convertentis, secundum illud Thren. ult., <i>converte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3974 nos, domine, ad te, et convertemur</i>. Unde patet quod non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3975 procedere in infinitum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 62 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30985"><span class="ref">[30985] Iª q. 62 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3976 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli non sint creati in gratia. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3977 enim Augustinus, II super Gen. ad Litt., quod angelica natura primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3978 erat informiter creata, et caelum dicta, postmodum vero formata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3979 est, et lux appellata. Sed haec formatio est per gratiam. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3980 sunt creati in gratia.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30986"><span class="ref">[30986] Iª q. 62 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3981 gratia inclinat creaturam rationalem in Deum. Si igitur Angelus in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3982 gratia creatus fuisset nullus Angelus fuisset a Deo aversus.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30987"><span class="ref">[30987] Iª q. 62 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3983 gratia medium est inter naturam et gloriam. Sed Angeli non fuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3984 beati in sua creatione. Ergo videtur quod nec etiam creati sint in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3985 gratia, sed primo in natura tantum; postea autem adepti sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3986 gratiam; et ultimo facti sunt beati.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30988"><span class="ref">[30988] Iª q. 62 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3987 quod Augustinus dicit, XII de Civ. Dei, <i>bonam voluntatem quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3988 fecit in Angelis, nisi ille qui eos cum sua voluntate, idest cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3989 amore casto quo illi adhaerent, creavit, simul in eis condens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3990 naturam et largiens gratiam?</i></p><p title="I q. 62 a. 3 co."><a name="30989"><span class="ref">[30989] Iª q. 62 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3991 quod, quamvis super hoc sint diversae opiniones, quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3992 dicentibus quod creati sunt Angeli in naturalibus tantum, aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3993 vero quod sunt creati in gratia; hoc tamen probabilius videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3994 tenendum, et magis dictis sanctorum consonum est, quod fuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3995 creati in gratia gratum faciente. Sic enim videmus quod omnia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3996 processu temporis per opus divinae providentiae, creatura sub Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3997 operante, sunt producta, in prima rerum conditione producta sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3998 secundum quasdam seminales rationes, ut Augustinus dicit, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3999 Gen. ad Litt.; sicut arbores et animalia et alia huiusmodi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4000 Manifestum est autem quod gratia gratum faciens hoc modo comparatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4001 ad beatitudinem, sicut ratio seminalis in natura ad effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4002 naturalem, unde I Ioan. III, gratia semen Dei nominatur. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4003 igitur, secundum opinionem Augustini, ponitur quod statim in prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4004 creatione corporalis creaturae inditae sunt ei seminales rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4005 omnium naturalium effectuum, ita statim a principio sunt Angeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4006 creati in gratia.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30990"><span class="ref">[30990] Iª q. 62 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4007 dicendum quod informitas illa Angeli potest intelligi vel per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4008 comparationem ad formationem gloriae, et sic praecessit tempore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4009 informitas formationem. Vel per comparationem ad formationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4010 gratiae, et sic non praecessit ordine temporis, sed ordine naturae;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4011 sicut etiam de formatione corporali Augustinus ponit.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30991"><span class="ref">[30991] Iª q. 62 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4012 dicendum quod omnis forma inclinat suum subiectum secundum modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4013 naturae eius. Modus autem naturalis intellectualis naturae est, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4014 libere feratur in ea quae vult. Et ideo inclinatio gratiae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4015 imponit necessitatem, sed habens gratiam potest ea non uti, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4016 peccare.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30992"><span class="ref">[30992] Iª q. 62 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4017 dicendum quod, quamvis gratia sit medium inter naturam et gloriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4018 ordine naturae tamen ordine temporis in natura creata non debuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4019 simul esse gloria cum natura, quia est finis operationis ipsius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4020 naturae per gratiam adiutae. Gratia autem non se habet ut finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4021 operationis, quia non est ex operibus; sed ut principium bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4022 operandi. Et ideo statim cum natura gratiam dare conveniens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4023 fuit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 62 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30993"><span class="ref">[30993] Iª q. 62 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4024 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus beatus suam beatitudinem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4025 meruerit. Meritum enim est ex difficultate actus meritorii. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4026 nullam difficultatem Angelus habuit ad bene operandum. Ergo bona
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4027 operatio non fuit ei meritoria.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30994"><span class="ref">[30994] Iª q. 62 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4028 naturalibus non meremur. Sed naturale fuit Angelo quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4029 converteretur ad Deum. Ergo per hoc non meruit beatitudinem.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30995"><span class="ref">[30995] Iª q. 62 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4030 Angelus beatus beatitudinem suam meruit, aut ergo antequam eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4031 haberet, aut post. Sed non ante, quia, ut multis videtur, ante non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4032 habuit gratiam, sine qua nullum est meritum. Nec etiam post, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4033 sic etiam modo mereretur, quod videtur esse falsum, quia sic minor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4034 Angelus merendo ad superioris Angeli gradum posset pertingere, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4035 non essent stabiles distinctiones graduum gratiae; quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4036 inconveniens. Non ergo Angelus beatus suam beatitudinem meruit.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30996"><span class="ref">[30996] Iª q. 62 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, Apoc.
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4037 XXI, dicitur quod mensura Angeli, in illa caelesti Ierusalem, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4038 mensura hominis. Sed homo ad beatitudinem pertingere non potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4039 nisi per meritum. Ergo neque Angelus.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 4 co."><a name="30997"><span class="ref">[30997] Iª q. 62 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4040 quod soli Deo beatitudo perfecta est naturalis quia idem est sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4041 esse et beatum esse. Cuiuslibet autem creaturae esse beatum non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4042 natura, sed ultimus finis. Quaelibet autem res ad ultimum finem per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4043 suam operationem pertingit. Quae quidem operatio in finem ducens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4044 vel est factiva finis, quando finis non excedit virtutem eius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4045 operatur propter finem, sicut medicatio est factiva sanitatis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4046 est meritoria finis, quando finis excedit virtutem operantis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4047 propter finem, unde expectatur finis ex dono alterius. Beatitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4048 autem ultima excedit et naturam angelicam et humanam, ut ex dictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4049 patet. Unde relinquitur quod tam homo quam Angelus suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4050 beatitudinem meruerit. Et si quidem Angelus in gratia creatus fuit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4051 sine qua nullum est meritum, absque difficultate dicere possumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4052 quod suam beatitudinem meruerit. Et similiter si quis diceret quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4053 qualitercumque gratiam habuerit antequam gloriam. Si vero gratiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4054 non habuit antequam esset beatus, sic oportet dicere quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4055 beatitudinem absque merito habuit, sicut nos gratiam. Quod tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4056 est contra rationem beatitudinis, quae habet rationem finis, et est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4057 praemium virtutis, ut etiam philosophus dicit, in I Ethic. Vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4058 oportet dicere quod Angeli merentur beatitudinem per ea quae iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4059 beati operantur in divinis ministeriis, ut alii dixerunt. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4060 tamen est contra rationem meriti, nam meritum habet rationem viae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4061 ad finem, ei autem qui iam est in termino, non convenit moveri ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4062 terminum; et sic nullus meretur quod iam habet. Vel oportet dicere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4063 quod unus et idem actus conversionis in Deum, inquantum est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4064 libero arbitrio, est meritorius; et inquantum pertingit ad finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4065 est fruitio beata. Sed nec hoc etiam videtur esse conveniens, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4066 liberum arbitrium non est sufficiens causa meriti unde actus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4067 potest esse meritorius secundum quod est ex libero arbitrio, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4068 inquantum est gratia informatus; non autem simul potest informari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4069 gratia imperfecta, quae est principium merendi, et gratia perfecta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4070 quae est principium fruendi. Unde non videtur esse possibile quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4071 simul fruatur, et suam fruitionem mereatur. Et ideo melius dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4072 est quod gratiam habuit Angelus antequam esset beatus, per quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4073 beatitudinem meruit.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30998"><span class="ref">[30998] Iª q. 62 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4074 dicendum quod difficultas bene operandi non est in Angelis ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4075 aliqua contrarietate, vel impedimento naturalis virtutis; sed ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4076 hoc quod opus aliquod bonum est supra virtutem naturae.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30999"><span class="ref">[30999] Iª q. 62 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4077 dicendum quod conversione naturali Angelus non meruit beatitudinem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4078 sed conversione caritatis, quae est per gratiam.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31000"><span class="ref">[31000] Iª q. 62 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4079 responsio ex dictis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 62 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="31001"><span class="ref">[31001] Iª q. 62 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4080 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non statim post unum actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4081 meritorium beatitudinem habuerit. Difficilius enim est homini bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4082 operari quam Angelo. Sed homo non praemiatur statim post unum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4083 actum. Ergo neque Angelus.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="31002"><span class="ref">[31002] Iª q. 62 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4084 Angelus statim in principio suae creationis, et in instanti, actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4085 aliquem habere potuit, cum etiam corpora naturalia in ipso instanti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4086 suae creationis moveri incipiant, et si motus corporis in instanti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4087 esse posset, sicut opera intellectus et voluntatis, in primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4088 instanti suae generationis motum haberent. Si ergo Angelus per unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4089 motum suae voluntatis beatitudinem meruit, in primo instanti suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4090 creationis meruit beatitudinem. Si ergo eorum beatitudo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4091 retardatur, statim in primo instanti fuerunt beati.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="31003"><span class="ref">[31003] Iª q. 62 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, inter
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4092 multum distantia oportet esse multa media. Sed status beatitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4093 Angelorum multum distat a statu naturae eorum, medium autem inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4094 utrumque est meritum. Oportuit igitur quod per multa media Angelus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4095 ad beatitudinem perveniret.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 5 s. c."><a name="31004"><span class="ref">[31004] Iª q. 62 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, anima
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4096 hominis et Angelus similiter ad beatitudinem ordinantur, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4097 sanctis promittitur aequalitas Angelorum Luc. XX. Sed anima a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4098 corpore separata, si habeat meritum beatitudinis, statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4099 beatitudinem consequitur, nisi aliud sit impedimentum. Ergo pari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4100 ratione et Angelus. Sed statim in primo actu caritatis habuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4101 meritum beatitudinis. Ergo, cum in eo non esset aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4102 impedimentum, statim ad beatitudinem pervenit per solum unum actum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4103 meritorium.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 5 co."><a name="31005"><span class="ref">[31005] Iª q. 62 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4104 quod Angelus post primum actum caritatis quo beatitudinem meruit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4105 statim beatus fuit. Cuius ratio est, quia gratia perficit naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4106 secundum modum naturae, sicut et omnis perfectio recipitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4107 perfectibili secundum modum eius. Est autem hoc proprium naturae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4108 angelicae, quod naturalem perfectionem non per discursum acquirat,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4109 sed statim per naturam habeat, sicut supra ostensum est. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4110 autem ex sua natura Angelus habet ordinem ad perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4111 naturalem, ita ex merito habet ordinem ad gloriam. Et ita statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4112 post meritum in Angelo fuit beatitudo consecuta. Meritum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4113 beatitudinis, non solum in Angelo, sed etiam in homine esse potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4114 per unicum actum, quia quolibet actu caritate informato homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4115 beatitudinem meretur. Unde relinquitur quod statim post unum actum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4116 caritate informatum, Angelus beatus fuit.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="31006"><span class="ref">[31006] Iª q. 62 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4117 dicendum quod homo secundum suam naturam non statim natus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4118 ultimam perfectionem adipisci, sicut Angelus. Et ideo homini
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4119 longior via data est ad merendum beatitudinem, quam Angelo.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="31007"><span class="ref">[31007] Iª q. 62 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4120 dicendum quod Angelus est supra tempus rerum corporalium, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4121 instantia diversa in his quae ad Angelos pertinent, non accipiuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4122 nisi secundum successionem in ipsorum actibus. Non autem potuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4123 simul in eis esse actus meritorius beatitudinis, et actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4124 beatitudinis, qui est fruitio; cum unus sit gratiae imperfectae, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4125 alius gratiae consummatae. Unde relinquitur quod oportet diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4126 instantia accipi, in quorum uno meruerit beatitudinem, et in alio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4127 fuerit beatus.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="31008"><span class="ref">[31008] Iª q. 62 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4128 dicendum quod de natura Angeli est, quod statim suam perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4129 consequatur ad quam ordinatur. Et ideo non requiritur nisi unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4130 actus meritorius; qui ea ratione medium dici potest, quia secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4131 ipsum Angelus ad beatitudinem ordinatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 62 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="31009"><span class="ref">[31009] Iª q. 62 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4132 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli non sint consecuti gratiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4133 gloriam secundum quantitatem suorum naturalium. Gratia enim ex mera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4134 Dei voluntate datur. Ergo et quantitas gratiae dependet ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4135 voluntate Dei, et non ex quantitate naturalium.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="31010"><span class="ref">[31010] Iª q. 62 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, magis
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4136 propinquum videtur ad gratiam actus humanus quam natura, quia actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4137 humanus praeparatorius est ad gratiam. Sed gratia non est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4138 operibus, ut dicitur Rom. XI. Multo igitur minus quantitas gratiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4139 in Angelis est secundum quantitatem naturalium.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="31011"><span class="ref">[31011] Iª q. 62 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, homo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4140 et Angelus pariter ordinantur ad beatitudinem vel gratiam. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4141 homini non datur plus de gratia secundum gradum naturalium. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4142 nec Angelo.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 6 s. c."><a name="31012"><span class="ref">[31012] Iª q. 62 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4143 quod Magister dicit, III dist. II Sent., quod <i>Angeli qui natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4144 magis subtiles, et sapientia amplius perspicaces creati sunt, hi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4145 etiam maioribus gratiae muneribus praediti sunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 6 co."><a name="31013"><span class="ref">[31013] Iª q. 62 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4146 quod rationabile est quod secundum gradum naturalium Angelis data
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4147 sint dona gratiarum et perfectio beatitudinis. Cuius quidem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4148 ex duobus accipi potest. Primo quidem ex parte ipsius Dei, qui per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4149 ordinem suae sapientiae diversos gradus in angelica natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4150 constituit. Sicut autem natura angelica facta est a Deo ad gratiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4151 et beatitudinem consequendam, ita etiam gradus naturae angelicae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4152 diversos gradus gratiae et gloriae ordinari videntur, ut puta, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4153 aedificator lapides polit ad construendam domum, ex hoc ipso quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4154 aliquos pulchrius et decentius aptat, videtur eos ad honoratiorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4155 partem domus ordinare. Sic igitur videtur quod Deus Angelos quos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4156 altioris naturae fecit, ad maiora gratiarum dona et ampliorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4157 beatitudinem ordinaverit. Secundo apparet idem ex parte ipsius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4158 Angeli. Non enim Angelus est compositus ex diversis naturis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4159 inclinatio unius naturae impetum alterius impediat aut retardet;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4160 sicut in homine accidit, in quo motus intellectivae partis aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4161 retardatur aut impeditur ex inclinatione partis sensitivae. Quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4162 autem non est aliquid quod retardet aut impediat, natura secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4163 totam suam virtutem movetur. Et ideo rationabile est quod Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4164 qui meliorem naturam habuerunt, etiam fortius et efficacius ad Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4165 sint conversi. Hoc autem etiam in hominibus contingit, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4166 secundum intensionem conversionis in Deum datur maior gratia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4167 gloria. Unde videtur quod Angeli qui habuerunt meliora naturalia,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4168 habuerunt plus de gratia et gloria.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="31014"><span class="ref">[31014] Iª q. 62 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4169 dicendum quod, sicut gratia est ex mera Dei voluntate, ita etiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4170 natura Angeli. Et sicut naturam Dei voluntas ordinavit ad gratiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4171 ita et gradus naturae ad gradus gratiae.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="31015"><span class="ref">[31015] Iª q. 62 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4172 dicendum quod actus rationalis creaturae sunt ab ipsa; sed natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4173 est immediate a Deo. Unde magis videtur quod gratia detur secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4174 gradum naturae, quam ex operibus.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="31016"><span class="ref">[31016] Iª q. 62 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4175 dicendum quod diversitas naturalium aliter est in Angelis, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4176 differunt specie; et aliter in hominibus, qui differunt solo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4177 numero. Differentia enim secundum speciem est propter finem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4178 differentia secundum numerum est propter materiam. In homine etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4179 est aliquid quod potest impedire vel retardare motum intellectivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4180 naturae, non autem in Angelis. Unde non est eadem ratio de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4181 utroque.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 62 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="31017"><span class="ref">[31017] Iª q. 62 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4182 proceditur. Videtur quod in Angelis beatis non remaneat cognitio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4183 dilectio naturalis. Quia, ut dicitur I Cor. XIII, <i>cum venerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4184 quod perfectum est, evacuabitur quod ex parte est</i>. Sed dilectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4185 et cognitio naturalis est imperfecta respectu cognitionis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4186 dilectionis beatae. Ergo adveniente beatitudine, naturalis cognitio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4187 et dilectio cessat.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="31018"><span class="ref">[31018] Iª q. 62 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ubi
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4188 unum sufficit, aliud superflue existit. Sed sufficit in Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4189 beatis cognitio et dilectio gloriae. Superfluum ergo esset quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4190 remaneret in eis cognitio et dilectio naturalis.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="31019"><span class="ref">[31019] Iª q. 62 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, eadem
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4191 potentia non habet simul duos actus; sicut nec una linea terminatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4192 ex eadem parte ad duo puncta. Sed Angeli beati sunt semper in actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4193 cognitionis et dilectionis beatae, felicitas enim non est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4194 habitum, sed secundum actum, ut dicitur in I Ethic. Ergo nunquam in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4195 Angelis potest esse cognitio et dilectio naturalis.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 7 s. c."><a name="31020"><span class="ref">[31020] Iª q. 62 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4196 quandiu manet natura aliqua, manet operatio eius. Sed beatitudo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4197 tollit naturam; cum sit perfectio eius. Ergo non tollit naturalem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4198 cognitionem et dilectionem.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 7 co."><a name="31021"><span class="ref">[31021] Iª q. 62 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4199 quod in Angelis beatis remanet cognitio et dilectio naturalis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4200 Sicut enim se habent principia operationum ad invicem, ita se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4201 habent et operationes ipsae. Manifestum est autem quod natura ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4202 beatitudinem comparatur sicut primum ad secundum, quia beatitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4203 naturae additur. Semper autem oportet salvari primum in secundo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4204 Unde oportet quod natura salvetur in beatitudine. Et similiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4205 oportet quod in actu beatitudinis salvetur actus naturae.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="31022"><span class="ref">[31022] Iª q. 62 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4206 dicendum quod perfectio adveniens tollit imperfectionem sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4207 oppositam. Imperfectio autem naturae non opponitur perfectioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4208 beatitudinis, sed substernitur ei, sicut imperfectio potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4209 substernitur perfectioni formae, et non tollitur potentia per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4210 formam, sed tollitur privatio, quae opponitur formae. Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4211 etiam imperfectio cognitionis naturalis non opponitur perfectioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4212 cognitionis gloriae, nihil enim prohibet simul aliquid cognoscere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4213 per diversa media, sicut simul potest aliquid cognosci per medium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4214 probabile, et demonstrativum. Et similiter potest Angelus simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4215 Deum cognoscere per essentiam Dei, quod pertinet ad cognitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4216 gloriae, et per essentiam propriam, quod pertinet ad cognitionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4217 naturae.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="31023"><span class="ref">[31023] Iª q. 62 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4218 dicendum quod ea quae sunt beatitudinis, per se sufficiunt. Sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4219 hoc quod sint, praeexigunt ea quae sunt naturae, quia nulla
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4220 beatitudo est per se subsistens, nisi beatitudo increata.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="31024"><span class="ref">[31024] Iª q. 62 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4221 dicendum quod duae operationes non possunt esse simul unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4222 potentiae, nisi una ad aliam ordinetur. Cognitio autem et dilectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4223 naturalis ordinantur ad cognitionem et dilectionem gloriae. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4224 nihil prohibet in Angelo simul esse et cognitionem et dilectionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4225 naturalem, et cognitionem et dilectionem gloriae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 62 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="31025"><span class="ref">[31025] Iª q. 62 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4226 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus beatus peccare possit. Beatitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4227 enim non tollit naturam, ut dictum est. Sed de ratione naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4228 creatae est quod possit deficere. Ergo Angelus beatus potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4229 peccare.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="31026"><span class="ref">[31026] Iª q. 62 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4230 potestates rationales sunt ad opposita, ut philosophus dicit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4231 voluntas Angeli beati non desinit esse rationalis. Ergo se habet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4232 bonum et malum.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="31027"><span class="ref">[31027] Iª q. 62 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4233 libertatem arbitrii pertinet quod homo possit eligere bonum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4234 malum. Sed libertas arbitrii non minuitur in Angelis beatis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4235 possunt peccare.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 8 s. c."><a name="31028"><span class="ref">[31028] Iª q. 62 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4236 quod Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad Litt., quod illa natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4237 quae peccare non potest in sanctis Angelis est. Ergo sancti Angeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4238 peccare non possunt.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 8 co."><a name="31029"><span class="ref">[31029] Iª q. 62 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4239 quod Angeli beati peccare non possunt. Cuius ratio est, quia eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4240 beatitudo in hoc consistit, quod per essentiam Deum vident.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4241 Essentia autem Dei est ipsa essentia bonitatis. Unde hoc modo se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4242 habet Angelus videns Deum ad ipsum Deum, sicut se habet quicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4243 non videns Deum ad communem rationem boni. Impossibile est autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4244 quod aliquis quidquam velit vel operetur, nisi attendens ad bonum;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4245 vel quod velit divertere a bono, inquantum huiusmodi. Angelus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4246 igitur beatus non potest velle vel agere, nisi attendens ad Deum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4247 Sic autem volens vel agens non potest peccare. Unde Angelus beatus
53
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diff changeset
4248 nullo modo peccare potest.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="31030"><span class="ref">[31030] Iª q. 62 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4249 dicendum quod bonum creatum, in se consideratum, deficere potest.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4250 Sed ex coniunctione perfecta ad bonum increatum, qualis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4251 coniunctio beatitudinis, adipiscitur quod peccare non possit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4252 ratione iam dicta.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="31031"><span class="ref">[31031] Iª q. 62 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4253 dicendum quod virtutes rationales se habent ad opposita in illis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4254 quae non ordinantur naturaliter, sed quantum ad illa ad quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4255 naturaliter ordinantur, non se habent ad opposita. Intellectus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4256 non potest non assentire principiis naturaliter notis, et similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4257 voluntas non potest non adhaerere bono inquantum est bonum, quia in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4258 bonum naturaliter ordinatur sicut in suum obiectum. Voluntas igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4259 Angeli se habet ad opposita, quantum ad multa facienda vel non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4260 facienda. Sed quantum ad ipsum Deum, quem vident esse ipsam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4261 essentiam bonitatis, non se habent ad opposita; sed secundum ipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4262 ad omnia diriguntur, quodcumque oppositorum eligant. Quod sine
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4263 peccato est.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="31032"><span class="ref">[31032] Iª q. 62 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4264 dicendum quod liberum arbitrium sic se habet ad eligendum ea quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4265 sunt ad finem, sicut se habet intellectus ad conclusiones.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4266 Manifestum est autem quod ad virtutem intellectus pertinet, ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4267 diversas conclusiones procedere possit secundum principia data, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4268 quod in aliquam conclusionem procedat praetermittendo ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4269 principiorum, hoc est ex defectu ipsius. Unde quod liberum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4270 arbitrium diversa eligere possit servato ordine finis, hoc pertinet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4271 ad perfectionem libertatis eius, sed quod eligat aliquid divertendo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4272 ab ordine finis, quod est peccare, hoc pertinet ad defectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4273 libertatis. Unde maior libertas arbitrii est in Angelis, qui
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4274 peccare non possunt, quam in nobis, qui peccare possumus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="I q. 62 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="31033"><span class="ref">[31033] Iª q. 62 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4275 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli beati in beatitudine proficere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4276 possint. Caritas enim est principium merendi. Sed in Angelis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4277 perfecta caritas. Ergo Angeli beati possunt mereri. Crescente autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4278 merito, et praemium beatitudinis crescit. Ergo Angeli beati in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4279 beatitudine proficere possunt.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="31034"><span class="ref">[31034] Iª q. 62 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4280 Augustinus dicit, in libro de Doctr. Christ., quod <i>Deus utitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4281 nobis ad nostram utilitatem, et ad suam bonitatem</i>. Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4282 Angelis, quibus utitur in ministeriis spiritualibus; <i>cum sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4283 administratorii spiritus, in ministerium missi propter eos qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4284 haereditatem capiunt salutis</i>, ut dicitur Heb. I. Non autem hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4285 esset ad eorum utilitatem, si per hoc non mererentur nec in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4286 beatitudine proficerent. Relinquitur ergo quod Angeli beati et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4287 mereri, et in beatitudine proficere possunt.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="31035"><span class="ref">[31035] Iª q. 62 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4288 imperfectionem pertinet quod ille qui non est in summo, non possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4289 proficere. Sed Angeli non sunt in summo. Si ergo ad maius proficere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4290 non possunt, videtur quod in eis sit imperfectio et defectus. Quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4291 est inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 9 s. c."><a name="31036"><span class="ref">[31036] Iª q. 62 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4292 quod mereri et proficere pertinent ad statum viae. Sed Angeli non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4293 sunt viatores, sed comprehensores. Ergo Angeli beati non possunt
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4294 mereri, nec in beatitudine proficere.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 9 co."><a name="31037"><span class="ref">[31037] Iª q. 62 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4295 quod in unoquoque motu motoris intentio fertur in aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4296 determinatum, ad quod mobile perducere intendit, intentio enim est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4297 de fine cui repugnat infinitum. Manifestum est autem quod, cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4298 creatura rationalis per suam virtutem consequi non possit suam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4299 beatitudinem, quae in visione Dei consistit, ut ex superioribus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4300 patet; indiget ut ad beatitudinem a Deo moveatur. Oportet igitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4301 quod sit aliquid determinatum, ad quod quaelibet creatura
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4302 rationalis dirigatur sicut in ultimum finem. Et hoc quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4303 determinatum non potest esse, in divina visione, quantum ad ipsum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4304 quod videtur, quia summa veritas ab omnibus beatis secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4305 diversos gradus conspicitur. Sed quantum ad modum visionis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4306 praefigitur diversimode terminus ex intentione dirigentis in finem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4307 Non enim possibile est quod, sicut rationalis creatura producitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4308 ad videndum summam essentiam, ita producatur ad summum modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4309 visionis, qui est comprehensio, hic enim modus soli Deo competere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4310 potest, ut ex supra dictis patet. Sed cum infinita efficacia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4311 requiratur ad Deum comprehendendum, creaturae vero efficacia in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4312 videndo non possit esse nisi finita; ab infinito autem finitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4313 quodlibet infinitis gradibus distet; infinitis modis contingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4314 creaturam rationalem intelligere Deum vel clarius vel minus clare.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4315 Et sicut beatitudo consistit in ipsa visione, ita gradus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4316 beatitudinis in certo modo visionis. Sic igitur unaquaeque creatura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4317 rationalis a Deo perducitur ad finem beatitudinis, ut etiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4318 determinatum gradum beatitudinis perducatur ex praedestinatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4319 Dei. Unde consecuto illo gradu, ad altiorem transire non
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4320 potest.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="31038"><span class="ref">[31038] Iª q. 62 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4321 dicendum quod mereri est eius quod movetur ad finem. Movetur autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4322 ad finem creatura rationalis, non solum patiendo, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4323 operando. Et si quidem finis ille subsit virtuti rationalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4324 creaturae, operatio illa dicetur acquisitiva illius finis, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4325 homo meditando acquirit scientiam, si vero finis non sit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4326 potestate eius, sed ab alio expectetur, operatio, erit meritoria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4327 finis. Ei autem quod est in ultimo termino, non convenit moveri,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4328 sed mutatum esse. Unde caritatis imperfectae, quae est viae, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4329 mereri, caritatis autem perfectae non est mereri, sed potius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4330 praemio frui. Sicut et in habitibus acquisitis, operatio praecedens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4331 habitum est acquisitiva habitus, quae vero est ex habitu iam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4332 acquisito, est operatio iam perfecta cum delectatione. Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4333 actus caritatis perfectae non habet rationem meriti, sed magis est
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4334 de perfectione praemii.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="31039"><span class="ref">[31039] Iª q. 62 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4335 dicendum quod aliquid dicitur utile dupliciter. Uno modo, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4336 quod est in via ad finem, et sic utile est meritum beatitudinis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4337 Alio modo, sicut pars est utilis ad totum, ut paries ad domum. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4338 hoc modo ministeria Angelorum sunt utilia Angelis beatis, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4339 sunt quaedam pars beatitudinis ipsorum, diffundere enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4340 perfectionem habitam in alia, hoc est de ratione perfecti inquantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4341 est perfectum.</p><p title="I q. 62 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="31040"><span class="ref">[31040] Iª q. 62 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4342 dicendum quod, licet Angelus beatus non sit in summo gradu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4343 beatitudinis simpliciter, est tamen in ultimo quantum ad seipsum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4344 secundum praedestinationem divinam. Potest tamen augeri Angelorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4345 gaudium de salute eorum qui per ipsorum ministerium salvantur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4346 secundum illud Luc. XV, <i>gaudium est Angelis Dei super uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4347 peccatore poenitentiam agente</i>. Sed hoc gaudium ad praemium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4348 accidentale pertinet, quod quidem augeri potest usque ad diem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4349 iudicii. Unde quidam dicunt quod, quantum ad praemium accidentale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4350 etiam mereri possunt. Sed melius est ut dicatur quod nullo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4351 aliquis beatus mereri potest, nisi sit simul viator et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4352 comprehensor, ut Christus, qui solus fuit viator et comprehensor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4353 Praedictum enim gaudium magis acquirunt ex virtute beatitudinis,
53
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ht
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diff changeset
4354 quam illud mereantur.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q63"><h2>Quaestio 63</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 63 pr."><a name="31041"><span class="ref">[31041]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4355 Iª q. 63 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est quomodo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4356 Angeli facti sunt mali. Et primo, quantum ad malum culpae; secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4357 quantum ad malum poenae. Circa primum quaeruntur novem. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4358 utrum malum culpae in Angelo esse possit. Secundo, cuiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4359 peccata in eis esse possunt. Tertio, quid appetendo Angelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4360 peccavit. Quarto, supposito quod aliqui peccato propriae voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4361 facti sunt mali, utrum aliqui naturaliter sint mali. Quinto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4362 supposito quod non, utrum aliquis eorum in primo instanti suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4363 creationis potuerit esse malus per actum propriae voluntatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4364 Sexto, supposito quod non, utrum aliqua mora fuerit inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4365 creationem et lapsum. Septimo, utrum supremus inter cadentes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4366 fuerit simpliciter inter omnes Angelos summus. Octavo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4367 peccatum primi Angeli fuerit aliis aliqua causa peccandi. Nono,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4368 utrum tot ceciderint, quot remanserunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 63 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31042"><span class="ref">[31042] Iª q. 63 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4369 proceditur. Videtur quod malum culpae in Angelis esse non possit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4370 Quia malum non potest esse nisi in his quae sunt in potentia, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4371 dicitur in IX Metaphys., subiectum enim privationis est ens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4372 potentia. Sed Angeli, cum sint formae subsistentes, non habent esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4373 in potentia. Ergo in eis non potest esse malum.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31043"><span class="ref">[31043] Iª q. 63 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4374 Angeli sunt digniores quam corpora caelestia. Sed in corporibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4375 caelestibus non potest esse malum, ut philosophi dicunt. Ergo neque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4376 in Angelis.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31044"><span class="ref">[31044] Iª q. 63 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, id
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4377 quod est naturale, semper inest. Sed naturale est Angelis quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4378 moveantur motu dilectionis in Deum. Ergo hoc ab eis removeri non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4379 potest. Sed diligendo Deum non peccant. Ergo Angeli peccare non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4380 possunt.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="31045"><span class="ref">[31045] Iª q. 63 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4381 appetitus non est nisi boni, vel apparentis boni. Sed in Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4382 non potest esse apparens bonum, quod non sit verum bonum, quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4383 eis vel omnino error esse non potest, vel saltem non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4384 praecedere culpam. Ergo Angeli non possunt appetere nisi id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4385 est vere bonum. Sed nullus, appetendo id quod est vere bonum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4386 peccat. Ergo Angelus appetendo non peccat.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31046"><span class="ref">[31046] Iª q. 63 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4387 quod dicitur Iob IV, <i>in Angelis suis reperit pravitatem</i>.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 1 co."><a name="31047"><span class="ref">[31047] Iª q. 63 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4388 quod tam Angelus quam quaecumque creatura rationalis, si in sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4389 sola natura consideretur, potest peccare, et cuicumque creaturae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4390 hoc convenit ut peccare non possit, hoc habet ex dono gratiae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4391 ex conditione naturae. Cuius ratio est, quia peccare nihil est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4392 aliud quam declinare a rectitudine actus quam debet habere; sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4393 accipiatur peccatum in naturalibus, sive in artificialibus, sive in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4394 moralibus. Solum autem illum actum a rectitudine declinare non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4395 contingit, cuius regula est ipsa virtus agentis. Si enim manus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4396 artificis esset ipsa regula incisionis, nunquam posset artifex nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4397 recte lignum incidere, sed si rectitudo incisionis sit ab alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4398 regula, contingit incisionem esse rectam et non rectam. Divina
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4399 autem voluntas sola est regula sui actus, quia non ad superiorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4400 finem ordinatur. Omnis autem voluntas cuiuslibet creaturae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4401 rectitudinem in suo actu non habet, nisi secundum quod regulatur a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4402 voluntate divina, ad quam pertinet ultimus finis, sicut quaelibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4403 voluntas inferioris debet regulari secundum voluntatem superioris,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4404 ut voluntas militis secundum voluntatem ducis exercitus. Sic igitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4405 in sola voluntate divina peccatum esse non potest, in qualibet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4406 autem voluntate creaturae potest esse peccatum, secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4407 conditionem suae naturae.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31048"><span class="ref">[31048] Iª q. 63 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4408 dicendum quod in Angelis non est potentia ad esse naturale. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4409 tamen in eis potentia secundum intellectivam partem, ad hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4410 convertantur in hoc vel in illud. Et quantum ad hoc, potest in eis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4411 esse malum.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31049"><span class="ref">[31049] Iª q. 63 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4412 dicendum quod corpora caelestia non habent operationem nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4413 naturalem. Et ideo sicut in natura eorum non potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4414 corruptionis malum, ita nec in actione naturali eorum potest esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4415 malum inordinationis. Sed supra actionem naturalem in Angelis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4416 actio liberi arbitrii, secundum quam contingit in eis esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4417 malum.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31050"><span class="ref">[31050] Iª q. 63 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4418 dicendum quod naturale est Angelo quod convertatur motu dilectionis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4419 in Deum, secundum quod est principium naturalis esse. Sed quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4420 convertatur in ipsum secundum quod est obiectum beatitudinis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4421 supernaturalis, hoc est ex amore gratuito, a quo averti potuit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4422 peccando.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31051"><span class="ref">[31051] Iª q. 63 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4423 dicendum quod peccatum in actu liberi arbitrii contingit esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4424 dupliciter. Uno modo, ex hoc quod aliquod malum eligitur, sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4425 homo peccat eligendo adulterium, quod secundum se est malum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4426 tale peccatum semper procedit ex aliqua ignorantia vel errore,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4427 alioquin id quod est malum, non eligeretur ut bonum. Errat quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4428 adulter in particulari, eligens hanc delectationem inordinati actus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4429 quasi aliquod bonum ad nunc agendum, propter inclinationem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4430 passionis aut habitus; etiam si in universali non erret, sed veram
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4431 de hoc sententiam teneat. Hoc autem modo in Angelo peccatum esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4432 non potuit, quia nec in Angelis sunt passiones, quibus ratio aut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4433 intellectus ligetur, ut ex supra dictis patet; nec iterum primum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4434 peccatum habitus praecedere potuit ad peccatum inclinans. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4435 contingit peccare per liberum arbitrium, eligendo aliquid quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4436 secundum se est bonum, sed non cum ordine debitae mensurae aut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4437 regulae; ita quod defectus inducens peccatum sit solum ex parte
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4438 electionis, quae non habet debitum ordinem, non ex parte rei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4439 electae; sicut si aliquis eligeret orare, non attendens ad ordinem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4440 ab Ecclesia institutum. Et huiusmodi peccatum non praeexigit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4441 ignorantiam, sed absentiam solum considerationis eorum quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4442 considerari debent. Et hoc modo Angelus peccavit, convertendo se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4443 per liberum arbitrium ad proprium bonum, absque ordine ad regulam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4444 divinae voluntatis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 63 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31052"><span class="ref">[31052] Iª q. 63 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4445 proceditur. Videtur quod in Angelis non possit esse solum peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4446 superbiae et invidiae. In quemcumque enim cadit delectatio alicuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4447 peccati, potest cadere peccatum illud. Sed Daemones delectantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4448 etiam in obscenitatibus carnalium peccatorum, ut Augustinus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4449 II de Civ. Dei. Ergo in Daemonibus etiam peccata carnalia possunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4450 esse.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31053"><span class="ref">[31053] Iª q. 63 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4451 superbia et invidia sunt peccata spiritualia, ita acedia et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4452 avaritia et ira. Sed spiritui conveniunt peccata spiritualia, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4453 et carni peccata carnalia. Ergo non solum superbia et invidia in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4454 Angelis esse possunt, sed etiam acedia et avaritia.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31054"><span class="ref">[31054] Iª q. 63 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4455 secundum Gregorium, in moralibus, ex superbia nascuntur plura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4456 vitia, et similiter ex invidia. Posita autem causa, ponitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4457 effectus. Si ergo superbia et invidia in Angelis esse possunt, pari
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4458 ratione et alia vitia in eis esse possunt.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31055"><span class="ref">[31055] Iª q. 63 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4459 quod Augustinus dicit, XIV libro de Civ. Dei, quod <i>Diabolus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4460 est fornicator aut ebriosus, neque aliquid huiusmodi, est tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4461 superbus et invidus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 2 co."><a name="31056"><span class="ref">[31056] Iª q. 63 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4462 quod peccatum aliquod in aliquo esse potest dupliciter, uno modo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4463 secundum reatum; alio modo, secundum affectum. Secundum reatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4464 quidem omnia peccata in Daemonibus esse contingit, quia dum homines
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4465 ad omnia peccata inducunt, omnium peccatorum reatum incurrunt.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4466 Secundum affectum vero illa solum peccata in malis Angelis esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4467 possunt, ad quae contingit affici spiritualem naturam. Spiritualem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4468 autem naturam affici non contingit ad bona quae sunt propria
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4469 corpori, sed ad ea quae in rebus spiritualibus inveniri possunt,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4470 nihil enim afficitur nisi ad id quod suae naturae potest esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4471 quodam modo conveniens. In spiritualibus autem bonis non potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4472 esse peccatum dum aliquis ad ea afficitur, nisi per hoc quod in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4473 tali affectu superioris regula non servatur. Et hoc est peccatum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4474 superbiae, non subdi superiori in eo quo debet. Unde peccatum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4475 primum Angeli non potest esse aliud quam superbia. Sed consequenter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4476 potuit in eis esse etiam invidia. Eiusdem enim rationis est quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4477 affectus tendat in aliquid appetendum, et quod renitatur opposito.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4478 Invidus autem ex hoc de bono alterius dolet, inquantum bonum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4479 alterius aestimat sui boni impedimentum. Non autem bonum alterius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4480 poterat aestimari impedimentum boni affectati per Angelum malum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4481 nisi inquantum affectavit excellentiam singularem, quae quidem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4482 singularitas per alterius excellentiam cessat. Et ideo post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4483 peccatum superbiae consecutum est in Angelo peccante malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4484 invidiae, secundum quod de bono hominis doluit; et etiam de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4485 excellentia divina, secundum quod eo Deus contra voluntatem ipsius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4486 Diaboli utitur in gloriam divinam.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31057"><span class="ref">[31057] Iª q. 63 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4487 dicendum quod Daemones non delectantur in obscenitatibus carnalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4488 peccatorum; quasi ipsi afficiantur ad delectationes carnales, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4489 hoc totum ex invidia procedit, quod in peccatis hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4490 quibuscumque delectantur, inquantum sunt impedimenta humani
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4491 boni.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31058"><span class="ref">[31058] Iª q. 63 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4492 dicendum quod avaritia, secundum quod est speciale peccatum, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4493 immoderatus appetitus rerum temporalium quae veniunt in usum vitae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4494 humanae, quaecumque pecunia aestimari possunt, et ad ista non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4495 afficiuntur Daemones, sicut nec ad delectationes carnales. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4496 avaritia proprie sumpta in eis esse non potest. Sed si avaritia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4497 dicatur omnis immoderata cupiditas habendi quodcumque bonum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4498 creatum, sic avaritia continetur in superbia quae est in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4499 Daemonibus. Ira vero cum quadam passione est, sicut et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4500 concupiscentia. Unde ipsa in Daemonibus esse non potest nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4501 metaphorice. Acedia vero est quaedam tristitia, qua homo redditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4502 tardus ad spirituales actus propter corporalem laborem; qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4503 Daemonibus non competit. Et sic patet quod sola superbia et invidia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4504 sunt pure spiritualia peccata, quae Daemonibus competere possunt,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4505 ita tamen quod invidia non sumatur pro passione, sed pro voluntate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4506 renitente bono alterius.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31059"><span class="ref">[31059] Iª q. 63 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4507 dicendum quod sub invidia et superbia, prout in Daemonibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4508 ponuntur, comprehenduntur omnia peccata quae ab illis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4509 derivantur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 63 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31060"><span class="ref">[31060] Iª q. 63 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4510 proceditur. Videtur quod Diabolus non appetierit esse ut Deus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4511 Illud enim quod non cadit in apprehensione, non cadit in appetitu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4512 cum bonum apprehensum moveat appetitum vel sensibilem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4513 rationalem, vel intellectualem (in solo enim huiusmodi appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4514 contingit esse peccatum). Sed creaturam aliquam esse aequalem Deo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4515 non cadit in apprehensione, implicat enim contradictionem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4516 necesse est finitum esse infinitum, si aequatur infinito. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4517 Angelus non potuit appetere esse ut Deus.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31061"><span class="ref">[31061] Iª q. 63 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, illud
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4518 quod est finis naturae, absque peccato appeti potest. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4519 assimilari Deo est finis in quem tendit naturaliter quaelibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4520 creatura. Si ergo Angelus appetiit esse ut Deus, non per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4521 aequalitatem, sed per similitudinem, videtur quod in hoc non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4522 peccaverit.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31062"><span class="ref">[31062] Iª q. 63 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4523 Angelus in maiori plenitudine sapientiae conditus est quam homo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4524 Sed nullus homo, nisi omnino amens, eligit esse aequalis Angelo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4525 nedum Deo, quia electio non est nisi possibilium, de quibus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4526 consilium. Ergo multo minus peccavit Angelus appetendo esse ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4527 Deus.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31063"><span class="ref">[31063] Iª q. 63 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4528 quod dicitur Isaiae XIV, ex persona Diaboli, <i>ascendam in caelum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4529 et ero similis altissimo</i>. Et Augustinus dicit in libro de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4530 quaestionibus Vet. Test., quod elatione inflatus, voluit dici
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4531 Deus.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 3 co."><a name="31064"><span class="ref">[31064] Iª q. 63 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4532 quod Angelus, absque omni dubio, peccavit appetendo esse ut Deus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4533 Sed hoc potest intelligi dupliciter, uno modo, per aequiparantiam;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4534 alio modo, per similitudinem. Primo quidem modo, non potuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4535 appetere esse ut Deus, quia scivit hoc esse impossibile, naturali
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4536 cognitione; nec primum actum peccandi in ipso praecessit vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4537 habitus vel passio ligans cognoscitivam ipsius virtutem, ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4538 particulari deficiens eligeret impossibile, sicut in nobis interdum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4539 accidit. Et tamen, dato quod esset possibile, hoc esset contra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4540 naturale desiderium. Inest enim unicuique naturale desiderium ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4541 conservandum suum esse, quod non conservaretur, si transmutaretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4542 in alteram naturam. Unde nulla res quae est in inferiori gradu
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4543 naturae, potest appetere superioris naturae gradum, sicut asinus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4544 non appetit esse equus, quia si transferretur in gradum superioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4545 naturae, iam ipsum non esset. Sed in hoc imaginatio decipitur, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4546 enim homo appetit esse in altiori gradu quantum ad aliqua
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4547 accidentalia, quae possunt crescere absque corruptione subiecti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4548 aestimatur quod possit appetere altiorem gradum naturae, in quem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4549 pervenire non posset nisi esse desineret. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4550 Deus excedit Angelum, non secundum aliqua accidentalia, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4551 secundum gradum naturae, et etiam unus Angelus alium. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4552 impossibile est quod Angelus inferior appetat esse aequalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4553 superiori; nedum quod appetat esse aequalis Deo. Appetere autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4554 esse ut Deus per similitudinem, contingit dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4555 quantum ad id in quo aliquid natum est Deo assimilari. Et sic, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4556 aliquis quantum ad hoc appetat esse Deo similis, non peccat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4557 dummodo similitudinem Dei debito ordine appetat adipisci, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4558 scilicet eam a Deo habeat. Peccaret vero si quis etiam appeteret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4559 secundum iustitiam esse similis Deo, quasi propria virtute, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4560 ex virtute Dei. Alio vero modo potest aliquis appetere similis esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4561 Deo, quantum ad hoc in quo non natus est assimilari; sicut si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4562 appeteret creare caelum et terram, quod est proprium Dei; in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4563 appetitu esset peccatum. Et hoc modo Diabolus appetiit esse ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4564 Deus. Non ut ei assimilaretur quantum ad hoc quod est nulli subesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4565 simpliciter, quia sic etiam suum non esse appeteret, cum nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4566 creatura esse possit nisi per hoc quod sub Deo esse participat. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4567 in hoc appetiit esse similis Deo, quia appetiit ut finem ultimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4568 beatitudinis id ad quod virtute suae naturae poterat pervenire,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4569 avertens suum appetitum a beatitudine supernaturali, quae est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4570 gratia Dei. Vel si appetiit ut ultimum finem illam Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4571 similitudinem quae datur ex gratia, voluit hoc habere per virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4572 suae naturae, non ex divino auxilio secundum Dei dispositionem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4573 hoc consonat dictis Anselmi, qui dicit quod appetiit illud ad quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4574 pervenisset si stetisset. Et haec duo quodammodo in idem redeunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4575 quia secundum utrumque appetiit finalem beatitudinem per suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4576 virtutem habere, quod est proprium Dei. Quia vero quod est per se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4577 est principium et causa eius quod est per aliud, ex hoc etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4578 consecutum est quod appetiit aliquem principatum super alia habere.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4579 In quo etiam perverse voluit Deo assimilari.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="31065"><span class="ref">[31065] Iª q. 63 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4580 patet responsio ad omnia obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 63 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31066"><span class="ref">[31066] Iª q. 63 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4581 proceditur. Videtur quod aliqui Daemones sint naturaliter mali.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4582 Dicit enim Porphyrius, ut Augustinus introducit X de Civ. Dei, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4583 <i>est quoddam genus Daemonum natura fallax, simulans deos et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4584 animas defunctorum</i>. Sed esse fallacem est esse malum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4585 aliqui Daemones sunt naturaliter mali.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31067"><span class="ref">[31067] Iª q. 63 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4586 Angeli sunt creati a Deo, ita et homines. Sed aliqui homines sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4587 naturaliter mali, de quibus dicitur Sap. XII, <i>erat eorum malitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4588 naturalis</i>. Ergo et Angeli aliqui possunt esse naturaliter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4589 mali.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31068"><span class="ref">[31068] Iª q. 63 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4590 aliqua animalia irrationalia habent quasdam naturales malitias,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4591 sicut vulpes naturaliter est subdola, et lupus naturaliter est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4592 rapax, et tamen sunt creaturae Dei. Ergo et Daemones, licet sint
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4593 creaturae Dei, possunt esse naturaliter mali.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31069"><span class="ref">[31069] Iª q. 63 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4594 quod Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>Daemones non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4595 sunt natura mali</i>.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 4 co."><a name="31070"><span class="ref">[31070] Iª q. 63 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4596 quod omne quod est, inquantum est et naturam habet aliquam, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4597 bonum aliquod naturaliter tendit, utpote ex principio bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4598 existens, quia semper effectus convertitur in suum principium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4599 Contingit autem alicui bono particulari aliquod malum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4600 adiunctum, sicut igni coniungitur hoc malum quod est esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4601 consumptivum aliorum, sed bono universali nullum malum potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4602 adiunctum. Si ergo aliquid sit cuius natura ordinetur in aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4603 bonum particulare, potest naturaliter tendere in aliquod malum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4604 inquantum malum, sed per accidens, inquantum est coniunctum cuidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4605 bono. Si vero aliquid sit cuius natura ordinetur in aliquod bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4606 secundum communem boni rationem hoc secundum suam naturam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4607 potest tendere in aliquod malum. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4608 quaelibet natura intellectualis habet ordinem in bonum universale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4609 quod potest apprehendere, et quod est obiectum voluntatis. Unde cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4610 Daemones sint substantiae intellectuales, nullo modo possunt habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4611 inclinationem naturalem in aliquod quodcumque malum. Et ideo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4612 possunt esse naturaliter mali.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31071"><span class="ref">[31071] Iª q. 63 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4613 dicendum quod Augustinus ibidem reprehendit Porphyrium de hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4614 dixit quod Daemones erant naturaliter fallaces, dicens eos non esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4615 naturaliter fallaces, sed propria voluntate. Porphyrius autem hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4616 ratione posuit Daemones esse natura fallaces, quia ponebat Daemones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4617 esse animalia habentia naturam sensitivam. Natura autem sensitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4618 ordinatur ad aliquod bonum particulare, cui potest esse coniunctum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4619 malum. Et secundum hoc, aliquam inclinationem naturalem habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4620 possunt ad malum; per accidens tamen, inquantum malum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4621 coniunctum bono.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31072"><span class="ref">[31072] Iª q. 63 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4622 dicendum quod malitia aliquorum hominum potest dici naturalis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4623 propter consuetudinem, quae est altera natura; vel propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4624 naturalem inclinationem ex parte naturae sensitivae, ad aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4625 inordinatam passionem, sicut quidam dicuntur naturaliter iracundi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4626 vel concupiscentes; non autem ex parte naturae intellectualis.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31073"><span class="ref">[31073] Iª q. 63 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4627 dicendum quod animalia bruta secundum naturam sensitivam habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4628 naturalem inclinationem ad quaedam particularia bona, quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4629 coniuncta sunt aliqua mala; sicut vulpes ad quaerendum victum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4630 sagaciter, cui adiungitur dolositas. Unde esse dolosum non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4631 malum vulpi, cum sit ei naturale; sicut nec esse furiosum est malum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4632 cani, sicut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 63 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="31074"><span class="ref">[31074] Iª q. 63 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4633 proceditur. Videtur quod Diabolus in primo instanti suae creationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4634 fuerit malus per culpam propriae voluntatis. Dicitur enim Ioan.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4635 VIII, de Diabolo, <i>ille homicida erat ab initio</i>.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="31075"><span class="ref">[31075] Iª q. 63 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4636 secundum Augustinum, I super Gen. ad Litt., informitas creaturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4637 non praecessit formationem tempore, sed origine tantum. Per caelum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4638 autem quod legitur primo creatum, ut ipse dicit in II libro,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4639 intelligitur natura angelica informis; per hoc autem quod dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4640 quod Deus dixit, fiat lux, et facta est lux, intelligitur formatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4641 eius per conversionem ad verbum; simul ergo natura Angeli creata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4642 est, et facta est lux. Sed simul dum facta est lux, distincta est a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4643 tenebris, per quas intelliguntur Angeli peccantes. Ergo in primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4644 instanti suae creationis quidam Angeli fuerunt beati, et quidam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4645 peccaverunt.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="31076"><span class="ref">[31076] Iª q. 63 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4646 peccatum opponitur merito. Sed in primo instanti suae creationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4647 aliqua natura intellectualis potest mereri; sicut anima Christi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4648 vel etiam ipsi boni Angeli. Ergo et Daemones in primo instanti suae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4649 creationis potuerunt peccare.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="31077"><span class="ref">[31077] Iª q. 63 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4650 natura angelica virtuosior est quam natura corporea. Sed res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4651 corporalis statim in primo instanti suae creationis incipit habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4652 suam operationem; sicut ignis in primo instanti quo generatus est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4653 incipit moveri sursum. Ergo et Angelus in primo instanti suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4654 creationis potuit operari. Aut ergo habuit operationem rectam, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4655 non rectam. Si rectam, cum gratiam habuerint, per eam meruerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4656 beatitudinem. In Angelis autem statim ad meritum sequitur praemium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4657 ut supra dictum est. Ergo fuissent statim beati, et ita nunquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4658 peccassent, quod est falsum. Relinquitur ergo quod in primo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4659 instanti, non recte operando, peccaverunt.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 5 s. c."><a name="31078"><span class="ref">[31078] Iª q. 63 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4660 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>vidit Deus cuncta quae fecerat, et erant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4661 valde bona</i>. Inter ea autem erant etiam Daemones. Ergo et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4662 Daemones aliquando fuerunt boni.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 5 co."><a name="31079"><span class="ref">[31079] Iª q. 63 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4663 quod quidam posuerunt quod statim Daemones in primo instanti suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4664 creationis mali fuerunt, non quidem per naturam, sed per peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4665 propriae voluntatis, quia <i>ex quo est factus Diabolus, iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4666 recusavit. Cui sententiae</i>, ut Augustinus dicit, XI de Civ. Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4667 <i>quisquis acquiescit, non cum illis haereticis sapit, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4668 Manichaeis, qui dicunt quod Diabolus habet naturam mali</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4669 quia haec opinio auctoritati Scripturae contradicit (dicitur enim,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4670 sub figura principis Babylonis, de Diabolo, Isaiae XIV, <i>quomodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4671 cecidisti, Lucifer, qui mane oriebaris?</i> Et Ezech. XXVIII, <i>in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4672 deliciis Paradisi Dei fuisti</i> dicitur ad Diabolum sub persona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4673 regis Tyri), ideo a magistris haec opinio tanquam erronea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4674 rationabiliter reprobata est. Unde aliqui dixerunt quod Angeli in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4675 primo instanti suae creationis peccare potuerunt, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4676 peccaverunt. Sed haec opinio etiam a quibusdam improbatur ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4677 ratione quia, cum duae operationes se consequuntur, impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4678 videtur quod in eodem nunc utraque operatio terminetur. Manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4679 est autem quod peccatum Angeli fuit operatio creatione posterior.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4680 Terminus autem creationis est ipsum esse Angeli; terminus vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4681 operationis peccati est quod sunt mali. Impossibile ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4682 quod in primo instanti quo Angelus esse coepit, fuerit malus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4683 haec ratio non videtur sufficiens. Habet enim solum locum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4684 motibus temporalibus, qui successive aguntur; sicut si motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4685 localis sequitur ad alterationem, non potest in eodem instanti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4686 terminari alteratio et localis motus. Sed si sunt mutationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4687 instantaneae, simul et in eodem instanti potest esse terminus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4688 primae et secundae mutationis; sicut in eodem instanti in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4689 illuminatur luna a sole, illuminatur aer a luna. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4690 autem quod creatio est instantanea; et similiter motus liberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4691 arbitrii in Angelis; non enim indigent collatione et discursu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4692 rationis, ut ex supra dictis patet. Unde nihil prohibet simul et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4693 eodem instanti esse terminum creationis, et terminum liberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4694 arbitrii. Et ideo aliter dicendum est, quod impossibile fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4695 Angelum in primo instanti peccasse per inordinatum actum liberi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4696 arbitrii. Quamvis enim res aliqua in primo instanti quo esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4697 incipit, simul incipere possit operari; tamen illa operatio quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4698 simul incipit cum esse rei, est ei ab agente a quo habet esse;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4699 sicut moveri sursum inest igni a generante. Unde si aliqua res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4700 habeat esse ab agente deficiente, quod possit esse causa defectivae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4701 actionis, poterit in primo instanti in quo incipit esse, habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4702 defectivam operationem; sicut si tibia quae nascitur clauda ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4703 debilitate seminis, statim incipiat claudicare. Agens autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4704 Angelos in esse produxit, scilicet Deus, non potest esse causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4705 peccati. Unde non potest dici quod Diabolus in primo instanti suae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4706 creationis fuerit malus.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="31080"><span class="ref">[31080] Iª q. 63 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4707 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, XI de Civ. Dei, <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4708 dicitur quod Diabolus ab initio peccat non ab initio ex quo creatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4709 est, peccare putandus est, sed ab initio peccati</i>; scilicet quia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4710 nunquam a peccato suo recessit.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="31081"><span class="ref">[31081] Iª q. 63 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4711 dicendum quod illa distinctio lucis et tenebrarum, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4712 per tenebras peccata Daemonum intelliguntur, accipienda est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4713 secundum Dei praescientiam. Unde Augustinus dicit, XI de Civ. Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4714 quod <i>solus lucem ac tenebras discernere potuit, qui potuit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4715 etiam, priusquam caderent, praescire casuros</i>.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="31082"><span class="ref">[31082] Iª q. 63 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4716 dicendum quod quidquid est in merito, est a Deo, et ideo in primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4717 instanti suae creationis Angelus mereri potuit. Sed non est similis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4718 ratio de peccato, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="31083"><span class="ref">[31083] Iª q. 63 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4719 dicendum quod Deus non discrevit inter Angelos ante aversionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4720 quorundam et conversionem aliorum, ut Augustinus dicit, XI de Civ.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4721 Dei, et ideo omnes, in gratia creati in primo instanti meruerunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4722 Sed quidam eorum statim impedimentum praestiterunt suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4723 beatitudinis, praecedens meritum mortificantes. Et ideo beatitudine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4724 quam meruerunt, sunt privati.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 63 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="31084"><span class="ref">[31084] Iª q. 63 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4725 proceditur. Videtur quod aliqua mora fuerit inter creationem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4726 lapsum Angeli. Dicitur enim Ezech. XXVIII, <i>ambulasti perfectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4727 in viis tuis a die conceptionis tuae, donec inventa est iniquitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4728 in te</i>. Sed ambulatio, cum sit motus continuus, requirit aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4729 moram. Ergo aliqua mora fuit inter creationem Diaboli et eius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4730 lapsum.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="31085"><span class="ref">[31085] Iª q. 63 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4731 Origenes dicit quod <i>serpens antiquus non statim supra pectus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4732 ventrem suum ambulavit</i>; per quod intelligitur eius peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4733 Ergo Diabolus non statim post primum instans suae creationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4734 peccavit.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="31086"><span class="ref">[31086] Iª q. 63 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, posse
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4735 peccare commune est homini et Angelo. Fuit autem aliqua mora inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4736 formationem hominis et eius peccatum. Ergo, pari ratione, fuit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4737 aliqua mora inter formationem Diaboli et eius peccatum.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 6 arg. 4"><a name="31087"><span class="ref">[31087] Iª q. 63 a. 6 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, aliud
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4738 instans fuit in quo Diabolus peccavit, ab instanti in quo creatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4739 fuit. Sed inter quaelibet duo instantia cadit tempus medium. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4740 aliqua mora fuit inter creationem eius et lapsum.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 6 s. c."><a name="31088"><span class="ref">[31088] Iª q. 63 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4741 quod dicitur Ioan. VIII, de Diabolo, quod <i>in veritate non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4742 stetit</i>. Et sicut Augustinus dicit, XI de Civ. Dei, <i>oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4743 ut hoc sic accipiamus, quod in veritate fuerit, sed non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4744 permanserit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 6 co."><a name="31089"><span class="ref">[31089] Iª q. 63 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4745 quod circa hoc est duplex opinio. Sed probabilior, et sanctorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4746 dictis magis consona est, quod statim post primum instans suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4747 creationis Diabolus peccaverit. Et hoc necesse est dicere, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4748 ponatur quod in primo instanti suae creationis in actum liberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4749 arbitrii proruperit, et cum gratia fuerit creatus, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4750 diximus. Cum enim Angeli per unum actum meritorium ad beatitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4751 perveniant, ut supra dictum est; si Diabolus in primo instanti, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4752 gratia creatus, meruit, statim post primum instans beatitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4753 accepisset, nisi statim impedimentum praestitisset peccando. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4754 vero ponatur quod Angelus in gratia creatus non fuerit; vel quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4755 primo instanti actum liberi arbitrii non potuerit habere; nihil
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4756 prohibet aliquam moram fuisse inter creationem et lapsum.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="31090"><span class="ref">[31090] Iª q. 63 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4757 dicendum quod per motus corporales, qui per tempus mensurantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4758 quandoque in sacra Scriptura intelliguntur metaphorice motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4759 spirituales instantanei. Et sic per ambulationem intelligitur motus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4760 liberi arbitrii tendentis in bonum.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="31091"><span class="ref">[31091] Iª q. 63 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4761 dicendum quod Origenes dicit quod <i>serpens antiquus non a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4762 principio, nec statim supra pectus</i> ambulavit, propter primum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4763 instans, in quo malus non fuit.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="31092"><span class="ref">[31092] Iª q. 63 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4764 dicendum quod Angelus habet liberum arbitrium inflexibile post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4765 electionem, et ideo nisi statim post primum instans, in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4766 naturalem motum habuit ad bonum, impedimentum beatitudini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4767 praestitisset, fuisset firmatus in bono. Sed non est simile de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4768 homine. Et ideo ratio non sequitur.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 6 ad 4"><a name="31093"><span class="ref">[31093] Iª q. 63 a. 6 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4769 dicendum quod inter quaelibet duo instantia esse tempus medium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4770 habet veritatem inquantum tempus est continuum, ut probatur in VI
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4771 Physic. Sed in Angelis, qui non sunt subiecti caelesti motui, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4772 primo per tempus continuum mensuratur, tempus accipitur pro ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4773 successione operationum intellectus, vel etiam affectus. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4774 instans primum in Angelis intelligitur respondere operationi mentis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4775 angelicae, qua se in seipsam convertit per vespertinam cognitionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4776 quia in primo die commemoratur vespere, sed non mane. Et haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4777 quidem operatio in omnibus bona fuit. Sed ab hac operatione quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4778 per matutinam cognitionem ad laudem verbi sunt conversi, quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4779 vero, in seipsis remanentes, facti sunt nox, per superbiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4780 intumescentes, ut Augustinus dicit, IV super Gen. ad Litt. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4781 prima operatio fuit omnibus communis; sed in secunda sunt discreti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4782 Et ideo in primo instanti omnes fuerunt boni; sed in secundo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4783 fuerunt boni a malis distincti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 63 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="31094"><span class="ref">[31094] Iª q. 63 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4784 proceditur. Videtur quod ille Angelus qui fuit supremus inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4785 peccantes, non fuerit supremus inter omnes. Dicitur enim de eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4786 Ezech. XXVIII, <i>tu Cherub extentus et protegens, posui te in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4787 monte sancto Dei</i>. Sed ordo Cherubim est sub ordine Seraphim, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4788 Dionysius dicit, VII cap. Ang. Hier. Ergo Angelus qui fuit supremus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4789 inter peccantes, non fuit supremus inter omnes.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="31095"><span class="ref">[31095] Iª q. 63 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4790 fecit naturam intellectualem propter beatitudinem consequendam. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4791 igitur Angelus qui fuit supremus inter omnes, peccavit, sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4792 quod ordinatio divina fuerit frustrata in nobilissima creatura.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4793 Quod est inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="31096"><span class="ref">[31096] Iª q. 63 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4794 quanto aliquid magis inclinatur in aliquid, tanto minus potest ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4795 illo deficere. Sed Angelus quanto est superior, tanto magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4796 inclinatur in Deum. Ergo minus potest a Deo peccando deficere. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4797 sic videtur quod Angelus qui peccavit, non fuerit supremus inter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4798 omnes, sed de inferioribus.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 7 s. c."><a name="31097"><span class="ref">[31097] Iª q. 63 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4799 quod dicit Gregorius, in homilia de centum ovibus, <i>quod primus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4800 Angelus qui peccavit, dum cunctis agminibus Angelorum praelatus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4801 eorum claritatem transcenderet, ex eorum comparatione clarior
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4802 fuit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 7 co."><a name="31098"><span class="ref">[31098] Iª q. 63 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4803 quod in peccato est duo considerare, scilicet pronitatem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4804 peccandum; et motivum ad peccandum. Si ergo consideremus in Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4805 pronitatem ad peccandum, minus videtur quod peccaverint superiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4806 Angeli, quam inferiores. Et propter hoc Damascenus dicit quod maior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4807 eorum qui peccaverunt, fuit terrestri ordini praelatus. Et videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4808 haec opinio consonare positioni Platonicorum, quam Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4809 recitat in Lib. de Civ. Dei VIII et X. Dicebant enim quod omnes dii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4810 erant boni, sed Daemonum quidam boni, quidam mali; deos nominantes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4811 substantias intellectuales quae sunt a globo lunari superius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4812 Daemones vero substantias intellectuales quae sunt a globo lunari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4813 inferius, superiores hominibus ordine naturae. Nec est abiicienda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4814 haec opinio tanquam a fide aliena, quia tota creatura corporalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4815 administratur a Deo per Angelos, ut Augustinus dicit, III de Trin.;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4816 unde nihil prohibet dicere inferiores Angelos divinitus distributos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4817 esse ad administrandum inferiora corpora, superiores vero ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4818 administrandum corpora superiora, supremos vero ad assistendum Deo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4819 Et secundum hoc Damascenus dicit quod illi qui ceciderunt, fuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4820 de inferioribus, in quorum etiam ordine aliqui boni Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4821 permanserunt. Si vero consideretur motivum ad peccandum, maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4822 invenitur in superioribus quam in inferioribus. Fuit enim Daemonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4823 peccatum superbia, ut supra dictum est; cuius motivum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4824 excellentia, quae fuit maior in superioribus. Et ideo Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4825 dicit quod ille qui peccavit, fuit superior inter omnes. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4826 videtur probabilius. Quia peccatum Angeli non processit ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4827 pronitate, sed ex solo libero arbitrio, unde magis videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4828 consideranda esse ratio quae sumitur a motivo ad peccandum. Non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4829 tamen inde alii opinioni praeiudicandum, quia etiam in principe
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4830 inferiorum Angelorum potuit esse aliquod motivum ad peccandum.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="31099"><span class="ref">[31099] Iª q. 63 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4831 dicendum quod Cherubim interpretatur plenitudo scientiae; Seraphim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4832 autem interpretatur ardentes sive incedentes. Et sic patet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4833 Cherubim denominatur a scientia, quae potest esse cum mortali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4834 peccato; Seraphim vero denominatur ab ardore caritatis, quae cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4835 peccato mortali esse non potest. Et ideo primus Angelus peccans non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4836 est denominatus Seraphim, sed Cherubim.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="31100"><span class="ref">[31100] Iª q. 63 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4837 dicendum quod divina intentio non frustratur nec in his qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4838 peccant, nec in his qui salvantur, utrorumque enim eventum Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4839 praecognoscit, et ex utroque habet gloriam, dum hos ex sua bonitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4840 salvat, illos ex sua iustitia punit. Ipsa vero creatura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4841 intellectualis, dum peccat, a fine debito deficit. Nec hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4842 inconveniens in quacumque creatura sublimi, sic enim creatura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4843 intellectualis instituta est a Deo, ut in eius arbitrio positum sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4844 agere propter finem.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="31101"><span class="ref">[31101] Iª q. 63 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4845 dicendum quod quantacumque inclinatio ad bonum fuerit in supremo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4846 Angelo, tamen ei necessitatem non inducebat. Unde potuit per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4847 liberum arbitrium eam non sequi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 63 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="31102"><span class="ref">[31102] Iª q. 63 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4848 proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum primi Angeli peccantis non fuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4849 aliis causa peccandi. Causa enim prior est causato. Sed omnes simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4850 peccaverunt, ut Damascenus dicit. Ergo peccatum unius non fuit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4851 aliis causa peccandi.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="31103"><span class="ref">[31103] Iª q. 63 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4852 primum peccatum Angeli non potest esse nisi superbia, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4853 dictum est. Sed superbia excellentiam quaerit. Magis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4854 excellentiae repugnat quod aliquis inferiori subdatur, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4855 superiori, et sic non videtur quod Daemones peccaverint per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4856 quod voluerunt subesse alicui superiorum Angelorum, potius quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4857 Deo. Sic autem peccatum unius Angeli fuisset aliis causa peccandi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4858 si eos ad hoc induxisset ut sibi subiicerentur. Non ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4859 quod peccatum primi Angeli fuerit causa peccandi aliis.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="31104"><span class="ref">[31104] Iª q. 63 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, maius
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4860 peccatum est velle subesse alteri contra Deum, quam contra Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4861 alteri velle praeesse, quia minus habet de motivo ad peccandum. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4862 ergo peccatum primi Angeli fuit aliis causa peccandi in hoc, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4863 eos ut sibi subiicerentur induxit, gravius peccassent inferiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4864 Angeli quam supremus, quod est contra hoc quod super illud Psalmi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4865 CIII, <i>draco iste quem formasti</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>qui ceteris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4866 in esse erat excellentior, factus est in malitia maior</i>. Non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4867 ergo peccatum primi Angeli fuit aliis causa peccandi.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 8 s. c."><a name="31105"><span class="ref">[31105] Iª q. 63 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4868 quod dicitur Apoc. XII, quod draco traxit secum tertiam partem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4869 stellarum.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 8 co."><a name="31106"><span class="ref">[31106] Iª q. 63 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4870 quod peccatum primi Angeli fuit aliis causa peccandi, non quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4871 cogens, sed quadam quasi exhortatione inducens. Cuius signum ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4872 apparet, quod omnes Daemones illi supremo subduntur; ut manifeste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4873 apparet per illud quod dicit dominus, Matth. XXV, <i>ite,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4874 maledicti, in ignem aeternum, qui paratus est Diabolo et Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4875 eius</i>. Habet enim hoc ordo divinae iustitiae, ut cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4876 suggestioni aliquis consentit in culpa, eius potestati subdatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4877 poena; secundum illud II Petr. II, a quo quis superatus est, huic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4878 servus addictus est.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="31107"><span class="ref">[31107] Iª q. 63 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4879 dicendum quod, licet simul Daemones peccaverint, tamen peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4880 unius potuit esse aliis causa peccandi. Angelus enim non indiget ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4881 eligendum vel exhortandum vel etiam consentiendum, temporis mora;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4882 sicut homo, qui deliberatione indiget ad eligendum et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4883 consentiendum, et locutione vocali ad exhortandum, quorum utrumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4884 tempore agitur. Manifestum est autem quod etiam homo simul dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4885 aliquid iam corde concepit, in eodem instanti incipit loqui. Et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4886 ultimo instanti locutionis, in quo aliquis sensum loquentis capit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4887 potest assentire ei quod dicitur, ut patet maxime in primis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4888 conceptionibus, quas quisque probat auditas. Sublato ergo tempore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4889 locutionis et deliberationis quod in nobis requiritur, in eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4890 instanti in quo primus Angelus suam affectionem intelligibili
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4891 locutione expressit, possibile fuit aliis in eam consentire.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="31108"><span class="ref">[31108] Iª q. 63 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4892 dicendum quod superbus, ceteris paribus, magis vult subesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4893 superiori quam inferiori. Sed si aliquam excellentiam consequatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4894 sub inferiori, quam sub superiori consequi non possit, magis eligit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4895 inferiori subesse quam superiori. Sic igitur non fuit contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4896 superbiam Daemonum quod subesse inferiori voluerunt, in eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4897 principatum consentientes; ad hoc eum principem et ducem habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4898 volentes, ut virtute naturali suam ultimam beatitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4899 consequerentur; praesertim quia supremo Angelo naturae ordine etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4900 tunc subiecti erant.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="31109"><span class="ref">[31109] Iª q. 63 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4901 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, Angelus non habet aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4902 retardans, sed secundum suam totam virtutem movetur in illud ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4903 quod movetur, sive in bonum sive in malum. Quia igitur supremus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4904 Angelus maiorem habuit naturalem virtutem quam inferiores,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4905 intensiori motu in peccatum prolapsus est. Et ideo factus est etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4906 in malitia maior.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="I q. 63 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="31110"><span class="ref">[31110] Iª q. 63 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4907 proceditur. Videtur quod plures peccaverunt de Angelis, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4908 permanserunt. Quia, ut dicit philosophus, <i>malum est ut in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4909 pluribus, bonum ut in paucioribus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="31111"><span class="ref">[31111] Iª q. 63 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4910 iustitia et peccatum eadem ratione inveniuntur in Angelis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4911 hominibus. Sed in hominibus plures inveniuntur mali quam boni;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4912 secundum illud Eccle. I, <i>stultorum infinitus est numerus</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4913 Ergo pari ratione in Angelis.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="31112"><span class="ref">[31112] Iª q. 63 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4914 Angeli distinguuntur secundum personas, et secundum ordines. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4915 igitur plures personae angelicae remanserunt, videtur etiam quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4916 non de omnibus ordinibus aliqui peccaverunt.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 9 s. c."><a name="31113"><span class="ref">[31113] Iª q. 63 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4917 quod dicitur IV Reg. VI, <i>plures nobiscum sunt quam cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4918 illis</i>; quod exponitur de bonis Angelis qui sunt nobiscum in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4919 auxilium, et de malis qui nobis adversantur.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 9 co."><a name="31114"><span class="ref">[31114] Iª q. 63 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4920 quod plures Angeli permanserunt quam peccaverunt. Quia peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4921 contra naturalem inclinationem, ea vero quae contra naturam fiunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4922 ut in paucioribus accidunt; natura enim consequitur suum effectum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4923 vel semper, vel ut in pluribus.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="31115"><span class="ref">[31115] Iª q. 63 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4924 dicendum quod philosophus loquitur quantum ad homines, in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4925 malum contingit ex hoc quod sequuntur bona sensibilia, quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4926 pluribus nota, deserto bono rationis, quod paucioribus notum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4927 In Angelis autem non est nisi natura intellectualis. Unde non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4928 similis ratio.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="31116"><span class="ref">[31116] Iª q. 63 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4929 responsio ad secundum.</p><p title="I q. 63 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="31117"><span class="ref">[31117] Iª q. 63 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4930 dicendum quod secundum illos qui dicunt quod Diabolus maior fuit de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4931 inferiori ordine Angelorum, qui praesunt terrestribus, manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4932 est quod non de quolibet ordine ceciderunt, sed de infimo tantum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4933 Secundum vero illos qui ponunt maiorem Diabolum de supremo fuisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4934 ordine, probabile est quod de quolibet ordine aliqui ceciderunt;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4935 sicut et in quemlibet ordinem homines assumuntur in supplementum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4936 ruinae angelicae. In quo etiam magis comprobatur libertas liberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4937 arbitrii, quae secundum quemlibet gradum creaturae in malum flecti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4938 potest. In sacra Scriptura tamen nomina quorundam ordinum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4939 Seraphim et thronorum, Daemonibus non attribuuntur; quia haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4940 nomina sumuntur ab ardore caritatis et ab inhabitatione Dei, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4941 non possunt esse cum peccato mortali. Attribuuntur autem eis nomina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4942 Cherubim, potestatum et principatuum, quia haec nomina sumuntur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4943 scientia et potentia, quae bonis malisque possunt esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4944 communia.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q64"><h2>Quaestio 64</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 64 pr."><a name="31118"><span class="ref">[31118]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4945 Iª q. 64 pr.</span></a> Consequenter quaeritur de poena
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4946 Daemonum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, de obtenebratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4947 intellectus. Secundo, de obstinatione voluntatis. Tertio, de dolore
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4948 ipsorum. Quarto, de loco poenali ipsorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 64 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31119"><span class="ref">[31119] Iª q. 64 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4949 proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus Daemonis sit obtenebratus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4950 privationem cognitionis omnis veritatis. Si enim aliquam veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4951 cognoscerent, maxime cognoscerent seipsos, quod est cognoscere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4952 substantias separatas. Hoc autem eorum miseriae non convenit, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4953 ad magnam beatitudinem pertinere videatur, intantum quod quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4954 ultimam beatitudinem hominis posuerunt in cognoscendo substantias
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4955 separatas. Ergo Daemones privantur omni cognitione veritatis.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31120"><span class="ref">[31120] Iª q. 64 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, id
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4956 quod est manifestissimum in natura, videtur esse maxime manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4957 Angelis, sive bonis sive malis. Quod enim non sit nobis maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4958 manifestum, contingit ex debilitate intellectus nostri a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4959 phantasmatibus accipientis, sicut ex debilitate oculi noctuae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4960 contingit quod non possit videre lumen solis. Sed Daemones non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4961 possunt cognoscere Deum, qui est secundum se manifestissimus, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4962 sit in summo veritatis, eo quod non habent mundum cor, quo solo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4963 videtur Deus. Ergo nec alia cognoscere possunt.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31121"><span class="ref">[31121] Iª q. 64 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4964 cognitio rerum Angelis conveniens est duplex, secundum Augustinum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4965 scilicet matutina, et vespertina. Sed cognitio matutina non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4966 competit Daemonibus, quia non vident res in verbo, nec etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4967 cognitio vespertina, quia cognitio vespertina refert res cognitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4968 ad laudem creatoris (unde post vespere fit mane, ut dicitur Gen.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4969 I). Ergo Daemones non possunt cognitionem de rebus habere.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="31122"><span class="ref">[31122] Iª q. 64 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4970 Angeli in sua conditione cognoverunt mysterium regni Dei, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4971 Augustinus dicit, V super Gen. ad Litt. Sed Daemones hac cognitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4972 privati sunt, quia <i>si cognovissent, nequaquam dominum gloriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4973 crucifixissent</i>, ut dicitur I Cor. II. Ergo, pari ratione, omni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4974 alia cognitione veritatis sunt privati.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="31123"><span class="ref">[31123] Iª q. 64 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4975 quamcumque veritatem aliquis scit, aut cognoscit eam naturaliter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4976 sicut nos cognoscimus prima principia; aut accipiendo ab alio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4977 sicut quae scimus addiscendo; aut per experientiam longi temporis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4978 sicut quae scimus inveniendo. Sed Daemones non possunt cognoscere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4979 veritatem per suam naturam, quia ab eis divisi sunt boni Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4980 sicut lux a tenebris, ut Augustinus dicit; omnis autem manifestatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4981 fit per lumen, ut dicitur Ephes. V. Similiter etiam neque per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4982 revelationem, neque addiscendo a bonis Angelis, quia non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4983 conventio lucis ad tenebras, ut dicitur II Cor. VI. Neque etiam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4984 experientiam longi temporis, quia experientia a sensu oritur. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4985 nulla in eis est cognitio veritatis.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31124"><span class="ref">[31124] Iª q. 64 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4986 quod Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>data Daemonibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4987 angelica dona nequaquam mutata esse dicimus, sed sunt integra et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4988 splendidissima</i>. Inter ista autem naturalia dona est cognitio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4989 veritatis. Ergo in eis est aliqua veritatis cognitio.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 1 co."><a name="31125"><span class="ref">[31125] Iª q. 64 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4990 quod duplex est cognitio veritatis, una quidem quae habetur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4991 gratiam; alia vero quae habetur per naturam. Et ista quae habetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4992 per gratiam, est duplex, una quae est speculativa tantum, sicut cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4993 alicui aliqua secreta divinorum revelantur; alia vero quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4994 affectiva, producens amorem Dei; et haec proprie pertinet ad donum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4995 sapientiae. Harum autem trium cognitionum prima in Daemonibus nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4996 est ablata, nec diminuta. Consequitur enim ipsam naturam Angeli,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4997 qui secundum suam naturam est quidam intellectus vel mens, propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4998 simplicitatem autem suae substantiae, a natura eius aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4999 subtrahi non potest, ut sic per subtractionem naturalium puniatur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5000 sicut homo punitur per subtractionem manus aut pedis aut alicuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5001 huiusmodi. Et ideo dicit Dionysius quod dona naturalia in eis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5002 integra manent. Unde naturalis cognitio in eis non est diminuta.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5003 Secunda autem cognitio, quae est per gratiam, in speculatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5004 consistens, non est in eis totaliter ablata, sed diminuta, quia de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5005 huiusmodi secretis divinis tantum revelatur eis quantum oportet,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5006 vel mediantibus Angelis, vel per aliqua temporalia divinae virtutis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5007 effecta, ut dicit Augustinus, IX de Civ. Dei; non autem sicut ipsis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5008 sanctis Angelis, quibus plura et clarius revelantur in ipso verbo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5009 A tertia vero cognitione sunt totaliter privati, sicut et a
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5010 caritate.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31126"><span class="ref">[31126] Iª q. 64 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5011 dicendum quod felicitas consistit in applicatione ad id quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5012 superius est. Substantiae autem separatae sunt ordine naturae supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5013 nos, unde aliqualis ratio felicitatis esse potest homini si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5014 cognoscat substantias separatas; licet perfecta eius felicitas sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5015 in cognoscendo primam substantiam, scilicet Deum. Sed substantiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5016 separatae cognoscere substantiam separatam est connaturale, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5017 et nobis cognoscere naturas sensibiles. Unde sicut in hoc non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5018 felicitas hominis, quod cognoscat naturas sensibiles; ita non est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5019 felicitas Angeli in hoc, quod cognoscat substantias separatas.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31127"><span class="ref">[31127] Iª q. 64 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5020 dicendum quod illud quod est manifestissimum in natura, est nobis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5021 occultum propter hoc quod excedit proportionem intellectus nostri;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5022 et non solum propter hoc quod intellectus noster accipit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5023 phantasmatibus. Excedit autem divina substantia non solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5024 proportionem intellectus humani, sed etiam intellectus angelici.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5025 Unde nec ipse Angelus secundum suam naturam, potest cognoscere Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5026 substantiam. Potest tamen altiorem cognitionem de Deo habere per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5027 suam naturam quam homo, propter perfectionem sui intellectus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5028 talis cognitio Dei remanet etiam in Daemonibus. Licet enim non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5029 habeant puritatem quae est per gratiam, habent tamen puritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5030 naturae, quae sufficit ad cognitionem Dei quae eis competit ex
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5031 natura.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31128"><span class="ref">[31128] Iª q. 64 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5032 dicendum quod creatura tenebra est, comparata excellentiae divini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5033 luminis, et ideo cognitio creaturae in propria natura, vespertina
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5034 dicitur. Vespere enim est tenebris adiunctum, habet tamen aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5035 de luce, cum autem totaliter deficit lux, est nox. Sic igitur et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5036 cognitio rerum in propria natura, quando refertur ad laudem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5037 creatoris, ut in bonis Angelis, habet aliquid de luce divina, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5038 potest dici vespertina, si autem non referatur in Deum, sicut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5039 Daemonibus, non dicitur vespertina, sed nocturna. Unde et in Genesi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5040 I, legitur quod tenebras quas Deus a luce separavit, vocavit
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5041 noctem.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31129"><span class="ref">[31129] Iª q. 64 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5042 dicendum quod mysterium regni Dei, quod est impletum per Christum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5043 omnes quidem Angeli a principio aliquo modo cognoverunt; maxime ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5044 quo beatificati sunt visione verbi, quam Daemones nunquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5045 habuerunt. Non tamen omnes Angeli cognoverunt perfecte, neque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5046 aequaliter. Unde Daemones multo minus, Christo existente in mundo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5047 perfecte mysterium incarnationis cognoverunt. Non enim innotuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5048 eis, ut Augustinus dicit sicut Angelis sanctis, qui verbi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5049 participata aeternitate perfruuntur, sed sicut eis terrendis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5050 innotescendum fuit per quaedam temporalia effecta. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5051 perfecte et per certitudinem cognovissent ipsum esse filium Dei, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5052 effectum passionis eius, nunquam dominum gloriae crucifigi
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5053 procurassent.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="31130"><span class="ref">[31130] Iª q. 64 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5054 dicendum quod Daemones tribus modis cognoscunt veritatem aliquam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5055 Uno modo, subtilitate suae naturae, quia licet sint obtenebrati per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5056 privationem luminis gratiae, sunt tamen lucidi lumine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5057 intellectualis naturae. Secundo, per revelationem a sanctis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5058 Angelis; cum quibus non conveniunt quidem per conformitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5059 voluntatis; conveniunt autem similitudine intellectualis naturae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5060 secundum quam possunt accipere quod ab aliis manifestatur. Tertio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5061 modo cognoscunt per experientiam longi temporis; non quasi a sensu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5062 accipientes; sed dum in rebus singularibus completur similitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5063 eius speciei intelligibilis quam sibi naturaliter habent inditam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5064 aliqua cognoscunt praesentia, quae non praecognoverunt futura, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5065 supra de cognitione Angelorum dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 64 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31131"><span class="ref">[31131] Iª q. 64 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5066 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas Daemonum non sit obstinata in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5067 malo. Libertas enim arbitrii ad naturam intellectualis naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5068 pertinet, quae manet in Daemonibus, ut dictum est. Sed libertas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5069 arbitrii per se et prius ordinatur ad bonum quam ad malum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5070 voluntas Daemonis non est ita obstinata in malo, quin possit redire
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5071 ad bonum.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31132"><span class="ref">[31132] Iª q. 64 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, maior
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5072 est misericordia Dei, quae est infinita, quam Daemonis malitia,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5073 quae est finita. A malitia autem culpae ad bonitatem iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5074 nullus redit nisi per Dei misericordiam. Ergo etiam Daemones a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5075 statu malitiae possunt redire ad statum iustitiae.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31133"><span class="ref">[31133] Iª q. 64 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5076 Daemones habent voluntatem obstinatam in malo, maxime haberent eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5077 obstinatam in peccato quo peccaverunt. Sed illud peccatum in eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5078 nunc non manet, scilicet superbia quia nec motivum manet, scilicet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5079 excellentia. Ergo Daemon non est obstinatus in malitia.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="31134"><span class="ref">[31134] Iª q. 64 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5080 Gregorius dicit quod homo per alium reparari potuit, quia per alium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5081 cecidit. Sed Daemones inferiores per primum ceciderunt, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5082 dictum est. Ergo eorum casus per alium reparari potest. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5083 sunt in malitia obstinati.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="31135"><span class="ref">[31135] Iª q. 64 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5084 quicumque est in malitia obstinatus, nunquam aliquod bonum opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5085 operatur. Sed Daemon aliqua bona opera facit, confitetur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5086 veritatem, dicens Christo, scio quia sis sanctus Dei, Marc. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5087 Daemones etiam credunt et contremiscunt, ut dicitur Iacob. II;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5088 Dionysius etiam dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>bonum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5089 optimum concupiscunt, esse, vivere et intelligere</i>. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5090 sunt obstinati in malitia.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31136"><span class="ref">[31136] Iª q. 64 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5091 quod dicitur in Psalmo LXXIII, <i>superbia eorum qui te oderunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5092 ascendit semper</i>; quod de Daemonibus exponitur. Ergo semper
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5093 obstinati in malitia perseverant.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 2 co."><a name="31137"><span class="ref">[31137] Iª q. 64 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5094 quod Origenis positio fuit quod omnis voluntas creaturae, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5095 libertatem arbitrii, potest flecti et in bonum et in malum, excepta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5096 anima Christi propter unionem verbi. Sed haec positio tollit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5097 veritatem beatitudinis a sanctis Angelis et hominibus, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5098 stabilitas sempiterna est de ratione verae beatitudinis; unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5099 vita aeterna nominatur. Repugnat etiam auctoritati Scripturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5100 sacrae, quae Daemones et homines malos in supplicium aeternum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5101 mittendos, bonos autem in vitam aeternam transferendos pronuntiat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5102 Matth. XXV. Unde haec positio est tanquam erronea reputanda; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5103 tenendum est firmiter, secundum fidem Catholicam, quod et voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5104 bonorum Angelorum confirmata est in bono, et voluntas Daemonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5105 obstinata est in malo. Causam autem huius obstinationis oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5106 accipere, non ex gravitate culpae, sed ex conditione naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5107 status. <i>Hoc enim est hominibus mors, quod Angelis casus</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5108 Damascenus dicit. Manifestum est autem quod omnia mortalia peccata
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5109 hominum, sive sint magna sive sint parva, ante mortem sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5110 remissibilia; post mortem vero, irremissibilia, et perpetuo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5111 manentia. Ad inquirendum ergo causam huiusmodi obstinationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5112 considerandum est quod vis appetitiva in omnibus proportionatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5113 apprehensivae a qua movetur, sicut mobile motori. Appetitus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5114 sensitivus est boni particularis, voluntas vero universalis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5115 supra dictum est; sicut etiam sensus apprehensivus est singularium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5116 intellectus vero universalium. Differt autem apprehensio Angeli ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5117 apprehensione hominis in hoc, quod Angelus apprehendit immobiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5118 per intellectum, sicut et nos immobiliter apprehendimus prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5119 principia, quorum est intellectus, homo vero per rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5120 apprehendit mobiliter, discurrendo de uno ad aliud, habens viam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5121 procedendi ad utrumque oppositorum. Unde et voluntas hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5122 adhaeret alicui mobiliter, quasi potens etiam ab eo discedere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5123 contrario adhaerere, voluntas autem Angeli adhaeret fixe et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5124 immobiliter. Et ideo, si consideretur ante adhaesionem, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5125 libere adhaerere et huic et opposito (in his scilicet quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5126 naturaliter vult), sed postquam iam adhaesit, immobiliter adhaeret.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5127 Et ideo consuevit dici quod liberum arbitrium hominis flexibile est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5128 ad oppositum et ante electionem, et post; liberum autem arbitrium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5129 Angeli est flexibile ad utrumque oppositum ante electionem, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5130 post. Sic igitur et boni Angeli, semper adhaerentes iustitiae, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5131 in illa confirmati, mali vero, peccantes, sunt in peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5132 obstinati. De obstinatione vero hominum damnatorum infra
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5133 dicetur.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31138"><span class="ref">[31138] Iª q. 64 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5134 dicendum quod boni et mali Angeli habent liberum arbitrium, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5135 secundum modum et conditionem suae naturae, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31139"><span class="ref">[31139] Iª q. 64 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5136 dicendum quod misericordia Dei liberat a peccato poenitentes. Illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5137 vero qui poenitentiae capaces non sunt, immobiliter malo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5138 adhaerentes per divinam misericordiam non liberantur.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31140"><span class="ref">[31140] Iª q. 64 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5139 dicendum quod adhuc manet in Diabolo peccatum quo primo peccavit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5140 quantum ad appetitum; licet non quantum ad hoc quod credat se posse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5141 obtinere. Sicut si aliquis credat se posse facere homicidium, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5142 velit facere, et postea adimatur ei potestas; nihilominus voluntas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5143 homicidii in eo manere potest, ut velit fecisse, vel velit facere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5144 si posset.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="31141"><span class="ref">[31141] Iª q. 64 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5145 dicendum quod non est tota causa quare peccatum hominis sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5146 remissibile, quia alio suggerente peccavit. Et ideo ratio non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5147 sequitur.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="31142"><span class="ref">[31142] Iª q. 64 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5148 dicendum quod actus Daemonis est duplex. Quidam scilicet ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5149 voluntate deliberata procedens, et hic proprie potest dici actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5150 eius. Et talis actus Daemonis semper est malus, quia etsi aliquando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5151 aliquod bonum faciat, non tamen bene facit; sicut dum veritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5152 dicit ut decipiat, et dum non voluntarie credit et confitetur, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5153 rerum evidentia coactus. Alius autem actus Daemonis est naturalis;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5154 qui bonus esse potest, et attestatur bonitati naturae. Et tamen
53
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diff changeset
5155 etiam tali bono actu abutuntur ad malum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 64 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31143"><span class="ref">[31143] Iª q. 64 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5156 proceditur. Videtur quod dolor non sit in Daemonibus. Cum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5157 dolor et gaudium opponantur, non possunt esse simul in eodem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5158 in Daemonibus est gaudium, dicit enim Augustinus, contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5159 Manichaeos, <i>Diabolus potestatem habet in eos qui Dei praecepta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5160 contemnunt, et de hac tam infelici potestate laetatur</i>. Ergo in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5161 Daemonibus non est dolor.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31144"><span class="ref">[31144] Iª q. 64 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, dolor
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5162 est causa timoris, de his enim timemus dum futura sunt, de quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5163 dolemus dum praesentia sunt. Sed in Daemonibus non est timor;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5164 secundum illud Iob XLI, <i>factus est ut nullum timeret</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5165 in Daemonibus non est dolor.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31145"><span class="ref">[31145] Iª q. 64 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5166 dolere de malo est bonum. Sed Daemones non possunt bene facere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5167 Ergo non possunt dolere, ad minus de malo culpae; quod pertinet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5168 vermem conscientiae.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31146"><span class="ref">[31146] Iª q. 64 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5169 quod peccatum Daemonis est gravius quam peccatum hominis. Sed homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5170 punitur dolore pro delectatione peccati; secundum illud Apoc.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5171 XVIII, <i>quantum glorificavit se et in deliciis fuit, tantum date
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5172 ei tormentum et luctum</i>. Ergo multo magis Diabolus, qui maximo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5173 se glorificavit, punitur doloris luctu.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 3 co."><a name="31147"><span class="ref">[31147] Iª q. 64 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5174 quod timor, dolor, gaudium, et huiusmodi, secundum quod sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5175 passiones, in Daemonibus esse non possunt, sic enim sunt propriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5176 appetitus sensitivi, qui est virtus in organo corporali. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5177 secundum quod nominant simplices actus voluntatis, sic possunt esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5178 in Daemonibus. Et necesse est dicere quod in eis sit dolor. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5179 dolor, secundum quod significat simplicem actum voluntatis, nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5180 est aliud quam renisus voluntatis ad id quod est vel non est. Patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5181 autem quod Daemones multa vellent non esse quae sunt, et esse quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5182 non sunt, vellent enim, cum sint invidi, damnari eos qui salvantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5183 Unde oportet dicere quod in eis sit dolor, et praecipue quia de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5184 ratione poenae est, quod voluntati repugnet. Privantur etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5185 beatitudine quam naturaliter appetunt; et in multis eorum iniqua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5186 voluntas cohibetur.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31148"><span class="ref">[31148] Iª q. 64 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5187 dicendum quod gaudium et dolor de eodem sunt opposita, non autem de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5188 diversis. Unde nihil prohibet unum simul dolere de uno, et gaudere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5189 de alio; et maxime secundum quod dolor et gaudium important
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5190 simplices voluntatis actus; quia non solum in diversis, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5191 in una et eadem re potest esse aliquid quod volumus, et aliquid
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5192 quod nolumus.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31149"><span class="ref">[31149] Iª q. 64 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5193 dicendum quod sicut in Daemonibus est dolor de praesenti, ita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5194 timor de futuro. Quod autem dicitur, factus est ut nullum timeret,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5195 intelligitur de timore Dei cohibente a peccato. Alibi, namque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5196 scriptum est quod Daemones credunt et contremiscunt.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31150"><span class="ref">[31150] Iª q. 64 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5197 dicendum quod dolere de malo culpae propter se attestatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5198 voluntatis bonitati, cui malum culpae opponitur. Dolere autem de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5199 malo poenae, vel de malo culpae propter poenam, attestatur bonitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5200 naturae, cui malum poenae opponitur. Unde Augustinus dicit, XIX de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5201 Civ. Dei, quod <i>dolor amissi boni in supplicio, testis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5202 naturae bonae</i>. Daemon ergo, cum perversae sit voluntatis et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5203 obstinatae, de malo culpae non dolet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 64 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31151"><span class="ref">[31151] Iª q. 64 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5204 proceditur. Videtur quod aer iste non sit locus poenalis Daemonum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
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diff changeset
5205 Daemon enim est natura spiritualis. Natura autem spiritualis non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5206 afficitur loco. Ergo nullus locus est Daemonibus poenalis.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31152"><span class="ref">[31152] Iª q. 64 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5207 peccatum hominis non est gravius quam peccatum Daemonis. Sed locus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5208 poenalis hominis est Infernus. Ergo multo magis Daemonis. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5209 aer caliginosus.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31153"><span class="ref">[31153] Iª q. 64 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5210 Daemones puniuntur poena ignis. Sed in aere caliginoso non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5211 ignis. Ergo aer caliginosus non est locus poenae Daemonum.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31154"><span class="ref">[31154] Iª q. 64 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5212 quod Augustinus dicit, III super Gen. ad Litt., quod <i>aer
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5213 caliginosus est quasi carcer Daemonibus usque ad tempus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5214 iudicii</i>.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 4 co."><a name="31155"><span class="ref">[31155] Iª q. 64 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5215 quod Angeli, secundum suam naturam, medii sunt inter Deum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5216 homines. Habet autem hoc divinae providentiae ratio, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5217 inferiorum bonum per superiora procuret. Bonum autem hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5218 dupliciter procuratur per divinam providentiam. Uno modo directe,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5219 dum scilicet aliquis inducitur ad bonum et retrahitur a malo, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5220 hoc decenter fit per Angelos bonos. Alio modo indirecte, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5221 scilicet aliquis exercetur, impugnatus, per impugnationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5222 contrarii. Et hanc procurationem boni humani conveniens fuit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5223 malos Angelos fieri, ne totaliter post peccatum ab utilitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5224 naturalis ordinis exciderent. Sic ergo Daemonibus duplex locus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5225 poenalis debetur. Unus quidem ratione suae culpae, et hic est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5226 Infernus. Alius autem ratione exercitationis humanae, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5227 debetur eis caliginosus aer. Procuratio autem salutis humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5228 protenditur usque ad diem iudicii, unde et usque tunc durat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5229 ministerium Angelorum et exercitatio Daemonum. Unde et usque tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5230 et boni Angeli ad nos huc mittuntur, et Daemones in hoc aere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5231 caliginoso sunt ad nostrum exercitium, licet eorum aliqui etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5232 nunc in Inferno sint, ad torquendum eos quos ad malum induxerunt;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5233 sicut et aliquis boni Angeli sunt cum animabus sanctis in caelo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5234 Sed post diem iudicii omnes mali, tam homines quam Angeli, in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5235 Inferno erunt; boni vero in caelo.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31156"><span class="ref">[31156] Iª q. 64 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5236 dicendum quod locus non est poenalis Angelo aut animae, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5237 afficiens alterando naturam; sed quasi afficiens voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5238 contristando, dum Angelus vel anima apprehendit se esse in loco non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
5239 convenienti suae voluntati.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31157"><span class="ref">[31157] Iª q. 64 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5240 dicendum quod anima secundum ordinem naturae non praefertur alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5241 animae, sicut Daemones ordine naturae praeferuntur hominibus. Unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5242 non est similis ratio.</p><p title="I q. 64 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31158"><span class="ref">[31158] Iª q. 64 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5243 dicendum quod aliqui dixerunt usque ad diem iudicii differri poenam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5244 sensibilem tam Daemonum quam animarum, et similiter beatitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5245 sanctorum differri usque ad diem iudicii; quod est erroneum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5246 repugnans apostoli sententiae, qui dicit, II Cor. V, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5247 terrestris domus nostra huius habitationis dissolvatur, domum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5248 habemus in caelo</i>. Alii vero, licet hoc non concedant de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5249 animabus, concedunt tamen de Daemonibus. Sed melius est dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5250 quod idem iudicium sit de malis animabus et malis Angelis; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5251 idem iudicium est de bonis animabus et bonis Angelis. Unde dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5252 est quod, sicut locus caelestis pertinet ad gloriam Angelorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5253 tamen gloria eorum non minuitur cum ad nos veniunt, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5254 considerant illum locum esse suum (eo modo quo dicimus honorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5255 episcopi non minui dum actu non sedet in cathedra); similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5256 dicendum est quod Daemones licet non actu alligentur gehennali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5257 igni, dum sunt in aere isto caliginoso, tamen ex hoc ipso quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5258 sciunt illam alligationem sibi deberi, eorum poena non diminuitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5259 Unde dicitur in quadam Glossa Iacobi III, quod <i>portant secum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5260 ignem Gehennae quocumque vadant</i>. Nec est contra hoc, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5261 rogaverunt dominum ut non mitteret eos in abyssum, ut dicitur Lucae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5262 VIII, quia hoc petierunt reputantes sibi poenam, si excluderentur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5263 loco in quo possunt hominibus nocere. Unde Marci V, dicitur quod
53
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5264 <i>deprecabantur eum ne expelleret eos extra regionem</i>.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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diff changeset
5265 <p><a href="sth1044.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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diff changeset
5266 <a href="sth1065.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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diff changeset
5267 <br/>
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diff changeset
5268 <hr/>
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diff changeset
5269 <br/>
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diff changeset
5270 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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diff changeset
5271 hanc editionem<br/>
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diff changeset
5272 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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diff changeset
5273 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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diff changeset
5274 </div></body>
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diff changeset
5275 </html>