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annotate summa/latin/sth3183.html @ 100:eea25317dfad

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author ht
date Fri, 13 Feb 2015 14:54:33 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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6 <meta content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" name="generator"/>
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7 <meta content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
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8 <meta content="text/css" http-equiv="Content-Style-Type"/>
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9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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16 <link type="text/css" href="vscreen.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, IIª-IIae q.
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19 183-189</title>
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20 </head>
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21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione CLXXXIII
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22 ad CLXXXIX</div><div class="centro">
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23 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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24 <tr>
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25 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
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26 </tr>
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27 </table>
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28 <br/>
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29 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1899 editum<br/>
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30 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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31 magneticas<br/>
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32 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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33 <br/></span><br/>
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34 <hr/>
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35 <br/>
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36 <p><a href="sth3179.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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37 <a href="sth4000.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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38 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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39 //
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40 &lt;!--
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41 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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42 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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133 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46319"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 arg. 2');
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134 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46320"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 arg. 3');
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135 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46321"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 s. c.');
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136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46322"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 co.');
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137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46323"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 ad 1');
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138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46324"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 ad 2');
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139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46325"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46326"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46327"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46328"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46329"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46330"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46331"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 arg. 6');
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parents: 28
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146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46332"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46333"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 co.');
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parents: 28
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148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46334"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46335"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 ad 2');
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150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46336"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46337"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46338"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46339"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 ad 6');
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parents: 28
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154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46340"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46341"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46342"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46343"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46344"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46345"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46346"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46347"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46348"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46349"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46350"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46351"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46352"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46353"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46354"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46355"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46356"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46357"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46358"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46359"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46360"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46361"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46362"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46363"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46364"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46365"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46366"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46367"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46368"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46369"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46370"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46371"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46372"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46373"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46374"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46375"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46376"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46377"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46378"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46379"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
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194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46380"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46381"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46382"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46383"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46384"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46385"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46386"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46387"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
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202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46388"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46389"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46390"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46391"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46392"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46393"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46394"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46395"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 co.');
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parents: 28
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210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46396"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46397"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46398"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46399"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46400"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46401"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46402"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46403"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46404"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 co.');
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parents: 28
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46405"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46406"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46407"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46408"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 pr.');
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parents: 28
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223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46409"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46410"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46411"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46412"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46413"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46414"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46415"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46416"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46417"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46418"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46419"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46420"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46421"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46422"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46423"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46424"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46425"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46426"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46427"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46428"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46429"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46430"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46431"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46432"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 arg. 6');
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parents: 28
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247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46433"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46434"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46435"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46436"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46437"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46438"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46439"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 ad 5');
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254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46440"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 ad 6');
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parents: 28
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255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46441"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46442"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46443"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46444"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46445"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46446"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46447"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46448"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46449"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46450"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46451"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46452"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46453"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46454"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46455"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
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270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46456"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46457"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46458"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46459"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46460"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46461"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46462"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46463"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46464"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46465"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46466"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46467"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46468"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46469"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46470"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46471"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46472"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46473"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46474"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 co.');
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parents: 28
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289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46475"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46476"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46477"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46478"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46479"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46480"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46481"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46482"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46483"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 co.');
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parents: 28
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298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46484"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46485"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46486"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46487"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46488"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46489"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46490"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46491"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46492"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46493"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46494"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46495"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46496"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46497"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46498"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46499"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 co.');
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parents: 28
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314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46500"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46501"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46502"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46503"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46504"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46505"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46506"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46507"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46508"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46509"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46510"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46511"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46512"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46513"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46514"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46515"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46516"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46517"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46518"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46519"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46520"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46521"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46522"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46523"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46524"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46525"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46526"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46527"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46528"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46529"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46530"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46531"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46532"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46533"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46534"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46535"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46536"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46537"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46538"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46539"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46540"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46541"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46542"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46543"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46544"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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359 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46545"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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360 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46546"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46547"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46548"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46549"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46550"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
365 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46551"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46552"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46553"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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368 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46554"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46555"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46556"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46557"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46558"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46559"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46560"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46561"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46562"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46563"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
378 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46564"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
379 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46565"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
380 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46566"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
381 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46567"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
382 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46568"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
383 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46569"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
384 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46570"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
385 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46571"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
386 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46572"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
387 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46573"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
388 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46574"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
389 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46575"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
390 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46576"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
391 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46577"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
392 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46578"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
393 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46579"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46580"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
395 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46581"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
396 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46582"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
397 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46583"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
398 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46584"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
399 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46585"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
400 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46586"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
401 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46587"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
402 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46588"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
403 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46589"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
404 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46590"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
405 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46591"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
406 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46592"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
407 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46593"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
408 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46594"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
409 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46595"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
410 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46596"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
411 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46597"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
412 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46598"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
413 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46599"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
414 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46600"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
415 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46601"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
416 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46602"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
417 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46603"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
418 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46604"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
419 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46605"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
420 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46606"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
421 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46607"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
422 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46608"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
423 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46609"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
424 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46610"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
425 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46611"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
426 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46612"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
427 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46613"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
428 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46614"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
429 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46615"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
430 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46616"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
431 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46617"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
432 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46618"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
433 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46619"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
434 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46620"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
435 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46621"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
436 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46622"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
437 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46623"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
438 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46624"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
439 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46625"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
440 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46626"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
441 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46627"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
442 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46628"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
443 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46629"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
444 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46630"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
445 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46631"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
446 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46632"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
447 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46633"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
448 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46634"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
449 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46635"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
450 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46636"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
451 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46637"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
452 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46638"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
453 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46639"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
454 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46640"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
455 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46641"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
456 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46642"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
457 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46643"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
458 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46644"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
459 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46645"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
460 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46646"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
461 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46647"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
462 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46648"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
463 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46649"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
464 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46650"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
465 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46651"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
466 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46652"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
467 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46653"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
468 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46654"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
469 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46655"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
470 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46656"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
471 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46657"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
472 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46658"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
473 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46659"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
474 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46660"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
475 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46661"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
476 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46662"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
477 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46663"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
478 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46664"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
479 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46665"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
480 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46666"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
481 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46667"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
482 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46668"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
483 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46669"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
484 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46670"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
485 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46671"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
486 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46672"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
487 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46673"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
488 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46674"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
489 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46675"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
490 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46676"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
491 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46677"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
492 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46678"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
493 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46679"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
494 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46680"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
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512 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46698"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 6 ad 2');
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513 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46699"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 6 ad 3');
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514 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46700"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 arg. 1');
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515 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46701"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 arg. 2');
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516 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46702"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 arg. 3');
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517 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46703"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 s. c.');
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518 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46704"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 co.');
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519 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46705"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 ad 1');
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520 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46706"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 ad 2');
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521 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46707"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 arg. 1');
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522 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46708"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 arg. 2');
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523 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46709"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 arg. 3');
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524 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46710"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 s. c.');
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525 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46711"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 co.');
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526 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46712"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 ad 1');
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527 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46713"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 ad 2');
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528 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46714"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 ad 3');
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529 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46715"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 arg. 1');
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530 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46716"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 arg. 2');
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531 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46717"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 arg. 3');
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532 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46718"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 s. c.');
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533 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46719"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 co.');
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534 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46720"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 ad 1');
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535 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46721"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 ad 2');
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536 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46722"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 ad 3');
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537 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46723"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 arg. 1');
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538 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46724"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 arg. 2');
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539 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46725"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 arg. 3');
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540 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46726"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 s. c.');
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541 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46727"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 co.');
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542 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46728"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 ad 1');
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543 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46729"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 ad 2');
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544 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#46730"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 ad 3');
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545 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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546 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
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547 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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548 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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549 // --&gt;
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550 //
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551 </script><br/>
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552 <hr/>
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553 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q183"><h2>Quaestio 183</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 183 pr."><a name="46236"><span class="ref">[46236] IIª-IIae, q. 183 pr.</span></a> Consequenter
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554 considerandum est de diversitate statuum et officiorum humanorum.
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555 Et primo considerandum est de officiis et statibus hominum in
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556 generali; secundo, specialiter de statu perfectorum. Circa primum
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557 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, quid faciat in hominibus statum.
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558 Secundo, utrum in hominibus debeant esse diversi status, sive
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559 diversa officia. Tertio, de differentia officiorum. Quarto, de
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560 differentia statuum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="46237"><span class="ref">[46237] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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561 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod status in sui ratione non
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562 importet conditionem libertatis vel servitutis. Status enim a
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563 stando dicitur. Sed stare dicitur aliquis ratione rectitudinis,
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564 unde dicitur Ezech. II, fili hominis, sta super pedes tuos; et
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565 Gregorius dicit, in VII Moral., ab <i>omni statu rectitudinis
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566 dispereunt qui per noxia verba dilabuntur</i> sed rectitudinem
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567 spiritualem acquirit homo per hoc quod subiicit suam voluntatem
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568 Deo, unde super illud Psalmi, rectos decet collaudatio, dicit
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569 Glossa, <i>recti sunt qui dirigunt cor suum secundum voluntatem
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570 Dei</i>. Ergo videtur quod sola obedientia divinorum mandatorum
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571 sufficiat ad rationem status.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="46238"><span class="ref">[46238] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
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572 Praeterea, nomen status immobilitatem importare videtur, secundum
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573 illud I ad Cor. XV, stabiles estote et immobiles. Unde Gregorius
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574 dicit, super Ezech., <i>lapis quadrus est, et quasi ex omni latere
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575 statum habet, qui casum in aliqua permutatione non habet</i>. Sed
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576 virtus est quae facit immobiliter operari, ut dicitur in II Ethic.
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577 Ergo videtur quod ex omni operatione virtuosa aliquis statum
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578 nanciscatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="46239"><span class="ref">[46239] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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579 Praeterea, nomen status videtur ad quandam altitudinem pertinere,
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580 nam ex hoc aliquis stat quod in altum erigitur. Sed per diversa
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581 officia aliquis fit altior altero. Similiter etiam per gradus vel
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582 ordines diversos diversimode homines in quadam altitudine
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583 constituuntur. Ergo sola diversitas graduum vel ordinum vel
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584 officiorum sufficit ad diversificandum statum.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 1 s. c."><a name="46240"><span class="ref">[46240] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
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585 contra est quod in decretis, Caus. II, qu. VI, dicitur, <i>si
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586 quando in causa capitali vel causa status interpellatum fuerit non
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587 per exploratores, sed per seipsos est agendum</i>, ubi causa status
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588 appellatur pertinens ad libertatem vel ad servitutem. Ergo videtur
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589 quod non variet statum hominis nisi id quod pertinet ad libertatem
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590 vel servitutem.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 1 co."><a name="46241"><span class="ref">[46241] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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591 dicendum quod status, proprie loquendo, significat quandam
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592 positionis differentiam secundum quam aliquis disponitur secundum
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593 modum suae naturae, cum quadam immobilitate. Est enim naturale
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594 homini ut caput eius in superiora tendat, et pedes in terra
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595 firmentur, et cetera membra media convenienti ordine disponantur,
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596 quod quidem non accidit si homo iaceat vel sedeat vel accumbat, sed
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597 solum quando erectus stat. Nec rursus stare dicitur si moveatur,
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598 sed quando quiescit. Et inde est quod etiam in ipsis humanis
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599 actionibus dicitur negotium aliquem statum habere secundum ordinem
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600 propriae dispositionis, cum quadam immobilitate seu quiete. Unde et
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601 circa homines, ea quae de facili circa eos variantur et extrinseca
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602 sunt, non constituunt statum, puta quod aliquis sit dives vel
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603 pauper, in dignitate constitutus vel plebeius, vel si quid aliud
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604 est huiusmodi, unde et in iure civili dicitur quod ei qui a senatu
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605 amovetur, magis dignitas quam status aufertur. Sed solum illud
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606 videtur ad statum hominis pertinere quod respicit obligationem
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607 personae hominis, prout scilicet aliquis est sui iuris vel alieni,
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608 et hoc non ex aliqua causa levi vel de facili mutabili, sed ex
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609 aliquo permanente. Et hoc est quod pertinet ad rationem libertatis
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610 vel servitutis. Unde status pertinet proprie ad libertatem vel
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611 servitutem, sive in spiritualibus sive in civilibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="46242"><span class="ref">[46242] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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612 ergo dicendum quod rectitudo, inquantum huiusmodi, non pertinet ad
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613 rationem status, sed solum inquantum est connaturalis homini, simul
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614 addita quadam quiete. Unde in aliis animalibus non requiritur
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615 rectitudo ad hoc quod stare dicantur. Nec etiam homines stare
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616 dicuntur, quantumcumque sint recti, nisi quiescant.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="46243"><span class="ref">[46243] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
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617 secundum dicendum quod immobilitas non sufficit ad rationem status.
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618 Nam etiam sedens et iacens quiescunt, qui tamen non dicuntur
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619 stare.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="46244"><span class="ref">[46244] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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620 dicendum quod officium dicitur per comparationem ad actum; gradus
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621 autem dicitur secundum ordinem superioritatis et inferioritatis;
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622 sed ad statum requiritur immobilitas in eo quod pertinet ad
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623 conditionem personae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="46245"><span class="ref">[46245] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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624 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in Ecclesia non debeat esse
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625 diversitas officiorum vel statuum. Diversitas enim unitati
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626 repugnat. Sed fideles Christi ad unitatem vocantur, secundum illud
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627 Ioan. XVII, <i>ut sint unum in nobis, sicut et nos unum sumus</i>.
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628 Ergo in Ecclesia non debet esse diversitas officiorum vel
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629 statuum.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="46246"><span class="ref">[46246] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
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630 Praeterea, natura non facit per multa quod potest per unum facere.
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631 Sed operatio gratiae est multo ordinatior quam operatio naturae.
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632 Ergo convenientius esset quod ea quae pertinent ad actus gratiae,
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633 per eosdem homines administrarentur, ita ut non esset in Ecclesia
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634 diversitas officiorum et statuum.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="46247"><span class="ref">[46247] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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635 Praeterea, bonum Ecclesiae maxime videtur in pace consistere,
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diff changeset
636 secundum illud Psalmi, qui posuit fines tuos pacem. Et II ad Cor.
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diff changeset
637 ult. dicitur, <i>pacem habete, et Deus pacis erit vobiscum</i>. Sed
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diff changeset
638 diversitas est impeditiva pacis, quam similitudo causare videtur,
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diff changeset
639 secundum illud Eccli. XIII, <i>omne animal diligit simile sibi</i>.
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diff changeset
640 Et philosophus dicit, in VII Polit., quod modica differentia facit
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diff changeset
641 in civitate dissidium. Ergo videtur quod non oporteat in Ecclesia
53
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642 esse diversitatem statuum et officiorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 2 s. c."><a name="46248"><span class="ref">[46248] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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643 contra est quod in Psalmo in laudem Ecclesiae dicitur quod est
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diff changeset
644 circumamicta varietate, ubi dicit Glossa quod <i>doctrina
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diff changeset
645 apostolorum, et confessione martyrum, et puritate virginum et
53
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646 lamento poenitentium, ornatur regina</i>, idest Ecclesia.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 2 co."><a name="46249"><span class="ref">[46249] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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647 dicendum quod diversitas statuum et officiorum in Ecclesia ad tria
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648 pertinet. Primo quidem, ad perfectionem ipsius Ecclesiae. Sicut
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diff changeset
649 enim in rerum naturalium ordine perfectio, quae in Deo simpliciter
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650 et uniformiter invenitur, in universitate creaturarum inveniri non
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651 potuit nisi difformiter et multipliciter ita etiam plenitudo
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diff changeset
652 gratiae, quae in Christo sicut in capite adunatur, ad membra eius
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diff changeset
653 diversimode redundat, ad hoc quod corpus Ecclesiae sit perfectum.
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654 Et hoc est quod apostolus dicit, ad Ephes. IV, <i>ipse dedit
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diff changeset
655 quosdam quidem apostolos, quosdam autem prophetas, alios vero
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diff changeset
656 Evangelistas, alios autem pastores et doctores, ad consummationem
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diff changeset
657 sanctorum</i>. Secundo autem pertinet ad necessitatem actionum quae
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diff changeset
658 sunt in Ecclesia necessariae. Oportet autem ad diversas actiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
659 diversos homines deputari, ad hoc quod expeditius et sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
660 confusione omnia peragantur. Et hoc est quod apostolus dicit, Rom.
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diff changeset
661 XII, <i>sicut in uno corpore multa membra habemus, omnia autem
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diff changeset
662 membra non eundem actum habent, ita multi unum corpus sumus in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
663 Christo</i>. Tertio hoc pertinet ad dignitatem et pulchritudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
664 Ecclesiae, quae in quodam ordine consistit. Unde dicitur III Reg.
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diff changeset
665 X, quod <i>videns regina Saba omnem sapientiam Salomonis, et
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diff changeset
666 habitacula servorum et ordines ministrantium, non habebat ultra
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diff changeset
667 spiritum</i>. Unde et apostolus dicit, II ad Tim. II, quod <i>in
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diff changeset
668 magna domo non solum sunt vasa aurea et argentea, sed et lignea et
53
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diff changeset
669 fictilia</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="46250"><span class="ref">[46250] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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670 ergo dicendum quod diversitas statuum et officiorum non impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
671 Ecclesiae unitatem, quae perficitur per unitatem fidei et caritatis
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diff changeset
672 et mutuae subministrationis, secundum illud apostoli, ad Ephes. IV,
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diff changeset
673 ex quo totum corpus est compactum, scilicet per fidem, et connexum,
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diff changeset
674 scilicet per caritatem, per omnem iuncturam subministrationis, dum
53
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diff changeset
675 scilicet unus alii servit.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="46251"><span class="ref">[46251] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
676 secundum dicendum quod sicut natura non facit per multa quod potest
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diff changeset
677 facere per unum, ita etiam non coarctat in unum id ad quod multa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
678 requiruntur, secundum illud apostoli, I ad Cor. XII, <i>si totum
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diff changeset
679 corpus oculus, ubi auditus?</i> Unde et in Ecclesia, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
680 corpus Christi, oportuit membra diversificari secundum diversa
53
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diff changeset
681 officia, status et gradus.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="46252"><span class="ref">[46252] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
682 dicendum quod sicut in corpore naturali membra diversa continentur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
683 in unitate per virtutem spiritus vivificantis quo abscedente membra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
684 corporis separantur; ita etiam in corpore Ecclesiae conservatur pax
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 diversorum membrorum virtute spiritus sancti, qui corpus Ecclesiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
686 vivificat, ut habetur Ioan. VI. Unde apostolus dicit, Ephes. IV,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
687 <i>solliciti servare unitatem spiritus in vinculo pacis</i>.
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diff changeset
688 Discedit autem aliquis ab hac unitate spiritus dum quaerit quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
689 sibi sunt propria, sicut etiam in terrena civitate pax tollitur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
690 hoc quod cives singuli quae sua sunt quaerunt. Alioquin, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 officiorum et statuum distinctionem tam mentis quam in civitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 terrena magis pax conservatur, inquantum per haec plures sunt qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
693 communicant actibus publicis. Unde et apostolus dicit, I ad Cor.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
694 XII, quod <i>Deus sic temperavit ut non sit schisma in corpore, sed
53
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diff changeset
695 pro invicem sollicita sint membra</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="46253"><span class="ref">[46253] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod officia non distinguantur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 actus. Sunt enim infinitae diversitates humanorum actuum, tam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
698 spiritualibus quam in temporalibus. Sed infinitorum non potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
699 certa distinctio. Ergo per diversitates actuum non potest esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
700 humanorum officiorum certa distinctio.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="46254"><span class="ref">[46254] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 Praeterea, vita activa et contemplativa secundum actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 distinguuntur, ut dictum est. Sed alia videtur esse distinctio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
703 officiorum a distinctione vitarum. Non ergo officia distinguuntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
704 per actus.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="46255"><span class="ref">[46255] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 Praeterea, ordines etiam ecclesiastici et status et gradus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 actus distingui videntur. Si ergo officia distinguantur per actus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
707 videtur sequi quod eadem sit distinctio officiorum, graduum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 statuum. Hoc autem est falsum, quia diversimode in suas partes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 dividuntur. Non ergo videtur quod officia distinguantur per
53
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diff changeset
710 actus.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 3 s. c."><a name="46256"><span class="ref">[46256] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 contra est quod Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., quod <i>officium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
712 ab efficiendo est dictum, quasi efficium, propter decorem sermonis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
713 una mutata littera</i>. Sed efficere pertinet ad actionem. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
714 officia per actus distinguuntur.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 3 co."><a name="46257"><span class="ref">[46257] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, diversitas in membris Ecclesiae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 tria ordinatur, scilicet ad perfectionem, actionem et decorem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
717 secundum haec tria triplex distinctio diversitatis fidelium accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 potest. Una quidem per respectum ad perfectionem. Et secundum hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
719 accipitur differentia statuum, prout quidam sunt aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
720 perfectiores. Alia vero distinctio accipitur per respectum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
721 actionem. Et haec est distinctio officiorum, dicuntur enim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
722 diversis officiis esse qui sunt ad diversas actiones deputati. Alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
723 autem, per respectum ad ordinem pulchritudinis ecclesiasticae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
724 secundum hoc accipitur differentia graduum, prout scilicet, etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
725 in eodem statu vel officio, unus est alio superior. Unde et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
726 Psalmo dicitur, secundum aliam litteram, <i>Deus in gradibus eius
53
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diff changeset
727 cognoscetur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="46258"><span class="ref">[46258] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
728 ergo dicendum quod materialis diversitas humanorum actuum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 infinita. Et secundum hanc non distinguuntur officia, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 formalem diversitatem, quae accipitur secundum diversas species
53
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diff changeset
731 actuum; secundum quam actus hominis non sunt infiniti.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="46259"><span class="ref">[46259] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
732 secundum dicendum quod vita dicitur absolute. Et ideo diversitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
733 vitarum accipitur secundum diversos actus qui conveniunt homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 secundum seipsum. Sed efficientia, a qua sumitur nomen officii, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
735 dictum est, importat actionem tendentem in aliud, ut dicitur in IX
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parents: 26
diff changeset
736 Metaphys. Et ideo officia distinguuntur proprie secundum actus qui
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diff changeset
737 referuntur ad alios, sicut dicitur doctor habere officium, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 iudex, et sic de aliis. Et ideo Isidorus dicit quod officium est ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
739 quisque illa agat quae nulli officiant, id est noceant, sed prosint
53
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diff changeset
740 omnibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="46260"><span class="ref">[46260] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
741 dicendum quod diversitas statuum, officiorum et graduum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
742 diversa sumitur, ut dictum est. Contingit tamen quod ista tria in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
743 eodem concurrant, puta, cum aliquis deputatur ad aliquem actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
744 altiorem, simul ex hoc habet et officium et gradum; et ulterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
745 quandoque perfectionis statum, propter actus sublimitatem sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 patet de episcopo. Ordines autem ecclesiastici specialiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
747 distinguuntur secundum officia divina, dicit enim Isidorus, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
748 libro Etymol., <i>officiorum plurima genera sunt, sed praecipuum
53
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diff changeset
749 illud est quod in sacris divinisque rebus habetur</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="46261"><span class="ref">[46261] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
750 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod differentia statuum non
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diff changeset
751 attendatur secundum incipientes, proficientes et perfectos.
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diff changeset
752 Diversorum enim diversae sunt species et differentiae. Sed secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
753 hanc differentiam inchoationis, profectus et perfectionis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
754 dividuntur gradus caritatis, ut supra habitum est, cum de caritate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
755 ageretur. Ergo videtur quod secundum hoc non sit accipienda
53
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diff changeset
756 differentia statuum.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="46262"><span class="ref">[46262] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
757 Praeterea, status, sicut dictum est, respicit conditionem
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diff changeset
758 servitutis vel libertatis. Ad quam non videtur pertinere praedicta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 differentia incipientium, proficientium et perfectorum. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
760 inconvenienter status per ista dividitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="46263"><span class="ref">[46263] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 Praeterea, incipientes, proficientes et perfecti distingui videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
762 secundum magis et minus, quod videtur magis pertinere ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
763 gradus. Sed alia est divisio graduum et statuum, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
764 est. Non ergo convenienter dividitur status secundum incipientes,
53
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diff changeset
765 proficientes et perfectos.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 4 s. c."><a name="46264"><span class="ref">[46264] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
766 contra est quod Gregorius dicit, in Moral., <i>tres sunt modi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
767 conversorum, inchoatio, medietas atque perfectio</i>. Et super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 Ezech. dicit quod <i>alia sunt virtutis exordia, aliud profectus,
53
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diff changeset
769 aliud perfectio</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 4 co."><a name="46265"><span class="ref">[46265] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
770 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, status libertatem respicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 vel servitutem. Invenitur autem in rebus spiritualibus duplex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
772 servitus et duplex libertas. Una quidem est servitus peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 altera vero est servitus iustitiae; similiter etiam est duplex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 libertas, una quidem a peccato, alia vero a iustitia; ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
775 apostolum, qui dicit, Rom. VI, <i>cum servi essetis peccati, liberi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
776 fuistis iustitiae, nunc autem, liberati a peccato, servi estis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 facti Deo</i>. Est autem servitus peccati vel iustitiae, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
778 aliquis vel ex habitu peccati ad malum inclinatur, vel ex habitu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 iustitiae ad bonum. Similiter etiam libertas a peccato est cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 aliquis ab inclinatione peccati non superatur, libertas autem a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
781 iustitia est cum aliquis propter amorem iustitiae non retardatur a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
782 malo. Veruntamen, quia homo secundum naturalem rationem ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 iustitiam inclinatur, peccatum autem est contra naturalem rationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 consequens est quod libertas a peccato sit vera libertas, quae
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diff changeset
785 coniungitur servituti iustitiae, quia per utrumque tendit homo in
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diff changeset
786 id quod est conveniens sibi. Et similiter vera servitus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 servitus peccati, cui coniungitur libertas a iustitia, quia
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diff changeset
788 scilicet per hoc homo impeditur ab eo quod est proprium sibi. Hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
789 autem quod homo efficiatur servus iustitiae vel peccati, contingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
790 per humanum studium, sicut apostolus ibidem dicit, <i>cui exhibetis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
791 vos servos ad obediendum, servi eius estis cui obedistis, sive
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diff changeset
792 peccati, ad mortem; sive obeditionis, ad iustitiam</i>. In omni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 autem humano studio est accipere principium, medium et terminum. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 ideo consequens est quod status spiritualis servitutis et
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diff changeset
795 libertatis secundum tria distinguatur, scilicet secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 principium, ad quod pertinet status incipientium; et medium, ad
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diff changeset
797 quod pertinet status proficientium; et terminum, ad quem pertinet
53
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diff changeset
798 status perfectorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="46266"><span class="ref">[46266] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
799 ergo dicendum quod libertas a peccato fit per caritatem, quae
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diff changeset
800 diffunditur in cordibus nostris per spiritum sanctum, ut dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
801 Rom. V, et inde est quod dicitur II ad Cor. III, <i>ubi spiritus
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diff changeset
802 domini, ibi libertas</i>. Et ideo eadem est divisio caritatis, et
53
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diff changeset
803 statuum pertinentium ad spiritualem libertatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="46267"><span class="ref">[46267] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
804 secundum dicendum quod incipientes, proficientes et perfecti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 secundum quod per hoc status diversi distinguuntur, dicuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 homines non secundum quodcumque studium, sed secundum studium eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 quae pertinent ad spiritualem libertatem vel servitutem, ut dictum
53
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diff changeset
808 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 183 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="46268"><span class="ref">[46268] IIª-IIae, q. 183 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
809 dicendum quod, sicut prius dictum est, nihil prohibet in idem
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diff changeset
810 concurrere gradum et statum. Nam et in rebus mundanis illi qui sunt
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diff changeset
811 liberi non solum sunt alterius status quam servi, sed etiam sunt
53
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diff changeset
812 altioris gradus.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q184"><h2>Quaestio 184</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 184 pr."><a name="46269"><span class="ref">[46269] IIª-IIae, q. 184 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
813 considerandum est de his quae pertinent ad statum perfectionis, ad
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diff changeset
814 quem alii status ordinantur. Nam consideratio officiorum, quantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 quidem ad alios actus, pertinet ad legispositores; quantum autem ad
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diff changeset
816 sacra ministeria, pertinet ad considerationem ordinum, de quibus in
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diff changeset
817 tertia parte agetur. Circa statum autem perfectorum triplex
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diff changeset
818 consideratio occurrit, primo quidem, de statu perfectionis in
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diff changeset
819 communi; secundo, de his quae pertinent ad perfectionem
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diff changeset
820 episcoporum; tertio, de his quae pertinent ad perfectionem
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diff changeset
821 religiosorum. Circa primum quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum perfectio
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diff changeset
822 attendatur secundum caritatem. Secundo, utrum aliquis possit esse
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diff changeset
823 perfectus in hac vita. Tertio, utrum perfectio huius vitae
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diff changeset
824 consistat principaliter in consiliis, vel in praeceptis. Quarto,
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diff changeset
825 utrum quicumque est perfectus, sit in statu perfectionis. Quinto,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
826 utrum praelati et religiosi specialiter sint in statu perfectionis.
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diff changeset
827 Sexto, utrum omnes praelati sint in statu perfectionis. Septimo,
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diff changeset
828 quis status sit perfectior, utrum religiosorum vel episcoporum.
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diff changeset
829 Octavo, de comparatione religiosorum ad plebanos et
53
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diff changeset
830 archidiaconos.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="46270"><span class="ref">[46270] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
831 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod perfectio Christianae vitae non
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diff changeset
832 attendatur specialiter secundum caritatem. Dicit enim apostolus, I
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diff changeset
833 ad Cor. XIV, <i>malitia autem parvuli estote, sensibus autem
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diff changeset
834 perfecti</i>. Sed caritas non pertinet ad sensum, sed magis ad
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diff changeset
835 affectum. Ergo videtur quod perfectio Christianae vitae non
53
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diff changeset
836 consistat principaliter in caritate.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="46271"><span class="ref">[46271] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
837 Praeterea, ad Ephes. ult. dicitur, <i>accipite armaturam Dei, ut
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diff changeset
838 possitis resistere in die malo, et in omnibus perfecti stare</i>.
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diff changeset
839 De armatura autem Dei subiungit dicens, <i>state succincti lumbos
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diff changeset
840 vestros in veritate, et induite loricam iustitiae, in omnibus
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diff changeset
841 sumentes scutum fidei</i>. Ergo perfectio Christianae vitae non
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diff changeset
842 solum attenditur secundum caritatem, sed etiam secundum alias
53
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diff changeset
843 virtutes.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="46272"><span class="ref">[46272] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
844 Praeterea, virtutes specificantur per actus, sicut et alii habitus.
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diff changeset
845 Sed Iac. I dicitur quod patientia opus perfectum habet. Ergo
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846 videtur quod status perfectionis attendatur magis secundum
53
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diff changeset
847 patientiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 1 s. c."><a name="46273"><span class="ref">[46273] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
848 contra est quod dicitur ad Coloss. III, <i>super omnia, caritatem
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diff changeset
849 habete, quae est vinculum perfectionis</i>, quia scilicet omnes
53
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diff changeset
850 alias virtutes quodammodo ligat in unitatem perfectam.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 1 co."><a name="46274"><span class="ref">[46274] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
851 dicendum quod unumquodque dicitur esse perfectum inquantum attingit
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diff changeset
852 proprium finem, qui est ultima rei perfectio. Caritas autem est
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diff changeset
853 quae unit nos Deo, qui est ultimus finis humanae mentis, <i>quia
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diff changeset
854 qui manet in caritate, in Deo manet, et Deus in eo</i>, ut dicitur
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diff changeset
855 I Ioan. IV. Et ideo secundum caritatem specialiter attenditur
53
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diff changeset
856 perfectio vitae Christianae.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="46275"><span class="ref">[46275] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
857 ergo dicendum quod perfectio humanorum sensuum praecipue in hoc
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diff changeset
858 videtur consistere ut in unitatem veritatis conveniant, secundum
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diff changeset
859 illud I ad Cor. I, <i>sitis perfecti in eodem sensu et in eadem
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diff changeset
860 scientia</i>. Hoc autem fit per caritatem, quae consensum in
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diff changeset
861 hominibus operatur. Et ideo etiam perfectio sensuum radicaliter in
53
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diff changeset
862 perfectione caritatis radicatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="46276"><span class="ref">[46276] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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863 secundum dicendum quod dupliciter potest dici aliquis perfectus.
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diff changeset
864 Uno modo, simpliciter, quae quidem perfectio attenditur secundum id
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diff changeset
865 quod pertinet ad ipsam rei naturam; puta si dicatur animal
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diff changeset
866 perfectum quando nihil ei deficit ex dispositione membrorum, et
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diff changeset
867 aliis huiusmodi quae requiruntur ad vitam animalis. Alio modo
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diff changeset
868 dicitur aliquid perfectum secundum quid, quae quidem perfectio
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diff changeset
869 attenditur secundum aliquid exterius adiacens, puta in albedine vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 nigredine, vel aliquo huiusmodi. Vita autem Christiana specialiter
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diff changeset
871 in caritate consistit, per quam anima Deo coniungitur, unde dicitur
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diff changeset
872 I Ioan. III, qui non diligit, manet in morte. Et ideo secundum
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diff changeset
873 caritatem simpliciter attenditur perfectio Christianae vitae, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 secundum alias virtutes secundum quid. Et quia id quod est
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diff changeset
875 simpliciter est principium et maximum respectu aliorum, inde est
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diff changeset
876 quod perfectio caritatis est principium respectu perfectionis quae
53
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diff changeset
877 attenditur secundum alias virtutes.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="46277"><span class="ref">[46277] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
878 dicendum quod patientia dicitur habere opus perfectum in ordine ad
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diff changeset
879 caritatem, inquantum scilicet ex abundantia caritatis provenit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 aliquis patienter toleret adversa, secundum illud Rom. VIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
881 <i>quis nos separabit a caritate Dei? Tribulatio? An angustia?</i>
53
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diff changeset
882 et cetera.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="46278"><span class="ref">[46278] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
883 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod nullus in hac vita possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 esse perfectus. Dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor. XIII, <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
885 venerit quod perfectum est, evacuabitur quod ex parte est</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
886 in hac vita non evacuatur quod ex parte est, manet enim in hac vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
887 fides et spes, quae sunt ex parte. Ergo nullus in hac vita est
53
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diff changeset
888 perfectus.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="46279"><span class="ref">[46279] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 <i>Praeterea, perfectum est cui nihil deest</i>, ut dicitur in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
890 Physic. Sed nullus est in hac vita cui non desit aliquid, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
891 enim Iac. III, in multis offendimus omnes; et in Psalmo dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
892 imperfectum meum viderunt oculi tui. Ergo nullus est in hac vita
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
893 perfectus.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="46280"><span class="ref">[46280] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
894 Praeterea, perfectio vitae Christianae, sicut dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 attenditur secundum caritatem, quae sub se comprehendit dilectionem
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diff changeset
896 Dei et proximi. Sed quantum ad dilectionem Dei, non potest aliquis
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diff changeset
897 perfectam caritatem in hac vita habere, quia, ut Gregorius dicit,
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diff changeset
898 super Ezech., <i>amoris ignis, qui hic ardere inchoat, cum ipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 quem amat viderit, in amorem ipsius amplius ignescit</i>. Neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
900 etiam quantum ad dilectionem proximi, quia non possumus in hac vita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 omnes proximos actualiter diligere, etsi habitualiter eos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 diligamus; dilectio autem habitualis imperfecta est. Ergo videtur
53
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diff changeset
903 quod nullus in hac vita possit esse perfectus.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 2 s. c."><a name="46281"><span class="ref">[46281] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
904 contra est quia lex divina non inducit ad impossibile. Inducit
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diff changeset
905 autem ad perfectionem secundum illud Matth. V, <i>estote perfecti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
906 sicut et pater vester caelestis perfectus est</i>. Ergo videtur
53
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diff changeset
907 quod aliquis in hac vita possit esse perfectus.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 2 co."><a name="46282"><span class="ref">[46282] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
908 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, perfectio Christianae vitae in
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diff changeset
909 caritate consistit. Importat autem perfectio quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 universalitatem, quia, ut dicitur in III Physic., perfectum est cui
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diff changeset
911 nihil deest, potest ergo triplex perfectio considerari. Una quidem
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diff changeset
912 absoluta, quae attenditur non solum secundum totalitatem ex parte
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diff changeset
913 diligentis, sed etiam ex parte diligibilis, prout scilicet Deus
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diff changeset
914 tantum diligitur quantum diligibilis est. Et talis perfectio non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 est possibilis alicui creaturae, sed competit soli Deo, in quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 bonum integraliter et essentialiter invenitur. Alia autem est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 perfectio quae attenditur secundum totalitatem absolutam ex parte
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diff changeset
918 diligentis, prout scilicet affectus secundum totum suum posse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 semper actualiter tendit in Deum. Et talis perfectio non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
920 possibilis in via, sed erit in patria. Tertia autem perfectio est,
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diff changeset
921 quae neque attenditur secundum totalitatem ex parte diligibilis,
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diff changeset
922 neque secundum totalitatem ex parte diligentis quantum ad hoc quod
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diff changeset
923 semper actu feratur in Deum, sed quantum ad hoc quod excludantur ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 quae repugnant motui dilectionis in Deum; sicut Augustinus dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 in libro octogintatrium quaest., quod <i>venenum caritatis est
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diff changeset
926 cupiditas, perfectio nulla cupiditas</i>. Et talis perfectio potest
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diff changeset
927 in hac vita haberi. Et hoc dupliciter. Uno modo, inquantum ab
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diff changeset
928 affectu hominis excluditur omne illud quod caritati contrariatur,
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diff changeset
929 sicut est peccatum mortale. Et sine tali perfectione caritas esse
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diff changeset
930 non potest. Unde est de necessitate salutis. Alio modo, inquantum
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diff changeset
931 ab affectu hominis excluditur non solum illud quod est caritati
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diff changeset
932 contrarium, sed etiam omne illud quod impedit ne affectus mentis
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diff changeset
933 totaliter dirigatur ad Deum. Sine qua perfectione caritas esse
53
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934 potest, puta in incipientibus et proficientibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="46283"><span class="ref">[46283] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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935 ergo dicendum quod apostolus ibi loquitur de perfectione patriae,
53
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936 quae non est in via possibilis.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="46284"><span class="ref">[46284] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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937 secundum dicendum quod illi qui sunt in hac vita perfecti, in
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diff changeset
938 multis dicuntur offendere secundum peccata venialia, quae
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diff changeset
939 consequuntur ex infirmitate praesentis vitae. Et quantum ad hoc
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diff changeset
940 etiam habent aliquid imperfectum, per comparationem ad perfectionem
53
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941 patriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="46285"><span class="ref">[46285] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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942 dicendum quod sicut modus praesentis vitae non patitur ut homo
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diff changeset
943 semper actu feratur in Deum, ita etiam non patitur quod actu
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944 feratur in omnes proximos singillatim, sed sufficit quod feratur
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diff changeset
945 communiter in omnes in universali, et in singulos habitualiter et
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diff changeset
946 secundum animi praeparationem. Potest autem etiam circa dilectionem
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diff changeset
947 proximi duplex perfectio attendi sicut et circa dilectionem Dei.
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diff changeset
948 Una quidem, sine qua caritas esse non potest, ut scilicet homo
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949 nihil habeat in affectu quod sit contrarium dilectioni proximi.
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950 Alia autem, sine qua caritas inveniri potest, quae quidem
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951 attenditur tripliciter. Primo quidem, secundum extensionem
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952 dilectionis, ut scilicet aliquis non solum diligat amicos et notos,
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diff changeset
953 sed etiam extraneos, et ulterius inimicos. Hoc enim, ut Augustinus
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diff changeset
954 dicit, in Enchirid., est perfectorum filiorum Dei. Secundo,
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diff changeset
955 secundum intensionem, quae ostenditur ex his quae homo propter
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diff changeset
956 proximum contemnit; ut scilicet homo non solum contemnat exteriora
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diff changeset
957 bona propter proximum, sed etiam afflictiones corporales, et
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958 ulterius mortem, secundum illud Ioan. XV, <i>maiorem dilectionem
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959 nemo habet quam ut animam suam ponat quis pro amicis suis</i>.
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960 Tertio, quantum ad effectum dilectionis, ut scilicet homo proximis
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diff changeset
961 impendat non solum temporalia beneficia, sed etiam spiritualia, et
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962 ulterius seipsum, secundum illud apostoli, II ad Cor. XII, <i>ego
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diff changeset
963 autem libentissime impendam, et superimpendar ipse pro animabus
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964 vestris</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="46286"><span class="ref">[46286] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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965 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod perfectio viae non consistit
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diff changeset
966 in praeceptis, sed in consiliis. Dicit enim dominus, Matth. XIX,
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967 <i>si vis perfectus esse, vade et vende omnia quae habes et da
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968 pauperibus, et veni, sequere me</i>. Sed istud est consilium. Ergo
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969 perfectio attenditur secundum consilia, et non secundum
53
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970 praecepta.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="46287"><span class="ref">[46287] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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971 Praeterea, ad observantiam praeceptorum omnes tenentur, cum sint de
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972 necessitate salutis. Si ergo perfectio Christianae vitae consistat
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973 in praeceptis, sequitur quod perfectio sit de necessitate salutis,
53
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974 et quod omnes ad eam teneantur. Quod patet esse falsum.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="46288"><span class="ref">[46288] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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975 Praeterea, perfectio Christianae vitae attenditur secundum
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diff changeset
976 caritatem, ut dictum est. Sed perfectio caritatis non videtur
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diff changeset
977 consistere in observantia praeceptorum, quia perfectionem caritatis
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diff changeset
978 praecedit et augmentum et inchoatio ipsius, ut patet per
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diff changeset
979 Augustinum, super canonicam Ioan.; non autem potest caritas
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diff changeset
980 inchoari ante observationem praeceptorum, quia, ut dicitur Ioan.
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981 XIV, si quis diligit me, sermonem meum servabit. Ergo perfectio
53
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982 vitae non attenditur secundum praecepta, sed secundum consilia.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 3 s. c."><a name="46289"><span class="ref">[46289] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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983 contra est quod dicitur Deut. VI, <i>diliges dominum Deum tuum ex
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diff changeset
984 toto corde tuo</i>. Et Levit. XIX dicitur, diliges proximum tuum
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diff changeset
985 sicut teipsum. Haec autem sunt duo praecepta de quibus dominus
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diff changeset
986 dicit, Matth. XXII <i>in his duobus praeceptis pendet lex et
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987 prophetae</i>. Perfectio autem caritatis, secundum quam dicitur
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diff changeset
988 vita Christiana esse perfecta, attenditur secundum hoc quod Deum ex
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989 toto corde diligamus et proximum sicut nos ipsos. Ergo videtur quod
53
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990 perfectio consistat in observantia praeceptorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 3 co."><a name="46290"><span class="ref">[46290] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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991 dicendum quod perfectio dicitur in aliquo consistere dupliciter,
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diff changeset
992 uno modo, per se et essentialiter; alio modo, secundario et
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diff changeset
993 accidentaliter. Per se quidem et essentialiter consistit perfectio
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diff changeset
994 Christianae vitae in caritate, principaliter quidem secundum
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diff changeset
995 dilectionem Dei, secundario autem secundum dilectionem proximi, de
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diff changeset
996 quibus dantur praecepta principalia divinae legis, ut dictum est.
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diff changeset
997 Non autem dilectio Dei et proximi cadit sub praecepto secundum
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998 aliquam mensuram, ita quod id quod est plus sub consilio remaneat,
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diff changeset
999 ut patet ex ipsa forma praecepti, quae perfectionem demonstrat, ut
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diff changeset
1000 cum dicitur, <i>diliges dominum Deum tuum ex toto corde tuo, totum
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diff changeset
1001 enim et perfectum idem sunt</i>, secundum philosophum, in III
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diff changeset
1002 Physic.; et cum dicitur, <i>diliges proximum tuum sicut
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diff changeset
1003 teipsum</i>, unusquisque enim seipsum maxime diligit. Et hoc ideo
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diff changeset
1004 est quia finis praecepti caritas est, ut apostolus dicit, I ad Tim.
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1005 I, in fine autem non adhibetur aliqua mensura, sed solum in his
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diff changeset
1006 quae sunt ad finem, ut philosophus dicit, in I Polit.; sicut
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diff changeset
1007 medicus non adhibet mensuram quantum sanet, sed quanta medicina vel
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diff changeset
1008 diaeta utatur ad sanandum. Et sic patet quod perfectio
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diff changeset
1009 essentialiter consistit in praeceptis. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
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diff changeset
1010 libro de perfectione iustitiae, <i>cur ergo non praeciperetur
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diff changeset
1011 homini ista perfectio, quamvis eam in hac vita nemo habeat?</i>
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diff changeset
1012 Secundario autem et instrumentaliter perfectio consistit in
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1013 consiliis. Quae omnia, sicut et praecepta, ordinantur ad caritatem,
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1014 sed aliter et aliter. Nam praecepta alia ordinantur ad removendum
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1015 ea quae sunt caritati contraria, cum quibus scilicet caritas esse
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1016 non potest, consilia autem ordinantur ad removendum impedimenta
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diff changeset
1017 actus caritatis, quae tamen caritati non contrariantur, sicut est
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diff changeset
1018 matrimonium, occupatio negotiorum saecularium, et alia huiusmodi.
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diff changeset
1019 Unde Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., <i>quaecumque mandat Deus, ex
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diff changeset
1020 quibus unum est, non moechaberis; et quaecumque non iubentur, sed
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1021 speciali consilio monentur, ex quibus unum est, bonum est homini
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1022 mulierem non tangere, tunc recte fiunt cum referuntur ad diligendum
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1023 Deum et proximum propter Deum, et in hoc saeculo et in futuro</i>.
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1024 Et inde est quod in collationibus patrum dicit abbas Moyses,
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diff changeset
1025 <i>ieiunia, vigiliae, meditatio Scripturarum, nuditas ac privatio
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1026 omnium facultatum, non perfectio, sed perfectionis instrumenta sunt
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diff changeset
1027 quia non in ipsis consistit disciplinae illius finis, sed per illa
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1028 pervenitur ad finem</i>. Et supra praemisit quod <i>ad perfectionem
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1029 caritatis istis gradibus conscendere nitimur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="46291"><span class="ref">[46291] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1030 ergo dicendum quod in illis verbis domini aliquid ponitur quasi via
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1031 ad perfectionem, hoc scilicet quod dicitur, <i>vade et vende omnia
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1032 quae habes et da pauperibus</i>, aliud autem subditur in quo
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1033 perfectio consistit, scilicet quod dicit, et sequere me. Unde
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1034 Hieronymus dicit, super Matth., quod quia <i>non sufficit tantum
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1035 relinquere, Petrus iungit quod perfectum est</i>, idest, secuti
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1036 sumus te. Ambrosius autem, super illud Luc. V, sequere me, dicit,
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diff changeset
1037 <i>sequi iubet non corporis gressu, sed mentis affectu</i>, quod
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1038 fit per caritatem. Et ideo ex ipso modo loquendi apparet quod
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1039 consilia sunt quaedam instrumenta perveniendi ad perfectionem, dum
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1040 dicitur, si vis perfectus esse, vade et vende etc., quasi dicat,
53
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1041 hoc faciendo ad hunc finem pervenies.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="46292"><span class="ref">[46292] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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1042 secundum dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de
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diff changeset
1043 Perfect. Iustit., perfectio caritatis homini in hac vita
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1044 praecipitur, quia <i>recte non curritur si quo currendum est
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1045 nesciatur. Quomodo autem sciretur, si nullis praeceptis
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1046 ostenderetur?</i> Cum autem id quod cadit sub praecepto diversimode
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1047 possit impleri, non efficitur transgressor praecepti aliquis ex hoc
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diff changeset
1048 quod non optimo modo implet, sed sufficit quod quocumque modo
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diff changeset
1049 impleat illud. Perfectio autem divinae dilectionis universaliter
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1050 quidem cadit sub praecepto, ita quod etiam perfectio patriae non
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diff changeset
1051 excluditur ab illo praecepto, ut Augustinus dicit, sed
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diff changeset
1052 transgressionem praecepti evadit qui quocumque modo perfectionem
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1053 divinae dilectionis attingit. Est aut infimus divinae dilectionis
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diff changeset
1054 gradus ut nihil supra eum, aut contra eum, aut aequaliter ei
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1055 diligatur, a quo gradu perfectionis qui deficit, nullo modo implet
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diff changeset
1056 praeceptum. Est autem aliquis gradus perfectae dilectionis qui non
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diff changeset
1057 potest impleri in via, ut dictum est, a quo qui deficit, manifestum
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diff changeset
1058 est quod non est transgressor praecepti. Et similiter non est
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1059 transgressor praecepti qui non attingit ad medios perfectionis
53
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1060 gradus, dummodo attingat ad infimum.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="46293"><span class="ref">[46293] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1061 dicendum quod, sicut homo habet quandam perfectionem suae naturae
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1062 statim cum nascitur, quae pertinet ad rationem speciei, est autem
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1063 alia perfectio ad quam per augmentum adducitur, ita etiam est
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1064 quaedam perfectio caritatis pertinens ad ipsam speciem caritatis,
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1065 ut scilicet Deus super omnia diligatur et nihil contra eum ametur;
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1066 est autem alia perfectio caritatis, etiam in hac vita, ad quam
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1067 aliquis per aliquod spirituale augmentum pervenit, ut puta cum homo
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1068 etiam a rebus licitis abstinet, ut liberius divinis obsequiis
53
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1069 vacet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="46294"><span class="ref">[46294] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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1070 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod quicumque est perfectus, sit
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diff changeset
1071 in statu perfectionis. Sicut enim per augmentum corporale
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1072 pervenitur ad perfectionem corporalem, ita per augmentum spirituale
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diff changeset
1073 pervenitur ad perfectionem spiritualem, ut dictum est. Sed post
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diff changeset
1074 augmentum corporale aliquis dicitur esse in statu perfectae
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1075 aetatis. Ergo etiam videtur quod post augmentum spirituale, cum
53
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1076 quis iam adeptus est perfectionem, sit in statu perfectionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="46295"><span class="ref">[46295] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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1077 Praeterea, eadem ratione qua aliquid movetur de contrario in
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diff changeset
1078 contrarium, movetur etiam aliquid de minori ad maius, ut dicitur in
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diff changeset
1079 V Physic. Sed quando aliquis transmutatur de peccato ad gratiam,
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diff changeset
1080 dicitur mutare statum, prout distinguitur status culpae et status
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1081 gratiae. Ergo videtur quod, pari ratione, cum aliquis proficit de
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1082 minori gratia ad maiorem quousque perveniat ad perfectum, quod
53
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1083 adipiscatur perfectionis statum.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="46296"><span class="ref">[46296] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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1084 Praeterea, statum adipiscitur aliquis ex hoc quod a servitute
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1085 liberatur. Sed per caritatem aliquis liberatur a servitute peccati,
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1086 quia universa delicta operit caritas, ut dicitur Prov. X. Sed
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1087 perfectus dicitur aliquis secundum caritatem, ut dictum est. Ergo
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1088 videtur quod quicumque habeat perfectionem, ex hoc ipso habeat
53
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1089 perfectionis statum.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 4 s. c."><a name="46297"><span class="ref">[46297] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1090 contra est quod aliqui sunt in statu perfectionis qui omnino
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diff changeset
1091 caritate et gratia carent, sicut mali episcopi aut mali religiosi.
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diff changeset
1092 Ergo videtur quod e contrario aliqui habent perfectionem vitae qui
53
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diff changeset
1093 tamen non habent perfectionis statum.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 4 co."><a name="46298"><span class="ref">[46298] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1094 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, status proprie pertinet ad
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diff changeset
1095 conditionem libertatis vel servitutis. Spiritualis autem libertas
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diff changeset
1096 aut servitus potest in homine attendi dupliciter, uno modo,
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diff changeset
1097 secundum id quod interius agitur; alio modo, secundum id quod
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diff changeset
1098 agitur exterius. Et quia, ut dicitur I Reg. XVI, <i>homines vident
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diff changeset
1099 ea quae parent, sed Deus intuetur cor</i>, inde est quod secundum
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diff changeset
1100 interiorem hominis dispositionem accipitur conditio spiritualis
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diff changeset
1101 status in homine per comparationem ad iudicium divinum, secundum
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diff changeset
1102 autem ea quae exterius aguntur, accipitur spiritualis status in
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diff changeset
1103 homine per comparationem ad Ecclesiam. Et sic nunc de statibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 loquimur, prout scilicet ex diversitate statuum quaedam Ecclesiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1105 pulchritudo consurgit. Est autem considerandum quod, quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 homines, ad hoc quod aliquis adipiscatur statum libertatis vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 servitutis, requiritur, primo quidem, aliqua obligatio vel
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diff changeset
1108 absolutio. Non enim ex hoc quod aliquis servit alicui, efficitur
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diff changeset
1109 servus, quia etiam liberi serviunt secundum illud Galat. V, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 caritatem spiritus servite invicem. Neque etiam ex hoc quod aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 desinit servire, efficitur liber, sicut patet de servis fugitivis.
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diff changeset
1112 Sed ille proprie est servus qui obligatur ad serviendum, et ille
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diff changeset
1113 est liber qui a servitute absolvitur. Secundo requiritur quod
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diff changeset
1114 obligatio praedicta cum aliqua solemnitate fiat, sicut et ceteris
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diff changeset
1115 quae inter homines obtinent perpetuam firmitatem, quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 solemnitas adhibetur. Sic igitur et in statu perfectionis proprie
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diff changeset
1117 dicitur esse aliquis, non ex hoc quod habet actum dilectionis
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diff changeset
1118 perfectae, sed ex hoc quod obligat se perpetuo, cum aliqua
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diff changeset
1119 solemnitate, ad ea quae sunt perfectionis. Contingit etiam quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 aliqui se obligant qui non servant, et aliqui implent ad quod non
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diff changeset
1121 se obligaverunt, ut patet Matth. XXI de duobus filiis, quorum unus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 patri dicenti, operare in vinea, respondit nolo, postea abiit;
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diff changeset
1123 alter autem respondens ait, eo, et non ivit. Et ideo nihil prohibet
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diff changeset
1124 aliquos esse perfectos qui non sunt in statu perfectionis, et
53
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1125 aliquos esse in statu perfectionis qui non sunt perfecti.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="46299"><span class="ref">[46299] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1126 ergo dicendum quod per augmentum corporale aliquis proficit in his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 quae pertinent ad naturam, et ideo adipiscitur naturae statum,
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diff changeset
1128 praesertim quia quod est secundum naturam, quodammodo immutabile
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diff changeset
1129 est, inquantum natura determinatur ad unum. Et similiter per
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diff changeset
1130 augmentum spirituale interius aliquis adipiscitur perfectionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 statum quantum ad divinum iudicium. Sed quantum ad distinctiones
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diff changeset
1132 ecclesiasticorum statuum, non adipiscitur aliquis statum
53
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diff changeset
1133 perfectionis nisi per augmentum in his quae exterius aguntur.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="46300"><span class="ref">[46300] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1134 secundum dicendum quod illa etiam ratio procedit quantum ad
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diff changeset
1135 interiorem statum. Et tamen, cum aliquis transit de peccato ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 gratiam, transit de servitute ad libertatem, quod non contingit per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 simplicem profectum gratiae, nisi cum aliquis se obligat ad ea quae
53
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diff changeset
1138 sunt gratiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="46301"><span class="ref">[46301] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1139 dicendum quod illa etiam ratio procedit quantum ad interiorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 statum. Et tamen, licet caritas variet conditionem spiritualis
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diff changeset
1141 servitutis et libertatis, hoc tamen non facit caritatis
53
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diff changeset
1142 augmentum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="46302"><span class="ref">[46302] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1143 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod praelati et religiosi non sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 in statu perfectionis. Status enim perfectionis distinguitur contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 statum incipientium et proficientium. Sed non sunt aliqua genera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 hominum deputata specialiter statui proficientium vel incipientium.
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diff changeset
1147 Ergo videtur quod nec etiam debeant esse aliqua genera hominum
53
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diff changeset
1148 deputata statui perfectionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="46303"><span class="ref">[46303] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 Praeterea, status exterior debet interiori statui respondere,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 alioquin incurritur mendacium, quod <i>non solum est in falsis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 verbis, sed etiam in simulatis operibus</i>, ut Ambrosius dicit, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 quodam sermone. Sed multi sunt praelati vel religiosi qui non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 habent interiorem perfectionem caritatis. Si ergo omnes religiosi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 et praelati sunt in statu perfectionis, sequeretur quod quicumque
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diff changeset
1155 eorum non sunt perfecti, sint in peccato mortali, tanquam
53
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diff changeset
1156 simulatores et mendaces.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="46304"><span class="ref">[46304] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 Praeterea, perfectio secundum caritatem attenditur, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 habitum est. Sed perfectissima caritas videtur esse in martyribus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 secundum illud Ioan. XV, <i>maiorem dilectionem nemo habet quam ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 animam suam ponat quis pro amicis suis</i>. Et super illud Heb.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 XII, nondum enim usque ad sanguinem etc., dicit Glossa,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 <i>perfectior in hac vita dilectio nulla est ea ad quam sancti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 martyres pervenerunt, qui contra peccatum usque ad sanguinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 certaverunt</i>. Ergo videtur quod magis debeat attribui
53
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diff changeset
1165 perfectionis status martyribus quam religiosis et episcopis.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 5 s. c."><a name="46305"><span class="ref">[46305] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 contra est quod Dionysius, in V cap. Eccles. Hier., attribuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 perfectionem episcopis tanquam perfectoribus. Et in VI cap. eiusdem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 libri, attribuit perfectionem religiosis, quos vocat monachos vel
53
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diff changeset
1169 Therapeutas, idest, Deo famulantes, tanquam perfectis.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 5 co."><a name="46306"><span class="ref">[46306] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ad statum perfectionis requiritur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 obligatio perpetua ad ea quae sunt perfectionis, cum aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 solemnitate. Utrumque autem horum competit et religiosis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 episcopis. Religiosi enim voto se adstringunt ad hoc quod a rebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 saecularibus abstineant quibus licite uti poterant, ad hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 liberius Deo vacent, in quo consistit perfectio praesentis vitae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 Unde Dionysius dicit, VI cap. Eccles. Hier., de religiosis loquens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 <i>alii quidem Therapeutas</i>, idest famulos, <i>ex Dei puro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 servitio et famulatu, alii vero monachos ipsos nominant, ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 indivisibili et singulari vita uniente ipsos, indivisibilium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 sanctis convolutionibus</i>, idest contemplationibus, <i>ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 deiformem unitatem et amabilem Deo perfectionem</i>. Horum etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 obligatio fit cum quadam solemnitate professionis et benedictionis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 Unde et ibidem subdit Dionysius, <i>propter quod, perfectam ipsis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 donans gratiam, sancta legislatio quadam ipsos dignata est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 sanctificativa invocatione</i>. Similiter etiam et episcopi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 obligant se ad ea quae sunt perfectionis, pastorale assumentes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 officium, ad quod pertinet ut <i>animam suam ponat pastor pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 ovibus suis</i>, sicut dicitur Ioan. X. Unde apostolus dicit, I ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 Tim. ult., <i>confessus es bonam confessionem coram multis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 testibus</i>, idest in tua ordinatione, ut Glossa ibidem dicit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 Adhibetur etiam quaedam solemnitas consecrationis simul cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 professione praedicta, secundum illud II ad Tim. I, <i>resuscites
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 gratiam Dei quae est in te per impositionem manuum mearum</i>, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 Glossa exponit de gratia episcopali. Et Dionysius dicit, V cap.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 Eccles. Hier., quod <i>summus sacerdos</i>, idest episcopus, <i>in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 sua ordinatione habet eloquiorum super caput sanctissimam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 superpositionem, ut significetur quod ipse est participativus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 integre totius hierarchiae virtutis, et quod ipse non solum sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 illuminativus omnium quae pertinent ad sanctas locutiones et
53
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diff changeset
1200 actiones, sed quod etiam haec aliis tradat</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="46307"><span class="ref">[46307] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 ergo dicendum quod inchoatio et augmentum non quaeritur propter se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 sed propter perfectionem. Et ideo ad solum perfectionis statum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 aliqui homines cum quadam obligatione et solemnitate
53
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diff changeset
1204 assumuntur.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="46308"><span class="ref">[46308] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 secundum dicendum quod homines statum perfectionis assumunt, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 quasi profitentes se esse perfectos, sed quasi profitentes se ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 perfectionem tendere. Unde et apostolus dicit, ad Philipp. III,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 <i>non quod iam comprehenderim, aut perfectus sim, sequor autem, si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 quo modo comprehendam</i>. Et postea subdit, <i>quicumque ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 perfecti sumus, hoc sentiamus</i>. Unde non committit aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 mendacium vel simulationem ex hoc quod non est perfectus qui statum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 perfectionis assumit, sed ex eo quod ab intentione perfectionis
53
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diff changeset
1213 animum revocat.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="46309"><span class="ref">[46309] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 dicendum quod martyrium in actu perfectissimo caritatis consistit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 Actus autem perfectionis non sufficit ad statum faciendum, ut
53
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diff changeset
1216 dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="46310"><span class="ref">[46310] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod omnes praelati ecclesiastici
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 sint in statu perfectionis. Dicit enim Hieronymus, super Epist. ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 Tit., olim idem presbyter qui et episcopus, et postea subdit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 <i>sicut ergo presbyteri sciunt se Ecclesiae consuetudine ei qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 sibi praepositus fuerit, esse subiectos; ita episcopi noverint se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 magis consuetudine quam dispensationis dominicae veritate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 presbyteris esse maiores, et in communi debere Ecclesiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 regere</i>. Sed episcopi sunt in statu perfectionis. Ergo et
53
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diff changeset
1225 presbyteri habentes curam animarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="46311"><span class="ref">[46311] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 Praeterea, sicut episcopi suscipiunt curam animarum cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 consecratione, ita etiam et presbyteri curati, et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 archidiaconi, de quibus, super illud Act. VI, considerate, fratres,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 viros boni testimonii septem etc., dicit Glossa, <i>hic decernebant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 apostoli per Ecclesiam constitui septem diacones, qui essent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 sublimioris gradus, et quasi columnae proximi circa aram</i>. Ergo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1232 videtur quod ipsi etiam sint in statu perfectionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="46312"><span class="ref">[46312] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 Praeterea, sicut episcopi obligantur ad hoc quod animam suam ponant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 pro ovibus suis, ita et presbyteri curati et archidiaconi. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 pertinet ad perfectionem caritatis, ut dictum est. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 quod etiam presbyteri curati et archidiaconi sint in statu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1237 perfectionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 6 s. c."><a name="46313"><span class="ref">[46313] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 contra est quod dicit Dionysius, V cap. Eccles. Hier.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 <i>pontificum quidem ordo consummativus est et perfectivus;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 sacerdotum autem illuminativus et lucidativus; ministrantium vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 purgativus et discretivus</i>. Ex quo patet quod perfectio solis
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1242 episcopis attribuitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 6 co."><a name="46314"><span class="ref">[46314] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1243 dicendum quod in presbyteris et diaconibus habentibus curam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 animarum, duo possunt considerari, scilicet ordo, et cura. Ordo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 autem ipse ordinatur ad quendam actum in divinis officiis; unde
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diff changeset
1246 supra dictum est quod distinctio ordinum sub distinctione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 officiorum continetur. Unde per hoc quod aliqui accipiunt sacrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 ordinem, accipiunt potestatem quosdam sacros actus perficiendi, non
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diff changeset
1249 autem obligantur ex hoc ipso ad ea quae sunt perfectionis, nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 quatenus, apud Occidentalem Ecclesiam, in susceptione sacri ordinis
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diff changeset
1251 emittitur continentiae votum, quod est unum eorum quae ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 perfectionem pertinent, ut infra dicetur. Unde patet quod ex hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 quod aliquis accipit sacrum ordinem, non ponitur simpliciter in
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diff changeset
1254 statu perfectionis, quamvis interior perfectio ad hoc requiratur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 quod aliquis digne huiusmodi actus exerceat. Similiter etiam nec ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 parte curae quam suscipiunt, ponuntur in statu perfectionis. Non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 enim obligantur ex hoc ipso vinculo perpetui voti ad hoc quod curam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 animarum retineant, sed possunt eam deserere, vel transeundo ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 religionem, etiam absque licentia episcopi, ut habetur in decretis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 XIX Caus. qu. II; et etiam, cum licentia episcopi, potest aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 archidiaconatum vel parochiam dimittere et simplicem praebendam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 accipere sine cura. Quod nullo modo liceret si esset in statu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 perfectionis, <i>nemo enim mittens manum ad aratrum et aspiciens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 retro, aptus est regno Dei</i>, ut dicitur Luc. IX. Episcopi autem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 quia sunt in statu perfectionis, non nisi auctoritate summi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 pontificis, ad quem etiam pertinet in votis perpetuis dispensare,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 possunt episcopalem curam deserere, et ex certis causis, ut infra
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diff changeset
1268 dicetur. Unde manifestum est quod non omnes praelati sunt in statu
53
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diff changeset
1269 perfectionis, sed soli episcopi.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="46315"><span class="ref">[46315] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1270 ergo dicendum quod de presbytero et episcopo dupliciter loqui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 possumus. Uno modo, quantum ad nomen. Et sic olim non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 distinguebantur episcopi et presbyteri. Nam episcopi dicuntur ex eo
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diff changeset
1273 quod superintendunt, sicut Augustinus dicit, XIX de Civ. Dei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 presbyteri autem in Graeco dicuntur quasi seniores. Unde et
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diff changeset
1275 apostolus communiter utitur nomine presbyterorum quantum ad
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diff changeset
1276 utrosque, cum dicit, I ad Tim. V, <i>qui bene praesunt presbyteri,
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diff changeset
1277 duplici honore digni habeantur</i>. Et similiter etiam nomine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 episcoporum, unde dicit, Act. XX, presbyteris Ecclesiae Ephesinae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 loquens, <i>attendite vobis et universo gregi, in quo vos spiritus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 sanctus posuit episcopos regere Ecclesiam Dei</i>. Sed secundum
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diff changeset
1281 rem, semper inter eos fuit distinctio, etiam tempore apostolorum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 ut patet per Dionysium, V cap. Eccles. Hier. Et Luc. X, super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 illud, post haec autem designavit dominus etc., dicit Glossa,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 <i>sicut in apostolis forma est episcoporum, sic in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 septuagintaduobus discipulis forma est presbyterorum secundi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 ordinis</i>. Postmodum tamen, ad schisma vitandum, necessarium fuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 ut etiam nomina distinguerentur, ut scilicet maiores dicerentur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 episcopi. Minores autem dicuntur presbyteri. Dicere autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 presbyteros non differre ab episcopis, inter dogmata haeretica
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diff changeset
1290 numerat Augustinus, in libro de Haeres., ubi dicit quod Aeriani
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diff changeset
1291 dicebant <i>presbyterum ab episcopo nulla differentia debere
53
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diff changeset
1292 discerni</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="46316"><span class="ref">[46316] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1293 secundum dicendum quod episcopi principaliter habent curam omnium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 suae dioecesis, presbyteri autem curati et archidiaconi habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 aliquas subministrationes sub episcopis. Unde super illud I ad Cor.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 XII, alii opitulationes, alii gubernationes, dicit Glossa,
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diff changeset
1297 <i>opitulationes, idest, eos qui maioribus ferunt opem, ut Titus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 apostolo, vel archidiaconi episcopis. Gubernationes, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 minorum personarum praelationes, ut presbyteri sunt, qui plebi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 documento sunt</i>. Et Dionysius dicit, V cap. Eccles. Hier., quod
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diff changeset
1301 <i>sicut universam hierarchiam videmus in Iesu terminatam, ita
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diff changeset
1302 unamquamque in proprio divino hierarcha</i>, idest episcopo. Et
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diff changeset
1303 XVI, qu. I, dicitur, <i>omnibus presbyteris et diaconibus
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diff changeset
1304 attendendum est ut nihil absque proprii episcopi licentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 agant</i>. Ex quo patet quod ita se habent ad episcopum sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 ballivi vel praepositi ad regem. Et propter hoc, sicut in mundanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 potestatibus solus rex solemnem benedictionem accipit, alii vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 per simplicem commissionem instituuntur; ita etiam in Ecclesia cura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 episcopalis cum solemnitate consecrationis committitur, cura autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 archidiaconatus vel plebanatus cum simplici iniunctione.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 Consecrantur tamen in susceptione ordinis, etiam antequam curam
53
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diff changeset
1312 habeant.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="46317"><span class="ref">[46317] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1313 dicendum quod sicut plebani et archidiaconi non habent
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diff changeset
1314 principaliter curam, sed administrationem quandam secundum quod eis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 ab episcopo committitur; ita etiam ad eos non pertinet
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diff changeset
1316 principaliter pastorale officium, nec obligatio ponendi animam pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1317 ovibus, sed inquantum participant de cura. Unde magis habent
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diff changeset
1318 quoddam officium ad perfectionem pertinens, quam obtineant
53
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diff changeset
1319 perfectionis statum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="46318"><span class="ref">[46318] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1320 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod status religiosorum sit
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diff changeset
1321 perfectior quam status praelatorum. Dominus enim dicit, Matth. XIX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1322 si vis <i>perfectus esse, vade et vende omnia quae habes et da
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 pauperibus</i>, quod faciunt religiosi. Non autem ad hoc tenentur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 episcopi, dicitur enim XII, qu. I, <i>episcopi de rebus propriis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 vel acquisitis, vel quidquid de proprio habent, heredibus suis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 derelinquant</i>. Ergo religiosi sunt in perfectiori statu quam
53
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diff changeset
1327 episcopi.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="46319"><span class="ref">[46319] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1328 Praeterea, perfectio principalius consistit in dilectione Dei quam
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diff changeset
1329 in dilectione proximi. Sed status religiosorum directe ordinatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 dilectionem Dei, unde et ex Dei servitio et famulatu nominantur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 Dionysius dicit, VI cap. Eccles. Hier. Status autem episcoporum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 videtur ordinari ad dilectionem proximi, cuius curae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1333 superintendunt, unde et nominantur, ut patet per Augustinum, XIX de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 Civ. Dei. Ergo videtur quod status religiosorum sit perfectior quam
53
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diff changeset
1335 status episcoporum.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="46320"><span class="ref">[46320] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1336 Praeterea, status religiosorum ordinatur ad vitam contemplativam,
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diff changeset
1337 quae potior est quam vita activa, ad quam ordinatur status
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 episcoporum, dicit enim Gregorius, in Pastoral., quod <i>per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1339 activam vitam prodesse proximis cupiens Isaias officium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 praedicationis appetiit, per contemplationem vero Ieremias, amori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 conditoris sedulo inhaerere desiderans, ne mitti ad praedicandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 debeat, contradicit</i>. Ergo videtur quod status religiosorum sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1343 perfectior quam status episcoporum.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 7 s. c."><a name="46321"><span class="ref">[46321] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1344 contra, nulli licet a maiori statu ad minorem transire, hoc enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 esset retro aspicere. Sed potest aliquis a statu religionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 transire ad statum episcopalem, dicitur enim XVIII, qu. I, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1347 <i>sacra ordinatio de monacho episcopum facit</i>. Ergo status
53
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diff changeset
1348 episcoporum est perfectior quam religiosorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 7 co."><a name="46322"><span class="ref">[46322] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1349 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, XII super Gen. ad Litt.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 <i>semper agens praestantius est patiente</i>. In genere autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1351 perfectionis, episcopi, secundum Dionysium, se habent ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 perfectores, religiosi autem ut perfecti, quorum unum pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 actionem, alterum autem ad passionem. Unde manifestum est quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1354 status perfectionis potius est in episcopis quam in religiosis.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="46323"><span class="ref">[46323] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1355 ergo dicendum quod abrenuntiatio propriarum facultatum dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 considerari potest. Uno modo, secundum quod est in actu. Et sic in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 ea non consistit essentialiter perfectio, sed est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 perfectionis instrumentum, sicut supra dictum est. Et ideo nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 prohibet statum perfectionis esse sine abrenuntiatione propriorum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 Sic etiam dicendum est de aliis exterioribus observantiis. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 modo potest considerari secundum praeparationem animi, ut scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 homo sit paratus, si opus fuerit, omnia dimittere vel distribuere.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 Et hoc pertinet directe ad perfectionem. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 libro de quaest. Evang., <i>ostendit dominus filios sapientiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 intelligere non in abstinendo nec in manducando esse iustitiam, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 in aequanimitate tolerandi inopiam</i>. Unde et apostolus dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 scio abundare et penuriam pati. Ad hoc autem maxime tenentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 episcopi, quod omnia sua pro honore Dei et salute sui gregis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 contemnant, cum opus fuerit, vel pauperibus sui gregis largiendo,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
1370 vel rapinam bonorum suorum cum gaudio sustinendo.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="46324"><span class="ref">[46324] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 secundum dicendum quod hoc ipsum quod episcopi intendunt his quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 pertinent ad proximorum dilectionem, provenit ex abundantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 dilectionis divinae. Unde dominus primo a Petro quaesivit an eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 diligeret, et postea ei gregis curam commisit. Et Gregorius dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 in Pastoral., <i>si dilectionis est testimonium cura pastoris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 quisquis, virtutibus pollens, gregem Dei renuit pascere, pastorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 summum convincitur non amare</i>. Hoc autem est maioris dilectionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 signum, ut homo propter amicum etiam alii serviat, quam etiam si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1379 soli amico velit servire.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="46325"><span class="ref">[46325] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 dicendum quod, sicut Gregorius dicit, in Pastoral., sit <i>praesul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 actione praecipuus, prae cunctis contemplatione suspensus</i>, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 ad ipsos pertinet non solum propter seipsos, sed etiam propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 instructionem aliorum contemplari. Unde Gregorius dicit, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 Ezech., quod <i>de perfectis viris post contemplationem suam
53
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diff changeset
1385 redeuntibus dicitur, memoriam suavitatis tuae eructabunt</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="46326"><span class="ref">[46326] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod etiam presbyteri curati et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 archidiaconi sint maioris perfectionis quam religiosi. Dicit enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 Chrysostomus, in suo dialogo, <i>si talem mihi aliquem adducas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 monachum qualis, ut secundum exaggerationem dicam, Elias fuit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 tamen illi comparandus est qui, traditus populis et multorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 peccata ferre compulsus, immobilis perseverat et fortis</i>. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 parum post dicit, <i>si quis mihi proponeret optionem ubi mallem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 placere, in officio sacerdotali an in solitudine monachorum, sine
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 comparatione eligerem illud quod prius dixi</i>. Et in eodem libro
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 dicit, <i>si quis bene administrato sacerdotio illius propositi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 scilicet monachalis, sudores conferat, tantum eos distare reperiet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 quantum inter privatum distat et regem</i>. Ergo videtur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 sacerdotes habentes curam animarum sint perfectiores
53
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diff changeset
1399 religiosis.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="46327"><span class="ref">[46327] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1400 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in epistola ad Valerium, <i>cogitet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 religiosa prudentia tua nihil esse in hac vita, maxime hoc tempore,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 difficilius, laboriosius, periculosius episcopi aut presbyteri aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 diaconi officio, sed apud Deum nihil beatius, si eo modo militetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 quo noster imperator iubet</i>. Non ergo religiosi sunt
53
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diff changeset
1405 perfectiores presbyteris aut diaconibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="46328"><span class="ref">[46328] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1406 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, ad Aurelium, <i>nimis dolendum est, si
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diff changeset
1407 ad tam ruinosam superbiam monachos subrigimus, et tam gravi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 contumelia clericos dignos putamus</i>, ut scilicet dicatur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 malus monachus bonus clericus est, <i>cum aliquando bonus etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 monachus vix bonum clericum faciat</i>. Et paulo ante praemittit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 non esse viam dandam servis Dei, idest monachis, ut se facilius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 putent eligi ad aliquid melius, scilicet clericatum, si facti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 fuerint deteriores, scilicet abiecto monachatu. Ergo videtur quod
53
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diff changeset
1414 illi qui sunt in statu clericali, sint perfectiores religiosis.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="46329"><span class="ref">[46329] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 Praeterea, non licet de statu maiori ad minorem transire. Sed de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 statu monastico transire licet ad officium presbyteri curam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 habentis, ut patet XVI, qu. I, ex decreto Gelasii Papae, qui dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 <i>si quis monachus fuerit qui, venerabilis vitae merito,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 sacerdotio dignus praevideatur; et abbas sub cuius imperio regi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 Christo militat, illum fieri presbyterum petierit, ab episcopo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 debet eligi, et in loco quo iudicaverit ordinari</i>. Et Hieronymus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 dicit, ad rusticum monachum, <i>sic vive in monasterio ut clericus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 esse merearis</i>. Ergo presbyteri curati et archidiaconi sunt
53
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diff changeset
1424 perfectiores religiosis.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 arg. 5"><a name="46330"><span class="ref">[46330] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 arg. 5</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1425 Praeterea, episcopi sunt in statu perfectiori quam religiosi, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 supra dictis patet. Sed presbyteri curati et archidiaconi, ex eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 quod habent curam animarum, similiores sunt episcopis quam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1428 religiosi. Ergo sunt maioris perfectionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 arg. 6"><a name="46331"><span class="ref">[46331] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 arg. 6</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 <i>Praeterea, virtus consistit circa difficile et bonum</i>, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 dicitur in II Ethic. Sed difficilius est quod aliquis bene vivat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 officio presbyteri curati vel archidiaconi quam in statu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 religionis. Ergo presbyteri curati vel archidiaconi sunt
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1433 perfectioris virtutis quam religiosi.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 s. c."><a name="46332"><span class="ref">[46332] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 contra est quod dicitur XIX, qu. II, cap. duae, <i>si quis in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 Ecclesia sua sub episcopo populum retinet et saeculariter vivit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 si, afflatus spiritu sancto, in aliquo monasterio vel regulari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 canonica salvari se voluerit, quia lege privata ducitur, nulla
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 ratio exigit ut publica constringatur</i>. Sed non ducitur aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 a lege spiritus sancti, quae ibi dicitur lex privata, nisi in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 aliquid perfectius. Ergo videtur quod religiosi sint perfectiores
53
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diff changeset
1441 quam archidiaconi vel presbyteri curati.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 co."><a name="46333"><span class="ref">[46333] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1442 dicendum quod comparatio supereminentiae non habet locum inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 aliquos ex ea parte in qua conveniunt, sed ex ea parte in qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 differunt. In presbyteris autem curatis et archidiaconis tria est
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diff changeset
1445 considerare, scilicet statum, ordinem et officium. Ad statum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 pertinet quod saeculares sunt; ad ordinem, quod sunt sacerdotes vel
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diff changeset
1447 diaconi; ad officium, quod curam animarum habent sibi commissam. Si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 igitur ex alia parte ponamus statu religiosum, ordine diaconum vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 sacerdotem, officio curam animarum habentem, sicut plerique monachi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 et canonici regulares habent, in primo quidem excellit, in aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 autem par erit. Si autem differat secundus a primo statu et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 officio, conveniat autem ordine, sicut sunt religiosi sacerdotes et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 diaconi curam animarum non habentes, manifestum est quod secundus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 primo erit statu quidem excellentior officio autem minor, ordine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 vero aequalis. Est ergo considerandum quae praeeminentia potior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 sit, utrum status, vel officii. Circa quod duo attendenda videntur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 scilicet bonitas et difficultas. Si ergo fiat comparatio secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 bonitatem, sic praefertur status religionis officio presbyteri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 curati vel archidiaconi, quia religiosus totam vitam suam obligat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 ad perfectionis studium; presbyter autem curatus vel archidiaconus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 non obligat totam vitam suam ad curam animarum, sicut episcopus;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 nec etiam ei competit principalem curam subditorum habere, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 episcopis; sed quaedam particularia circa curam animarum eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 officio committuntur, ut ex dictis patet. Et ideo comparatio status
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 religionis ad eorum officium est sicut universalis ad particulare,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 et sicut holocausti ad sacrificium, quod est minus holocausto, ut
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diff changeset
1467 patet per Gregorium, super Ezech. Unde et XIX, qu. I, dicitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 <i>clericis qui monachorum propositum appetunt, quia meliorem vitam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 sequi cupiunt, liberos eis ab episcopo in monasteriis oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 largiri ingressus</i>. Sed haec comparatio intelligenda est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 secundum genus operis. Nam secundum caritatem operantis, contingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 quandoque quod opus ex genere suo minus existens, magis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 meritorium, si ex maiori caritate fiat. Si vero attendatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 difficultas bene conversandi in religione, et in officio habentis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 curam animarum, sic difficilius est bene conversari cum cura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 animarum, propter exteriora pericula, quamvis conversatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 religionis sit difficilior quantum ad ipsum genus operis, propter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 arctitudinem observantiae regularis. Si vero religiosus etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 ordine careat, sicut patet de conversis religionum, sic manifestum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 est excellere praeeminentiam ordinis quantum ad dignitatem, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 per sacrum ordinem aliquis deputatur ad dignissima ministeria,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 quibus ipsi Christo servitur in sacramento altaris, ad quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 requiritur maior sanctitas interior quam requirat etiam religionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 status; quia, sicut Dionysius dicit, VI cap. Eccles. Hier.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 <i>monasticus ordo debet sequi sacerdotales ordines, et ad eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 imitationem in divina ascendere</i>. Unde gravius peccat, ceteris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 paribus, clericus in sacris ordinibus constitutus, si aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 contrarium sanctitati agat, quam aliquis religiosus qui non habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 ordinem sacrum, quamvis laicus religiosus teneatur ad observantias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 regulares, ad quas illi qui sunt in sacris ordinibus non
53
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diff changeset
1491 tenentur.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="46334"><span class="ref">[46334] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 ergo dicendum quod ad illas auctoritates Chrysostomi breviter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 responderi posset quod non loquitur de sacerdote curato minoris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 ordinis, sed de episcopo, qui dicitur summus sacerdos. Et hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 convenit intentioni illius libri, in quo consolatur se et Basilium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 de hoc quod erant in episcopos electi. Sed hoc praetermisso,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 dicendum est quod loquitur quantum ad difficultatem. Praemittit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 enim, <i>cum fuerit gubernator in mediis fluctibus et de tempestate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 navem liberare potuerit, tunc merito testimonium perfecti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 gubernatoris ab omnibus promeretur</i>. Et post concludit quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 supra positum est de monacho, qui non est comparandus illi qui,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 traditus populis, immobilis perseverat, et subdit causam, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 sicut in tranquillitate, ita in tempestate gubernavit seipsum. Ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 quo nihil aliud ostendi potest nisi quod periculosior est status
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 habentis curam animarum quam monachi, in maiori autem periculo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 innocentem se servare est maioris virtutis indicium. Sed hoc etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 ad magnitudinem virtutis pertinet, quod aliquis vitet pericula
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 religionem intrando. Unde non dicit quod mallet esse in officio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 sacerdotali quam in solitudine monachorum, sed quod mallet placere
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1510 in hoc quam in illo, quia hoc est maioris virtutis argumentum.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="46335"><span class="ref">[46335] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 secundum dicendum quod etiam illa auctoritas Augustini manifeste
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 loquitur quantum ad difficultatem, quae ostendit magnitudinem
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1513 virtutis in his qui bene conversantur, sicut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="46336"><span class="ref">[46336] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 dicendum quod Augustinus ibi comparat monachos clericis quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 distantiam ordinis, non quantum ad distantiam religionis et
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1516 saecularis vitae.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="46337"><span class="ref">[46337] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 dicendum quod illi qui a statu religionis assumuntur ad curam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 animarum, cum prius essent in sacris ordinibus constituti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 assequuntur aliquid quod prius non habebant, scilicet officium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 curae, non autem deponunt quod prius habebant, scilicet religionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 statum; dicitur enim in decretis, XVI causa, qu. I, <i>de monachis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 qui, diu morantes in monasteriis, si postea ad clericatus ordines
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 pervenerint, statuimus non debere eos a priori proposito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 discedere</i>. Sed presbyteri curati vel archidiaconi, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 religionem ingrediuntur, curam deponunt ut adipiscantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 perfectionem status. Unde ex hoc ipso excellentia ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 religionis ostenditur. In hoc autem quod religiosi laici assumuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 ad clericatum et sacros ordines, manifeste promoventur ad melius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 sicut supra dictum est. Et hoc ostenditur ex ipso modo loquendi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 cum Hieronymus dicit, <i>sic in monasterio vive ut clericus esse
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1531 merearis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 ad 5"><a name="46338"><span class="ref">[46338] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 dicendum quod presbyteri curati et archidiaconi sunt similiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 episcopis quam religiosi quantum ad aliquid, scilicet quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 curam animarum, quam secundario habent. Sed quantum ad perpetuam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 obligationem, quae requiritur ad statum perfectionis, similiores
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1536 sunt episcopo religiosi, ut ex supra dictis patet.</p><p title="II-II q. 184 a. 8 ad 6"><a name="46339"><span class="ref">[46339] IIª-IIae, q. 184 a. 8 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 dicendum quod difficultas quae est ex arduitate operis, addit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 perfectionem virtutis. Difficultas autem quae provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 exterioribus impedimentis, quandoque quidem diminuit perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 virtutis, puta cum aliquis non tantum virtutem amat ut impedimenta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 virtutis declinare velit, secundum illud apostoli, I ad Cor. IX,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 <i>omnis qui in agone contendit, ab omnibus se abstinet</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 Quandoque vero est signum perfectionis virtutis, puta cum alicui ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 inopinato vel ex necessaria causa impedimenta virtutis occurrunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 propter quae tamen a virtute non declinat. In statu autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 religionis est maior difficultas ex arduitate operum, sed in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 qui in saeculo vivunt qualitercumque, est maior difficultas ex
53
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diff changeset
1548 impedimentis virtutis, quae religiosi provide vitaverunt.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q185"><h2>Quaestio 185</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 185 pr."><a name="46340"><span class="ref">[46340] IIª-IIae, q. 185 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 considerandum est de his quae pertinent ad statum episcoporum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 circa hoc quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum liceat episcopatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 appetere. Secundo, utrum liceat episcopatum finaliter recusare.
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diff changeset
1552 Tertio, utrum oporteat ad episcopatum eligere meliorem. Quarto,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 utrum episcopus possit ad religionem transire. Quinto, utrum liceat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 ei corporaliter suos subditos deserere. Sexto, utrum possit habere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 proprium. Septimo, utrum peccet mortaliter bona ecclesiastica
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 pauperibus non erogando. Octavo, utrum religiosi qui ad episcopatum
53
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diff changeset
1557 assumuntur, teneantur ad observantias regulares.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="46341"><span class="ref">[46341] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1558 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod liceat episcopatum appetere.
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diff changeset
1559 Dicit enim apostolus, I ad Tim. III, <i>qui episcopatum desiderat,
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diff changeset
1560 bonum opus desiderat</i>. Sed licitum et laudabile est bonum opus
53
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diff changeset
1561 desiderare. Ergo etiam laudabile est desiderare episcopatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="46342"><span class="ref">[46342] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 Praeterea, status episcoporum est perfectior quam status
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 religiosorum, ut supra habitum est. Sed laudabile est quod aliquis
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diff changeset
1564 desideret ad statum religionis transire. Ergo etiam laudabile est
53
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diff changeset
1565 quod aliquis appetat ad episcopatum promoveri.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="46343"><span class="ref">[46343] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 Praeterea, Prov. XI dicitur, <i>qui abscondit frumenta, maledicetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 in populis, benedictio autem super caput vendentium</i>. Sed ille
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 qui est idoneus et vita et scientia ad episcopatum, videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 frumenta spiritualia abscondere si se ab episcopatu subtrahat, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 hoc autem quod episcopatum accipit, ponitur in statu frumenta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 spiritualia dispensandi. Ergo videtur quod laudabile sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1572 episcopatum appetere, et vituperabile ipsum refugere.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="46344"><span class="ref">[46344] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 Praeterea, facta sanctorum quae in Scriptura narrantur, proponuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 nobis in exemplum, secundum illud Rom. XV, <i>quaecumque scripta
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diff changeset
1575 sunt, ad nostram doctrinam scripta sunt</i>. Sed legitur Isaiae VI,
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diff changeset
1576 quod Isaias se obtulit ad officium praedicationis, quae praecipue
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diff changeset
1577 competit episcopis. Ergo videtur quod appetere episcopatum sit
53
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diff changeset
1578 laudabile.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 1 s. c."><a name="46345"><span class="ref">[46345] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1579 contra est quod Augustinus dicit, XIX de Civ. Dei, <i>locus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 superior, sine quo populus regi non potest, etsi administretur ut
53
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diff changeset
1581 decet, tamen indecenter appetitur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 1 co."><a name="46346"><span class="ref">[46346] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1582 dicendum quod in episcopatu tria possunt considerari. Quorum unum
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diff changeset
1583 est principale et finale, scilicet episcopalis operatio, per quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 utilitati proximorum intendit, secundum illud Ioan. ult., pasce
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 oves meas. Aliud autem est altitudo gradus, quia episcopus super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 alios constituitur, secundum illud Matth. XXIV, <i>fidelis servus
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diff changeset
1587 et prudens, quem constituit dominus super familiam suam</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 Tertium autem est quod consequenter se habet ad ista, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 reverentia et honor, et sufficientia temporalium, secundum illud I
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 ad Tim. V, <i>qui bene praesunt presbyteri, duplici honore digni
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diff changeset
1591 habeantur</i>. Appetere igitur episcopatum ratione huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 circumstantium bonorum, manifestum est quod est illicitum, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 pertinet ad cupiditatem vel ambitionem. Unde contra Pharisaeos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 dominus dicit, Matth. XXIII, <i>amant primos accubitus in cenis et
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diff changeset
1595 primas cathedras in synagogis, salutationes in foro, et vocari ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 hominibus, Rabbi</i>. Quantum autem ad secundum, scilicet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 celsitudinem gradus, appetere episcopatum est praesumptuosum. Unde
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diff changeset
1598 dominus, Matth. XX, arguit discipulos primatum quaerentes, dicens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 <i>scitis quia principes gentium dominantur eorum</i>, ubi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 Chrysostomus dicit quod per hoc <i>ostendit quod gentile est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 primatus cupere; et sic gentium comparatione eorum animam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 aestuantem convertit</i>. Sed appetere proximis prodesse est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 secundum se laudabile et virtuosum. Verum quia, prout est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 episcopalis actus, habet annexam gradus celsitudinem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 praesumptuosum videtur quod aliquis praeesse appetat ad hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 subditis prosit, nisi manifesta necessitate imminente, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 Gregorius dicit, in Pastoral., quod <i>tunc laudabile erat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 episcopatum quaerere, quando per hunc quemque dubium non erat ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 supplicia graviora pervenire</i>, unde non de facili inveniebatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 qui hoc onus assumeret; praesertim cum aliquis caritatis zelo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 divinitus ad hoc incitatur, sicut Gregorius dicit, in Pastoral.,
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diff changeset
1612 quod <i>Isaias, prodesse proximis cupiens, laudabiliter officium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 praedicationis appetiit</i>. Potest tamen absque praesumptione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 quilibet appetere talia opera facere, si eum contingeret in tali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1615 officio esse; vel etiam se esse dignum ad talia opera exequenda,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 ita quod opus bonum cadat sub desiderio, non autem primatus
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diff changeset
1617 dignitatis. Unde Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., <i>opus quidem
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diff changeset
1618 desiderare bonum, bonum est, primatum autem honoris concupiscere
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diff changeset
1619 vanitas est. Primatus enim fugientem se desiderat, desiderantem se
53
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diff changeset
1620 horret</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="46347"><span class="ref">[46347] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1621 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Gregorius dicit, in Pastoral., <i>illo
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diff changeset
1622 tempore hoc dixit apostolus quo ille qui plebibus praeerat, primus
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diff changeset
1623 ad martyrii tormenta ducebatur</i>, et sic nihil aliud erat quod in
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diff changeset
1624 episcopatu appeti posset nisi bonum opus. Unde Augustinus dicit,
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diff changeset
1625 XIX de Civ. Dei, quod apostolus dicens, <i>qui episcopatum
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diff changeset
1626 desiderat, bonum opus desiderat, exponere voluit quid sit
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diff changeset
1627 episcopatus, quia nomen operis est, non honoris. Scopos quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 intentio est. Ergo episcopein, si velimus Latine superintendere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 possumus dicere, ut intelligat non se esse episcopum qui praeesse
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diff changeset
1630 dilexerit, non prodesse. In actione enim, ut parum ante praemittit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 non amandus est honor in hac vita sive potentia, quoniam omnia vana
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diff changeset
1632 sunt sub sole, sed opus ipsum quod per eundem honorem vel potentiam
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diff changeset
1633 fit</i>. Et tamen, ut Gregorius dicit, in Pastoral., <i>laudans
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diff changeset
1634 desiderium</i>, scilicet boni operis, <i>in pavorem vertit protinus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 quod laudavit, cum subiungit, oportet autem episcopum
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diff changeset
1636 irreprehensibilem esse, quasi dicat, laudo quod quaeritis, sed
53
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diff changeset
1637 discite quid quaeratis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="46348"><span class="ref">[46348] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1638 secundum dicendum quod non est eadem ratio de statu religionis et
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diff changeset
1639 statu episcopali, propter duo. Primo quidem, quia ad statum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 episcopalem praeexigitur vitae perfectio, ut patet per hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 dominus a Petro exquisivit si plus eum ceteris diligeret, antequam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 ei committeret pastorale officium. Sed ad statum religionis non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 praeexigitur perfectio, sed est via in perfectionem unde et
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diff changeset
1644 dominus, Matth. XIX, non dixit, si es perfectus, vade et vende
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diff changeset
1645 omnia quae habes, sed, si vis esse perfectus. Et huius differentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 ratio est quia, secundum Dionysium, perfectio pertinet active ad
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diff changeset
1647 episcopum, sicut ad perfectorem, ad monachum autem passive, sicut
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diff changeset
1648 ad perfectum. Requiritur autem quod sit perfectus aliquis ad hoc
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diff changeset
1649 quod possit alios ad perfectionem adducere, quod non praeexigitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 ab eo qui debet ad perfectionem adduci. Est autem praesumptuosum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 quod aliquis perfectum se reputet, non autem quod aliquis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 perfectionem tendat. Secundo, quia ille qui statum religionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 assumit, se aliis subiicit ad spiritualia capienda, et hoc cuilibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 licet. Unde Augustinus dicit, XIX de Civ. Dei, <i>a studio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 cognoscendae veritatis nemo prohibetur, quod ad laudabile pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 otium</i>. Sed ille qui transit ad statum episcopalem, sublimatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 ad hoc quod aliis provideat. Et hanc sublimationem nullus debet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 sibi assumere, secundum illud Heb. V, <i>nemo assumit sibi honorem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 sed qui vocatur a Deo</i>. Et Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 <i>primatum Ecclesiae concupiscere neque iustum est neque utile.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 Quis enim sapiens vult ultro se subiicere servituti et periculo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 tali ut det rationem pro omni Ecclesia, nisi forte qui non timet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 Dei iudicium, abutens primatu ecclesiastico saeculariter, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1664 scilicet convertat ipsum in saecularem?</i></p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="46349"><span class="ref">[46349] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 dicendum quod dispensatio spiritualium frumentorum non est facienda
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 secundum arbitrium cuiuslibet, sed principaliter quidem secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 arbitrium et dispositionem Dei; secundario autem secundum arbitrium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 superiorum praelatorum, ex quorum persona dicitur, I ad Cor. IV,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 <i>sic nos existimet homo ut ministros Christi, et dispensatores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 mysteriorum Dei</i>. Et ideo non intelligitur ille abscondere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 frumenta spiritualia cui non competit ex officio, nec ei a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 superiori iniungitur, si ab aliorum correctione aut gubernatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 desistat, sed solum tunc intelligitur abscondere, si dispensationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 negligat cum ei ex officio incumbat, vel si officium, cum ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 iniungitur, pertinaciter recipere renuat. Unde Augustinus dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 XIX de Civ. Dei, <i>otium sanctum quaerit caritas veritatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 negotium iustum suscipit necessitas caritatis. Quam sarcinam si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 nullus imponit, percipiendae atque intuendae vacandum est veritati.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 Si autem imponitur, suscipienda est, propter caritatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1680 necessitatem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="46350"><span class="ref">[46350] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 dicendum quod, sicut Gregorius dicit, in Pastoral., <i>Isaias, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 mitti voluit, ante se per altaris calculum purgatum vidit, ne non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 purgatus adire quisque sacra ministeria audeat. Quia ergo valde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 difficile est purgatum se quemlibet posse cognoscere,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1685 praedicationis officium tutius declinatur</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="46351"><span class="ref">[46351] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod liceat episcopatum iniunctum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 omnino recusare. Ut enim Gregorius dicit, in Pastoral., <i>per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 activam vitam prodesse proximis cupiens Isaias, officium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 praedicationis appetit, per contemplationem vero Ieremias amori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 conditoris sedulo inhaerere desiderans, ne mitti ad praedicandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 debeat, contradicit</i>. Nullus autem peccat si meliora nolit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 deserere ut minus bonis inhaereat. Cum ergo amor Dei praeemineat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 dilectioni proximi, et vita contemplativa praeferatur vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 activae, ut ex supra dictis patet, videtur quod non peccat ille qui
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1695 omnino episcopatum recusat.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="46352"><span class="ref">[46352] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 Praeterea, sicut Gregorius dicit, <i>valde difficile est ut aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 se purgatum possit cognoscere, nec debet aliquis non purgatus sacra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 ministeria adire</i>. Si ergo aliquis se non sentiat esse purgatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 quantumcumque sibi episcopale iniungatur officium, non debet illud
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1700 suscipere.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="46353"><span class="ref">[46353] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1701 Praeterea, de beato Marco Hieronymus dicit, in prologo super
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diff changeset
1702 Marcum, quod <i>amputasse sibi post fidem pollicem dicitur, ut
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diff changeset
1703 sacerdotio reprobus haberetur</i>. Et similiter aliqui votum
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diff changeset
1704 emittunt ut nunquam episcopatum accipiant. Sed eiusdem rationis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 ponere impedimentum ad aliquid, et omnino recusare illud. Ergo
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diff changeset
1706 videtur quod absque peccato possit aliquis omnino episcopatum
53
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diff changeset
1707 recusare.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 2 s. c."><a name="46354"><span class="ref">[46354] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1708 contra est quod dicit Augustinus, ad Eudoxium, <i>si qua opera
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diff changeset
1709 vestra mater Ecclesia desideraverit, nec elatione avida
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 suscipiatis, nec blandiente desidia respuatis</i>. Postea subdit,
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diff changeset
1711 <i>neque otium vestrum necessitatibus Ecclesiae praeponatis, cui
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diff changeset
1712 parturienti si nulli boni ministrare vellent, quomodo nasceremini
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diff changeset
1713 non inveniretis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 2 co."><a name="46355"><span class="ref">[46355] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1714 dicendum quod in assumptione episcopatus duo sunt consideranda,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 primo quidem, quid deceat hominem appetere secundum propriam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 voluntatem; secundo, quid hominem deceat facere ad voluntatem
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diff changeset
1717 alterius. Quantum igitur ad propriam voluntatem, convenit homini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 principaliter insistere propriae saluti, sed quod aliorum saluti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 intendat, hoc convenit homini ex dispositione alterius potestatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 habentis, sicut ex supra dictis patet. Unde sicut ad inordinationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 voluntatis pertinet quod aliquis proprio motu feratur in hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 aliorum gubernationi praeficiatur; ita etiam ad inordinationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 voluntatis pertinet quod aliquis omnino, contra superioris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 iniunctionem, praedictum gubernationis officium finaliter recuset,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 propter duo. Primo quidem, quia hoc repugnat caritati proximorum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 quorum utilitati se aliquis debet exponere pro loco et tempore.
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diff changeset
1727 Unde Augustinus dicit, XIX de Civ. Dei, quod <i>negotium iustum
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diff changeset
1728 suscipit necessitas caritatis</i>. Secundo, quia hoc repugnat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 humilitati, per quam aliquis superiorum mandatis se subiicit. Unde
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diff changeset
1730 Gregorius dicit, in Pastoral., quod <i>tunc ante Dei oculos vera
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diff changeset
1731 est humilitas, cum ad respuendum hoc quod utiliter subire
53
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diff changeset
1732 praecipitur, pertinax non est</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="46356"><span class="ref">[46356] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1733 ergo dicendum quod quamvis, simpliciter et absolute loquendo, vita
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diff changeset
1734 contemplativa potior sit quam activa, et amor Dei quam dilectio
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diff changeset
1735 proximi; tamen ex alia parte bonum multitudinis praeferendum est
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diff changeset
1736 bono unius. Unde Augustinus dicit, in verbis praemissis, <i>neque
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diff changeset
1737 otium vestrum necessitatibus Ecclesiae praeponatis</i>. Praesertim
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diff changeset
1738 quia et hoc ipsum ad dilectionem Dei pertinet quod aliquis ovibus
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diff changeset
1739 Christi curam pastoralem impendat. Unde super illud Ioan. ult.,
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diff changeset
1740 pasce oves meas, dicit Augustinus, <i>sit amoris officium pascere
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diff changeset
1741 dominicum gregem, sicut fuit timoris indicium negare pastorem</i>.
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diff changeset
1742 Similiter etiam praelati non sic transferuntur ad vitam activam ut
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diff changeset
1743 contemplativam deserant. Unde Augustinus dicit, XIX de Civ. Dei,
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diff changeset
1744 quod, <i>si imponatur sarcina pastoralis officii, nec sic deserenda
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diff changeset
1745 est delectatio veritatis</i>, quae scilicet in contemplatione
53
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diff changeset
1746 habetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="46357"><span class="ref">[46357] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1747 secundum dicendum quod nullus tenetur obedire praelato ad aliquod
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diff changeset
1748 illicitum, sicut patet ex his quae supra dicta sunt de obedientia.
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diff changeset
1749 Potest ergo contingere quod ille cui iniungitur praelationis
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diff changeset
1750 officium, in se aliquid sentiat per quod non liceat ei praelationem
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diff changeset
1751 accipere. Hoc autem impedimentum quandoque quidem removeri potest
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diff changeset
1752 per ipsummet cui pastoralis cura iniungitur, puta si habeat
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diff changeset
1753 peccandi propositum, quod potest deserere. Et propter hoc non
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diff changeset
1754 excusatur quin finaliter teneatur obedire praelato iniungenti.
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diff changeset
1755 Quandoque vero impedimentum ex quo fit ei illicitum pastorale
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diff changeset
1756 officium, non potest ipse removere, sed praelatus qui iniungit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 puta si sit irregularis vel excommunicatus. Et tunc debet defectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 suum praelato iniungenti ostendere, qui si impedimentum removere
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diff changeset
1759 voluerit, tenetur humiliter obedire. Unde Exodi IV, cum Moyses
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diff changeset
1760 dixisset, <i>obsecro, domine, non sum eloquens ab heri et nudius
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diff changeset
1761 tertius</i>, dominus respondit ad eum, <i>ego ero in ore tuo,
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diff changeset
1762 doceboque te quid loquaris</i>. Quandoque vero non potest removeri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 impedimentum nec per iniungentem nec per eum cui iniungitur, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 si archiepiscopus non possit super irregularitate dispensare. Unde
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diff changeset
1765 subditus non tenetur ei obedire ad suscipiendum episcopatum, vel
53
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1766 etiam sacros ordines, si sit irregularis.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="46358"><span class="ref">[46358] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1767 dicendum quod accipere episcopatum non est de se necessarium ad
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diff changeset
1768 salutem, sed fit necessarium ex superioris praecepto. His autem
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diff changeset
1769 quae sic sunt necessaria ad salutem, potest aliquis impedimentum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 licite apponere antequam fiat praeceptum, alioquin, non liceret
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diff changeset
1771 alicui transire ad secundas nuptias, ne per hoc impediretur a
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diff changeset
1772 susceptione episcopatus vel sacri ordinis. Non autem hoc liceret in
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diff changeset
1773 his quae per se sunt de necessitate salutis. Unde beatus Marcus non
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diff changeset
1774 contra praeceptum egit sibi digitum amputando, quamvis credibile
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diff changeset
1775 sit ex instinctu spiritus sancti hoc fecisse, sine quo non licet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 alicui sibi manus iniicere. Qui autem votum emittit de non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 suscipiendo episcopatum, si per hoc intendat se obligare ad hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 quod nec per obedientiam superioris praelati accipiat, illicite
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diff changeset
1779 vovet. Si autem intendit ad hoc se obligare ut, quantum est de se,
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diff changeset
1780 episcopatum non quaerat; nec suscipiat, nisi necessitate imminente,
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diff changeset
1781 licitum est votum, quia vovet se facturum id quod hominem facere
53
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diff changeset
1782 decet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="46359"><span class="ref">[46359] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1783 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod oporteat eum qui ad
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diff changeset
1784 episcopatum assumitur, esse ceteris meliorem. Dominus enim Petrum,
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diff changeset
1785 cui commissurus erat pastorale officium, examinavit si se diligeret
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 plus ceteris. Sed ex hoc aliquis melior est quod Deum plus diligit.
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diff changeset
1787 Ergo videtur quod ad episcopatum non sit assumendus nisi ille qui
53
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diff changeset
1788 est ceteris melior.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="46360"><span class="ref">[46360] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1789 Praeterea, Symmachus Papa dicit, <i>vilissimus computandus est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 nisi scientia et sanctitate praecellat, qui est dignitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 praestantior</i>. Sed ille qui praecellit scientia et sanctitate,
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diff changeset
1792 est melior. Ergo non debet aliquis ad episcopatum assumi nisi sit
53
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diff changeset
1793 ceteris melior.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="46361"><span class="ref">[46361] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1794 Praeterea, in quolibet genere minora per maiora reguntur, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 corporalia reguntur per spiritualia, et inferiora corpora per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 superiora, ut Augustinus dicit, in III de Trin. Sed episcopus
53
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diff changeset
1797 assumitur ad regimen aliorum. Ergo debet esse ceteris melior.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 3 s. c."><a name="46362"><span class="ref">[46362] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1798 contra est quod decretalis dicit quod sufficit eligere bonum, nec
53
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diff changeset
1799 oportet eligere meliorem.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 3 co."><a name="46363"><span class="ref">[46363] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 dicendum quod circa assumptionem alicuius ad episcopatum, aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 est considerandum ex parte eius qui assumitur, et aliquid ex parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 eius qui assumit. Ex parte enim eius qui assumit, vel eligendo vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 providendo, requiritur quod fideliter divina ministeria dispenset.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 Quae quidem dispensari debent ad utilitatem Ecclesiae, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 illud I ad Cor. XIV, <i>ad aedificationem Ecclesiae quaerite ut
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diff changeset
1806 abundetis</i>, non autem ministeria divina hominibus committuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 propter eorum remunerationem, quam expectare debent in futuro. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 ideo ille qui debet aliquem eligere in episcopum, vel de eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 providere, non tenetur assumere meliorem simpliciter, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 secundum caritatem, sed meliorem quoad regimen Ecclesiae, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 scilicet possit Ecclesiam et instruere et defendere et pacifice
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 gubernare. Unde contra quosdam Hieronymus dicit quod <i>quidam non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 quaerunt eos in Ecclesia columnas erigere quos plus cognoscant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 Ecclesiae prodesse, sed quos vel ipsi amant, vel quorum sunt
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diff changeset
1815 obsequiis deliniti, vel pro quibus maiorum quispiam rogaverit, et,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 ut deteriora taceam, qui ut clerici fierent muneribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 impetrarunt</i>. Hoc autem pertinet ad acceptionem personarum, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 in talibus est grave peccatum. Unde super illud Iac. II, <i>fratres
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 mei, nolite in personarum acceptione</i> etc., dicit Glossa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 Augustini, <i>si hanc distantiam sedendi et standi ad honores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 ecclesiasticos referamus, non est putandum leve esse peccatum in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 personarum acceptione habere fidem domini gloriae. Quis enim ferat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 eligi divitem ad sedem honoris Ecclesiae, contempto paupere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 instructiore et sanctiore?</i> Ex parte autem eius qui assumitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 non requiritur quod reputet se aliis meliorem, hoc enim esset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 superbum et praesumptuosum, sed sufficit quod nihil in se inveniat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 per quod illicitum ei reddatur assumere praelationis officium. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 licet Petrus interrogatus esset an dominum plus ceteris diligeret,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 in sua responsione non se praetulit ceteris, sed respondit
53
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diff changeset
1830 simpliciter quod Christum amaret.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="46364"><span class="ref">[46364] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1831 ergo dicendum quod dominus in Petro sciebat ex suo munere esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 idoneitatem etiam quantum ad alia, Ecclesiam gubernandi. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 eum de ampliori dilectione examinavit ad ostendendum quod, ubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 alias invenitur homo idoneus ad Ecclesiae regimen, praecipue
53
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diff changeset
1835 attendi debet in ipso eminentia divinae dilectionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="46365"><span class="ref">[46365] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 secundum dicendum quod auctoritas illa est intelligenda quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 studium illius qui in dignitate est constitutus, debet enim ad hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 intendere ut talem se exhibeat ut ceteros et scientia et sanctitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 praecellat. Unde Gregorius dicit, in Pastoral., <i>tantum debet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 actionem populi actio transcendere praesulis, quantum distare solet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 a grege vita pastoris</i>. Non autem sibi imputandum est si ante
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 praelationem excellentior non fuit, ut ex hoc debeat vilissimus
53
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diff changeset
1843 reputari.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="46366"><span class="ref">[46366] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1844 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur I ad Cor. XII, <i>divisiones gratiarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 et ministrationum et operationum sunt</i>. Unde nihil prohibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 aliquem esse magis idoneum ad officium regiminis qui tamen non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 excellit in gratia sanctitatis. Secus autem est in regimine ordinis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 naturalis, in quo id quod est superius naturae ordine, ex hoc ipso
53
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diff changeset
1849 habet maiorem idoneitatem ad hoc quod inferiora disponat.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="46367"><span class="ref">[46367] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod episcopus non possit licite
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 curam episcopalem deserere, ut ad religionem se transferat. Nulli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 enim de statu perfectiori licet ad minus perfectum statum transire,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 hoc enim est respicere retro, quod est damnabile, secundum domini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 sententiam dicentis, Luc. IX, <i>nemo mittens manum ad aratrum et
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diff changeset
1855 aspiciens retro, aptus est regno Dei</i>. Sed status episcopalis
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1856 est perfectior quam status religionis, ut supra habitum est. Ergo,
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1857 sicut non licet de statu religionis redire ad saeculum, ita non
53
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1858 licet de statu episcopali ad religionem transire.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="46368"><span class="ref">[46368] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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1859 Praeterea, ordo gratiae est decentior quam ordo naturae. Sed
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diff changeset
1860 secundum naturam, non movetur idem ad contraria, puta, si lapis
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diff changeset
1861 naturaliter deorsum movetur, non potest naturaliter a deorsum
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diff changeset
1862 redire in sursum. Sed secundum ordinem gratiae, licet transire de
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diff changeset
1863 statu religionis ad statum episcopalem. Ergo non licet e converso
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1864 de statu episcopali redire ad statum religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="46369"><span class="ref">[46369] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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1865 Praeterea, nihil in operibus gratiae debet esse otiosum. Sed ille
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diff changeset
1866 qui est semel in episcopum consecratus, perpetuo retinet
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diff changeset
1867 spiritualem potestatem conferendi ordines, et alia huiusmodi
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diff changeset
1868 faciendi quae ad episcopale officium pertinent, quae quidem
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diff changeset
1869 potestas otiosa remanere videtur in eo qui curam episcopalem
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1870 dimittit. Ergo videtur quod episcopus non possit curam episcopalem
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1871 dimittere et ad religionem transire.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 4 s. c."><a name="46370"><span class="ref">[46370] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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1872 contra, nullus cogitur ad id quod est secundum se illicitum. Sed
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1873 illi qui petunt cessionem a cura episcopali, ad cedendum
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1874 compelluntur, ut patet extra, de Renunt., cap. quidam. Ergo videtur
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1875 quod deserere curam episcopalem non sit illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 4 co."><a name="46371"><span class="ref">[46371] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1876 dicendum quod perfectio episcopalis status in hoc consistit quod
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diff changeset
1877 aliquis ex divina dilectione se obligat ad hoc quod saluti
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diff changeset
1878 proximorum insistat. Et ideo tandiu obligatur ad hoc quod curam
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diff changeset
1879 pastoralem retineat, quandiu potest subditis sibi commissis
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diff changeset
1880 proficere ad salutem. Quam quidem negligere non debet, neque
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diff changeset
1881 propter divinae contemplationis quietem, cum apostolus propter
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diff changeset
1882 necessitatem subditorum etiam a contemplatione futurae vitae se
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diff changeset
1883 differri patienter toleraret; secundum illud Philipp. I, <i>ecce,
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diff changeset
1884 quid eligam ignoro. Coarctor enim e duobus, desiderium habens
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diff changeset
1885 dissolvi et esse cum Christo, multo magis melius est; permanere
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1886 autem in carne est necessarium propter vos. Et hoc confidens, scio
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diff changeset
1887 quia manebo</i>. Neque etiam propter quaecumque adversa vitanda vel
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diff changeset
1888 lucra conquirenda, quia, sicut dicitur Ioan. X, <i>bonus pastor
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diff changeset
1889 animam suam ponit pro ovibus suis</i>. Contingit tamen quandoque
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diff changeset
1890 quod episcopus impeditur procurare subditorum salutem,
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diff changeset
1891 multipliciter. Quandoque quidem propter proprium defectum, vel
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diff changeset
1892 conscientiae, sicut si sit homicida vel simoniacus; vel etiam
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diff changeset
1893 corporis, puta si sit senex vel infirmus; vel etiam scientiae quae
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diff changeset
1894 sufficiat ad curam regiminis; vel etiam irregularitatis, puta si
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diff changeset
1895 sit bigamus. Quandoque autem propter defectum subditorum, in quibus
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1896 non potest proficere. Unde Gregorius dicit, in II Dialog., <i>ibi
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diff changeset
1897 aequanimiter portandi sunt mali, ubi inveniuntur aliqui qui
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diff changeset
1898 adiuventur boni. Ubi autem omnimodo fructus de bonis deest, fit
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diff changeset
1899 aliquando de malis labor supervacuus. Unde saepe agitur in animo
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diff changeset
1900 perfectorum quod, cum laborem suum sine fructu esse considerant, in
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diff changeset
1901 loco alio ad laborem cum fructu migrant</i>. Quandoque autem
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1902 contingit ex parte aliorum, puta cum de praelatione alicuius grave
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diff changeset
1903 scandalum suscitatur. Nam, ut apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. VIII,
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diff changeset
1904 <i>si esca scandalizat fratrem meum, non manducabo carnes in
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diff changeset
1905 aeternum</i>. Dum tamen scandalum non oriatur ex malitia aliquorum
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1906 volentium fidem aut iustitiam Ecclesiae conculcare. Propter
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1907 huiusmodi enim scandalum non est cura pastoralis dimittenda,
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1908 secundum illud Matth. XV, sinite illos, scilicet qui
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diff changeset
1909 scandalizabantur de veritate doctrinae Christi, caeci sunt duces
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diff changeset
1910 caecorum. Oportet tamen quod, sicut curam regiminis assumit aliquis
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diff changeset
1911 per providentiam superioris praelati, ita etiam per eius
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diff changeset
1912 auctoritatem, ex causis praedictis, deserat susceptam. Unde extra,
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diff changeset
1913 de Renunt., dicit Innocentius III, <i>si pennas habeas quibus
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diff changeset
1914 satagas in solitudinem avolare, ita tamen adstrictae sunt nexibus
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diff changeset
1915 praeceptorum ut liberum non habeas, absque nostra permissione,
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diff changeset
1916 volatum</i>. Soli enim Papae licet dispensare in voto perpetuo, quo
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1917 quis se ad curam subditorum adstrinxit episcopatum suscipiens.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="46372"><span class="ref">[46372] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1918 ergo dicendum quod perfectio religiosorum et episcoporum secundum
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1919 diversa attenditur. Nam ad perfectionem religionis pertinet studium
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1920 quod quis adhibet ad propriam salutem. Ad perfectionem autem
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1921 episcopalis status pertinet adhibere studium ad proximorum salutem.
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1922 Et ideo, quandiu potest esse aliquis utilis proximorum saluti,
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1923 retrocederet si ad statum religionis vellet transire, ut solum suae
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diff changeset
1924 saluti insisteret, qui se obligavit ad hoc quod non solum suam
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diff changeset
1925 salutem, sed etiam aliorum procuraret. Unde Innocentius III dicit,
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diff changeset
1926 in decretali praedicta, quod <i>facilius indulgetur ut monachus ad
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diff changeset
1927 praesulatum ascendat, quam praesul ad monachatum descendat, sed si
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diff changeset
1928 salutem aliorum procurare non possit, conveniens est ut suae saluti
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1929 intendat</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="46373"><span class="ref">[46373] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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1930 secundum dicendum quod propter nullum impedimentum debet homo
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diff changeset
1931 praetermittere studium suae salutis, quod pertinet ad religionis
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1932 statum. Potest autem esse aliquod impedimentum procurandae salutis
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1933 alienae. Et ideo monachus potest ad statum episcopatus assumi, in
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diff changeset
1934 quo etiam suae salutis curam agere potest. Potest etiam episcopus,
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diff changeset
1935 si impedimentum alienae salutis procurandae interveniat, ad
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1936 religionem transire. Et impedimento cessante, potest iterato ad
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diff changeset
1937 episcopatum assumi, puta per correctionem subditorum, vel per
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diff changeset
1938 sedationem scandali, vel per curationem infirmitatis, aut depulsa
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diff changeset
1939 ignorantia per instructionem sufficientem. Vel etiam, si simoniace
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diff changeset
1940 sit promotus eo ignorante, si se ad regularem vitam, episcopatu
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diff changeset
1941 dimisso, transtulerit, poterit iterato ad alium episcopatum
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diff changeset
1942 promoveri. Si vero aliquis propter culpam sit ab episcopatu
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1943 depositus, et in monasterium detrusus ad poenitentiam peragendam,
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1944 non potest iterato ad episcopatum revocari. Unde dicitur VII, qu.
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1945 I, <i>praecipit sancta synodus ut quicumque de pontificali
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1946 dignitate ad monachorum vitam et poenitentiae descenderit locum,
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1947 nequaquam ad pontificatum resurgat</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="46374"><span class="ref">[46374] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1948 dicendum quod etiam in rebus naturalibus, propter impedimentum
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1949 superveniens potentia remanet absque actu, sicut propter
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diff changeset
1950 infirmitatem oculi cessat actus visionis. Et ita etiam non est
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1951 inconveniens si, propter exterius impedimentum superveniens,
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1952 potestas episcopalis remaneat absque actu.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="46375"><span class="ref">[46375] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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1953 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat episcopo, propter
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diff changeset
1954 aliquam persecutionem, corporaliter deserere gregem sibi commissum.
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1955 Dicit enim dominus, Ioan. X, quod <i>ille est mercenarius, et non
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1956 vere pastor, qui videt lupum venientem, et dimittit oves et
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diff changeset
1957 fugit</i>. Dicit autem Gregorius, in homilia, quod <i>lupus super
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diff changeset
1958 oves venit, cum quilibet iniustus et raptor fideles quosque atque
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diff changeset
1959 humiles opprimit</i>. Si ergo propter persecutionem alicuius
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1960 tyranni, episcopus gregem sibi commissum corporaliter deserat,
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1961 videtur quod sit mercenarius, et non pastor.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="46376"><span class="ref">[46376] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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1962 Praeterea, Prov. VI dicitur, <i>fili, si sponderis pro amico tuo,
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diff changeset
1963 defixisti apud extraneum manum tuam</i>, et postea subdit,
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diff changeset
1964 <i>discurre, festina, suscita amicum tuum</i>. Quod exponens
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diff changeset
1965 Gregorius, in Pastoral., dicit, <i>spondere pro amico est animam
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diff changeset
1966 alienam in periculo suae conversationis accipere. Quisquis autem ad
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diff changeset
1967 vivendum aliis in exemplum praeponitur, non solum ut ipse vigilet,
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diff changeset
1968 sed etiam ut amicum suscitet, admonetur</i>. Sed hoc non potest
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diff changeset
1969 facere si corporaliter deserat gregem. Ergo videtur quod episcopus
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1970 non debeat, causa persecutionis, corporaliter suum gregem
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1971 deserere.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="46377"><span class="ref">[46377] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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1972 Praeterea, ad perfectionem episcopalis status pertinet quod
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diff changeset
1973 proximis curam impendat. Sed non licet ei qui est statum
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diff changeset
1974 perfectionis professus, ut omnino deserat ea quae sunt
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diff changeset
1975 perfectionis. Ergo videtur quod non licet episcopo se corporaliter
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diff changeset
1976 subtrahere ab executione sui officii, nisi forte ut operibus
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1977 perfectionis in monasterio vacet.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 5 s. c."><a name="46378"><span class="ref">[46378] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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1978 contra est quod dominus apostolis, quorum successores sunt
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diff changeset
1979 episcopi, mandavit, Matth. X, <i>si vos persecuti fuerint in una
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1980 civitate, fugite in aliam</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 5 co."><a name="46379"><span class="ref">[46379] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1981 dicendum quod in qualibet obligatione praecipue attendi debet
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1982 obligationis finis. Obligant autem se episcopi ad exequendum
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diff changeset
1983 pastorale officium propter subditorum salutem. Et ideo, ubi
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1984 subditorum salus exigit personae pastoris praesentiam, non debet
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diff changeset
1985 pastor personaliter suum gregem deserere, neque propter aliquod
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diff changeset
1986 commodum temporale, neque etiam propter aliquod personale periculum
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diff changeset
1987 imminens, cum bonus pastor animam suam ponere teneatur pro ovibus
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1988 suis. Si vero subditorum saluti possit sufficienter in absentia
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diff changeset
1989 pastoris per alium provideri, tunc licet pastori, vel propter
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diff changeset
1990 aliquod Ecclesiae commodum, vel propter personae periculum,
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diff changeset
1991 corporaliter gregem deserere. Unde Augustinus dicit, in epistola ad
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diff changeset
1992 Honoratum, <i>fugiant de civitate in civitatem servi Christi,
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diff changeset
1993 quando eorum quisque specialiter a persecutoribus quaeritur, ut ab
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diff changeset
1994 aliis, qui non ita quaeruntur, non deseratur Ecclesia. Cum autem
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diff changeset
1995 omnium est commune periculum, hi qui aliis indigent, non deserantur
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diff changeset
1996 ab his quibus indigent. Si enim perniciosum est nautam in
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diff changeset
1997 tranquillitate navem deserere, quanto magis in fluctibus</i>, ut
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1998 dicit Nicolaus Papa, et habetur VII, qu. I.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="46380"><span class="ref">[46380] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1999 ergo dicendum quod ille tanquam mercenarius fugit qui commodum
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diff changeset
2000 temporale, vel etiam salutem corporalem, spirituali saluti
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diff changeset
2001 proximorum praeponit. Unde Gregorius dicit, in homilia, <i>stare in
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diff changeset
2002 periculo ovium non potest qui in eo quod ovibus praeest, non oves
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diff changeset
2003 diligit, sed lucrum terrenum quaerit, et ideo opponere se contra
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diff changeset
2004 periculum trepidat, ne hoc quod diligit amittat</i>. Ille autem qui
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diff changeset
2005 ad evitandum periculum recedit absque detrimento gregis, non
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2006 tanquam mercenarius fugit.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="46381"><span class="ref">[46381] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
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2007 secundum dicendum quod ille qui spondet pro aliquo, si per se
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2008 implere non possit, sufficit ut per alium impleat. Unde praelatus,
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2009 si habet impedimentum propter quod non possit personaliter curae
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diff changeset
2010 subditorum intendere, suae sponsioni satisfacit si per alium
53
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2011 provideat.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="46382"><span class="ref">[46382] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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2012 dicendum quod ille qui ad episcopatum assumitur, assumit statum
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diff changeset
2013 perfectionis secundum aliquod perfectionis genus, a quo si
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diff changeset
2014 impediatur, ad aliud genus perfectionis non tenetur, ut scilicet
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diff changeset
2015 necesse sit eum ad statum religionis transire. Imminet tamen sibi
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diff changeset
2016 necessitas ut animum retineat intendendi proximorum saluti si
53
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2017 opportunitas adsit et necessitas requirat.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="46383"><span class="ref">[46383] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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2018 sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod episcopo non liceat aliquid
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diff changeset
2019 proprium possidere. Dominus enim dicit, Matth. XIX, <i>si vis
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diff changeset
2020 perfectus esse, vade et vende omnia quae habes et da pauperibus, et
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diff changeset
2021 veni, sequere me</i>, ex quo videtur quod voluntaria paupertas ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2022 perfectionem requiratur. Sed episcopi assumuntur ad statum
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diff changeset
2023 perfectionis. Ergo videtur quod non liceat eis proprium
53
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2024 possidere.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="46384"><span class="ref">[46384] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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2025 Praeterea, episcopi in Ecclesia tenent locum apostolorum, ut dicit
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diff changeset
2026 Glossa, Luc. X. Sed apostolis dominus praecepit ut nihil proprium
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diff changeset
2027 possiderent, secundum illud Matth. X, <i>nolite possidere aurum
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diff changeset
2028 neque argentum, neque pecuniam in zonis vestris</i>. Unde et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2029 Petrus, pro se et pro aliis apostolis, dicit, <i>ecce, nos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 reliquimus omnia et secuti sumus te</i>, Matth. XIX. Ergo videtur
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diff changeset
2031 quod episcopi teneantur ad huius mandati observantiam, ut nihil
53
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diff changeset
2032 proprium possideant.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="46385"><span class="ref">[46385] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2033 Praeterea, Hieronymus dicit, ad Nepotianum, <i>cleros Graece,
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diff changeset
2034 Latine sors appellatur. Propterea clerici dicuntur, quia de sorte
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diff changeset
2035 domini sunt, vel quia ipse dominus sors, idest pars, clericorum
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diff changeset
2036 est. Qui autem dominum possidet, nihil extra Deum habere potest. Si
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diff changeset
2037 autem aurum, si argentum, si possessiones, si variam supellectilem
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diff changeset
2038 habet, cum istis partibus non dignatur dominus fieri pars eius</i>.
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diff changeset
2039 Ergo videtur quod non solum episcopi, sed etiam clerici debeant
53
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diff changeset
2040 proprio carere.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 6 s. c."><a name="46386"><span class="ref">[46386] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
2041 contra est quod dicitur XII, qu. I, <i>episcopus de rebus propriis
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diff changeset
2042 vel acquisitis, vel quidquid de proprio habet, heredibus suis
53
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diff changeset
2043 derelinquat</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 6 co."><a name="46387"><span class="ref">[46387] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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2044 dicendum quod ad ea quae sunt supererogationis nullus tenetur, nisi
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diff changeset
2045 se specialiter ad illud voto adstringat. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
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diff changeset
2046 epistola ad Paulinam et Armentarium, <i>quia iam vovisti, iam te
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 obstrinxisti, aliud tibi facere non licet. Priusquam esses voti
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diff changeset
2048 reus, liberum fuit quod esses inferior</i>. Manifestum est autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 quod vivere absque proprio supererogationis est, non enim cadit sub
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diff changeset
2050 praecepto, sed sub consilio. Unde cum, Matth. XIX, dixisset dominus
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diff changeset
2051 adolescenti, <i>si vis ad vitam ingredi, serva mandata</i>, postea
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diff changeset
2052 superaddendo subdidit, <i>si vis perfectus esse, vade et vende
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diff changeset
2053 omnia quae habes et da pauperibus</i>. Non autem episcopi in sua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 ordinatione ad hoc se obligant ut absque proprio vivant, nec etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 vivere absque proprio ex necessitate requiritur ad pastorale
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diff changeset
2056 officium, ad quod se obligant. Et ideo non tenentur episcopi ad hoc
53
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diff changeset
2057 quod sine proprio vivant.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="46388"><span class="ref">[46388] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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2058 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, perfectio Christianae
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diff changeset
2059 vitae non consistit essentialiter in voluntaria paupertate, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 voluntaria paupertas instrumentaliter operatur ad perfectionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 vitae. Unde non oportet quod ubi est maior paupertas, ibi sit maior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 perfectio. Quinimmo potest esse summa perfectio cum magna
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diff changeset
2063 opulentia, nam Abraham, cui dictum est, Gen. XVII, ambula coram me
53
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diff changeset
2064 et esto perfectus, legitur dives fuisse.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="46389"><span class="ref">[46389] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
2065 secundum dicendum quod verba illa domini tripliciter possunt
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diff changeset
2066 intelligi. Uno modo, mystice, ut non possideamus aurum neque
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diff changeset
2067 argentum, idest, ut praedicatores non innitantur principaliter
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diff changeset
2068 sapientiae et eloquentiae temporali; ut Hieronymus exponit. Alio
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diff changeset
2069 modo, sicut Augustinus exponit, in libro de consensu Evangelist.,
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diff changeset
2070 ut intelligatur hoc dominum non praecipiendo, sed magis permittendo
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diff changeset
2071 dixisse. Permisit enim eis ut absque auro et argento et aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 sumptibus ad praedicandum irent, accepturi sumptus vitae ab his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 quibus praedicabant. Unde subdit, dignus est enim operarius cibo
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diff changeset
2074 suo. Ita tamen quod, si aliquis propriis sumptibus uteretur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 praedicatione Evangelii, ad supererogationem pertineret, sicut
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diff changeset
2076 Paulus de seipso dicit, I ad Cor. IX. Tertio modo, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 Chrysostomus exponit, ut intelligatur illa dominum discipulis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 praecepisse quantum ad illam missionem qua mittebantur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 praedicandum Iudaeis, ut per hoc exercerentur ad confidendum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 virtute ipsius, qui eis absque sumptibus provideret. Ex quo tamen
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diff changeset
2081 non obligabantur ipsi, vel successores eorum, ut absque propriis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 sumptibus Evangelium praedicarent. Nam et de Paulo legitur, II ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 Cor. XI, quod ab aliis Ecclesiis stipendium accipiebat ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 praedicandum Corinthiis, et sic patet quod aliquid possidebat ab
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diff changeset
2085 aliis sibi missum. Stultum autem videtur dicere quod tot sancti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 pontifices, sicut Athanasius, Ambrosius, Augustinus, illa praecepta
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diff changeset
2087 transgressi fuissent, si ad ea observanda se crederent
53
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2088 obligari.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="46390"><span class="ref">[46390] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2089 dicendum quod omnis pars est minor toto. Ille ergo cum Deo alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 partes habet, cuius studium diminuitur circa ea quae sunt Dei, dum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 intendit his quae sunt mundi. Sic autem non debent nec episcopi nec
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diff changeset
2092 clerici proprium possidere, ut, dum curant propria, defectum
53
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diff changeset
2093 faciant in his quae pertinent ad cultum divinum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="46391"><span class="ref">[46391] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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2094 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod episcopi mortaliter peccent
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diff changeset
2095 si bona ecclesiastica quae procurant, pauperibus non largiantur.
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diff changeset
2096 Dicit enim Ambrosius, exponens illud Luc. XII, <i>hominis cuiusdam
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diff changeset
2097 divitis uberes fructus ager attulit, nemo proprium dicat quod est
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diff changeset
2098 commune, plus quam sufficiat sumptui, violenter obtentum est</i>.
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diff changeset
2099 Et postea subdit, <i>neque minus est criminis habenti tollere quam,
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diff changeset
2100 cum possis et abundas, denegare indigentibus</i>. Sed violenter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2101 tollere alienum est peccatum mortale. Ergo episcopi mortaliter
53
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diff changeset
2102 peccant si ea quae eis supersunt, pauperibus non largiantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="46392"><span class="ref">[46392] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2103 Praeterea, Isaiae III, super illud, rapina pauperum in domo vestra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2104 dicit Glossa Hieronymi quod bona ecclesiastica sunt pauperum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2105 quicumque id quod est alterius sibi reservat aut aliis dat, peccat
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diff changeset
2106 mortaliter et tenetur ad restitutionem. Ergo, si episcopi bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 ecclesiastica quae eis superfluunt, sibi retineant vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2108 consanguineis vel amicis largiantur, videtur quod teneantur ad
53
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diff changeset
2109 restitutionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="46393"><span class="ref">[46393] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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2110 Praeterea, multo magis aliquis potest de rebus Ecclesiae ea quae
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diff changeset
2111 sunt sibi necessaria accipere, quam superflua congregare. Sed
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diff changeset
2112 Hieronymus dicit, in epistola ad Damasum Papam, <i>clericos illos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 convenit Ecclesiae stipendiis sustentari quibus parentum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 propinquorum nulli suffragantur, qui autem bonis parentum et opibus
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diff changeset
2115 sustentari possunt, si quod pauperum est accipiunt, sacrilegium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 incurrunt</i>. Unde et apostolus dicit, I ad Tim. V, <i>si quis
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diff changeset
2117 fidelis habet viduas, subministret illis, et non gravetur Ecclesia,
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diff changeset
2118 ut his quae vere viduae sunt sufficiat</i>. Ergo multo magis
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diff changeset
2119 episcopi mortaliter peccant si ea quae eis superfluunt de bonis
53
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diff changeset
2120 ecclesiasticis, pauperibus non largiantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 7 s. c."><a name="46394"><span class="ref">[46394] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
2121 contra est quod plures episcopi ea quae supersunt non largiuntur
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diff changeset
2122 pauperibus, sed expendere videntur laudabiliter ad reditus
53
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diff changeset
2123 Ecclesiae ampliandos.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 7 co."><a name="46395"><span class="ref">[46395] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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2124 dicendum quod aliter est dicendum de propriis bonis, quae episcopi
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diff changeset
2125 possidere possunt, et de bonis ecclesiasticis. Nam propriorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 bonorum verum dominium habent. Unde ex ipsa rerum conditione non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 obligantur ut eas aliis conferant, sed possunt vel sibi retinere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2128 vel aliis pro libitu elargiri. Possunt tamen in earum dispensatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 peccare, vel propter inordinationem affectus, per quam contingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 quod vel sibi plura conferant quam oporteat; vel etiam aliis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 subveniant secundum quod requirit debitum caritatis. Non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 tenetur ad restitutionem, quia huiusmodi res sunt eius dominio
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diff changeset
2133 deputatae. Sed ecclesiasticorum bonorum sunt dispensatores vel
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diff changeset
2134 procuratores, dicit enim Augustinus, ad Bonifacium, <i>si privatum
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diff changeset
2135 possidemus quod nobis sufficiat, non illa nostra sunt, sed illorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 quorum procurationem gerimus, non proprietatem nobis usurpatione
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diff changeset
2137 damnabili vindicemus</i>. Ad dispensatorem autem requiritur bona
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diff changeset
2138 fides, secundum illud I ad Cor. IV, <i>hic iam quaeritur inter
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diff changeset
2139 dispensatores ut fidelis quis inveniatur</i>. Sunt autem bona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 ecclesiastica non solum in usus pauperum, sed etiam ad cultum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 divinum et necessitates ministrorum expendenda. Unde dicitur XII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2142 qu. II, <i>de reditibus Ecclesiae vel oblatione fidelium, sola
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2143 episcopo ex his una portio emittatur; duae ecclesiasticis fabricis
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diff changeset
2144 et erogationi pauperum profuturae a presbytero, sub periculo sui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 ordinis, ministrentur; ultima clericis, pro singulorum meritis,
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diff changeset
2146 dividatur</i>. Si ergo distincta sint bona quae debent in usum
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diff changeset
2147 episcopi cedere, ab his quae sunt pauperibus et ministris et cultui
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diff changeset
2148 Ecclesiae eroganda; et aliquid sibi retinuerit episcopus de his
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diff changeset
2149 quae sunt pauperibus eroganda, vel in usum ministrorum aut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 cultum divinum expendenda, non est dubium quod contra fidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 dispensationis agit, et mortaliter peccat, et ad restitutionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 tenetur. De his autem quae sunt specialiter suo usui deputata,
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diff changeset
2153 videtur esse eadem ratio quae est de propriis bonis, ut scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 propter immoderatum affectum et usum peccet quidem, si immoderata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 sibi retineat, et aliis non subveniat sicut requirit debitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 caritatis. Si vero non sint praedicta bona distincta, eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 distributio fidei eius committitur. Et si quidem in modico deficiat
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diff changeset
2158 vel superabundet, potest hoc fieri absque bonae fidei detrimento,
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diff changeset
2159 quia non potest homo in talibus punctaliter accipere illud quod
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diff changeset
2160 fieri oportet. Si vero sit multus excessus, non potest latere, unde
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diff changeset
2161 videtur bonae fidei repugnare. Et ideo non est absque peccato
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diff changeset
2162 mortali, dicitur enim Matth. XXIV, quod, si dixerit malus servus in
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diff changeset
2163 corde suo, moram facit dominus meus venire, quod pertinet ad divini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 iudicii contemptum; et coeperit percutere conservos suos, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 pertinet ad superbiam; manducet autem et bibat cum ebriosis, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 pertinet ad luxuriam, veniet dominus servi illius in die qua non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 sperat, et dividet eum, scilicet a societate bonorum, et partem
53
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2168 eius ponet cum hypocritis, scilicet in Inferno.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="46396"><span class="ref">[46396] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
2169 ergo dicendum quod verbum illud Ambrosii non solum est referendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 ad dispensationem ecclesiasticarum rerum, sed quorumcumque bonorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 ex quibus tenetur aliquis, debito caritatis, providere necessitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 patientibus. Non tamen potest determinari quando sit ista
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 necessitas quae ad peccatum mortale obliget, sicut nec cetera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 particularia quae in humanis actibus considerantur. Horum enim
53
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diff changeset
2175 determinatio relinquitur humanae prudentiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="46397"><span class="ref">[46397] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 secundum dicendum quod bona Ecclesiarum non sunt solum expendenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 in usus pauperum, sed etiam in alios usus, ut dictum est. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 si de eo quod usui episcopi vel alicuius clerici est deputatum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 velit aliquis sibi subtrahere et consanguineis vel aliis dare, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 peccat, dummodo id faciat moderate, idest, ut non indigeant, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 autem ut ditiores inde fiant. Unde Ambrosius dicit, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 Offic., <i>est approbanda liberalitas, ut proximos seminis tui ne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 despicias, si egere cognoscas, non tamen ut illi ditiores fieri
53
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2184 velint ex eo quod tu potes conferre inopibus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="46398"><span class="ref">[46398] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2185 dicendum quod non omnia bona Ecclesiarum sunt pauperibus largienda,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 nisi forte in articulo necessitatis, in quo etiam, pro redemptione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 captivorum et aliis necessitatibus pauperum, vasa cultui divino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 dicata distrahuntur, ut Ambrosius dicit. Et in tali necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 peccaret clericus si vellet de rebus Ecclesiae vivere, dummodo
53
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2190 haberet patrimonialia bona, de quibus vivere possit.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="46399"><span class="ref">[46399] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 dicendum quod bona Ecclesiarum usibus pauperum deservire debent. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 ideo si quis, necessitate non imminente providendi pauperibus, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 his quae superfluunt ex proventibus Ecclesiae possessiones emat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 vel in thesauro reponat in futurum utilitati Ecclesiae et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 necessitatibus pauperum, laudabiliter facit. Si vero necessitas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 immineat pauperibus erogandi, superflua cura est et inordinata ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 aliquis in futurum conservet, quod dominus prohibet, Matth. VI,
53
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2198 dicens, nolite solliciti esse in crastinum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="46400"><span class="ref">[46400] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod religiosi qui promoventur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 episcopos, non teneantur ad observantias regulares. Dicitur enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 XVIII, qu. I, quod <i>monachum canonica electio a iugo regulae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 monasticae professionis absolvit, et sacra ordinatio de monacho
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 episcopum facit</i>. Sed observantiae regulares pertinent ad iugum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 regulae. Ergo religiosi qui in episcopum assumuntur, non tenentur
53
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diff changeset
2205 ad observantias regulares.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="46401"><span class="ref">[46401] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 Praeterea, ille qui ab inferiori ad superiorem gradum ascendit, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 videtur teneri ad ea quae sunt inferioris gradus, sicut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 dictum est quod religiosus non tenetur ad observanda vota quae in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 saeculo fecit. Sed religiosus qui assumitur ad episcopatum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 ascendit ad aliquid maius, ut supra habitum est. Ergo videtur quod
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diff changeset
2211 non obligetur episcopus ad ea quae tenebatur observare in statu
53
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diff changeset
2212 religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="46402"><span class="ref">[46402] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2213 Praeterea, maxime religiosi obligari videntur ad obedientiam, et ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 hoc quod sine proprio vivant. Sed religiosi qui assumuntur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 episcopatum, non tenentur obedire praelatis suarum religionum, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 sunt eis superiores. Nec etiam videntur teneri ad paupertatem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 quia, sicut in decreto supra inducto dicitur, <i>quem sacra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 ordinatio de monacho episcopum facit, velut legitimus heres,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 paternam sibi hereditatem iure vindicandi potestatem habeat</i>.
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diff changeset
2220 Interdum etiam conceditur eis testamenta conficere. Ergo multo
53
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diff changeset
2221 minus tenentur ad alias observantias regulares.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 8 s. c."><a name="46403"><span class="ref">[46403] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
2222 contra est quod dicitur in decretis, XVI, qu. I, <i>de monachis qui
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diff changeset
2223 diu morantes in monasteriis, si postea ad clericatus ordines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 pervenerint, statuimus non debere eos a priori proposito
53
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diff changeset
2225 discedere</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 8 co."><a name="46404"><span class="ref">[46404] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, status religionis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 perfectionem pertinet quasi quaedam via in perfectionem tendendi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 status autem episcopalis ad perfectionem pertinet tanquam quoddam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 perfectionis magisterium. Unde status religionis comparatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 statum episcopalem sicut disciplina ad magisterium, et dispositio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 ad perfectionem. Dispositio autem non tollitur, perfectione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 adveniente, nisi forte quantum ad id in quo perfectioni repugnat;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 quantum autem ad id quod perfectioni congruit, magis confirmatur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 Sicut discipulo, cum ad magisterium pervenerit, non congruit quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 sit auditor, congruit tamen sibi quod legat et meditetur, etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 magis quam ante. Sic igitur dicendum est quod, si qua sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 regularibus observantiis quae non impediant pontificale officium,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 sed magis valeant ad perfectionis custodiam, sicut est continentia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 paupertas et alia huiusmodi, ad haec remanet religiosus, etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 factus episcopus, obligatus; et per consequens, ad portandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 habitum suae religionis, qui est huius obligationis signum. Si qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 vero sunt in observantiis regularibus quae officio pontificali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 repugnent, sicut est solitudo, silentium, et aliquae abstinentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 vel vigiliae graves, ex quibus impotens corpore redderetur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 exequendum pontificale officium, ad huiusmodi observanda non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 tenetur. In aliis tamen potest dispensatione uti, secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 requirit necessitas personae vel officii, vel conditio hominum cum
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diff changeset
2248 quibus vivit, per modum quo etiam praelati religionum in talibus
53
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diff changeset
2249 secum dispensant.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="46405"><span class="ref">[46405] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 ergo dicendum quod ille qui fit de monacho episcopus, absolvitur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2251 iugo monasticae professionis, non quantum ad omnia, sed quantum ad
53
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diff changeset
2252 illa quae officio pontificali repugnant, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="46406"><span class="ref">[46406] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 secundum dicendum quod vota saecularis vitae se habent ad vota
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 religionis sicut particulare ad universale, ut supra habitum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 Sed vota religionis se habent ad pontificalem dignitatem sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 dispositio ad perfectionem. Particulare autem superfluit, habito
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 universali, sed dispositio adhuc necessaria est, perfectione
53
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diff changeset
2258 obtenta.</p><p title="II-II q. 185 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="46407"><span class="ref">[46407] IIª-IIae, q. 185 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 dicendum quod hoc est per accidens quod episcopi religiosi obedire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 praelatis suarum religionum non tenentur, quia sibi subditi esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 desierunt, sicut et ipsi praelati religionum. Manet tamen adhuc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 obligatio voti virtualiter, ita scilicet quod, si eis legitime
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 aliquis praeficeretur, obedire tenerentur, inquantum tenentur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 obedire statutis regulae per modum praedictum, et suis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 superioribus, si quos habent. Proprium autem nullo modo habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 possunt. Non enim hereditatem paternam vindicant quasi propriam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 sed quasi Ecclesiae debitam. Unde ibidem subditur quod, <i>postquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 episcopus ordinatur, ad altare ad quod sanctificatur, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 acquirere potuit restituat</i>. Testamentum autem nullo modo facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 potest, quia sola dispensatio ei committitur rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 ecclesiasticarum, quae morte finitur, ex qua incipit testamentum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 valere, ut apostolus dicit, ad Heb. IX. Si tamen ex concessione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 Papae testamentum faciat, non intelligitur ex proprio facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 testamentum, sed apostolica auctoritate intelligitur esse ampliata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 potestas suae dispensationis, ut eius dispensatio possit valere
53
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diff changeset
2276 post mortem.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q186"><h2>Quaestio 186</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 186 pr."><a name="46408"><span class="ref">[46408] IIª-IIae, q. 186 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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2277 considerandum est de his quae pertinent ad statum religionis. Circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 quod occurrit quadruplex consideratio, quarum prima est de his in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 quibus principaliter consistit religionis status; secunda, de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 quae religiosis licite convenire possunt; tertia, de distinctione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 religionum; quarta, de religionis ingressu. Circa primum quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 decem. Primo, utrum religiosorum status sit perfectus. Secundo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 utrum religiosi teneantur ad omnia consilia. Tertio, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 voluntaria paupertas requiratur ad religionem. Quarto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 requiratur continentia. Quinto, utrum requiratur obedientia. Sexto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 utrum requiratur quod haec cadant sub voto. Septimo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 sufficientia horum votorum. Octavo, de comparatione eorum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 invicem. Nono, utrum religiosus semper mortaliter peccet quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 transgreditur statutum suae regulae. Decimo, utrum, ceteris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 paribus, in eodem genere peccati plus peccet religiosus quam
53
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diff changeset
2291 saecularis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="46409"><span class="ref">[46409] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio non importet statum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 perfectionis. Illud enim quod est de necessitate salutis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 videtur ad statum perfectionis pertinere. Sed religio est de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 necessitate salutis, quia per eam uni vero Deo religamur, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 Augustinus dicit in libro de vera Relig.; vel religio dicitur ex eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 quod Deum reeligimus, quem amiseramus negligentes, ut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 dicit in X de Civ. Dei. Ergo videtur quod religio non nominet
53
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diff changeset
2299 perfectionis statum.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="46410"><span class="ref">[46410] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2300 Praeterea, religio, secundum Tullium, est quae <i>naturae divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 cultum et caeremoniam affert</i>. Sed afferre Deo cultum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 caeremoniam magis videtur pertinere ad ministeria sacrorum ordinum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2303 quam ad diversitatem statuum, ut ex supra dictis patet. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
2304 videtur quod religio non nominet perfectionis statum.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="46411"><span class="ref">[46411] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 Praeterea, status perfectionis distinguitur contra statum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 incipientium et proficientium. Sed etiam in religione sunt aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2307 incipientes et aliqui proficientes. Ergo religio non nominat
53
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diff changeset
2308 perfectionis statum.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="46412"><span class="ref">[46412] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2309 Praeterea, religio videtur esse poenitentiae locus, dicitur enim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 decretis, VII, qu. I, <i>praecipit sancta synodus ut quicumque de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 pontificali dignitate ad monachorum vitam et poenitentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 descenderit locum, nunquam ad pontificatum resurgat</i>. Sed locus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 poenitentiae opponitur statui perfectionis, unde Dionysius, VI cap.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 Eccles. Hier., ponit poenitentes in infimo loco, scilicet inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 purgandos. Ergo videtur quod religio non sit status
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2316 perfectionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 1 s. c."><a name="46413"><span class="ref">[46413] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 contra est quod in collationibus patrum, dicit abbas Moyses, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 religiosis loquens, <i>ieiuniorum inediam, vigilias, labores,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 corporis nuditatem, lectionem, ceterasque virtutes debere nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 suscipere noverimus, ut ad perfectionem caritatis istis gradibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 possimus conscendere</i>. Sed ea quae ad humanos actus pertinent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 ab intentione finis speciem et nomen recipiunt. Ergo religiosi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 pertinent ad statum perfectionis. Dionysius etiam, VI cap. Eccles.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 Hier., dicit <i>eos qui nominantur Dei famuli, ex Dei puro servitio
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2325 et famulatu uniri ad amabilem perfectionem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 1 co."><a name="46414"><span class="ref">[46414] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 dicendum quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, id quod communiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 multis convenit, antonomastice attribuitur ei cui per excellentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 convenit, sicut nomen fortitudinis vindicat sibi illa virtus quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 circa difficillima firmitatem animi servat, et temperantiae nomen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 vindicat sibi illa virtus quae temperat maximas delectationes.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 Religio autem, ut supra habitum est, est quaedam virtus per quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 aliquis ad Dei servitium et cultum aliquid exhibet. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 antonomastice religiosi dicuntur illi qui se totaliter mancipant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 divino servitio, quasi holocaustum Deo offerentes. Unde Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 dicit, super Ezech., <i>sunt quidam qui nihil sibimetipsis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 reservant, sed sensum, linguam, vitam atque substantiam quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 perceperunt, omnipotenti Deo immolant</i>. In hoc autem perfectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 hominis consistit quod totaliter Deo inhaereat, sicut ex supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 dictis patet. Et secundum hoc, religio perfectionis statum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2340 nominat.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="46415"><span class="ref">[46415] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 ergo dicendum quod exhibere aliqua ad cultum Dei est de necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 salutis, sed quod aliquis totaliter se et sua divino cultui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2343 deputet, ad perfectionem pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="46416"><span class="ref">[46416] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 secundum dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 religionis ageretur, ad religionem pertinent non solum oblationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 sacrificiorum, et alia huiusmodi quae sunt religioni propria, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 etiam actus omnium virtutum, secundum quod referuntur ad Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 servitium et honorem, efficiuntur actus religionis. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 hoc, si aliquis totam vitam suam divino servitio deputet, tota vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 sua ad religionem pertinebit. Et secundum hoc, ex vita religiosa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2351 quam ducunt, religiosi dicuntur qui sunt in statu perfectionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="46417"><span class="ref">[46417] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, religio nominat statum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 perfectionis ex intentione finis. Unde non oportet quod quicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 est in religione, iam sit perfectus, sed quod ad perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 tendat. Unde super illud Matth. XIX, si vis perfectus esse etc.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 dicit Origenes quod <i>ille qui mutavit pro divitiis paupertatem ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 fiat perfectus, non in ipso tempore quo tradiderit bona sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 pauperibus, fiet omnino perfectus, sed ex illa die incipiet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 speculatio Dei adducere eum ad omnes virtutes</i>. Et hoc modo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 religione non omnes sunt perfecti, sed quidam incipientes, quidam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2361 proficientes.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="46418"><span class="ref">[46418] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 dicendum quod religionis status principaliter est institutus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 perfectionem adipiscendam per quaedam exercitia quibus tolluntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 impedimenta perfectae caritatis. Sublatis autem impedimentis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 perfectae caritatis, multo magis exciduntur occasiones peccati, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 quod totaliter tollitur caritas. Unde, cum ad poenitentem pertineat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 causas peccatorum excidere, ex consequenti status religionis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 convenientissimus poenitentiae locus. Unde in decretis, XXXIII, qu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 II, cap. admonere, consulitur cuidam qui uxorem occiderat, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 potius monasterium ingrediatur, quod dicit esse melius et levius,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2371 quam poenitentiam publicam agat remanendo in saeculo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="46419"><span class="ref">[46419] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod quilibet religiosus teneatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 ad omnia consilia. Quicumque enim profitetur statum aliquem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 tenetur ad ea quae illi statui conveniunt. Sed quilibet religiosus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 profitetur statum perfectionis. Ergo quilibet religiosus tenetur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2376 omnia consilia, quae ad perfectionis statum pertinent.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="46420"><span class="ref">[46420] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, super Ezech., quod <i>ille qui praesens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 saeculum deserit et agit bona quae valet, quasi iam Aegypto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 derelicto, sacrificium praebet in eremo</i>. Sed deserere saeculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 specialiter pertinet ad religiosos. Ergo etiam eorum est agere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 omnia bona quae valent. Et ita videtur quod quilibet eorum teneatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2382 ad omnia consilia implenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="46421"><span class="ref">[46421] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 Praeterea, si non requiritur ad statum perfectionis quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 omnia consilia impleat, sufficiens esse videtur si quaedam consilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 impleat. Sed hoc falsum est, quia multi in saeculari vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 existentes aliqua consilia implent, ut patet de his qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 continentiam servant. Ergo videtur quod quilibet religiosus, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 est in statu perfectionis, teneatur ad omnia quae sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2389 perfectionis. Huiusmodi autem sunt omnia consilia.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 2 s. c."><a name="46422"><span class="ref">[46422] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 contra, ad ea quae sunt supererogationis non tenetur aliquis nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 ex propria obligatione. Sed quilibet religiosus obligat se ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 aliqua determinata, quidam ad haec, quidam ad illa. Non ergo omnes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2393 tenentur ad omnia.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 2 co."><a name="46423"><span class="ref">[46423] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 dicendum quod ad perfectionem aliquid pertinet tripliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 modo, essentialiter. Et sic, sicut supra dictum est, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 perfectionem pertinet perfecta observantia praeceptorum caritatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 Alio modo ad perfectionem pertinet aliquid consequenter sicut illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 quae consequuntur ex perfectione caritatis, puta quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 maledicenti benedicat et alia huiusmodi impleat, quae, etsi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 secundum praeparationem animi sint in praecepto, ut scilicet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 impleantur quando necessitas requirit, tamen ex superabundantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 caritatis procedit quod etiam extra necessitatem quandoque talia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 impleantur. Tertio modo pertinet aliquid ad perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 instrumentaliter et dispositive, sicut paupertas, continentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 abstinentia et alia huiusmodi. Dictum est autem quod ipsa perfectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 caritatis est finis status religionis, status autem religionis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 quaedam disciplina vel exercitium ad perfectionem perveniendi. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 quam quidem aliqui pervenire nituntur exercitiis diversis, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 etiam medicus ad sanandum uti potest diversis medicamentis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 Manifestum est autem quod illi qui operatur ad finem, non ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 necessitate convenit quod iam assecutus sit finem, sed requiritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 quod per aliquam viam tendat in finem. Et ideo ille qui statum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 religionis assumit, non tenetur habere perfectam caritatem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 tenetur ad hoc tendere et operam dare ut habeat caritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 perfectam. Et eadem ratione, non tenetur ad hoc quod illa impleat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 quae perfectionem caritatis consequuntur, tenetur autem ut ad ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 implenda intendat. Contra quod facit contemnens. Unde non peccat si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 ea praetermittat, sed si ea contemnat. Similiter etiam non tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 ad omnia exercitia quibus ad perfectionem pervenitur, sed ad illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 determinate quae sunt ei taxata secundum regulam quam professus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2421 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="46424"><span class="ref">[46424] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 ergo dicendum quod ille qui transit ad religionem, non profitetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 se esse perfectum, sed profitetur se adhibere studium ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 perfectionem consequendam, sicut etiam ille qui intrat scholas, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 profitetur se scientem, sed profitetur se studentem ad scientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 acquirendam. Unde sicut Augustinus dicit, VIII de Civ. Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 Pythagoras noluit profiteri se sapientem, sed sapientiae amatorem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 Et ideo religiosus non est transgressor professionis si non sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2429 perfectus, sed solum si contemnat ad perfectionem tendere.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="46425"><span class="ref">[46425] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 secundum dicendum quod, sicut diligere Deum ex toto corde tenentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 omnes, est tamen aliqua perfectionis totalitas quae sine peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 praetermitti non potest, aliqua autem quae sine peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 praetermittitur, dum tamen desit contemptus, ut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 ita etiam omnes, tam religiosi quam saeculares, tenentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 aliqualiter facere quidquid boni possunt, omnibus enim communiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 dicitur, Eccle. IX, <i>quidquid potest manus tua, instanter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 operare</i>; est tamen aliquis modus hoc praeceptum implendi quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 peccatum vitatur, si scilicet homo faciat quod potest secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 requirit conditio sui status; dummodo contemptus non adsit agendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 meliora, per quem animus obfirmatur contra spiritualem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2441 profectum.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="46426"><span class="ref">[46426] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 dicendum quod quaedam consilia sunt quae si praetermitterentur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 tota vita hominis implicaretur negotiis saecularibus, puta si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 aliquis haberet proprium, vel matrimonio uteretur, aut aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 huiusmodi faceret quod pertinet ad essentialia religionis vota. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 ideo ad omnia talia consilia observanda religiosi tenentur. Sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 autem quaedam consilia de quibusdam particularibus melioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 actibus, quae praetermitti possunt absque hoc quod vita hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 saecularibus actibus implicetur. Unde non oportet quod ad omnia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2450 talia religiosi teneantur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="46427"><span class="ref">[46427] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod paupertas non requiratur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 perfectionem religionis. Non enim videtur ad statum perfectionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 pertinere illud quod illicite fit. Sed quod homo omnia sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 relinquat, videtur esse illicitum, apostolus enim, II ad Cor. VIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 dat formam fidelibus eleemosynas faciendi, dicens, <i>si voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 prompta est, secundum id quod habet, accepta est, idest, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 necessaria retineatis</i>; et postea subdit, <i>non ut aliis sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 remissio, vobis autem tribulatio</i>, Glossa, idest, paupertas. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 super illud I ad Tim. VI, habentes alimenta et quibus tegamur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 dicit Glossa, <i>etsi nihil intulerimus vel ablaturi simus, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 tamen omnino abiicienda sunt haec temporalia</i>. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2462 voluntaria paupertas non requiratur ad perfectionem religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="46428"><span class="ref">[46428] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 Praeterea, quicumque se exponit periculo, peccat. Sed ille qui,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 omnibus suis relictis, voluntariam paupertatem sectatur, exponit se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 periculo, et spirituali, secundum illud Prov. XXX, <i>ne forte,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 egestate compulsus, furer et periurem nomen Dei mei</i>, et Eccli.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 XXVII, propter inopiam multi perierunt; et etiam corporali, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 enim Eccle. VII, <i>sicut protegit sapientia, sic protegit et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 pecunia</i>. Et philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 quaedam perditio ipsius hominis esse corruptio divitiarum, quia per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 has homo vivit</i>. Ergo videtur quod voluntaria paupertas non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2472 requiratur ad perfectionem religiosae vitae.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="46429"><span class="ref">[46429] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 Praeterea, virtus in medio consistit, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 ille qui omnia dimittit per voluntariam paupertatem, non videtur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 medio consistere, sed magis in extremo. Ergo non agit virtuose. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2476 ita hoc non pertinet ad vitae perfectionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="46430"><span class="ref">[46430] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 Praeterea, ultima perfectio hominis in beatitudine consistit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 divitiae conferunt ad beatitudinem, dicitur enim Eccli. XXXI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 <i>beatus est dives qui inventus est sine macula</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 philosophus dicit, in I Ethic., quod divitiae organice deserviunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 ad felicitatem. Ergo voluntaria paupertas non requiritur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2482 perfectionem religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="46431"><span class="ref">[46431] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 Praeterea, status episcoporum est perfectior quam status
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 religionis. Sed episcopi possunt proprium habere, ut supra habitum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2485 est. Ergo et religiosi.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 arg. 6"><a name="46432"><span class="ref">[46432] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 arg. 6</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 Praeterea, dare eleemosynam est opus maxime Deo acceptum, et, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 Chrysostomus dicit, <i>medicamentum quod maxime in poenitentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 operatur</i>. Sed paupertas excludit eleemosynarum largitionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 Ergo videtur quod paupertas ad perfectionem religionis non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2490 pertineat.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 s. c."><a name="46433"><span class="ref">[46433] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 contra est quod Gregorius dicit, VIII Moral., <i>sunt nonnulli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 iustorum qui, ad comprehendendum culmen perfectionis accincti, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 altiora interius appetunt, exterius cuncta derelinquunt</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 accingi ad comprehendendum culmen perfectionis proprie pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 religiosos, ut dictum est. Ergo eis competit ut per voluntariam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2496 paupertatem cuncta exterius derelinquant.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 co."><a name="46434"><span class="ref">[46434] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, status religionis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 quoddam exercitium et disciplina per quam pervenitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 perfectionem caritatis. Ad quod quidem necessarium est quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 affectum suum totaliter abstrahat a rebus mundanis, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 Augustinus, in X Confess., ad Deum loquens, <i>minus te amat qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 tecum aliquid amat quod non propter te amat</i>. Unde et in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 octogintatrium quaest., dicit Augustinus quod <i>nutrimentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 caritatis est imminutio cupiditatis, perfectio, nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 cupiditas</i>. Ex hoc autem quod aliquis res mundanas possidet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 allicitur animus eius ad earum amorem. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 epistola ad Paulinum et Therasiam, quod <i>terrena diliguntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 arctius adepta quam concupita. Nam unde iuvenis ille tristis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 discessit, nisi quia magnas habebat divitias? Aliud est enim nolle
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 incorporare quae desunt, aliud iam incorporata divellere, illa enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 velut extranea repudiantur; ista velut membra praeciduntur</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., quod <i>appositio divitiarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 maiorem accendit flammam, et vehementior fit cupido</i>. Et inde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 est quod ad perfectionem caritatis acquirendam, primum fundamentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 est voluntaria paupertas, ut aliquis absque proprio vivat, dicente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 domino, Matth. XIX, <i>si vis perfectus esse, vade et vende omnia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2517 quae habes et da pauperibus, et veni, sequere me</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="46435"><span class="ref">[46435] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Glossa ibidem subdit, <i>non ideo dixit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 apostolus (scilicet, ut vobis non sit tribulatio, idest paupertas),
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 quin melius esset, sed infirmis timet, quos sic dare monet ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 egestatem non patiantur</i>. Unde similiter etiam ex Glossa alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 non est intelligendum quod non liceat omnia temporalia abiicere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 sed quod hoc non ex necessitate requiritur. Unde et Ambrosius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 dicit, in I de Offic., <i>dominus non vult</i>, scilicet ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 necessitate praecepti, <i>simul effundi opes, sed dispensari, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 forte ut Eliseus boves suos occidit et pavit pauperes ex eo quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2527 habuit, ut nulla cura teneretur domestica</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="46436"><span class="ref">[46436] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 secundum dicendum quod ille qui omnia sua dimittit propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 Christum, non exponit se periculo, neque spirituali neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 corporali. Spirituale enim periculum ex paupertate provenit quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 non est voluntaria, quia ex affectu aggregandi pecunias, quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 patiuntur illi qui involuntarie sunt pauperes, incidit homo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 multa peccata; secundum illud I ad Tim. ult., <i>qui volunt divites
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 fieri, incidunt in tentationem et in laqueum Diaboli</i>. Iste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 autem affectus deponitur ab his qui voluntariam paupertatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 sequuntur, magis autem dominatur in his qui divitias possident, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 ex dictis patet. Corporale etiam periculum non imminet illis qui,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 intentione sequendi Christum, omnia sua relinquunt, divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 providentiae se committentes. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 Serm. Dom. in monte, <i>quaerentibus regnum Dei et iustitiam eius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2541 non debet subesse sollicitudo ne necessaria desint</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="46437"><span class="ref">[46437] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 dicendum quod medium virtutis, secundum philosophum, in II Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 accipitur secundum rationem rectam, non secundum quantitatem rei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 Et ideo quidquid potest fieri secundum rationem rectam, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 vitiosum ex magnitudine quantitatis, sed magis virtuosum. Esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 autem praeter rationem rectam si quis omnia sua consumeret in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 intemperantiam, vel absque utilitate. Est autem secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 rectam quod aliquis divitias abiiciat ut contemplationi sapientiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 vacet, quod etiam philosophi quidam fecisse leguntur. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 Hieronymus, in epistola ad Paulinum, <i>Crates ille Thebanus, homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 quondam ditissimus, cum ad philosophandum Athenas pergeret, magnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 auri pondus abiecit, nec putavit se posse simul divitias et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 virtutes possidere</i>. Unde multo magis secundum rationem rectam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 est ut homo omnia sua relinquat ad hoc quod Christum perfecte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 sequatur. Unde Hieronymus dicit, in epistola ad rusticum monachum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2556 <i>nudum Christum nudus sequere</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="46438"><span class="ref">[46438] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 dicendum quod duplex est beatitudo sive felicitas, una quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 perfecta, quam expectamus in futura vita; alia autem imperfecta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 secundum quam aliqui dicuntur in hac vita beati. Praesentis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 vitae felicitas est duplex, una quidem secundum vitam activam, alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 vero secundum vitam contemplativam, ut patet per philosophum, in X
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 Ethic. Ad felicitatem igitur vitae activae, quae consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 exterioribus operationibus, divitiae instrumentaliter coadiuvant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 quia, ut philosophus dicit, in I Ethic. <i>multa operamur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 amicos, per divitias et per civilem potentiam, sicut per quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 organa</i>. Ad felicitatem autem contemplativae vitae non multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 operantur, sed magis impediunt, inquantum sua sollicitudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 impediunt animi quietem, quae maxime necessaria est contemplanti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 Et hoc est quod philosophus dicit, in X Ethic., quod <i>ad actiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 multis opus est, speculanti vero nullo talium</i>, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 exteriorum bonorum, <i>ad operationem necessitas, sed impedimenta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 sunt ad speculationem</i>. Ad futuram vero beatitudinem ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 aliquis per caritatem. Et quia voluntaria paupertas est efficax
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 exercitium perveniendi ad perfectam caritatem, ideo multum valet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 caelestem beatitudinem consequendam, unde et dominus, Matth. XIX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 dicit, <i>vade et vende omnia quae habes et da pauperibus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 habebis thesaurum in caelo</i>. Divitiae autem habitae per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 quidem natae sunt perfectionem caritatis impedire, principaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 alliciendo animum et distrahendo unde dicitur, Matth. XIII, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 sollicitudo saeculi et fallacia divitiarum suffocat verbum Dei;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 quia, ut Gregorius dicit, <i>dum bonum desiderium ad cor intrare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 non sinunt, quasi aditum flatus vitalis necant</i>. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 difficile est caritatem inter divitias conservare. Unde dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 dicit, Matth. XIX, quod <i>dives difficile intrabit in regnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 caelorum</i>. Quod quidem intelligendum est de eo qui actu habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 divitias, nam de eo qui affectum in divitiis ponit, dicit hoc esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 impossibile, secundum expositionem Chrisostomi, cum subdit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 <i>facilius est camelum per foramen acus transire quam divitem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 intrare in regnum caelorum</i>. Et ideo non simpliciter dives
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 dicitur esse beatus, sed, <i>qui inventus est sine macula et post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 aurum non abiit</i>. Et hoc, quia rem difficilem fecit, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 subditur, <i>quis est hic. Et laudabimus eum? Fecit enim mirabilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 in vita sua</i>, ut scilicet, inter divitias positus, divitias non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2594 amaret.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="46439"><span class="ref">[46439] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 dicendum quod status episcopalis non ordinatur ad perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 adipiscendam, sed potius ut ex perfectione quam quis habet, alios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 gubernet, non solum ministrando spiritualia, sed etiam temporalia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 Quod pertinet ad vitam activam, in qua multa operanda occurrunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 instrumentaliter per divitias, ut dictum est. Et ideo ab episcopis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 qui profitentur gubernationem gregis Christi, non exigitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 proprio careant, sicut exigitur a religiosis, qui profitentur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
2602 disciplinam perfectionis acquirendae.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 3 ad 6"><a name="46440"><span class="ref">[46440] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 3 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 dicendum quod abrenuntiatio propriarum divitiarum comparatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 eleemosynarum largitionem sicut universale ad particulare, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 holocaustum ad sacrificium. Unde Gregorius dicit, super Ezech.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 quod <i>illi qui ex possessis rebus subsidia egentibus ministrant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 in bonis quae faciunt sacrificium offerunt, quia aliquid Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 immolant, et aliquid sibi reservant, qui vero nihil sibi reservant,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 offerunt holocaustum, quod est maius sacrificio</i>. Unde etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 Hieronymus, contra Vigilant., dicit, <i>quod autem asserit eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 melius facere qui utantur rebus suis et paulatim fructus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 possessionum pauperibus dividant, non a me eis, sed a Deo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 respondetur, si vis perfectus esse,</i> et cetera. Et postea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 subdit, <i>iste quem tu laudas, secundus et tertius gradus est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 quem et nos recipimus, dummodo sciamus prima secundis et tertiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 praeferenda</i>. Et ideo, ad excludendum errorem Vigilantii,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 dicitur in libro de ecclesiasticis dogmatibus, <i>bonum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 facultates cum dispensatione pauperibus erogare, melius est, pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 intentione sequendi dominum, insimul donare, et, absolutum
53
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diff changeset
2620 sollicitudine, egere cum Christo</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="46441"><span class="ref">[46441] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod perpetua continentia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 requiratur ad perfectionem religionis. Omnis enim Christianae vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 perfectio ab apostolis Christi coepit. Sed apostoli continentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 non videntur servasse, ut patet de Petro, qui socrum legitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 habuisse, Matth. VIII. Ergo videtur quod ad perfectionem religionis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2626 non requiratur perpetua continentia.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="46442"><span class="ref">[46442] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 Praeterea, primum perfectionis exemplar nobis in Abraham
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 ostenditur, cui dominus dixit, Gen. XVII, <i>ambula coram me, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 esto perfectus</i>. Sed exemplatum non oportet quod excedat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 exemplar. Ergo non requiritur ad perfectionem religionis perpetua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2631 continentia.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="46443"><span class="ref">[46443] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 Praeterea, illud quod requiritur ad perfectionem religionis, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 omni religione invenitur. Sunt autem aliqui religiosi qui uxoribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 utuntur. Non ergo religionis perfectio exigit perpetuam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2635 continentiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 4 s. c."><a name="46444"><span class="ref">[46444] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 contra est quod apostolus dicit, II ad Cor. VII, <i>mundemus nos ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 omni inquinamento carnis et spiritus, perficientes sanctificationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 nostram in timore Dei</i>. Sed munditia carnis et spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 conservatur per continentiam, dicitur enim I ad Cor. VII, <i>mulier
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 innupta et virgo cogitat quae domini sunt, ut sit sancta corpore et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2641 spiritu</i>. Ergo perfectio religionis requirit continentiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 4 co."><a name="46445"><span class="ref">[46445] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 dicendum quod ad statum religionis requiritur subtractio eorum per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 quae homo impeditur ne totaliter feratur ad Dei servitium. Usus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 autem carnalis copulae retrahit animum ne totaliter feratur in Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 servitium, dupliciter. Uno modo, propter vehementiam delectationis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 ex cuius frequenti experientia augetur concupiscentia, ut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 philosophus dicit, in III Ethic. Et inde est quod usus venereorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 retrahit animam ab illa perfecta intentione tendendi in Deum. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 hoc est quod Augustinus dicit, in I Soliloq., <i>nihil esse sentio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 quod magis ex arce deiiciat animum virilem quam blandimenta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 feminae, corporumque ille contactus sine quo uxor haberi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 potest</i>. Alio modo, propter sollicitudinem quam ingerit homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 de gubernatione uxoris et filiorum, et rerum temporalium quae ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 eorum sustentationem sufficiant. Unde apostolus dicit quod <i>qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 sine uxore est, sollicitus est quae sunt domini, quomodo placeat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 Deo, qui autem cum uxore est, sollicitus est quae sunt mundi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 quomodo placeat uxori</i>. Et ideo continentia perpetua requiritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 ad perfectionem religionis, sicut et voluntaria paupertas. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 sicut damnatus est Vigilantius, qui adaequavit divitias paupertati;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 ita damnatus est Iovinianus, qui adaequavit matrimonium
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2661 virginitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="46446"><span class="ref">[46446] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 ergo dicendum quod perfectio non solum paupertatis, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 continentiae, introducta est per Christum, qui dicit, Matth. XIX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 <i>sunt eunuchi qui castraverunt seipsos propter regnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 caelorum</i>, et postea subdit, qui potest capere, capiat. Et ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 alicui spes perveniendi ad perfectionem tolleretur, assumpsit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 perfectionis statum etiam illos quos invenit matrimonio iunctos.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 Non autem poterat absque iniuria fieri quod viri uxores desererent,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 sicut absque iniuria fiebat quod homines divitias relinquerent. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 ideo Petrum, quem invenit matrimonio iunctum, non separavit ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2671 uxore. Ioannem tamen nubere volentem a nuptiis revocavit.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="46447"><span class="ref">[46447] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 secundum dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 Coniug., <i>melior est castitas caelibum quam castitas nuptiarum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 quarum Abraham unam habebat in usu, ambas in habitu. Caste quippe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 coniugaliter vixit, esse autem castus sine coniugio potuit, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 tunc non oportuit</i>. Nec tamen quia antiqui patres perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 animi simul cum divitiis et matrimonio habuerunt, quod ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 magnitudinem virtutis pertinebat, propter hoc infirmiores quique
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 debent praesumere se tantae virtutis esse ut cum divitiis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 matrimonio possint ad perfectionem pervenire, sicut nec aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 praesumit hostes inermis invadere quia Samson cum mandibula asini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 multos hostium peremit. Nam illi patres, si tempus fuisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 continentiae et paupertatis servandae, studiosius hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2684 implessent.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="46448"><span class="ref">[46448] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 dicendum quod illi modi vivendi secundum quos homines matrimonio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 utuntur, non sunt simpliciter et absolute loquendo religiones, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 secundum quid, inquantum scilicet in aliquo participant quaedam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2688 quae ad statum religionis pertinent.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="46449"><span class="ref">[46449] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod obedientia non pertineat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 perfectionem religionis. Illa enim videntur ad perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 religionis pertinere quae sunt supererogationis, ad quae non omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 tenentur. Sed ad obediendum praelatis suis omnes tenentur, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 illud apostoli, Hebr. ult., <i>obedite praepositis vestris, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 subiacete eis</i>. Ergo videtur quod obedientia non pertineat ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2695 perfectionem religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="46450"><span class="ref">[46450] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 Praeterea, obedientia proprie pertinere videtur ad eos qui debent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 regi sensu alieno, quod est indiscretorum. Sed apostolus dicit, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 Heb. V, quod <i>perfectorum est solidus cibus, qui pro consuetudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 exercitatos habent sensus ad discretionem boni et mali</i>. Ergo
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2700 videtur quod obedientia non pertineat ad statum perfectorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="46451"><span class="ref">[46451] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 Praeterea, si obedientia requireretur ad perfectionem religionis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 oporteret quod omnibus religiosis conveniret. Non autem omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 convenit, sunt enim quidam religiosi solitariam vitam agentes, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 non habent superiores, quibus obediant. Praelati etiam religionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 ad obedientiam non videntur teneri. Ergo obedientia non videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2706 pertinere ad perfectionem religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="46452"><span class="ref">[46452] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 Praeterea, si votum obedientiae ad religionem requireretur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 consequens esset quod religiosi tenerentur praelatis suis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 omnibus obedire, sicut et per votum continentiae tenentur ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 omnibus venereis abstinere. Sed non tenentur obedire in omnibus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 supra habitum est, cum de virtute obedientiae ageretur. Ergo votum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2712 obedientiae non requiritur ad religionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 5 arg. 5"><a name="46453"><span class="ref">[46453] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 Praeterea, illa servitia sunt Deo maxime accepta quae liberaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 et non ex necessitate fiunt, secundum illud II ad Cor. IX, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 ex tristitia aut ex necessitate</i>. Sed illa quae ex obedientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 fiunt, fiunt ex necessitate praecepti. Ergo laudabilius fiunt bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 opera quae quis propria sponte facit. Votum ergo obedientiae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 competit religioni, per quam homines quaerunt ad meliora
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2719 promoveri.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 5 s. c."><a name="46454"><span class="ref">[46454] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 contra, perfectio religionis maxime consistit in imitatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 Christi, secundum illud Matth. XIX, <i>si vis perfectus esse, vade
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 et vende omnia quae habes et da pauperibus, et veni, sequere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 me</i>. Sed in Christo maxime commendatur obedientia, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 illud Philip. II, factus est obediens usque ad mortem. Ergo videtur
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2725 quod obedientia pertineat ad perfectionem religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 5 co."><a name="46455"><span class="ref">[46455] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, status religionis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 quaedam disciplina vel exercitium tendendi in perfectionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 Quicumque autem instruuntur vel exercitantur ut perveniant ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 aliquem finem, oportet quod directionem alicuius sequantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 secundum cuius arbitrium instruantur vel exercitentur, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 discipuli sub magistro. Et ideo oportet quod religiosi, in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 pertinent ad religiosam vitam, alicuius instructioni et imperio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 subdantur. Unde et VII, qu. I, dicitur, <i>monachorum vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 subiectionis habet verbum et discipulatus</i>. Imperio autem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 instructioni alterius subiicitur homo per obedientiam. Et ideo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2736 obedientia requiritur ad religionis perfectionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="46456"><span class="ref">[46456] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 ergo dicendum quod obedire praelatis in his quae pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 necessitatem virtutis, non est supererogationis, sed omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 commune, sed obedire in his quae pertinent ad exercitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 perfectionis, pertinet proprie ad religiosos. Et comparatur ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 obedientia ad aliam sicut universale ad particulare. Illi enim qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 in saeculo vivunt, aliquid sibi retinent et aliquid Deo largiuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 et secundum hoc obedientiae praelatorum subduntur. Illi vero qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 vivunt in religione, totaliter se et sua tribuunt Deo, ut ex supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2745 dictis patet. Unde obedientia eorum est universalis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="46457"><span class="ref">[46457] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 secundum dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in II Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 homines exercitantes se in operibus perveniunt ad aliquos habitus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 quos cum acquisierint, eosdem actus maxime possunt operari. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 igitur obediendo illi qui non sunt perfectionem adepti, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 perfectionem perveniunt. Illi autem qui iam sunt perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 adepti, maxime prompti sunt ad obediendum, non quasi indigentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 dirigi ad perfectionem acquirendam; sed quasi per hoc se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2753 conservantes in eo quod ad perfectionem pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="46458"><span class="ref">[46458] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 dicendum quod subiectio religiosorum principaliter attenditur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 episcopos, qui comparantur ad eos sicut perfectores ad perfectos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 ut patet per Dionysium, VI cap. Eccles. Hier., ubi etiam dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 <i>monachorum ordo pontificum consummativis virtutibus mancipatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 et divinis eorum illuminationibus edocetur</i>. Unde ab episcoporum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 obedientia nec eremitae, nec etiam praelati religionum excusantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 Et si a dioecesanis episcopis totaliter vel in parte sunt exempti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 obligantur tamen ad obediendum summo pontifici, non solum in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 quae sunt communia aliis, sed etiam in his quae specialiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2763 pertinent ad disciplinam religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="46459"><span class="ref">[46459] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 dicendum quod votum obedientiae ad religionem pertinens se extendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 ad dispositionem totius humanae vitae. Et secundum hoc, votum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 obedientiae habet quandam universalitatem, licet non se extendat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 omnes particulares actus; quorum quidam ad religionem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 pertinent, quia non sunt de rebus pertinentibus ad dilectionem Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 et proximi, sicut confricatio barbae vel levatio festucae de terra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 et similia, quae non cadunt sub voto vel sub obedientia; quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 vero etiam contrariantur religioni. Nec est simile de voto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 continentiae, per quam excluduntur actus omnino perfectioni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2773 religionis contrarii.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 5 ad 5"><a name="46460"><span class="ref">[46460] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 5 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 dicendum quod necessitas coactionis facit involuntarium, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 excludit rationem laudis et meriti. Sed necessitas consequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 obedientiam non est necessitas coactionis, sed liberae voluntatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 inquantum homo vult obedire, licet forte non vellet illud quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 mandatur, secundum se consideratum, implere. Et ideo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 necessitati aliqua faciendi quae secundum se non placent, per votum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 obedientiae homo se subiicit propter Deum; ex hoc ipso ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 facit sunt Deo magis accepta, etiam si sint minora, quia nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 maius homo potest Deo dare quam quod propriam voluntatem propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 ipsum alterius voluntati subiiciat. Unde in collationibus patrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 dicitur <i>deterrimum genus monachorum esse Sarabaitas, qui, suas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 necessitates curantes, absoluti a seniorum iugo, habent libertatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 agendi quod libitum fuerit, et tamen magis quam hi qui in coenobiis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2787 degunt, in operibus diebus ac noctibus consumuntur</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="46461"><span class="ref">[46461] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non requiratur ad perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 religionis quod praedicta tria, scilicet paupertas, continentia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 obedientia, cadant sub voto. Disciplina enim perfectionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 assumendae ex traditione domini est accepta. Sed dominus, dans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 formam perfectionis, Matth. XIX, dixit, <i>si vis perfectus esse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 vade et vende omnia quae habes et da pauperibus</i>, nulla mentione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 facta de voto. Ergo videtur quod votum non requiratur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2795 disciplinam religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="46462"><span class="ref">[46462] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 Praeterea, votum consistit in quadam promissione Deo facta, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 Eccle. V, cum dixisset sapiens, <i>si quid vovisti Deo, ne moreris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 reddere</i>, statim subdit, <i>displicet enim ei infidelis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 stulta promissio</i>. Sed ubi est exhibitio rei, non requiritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 promissio. Ergo sufficit ad perfectionem religionis quod aliquis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2801 servet paupertatem, continentiam et obedientiam, absque voto.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="46463"><span class="ref">[46463] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, ad Pollentium, de Adulterin. Coniug.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 <i>ea sunt in nostris officiis gratiora quae, cum liceret nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 etiam non impendere, tamen causa dilectionis impendimus</i>. Sed ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 quae fiunt sine voto, licet non impendere, quod non licet de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 quae fiunt cum voto. Ergo videtur gratius esse Deo si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 paupertatem, continentiam et obedientiam absque voto servaret. Non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2808 ergo votum requiritur ad perfectionem religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 6 s. c."><a name="46464"><span class="ref">[46464] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 contra est quod in veteri lege Nazaraei cum voto sanctificabantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 secundum illud Num. VI, <i>vir sive mulier cum fecerit votum ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 sanctificetur, et se voluerit domino consecrare,</i> et cetera. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 eos autem significantur illi qui ad perfectionis summam pertingunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 ut dicit Glossa Gregorii ibidem. Ergo votum requiritur ad statum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2814 perfectionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 6 co."><a name="46465"><span class="ref">[46465] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 dicendum quod ad religiosos pertinet quod sint in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 perfectionis, sicut ex supra dictis patet. Ad statum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 perfectionis requiritur obligatio ad ea quae sunt perfectionis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 Quae quidem Deo fit per votum. Manifestum est autem ex praemissis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 quod ad perfectionem Christianae vitae pertinet paupertas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 continentia et obedientia. Et ideo religionis status requirit ut ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 haec tria aliquis voto obligetur. Unde Gregorius dicit, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 Ezech., <i>cum quis omne quod habet, omne quod vivit, omne quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 sapit, omnipotenti Deo voverit, holocaustum est</i>, quod quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 pertinere postea dicit ad eos <i>qui praesens saeculum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2825 deserunt</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="46466"><span class="ref">[46466] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 ergo dicendum quod ad perfectionem vitae dominus pertinere dixit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 quod aliquis eum sequatur, non qualitercumque, sed ut ulterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 retro non abiret, unde ipse dicit, Luc. IX, <i>nemo mittens manum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 ad aratrum et respiciens retro, aptus est regno Dei</i>. Et quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 quidam de discipulis eius retrorsum abierint, tamen Petrus, loco
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 aliorum, domino interroganti, <i>nunquid et vos vultis abire?
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 Respondit, domine, ad quem ibimus?</i> Unde et Augustinus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 libro de consensu Evangelist., quod, <i>sicut Matthaeus et Marcus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 narrant, Petrus et Andreas, non subductis ad terram navibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 tanquam causa redeundi, secuti sunt eum, sed tanquam iubentem ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 sequerentur</i>. Haec autem immobilitas sequelae Christi firmatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2837 per votum. Et ideo votum requiritur ad perfectionem religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="46467"><span class="ref">[46467] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 secundum dicendum quod perfectio religionis requirit, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 Gregorius dicit, ut aliquis omne quod vivit Deo exhibeat. Sed homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 non potest totam vitam suam actu Deo exhibere, quia non est tota
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 simul, sed successive agitur. Unde non aliter homo potest totam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2842 vitam Deo exhibere nisi per voti obligationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="46468"><span class="ref">[46468] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 dicendum quod inter alia quae licet nobis non impendere, est etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 propria libertas, quam homo ceteris rebus cariorem habet. Unde cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 aliquis propria sponte voto sibi adimit libertatem abstinendi ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 his quae ad Dei servitium pertinent, hoc fit Deo acceptissimum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 Unde Augustinus dicit, in epistola ad Armentarium et Paulinam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 <i>non te vovisse poeniteat, immo gaude iam tibi non licere quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 cum tuo detrimento licuisset. Felix necessitas quae in meliora
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2850 compellit</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="46469"><span class="ref">[46469] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter dicatur in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 tribus votis consistere religionis perfectionem. Perfectio enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 vitae magis consistit in interioribus quam in exterioribus actibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 secundum illud Rom. XIV, <i>non est regnum Dei esca et potus, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 iustitia et pax et gaudium in spiritu sancto</i>. Sed per votum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 religionis aliquis obligatur ad ea quae sunt perfectionis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 magis deberent ad religionem pertinere vota interiorum actuum, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 contemplationis, dilectionis Dei et proximi, et aliorum huiusmodi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 quam votum paupertatis, continentiae et obedientiae, quae pertinent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2860 ad exteriores actus.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="46470"><span class="ref">[46470] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 Praeterea, praedicta tria cadunt sub voto religionis inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 pertinent ad quoddam exercitium tendendi in perfectionem. Sed multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 alia sunt in quibus religiosi exercitantur, sicut abstinentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 vigiliae et alia huiusmodi. Ergo videtur quod inconvenienter ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 tria vota dicantur essentialiter ad statum perfectionis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2866 pertinere.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="46471"><span class="ref">[46471] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 Praeterea, per votum obedientiae aliquis obligatur ad omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 implenda, secundum praeceptum superioris, quae ad exercitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 perfectionis pertinent. Ergo sufficit votum obedientiae, absque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2870 aliis duobus votis.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="46472"><span class="ref">[46472] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 Praeterea, ad exteriora bona pertinent non solum divitiae, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 etiam honores. Si ergo per votum paupertatis religiosi terrenas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 divitias abdicant, debet esse etiam aliud votum per quod honores
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2874 mundanos contemnant.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 7 s. c."><a name="46473"><span class="ref">[46473] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 contra est quod dicitur extra, de statu monachorum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 <i>custodia castitatis et abdicatio proprietatis sunt annexa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2877 regulae monachali</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 7 co."><a name="46474"><span class="ref">[46474] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 dicendum quod religionis status potest considerari tripliciter, uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 modo, secundum quod est quoddam exercitium tendendi in perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 caritatis; alio modo, secundum quod quietat humanum animum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 exterioribus sollicitudinibus, secundum illud I ad Cor. VII, volo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 vos sine sollicitudine esse; tertio modo, secundum quod est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 holocaustum, per quod aliquis totaliter se et sua offert Deo. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 secundum hoc, ex his tribus votis integratur religionis status.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 Primo enim, quantum ad exercitium perfectionis, requiritur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 aliquis a se removeat illa per quae posset impediri ne totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 eius affectus tendat in Deum, in quo consistit perfectio caritatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 Huiusmodi autem sunt tria. Primo quidem, cupiditas exteriorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 bonorum. Quae tollitur per votum paupertatis. Secundum autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 concupiscentia sensibilium delectationum, inter quas praecellunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 delectationes venereae. Quae excluduntur per votum continentiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 Tertium autem est inordinatio voluntatis humanae. Quae excluditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 per votum obedientiae. Similiter autem sollicitudinis saecularis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 inquietudo praecipue ingeritur homini circa tria. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 circa dispensationem exteriorum rerum. Et haec sollicitudo per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 votum paupertatis homini aufertur. Secundo, circa gubernationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 uxoris et filiorum. Quae amputatur per votum continentiae. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 circa dispositionem propriorum actuum. Quae amputatur per votum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 obedientiae, quo aliquis se alterius dispositioni committit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 Similiter etiam holocaustum est cum aliquis totum quod habet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 offert Deo, ut Gregorius dicit, super Ezech. Habet autem homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 triplex bonum, secundum philosophum, in I Ethic. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 exteriorum rerum. Quas quidem totaliter aliquis Deo offert per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 votum voluntariae paupertatis. Secundo autem, bonum proprii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 corporis. Quod aliquis praecipue offert Deo per votum continentiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 quo abrenuntiat maximis delectationibus corporis. Tertium autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 bonum est animae. Quod aliquis totaliter Deo offert per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 obedientiam, qua aliquis offert Deo propriam voluntatem, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 homo utitur omnibus potentiis et habitibus animae. Et ideo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2910 convenienter ex tribus votis status religionis integratur.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="46475"><span class="ref">[46475] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, status religionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 ordinatur sicut ad finem ad perfectionem caritatis, ad quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 pertinent omnes interiores actus virtutum, quarum mater est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 caritas, secundum illud I ad Cor. XIII, caritas patiens est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 benigna est, et cetera. Et ideo interiores actus virtutum, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 humilitatis, patientiae et huiusmodi, non cadunt sub voto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2917 religionis, quod ordinatur ad ipsos sicut ad finem.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="46476"><span class="ref">[46476] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 secundum dicendum quod omnes aliae religionum observantiae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 ordinantur ad praedicta tria principalia vota. Nam si qua sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 instituta in religionibus ad procurandum victum, puta labor,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 mendicitas vel alia huiusmodi, referuntur ad paupertatem, ad cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 conservationem religiosi per hos modos victum suum procurant. Alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 vero, quibus corpus maceratur, sicut vigiliae, ieiunia et si qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 sunt huiusmodi, directe ordinantur ad votum continentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 observandum. Si qua vero sunt in religionibus instituta pertinentia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 ad humanos actus, quibus aliquis ordinatur ad religionis finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 scilicet ad dilectionem Dei et proximi, puta lectio, oratio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 visitatio infirmorum, vel si quid aliud est huiusmodi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 comprehenduntur sub voto obedientiae, quod pertinet ad voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 quae secundum dispositionem alterius suos actus ordinat in finem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 Determinatio autem habitus pertinet ad omnia tria vota, tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 signum obligationis. Unde habitus regularis simul datur, vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2933 benedicitur, cum professione.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="46477"><span class="ref">[46477] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 dicendum quod per obedientiam aliquis offert Deo suam voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 cui etsi subiiciantur omnia humana, quaedam tamen sunt quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 specialiter sibi tantum subduntur, scilicet actiones humanae, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 passiones pertinent etiam ad appetitum sensitivum. Et ideo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 cohibendum passiones carnalium delectationum et exteriorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 appetibilium impedientes perfectionem vitae, necessarium fuit votum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 continentiae et paupertatis, sed ad disponendum actiones proprias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 secundum quod requirit perfectionis status, requiritur votum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2942 obedientiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="46478"><span class="ref">[46478] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., honor proprie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 et secundum veritatem non debetur nisi virtuti, sed quia exteriora
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 bona instrumentaliter deserviunt ad quosdam actus virtutum, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 consequenti etiam eorum excellentiae honor aliquis exhibetur; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 praecipue a vulgo, quod solam excellentiam exteriorem recognoscit.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 Honorem igitur qui a Deo et sanctis viris hominibus exhibetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 propter virtutem, prout dicitur in Psalmo, <i>mihi autem nimis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 honorati sunt amici tui, Deus</i>, non competit religiosis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 abrenuntiare, qui ad perfectionem virtutis tendunt. Honori autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 qui exhibetur exteriori excellentiae, abrenuntiant ex hoc ipso quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 saecularem vitam derelinquunt. Unde ad hoc non requiritur speciale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2954 votum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="46479"><span class="ref">[46479] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod votum obedientiae non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 potissimum inter tria vota religionis. Perfectio enim religiosae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 vitae a Christo sumpsit exordium. Sed Christus specialiter dedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 consilium de paupertate, non autem invenitur dedisse consilium de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 obedientia. Ergo votum paupertatis est potius quam votum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2960 obedientiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="46480"><span class="ref">[46480] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 Praeterea, Eccli. XXVI dicitur quod <i>omnis ponderatio non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 digna animae continentis</i>. Sed votum dignioris rei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 eminentius. Ergo votum continentiae est eminentius quam votum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2964 obedientiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="46481"><span class="ref">[46481] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 Praeterea, quanto aliquod votum est potius, tanto videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 magis indispensabile. Sed vota paupertatis et continentiae <i>sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 adeo annexa regulae monachali ut contra ea nec summus pontifex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 possit licentiam indulgere</i>, sicut dicit quaedam decretalis, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 statu monachorum, qui tamen potest indulgere ut religiosus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 obediat suo praelato. Ergo videtur quod votum obedientiae sit minus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2971 voto paupertatis et continentiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 8 s. c."><a name="46482"><span class="ref">[46482] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 contra est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXV Moral., <i>obedientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 victimis iure praeponitur, quia per victimas aliena caro, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 obedientiam vero voluntas propria mactatur</i>. Sed vota religionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 sunt quaedam holocausta, sicut supra dictum est. Ergo votum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2976 obedientiae est praecipuum inter omnia religionis vota.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 8 co."><a name="46483"><span class="ref">[46483] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 dicendum quod votum obedientiae est praecipuum inter tria vota
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 religionis. Et hoc, triplici ratione. Primo quidem, quia per votum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 obedientiae aliquid maius homo offert Deo, scilicet ipsam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 voluntatem, quae est potior quam corpus proprium, quod offert homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 Deo per continentiam; et quam res exteriores, quas offert homo Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 per votum paupertatis. Unde illud quod fit ex obedientia, est magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 Deo acceptum quam id quod fit per propriam voluntatem, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 quod Hieronymus dicit, ad rusticum monachum, <i>ad illud tendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 oratio, ut doceam te non tuo arbitrio dimittendum</i>; et post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 pauca, <i>non facias quod vis, comedas quod iuberis, habeas quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 acceperis, vestiaris quod datur</i>. Unde et ieiunium non redditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 Deo acceptum cum propria voluntate, secundum illud Isaiae LVIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 <i>ecce, in diebus ieiunii vestri invenitur voluntas vestra</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 Secundo, quia votum obedientiae continet sub se alia vota, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 convertitur. Nam religiosus etsi teneatur ex voto continentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 servare et paupertatem, tamen haec etiam sub obedientia cadunt, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 quam pertinent multa alia praeter continentiam et paupertatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 Tertio, quia votum obedientiae proprie se extendit ad actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 propinquos fini religionis. Quanto autem aliquid propinquius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 fini, tanto melius est. Et inde etiam est quod votum obedientiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 est religioni essentialius. Si enim aliquis, absque voto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 obedientiae, voluntariam paupertatem et continentiam etiam voto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 servet, non propter hoc pertinet ad statum religionis, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 praefertur etiam ipsi virginitati ex voto observatae; dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 Augustinus, in libro de Virginitat., <i>nemo, quantum puto, ausus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3002 fuerit virginitatem praeferre monasterio</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="46484"><span class="ref">[46484] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 ergo dicendum quod consilium obedientiae includitur in ipsa Christi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 sequela, qui enim obedit, sequitur alterius voluntatem. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 magis pertinet ad perfectionem quam votum paupertatis, quia, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 Hieronymus dicit, super Matth., id quod perfectionis est addidit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3007 Petrus, cum dixit, et secuti sumus te.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="46485"><span class="ref">[46485] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 secundum dicendum quod ex verbo illo non habetur quod continentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 praeferatur omnibus aliis actibus virtuosis, sed coniugali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 castitati; vel etiam exterioribus divitiis auri et argenti, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 pondere mensurantur. Vel per continentiam intelligitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3012 universaliter abstinentia ab omni malo, ut supra habitum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="46486"><span class="ref">[46486] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 dicendum quod Papa in voto obedientiae non potest sic cum religioso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3014 dispensare ut nulli praelato teneatur obedire in his quae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 perfectionem vitae pertinent, non enim potest eum a sua obedientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 eximere. Potest tamen eum eximere ab inferioris praelati
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3017 subiectione. Quod non est in voto obedientiae dispensare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="46487"><span class="ref">[46487] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 sic proceditur. Videtur quod religiosus semper peccet mortaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 transgrediendo ea quae sunt in regula. Facere enim contra votum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 peccatum damnabile, ut patet per id quod apostolus dicit, I ad Tim.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 V, quod <i>viduae quae volunt nubere. Damnationem habent, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 primam fidem irritam fecerunt</i>. Sed religiosi voto professionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 ad regulam adstringuntur. Ergo peccant mortaliter transgrediendo ea
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3024 quae in regula continentur.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="46488"><span class="ref">[46488] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 Praeterea, regula imponitur religioso sicut lex quaedam. Sed ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 qui transgreditur praeceptum legis, peccat mortaliter. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 quod monachus transgrediens ea quae sunt in regula, peccet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3028 mortaliter.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="46489"><span class="ref">[46489] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 Praeterea, contemptus inducit peccatum mortale. Sed quicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 frequenter aliquid iterat quod non debet facere, videtur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 contemptu peccare. Ergo videtur quod, si religiosus frequenter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3032 transgrediatur id quod est in regula, peccet mortaliter.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 9 s. c."><a name="46490"><span class="ref">[46490] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 contra est quod status religionis est securior quam status
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 saecularis vitae, unde Gregorius, in principio Moral., comparat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 vitam saecularem mari fluctuanti, vitam autem religionis portui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 tranquillo. Sed si quaelibet transgressio eorum quae in regula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 continentur, religiosum obligaret ad peccatum mortale, status
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 religionis esset periculosissimus, propter multitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 observantiarum. Non ergo quaelibet transgressio eorum quae in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3040 regula continentur, est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 9 co."><a name="46491"><span class="ref">[46491] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 dicendum quod in regula continetur aliquid dupliciter, sicut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 dictis patet. Uno modo, sicut finis regulae, puta ea quae pertinent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 ad actus virtutum. Et horum transgressio, quantum ad ea quae cadunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 communiter sub praecepto, obligat ad mortale. Quantum vero ad ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 quae excedunt communiter necessitatem praecepti, non obligat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 mortale, nisi propter contemptum, quia, sicut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 religiosus non tenetur esse perfectus. Sed ad perfectionem tendere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 cui contrariatur perfectionis contemptus. Alio modo continetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 aliquid in regula pertinens ad exterius exercitium, sicut sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 omnes exteriores observantiae. Inter quas sunt quaedam ad quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 obligatur religiosus ex voto professionis. Votum autem professionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 respicit principaliter tria praedicta, scilicet paupertatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 continentiam et obedientiam, alia vero omnia ad haec ordinantur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 ideo transgressio horum trium obligat ad mortale. Aliorum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 transgressio non obligat ad mortale, nisi vel propter contemptum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 regulae, quia hoc directe contrariaretur professioni, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 aliquis vovit regularem vitam, vel propter praeceptum, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 oretenus a praelato factum sive in regula expressum, quia hoc esset
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3059 facere contra obedientiae votum.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="46492"><span class="ref">[46492] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 ergo dicendum quod ille qui profitetur regulam, non vovet servare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 omnia quae sunt in regula, sed vovet regularem vitam quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 essentialiter consistit in tribus praedictis. Unde et in quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 religionibus cautius aliqui profitentur, non quidem regulam, sed,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 vivere secundum regulam, idest, tendere ad hoc quod aliquis mores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 suos informet secundum regulam sicut secundum quoddam exemplar. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 hoc tollitur per contemptum. In quibusdam autem religionibus, adhuc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 cautius profitentur obedientiam secundum regulam, ita quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 professioni non contrariatur nisi id quod est contra praeceptum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 regulae. Transgressio vero vel omissio aliorum obligat solum ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 peccatum veniale. Quia, sicut dictum est, huiusmodi sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 dispositiones ad principalia vota, peccatum autem veniale est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 dispositio ad mortale, ut supra dictum est, inquantum impedit ea
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 quibus aliquis disponitur ad observanda principalia praecepta legis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 Christi, quae sunt praecepta caritatis. In aliqua tamen religione,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 scilicet ordinis fratrum praedicatorum, transgressio talis vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 omissio ex suo genere non obligat ad culpam neque mortalem neque
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 venialem, sed solum ad poenam taxatam sustinendam, quia per hunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 modum ad talia observanda obligantur. Qui tamen possent venialiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 vel mortaliter peccare ex negligentia vel libidine, seu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3080 contemptu.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="46493"><span class="ref">[46493] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 secundum dicendum quod non omnia quae continentur in lege traduntur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 per modum praecepti, sed quaedam proponuntur per modum ordinationis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 cuiusdam, vel statuti obligantis ad certam poenam, sicut in lege
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 civili non facit semper dignum poena mortis corporalis transgressio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 legalis statuti. Ita nec in lege Ecclesiae omnes ordinationes vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 statuta obligant ad mortale. Et similiter nec omnia statuta
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3087 regulae.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="46494"><span class="ref">[46494] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 dicendum quod tunc committit aliquis vel transgreditur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 contemptu, quando voluntas eius renuit subiici ordinationi legis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 vel regulae, et ex hoc procedit ad faciendum contra legem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 regulam. Quando autem e converso, propter aliquam particularem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 causam, puta concupiscentiam vel iram, inducitur ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 faciendum contra statuta legis vel regulae, non peccat ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 contemptu, sed ex aliqua alia causa, etiam si frequenter ex eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 causa, vel alia simili, peccatum iteret. Sicut etiam Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 dicit, in libro de natura et gratia, quod non omnia peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 committuntur ex contemptu superbiae. Frequentia tamen peccati
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 dispositive inducit ad contemptum, secundum illud Prov. XVIII,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3099 <i>impius, cum in profundum venerit, contemnit</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 10</h3><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 10 arg. 1"><a name="46495"><span class="ref">[46495] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 decimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod religiosus eodem genere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 peccati non gravius peccet quam saecularis. Dicitur enim II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 Paralip. XXX, <i>dominus bonus propitiabitur cunctis qui in toto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 corde requirunt dominum Deum patrum suorum, et non imputabitur eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3104 quod minus sanctificati sunt</i>. Sed magis videntur religiosi ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 toto corde dominum Deum patrum suorum sequi quam saeculares, qui ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 parte se et sua Deo dant et ex parte sibi reservant, ut Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 dicit, super Ezech. Ergo videtur quod minus imputetur eis si in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3108 aliquo a sanctificatione deficiant.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 10 arg. 2"><a name="46496"><span class="ref">[46496] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 Praeterea, ex hoc quod aliquis bona opera facit, minus contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 peccata eius Deus irascitur, dicitur enim II Paralip. XIX, <i>impio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 praebes auxilium, et his qui oderunt dominum amicitia iungeris, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 idcirco iram quidem domini merebaris, sed bona opera inventa sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 in te</i>. Religiosi autem plura bona opera faciunt quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 saeculares. Ergo, si aliqua peccata faciunt, minus contra eos Deus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3115 irascitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 10 arg. 3"><a name="46497"><span class="ref">[46497] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 Praeterea, praesens vita sine peccato non transigitur, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 illud Iac. III, in multis offendimus omnes. Si ergo peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 religiosorum essent graviora peccatis saecularium, sequeretur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 religiosi essent peioris conditionis quam saeculares. Et sic non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3120 esset sanum consilium ad religionem transire.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 10 s. c."><a name="46498"><span class="ref">[46498] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 contra est quod de maiori malo magis esset dolendum. Sed de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 peccatis eorum qui sunt in statu sanctitatis et perfectionis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 maxime videtur esse dolendum, dicitur enim Ierem. XXIII, contritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 est cor meum in medio mei; et postea subdit, <i>propheta namque et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 sacerdos polluti sunt, et in domo mea vidi malum eorum</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 religiosi, et alii qui sunt in statu perfectionis, ceteris paribus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3127 gravius peccant.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 10 co."><a name="46499"><span class="ref">[46499] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 dicendum quod peccatum quod a religiosis committitur, potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 gravius peccato saecularium eiusdem speciei, tripliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 si sit contra votum religionis, puta si religiosus fornicetur vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 furetur, quia fornicando facit contra votum continentiae, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 furando facit contra votum paupertatis, et non solum contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 praeceptum divinae legis. Secundo, si ex contemptu peccet, quia ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 hoc videtur esse magis ingratus divinis beneficiis, quibus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 sublimatus ad statum perfectionis. Sicut apostolus dicit, Heb. X,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 quod fidelis graviora meretur supplicia, ex hoc quod, peccando,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 filium Dei conculcat per contemptum. Unde et dominus conqueritur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 Ierem. XI, <i>quid est quod dilectus meus in domo mea facit scelera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 multa?</i> Tertio modo, peccatum religiosi potest esse maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 propter scandalum, quia ad vitam eius plures respiciunt. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 dicitur Ierem. XXIII, <i>in prophetis Ierusalem vidi similitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 adulterii et iter mendacii, et confortaverunt manus pessimorum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 non converteretur unusquisque a malitia sua</i>. Si vero religiosus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 non ex contemptu, sed ex infirmitate vel ignorantia, aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 peccatum quod non est contra votum suae professionis, committit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 absque scandalo, puta in occulto, levius peccat eodem genere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 peccati quam saecularis. Quia peccatum eius, si sit leve, quasi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 absorbetur ex multis bonis operibus quae facit. Et si sit mortale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 facilius ab eo resurgit. Primo quidem, propter intentionem quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 habet erectam ad Deum, quae, etsi ad horam intercipiatur, de facili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 ad pristina reparatur. Unde super illud Psalmi, cum ceciderit non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 collidetur, dicit Origenes, <i>iniustus si peccaverit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 poenitet, et peccatum suum emendare nescit. Iustus autem scit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 emendare, scit corrigere, sicut ille qui dixerat, nescio hominem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 paulo post, cum respectus fuisset a domino, flere coepit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 amarissime; et ille qui de tecto mulierem viderat et concupierat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 eam, dicere novit, peccavi et malum coram te feci</i>. Iuvatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 etiam sociis ad resurgendum, secundum illud Eccle. IV, <i>si unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 ceciderit, ab altero fulcietur. Vae soli, quia, si ceciderit, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3160 habet sublevantem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 10 ad 1"><a name="46500"><span class="ref">[46500] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 ergo dicendum quod auctoritas illa loquitur de his quae per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 infirmitatem vel ignorantiam committuntur, non autem de his quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3163 committuntur per contemptum.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 10 ad 2"><a name="46501"><span class="ref">[46501] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 secundum dicendum quod Iosaphat etiam, cui verba illa dicuntur, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 ex malitia, sed ex quadam infirmitate humanae affectionis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3166 peccavit.</p><p title="II-II q. 186 a. 10 ad 3"><a name="46502"><span class="ref">[46502] IIª-IIae, q. 186 a. 10 ad 3</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 tertium dicendum quod iusti non de facili peccant ex contemptu sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 quandoque labuntur in aliquod peccatum ex ignorantia vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 infirmitate, a quo de facili relevantur. Si autem ad hoc perveniant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 quod ex contemptu peccent, efficiuntur pessimi et maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 incorrigibiles, secundum illud Ierem. II, <i>confregisti iugum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 diripuisti vincula, dixisti, non serviam. In omni colle sublimi, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 sub omni ligno frondoso, tu prosternebaris meretrix</i>. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 Augustinus dicit, in epistola ad plebem Hipponens., <i>ex quo Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 servire coepi, quomodo difficile sum expertus meliores quam qui in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 monasteriis profecerunt, ita non sum expertus peiores quam qui in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3177 monasteriis ceciderunt</i>.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q187"><h2>Quaestio 187</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 187 pr."><a name="46503"><span class="ref">[46503] IIª-IIae, q. 187 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 considerandum est de his quae competunt religiosis. Et circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum liceat eis docere, praedicare, et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 huiusmodi facere. Secundo, utrum liceat eis de negotiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 saecularibus se intromittere. Tertio, utrum teneantur manibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 operari. Quarto, utrum liceat eis de eleemosynis vivere. Quinto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 utrum liceat eis mendicare. Sexto, utrum liceat eis vestimenta
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3184 ceteris viliora deferre.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="46504"><span class="ref">[46504] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3185 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod religiosis non liceat docere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 praedicare, et alia huiusmodi facere. Dicitur enim VII, qu. I, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 quodam statuto Constantinopolitanae synodi, <i>monachorum vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 subiectionis habet verbum et discipulatus, non docendi, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 praesidendi, vel pascendi alios</i>. Hieronymus etiam dicit, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 Riparium et desiderium, <i>monachus non doctoris, sed plangentis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 habet officium</i>. Leo etiam Papa dicit, ut habetur XVI, qu. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 <i>praeter domini sacerdotes, nullus audeat praedicare, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 monachus sive laicus ille sit qui cuiuslibet scientiae nomine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 gloriatur</i>. Sed non licet transgredi proprium officium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 statutum Ecclesiae. Ergo videtur quod religiosis non liceat docere,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3196 praedicare, et alia huiusmodi facere.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="46505"><span class="ref">[46505] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 Praeterea, in statuto Nicaenae synodi, quod ponitur XVI, qu. I, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 dicitur, <i>firmiter et indissolubiliter omnibus praecipimus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 aliquis monachus poenitentiam nemini tribuat, nisi invicem sibi, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 iustum est. Mortuum non sepeliat, nisi monachum secum in monasterio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 commorantem, vel si fortuito quemcumque advenientium fratrum ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 mori contigerit</i>. Sed sicut ista pertinent ad officium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 clericorum, ita etiam praedicare et docere. Ergo, cum alia sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 causa monachi, et alia clerici, sicut Hieronymus dicit, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 Heliodorum; videtur quod non liceat religiosis praedicare et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3206 docere, et alia huiusmodi facere.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="46506"><span class="ref">[46506] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, in Regist., <i>nemo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 ecclesiasticis obsequiis deservire, et in monastica regula ordinate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 persistere</i>, et habetur XVI, qu. I. Sed monachi tenentur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 monastica regula ordinate persistere. Ergo videtur quod non possint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 ecclesiasticis obsequiis deservire. Docere autem et praedicare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 pertinent ad ecclesiastica obsequia. Ergo videtur quod non liceat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3213 eis praedicare aut docere, aut aliquid huiusmodi facere.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 1 s. c."><a name="46507"><span class="ref">[46507] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 contra est quod Gregorius dicit, et habetur causa et quaestione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 eadem, <i>ex auctoritate huius decreti, quod apostolico moderamine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 et pietatis officio a nobis est constitutum, sacerdotibus monachis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 apostolorum figuram tenentibus, liceat praedicare, baptizare,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3218 communionem dare, pro peccatoribus orare, poenitentiam imponere,
53
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diff changeset
3219 atque peccata solvere</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 1 co."><a name="46508"><span class="ref">[46508] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 dicendum quod aliquid dicitur non licere alicui dupliciter. Uno
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3221 modo, quia habet in se quod contrariatur ei quod dicitur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 licere, sicut nulli homini licet peccare, quia habet in se quilibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 homo rationem et obligationem ad legem Dei, quibus contrariatur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 peccatum. Et hoc modo dicitur alicui non licere praedicare vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3225 docere, vel aliquid huiusmodi facere, quia habet in se aliquid quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 his repugnat, vel ratione praecepti, sicut his qui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 irregulares, ex statuto Ecclesiae, non licet ascendere ad sacros
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 ordines; vel propter peccatum, secundum illud Psalmi, <i>peccatori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 autem dixit Deus, quare tu enarras iustitias meas?</i> Hoc autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3230 modo, non est illicitum religiosis praedicare, docere, et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 huiusmodi facere. Tum quia ex voto vel praecepto regulae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 obligantur ad hoc quod ab his abstineant. Tum etiam quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 redduntur ad haec minus idonei ex aliquo peccato commisso, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 magis idonei, ex exercitio sanctitatis quod assumpserunt. Stultum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 autem est dicere ut per hoc quod aliquis in sanctitate promovetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 efficiatur minus idoneus ad spiritualia officia exercenda. Et ideo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 stulta est quorundam opinio dicentium quod ipse status religionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 impedimentum affert talia exequendi. Quorum errorem Bonifacius Papa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 rationibus supra dictis excludit, dicens, ut habetur XVI, qu. I,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 <i>sunt nonnulli, nullo dogmate fulti, audacissimo quidem zelo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 magis amaritudinis quam dilectionis inflammati, asserentes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 monachos, quia mundo mortui sunt et Deo vivunt, sacerdotalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 officii potentia indignos. Sed omnino labuntur</i>. Quod ostendit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3244 primo quidem, quia non contrariatur regulae, subdit enim, <i>neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 enim beatus Benedictus, monachorum praeceptor almificus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 huiuscemodi rei aliquo modo fuit interdictor</i>. Et similiter nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 in aliis regulis hoc prohibetur. Secundo improbat praedictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 errorem ex idoneitate monachorum, cum in fine capituli subdit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 <i>quanto quisque est excellentior, tanto et in illis</i>, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 spiritualibus operibus, <i>potentior</i>. Alio modo dicitur aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 non licere alicui, non propter contrarium quod habeat, sed propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 hoc quod ei deficit unde illud possit, sicut diacono non licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 Missam celebrare, quia non habet ordinem sacerdotalem; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 presbytero non licet sententiam ferre, quia non habet episcopalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 auctoritatem. In quibus tamen est distinguendum. Quia ea quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 ordinis, committi non possunt nisi ei qui ordinem habet, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 diacono non potest committi quod celebret Missam, nisi fiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 sacerdos. Ea vero quae sunt iurisdictionis, committi possunt eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 qui non habent ordinariam iurisdictionem, sicut prolatio sententiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 committitur ab episcopo simplici sacerdoti. Et hoc modo dicitur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 licere monachis et aliis religiosis praedicare, docere, et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 huiusmodi facere, quia status religionis non dat eis potestatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 haec faciendi. Possunt tamen ista facere si ordinem accipiant vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 ordinariam iurisdictionem, aut etiam si eis committantur ea quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3265 sunt iurisdictionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="46509"><span class="ref">[46509] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 ergo dicendum quod ex verbis illis habetur quod monachi, ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 quod sunt monachi, non nanciscuntur potestatem talia faciendi, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 autem quod ex hoc quod sunt monachi, habeant aliquid contrarium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3269 executioni talium actuum.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="46510"><span class="ref">[46510] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 secundum dicendum quod illud etiam statutum Nicaeni Concilii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 praecipit ut monachi non usurpent sibi, ex hoc quod sunt monachi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 potestatem huiusmodi actus exercendi. Non autem prohibet quin ista
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3273 possint eis committi.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="46511"><span class="ref">[46511] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 dicendum quod ista duo se non compatiuntur, quod aliquis ordinariam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 curam ecclesiasticorum officiorum habeat, et monasticam regulam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 monasterio servet. Per hoc tamen non excluditur quin monachi et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3277 alii religiosi possint interdum circa ecclesiastica officia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 occupari ex commissione praelatorum qui ordinariam curam habent, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 praecipue illi quorum religiones ad hoc sunt specialiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3280 institutae, ut infra dicetur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="46512"><span class="ref">[46512] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod religiosis non liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 saecularia negotia tractare. Dicitur enim in praedicto decreto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 Bonifacii Papae quod <i>beatus Benedictus eos saecularium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 negotiorum edixit expertes fore. Quod quidem apostolicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 documentis, et omnium sanctorum patrum institutis, non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 monachis, sed etiam canonicis omnibus imperatur</i>, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 II ad Tim. II, <i>nemo militans Deo implicat se saecularibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 negotiis</i>. Sed omnibus religiosis imminet quod militent Deo.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3289 Ergo non licet eis saecularia negotia exercere.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="46513"><span class="ref">[46513] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 Praeterea, I ad Thessal. IV, dicit apostolus, <i>operam detis ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 quieti sitis, et ut negotium vestrum agatis</i>, Glossa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 <i>dimissis alienis, quod vobis utile est in emendationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 vitae</i>. Sed religiosi specialiter assumunt studium emendationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3294 vitae. Ergo non debent saecularia negotia exercere.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="46514"><span class="ref">[46514] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 Praeterea, super illud Matth. I, <i>ecce qui mollibus vestiuntur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 domibus regum sunt</i>, dicit Hieronymus, <i>ex hoc ostendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 rigidam vitam et austeram praedicationem vitare debere aulas regum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 et mollium hominum palatia declinare</i>. Sed necessitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 saecularium negotiorum ingerit hominem ad frequentandum regum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 palatia. Ergo non licet religiosis aliqua negotia saecularia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3301 pertractare.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 2 s. c."><a name="46515"><span class="ref">[46515] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 contra est quod apostolus dicit, Rom. ult., <i>commendo vobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 Phoeben, sororem nostram</i>, et postea subdit, <i>et assistatis ei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3304 in quocumque negotio vestri indiguerit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 2 co."><a name="46516"><span class="ref">[46516] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, status religionis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 ordinatus ad perfectionem caritatis consequendam. Ad quam quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 principaliter pertinet Dei dilectio, secundario autem dilectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 proximi. Et ideo religiosi praecipue et propter se debent intendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 ad hoc quod Deo vacent. Si autem necessitas proximis immineat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 eorum negotia ex caritate agere debent, secundum illud Galat. VI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 <i>alter alterius onera portate, et sic adimplebitis legem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3312 Christi</i>, quia et in hoc ipso quod proximis serviunt propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 Deum, dilectioni divinae obsequuntur. Unde dicitur Iac. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 <i>religio munda et immaculata apud Deum et patrem haec est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 visitare pupillos et viduas in tribulatione eorum</i>, Glossa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 idest, <i>succurrere eis qui carent praesidio in tempore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 necessitatis</i>. Est ergo dicendum quod causa cupiditatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3318 saecularia negotia gerere nec monachis nec clericis licet. Causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 vero caritatis se negotiis saecularibus, cum debita moderatione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 ingerere possunt, secundum superioris licentiam, et ministrando et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 dirigendo. Unde dicitur in decretis, dist. LXXXVIII, <i>decrevit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 sancta synodus nullum deinceps clericum aut possessiones conducere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 aut negotiis saecularibus se permiscere, nisi propter curam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 pupillorum aut orphanorum aut viduarum, aut si forte episcopus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 civitatis ecclesiasticarum rerum sollicitudinem eum habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 praecipiat</i>. Eadem autem ratio est de religiosis et clericis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 quia utrisque similiter negotia saecularia interdicuntur, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3328 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="46517"><span class="ref">[46517] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 ergo dicendum quod monachis interdicuntur tractare saecularia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3330 negotia propter cupiditatem, non autem propter caritatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="46518"><span class="ref">[46518] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 secundum dicendum quod non est curiositas, sed caritas, si propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3332 necessitatem aliquis se negotiis immisceat.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="46519"><span class="ref">[46519] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 dicendum quod frequentare palatia regum propter delicias vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 gloriam vel cupiditatem, non competit religiosis, sed ea adire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 propter pias causas competit eis. Unde dicitur IV Reg. IV, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 Eliseus dixit ad mulierem, <i>nunquid habes negotium, et vis ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 loquar regi vel principi militiae?</i> Similiter etiam convenit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 religiosis adire regum palatia ad eos arguendos et dirigendos,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3339 sicut Ioannes Baptista arguebat Herodem, ut dicitur Matth. XIV.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="46520"><span class="ref">[46520] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod religiosi manibus operari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 teneantur. Non enim excusantur religiosi ab observantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 praeceptorum. Sed operari manibus est in praecepto, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 I ad Thess. IV, <i>operemini manibus vestris, sicut praecepimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 vobis</i>. Unde et Augustinus, in libro de operibus Monach., dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 <i>ceterum quis ferat homines contumaces</i>, idest religiosos non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3346 operantes, de quibus ibi loquitur, <i>saluberrimis apostoli monitis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 resistentes, non sicut infirmiores tolerari, sed sicut sanctiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 praedicari?</i> Ergo videtur quod religiosi teneantur manibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3349 operari.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="46521"><span class="ref">[46521] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 Praeterea, II ad Thess. III, super illud, si quis non vult operari,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 nec manducet, dicit Glossa, <i>dicunt quidam de operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 spiritualibus hoc apostolum praecepisse non de opere corporali, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 quo agricolae vel opifices laborant</i>; et infra, <i>sed superfluo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 conantur et sibi et ceteris caliginem adducere, ut quod utiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 caritas monet, non solum facere nolint, sed nec etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 intelligere</i>; et infra, <i>vult servos Dei corporaliter operari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 unde vivant</i>. Sed praecipue religiosi servi Dei nominantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 utpote se totaliter divino servitio mancipantes, sicut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 Dionysium, VI cap. Eccles. Hier. Ergo videtur quod teneantur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3360 manibus operari.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="46522"><span class="ref">[46522] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro de operibus Monach., <i>quid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 agant qui operari corporaliter nolunt, scire desidero. Orationibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 inquiunt, et Psalmis, et lectionibus et verbo Dei</i>. Sed quod per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 ista non excusentur, ostendit per singula. Nam primo, de oratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 dicit, <i>citius exauditur una obedientis oratio quam decem millia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 contemptoris</i>, illos contemptores intelligens et indignos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 exaudiri, qui manibus non operantur. Secundo, de divinis laudibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 subdit, <i>cantica vero divina cantare etiam manibus operantes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 facile possunt</i>. Tertio, subiungit de lectione, <i>qui autem se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 dicunt vacare lectioni, nonne illic inveniunt quod praecipit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 apostolus? Quae est ergo ista perversitas, lectioni nolle
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 obtemperare, dum vult ei vacare?</i> Quarto, subiungit de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 praedicatione, <i>si autem alicui sermo erogandus est, et ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 occupat ut manibus operari non vacet, nunquid hoc omnes in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 monasterio possunt? Quando ergo non omnes possunt, cur sub hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 obtentu omnes vacare volunt? Quanquam, si omnes possent,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 vicissitudine facere deberent, non solum ut ceteri necessariis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 operibus occuparentur, sed etiam quia sufficit ut multis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 audientibus unus loquatur</i>. Ergo videtur quod religiosi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 debent cessare ab opere manuali propter huiusmodi opera spiritualia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
3381 quibus vacant.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="46523"><span class="ref">[46523] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 Praeterea, Luc. XII, super illud, vendite quae possidetis etc.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3383 dicit Glossa, <i>non tantum cibos vestros communicate pauperibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 sed etiam vendite possessiones vestras, ut, omnibus vestris semel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 pro domino spretis, postea labore manuum operemini unde vivatis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3386 eleemosynam faciatis</i>. Sed ad religiosos pertinet proprie omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 sua relinquere. Ergo videtur quod etiam eorum sit de labore manuum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3388 suarum vivere et eleemosynas facere.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="46524"><span class="ref">[46524] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 Praeterea, religiosi praecipue videntur teneri apostolorum vitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 imitari, quia statum perfectionis profitentur. Sed apostoli manibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 propriis laborabant, secundum illud I ad Cor. IV, laboramus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 operantes manibus nostris. Ergo videtur quod religiosi teneantur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
3393 manibus operari.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 3 s. c."><a name="46525"><span class="ref">[46525] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 contra, ad praecepta observanda quae communiter omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 proponuntur, eodem modo tenentur religiosi et saeculares. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 praeceptum de opere manuali communiter omnibus proponitur, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3397 II ad Thess. III, <i>subtrahatis vos ab omni fratre ambulante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 inordinate</i>, etc. (fratrem autem nominat quemlibet Christianum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 sicut et I ad Cor. VII, si quis frater habet uxorem infidelem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 etc.); et ibidem dicitur, si quis non vult operari, nec manducet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 Non ergo religiosi magis tenentur manibus operari quam
53
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diff changeset
3402 saeculares.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 3 co."><a name="46526"><span class="ref">[46526] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 dicendum quod labor manualis ad quatuor ordinatur. Primo quidem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 principaliter, ad victum quaerendum. Unde primo homini dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 <i>in sudore vultus tui vesceris pane tuo</i>. Et in Psalmo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 labores manuum tuarum quia manducabis, et cetera. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3407 ordinatur ad tollendum otium, ex quo multa mala oriuntur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 dicitur Eccli. XXXIII, <i>mittes servum in operationem, ne vacet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 multam enim malitiam docuit otiositas</i>. Tertio, ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 concupiscentiae refrenationem, inquantum per hoc maceratur corpus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3411 Unde II ad Cor. VI, dicitur, <i>in laboribus, in ieiuniis, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 vigiliis, in castitate</i>. Quarto autem, ordinatur ad eleemosynas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 faciendas. Unde dicitur, ad Ephes. IV, <i>qui furabatur, iam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 furetur, magis autem laboret, operando manibus suis quod bonum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 ut habeat unde tribuat necessitatem patienti</i>. Secundum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 quod labor manualis ordinatur ad victum quaerendum, cadit sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 necessitate praecepti prout est necessarium ad talem finem, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 enim ordinatur ad finem, a fine necessitatem habet; ut scilicet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 tantum sit necessarium in quantum sine eo finis esse non potest. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 ideo qui non habet aliunde unde possit vivere, tenetur manibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3421 operari, cuiuscumque sit conditionis. Et hoc significant verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 apostoli dicentis, <i>qui non vult operari, nec manducet</i>, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 diceret, ea necessitate tenetur aliquis ad manibus operandum, qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 tenetur ad manducandum. Unde si quis absque manducatione posset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 vitam transigere, non teneretur manibus operari. Et eadem ratio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 de illis qui habent alias unde licite vivere possint. Non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 intelligitur aliquis posse facere quod non licite facere potest.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 Unde et apostolus non invenitur opus manuum praecepisse nisi ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 excludendum peccatum eorum qui illicite victum acquirebant. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 primo quidem praecepit apostolus opus manuale ad evitandum furtum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 ut patet ad Ephes. IV, <i>qui furabatur, iam non furetur, magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3432 autem laboret operando manibus suis</i>. Secundo, ad vitandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 cupiditatem alienarum rerum, unde dicit, I ad Thess. IV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 <i>operemini manibus vestris, sicut praecepimus vobis, ut honeste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 ambuletis ad illos qui foris sunt</i>. Tertio, ad evitandum turpia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 negotia, ex quibus aliqui victum acquirunt, unde II ad Thess. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3437 dicit, <i>cum essemus apud vos, hoc denuntiabamus vobis, quoniam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 quis non vult operari, non manducet. Audivimus enim quosdam inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 vos ambulare inquiete, nihil operantes, sed curiose agentes</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 Glossa, qui foeda cura necessaria sibi provident. <i>His autem qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 huiusmodi sunt, denuntiamus et obsecramus ut cum silentio operantes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 panem suum manducent</i>. Unde Hieronymus dicit, super Epist. ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 Galat., quod apostolus hoc dixit non tam officio docentis quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 vitio gentis. Sciendum tamen quod sub opere manuali intelliguntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 omnia humana officia ex quibus homines licite victum lucrantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 sive manibus, sive pedibus, sive lingua fiant, vigiles enim et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 cursores, et alia huiusmodi de suo labore viventes, intelliguntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 de operibus manuum vivere. Quia enim manus est organum organorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 per opus manuum omnis operatio intelligitur de qua aliquis potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 licite victum lucrari. Secundum autem quod opus manuale ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 ad otium tollendum, vel ad corporis macerationem, non cadit sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 necessitate praecepti secundum se consideratum, quia multis aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 modis potest vel caro macerari, vel etiam otium tolli, quam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 opus manuale. Maceratur enim caro per ieiunia et vigilias. Et otium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 tollitur per meditationes sanctarum Scripturarum et laudes divinas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 unde super illud Psalmi, defecerunt oculi mei in eloquium tuum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 dicit Glossa, <i>non est otiosus qui verbo Dei tantum studet, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 pluris est qui extra operatur quam qui studium cognoscendae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 veritatis exercet</i>. Et ideo propter has causas religiosi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 tenentur ad opera manualia, sicut nec saeculares, nisi forte ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 haec per statuta sui ordinis obligentur; sicut Hieronymus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 epistola ad rusticum monachum, <i>Aegyptiorum monasteria hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 tenent morem, ut nullum absque opere aut labore suscipiant, non tam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 propter victus necessitatem quam propter animae salutem, ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 vagentur perniciosis cogitationibus</i>. Inquantum vero opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 manuale ordinatur ad eleemosynas faciendas, non cadit sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 necessitate praecepti, nisi forte in aliquo casu in quo ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 necessitate aliquis eleemosynas facere teneretur, et non posset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 alias habere unde pauperibus subveniret. In quo casu obligarentur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3470 similiter religiosi et saeculares ad opera manualia exequenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="46527"><span class="ref">[46527] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 ergo dicendum quod illud praeceptum quod ab apostolo proponitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3472 est de iure naturali. Unde super illud II ad Thess. III <i>ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 subtrahatis vos ab omni fratre inordinate ambulante</i>, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 Glossa, <i>aliter quam ordo naturae exigit</i>, loquitur autem ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 de his qui ab opere manuali cessabant. Unde et natura manus homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 dedit loco armorum et tegumentorum, quae aliis animalibus tribuit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 ut scilicet per manus haec et omnia necessaria conquirant. Ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 patet quod communiter ad hoc praeceptum tenentur et religiosi et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 saeculares, sicut ad omnia alia legis naturalis praecepta. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 tamen peccant quicumque manibus non operantur. Quia ad illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 praecepta legis naturae quae pertinent ad bonum multorum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 tenentur singuli, sed sufficit quod unus vacet huic officio, alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 alii, puta quod quidam sint opifices, quidam agricolae, quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 iudices, quidam doctores, et sic de aliis; secundum illud apostoli,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 I ad Cor. XII. <i>Si totum corpus oculus, ubi auditus? Et si totum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3486 auditus, ubi odoratus?</i></p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="46528"><span class="ref">[46528] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 secundum dicendum quod Glossa illa sumitur ab Augustino, in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3488 de operibus Monach., in quo loquitur contra monachos quosdam qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 dicebant non esse licitum servis Dei manibus operari, propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3490 quod dominus dicit, Matth. VI, <i>nolite solliciti esse animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 vestrae, quid manducetis</i>. Nec tamen per haec verba inducitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 necessitas religiosis manibus operandi, si habent aliunde unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 vivere possint. Quod patet per hoc quod subdit, <i>vult servos Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 corporaliter operari unde vivant</i>. Hoc autem non magis pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3495 ad religiosos quam ad saeculares. Quod patet ex duobus. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 quidem, ex ipso modo loquendi quo apostolus utitur, dicens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3497 <i>subtrahatis vos ab omni fratre ambulante inordinate</i>. Fratres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 enim omnes Christianos vocat, nondum enim erant tunc temporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 religiones institutae. Secundo, quia religiosi non tenentur ad alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3500 quam saeculares nisi propter regulae professionem. Et ideo, si in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 statutis regulae non contineatur aliquid de opere manuali, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3502 tenentur aliter ad operandum manibus religiosi quam saeculares.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="46529"><span class="ref">[46529] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 dicendum quod illis operibus spiritualibus quae ibi tangit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 Augustinus, potest aliquis vocare dupliciter, uno modo, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 deserviens utilitati communi; alio modo, quasi insistens utilitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 privatae. Illi ergo qui praedictis spiritualibus operibus publice
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 vacant, excusantur per huiusmodi opera spiritualia ab opere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 manuali, duplici ratione. Primo quidem, quia oportet eos totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 esse occupatos circa huiusmodi opera. Secundo, quia huiusmodi opera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 exercentibus debetur subministratio victus ab his quorum utilitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 deserviunt. Illi vero qui praedictis operibus non quasi publicis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 sed quasi privatis vacant, nec oportet quod per huiusmodi opera a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 manualibus operibus abstrahantur, nec etiam fit eis debitum ut de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 stipendiis fidelium vivant. Et de talibus loquitur Augustinus. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3515 enim dicit, <i>cantica divina decantare manibus operantes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 possunt</i>, exemplo opificum, qui fabulis linguas dant cum tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 manus ab opere non recedant, manifestum est quod non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 intelligi de his qui horas canonicas in Ecclesia decantant; sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3519 intelligitur de his qui Psalmos vel hymnos dicunt quasi privatas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 orationes. Similiter quod dicit de lectione et oratione, referendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 est ad orationes et lectiones privatas, quas etiam laici interdum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 faciunt, non autem ad illos qui publicas orationes in Ecclesia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 faciunt, vel etiam publicas lectiones in scholis legunt. Unde non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3524 dicit, qui dicunt se vacare doctrinae vel instructioni, sed, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 dicunt se vacare lectioni. Similiter autem de praedicatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 loquitur, non quae fit publice ad populum, sed quae specialiter fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 ad unum vel paucos per modum privatae admonitionis. Unde signanter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 dicit, si alicui sermo erogandus est, nam, sicut Glossa dicit, I ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 Cor. II, <i>sermo est qui privatim fit, praedicatio quae fit in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3530 communi</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="46530"><span class="ref">[46530] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3531 dicendum quod illi qui omnia propter Deum spernunt, tenentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 manibus operari quando non habent alias unde vivant, vel unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 eleemosynas faciant in casu in quo facere eleemosynam cadit sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 praecepto, non autem aliter, ut dictum est. Et secundum hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3535 loquitur Glossa inducta.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="46531"><span class="ref">[46531] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 dicendum quod hoc quod apostoli manibus laboraverunt, quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 quidem fuit necessitatis, quandoque vero supererogationis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 Necessitatis quidem, quando ab aliis victum invenire non poterant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3539 unde super illud I ad Cor. IV, <i>laboramus operantes manibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 nostris, dicit Glossa</i>, quia nemo dat nobis. Supererogationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 autem, ut patet per id quod habetur I ad Cor. IX, ubi dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 apostolus quod <i>non usus est potestate quam habebat vivendi de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 Evangelio</i>. Hac autem supererogatione utebatur apostolus tribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 de causis. Primo quidem, ut occasionem praedicandi auferret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 pseudoapostolis, qui propter sola temporalia praedicabant. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 dicit, II ad Cor. XI, <i>quod autem facio, et faciam, ut amputem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3547 eorum occasionem,</i> et cetera. Secundo, ad evitandum gravamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 eorum quibus praedicabat. Unde dicit, II ad Cor. XII, <i>quid minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 habuistis prae ceteris Ecclesiis, nisi quod ego ipse non gravavi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 vos?</i> Tertio, ad dandum exemplum operandi otiosis. Unde II ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 Thess. III, dicit, <i>nocte et die operantes, ut formam daremus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 vobis ad imitandum nos</i>. Quod tamen apostolus non faciebat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 locis in quibus habebat facultatem quotidie praedicandi, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 Athenis, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro de operibus monachorum. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 autem propter hoc religiosi tenentur apostolum in hoc imitari, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 non teneantur ad omnes supererogationes. Unde nec alii apostoli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3557 manibus operabantur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="46532"><span class="ref">[46532] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod religiosis non liceat de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 eleemosynis vivere. Apostolus enim, I ad Tim. V, praecipit ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 viduae quae possunt aliunde sustentari, non vivant de eleemosynis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 Ecclesiae, ut Ecclesia sufficiat illis quae vere viduae sunt. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 Hieronymus dicit, ad Damasum Papam, quod <i>qui bonis parentum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3563 opibus sustentari possunt, si quod pauperum est accipiunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 sacrilegium profecto committunt, et per abusionem talium iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 sibi manducant et bibunt</i>. Sed religiosi possunt de labore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3566 manuum sustentari, si sint validi. Ergo videtur quod peccent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3567 eleemosynas pauperum comedendo.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="46533"><span class="ref">[46533] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 Praeterea, vivere de sumptibus fidelium est merces deputata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 praedicantibus Evangelium pro suo labore vel opere, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 Matth. X, dignus est operarius cibo suo. Sed praedicare Evangelium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 non pertinet ad religiosos, sed maxime ad praelatos, qui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 pastores et doctores. Ergo religiosi non possunt licite vivere de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3573 eleemosynis fidelium.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="46534"><span class="ref">[46534] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 Praeterea, religiosi sunt in statu perfectionis. Sed perfectius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 dare eleemosynas quam accipere, dicitur enim Act. XX, beatius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 magis dare quam accipere. Ergo non debent de eleemosynis vivere,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3577 sed magis ex operibus manuum suarum eleemosynas dare.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="46535"><span class="ref">[46535] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 Praeterea, ad religiosos pertinet impedimenta virtutis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 occasiones peccati vitare. Sed acceptio eleemosynarum praebet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 occasionem peccati, et impedit virtutis actum. Unde super illud II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 ad Thess. ult., ut nosmetipsos formam daremus vobis etc., dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 Glossa, <i>qui frequenter ad alienam mensam comedit otio deditus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3583 aduletur necesse est pascenti se</i>. Dicitur etiam Exod. XXIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 <i>ne accipias munera, quae excaecant prudentes et mutant verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 iustorum</i>. Et Prov. XXII dicitur, qui accipit mutuum, servus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 faenerantis, quod est religioni contrarium, unde super illud II ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 Thess. III, ut nosmetipsos formam daremus etc., dicit Glossa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 <i>religio nostra ad libertatem homines advocat</i>. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3589 quod religiosi non debeant de eleemosynis vivere.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="46536"><span class="ref">[46536] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 Praeterea, religiosi praecipue tenentur imitari apostolorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 perfectionem, unde apostolus dicit, ad Philipp. III, <i>quicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 perfecti sumus, hoc sentiamus</i>. Sed apostolus nolebat vivere de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 sumptibus fidelium, ut occasionem auferret pseudoapostolis, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 ipse dicit, II ad Cor. XI, et ne scandalum poneretur infirmis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 patet I ad Cor. IX. Ergo videtur quod propter easdem causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 religiosi debeant abstinere ne de eleemosynis vivant. Unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 Augustinus dicit, in libro de operibus Monach., <i>amputetis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 occasionem turpium nundinarum, quibus existimatio vestra laeditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 et infirmis offendiculum ponitur, et ostendite hominibus non vos in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 otio facilem victum, sed per angustam et arctam viam regnum Dei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3601 quaerere</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 4 s. c."><a name="46537"><span class="ref">[46537] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 contra est quod, sicut Gregorius dicit, in libro Dialog., beatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 Benedictus tribus annis, in specu permanens, de his quae a Romano
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 monacho ministrabantur, refectus est, postquam domum parentesque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 reliquerat. Et tamen, validus corpore existens, non legitur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 labore manuum victum quaesivisse. Ergo religiosi licite possunt de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3607 eleemosynis vivere.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 4 co."><a name="46538"><span class="ref">[46538] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 dicendum quod unicuique licet vivere de eo quod suum est vel sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 debitum. Fit autem aliquid alicuius ex liberalitate donantis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 ideo religiosi et clerici quorum monasteriis vel Ecclesiis, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 munificentia principum vel quorumcumque fidelium sunt facultates
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 collatae ex quibus sustententur, possunt de eis vivere licite,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 absque hoc quod manibus laborent. Et tamen certum est eos de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 eleemosynis vivere. Unde et similiter, si aliqua mobilia religiosis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3615 a fidelibus conferantur, possunt de eis licite vivere, stultum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 enim dicere quod aliquis in eleemosynam possit accipere magnas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 possessiones, non autem panem vel parvam pecuniam. Sed quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3618 huiusmodi beneficia religiosis videntur esse collata ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 liberius religiosis actibus insistere possint, quorum cupiunt se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3620 fore participes qui temporalia subministrant, redderetur eis usus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 praedictorum donorum illicitus si ab actibus religiosis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 desisterent, quia sic, quantum est de se, defraudarent intentionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 eorum qui talia beneficia contulerunt. Debitum autem est aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3624 alicui dupliciter. Uno modo, propter necessitatem, quae facit omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 communia, ut Ambrosius dicit. Et ideo, si religiosi necessitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 patiantur, licite possunt de eleemosynis vivere. Quae quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 necessitas potest esse, primo quidem, propter corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 infirmitatem, ex qua contingit quod non possint sibi labore manuum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 victum quaerere. Secundo, si illud quod ex opere manuali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 conquirunt, eis ad victum non sufficiat. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 libro de operibus Monach., quod <i>bona opera fidelium subsidio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3632 supplendorum necessariorum deesse non debent illis servis Dei qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 manibus operantur, ut horae quibus ad expediendum animum ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 vacatur ut illa corporalia opera geri non possint, non opprimant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 egestate</i>. Tertio, propter pristinam conversationem eorum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 non consueverunt manibus laborare. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 de operibus Monach., quod <i>si habebant aliquid in saeculo quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3638 facile sine opificio sustentarent istam vitam, quod, conversi ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 Deum, indigentibus dispertiti sunt; et credenda est eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3640 infirmitas, et ferenda. Solent enim tales, languidius educati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 laborem operum corporalium sustinere non posse</i>. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 efficitur aliquid alicui debitum ex eo quod ipse exhibet, sive sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 aliquid temporale sive spirituale, secundum illud I ad Cor. IX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 <i>si nos vobis spiritualia seminavimus, non magnum est si carnalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3645 vestra metamus</i>. Et secundum hoc, quadrupliciter possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 religiosi de eleemosynis vivere quasi sibi debitis. Primo, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 praedicent auctoritate praelatorum. Secundo, si sint ministri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3648 altaris. Quia, ut dicitur I ad Cor. IX, <i>qui altari deserviunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3649 cum altari participantur, ita et dominus ordinavit his qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3650 Evangelium denuntiant, de Evangelio vivere</i>. Et Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 dicit, in libro de operibus Monach., <i>si Evangelistae sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 fateor, habent</i> (potestatem vivendi de sumptibus fidelium),
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 <i>si ministri altaris, dispensatores sacramentorum, bene sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3654 istam non arrogant, sed plane vindicant potestatem</i>. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 ideo, quia sacramentum altaris, ubicumque agatur, commune est toti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 populo fidelium. Tertio, si insistant studio sacrae Scripturae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 communem utilitatem totius Ecclesiae. Unde Hieronymus dicit, contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 Vigilantium, <i>haec in Iudaea usque hodie perseverat consuetudo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 non solum apud nos sed etiam apud Hebraeos, ut qui in lege domini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3660 meditantur die ac nocte, et patrem non habent in terra nisi solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3661 Deum, totius orbis foveantur ministeriis</i>. Quarto, si bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 temporalia quae habebant monasterio largiuntur, possunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 eleemosynis monasterio factis vivere. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3664 libro de operibus Monach., quod <i>his qui, relicta vel distributa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 sive ampla sive qualicumque opulentia, inter pauperes Christi pia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 et salubri humilitate numerari volunt, vicem sustentandae vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 eorum res ipsa communis et fraterna caritas debet. Qui laudabiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3668 agunt si manibus operentur. Quod si nolint, quis audeat eos cogere?
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 Nec est attendendum</i>, ut ibidem subditur, <i>in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3670 monasteriis vel in quo loco indigentibus fratribus quisquis hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 quod habebat impenderit, omnium enim Christianorum una respublica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 est</i>. Si vero aliqui sint religiosi qui absque necessitate et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3673 utilitate quam afferant, velint otiosi de eleemosynis quae dantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 pauperibus vivere, hoc est eis illicitum. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3675 libro de operibus Monach., <i>plerumque ad professionem servitutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 Dei ex conditione servili aliqui veniunt, et ex vita rusticana, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 ex opificum exercitatione et plebeio labore, de quibus non apparet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3678 utrum ex proposito servitutis Dei venerint, an, vitam inopem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 laboriosam fugientes, vacui pasci atque vestiri velint, et insuper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3680 honorari a quibus contemni conterique consueverunt. Tales ergo se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 quominus operentur, de infirmitate corporis excusare non possunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 praeteritae quippe vitae consuetudine convincuntur</i>. Et postea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 subdit, <i>si nolunt operari, nec manducent. Neque propterea ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3684 pietatem divites humiliantur, ut pauperes ad superbiam extollantur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3685 nullo enim modo decet ut in ea vita ubi senatores fiunt laboriosi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 fiant opifices otiosi; et quo veniunt, relictis deliciis suis, qui
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3687 fuerunt praediorum domini, ibi sint rustici delicati</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="46539"><span class="ref">[46539] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 ergo dicendum quod auctoritates illae sunt intelligendae tempore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 necessitatis, quando scilicet non posset aliter pauperibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3690 subveniri. Tunc enim tenerentur non solum ab eleemosynis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 accipiendis desistere, sed etiam sua, si qua haberent, largiri ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3692 pauperum sustentationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="46540"><span class="ref">[46540] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 secundum dicendum quod praelatis competit praedicatio ex officio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3694 religiosis autem potest competere ex commissione. Et ita, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 laborent in agro dominico, possunt exinde vivere, secundum illud II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 ad Tim. II, <i>laborantem agricolam oportet primum de fructibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 percipere</i>; ubi dicit Glossa, scilicet praedicatorem, <i>qui in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3698 agro Ecclesiae ligone verbi Dei excolit corda auditorum</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 Possunt etiam de eleemosynis vivere qui praedicatoribus ministrant.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3700 Unde super illud Rom. XV, <i>si spiritualium eorum participes facti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3701 sunt gentiles</i>, debent et in carnalibus ministrare eis, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 Glossa, <i>scilicet Iudaeis, qui miserunt praedicatores ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 Hierosolymis</i>. Et tamen sunt etiam aliae causae ex quibus alicui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3704 debetur ut de sumptibus fidelium vivat, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="46541"><span class="ref">[46541] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 dicendum quod, ceteris paribus, dare est perfectius quam accipere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 Et tamen dare vel relinquere omnia sua pro Christo, et modica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 accipere ad sustentationem vitae, melius est quam dare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3708 particulariter aliqua pauperibus, ut ex supra dictis patet.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="46542"><span class="ref">[46542] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 dicendum quod accipere munera ad divitias augmentandas, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3710 accipere victum ab alio sibi non debitum absque utilitate et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3711 necessitate, praestat occasionem peccati. Quod non habet locum in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3712 religiosis, ut ex supra dictis patet.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="46543"><span class="ref">[46543] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 dicendum quod, quando apparet manifesta necessitas et utilitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 propter quam aliqui religiosi de eleemosynis vivunt absque opere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3715 manuali, non scandalizantur ex hoc infirmi, sed malitiosi, more
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 Pharisaeorum, quorum scandalum contemnendum dominus docet, Matth.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3717 XV. Sed si non esset evidens necessitas et utilitas, posset exinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 generari scandalum infirmis, quod esset vitandum. Idem tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 scandalum imminere potest de his qui facultatibus communibus otiosi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3720 utuntur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="46544"><span class="ref">[46544] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod religiosis non liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 mendicare. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de operibus Monach.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 <i>tam multos hypocritas sub habitu monachorum usquequaque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 dispersit callidissimus hostis, circueuntes provincias</i>, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 postea subdit, <i>omnes petunt, omnes exigunt aut sumptus lucrosae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3726 egestatis, aut simulatae pretium sanctitatis</i>. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3727 vita religiosorum mendicantium sit reprobanda.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="46545"><span class="ref">[46545] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 Praeterea, I ad Thess. IV dicitur, <i>operemini manibus vestris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 sicut praecepimus vobis, ut honeste ambuletis ad eos qui foris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 sunt, et nullius aliquid desideretis</i>, ubi Glossa dicit, <i>ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3731 opus est agendum, et non otiandum, quia honestum est, et quasi lux,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 ad infideles, et non desiderabitis rem alterius, nedum rogetis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3733 tollatis aliquid</i>. Et II ad Thess. III, super illud, si quis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 vult operari etc., dicit, <i>vult servos Dei corporaliter operari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 unde vivant, ut non compellantur egestate necessaria petere</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 Sed hoc est mendicare. Ergo videtur quod illicitum sit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3737 praetermisso opere manuali, mendicare.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="46546"><span class="ref">[46546] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 Praeterea, illud quod est in lege prohibitum et iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3739 contrarium, non competit religiosis. Sed mendicare est prohibitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 in lege divina, dicitur enim Deut. XV, <i>omnino indigens et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 mendicus non erit inter vos</i>; et in Psalmo, <i>non vidi iustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3742 derelictum, nec semen eius quaerens panem</i>. Sed secundum iura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 civilia punitur validus mendicans, ut habetur codice, de validis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3744 mendicantibus. Ergo non competit religiosis mendicare.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="46547"><span class="ref">[46547] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 Praeterea, verecundia est de turpi, ut Damascenus dicit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3746 Ambrosius dicit, in libro de Offic., quod <i>verecundia petendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 ingenuos prodit natales</i>. Ergo mendicare est turpe. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3748 religiosis competit.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 5 arg. 5"><a name="46548"><span class="ref">[46548] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 Praeterea, maxime de eleemosynis vivere competit praedicantibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 Evangelium, secundum domini statutum, ut supra dictum est. Eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3751 tamen non competit mendicare, quia super illud II ad Tim. II,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3752 laborantem agricolam etc., dicit Glossa, <i>vult apostolus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 Evangelista intelligat quod necessaria sumere ab eis in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 laborat, non est mendicitas, sed potestas</i>. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3755 religiosis non competat mendicare.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 5 s. c."><a name="46549"><span class="ref">[46549] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 contra est quod religiosis competit vivere ad imitationem Christi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 Sed Christus mendicavit, secundum illud Psalmi, ego autem mendicus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 sum et pauper; ubi dicit Glossa, <i>hoc dicit Christus de se ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 forma servi</i>; et infra, <i>mendicus est qui ab alio petit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3760 pauper est qui sibi non sufficit</i>. Et in alio Psalmo, ego egenus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3761 et pauper sum, ubi dicit Glossa, <i>ego sum egenus, idest petens;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 et pauper, idest insufficiens mihi, quia mundanas copias non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3763 habeo</i>. Et Hieronymus dicit, in quadam epistola, cave ne, domino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3764 tuo mendicante, scilicet Christo, alienas divitias congeras. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3765 conveniens est religiosis mendicare.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 5 co."><a name="46550"><span class="ref">[46550] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 dicendum quod circa mendicitatem duo possunt considerari. Unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 quidem ex parte actus ipsius mendicationis, quae habet quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 abiectionem sibi coniunctam, illi enim videntur abiectissimi inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3769 homines esse qui non solum sunt pauperes, sed in tantum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 egentes quod necesse habent ab aliis victum acquirere. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 hoc, causa humilitatis aliqui laudabiliter mendicant, sicut et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 assumunt quae ad abiectionem quandam pertinent, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3773 efficacissimam medicinam contra superbiam, quam vel in seipsis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 etiam in aliis per exemplum exstinguere volunt. Sicut enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 infirmitas quae est ex superexcessu caloris, efficacissime sanatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3776 per ea quae in frigiditate excedunt; ita etiam pronitas ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3777 superbiam efficacissime curatur per ea quae multum abiecta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 videntur. Et ideo dicitur in decretis, de Poenit., dist. II, cap.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 <i>si quis semel, exercitia humilitatis sunt, si quis se vilioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3780 officiis subdat, et ministeriis indignioribus tradat, ita namque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3781 arrogantiae et humanae gloriae vitium curari poterit</i>. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 Hieronymus, in epistola ad Oceanum, commendat Fabiolam de hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 optabat ut, <i>suis divitiis pariter effusis pro Christo, stipes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3784 acciperet</i>. Quod etiam beatus Alexius perfecit, qui, omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 suis propter Christum dimissis, gaudebat se etiam a servis suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 eleemosynas accepisse. Et de beato Arsenio legitur, in vitis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 patrum, quod gratias egit de hoc quod, necessitate cogente,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 oportuit eum eleemosynam petere. Unde et in poenitentiam pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 gravibus culpis iniungitur aliquibus ut peregrinentur mendicantes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3790 Sed quia humilitas, sicut et ceterae virtutes, absque discretione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 esse non debet, ita oportet discrete mendicitatem ad humiliationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3792 assumere, ut ex hoc homo notam cupiditatis non incurrat, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3793 cuiuscumque alterius indecentis. Alio modo potest considerari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 mendicitas ex parte eius quod quis mendicando acquirit. Et sic ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 mendicandum potest homo ex duobus induci. Uno modo, ex cupiditate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 habendi divitias vel victum otiosum. Et talis mendicitas est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 illicita. Alio modo, ex necessitate vel utilitate. Ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 quidem, sicut cum aliquis non potest aliunde habere unde vivat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 nisi mendicet. Ex utilitate autem, sicut cum aliquis intendit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3800 aliquid utile perficiendum quod sine eleemosynis fidelium facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3801 non potest, sicut petuntur eleemosynae pro constructione pontis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 Ecclesiae, vel quibuscumque aliis operibus quae vergunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 utilitatem communem; sicut scholares, ut possint vacare studio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 sapientiae. Et hoc modo mendicitas est licita, sicut saecularibus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3805 ita et religiosis.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="46551"><span class="ref">[46551] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3806 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus ibi loquitur expresse de his qui ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3807 cupiditate mendicant.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="46552"><span class="ref">[46552] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3808 secundum dicendum quod prima Glossa loquitur de petitione quae fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 ex cupiditate, ut patet ex verbis apostoli. Secunda autem Glossa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 loquitur de illis qui absque omni utilitate quam faciant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3811 necessaria petunt ut otiosi vivant. Non autem otiose vivit qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3812 qualitercumque utiliter vivit.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="46553"><span class="ref">[46553] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 dicendum quod ex illo praecepto legis divinae non prohibetur alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 mendicare, sed prohibetur divitibus ne tam tenaces sint ut propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 hoc aliqui egestate mendicare cogantur. Lex autem civilis imponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3816 poenam validis mendicantibus qui non propter utilitatem vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3817 necessitatem mendicant.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="46554"><span class="ref">[46554] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3818 dicendum quod duplex est turpitudo, una inhonestatis; alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 exterioris defectus, sicut turpe est homini esse infirmum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 pauperem. Et talem turpitudinem habet mendicitas. Unde non pertinet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3821 ad culpam, sed ad humilitatem pertinere potest, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 5 ad 5"><a name="46555"><span class="ref">[46555] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 5 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 dicendum quod praedicantibus ex debito debetur victus ab his quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3823 praedicant. Si tamen non quasi sibi debitum, sed quasi gratis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3824 dandum mendicando petere velint, ad maiorem utilitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3825 pertinet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="46556"><span class="ref">[46556] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3826 sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat religiosis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 vilioribus vestibus uti quam ceteris. Quia secundum apostolum, I ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 Thess. ult., ab omni specie mala abstinere debemus. Sed vilitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3829 vestium habet speciem mali. Dicit enim dominus, Matth. VII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3830 <i>attendite a falsis prophetis, qui veniunt ad vos in vestimentis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 ovium</i>. Et super illud Apoc. VI, ecce equus pallidus etc., dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3832 Glossa, <i>videns Diabolus nec per apertas tribulationes nec per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3833 apertas haereses se posse proficere, praemittit falsos fratres, qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 sub habitu religionis obtinent naturam nigri et rufi equi,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3835 pervertendo fidem</i>. Ergo videtur quod religiosi non debeant
53
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diff changeset
3836 vilibus vestibus uti.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="46557"><span class="ref">[46557] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3837 Praeterea, Hieronymus dicit, ad Nepotianum, <i>vestes pullas</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3838 idest nigras, <i>aeque vita ut candidas. Ornatus et sordes pari
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3839 modo fugiendi sunt, quia alterum delicias, alterum gloriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3840 redolet</i>. Ergo videtur quod, cum inanis gloria sit gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3841 peccatum quam deliciarum usus, quod religiosi, qui debent ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3842 perfectiora tendere, magis debent vitare vestes viles quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3843 pretiosas.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="46558"><span class="ref">[46558] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3844 Praeterea, religiosi maxime intendere debent operibus poenitentiae.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3845 Sed in operibus poenitentiae non est utendum exterioribus signis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3846 tristitiae, sed magis signis laetitiae, dicit enim dominus, Matth.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3847 VI, <i>cum ieiunatis, nolite fieri, sicut hypocritae, tristes</i>;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3848 et postea subdit, <i>tu autem cum ieiunas, unge caput tuum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3849 faciem tuam lava</i>. Quod exponens Augustinus, in libro de Serm.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3850 Dom. in monte, dicit, <i>in hoc capitulo maxime animadvertendum est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3851 non in solo rerum corporearum nitore atque pompa, sed etiam in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3852 ipsis sordibus luctuosis esse posse iactantiam, et eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3853 periculosiorem, quo sub nomine servitutis Dei decipit</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3854 videtur quod religiosi non debeant vilioribus vestibus indui.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 6 s. c."><a name="46559"><span class="ref">[46559] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3855 contra est quod, Heb. XI, apostolus dicit, circuierunt in melotis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3856 in pellibus caprinis, Glossa, ut Elias et alii. Et in decretis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3857 XXI, qu. IV, dicitur, <i>si inventi fuerint deridentes eos qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3858 vilibus et religiosis vestibus amicti sunt, corrigantur. Priscis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3859 enim temporibus omnis sacratus vir cum mediocri ac vili veste
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3860 conversabatur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 6 co."><a name="46560"><span class="ref">[46560] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3861 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in III de Doct. Christ., in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3862 omnibus exterioribus rebus non usus rerum, sed libido utentis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3863 culpa est ad quam discernendam, attendendum est quod habitus vilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3864 vel incultus dupliciter potest considerari. Uno modo, prout est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3865 signum quoddam dispositionis vel status humani, quia, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3866 Eccli. XIX, amictus hominis annuntiat de eo, et secundum hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3867 vilitas habitus est quandoque signum tristitiae. Unde et homines in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3868 tristitia existentes solent vilioribus vestibus uti, sicut e
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3869 contrario in tempore solemnitatis et gaudii utuntur cultioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3870 vestimentis. Unde et poenitentes vilibus vestibus induuntur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3871 patet Ionae III, de rege, qui indutus est sacco; et III Reg. XXI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3872 de Achab, qui operuit Cilicio carnem suam. Quandoque vero est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3873 signum contemptus divitiarum et mundani fastus unde Hieronymus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3874 dicit, ad rusticum monachum, <i>sordes vestium candidae mentis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3875 indicia sunt, vilis tunica contemptum saeculi probat. Ita dumtaxat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3876 ne animus tumeat, ne habitus sermoque dissentiant</i>. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3877 utrumque horum, competit religiosis vilitas vestium, quia religio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3878 est status poenitentiae et contemptus mundanae gloriae. Sed quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3879 aliquis velit hoc aliis significare, contingit propter tria. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3880 modo, ad sui humiliationem, sicut enim ex splendore vestium animus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3881 hominis elevatur, ita ex humilitate vestium humiliatur. Unde de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3882 Achab, qui carnem suam Cilicio induit, dixit dominus ad Eliam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3883 nonne vidisti Achab humiliatum coram me, ut habetur III Reg. XXI.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3884 Alio modo, propter exemplum aliorum. Unde super illud Matth. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3885 habebat vestimentum de pilis camelorum etc., dicit Glossa, <i>qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3886 poenitentiam praedicat, habitum poenitentiae praetendit</i>. Tertio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3887 modo, propter inanem gloriam, sicut Augustinus dicit quod <i>in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3888 ipsis sordibus luctuosis potest esse iactantia</i>. Duobus ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3889 primis modis, laudabile est abiectis vestibus uti, tertio vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3890 modo, est vitiosum. Alio autem modo potest considerari habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3891 vilis et incultus secundum quod procedit ex avaritia vel ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3892 negligentia. Et sic etiam ad vitium pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="46561"><span class="ref">[46561] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3893 ergo dicendum quod vilitas vestium de se non habet speciem mali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3894 immo potius speciem boni, scilicet contemptus mundanae gloriae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3895 inde est quod mali sub vilitate vestium suam malitiam occultant.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3896 Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte, quod <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3897 ideo debent oves odisse vestimentum suum, quod plerumque illo se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3898 occultant lupi</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="46562"><span class="ref">[46562] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3899 secundum dicendum quod Hieronymus ibi loquitur de vestibus vilibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3900 quae deferuntur propter humanam gloriam.</p><p title="II-II q. 187 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="46563"><span class="ref">[46563] IIª-IIae, q. 187 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3901 dicendum quod, secundum doctrinam domini, in operibus sanctitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3902 nihil homines facere debent propter apparentiam. Quod praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3903 contingit quando aliquis aliquid novum facit. Unde Chrysostomus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3904 dicit, super Matth., <i>orans nihil novum faciat quod aspiciant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3905 homines, vel clamando, vel pectus percutiendo, vel manus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3906 expandendo</i>, quia scilicet ex ipsa novitate homines reddunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3907 intentos ad considerandum. Nec tamen omnis novitas intentos faciens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3908 homines ad considerandum, reprehensibilis est. Potest enim et bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3909 et male fieri. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3910 monte, quod <i>qui in professione Christianitatis inusitato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3911 squalore ac sordibus intentos in se oculos hominum facit, cum id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3912 voluntate faciat, non necessitate patiatur, ceteris eius operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3913 potest cognosci utrum hoc contemptu superflui cultus, an ambitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3914 aliqua faciat</i>. Maxime autem videntur hoc non ex ambitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3915 facere religiosi, qui habitum vilem deferunt quasi signum suae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3916 professionis, qua contemptum mundi profitentur.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q188"><h2>Quaestio 188</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 188 pr."><a name="46564"><span class="ref">[46564] IIª-IIae, q. 188 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3917 considerandum est de differentia religionum. Et circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3918 quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum sint diversae religiones, vel una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3919 tantum. Secundo, utrum aliqua religio institui possit ad opera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3920 vitae activae. Tertio, utrum aliqua religio institui possit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3921 bella gerenda. Quarto, utrum possit institui aliqua religio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3922 praedicandum, et huiusmodi opera exercenda. Quinto, utrum possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3923 aliqua religio institui ad studium scientiae. Sexto, utrum religio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3924 quae ordinatur ad vitam contemplativam, sit potior ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3925 ordinatur ad vitam activam. Septimo, utrum habere aliquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3926 communi diminuat de perfectione religionis. Octavo, utrum religio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3927 solitariorum sit praeferenda religioni in societate viventium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="46565"><span class="ref">[46565] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3928 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit nisi una tantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3929 religio. In eo enim quod totaliter et perfecte habetur, diversitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3930 esse non potest, propter quod, non potest esse nisi unum primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3931 summum bonum, ut in primo habitum est. Sed sicut Gregorius dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3932 super Ezech., <i>cum quis omne quod habet, omne quod vivit, omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3933 quod sapit, omnipotenti Deo voverit, holocaustum est</i>, sine quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3934 religio esse non dicitur. Ergo videtur quod non sint multae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3935 religiones, sed una tantum.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="46566"><span class="ref">[46566] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3936 Praeterea, ea quae in essentialibus conveniunt, non diversificantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3937 nisi per accidens. Sed sine tribus votis essentialibus religioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3938 non est aliqua religio, ut supra habitum est. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3939 religiones specie non diversificentur, sed solum per accidens.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="46567"><span class="ref">[46567] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3940 Praeterea, status perfectionis competit et religiosis et episcopis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3941 ut supra habitum est. Sed episcopatus non diversificatur specie,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3942 sed est ubique unus, unde Hieronymus dicit, ad Evandrum episcopum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3943 <i>ubicumque fuerit episcopus, sive Romae sive Eugubio sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3944 Constantinopoli sive Rhegio, eiusdem meriti est, eiusdem et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3945 sacerdotii</i>. Ergo, pari ratione, una sola est religio.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="46568"><span class="ref">[46568] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3946 Praeterea, ab Ecclesia tollendum est omne id quod confusionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3947 inducere potest. Sed ex diversitate religionis videtur quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3948 confusio posse induci in populo Christiano, ut decretalis quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3949 dicit, quae habetur de statu monachorum et canonicorum regularium.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3950 Ergo videtur quod non debeant esse diversae religiones.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 1 s. c."><a name="46569"><span class="ref">[46569] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3951 contra est quod in Psalmo describitur ad ornatum reginae pertinere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3952 quod sit circumamicta varietate.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 1 co."><a name="46570"><span class="ref">[46570] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3953 dicendum quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, status religionis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3954 quoddam exercitium quo aliquis exercetur ad perfectionem caritatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3955 Sunt autem diversa caritatis opera quibus homo vacare potest, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3956 etiam diversi modi exercitiorum. Et ideo religiones distingui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3957 possunt dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum diversitatem eorum ad quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3958 ordinantur, sicut si una religio ordinetur ad peregrinos hospitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3959 suscipiendos, et alia ad visitandos vel redimendos captivos. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3960 modo, potest esse diversitas religionum secundum diversitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3961 exercitiorum, puta quod in una religione castigatur corpus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3962 abstinentias ciborum, in alia per exercitium operum manualium, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3963 per nuditatem, vel per aliquid aliud huiusmodi. Sed quia finis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3964 potissimum in unoquoque, maior est religionum diversitas quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3965 attenditur secundum diversos fines ad quos religiones ordinantur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3966 quam quae attenditur secundum diversa exercitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="46571"><span class="ref">[46571] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3967 ergo dicendum quod hoc est commune in omni religione, quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3968 totaliter se debet praebere ad serviendum Deo. Unde ex hac parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3969 non est diversitas inter religiones, ut scilicet in una religione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3970 aliquis retineat aliquid sui, et in alia aliud. Est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3971 diversitas secundum diversa in quibus homo potest Deo servire, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3972 secundum quod ad hoc se potest homo diversimode disponere.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="46572"><span class="ref">[46572] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3973 secundum dicendum quod tria essentialia vota religionis pertinent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3974 ad exercitium religionis sicut quaedam principalia ad quae omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3975 alia reducuntur, ut supra dictum est. Ad observandum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3976 unumquodque eorum diversimode aliquis se disponere potest, puta ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3977 votum continentiae servandum se disponit aliquis per loci
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3978 solitudinem, per abstinentiam, per mutuam societatem, et per multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3979 alia huiusmodi. Et secundum hoc patet quod communitas essentialium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3980 votorum compatitur diversitatem religionis, tum propter diversas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3981 dispositiones; tum etiam propter diversos fines, ut ex supra dictis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3982 patet.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="46573"><span class="ref">[46573] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3983 dicendum quod in his quae ad perfectionem pertinent, episcopus se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3984 habet per modum agentis, religiosi autem per modum patientis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3985 supra dictum est. Agens autem, etiam in naturalibus, quanto est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3986 superius, tanto est magis unum, ea vero quae patiuntur, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3987 diversa. Unde rationabiliter est unus episcopalis status,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3988 religiones vero diversae.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="46574"><span class="ref">[46574] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3989 dicendum quod confusio opponitur distinctioni et ordini. Sic ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3990 ex multitudine religionum induceretur confusio, si ad idem et eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3991 modo diversae religiones essent, absque utilitate et necessitate.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3992 Unde, ut hoc non fiat, salubriter institutum est ne nova religio,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3993 nisi auctoritate summi pontificis, instituatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="46575"><span class="ref">[46575] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3994 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod nulla religio institui debeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3995 ad opera activae vitae. Omnis enim religio pertinet ad perfectionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3996 statum, ut ex supra dictis patet. Sed perfectio religiosi status
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3997 consistit in contemplatione divinorum, dicit enim Dionysius, VI
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3998 cap. Eccles. Hier., quod <i>nominantur ex Dei puro servitio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3999 famulatu, et indivisibili et singulari vita uniente eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4000 indivisibilium sanctis convolutionibus</i>, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4001 contemplationibus, <i>ad deiformem unitatem et amabilem Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4002 perfectionem</i>. Ergo videtur quod nulla religio institui possit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4003 ad opera activae vitae.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="46576"><span class="ref">[46576] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4004 <i>Praeterea, idem iudicium videtur esse de monachis et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4005 canonicis regularibus</i>, ut habetur extra, de postulando, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4006 parte, et de statu Monach., quod Dei timorem, dicitur quod <i>a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4007 sanctorum monachorum consortio non putantur seiuncti</i>. Et eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4008 ratio videtur esse de omnibus aliis religiosis. Sed monachorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4009 religio est instituta ad vitam contemplativam, unde Hieronymus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4010 dicit, ad Paulinum, <i>si cupis esse quod diceris, monachus, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4011 solus, quid facis in urbibus?</i> Et idem habetur extra, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4012 Renunt., nisi cum pridem; et de regularibus, licet quibusdam. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4013 videtur quod omnis religio ordinetur ad vitam contemplativam, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4014 nulla ad activam.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="46577"><span class="ref">[46577] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4015 Praeterea, vita activa ad praesens saeculum pertinet. Sed omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4016 religiosi saeculum deserere dicuntur, unde Gregorius dicit, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4017 Ezech., <i>qui praesens saeculum deserit et agit bona quae valet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4018 quasi iam Aegypto derelicto, sacrificium praebet in eremo</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4019 videtur quod nulla religio possit ordinari ad vitam activam.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 2 s. c."><a name="46578"><span class="ref">[46578] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4020 contra est quod dicitur Iac. I, <i>religio munda et immaculata apud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4021 Deum et patrem haec est, visitare pupillos et viduas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4022 tribulatione eorum</i>. Sed hoc pertinet ad vitam activam. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4023 convenienter religio potest ordinari ad vitam activam.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 2 co."><a name="46579"><span class="ref">[46579] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4024 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, religionis status ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4025 ad perfectionem caritatis, quae se extendit ad dilectionem Dei et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4026 proximi. Ad dilectionem autem Dei directe pertinet vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4027 contemplativa, quae soli Deo vacare desiderat, ad dilectionem autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4028 proximi pertinet vita activa, quae deservit necessitatibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4029 proximorum. Et sicut ex caritate diligitur proximus propter Deum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4030 ita etiam obsequium delatum in proximos redundat in Deum, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4031 illud Matth. XXV, <i>quod uni ex minimis meis fecistis, mihi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4032 fecistis</i>. Unde et huiusmodi obsequia proximis facta, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4033 ad Deum referuntur, dicuntur esse sacrificia quaedam, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4034 illud Heb. ult., <i>beneficentiae et communionis nolite oblivisci,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4035 talibus enim hostiis promeretur Deus</i>. Et quia ad religionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4036 proprie pertinet sacrificium Deo offerre, ut supra habitum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4037 consequens est quod convenienter religiones quaedam ad opera vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4038 activae ordinantur. Unde et in collationibus patrum, abbas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4039 Nesteros, distinguens diversa religionum studia, dicit, <i>quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4040 summam intentionis suae erga eremi secreta et cordis constituunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4041 puritatem; quidam erga institutionem fratrum et coenobiorum curam;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4042 quosdam xenodochii, idest hospitalitatis, delectat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4043 obsequium</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="46580"><span class="ref">[46580] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4044 ergo dicendum quod Dei servitium et famulatus salvatur etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4045 operibus vitae activae, quibus aliquis servit proximo propter Deum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4046 sicut dictum est. In quibus etiam salvatur singularitas vitae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4047 quantum ad hoc quod homo cum hominibus non conversetur; sed quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4048 ad hoc quod homo singulariter his intendat quae ad divinum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4049 obsequium spectant. Et dum religiosi operibus vitae activae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4050 insistunt intuitu Dei, consequens est quod in eis actio ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4051 contemplatione divinorum derivetur. Unde non privantur omnino
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4052 fructu contemplativae vitae.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="46581"><span class="ref">[46581] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4053 secundum dicendum quod eadem est ratio de monachis et omnibus aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4054 religiosis quantum ad ea quae sunt communia omni religioni, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4055 quod totaliter se dedicent divinis obsequiis, et quod essentialia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4056 religionis vota observent, et quod a saecularibus negotiis se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4057 abstineant. Sed non oportet similitudinem esse quantum ad alia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4058 sunt propria monasticae professioni, quae specialiter ad vitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4059 contemplativam ordinantur. Unde in praeinducta decretali de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4060 postulando non dicitur simpliciter quod sit idem iudicium de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4061 canonicis regularibus quod de monachis, sed, quantum ad supradicta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4062 scilicet quod in forensibus causis officio advocationis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4063 utantur. Et in decretali inducta de statu monachorum, postquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4064 praemiserat quod non putantur a consortio monachorum seiuncti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4065 canonici regulares, subditur, regulae tamen inserviunt laxiori. Ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4066 quo patet quod non ad omnia tenentur ad quae monachi.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="46582"><span class="ref">[46582] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4067 dicendum quod dupliciter aliquis potest esse in saeculo, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4068 per praesentiam corporalem; alio modo, per mentis affectum. Unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4069 discipulis suis dominus dicit, ego elegi vos de mundo, de quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4070 tamen ad patrem loquitur dicens, hi in mundo sunt, et ego ad te
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4071 venio. Quamvis igitur religiosi qui circa opera activae vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4072 occupantur, sint in saeculo secundum praesentiam corporalem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4073 tamen sunt in saeculo quantum ad mentis affectum, quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4074 exterioribus occupantur non quasi quaerentes aliquid in mundo, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4075 solum propter divinum obsequium; utuntur enim hoc mundo tanquam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4076 utentes, ut dicitur I ad Cor. VII. Unde et Iac. I, postquam dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4077 est quod religio munda et immaculata est visitare pupillos et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4078 viduas, subditur, et immaculatum se custodire ab hoc saeculo, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4079 scilicet affectu in rebus saeculi non detineatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="46583"><span class="ref">[46583] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4080 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod nulla religio ordinari possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4081 ad militandum. Omnis enim religio pertinet ad statum perfectionis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4082 Sed ad perfectionem vitae Christianae pertinet quod dominus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4083 Matth. V, <i>ego dico vobis, non resistere malo, sed si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4084 percusserit te in unam maxillam, praebe ei et alteram</i>, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4085 repugnat officio militari. Ergo nulla religio potest institui ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4086 militandum.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="46584"><span class="ref">[46584] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4087 Praeterea, gravior est compugnatio corporalium praeliorum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4088 concertationes verborum quae in advocationibus fiunt. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4089 religiosis interdicitur officio advocationis uti, ut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4090 decretali de postulando supra inducta. Ergo videtur quod multo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4091 minus aliqua religio possit institui ad militandum.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="46585"><span class="ref">[46585] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4092 Praeterea, status religionis est status poenitentiae, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4093 dictum est. Sed poenitentibus, secundum iura, interdicitur militia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4094 dicitur enim in decretis, de Poenit., dist. V, <i>contrarium omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4095 est ecclesiasticis regulis, post poenitentiae actionem, redire ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4096 militiam saecularem</i>. Ergo nulla religio congrue institui potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4097 ad militandum.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="46586"><span class="ref">[46586] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4098 Praeterea, nulla religio institui potest ad aliquid iniustum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4099 sicut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., <i>iustum bellum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4100 ex edicto imperiali geritur</i>. Cum igitur religiosi sint quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4101 privatae personae, videtur quod non liceat eis bellum gerere. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4102 ita ad hoc non potest institui aliqua religio.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 3 s. c."><a name="46587"><span class="ref">[46587] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4103 contra est quod Augustinus dicit, ad Bonifacium, <i>noli existimare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4104 neminem Deo placere posse qui armis bellicis ministrat. In his erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4105 sanctus David, cui dominus magnum testimonium perhibuit</i>. Sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4106 hoc sunt institutae religiones ut homines Deo placeant. Ergo nihil
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4107 prohibet aliquam religionem institui ad militandum.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 3 co."><a name="46588"><span class="ref">[46588] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4108 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, religio institui potest non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4109 ad opera contemplativae vitae, sed etiam ad opera vitae activae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4110 inquantum pertinent ad subventionem proximorum et obsequium Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4111 non autem inquantum pertinent ad aliquid mundanum tenendum. Potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4112 autem officium militare ordinari ad subventionem proximorum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4113 solum quantum ad privatas personas, sed etiam quantum ad totius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4114 reipublicae defensionem, unde de Iuda Machabaeo dicitur, I Machab.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4115 III, quod <i>praeliabatur praelium Israel cum laetitia, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4116 dilatavit gloriam populo suo</i>. Ordinari etiam potest ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4117 conservationem divini cultus, unde ibidem subditur Iudam dixisse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4118 <i>nos pugnabimus pro animabus nostris et legibus nostris</i>; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4119 infra, XIII, dicit Simon, <i>vos scitis quanta ego et fratres mei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4120 et domus patris mei fecimus pro legibus et pro sanctis praelia</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4121 Unde convenienter institui potest aliqua religio ad militandum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4122 quidem propter aliquid mundanum, sed propter defensionem divini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4123 cultus et publicae salutis; vel etiam pauperum et oppressorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4124 secundum illud Psalmi, <i>eripite pauperem, et egenum de manu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4125 peccatoris liberate</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="46589"><span class="ref">[46589] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4126 ergo dicendum quod aliquis potest non resistere malo dupliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4127 Uno modo, condonando propriam iniuriam. Et sic potest ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4128 perfectionem pertinere, quando ita fieri expedit ad salutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4129 aliorum. Alio modo, tolerando patienter iniurias aliorum. Et hoc ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4130 imperfectionem pertinet, vel etiam ad vitium, si aliquis potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4131 convenienter iniurianti resistere. Unde Ambrosius dicit, in libro
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4132 de Offic., <i>fortitudo quae bello tuetur a barbaris patriam, vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4133 domi defendit infirmos, vel a latronibus socios, plena iustitia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4134 est</i>. Sicut etiam ibidem dicit dominus, <i>quae tua sunt, ne
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4135 repetas</i>, et tamen, si aliquis non repeteret ea quae sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4136 aliorum, si ad eum pertineat, peccaret. Homo enim laudabiliter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4137 donat sua, non autem aliena. Et multo minus ea quae sunt Dei, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4138 sunt negligenda, quia, ut Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth.,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4139 <i>iniurias Dei dissimulare nimis est impium</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="46590"><span class="ref">[46590] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4140 secundum dicendum quod exercere advocationis officium propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4141 aliquid mundanum, repugnat omni religioni, non autem si hoc aliquis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4142 exerceat, secundum dispositionem sui praelati, pro monasterio suo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4143 ut in eadem decretali subditur. Neque etiam pro defensione pauperum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4144 aut viduarum, unde in decretis, dist. LXXXVIII, dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4145 <i>decrevit sancta synodus nullum deinceps clericum aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4146 possessiones conducere, aut negotiis saecularibus se permiscere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4147 nisi propter curam pupillorum,</i> et cetera. Et similiter militare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4148 propter aliquid mundanum est omni religioni contrarium, non autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4149 militare propter obsequium Dei.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="46591"><span class="ref">[46591] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4150 dicendum quod militia saecularis interdicitur poenitentibus, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4151 militia quae est propter Dei obsequium, imponitur alicui in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4152 poenitentiam; sicut patet de his quibus iniungitur ut militent in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4153 subsidium terrae sanctae.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="46592"><span class="ref">[46592] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4154 dicendum quod religio non sic instituitur ad militandum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4155 religiosis propria auctoritate liceat bella gerere, sed solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4156 auctoritate principum vel Ecclesiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="46593"><span class="ref">[46593] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4157 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod nulla religio possit institui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4158 ad praedicandum vel confessiones audiendum. Dicitur enim VII, qu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4159 I, <i>monachorum vita subiectionis habet verbum et discipulatus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4160 non docendi vel praesidendi vel pascendi alios</i>, et eadem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4161 esse videtur de aliis religiosis. Sed praedicare et confessiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4162 audire est pascere vel docere alios. Non ergo ad hoc aliqua religio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4163 potest institui.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="46594"><span class="ref">[46594] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4164 Praeterea, illud ad quod religio instituitur, videtur esse maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4165 proprium religioni, ut supra dictum est. Sed praedicti actus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4166 sunt proprii religiosorum, sed potius praelatorum. Non ergo ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4167 huiusmodi actus potest aliqua religio institui.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="46595"><span class="ref">[46595] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4168 Praeterea, inconveniens videtur quod auctoritas praedicandi et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4169 confessiones audiendi infinitis hominibus committatur. Sed non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4170 certus numerus eorum qui in religione aliqua recipiuntur. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4171 inconveniens est quod aliqua religio instituatur ad actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4172 praedictos.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="46596"><span class="ref">[46596] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4173 Praeterea, praedicatoribus debetur victus a fidelibus Christi, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4174 patet I ad Cor. IX. Si ergo committitur praedicationis officium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4175 alicui religioni ad hoc institutae, sequetur quod fideles Christi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4176 teneantur ad exhibendum sumptus infinitis personis, quod cedit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4177 magnum eorum gravamen. Non ergo debet aliqua religio institui ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4178 huiusmodi actus exercendos.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="46597"><span class="ref">[46597] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4179 Praeterea, institutio Ecclesiae debet sequi institutionem Christi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4180 Sed Christus primo misit ad praedicandum duodecim apostolos, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4181 habetur Luc. IX; et postea misit septuagintaduos discipulos, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4182 habetur Luc. X; et sicut Glossa ibidem dicit, <i>apostolorum formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4183 tenent episcopi, septuagintaduorum discipulorum minores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4184 presbyteri</i>, scilicet curati. Ergo, praeter episcopos et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4185 presbyteros parochiales, non debet aliqua religio institui ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4186 praedicandum vel ad confessiones audiendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 4 s. c."><a name="46598"><span class="ref">[46598] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4187 contra est quod in collationibus patrum, abbas Nesteros, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4188 diversitate religionum loquens, dicit, <i>quidam eligentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4189 aegrotantium curam, alii intercessionem quae pro miseris atque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4190 oppressis impenditur exequentes, aut doctrinae instantes, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4191 eleemosynas pauperibus largientes, inter magnos ac summos viros,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4192 pro affectu suo ac pietate, viguerunt</i>. Ergo, sicut ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4193 aegrotantium curam aliqua religio potest institui, ita etiam ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4194 docendum populum per praedicationem et alia huiusmodi opera.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 4 co."><a name="46599"><span class="ref">[46599] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4195 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, convenienter religio institui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4196 potest ad opera vitae activae, secundum quod ordinantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4197 utilitatem proximorum, et ad obsequium Dei, et conservationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4198 divini cultus. Magis autem procuratur utilitas proximorum per ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4199 quae pertinent ad spiritualem animae salutem, quam per ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4200 pertinent ad subveniendum corporali necessitati, quanto spiritualia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4201 corporalibus sunt potiora, unde supra dictum est quod eleemosynae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4202 spirituales sunt corporalibus potiores. Hoc etiam magis pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4203 obsequium Dei, <i>cui nullum sacrificium est magis acceptum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4204 zelus animarum</i>, ut Gregorius dicit, super Ezech. Maius etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4205 est spiritualibus armis contra errores haereticorum et tentationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4206 Daemonum fideles defendere, quam corporalibus armis populum fidelem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4207 tueri. Et ideo convenientissimum est ad praedicandum, et ad alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4208 quae pertinent ad salutem animarum, aliquam religionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4209 institui.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="46600"><span class="ref">[46600] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4210 ergo dicendum quod ille qui operatur ex virtute alterius, agit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4211 modum instrumenti. Minister autem est sicut instrumentum animatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4212 ut philosophus dicit, in I Polit. Unde quod aliquis auctoritate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4213 praelatorum praedicet, vel alia huiusmodi faciat, non supergreditur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4214 discipulatus vel subiectionis gradum, qui competit religiosis.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="46601"><span class="ref">[46601] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4215 secundum dicendum quod, sicut religiones aliquae instituuntur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4216 militandum, non quidem ut militent auctoritate propria, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4217 auctoritate principum vel Ecclesiae, quibus ex officio competit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4218 sicut dictum est; ita etiam religiones instituuntur ad praedicandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4219 et confessiones audiendum, non quidem propria auctoritate, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4220 auctoritate praelatorum superiorum et inferiorum, ad quos ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4221 officio pertinet. Et ita subvenire praelatis in tali ministerio est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4222 huiusmodi religionis proprium.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="46602"><span class="ref">[46602] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4223 dicendum quod a praelatis non conceditur talibus religiosis ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4224 quilibet indifferenter possit praedicare vel confessiones audire,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4225 sed secundum moderationem eorum qui huiusmodi religionibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4226 praeficiuntur; vel secundum taxationem ipsorum praelatorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="46603"><span class="ref">[46603] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4227 dicendum quod plebs fidelis non tenetur ex debito iuris ad sumptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4228 ministrandos nisi ordinariis praelatis, qui propter hoc decimas et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4229 oblationes fidelium recipiunt et alios ecclesiasticos reditus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4230 si aliqui gratis in huiusmodi actibus velint fidelibus ministrare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4231 non potestative ab eis sumptus exigentes, non propter hoc gravantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4232 fideles, quia et ipsi possunt liberaliter recompensare temporalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4233 subventionem, ad quam, etsi non teneantur ex debito iuris, tenentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4234 tamen ex debito caritatis; non autem ita quod eis sit tribulatio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4235 aliis autem remissio, ut dicitur II ad Cor. VIII. Si tamen non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4236 invenirentur qui gratis se huiusmodi obsequiis manciparent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4237 tenerentur ordinarii praelati, si ipsi non sufficerent alios ad hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4238 idoneos quaerere, quibus sumptus ipsi ministrarent.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="46604"><span class="ref">[46604] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4239 dicendum quod formam septuagintaduorum discipulorum non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4240 tenent presbyteri curati, sed quicumque alii minoris ordinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4241 episcopis in eorum officio subserviant. Non enim legitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4242 septuagintaduobus discipulis dominus aliquas determinatas parochias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4243 assignaret, sed quod <i>mittebat eos ante faciem suam in omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4244 civitatem et locum quo erat ipse venturus</i>. Opportunum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4245 fuit ut, praeter ordinarios praelatos, alii assumerentur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4246 huiusmodi officia, propter multitudinem fidelis populi, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4247 difficultatem inveniendi sufficientes personas distribuendas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4248 singulis plebibus. Sicut etiam et religiones ad militandum necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4249 fuit institui, propter defectum saecularium principum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4250 resistendum infidelibus in aliquibus terris.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="46605"><span class="ref">[46605] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4251 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit instituenda aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4252 religio ad studendum. Dicitur enim in Psalmo, <i>quoniam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4253 cognovi litteraturam, introibo in potentias domini</i>, Glossa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4254 idest, in virtutem Christianam. Sed perfectio Christianae virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4255 maxime videtur ad religiosos pertinere. Ergo eorum non est studio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4256 litterarum insistere.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="46606"><span class="ref">[46606] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4257 Praeterea, illud quod est dissensionis principium, religiosis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4258 competit, qui in unitatem pacis congregantur. Sed studium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4259 dissensionem inducit, unde et in philosophis subsecuta est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4260 diversitas sectarum. Unde et Hieronymus, super Epist. ad Tit.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4261 dicit, <i>antequam, Diaboli instinctu, studia in religione fierent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4262 et diceretur in populis, ego sum Pauli, ego Apollo, ego Cephae,</i>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4263 et cetera. Ergo videtur quod nulla religio debeat institui ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4264 studendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="46607"><span class="ref">[46607] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4265 Praeterea, professio Christianae religionis differre debet a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4266 professione gentilium. Sed apud gentiles aliqui philosophiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4267 profitebantur. Et nunc etiam aliqui saeculares dicuntur aliquarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4268 scientiarum professores. Non ergo religiosis competit studium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4269 litterarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 5 s. c."><a name="46608"><span class="ref">[46608] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4270 contra est quod Hieronymus, in epistola ad Paulinum, invitat eum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4271 discendum in statu monastico, dicens, <i>discamus in terris quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4272 scientia nobis perseverat in caelis</i>. Et infra, <i>quidquid
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4273 quaesieris, tecum scire conabor</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 5 co."><a name="46609"><span class="ref">[46609] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4274 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, religio potest ordinari ad vitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4275 activam, et ad vitam contemplativam. Inter opera autem vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4276 activae, principaliora sunt illa quae ordinantur directe ad salutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4277 animarum, sicut praedicare et alia huiusmodi. Competit ergo studium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4278 litterarum religioni tripliciter. Primo quidem, quantum ad id quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4279 est proprium contemplativae vitae. Ad quam studium litterarum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4280 dupliciter adiuvat. Uno modo, directe coadiuvando ad contemplandum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4281 illuminando scilicet intellectum. Vita enim contemplativa de qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4282 nunc loquimur, principaliter ordinatur ad considerationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4283 divinorum, ut supra habitum est, in qua dirigitur homo ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4284 considerandum divina. Unde in laudem viri iusti dicitur in Psalmo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4285 quod in lege domini meditabitur die ac nocte. Et Eccli. XXXIX
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4286 dicitur, <i>sapientiam antiquorum exquiret sapiens, et in prophetis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4287 vacabit</i>. Alio modo, studium litterarum iuvat contemplativam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4288 vitam indirecte removendo contemplationis pericula, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4289 errores, qui in contemplatione divinorum frequenter accidunt his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4290 qui Scripturas ignorant, sicut in collationibus patrum legitur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4291 abbas Serapion, propter simplicitatem, incidit in errorem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4292 Anthropomorphitarum, idest eorum qui Deum habere humanam formam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4293 arbitrantur. Unde dicit Gregorius, in VI Moral., quod <i>nonnulli,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4294 dum plus exquirunt contemplando quam capiunt, usque ad perversa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4295 dogmata erumpunt, et dum veritatis esse discipuli humiliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4296 negligunt, magistri errorum fiunt</i>. Et propter hoc dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4297 Eccle. II, <i>cogitavi in corde meo abstrahere a vino carnem meam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4298 ut animum meum transferrem ad sapientiam, devitaremque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4299 stultitiam</i>. Secundo, necessarium est studium litterarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4300 religioni institutae ad praedicandum et ad alia huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4301 exercendum. Unde apostolus dicit, Tit. I, de episcopo, ad cuius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4302 officium huiusmodi actus pertinent, <i>amplectentem eum qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4303 secundum doctrinam est fidelem sermonem, ut potens sit exhortari in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4304 doctrina sana, et eos qui contradicunt arguere</i>. Nec obstat quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4305 apostoli absque studio litterarum ad praedicandum sunt missi, quia,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4306 ut Hieronymus dicit, in epistola ad Paulinum, <i>quidquid aliis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4307 exercitatio et quotidiana in lege meditatio tribuere solet, illis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4308 spiritus sanctus suggerebat</i>. Tertio, studium litterarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4309 religioni congruit quantum ad id quod est omni religioni commune.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4310 Valet enim ad vitandum carnis lasciviam. Unde Hieronymus dicit, ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4311 rusticum monachum, <i>ama Scripturarum studia, et carnis vitia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4312 amabis</i>. Avertit enim animum a cogitatione lasciviae, et carnem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4313 macerat, propter studii laborem, secundum illud Eccli. XXXI,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4314 vigilia honestatis tabefaciet carnes. Valet etiam ad auferendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4315 cupiditatem divitiarum. Unde Sap. VII dicitur, <i>divitias nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4316 esse dixi in comparatione illius</i>. Et I Machab. XII dicitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4317 <i>nos autem nullo horum indiguimus</i>, scilicet exteriorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4318 subsidiorum, <i>habentes solatio sanctos libros qui in manibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4319 nostris sunt</i>. Valet etiam ad obedientiae documentum. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4320 Augustinus dicit, in libro de operibus Monach., <i>quae est ista
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4321 perversitas, lectioni nolle obtemperare, dum vult ei vacare?</i> Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4322 ideo manifestum est quod congrue potest institui religio ad studium
53
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diff changeset
4323 litterarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="46610"><span class="ref">[46610] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4324 ergo dicendum quod Glossa ibi exponit de littera veteris legis, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4325 qua apostolus dicit, II ad Cor. III, littera occidit. Unde non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4326 cognoscere litteraturam est non approbare litteralem circumcisionem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4327 et ceteras carnales observantias.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="46611"><span class="ref">[46611] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4328 secundum dicendum quod studium ad scientiam ordinatur, quae sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4329 caritate inflat, et per consequens dissensiones facit, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4330 illud Prov. XIII, inter superbos semper sunt iurgia; sed cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4331 caritate aedificat, et concordiam parit. Unde I ad Cor. I,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4332 apostolus, cum dixisset, <i>divites facti estis in omni verbo et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4333 omni scientia</i>, postmodum subdit, <i>idipsum dicatis omnes, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4334 non sint in vobis schismata</i>. Hieronymus tamen non loquitur ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4335 de studiis litterarum, sed de studiis dissensionum, quae per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4336 haereticos et schismaticos intraverunt in religione Christiana.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="46612"><span class="ref">[46612] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4337 dicendum quod philosophi profitebantur studia litterarum quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4338 saeculares doctrinas. Sed religiosis competit principaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4339 intendere studio litterarum pertinentium ad doctrinam quae secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4340 pietatem est, ut dicitur Tit. I. Aliis autem doctrinis intendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4341 non pertinet ad religiosos, quorum tota vita divinis obsequiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4342 mancipatur, nisi inquantum ordinantur ad sacram doctrinam. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4343 Augustinus dicit, in fine musicae, <i>nos, dum negligendos esse non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4344 aestimamus quos haeretici rationum et scientiae fallaci
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4345 pollicitatione decipiunt, tardius incedimus consideratione ipsarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4346 viarum. Quod tamen facere non auderemus, nisi multos pios Ecclesiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4347 filios, eadem refellendorum haereticorum necessitate, fecisse
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4348 videremus</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="46613"><span class="ref">[46613] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4349 sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio quae vacat vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4350 contemplativae, non sit potior ea quae vacat operationibus vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4351 activae. Dicitur enim extra, de regularibus et Transeunt. ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4352 Relig., cap. licet, <i>sicut maius bonum minori bono praeponitur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4353 ita communis utilitas speciali utilitati praefertur, et in hoc casu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4354 recte praeponitur doctrina silentio, sollicitudo contemplationi, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4355 labor quieti</i>. Sed religio est melior quae ad maius bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4356 ordinatur. Ergo videtur quod religiones quae ordinantur ad vitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4357 activam, sint potiores illis quae ordinantur ad vitam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4358 contemplativam.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="46614"><span class="ref">[46614] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4359 Praeterea, omnis religio ordinatur ad perfectionem caritatis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4360 supra habitum est. Sed super illud Heb. XII, nondum usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4361 sanguinem restitistis, dicit Glossa, <i>perfectior in hac vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4362 dilectio nulla est ea ad quam sancti martyres pervenerunt, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4363 contra peccatum usque ad sanguinem certaverunt</i>. Certare autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4364 usque ad sanguinem competit religionibus quae ad militiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4365 ordinantur, quae tamen pertinent ad vitam activam. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4366 quod huiusmodi religiones sint potissimae.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="46615"><span class="ref">[46615] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4367 Praeterea, tanto videtur esse aliqua religio perfectior, quanto est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4368 arctior. Sed nihil prohibet aliquas religiones ad vitam activam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4369 ordinatas esse arctioris observantiae quam illae quae ordinantur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4370 vitam contemplativam. Ergo sunt potiores.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 6 s. c."><a name="46616"><span class="ref">[46616] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4371 contra est quod dominus, Luc. X, dicit optimam partem esse Mariae,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4372 per quam vita contemplativa significatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 6 co."><a name="46617"><span class="ref">[46617] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4373 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, differentia unius religionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4374 ad aliam principaliter quidem attenditur ex parte finis, secundario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4375 autem ex parte exercitii. Et quia non potest aliquid dici altero
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4376 potius nisi secundum id in quo ab eo differt, ideo excellentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4377 unius religionis super aliam principaliter quidem attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4378 secundum religionis finem, secundario autem secundum exercitium.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4379 Diversimode tamen secundum utrumque comparatio attenditur, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4380 comparatio quae est secundum finem est absoluta, eo quod finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4381 propter se quaeritur; comparatio autem quae est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4382 exercitium, est respectiva, quia exercitium non quaeritur propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4383 se, sed propter finem. Et ideo illa religio alteri praefertur quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4384 ordinatur ad finem absolute potiorem, vel quia est maius bonum; vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4385 quia ad plura bona ordinatur. Si vero sit finis idem, secundario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4386 attenditur praeeminentia religionis, non secundum quantitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4387 exercitii, sed secundum proportionem eius ad finem intentum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4388 et in collationibus patrum introducitur sententia beati Antonii,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4389 qui praetulit discretionem, per quam aliquis omnia moderatur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4390 ieiuniis et vigiliis et omnibus huiusmodi observantiis. Sic ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4391 dicendum est quod opus vitae activae est duplex. Unum quidem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4392 ex plenitudine contemplationis derivatur, sicut doctrina et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4393 praedicatio. Unde et Gregorius dicit, in V Homil. super Ezech.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4394 quod <i>de perfectis viris post contemplationem suam redeuntibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4395 dicitur, memoriam suavitatis tuae eructabunt</i>. Et hoc praefertur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4396 simplici contemplationi. Sicut enim maius est illuminare quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4397 lucere solum, ita maius est contemplata aliis tradere quam solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4398 contemplari. Aliud autem est opus activae vitae quod totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4399 consistit in occupatione exteriori, sicut eleemosynas dare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4400 hospites recipere, et alia huiusmodi. Quae sunt minora operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4401 contemplationis, nisi forte in casu necessitatis, ut ex supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4402 dictis patet. Sic ergo summum gradum in religionibus tenent quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4403 ordinantur ad docendum et praedicandum. Quae et propinquissimae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4404 sunt perfectioni episcoporum, sicut et in aliis rebus <i>fines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4405 primorum coniunguntur principiis secundorum</i>, ut Dionysius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4406 dicit, VII cap. de Div. Nom. Secundum autem gradum tenent illae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4407 quae ordinantur ad contemplationem. Tertius est earum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4408 occupantur circa exteriores actiones. In singulis autem horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4409 graduum potest attendi praeeminentia secundum quod una religio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4410 ordinatur ad altiorem actum in eodem genere, sicut inter opera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4411 activae, potius est redimere captivos quam recipere hospites; et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4412 operibus contemplativae, potior est oratio quam lectio. Potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4413 etiam attendi praeeminentia, si una earum ad plura horum ordinetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4414 quam alia, vel si convenientiora statuta habeat ad finem propositum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4415 consequendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="46618"><span class="ref">[46618] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4416 ergo dicendum quod decretalis illa loquitur de vita activa prout
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4417 ordinatur ad salutem animarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="46619"><span class="ref">[46619] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4418 secundum dicendum quod religiones quae instituuntur propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4419 militiam, directius ordinantur ad hoc quod effundant sanguinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4420 hostium, quam ad hoc quod eorum sanguis fundatur, quod proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4421 martyribus competit. Nihil tamen prohibet huiusmodi religiosos in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4422 aliquo casu meritum martyrii consequi, et in hoc praeferri aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4423 religiosis, sicut et opera activa interdum in aliquo casu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4424 praeferuntur contemplationi.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="46620"><span class="ref">[46620] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4425 dicendum quod arctitudo observantiarum non est id quod praecipue in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4426 religione commendatur, ut beatus Antonius dicit. Et Isaiae LVIII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4427 dicitur, <i>nunquid hoc est ieiunium quod elegi, per diem affligere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4428 animam suam?</i> Assumitur tamen in religione ut necessaria ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4429 carnis macerationem, quae, si sine discretione fit, periculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4430 deficiendi habet annexum, sicut beatus Antonius dicit. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4431 est potior religio ex hoc quod habet arctiores observantias, sed ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4432 hoc quod ex maiori discretione sunt eius observantiae ordinatae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4433 finem religionis. Sicut ad continentiam efficacius ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4434 maceratio carnis per abstinentiam cibi et potus, quae pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4435 famem et sitim, quam per subtractionem vestium, quae pertinent ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4436 frigus et nuditatem; et quam per corporalem laborem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="46621"><span class="ref">[46621] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
4437 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod habere aliquid in communi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4438 diminuat perfectionem religionis. Dicit enim dominus, Matth. XIX,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4439 <i>si vis perfectus esse, vade et vende omnia quae habes et da
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4440 pauperibus</i>, ex quo patet quod carere mundanis divitiis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4441 pertineat ad perfectionem vitae Christianae. Sed illi qui habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4442 aliquid in communi, non carent mundanis divitiis. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4443 non attingant omnino ad perfectionem Christianae vitae.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="46622"><span class="ref">[46622] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
4444 Praeterea, ad perfectionem consiliorum pertinet ut homo mundana
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4445 sollicitudine careat, unde et apostolus, I ad Cor. VII, dans
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4446 consilium de virginitate, dicit, <i>volo vos sine sollicitudine
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4447 esse</i>. Sed ad sollicitudinem praesentis vitae pertinet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4448 aliqui reservent sibi aliquid in futurum, quam quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4449 sollicitudinem dominus discipulis prohibet, Matth. VI, dicens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4450 nolite solliciti esse in crastinum. Ergo videtur quod habere
53
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diff changeset
4451 aliquid in communi diminuat perfectionem Christianae vitae.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="46623"><span class="ref">[46623] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
4452 Praeterea, divitiae communes quodammodo pertinent ad singulos qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4453 sunt in communitate, unde Hieronymus, ad Heliodorum episcopum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4454 dicit de quibusdam, <i>sunt ditiores monachi quam fuerant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4455 saeculares; possident opes sub Christo paupere, quas sub locuplete
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4456 Diabolo non habuerant; suspirat eos Ecclesia divites, quos tenuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4457 mundus ante mendicos</i>. Sed quod aliquis habeat divitias proprias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4458 derogat perfectioni religionis. Ergo etiam perfectioni religionis
53
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diff changeset
4459 derogat quod aliquid in communi habeatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="46624"><span class="ref">[46624] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4460 Praeterea, Gregorius narrat, in III Dialog., de quodam sanctissimo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4461 viro Isaac, quod, <i>cum ei discipuli humiliter innuerent ut pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4462 usu monasterii possessiones quae offerebantur acciperet, ille,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4463 sollicitus suae paupertatis custos, fortem sententiam tenebat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4464 dicens, monachus qui in terra possessiones quaerit, monachus non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4465 est</i>. Quod intelligitur de communibus possessionibus, quae pro
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diff changeset
4466 communi usu monasterii ei offerebantur. Ergo videtur quod habere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4467 aliquid in communi tollat perfectionem religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 7 arg. 5"><a name="46625"><span class="ref">[46625] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 arg. 5</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
4468 Praeterea, dominus, perfectionem religionis discipulis tradens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4469 Matth. X, dicit <i>nolite possidere aurum neque argentum, neque
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diff changeset
4470 pecuniam in zonis vestris, non peram in via</i>, per quod, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4471 Hieronymus dicit, <i>arguit philosophos qui vulgo appellantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4472 Bactroperitae, quod, contemptores saeculi et omnia pro nihilo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4473 ducentes, cellarium secum vehant</i>. Ergo videtur quod reservare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4474 aliquid, sive in proprio sive in communi, diminuat perfectionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
4475 religionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 7 s. c."><a name="46626"><span class="ref">[46626] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
4476 contra est quod prosper dicit, in libro de vita Contempl., et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4477 habetur XII, qu. I, <i>satis ostenditur et propria debere propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4478 perfectionem contemni, et sine impedimento perfectionis, Ecclesiae
53
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diff changeset
4479 posse facultates, quae sunt profecto communia, possidere</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 7 co."><a name="46627"><span class="ref">[46627] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
4480 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, perfectio non consistit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4481 essentialiter in paupertate, sed in Christi sequela, secundum illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4482 Hieronymi super Matth., <i>quia non sufficit omnia relinquere,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4483 addidit Petrus quod perfectum est</i>, idest, secuti sumus te,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4484 paupertas autem est sicut instrumentum vel exercitium perveniendi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4485 ad perfectionem. Unde in collationibus patrum, abbas Moyses dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4486 <i>ieiunia, vigiliae, meditatio Scripturarum, nuditas, ac privatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4487 omnium facultatum, non perfectio, sed perfectionis instrumenta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4488 sunt</i> est autem privatio omnium facultatum, sive paupertas,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4489 perfectionis instrumentum, inquantum per remotionem divitiarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4490 tolluntur quaedam caritatis impedimenta. Quae sunt praecipue tria.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4491 Quorum primum est sollicitudo, quam secum divitiae afferunt. Unde
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diff changeset
4492 dominus dicit, Matth. XIII, <i>qui autem est seminatus in spinis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4493 hic est qui verbum audit, et sollicitudo saeculi istius et fallacia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4494 divitiarum suffocat verbum</i> secundum autem est divitiarum amor,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4495 qui ex divitiis possessis augetur. Unde Hieronymus dicit, super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4496 Matth., quod <i>quia divitiae habitae difficile contemnuntur, non
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diff changeset
4497 dixit dominus, Matth. XIX, impossibile est divitem intrare in
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diff changeset
4498 regnum caelorum, sed, difficile</i>. Tertium autem est inanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4499 gloria vel elatio, quae ex divitiis nascitur, secundum illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4500 Psalmi, <i>qui confidunt in virtute sua, et in multitudine
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diff changeset
4501 divitiarum suarum gloriantur</i>. Horum ergo trium primum a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4502 divitiis separari non potest totaliter, sive sint magnae sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4503 parvae, necesse est enim hominem aliqualiter sollicitari de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4504 acquirendis vel conservandis exterioribus rebus. Sed si res
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diff changeset
4505 exteriores non quaerantur vel habeantur nisi in modica quantitate,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4506 quantum sufficiunt ad simplicem victum, talis sollicitudo non
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diff changeset
4507 multum impedit hominem. Unde nec perfectioni repugnat Christianae
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diff changeset
4508 vitae. Non enim omnis sollicitudo a domino interdicitur, sed
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diff changeset
4509 superflua et nociva, unde super illud Matth. VI, <i>nolite
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diff changeset
4510 solliciti esse animae vestrae, quid manducetis</i>, etc., dicit
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diff changeset
4511 Augustinus, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte, <i>non hoc dicit, ut
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diff changeset
4512 ista non procurent quantum necessitatis est, sed ut non ista
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4513 intueantur, et propter ista faciant quidquid in Evangelii
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diff changeset
4514 praedicatione facere iubentur</i>. Sed abundans divitiarum
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diff changeset
4515 possessio abundantiorem sollicitudinem ingerit, per quam animus
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diff changeset
4516 hominis multum distrahitur et impeditur, ne totaliter feratur in
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diff changeset
4517 Dei obsequium. Alia vero duo, scilicet amor divitiarum et elatio
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diff changeset
4518 seu gloriatio de divitiis, non consequuntur nisi abundantes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4519 divitias. Differt tamen circa hoc utrum divitiae, abundantes vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4520 moderatae, in proprio vel in communi habeantur. Nam sollicitudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4521 quae circa proprias divitias adhibetur, pertinet ad amorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4522 privatum, quo quis se temporaliter amat, sed sollicitudo quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4523 adhibetur circa res communes, pertinet ad amorem caritatis, quae
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diff changeset
4524 non quaerit quae sua sunt, sed communibus intendit. Et quia religio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4525 ad perfectionem caritatis ordinatur, quam perficit amor Dei usque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4526 ad contemptum sui; habere aliquid proprium repugnat perfectioni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4527 religionis. Sed sollicitudo quae adhibetur circa bona communia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4528 pertinere potest ad caritatem, licet etiam per hoc impediri possit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4529 aliquis altior caritatis actus, puta contemplationis divinae aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4530 instructionis proximorum. Ex quo patet quod habere superabundantes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4531 divitias in communi, sive in rebus mobilibus sive immobilibus, est
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diff changeset
4532 impedimentum perfectionis, licet non totaliter excludat eam. Habere
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diff changeset
4533 autem de rebus exterioribus in communi, sive mobilibus sive
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diff changeset
4534 immobilibus, quantum sufficit ad simplicem victum, perfectionem
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diff changeset
4535 religionis non impedit, si consideretur paupertas in comparatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4536 ad communem finem religionum, qui est vacare divinis obsequiis. Si
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diff changeset
4537 autem consideretur per comparationem ad speciales fines religionum,
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diff changeset
4538 sic, praesupposito tali fine, paupertas maior vel minor est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4539 religioni accommoda, et tanto erit unaquaeque religio secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4540 paupertatem perfectior, quanto habet paupertatem magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4541 proportionatam suo fini. Manifestum est enim quod ad exteriora et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4542 corporalia opera vitae activae indiget homo copia exteriorum rerum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4543 ad contemplationem autem pauca requiruntur. Unde philosophus dicit,
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diff changeset
4544 in X Ethic., quod <i>ad actiones multis opus est, et quanto utique
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diff changeset
4545 maiores sunt et meliores, pluribus, speculanti autem nullo talium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4546 ad operationem necessitas</i> sed solis necessariis indiget; alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4547 vero impedimenta sunt ad speculationem. Sic igitur patet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4548 religio quae ordinatur ad actiones corporales activae vitae, puta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4549 ad militandum vel ad hospitalitatem sectandam, imperfecta esset si
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diff changeset
4550 communibus careret divitiis. Religiones autem quae ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4551 contemplativam vitam ordinantur, tanto perfectiores sunt, quanto
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diff changeset
4552 eorum paupertas minorem eis sollicitudinem temporalium ingerit.
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diff changeset
4553 Tanto autem sollicitudo temporalium rerum magis impedit religionem,
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diff changeset
4554 quanto sollicitudo spiritualium maior ad religionem requiritur.
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diff changeset
4555 Manifestum est autem quod maiorem sollicitudinem spiritualium
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diff changeset
4556 requirit religio quae est instituta ad contemplandum et contemplata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4557 aliis tradendum per doctrinam et praedicationem, quam illa quae est
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diff changeset
4558 instituta ad contemplandum tantum. Unde talem religionem decet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4559 paupertas talis quae minimam sollicitudinem ingerat. Manifestum est
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diff changeset
4560 autem quod minimam sollicitudinem ingerit conservare res usui
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diff changeset
4561 hominum necessarias, tempore congruo procuratas. Et ideo tribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4562 gradibus religionum supra positis triplex gradus paupertatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4563 competit. Nam illis religionibus quae ordinantur ad corporales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4564 actiones activae vitae, competit habere abundantiam divitiarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4565 communium. Illis autem religionibus quae sunt ordinatae ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4566 contemplandum, magis competit habere possessiones moderatas, nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4567 simul oporteat tales religiosos, per se vel per alios,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4568 hospitalitatem tenere et pauperibus subvenire. Illis autem quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4569 ordinantur ad contemplata aliis tradendum, competit vitam habere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4570 maxime ab exterioribus sollicitudinibus expeditam. Quod quidem fit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4571 dum modica quae sunt necessaria vitae, congruo tempore procurata,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4572 conservantur. Et hoc dominus, paupertatis institutor, docuit suo
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diff changeset
4573 exemplo, habebat enim loculos, Iudae commissos, in quibus
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diff changeset
4574 recondebantur ei oblata, ut habetur Ioan. XII. Nec obstat quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4575 Hieronymus dicit, super Matth., <i>si quis obiicere voluerit,
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diff changeset
4576 quomodo Iudas in loculis pecuniam portabat? Respondebimus, quia rem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4577 pauperum in usus suos convertere nefas putavit</i>, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4578 solvendo tributum, quia inter illos pauperes praecipui erant eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4579 discipuli, in quorum necessitates pecunia loculorum Christi
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diff changeset
4580 expendebatur. Dicitur enim Ioan. IV, quod <i>discipuli abierant in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4581 civitatem ut cibos emerent</i>, et Ioan. XIII dicitur quod
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diff changeset
4582 <i>discipuli putabant, quia loculos habebat Iudas, quod dixisset ei
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diff changeset
4583 Iesus, eme quae opus sunt nobis ad diem festum; aut ut egenis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4584 aliquid daret</i>. Ex quo patet quod conservare pecuniam, aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4585 quascumque alias res communes, ad sustentationem religiosorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4586 congregationis eiusdem, vel quorumcumque aliorum pauperum, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4587 conforme perfectioni, quam Christus docuit suo exemplo. Sed et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4588 discipuli, post resurrectionem, a quibus omnis religio sumpsit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4589 originem, pretia praediorum conservabant, et distribuebant
53
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diff changeset
4590 unicuique prout cuique opus erat.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="46628"><span class="ref">[46628] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
4591 ergo dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ex illo verbo domini non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4592 intelligitur quod ipsa paupertas sit perfectio, sed perfectionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4593 instrumentum, et, sicut ostensum est, minimum inter tria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4594 principalia instrumenta perfectionis; nam votum continentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4595 praeeminet voto paupertatis, et votum obedientiae praefertur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4596 utrique. Quia vero instrumentum non propter se quaeritur, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4597 propter finem, non tanto aliquid fit melius quanto maius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4598 instrumentum, sed quanto magis est fini proportionatum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4599 medicus non tanto magis sanat quanto maiorem dat medicinam, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4600 quanto medicina est magis proportionata morbo. Sic igitur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4601 oportet quod religio tanto sit perfectior quanto maiorem habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4602 paupertatem, sed quanto eius paupertas est magis proportionata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4603 communi fini et speciali. Et si daretur quod excessus paupertatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4604 faceret religionem perfectiorem secundum hoc quod est pauperior,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4605 non tamen faceret eam perfectiorem simpliciter posset enim esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4606 quod alia religio excederet in his quae pertinent ad continentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4607 et obedientiam, et sic esset simpliciter perfectior, quia quod in
53
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diff changeset
4608 melioribus excedit, est simpliciter melius.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="46629"><span class="ref">[46629] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4609 secundum dicendum quod per hoc quod dominus dicit, nolite solliciti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4610 esse in crastinum, non intelligitur quod nihil reservetur in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4611 futurum. Hoc enim periculosum esse beatus Antonius, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4612 collationibus patrum, ostendit, dicens quod <i>privationem omnium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4613 facultatum ita sectantes ut ex ipsis nec unius quidem diei victum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4614 sibimet, unumve denarium superesse paterentur</i>, et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4615 huiusmodi facientes, <i>ita vidimus repente deceptos ut arreptum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4616 opus non potuerint congruo exitu terminare</i>. Et ut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4617 dicit, in libro de operibus Monach., si hoc verbum domini, nolite
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4618 solliciti esse in crastinum, ita intelligatur ut nihil in crastinum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4619 reponatur, <i>non poterunt ista servare qui se per multos dies a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4620 conspectu hominum separatos includunt, viventes in magna intentione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4621 orationum</i>. Et postea subdit, <i>an forte, quo sunt sanctiores,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4622 eo sunt volucribus dissimiliores?</i> Et postea subdit, <i>si enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4623 urgeantur ex Evangelio ut nihil reponant in crastinum, respondent,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4624 cur ergo ipse dominus loculos habuit, ubi pecuniam collectam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4625 reponeret? Cur tanto ante, fame imminente, frumenta sanctis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4626 patribus missa sunt? Cur apostoli indigentiae sanctorum necessaria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4627 procurarunt?</i> Quod ergo dicitur, nolite solliciti esse in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4628 crastinum, secundum Hieronymum, sic exponitur, <i>sufficit nobis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4629 praesentis temporis cogitatio, futura, quae incerta sunt, Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4630 relinquamus</i>. Secundum Chrysostomum, sic, <i>sufficit labor quem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4631 pateris propter necessaria, noli de superfluis laborare</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4632 Secundum Augustinum, sic, <i>cum aliquid boni operamur, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4633 temporalia, quae significantur per crastinum, sed aeterna
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4634 cogitemus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="46630"><span class="ref">[46630] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4635 dicendum quod verbum Hieronymi habet locum ubi sunt superabundantes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4636 divitiae quae habentur quasi propriae, vel per quarum abusum etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4637 singuli de communitate superbiunt et lasciviunt. Non autem habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4638 locum in divitiis moderatis communiter conservatis ad solam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4639 sustentationem vitae, qua singuli indigent, eadem enim est ratio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4640 quod singuli utantur his quae pertinent ad necessaria vitae, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4641 quod communiter conserventur.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="46631"><span class="ref">[46631] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4642 dicendum quod Isaac possessiones renuebat recipere, quia timebat ne
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4643 per hoc ad superfluas divitias veniretur, per quarum abusum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4644 impediretur religionis perfectio. Unde Gregorius ibidem subdit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4645 <i>sic metuebat paupertatem suae securitatis perdere, sicut avari
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4646 divites solent perituras divitias custodire</i>. Non autem legitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4647 quod renuerit recipere aliqua necessaria ad vitae sustentationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4648 communiter conservanda.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 7 ad 5"><a name="46632"><span class="ref">[46632] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 7 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4649 dicendum quod philosophus, in I Polit., dicit panem et vinum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4650 alia huiusmodi esse divitias naturales, pecunias vero divitias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4651 artificiales. Et inde est quod quidam philosophi nolebant uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4652 pecunia, sed aliis rebus, quasi secundum naturam viventes. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4653 Hieronymus, ibidem, per sententiam domini, qui similiter utrumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4654 interdicit, ostendit quod in idem redit habere pecuniam, et alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4655 res necessarias vitae. Et tamen, licet dominus huiusmodi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4656 portari in via ab his qui ad praedicandum mittebantur, ordinaverit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4657 non tamen ea in communi conservari prohibuit. Qualiter tamen illa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4658 verba domini sint intelligenda, supra ostensum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="46633"><span class="ref">[46633] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4659 octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod perfectior sit religio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4660 societate viventium quam agentium solitariam vitam. Dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4661 Eccle. IV, <i>melius est duos esse quam unum, habent enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4662 emolumentum societatis suae</i>. Ergo videtur perfectior esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4663 religio in societate viventium.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="46634"><span class="ref">[46634] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4664 Praeterea, Matth. XVIII dicitur, <i>ubi fuerint duo vel tres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4665 congregati in nomine meo, ibi sum ego in medio eorum</i>. Sed nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4666 potest esse melius quam Christi societas. Ergo videtur quod vivere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4667 in congregatione sit melius quam ducere solitariam vitam.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="46635"><span class="ref">[46635] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4668 Praeterea, inter alia religionis vota, votum obedientiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4669 excellentius est, et humilitas est maxime Deo accepta. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4670 obedientia et humilitas magis observatur in communi conversatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4671 quam in solitudine. Dicit enim Hieronymus, in epistola ad rusticum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4672 monachum, <i>in solitudine cito subrepit superbia, dormit quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4673 voluerit, facit quod voluerit</i>. E contrario autem ipse docet eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4674 qui in societate vivit, dicens, <i>non facias quod vis, comedas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4675 quod iuberis, habeas quantum acceperis, subiiciaris cui non vis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4676 servias fratribus, praepositum monasterii timeas ut Deum, diligas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4677 ut parentem</i>. Ergo videtur quod religio viventium in societate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4678 sit perfectior ea quae solitariam vitam agit.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="46636"><span class="ref">[46636] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4679 Praeterea, dominus dicit, Luc. XI, <i>nemo accendit lucernam et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4680 abscondito ponit, neque sub modio</i>. Sed illi qui solitariam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4681 vitam agunt, videntur esse in abscondito positi, nihil utilitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4682 hominibus afferentes. Ergo videtur quod eorum religio non sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4683 perfectior.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 8 arg. 5"><a name="46637"><span class="ref">[46637] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4684 Praeterea, id quod est contra naturam hominis, non videtur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4685 perfectionem virtutis pertinere. Sed homo naturaliter est animal
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4686 sociale, ut philosophus dicit, in I Polit. Ergo videtur quod agere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4687 solitariam vitam non sit perfectius quam agere vitam socialem.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 8 s. c."><a name="46638"><span class="ref">[46638] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4688 contra est quod Augustinus, in libro de operibus Monach., illos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4689 sanctiores esse dicit qui, <i>a conspectu hominum separati, nulli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4690 ad se praebent accessum, viventes in magna intentione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4691 orationum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 8 co."><a name="46639"><span class="ref">[46639] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4692 dicendum quod solitudo, sicut et paupertas, non est ipsa essentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4693 perfectionis, sed perfectionis instrumentum, unde in collationibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4694 patrum, dicit abbas Moyses quod pro puritate cordis, solitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4695 sectanda est, sicut et ieiunia et alia huiusmodi. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4696 autem quod solitudo non est instrumentum congruum actioni, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4697 contemplationi, secundum illud Osee II, <i>ducam eam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4698 solitudinem, et loquar ad cor eius</i>. Unde non congruit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4699 religionibus quae sunt ordinatae ad opera vitae activae, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4700 corporalia sive spiritualia, nisi forte ad tempus, exemplo Christi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4701 qui, ut dicitur Luc. VI, <i>exiit in montem orare et erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4702 pernoctans in oratione Dei</i>. Competit autem religionibus quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4703 sunt ad contemplationem ordinatae. Considerandum tamen est quod id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4704 quod est solitarium, debet esse sibi per se sufficiens. Hoc autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4705 est cui nihil deest, quod pertinet ad rationem perfecti. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4706 solitudo competit contemplanti qui iam ad perfectum pervenit. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4707 quidem contingit dupliciter. Uno modo, ex solo divino munere, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4708 patet de Ioanne Baptista, <i>qui fuit repletus spiritu sancto adhuc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4709 ex utero matris suae</i>; unde et cum adhuc puer esset, erat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4710 desertis, ut dicitur Luc. I. Alio modo, per exercitium virtuosi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4711 actus, secundum illud Heb. V, <i>perfectorum est solidus cibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4712 eorum qui pro consuetudine exercitatos habent sensus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4713 discretionem boni et mali</i>. Ad exercitium autem huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4714 iuvatur homo ex aliorum societate, dupliciter. Uno modo, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4715 intellectum, ut instruatur in his quae sunt contemplanda, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4716 Hieronymus dicit, ad rusticum monachum, <i>mihi placet ut habeas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4717 sacrum contubernium, nec ipse te doceas</i>. Secundo, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4718 affectum, ut scilicet noxiae affectiones hominis reprimantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4719 exemplo et correctione aliorum, quia ut dicit Gregorius, XXX
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4720 Moral., super illud, cui dedi in solitudine domum, <i>quid prodest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4721 solitudo corporis, si solitudo defuerit cordis?</i> Et ideo vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4722 socialis necessaria est ad exercitium perfectionis, solitudo autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4723 competit iam perfectis. Unde Hieronymus dicit, ad rusticum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4724 monachum, <i>solitariam vitam comprehendimus minime, quam semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4725 laudabimus, sed de ludo monasteriorum huiusmodi volumus egredi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4726 milites quos rudimenta non terreant, qui specimen conversationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4727 suae multo tempore dederint</i>. Sicut igitur id quod iam perfectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4728 est, praeeminet ei quod ad perfectionem exercetur; ita vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4729 solitariorum, si debite assumatur, praeeminet vitae sociali. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4730 autem absque praecedenti exercitio talis vita assumatur, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4731 periculosissima, nisi per divinam gratiam suppleatur quod in aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4732 per exercitium acquiritur, sicut patet de beatis Antonio et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4733 Benedicto.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="46640"><span class="ref">[46640] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4734 ergo dicendum quod Salomon ostendit melius esse quod sint duo simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4735 quam unus, propter auxilium quod unus habet ab alio, vel ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4736 sublevandum vel ad fovendum vel ad spiritualiter calefaciendum. Quo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
4737 quidem auxilio iam non indigent qui sunt perfectionem assecuti.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="46641"><span class="ref">[46641] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4738 secundum dicendum quod, sicut dicitur I Ioan. IV, <i>qui manet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4739 caritate, in Deo manet, et Deus in eo</i>. Sicut ergo Christus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4740 in medio eorum qui sibi invicem per dilectionem proximi sociantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4741 ita habitat in corde eius qui divinae contemplationi insistit per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4742 dilectionem Dei.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="46642"><span class="ref">[46642] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4743 dicendum quod actu obedire est necessarium his qui indigent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4744 exerceri secundum directionem aliorum ad perfectionem capiendam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4745 Sed illi qui iam perfecti sunt, spiritu Dei sufficienter aguntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4746 ut non indigeant actu aliis obedire. Habent tamen obedientiam in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4747 praeparatione animi.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="46643"><span class="ref">[46643] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4748 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in XIX de Civ. Dei, <i>a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4749 studio cognoscendae veritatis nemo prohibetur, quod ad laudabile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4750 pertinet otium</i>. Quod autem aliquis super candelabrum ponatur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4751 non pertinet ad ipsum, sed ad eius superiores. Quae sarcina si non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4752 imponatur, ut Augustinus ibidem subdit, contemplandae veritati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4753 vacandum est, ad quam plurimum valet solitudo. Et tamen illi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4754 solitariam vitam agunt, multum utiles sunt generi humano. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4755 Augustinus dicit, in libro de moribus Ecclesiae, de his loquens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4756 <i>pane solo, qui eis per certa intervalla temporum affertur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4757 aqua contenti, desertissimas terras incolunt, perfruentes colloquio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4758 Dei, cui puris mentibus inhaeserunt. Videntur autem nonnullis res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4759 humanas plus quam oporteret deseruisse, non intelligentibus quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4760 nobis eorum animus in orationibus prosit, et vita ad exemplum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4761 quorum corpora videre non sinimur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 188 a. 8 ad 5"><a name="46644"><span class="ref">[46644] IIª-IIae, q. 188 a. 8 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4762 dicendum quod homo potest solitarius vivere dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4763 quasi societatem humanam non ferens propter animi saevitiam, et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4764 est bestiale. Alio modo, per hoc quod totaliter divinis rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4765 inhaeret, et hoc est supra hominem. Et ideo philosophus dicit, in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4766 Polit., quod ille qui aliis non communicat, est bestia aut Deus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4767 idest divinus vir.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q189"><h2>Quaestio 189</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 189 pr."><a name="46645"><span class="ref">[46645] IIª-IIae, q. 189 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4768 considerandum est de ingressu religionis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4769 decem. Primo, utrum illi qui non sunt exercitati in observantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4770 praeceptorum, debeant religionem ingredi. Secundo, utrum liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4771 aliquos voto obligare ad religionis ingressum. Tertio, utrum illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4772 qui voto obligantur ad religionis ingressum, teneantur votum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4773 implere. Quarto, utrum illi qui vovent religionem intrare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4774 teneantur ibi perpetuo remanere. Quinto, utrum pueri sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4775 recipiendi in religione. Sexto, utrum propter parentum obsequium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4776 aliqui debeant retrahi a religionis ingressu. Septimo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4777 presbyteri curati vel archidiaconi possint ad religionem transire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4778 octavo, utrum de una religione possit aliquis transire ad aliam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4779 Nono, utrum aliquis debeat alios inducere ad religionis ingressum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4780 Decimo, utrum requiratur magna deliberatio cum consanguineis et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4781 amicis ad religionis ingressum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="46646"><span class="ref">[46646] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4782 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non debeant religionem ingredi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4783 nisi qui sunt in praeceptis exercitati. Dominus enim consilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4784 perfectionis dedit adolescenti qui dixerat se praecepta a iuventute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4785 servasse. Sed a Christo sumpsit initium omnis religio. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4786 quod non sunt ad religionem admittendi nisi qui sunt in praeceptis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4787 exercitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="46647"><span class="ref">[46647] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4788 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, super Ezech., <i>nemo repente fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4789 summus, sed in bona conversatione a minimis quis inchoat, ut ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4790 magna perveniat</i>. Sed magna sunt consilia, quae pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4791 perfectionem vitae, minora autem sunt praecepta, quae pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4792 communem iustitiam. Ergo videtur quod non debent aliqui, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4793 observantiam consiliorum, religionem intrare, nisi prius fuerint in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4794 praeceptis exercitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="46648"><span class="ref">[46648] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4795 Praeterea, sicut sacri ordines habent quandam excellentiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4796 Ecclesia, ita et status religionis. Sed sicut Gregorius scribit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4797 Siagrio episcopo, et habetur in decretis, dist. XLVIII, <i>ordinate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4798 ad ordines accedendum est, nam casum appetit qui ad summi loci
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4799 fastigia, postpositis gradibus, per abrupta quaerit ascensum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4800 Scimus enim quod aedificati parietes non prius tignorum pondus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4801 accipiunt, nisi a novitatis suae humore siccentur, ne, si ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4802 pondera quam solidentur accipiant, cunctam simul fabricam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4803 deponant</i>. Ergo videtur quod non debent aliqui ad religionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4804 transire nisi in praeceptis exercitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="46649"><span class="ref">[46649] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4805 Praeterea, super illud Psalmi, sicut ablactatus super matre sua,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4806 dicit Glossa, <i>in utero matris Ecclesiae primo concipimur, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4807 fidei rudimentis instruimur; deinde in lucem edimur, dum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4808 Baptismum regeneramur; deinde quasi manibus Ecclesiae portamur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4809 lacte nutrimur, cum post Baptismum bonis operibus informamur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4810 lacte spiritualis doctrinae nutrimur, proficiendo donec, iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4811 grandiusculi, a lacte matris accedamus ad mensam patris; idest, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4812 simplici doctrina, ubi praedicatur verbum caro factum, accedamus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4813 verbum patris in principio apud Deum</i>. Et postea subdit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4814 <i>nuper baptizati in sabbato sancto, quasi manibus Ecclesiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4815 gestantur et lacte nutriuntur usque ad Pentecosten, quo tempore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4816 nulla difficilia indicuntur, non ieiunatur, non media nocte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4817 surgitur, postea, spiritu Paraclito confirmati, quasi ablactati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4818 incipiunt ieiunare et alia difficilia servare. Multi vero hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4819 ordinem pervertunt, ut haeretici et schismatici, se ante tempus a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4820 lacte separantes, unde exstinguuntur</i>. Sed hunc ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4821 pervertere videntur illi qui religionem intrant, vel alios ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4822 intrandum inducunt, antequam sint in faciliori observantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4823 praeceptorum exercitati. Ergo videtur quod sint haeretici vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4824 schismatici.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="46650"><span class="ref">[46650] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4825 Praeterea, a prioribus ad posteriora est transeundum. Sed praecepta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4826 sunt priora consiliis, quia sunt communiora, utpote a quibus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4827 convertitur consequentia essendi, quicumque enim servat consilia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4828 servat praecepta, sed non convertitur. Congruus autem ordo est ut a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4829 prioribus ad posteriora transeatur. Ergo non debet aliquis transire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4830 ad observantiam consiliorum in religione, nisi prius sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4831 exercitatus in praeceptis.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 1 s. c."><a name="46651"><span class="ref">[46651] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4832 contra est quod dominus Matthaeum publicanum, qui in observantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4833 praeceptorum exercitatus non erat, advocavit ad consiliorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4834 observantiam, dicitur enim Luc. V, quod, relictis omnibus, secutus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4835 est eum. Ergo non est necessarium quod ante aliquis exerceatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4836 observantia praeceptorum quam transeat ad perfectionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4837 consiliorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 1 co."><a name="46652"><span class="ref">[46652] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4838 dicendum quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, status religionis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4839 quoddam spirituale exercitium ad consequendum perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4840 caritatis, quod quidem fit inquantum per religionis observantias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4841 auferuntur impedimenta perfectae caritatis. Haec autem sunt quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4842 implicant affectum hominis ad terrena. Per hoc autem quod affectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4843 hominis implicatur ad terrena, non solum impeditur perfectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4844 caritatis, sed interdum etiam ipsa caritas perditur, dum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4845 inordinatam conversionem ad bona temporalia homo avertitur ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4846 incommutabili bono mortaliter peccando. Unde patet quod religionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4847 observantiae, sicut tollunt impedimenta perfectae caritatis, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4848 etiam tollunt occasiones peccandi, sicut patet quod per ieiunium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4849 vigilias et obedientiam et alia huiusmodi, retrahitur homo a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4850 peccatis gulae et luxuriae, et a quibuscumque aliis peccatis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4851 ideo ingredi religionem non solum expedit his qui sunt exercitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4852 in praeceptis, ut ad maiorem perfectionem perveniant, sed etiam his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4853 qui non sunt exercitati, ut facilius peccata vitent et perfectionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4854 assequantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="46653"><span class="ref">[46653] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4855 ergo dicendum quod Hieronymus dicit, super Matth., <i>mentitus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4856 adolescens dicens, haec omnia servavi a iuventute mea. Si enim quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4857 positum est in mandatis, diliges proximum tuum sicut teipsum, opere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4858 complesset, quomodo postea, audiens, vade et vende omnia quae habes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4859 et da pauperibus, tristis recessit?</i> Sed intelligendum est eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4860 mentitum esse quantum ad perfectam observantiam huius praecepti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4861 Unde Origenes, super Matth., dicit quod <i>scriptum est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4862 Evangelio secundum Hebraeos, quod cum dominus dixisset ei, vade et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4863 vende omnia quae habes, coepit dives scalpere caput suum. Et dixit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4864 ad eum dominus, quomodo dicis, feci legem et prophetas? Est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4865 lege, diliges proximum tuum sicut teipsum, et ecce, multi fratres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4866 tui, filii Abrahae, amicti sunt stercore, morientes prae fame; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4867 domus tua plena est multis bonis, et non egreditur aliquid omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4868 ex ea ad eos. Itaque dominus, redarguens eum, dicit, si vis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4869 perfectus esse, et cetera. Impossibile est enim implere mandatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4870 quod dicit, diliges proximum tuum sicut teipsum, et esse divitem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4871 et maxime, tantas possessiones habere</i>. Quod est intelligendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4872 de perfecta impletione huius praecepti. Imperfecte autem et communi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4873 modo verum est eum observasse praecepta. Perfectio enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4874 principaliter in observantia praeceptorum caritatis consistit, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4875 supra habitum est. Ut ergo dominus ostenderet perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4876 consiliorum utilem esse et innocentibus et peccatoribus, non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4877 vocavit adolescentem innocentem, sed etiam Matthaeum peccatorem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4878 tamen Matthaeus secutus est vocantem, non autem adolescens, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4879 facilius convertuntur ad religionem peccatores quam illi qui de sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4880 innocentia praesumunt, quibus dicit dominus, Matth. XXI,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4881 <i>publicani et meretrices praecedunt vos in regnum Dei</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="46654"><span class="ref">[46654] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4882 secundum dicendum quod summum et infimum tripliciter accipi potest.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4883 Uno modo, in eodem statu et in eodem homine. Et sic manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4884 quod nemo repente fit summus, quia unusquisque recte vivens toto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4885 tempore vitae suae proficit, ut ad summum perveniat. Alio modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4886 comparationem ad diversos status. Et sic non oportet ut quicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4887 vult ad superiorem statum pervenire, a minori incipiat, sicut non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4888 oportet ut qui vult esse clericus, prius in laicali vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4889 exerceatur. Tertio modo, quantum ad diversas personas. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4890 manifestum est quod unus statim incipit, non solum ab altiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4891 statu, sed etiam ab altiori gradu sanctitatis quam sit summum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4892 quod alius pervenit per totam vitam suam. Unde Gregorius dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4893 II Dialog., <i>omnes cognoscant, Benedictus puer conversationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4894 gratiam a quanta perfectione coepisset</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="46655"><span class="ref">[46655] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4895 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, sacri ordines praeexigunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4896 sanctitatem, sed status religionis est exercitium quoddam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4897 sanctitatem assequendam. Unde pondus ordinum imponendum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4898 parietibus iam per sanctitatem desiccatis, sed pondus religionis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4899 desiccat parietes, idest homines, ab humore vitiorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="46656"><span class="ref">[46656] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4900 dicendum quod, sicut manifeste ex verbis illius Glossae apparet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4901 principaliter loquitur de ordine doctrinae, prout transeundum est a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4902 facilioribus ad difficiliora. Unde quod dicit haereticos et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4903 schismaticos hunc ordinem pervertere, manifestum est ex sequentibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4904 ad ordinem doctrinae pertinere. Sequitur enim, hic vero se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4905 servasse, scilicet praedictum ordinem, <i>dicit, constringens se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4906 maledicto, sic, quasi, non modo in aliis fui humilis, sed etiam in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4907 scientia. Quia humiliter sentiebam, prius nutritus lacte, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4908 verbum caro factum, ut sic crescerem ad panem Angelorum, idest ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4909 verbum quod est in principio apud Deum</i>. Exemplum autem quod in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4910 medio interponitur, quod noviter baptizatis non indicitur ieiunium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4911 usque ad Pentecosten, ostendit quod non sunt ex necessitate ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4912 difficilia cogendi antequam per spiritum sanctum interius ad hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4913 instigentur ut difficilia propria voluntate assumant. Unde et post
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4914 Pentecosten, post receptionem spiritus sancti, ieiunium celebrat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4915 Ecclesia. Spiritus autem sanctus, sicut Ambrosius dicit, super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4916 Luc., <i>non arcetur aetatibus, non finitur morte, non excluditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4917 alvo</i>. Et Gregorius dicit, in homilia Pentecostes, <i>implet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4918 citharaedum puerum, et Psalmistam facit, implet puerum abstinentem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4919 et iudicem senum facit</i>. Et postea subdit, <i>nulla ad discendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4920 mora agitur, omne quod voluerit, mox ut tetigerit mentem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4921 docet</i>. Et sicut dicitur Eccle. VIII, <i>non est in hominis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4922 ditione prohibere spiritum</i>. Et apostolus, I ad Thess. V, monet,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4923 spiritum nolite extinguere. Et Act. VII, contra quosdam dicitur,
53
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diff changeset
4924 <i>vos semper spiritui sancto restitistis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="46657"><span class="ref">[46657] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4925 dicendum quod praeceptorum quaedam sunt principalia, quae sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4926 fines et praeceptorum et consiliorum, scilicet praecepta caritatis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4927 Ad quae consilia ordinantur, non ita quod sine consiliis servari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4928 non possint, sed ut per consilia perfectius observentur. Alia vero
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4929 sunt praecepta secundaria, quae ordinantur ad praecepta caritatis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4930 ut sine quibus caritatis praecepta observari non possunt omnino.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4931 Sic igitur perfecta observantia praeceptorum caritatis praecedit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4932 intentione consilia, sed interdum tempore sequitur. Hic est enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4933 ordo finis respectu eorum quae sunt ad finem. Observantia vero
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4934 praeceptorum caritatis secundum communem modum, et similiter alia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4935 praecepta, comparantur ad consilia sicut commune ad proprium, quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4936 observantia praeceptorum potest esse sine consiliis, sed non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4937 convertitur. Sic ergo observantia praeceptorum communiter sumpta,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4938 praecedit naturae ordine consilia, non tamen oportet quod tempore,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4939 quia non est aliquid prius in genere quam sit in aliqua specierum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4940 Observantia vero praeceptorum sine consiliis ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4941 observantiam praeceptorum cum consiliis sicut species imperfecta ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4942 perfectam, sicut animal irrationale ad rationale. Perfectum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4943 est naturaliter prius imperfecto, natura enim, ut Boetius dicit, a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4944 perfectis sumit initium. Nec tamen oportet quod prius observentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4945 praecepta sine consiliis et postea cum consiliis, sicut non oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4946 quod aliquis prius sit asinus quam sit homo, vel quod prius sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4947 coniugatus quam sit virgo. Et similiter non oportet quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4948 prius servet praecepta in saeculo quam transeat ad religionem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4949 praesertim quia conversatio saecularis non disponit ad perfectionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4950 religionis, sed magis impedit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="46658"><span class="ref">[46658] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4951 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non debeant aliqui voto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4952 obligari ad religionis ingressum. Per professionem enim aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4953 voto religioni adstringitur. Sed ante professionem conceditur annus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4954 probationis, secundum regulam beati Benedicti, et secundum statutum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4955 Innocentii IV, qui etiam prohibuit, ante annum probationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4956 completum, eos per professionem religioni adstringi. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4957 quod multo minus adhuc in saeculo existentes debeant voto ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4958 religionem obligari.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="46659"><span class="ref">[46659] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4959 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, in registro, et habetur in decretis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4960 dist. XLV, quod <i>Iudaei, non vi, sed libera voluntate ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4961 convertantur suadendi sunt</i>. Sed implere id quod vovetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4962 necessitatis est. Ergo non sunt aliqui obligandi ad religionis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4963 ingressum.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="46660"><span class="ref">[46660] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4964 Praeterea, nullus debet alteri praebere occasionem ruinae, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4965 Exod. XXI dicitur, <i>si quis aperuerit cisternam, cecideritque bos
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4966 vel asinus in eam, dominus cisternae reddet pretium iumentorum</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4967 Sed ex hoc quod aliqui obligantur ad religionem per votum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4968 frequenter aliqui ruunt in desperationem et in diversa peccata.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4969 Ergo videtur quod non sint aliqui ad religionis ingressum voto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4970 obligandi.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 2 s. c."><a name="46661"><span class="ref">[46661] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4971 contra est quod in Psalmo dicitur, vovete, et reddite domino Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4972 vestro, ubi dicit Glossa quod <i>quaedam sunt vota propria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4973 singulorum, ut castitas, virginitas et huiusmodi, ad haec ergo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4974 vovenda nos invitat</i>. Sed Scriptura sacra non invitat nisi ad id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4975 quod est melius. Ergo melius est quod aliquis voto se obliget ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4976 religionis ingressum.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 2 co."><a name="46662"><span class="ref">[46662] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4977 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de voto ageretur, unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4978 et idem opus ex voto factum est laudabilius quam si sine voto fiat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4979 Tum quia vovere est actus religionis, quae habet quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4980 excellentiam inter virtutes. Tum quia per votum firmatur voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4981 hominis ad bonum faciendum, et sicut peccatum est gravius ex hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4982 quod procedit ex voluntate obstinata in malum, ita bonum opus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4983 laudabilius ex hoc quod procedit ex voluntate confirmata in bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4984 per votum. Et ideo obligari voto ad religionis ingressum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4985 secundum se laudabile.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="46663"><span class="ref">[46663] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4986 ergo dicendum quod duplex est religionis votum. Unum solemne, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4987 hominem facit monachum vel alterius religionis fratrem, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4988 vocatur professio. Et tale votum debet praecedere annus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4989 probationis, ut probat obiectio. Aliud autem est votum simplex, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4990 quo aliquis non fit monachus vel religiosus, sed solum obligatus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4991 religionis ingressum. Et ante tale votum non oportet praecedere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4992 probationis annum.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="46664"><span class="ref">[46664] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4993 secundum dicendum quod auctoritas illa Gregorii intelligitur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4994 violentia absoluta. Necessitas autem quae ex obligatione voti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4995 requiritur, non est necessitas absoluta, sed necessitas ex fine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4996 quia scilicet, post votum, non potest aliquis finem salutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4997 consequi nisi impleat votum. Talis autem necessitas non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4998 vitanda, quinimmo, ut Augustinus dicit, ad Armentarium et Paulinam,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4999 <i>felix est necessitas quae ad meliora transmittit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="46665"><span class="ref">[46665] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5000 dicendum quod vovere religionis ingressum est quaedam confirmatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5001 voluntatis ad meliora. Et ideo, quantum est de se, non dat homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5002 occasionem ruinae, sed magis subtrahit. Sed si aliquis voti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5003 transgressor gravius ruat, hoc non derogat bonitati voti, sicut nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5004 derogat bonitati Baptismi quod aliqui post Baptismum gravius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5005 peccant.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="46666"><span class="ref">[46666] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5006 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod ille qui obligatus est voto ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5007 religionis ingressum, non teneatur intrare. Dicitur enim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5008 decretis, XVII, qu. II, <i>Consaldus presbyter, quondam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5009 infirmitatis passione pressus, monachum se fieri promisit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5010 tamen monasterio aut abbati se tradidit, nec promissionem scripsit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5011 sed beneficium Ecclesiae in manu advocati refutavit, ac postquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5012 convaluit, monachum se negavit fieri</i>. Et postea subdit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5013 <i>iudicamus ut praefatus presbyter beneficium et altaria recipiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5014 et quiete retineat</i>. Hoc autem non esset, si teneretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5015 religionem intrare. Ergo videtur quod non teneatur aliquis implere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5016 votum quo se ad religionis ingressum obligavit.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="46667"><span class="ref">[46667] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5017 Praeterea, nullus tenetur facere id quod non est in sua potestate.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5018 Sed quod aliquis religionem ingrediatur, non est in potestate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5019 ipsius, sed requiritur ad hoc assensus eorum ad quos debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5020 transire. Ergo videtur quod non teneatur aliquis implere votum quo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5021 se ad religionis ingressum obligavit.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="46668"><span class="ref">[46668] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5022 Praeterea, per votum minus utile non potest derogari voto magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5023 utili. Sed per impletionem voti religionis impediri posset impletio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5024 voti crucis in subsidium terrae sanctae, quod videtur esse utilius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5025 quia per hoc votum consequitur homo remissionem peccatorum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5026 videtur quod votum quo quis se obligavit ad religionis ingressum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5027 non sit ex necessitate implendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 3 s. c."><a name="46669"><span class="ref">[46669] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5028 contra est quod dicitur Eccle. V, <i>si quid vovisti Deo, ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5029 moreris reddere, displicet enim Deo infidelis et stulta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5030 promissio</i>. Et super illud Psalmi, vovete et reddite domino Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5031 vestro, dicit Glossa, <i>vovere voluntati consulitur, sed post voti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5032 promissionem, redditio necessario exigitur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 3 co."><a name="46670"><span class="ref">[46670] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5033 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de voto ageretur, votum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5034 est promissio Deo facta de his quae ad Deum pertinent. Ut autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5035 Gregorius dicit, in epistola ad Bonifacium, <i>si inter homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5036 solent bonae fidei contractus nulla ratione dissolvi, quanto magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5037 ista pollicitatio quam cum Deo pepigit, solvi sine vindicta non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5038 poterit</i>. Et ideo ad implendum id quod homo vovit, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5039 necessitate tenetur, dummodo sit aliquid quod ad Deum pertineat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5040 Manifestum est autem quod ingressus religionis maxime ad Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5041 pertinet, quia per hoc homo totaliter se mancipat divinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5042 obsequiis, ut ex supra dictis patet. Unde relinquitur quod ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5043 se obligat ad religionis ingressum, teneatur religionem ingredi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5044 secundum quod se voto obligare intendit, ita scilicet quod, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5045 intendit se absolute obligare, tenetur quam citius poterit ingredi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5046 legitimo impedimento cessante; si autem ad certum tempus, vel sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5047 certa conditione, tenetur religionem ingredi tempore adveniente,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5048 vel conditione existente.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="46671"><span class="ref">[46671] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5049 ergo dicendum quod ille presbyter non fecerat votum solemne, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5050 simplex. Unde non erat monachus effectus, ut cogi deberet de iure
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5051 in monasterio remanere et Ecclesiam dimittere. Tamen in foro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5052 conscientiae esset sibi consulendum quod, omnibus dimissis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5053 religionem intraret. Unde extra, de voto et voti Redempt., cap. per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5054 tuas, consulitur episcopo Gratianopolitano, qui post votum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5055 religionis episcopatum assumpserat, voto non impleto, ut, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5056 suam sanare desideraret conscientiam, regimen Ecclesiae resignaret,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5057 et redderet altissimo vota sua</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="46672"><span class="ref">[46672] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5058 secundum dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de voto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5059 ageretur, ille qui se voto obligavit ad certae religionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5060 ingressum, tenetur facere quantum in se est ut in illa religione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5061 recipiatur. Et si quidem intendit se simpliciter ad religionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5062 obligare, si non recipitur in una religione, tenetur ire ad aliam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5063 Si vero intendit se obligare specialiter ad unam solum, non tenetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5064 nisi secundum modum suae obligationis.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="46673"><span class="ref">[46673] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5065 dicendum quod votum religionis, cum sit perpetuum, est maius quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5066 votum peregrinationis terrae sanctae, quod est temporale. Et sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5067 Alexander III dicit, et habetur extra, de voto et voti Redempt.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5068 <i>reus fracti voti aliquatenus non habetur qui temporale obsequium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5069 in perpetuam noscitur religionis observantiam commutare</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5070 Rationabiliter autem dici potest quod etiam per ingressum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5071 religionis aliquis consequatur remissionem omnium peccatorum. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5072 enim aliquibus eleemosynis factis homo potest statim satisfacere de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5073 peccatis suis, secundum illud Dan. IV, peccata tua eleemosynis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5074 redime; multo magis in satisfactionem pro omnibus peccatis sufficit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5075 quod aliquis se totaliter divinis obsequiis mancipet per religionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5076 ingressum, quae excedit omne genus satisfactionis, etiam publicae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5077 poenitentiae, ut habetur in decretis, XXXIII Caus., qu. II, cap.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5078 admonere; sicut etiam holocaustum excedit sacrificium, ut Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5079 dicit, super Ezech. Unde in vitis patrum legitur quod eandem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5080 gratiam consequuntur religionem ingredientes quam consequuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5081 baptizati. Si tamen non absolverentur per hoc ab omni reatu poenae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5082 nihilominus ingressus religionis utilior est quam peregrinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5083 terrae sanctae quantum ad promotionem in bonum, quae praeponderat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5084 absolutioni a poena.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="46674"><span class="ref">[46674] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5085 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ille qui vovet religionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5086 ingredi, teneatur perpetuo in religione permanere. Melius est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5087 religionem non ingredi quam post ingressum exire, secundum illud II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5088 Pet. II, <i>melius erat illis veritatem non cognoscere quam post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5089 agnitam retroire</i>. Et Luc. IX dicitur, <i>nemo mittens manum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5090 aratrum et aspiciens retro, aptus est regno Dei</i>. Sed ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5091 voto se obligavit ad religionis ingressum, tenetur ingredi, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5092 dictum est. Ergo etiam tenetur perpetuo remanere.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="46675"><span class="ref">[46675] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5093 Praeterea, quilibet debet vitare id ex quo scandalum sequitur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5094 aliis datur malum exemplum. Sed ex hoc quod aliquis, post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5095 religionis ingressum, egreditur et ad saeculum redit, malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5096 exemplum et scandalum aliis generatur, qui retrahuntur ab ingressu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5097 et provocantur ad exitum. Ergo videtur quod ille qui ingreditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5098 religionem ut votum impleat quod prius fecit, teneatur ibi perpetuo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5099 remanere.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="46676"><span class="ref">[46676] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5100 Praeterea, votum religionis reputatur votum perpetuum, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5101 temporalibus votis praefertur, ut dictum est. Hoc autem non esset,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5102 si aliquis, voto religionis emisso, ingrederetur cum proposito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5103 exeundi. Videtur ergo quod ille qui vovet religionis ingressum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5104 teneatur in religione etiam perpetuo remanere.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 4 s. c."><a name="46677"><span class="ref">[46677] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5105 contra est, quia votum professionis, propter hoc quod obligat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5106 hominem ad hoc quod perpetuo in religione remaneat, praeexigit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5107 annum probationis, qui non praeexigitur ad votum simplex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5108 aliquis se obligat ad religionis ingressum. Ergo videtur quod ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5109 qui vovet religionem intrare, propter hoc non teneatur ibi perpetuo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5110 remanere.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 4 co."><a name="46678"><span class="ref">[46678] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5111 dicendum quod obligatio voti ex voluntate procedit, nam vovere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5112 voluntatis est, ut Augustinus dicit. In tantum ergo fertur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5113 obligatio voti in quantum se extendit voluntas et intentio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5114 voventis. Si igitur vovens intendit se obligare non solum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5115 ingressum religionis, sed ad perpetuo remanendum, tenetur perpetuo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5116 remanere. Si autem intendit se obligare ad ingressum religionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5117 causa experiendi, cum libertate remanendi vel non remanendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5118 manifestum est quod remanere non tenetur. Si vero in vovendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5119 simpliciter de ingressu religionis cogitavit, absque hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5120 cogitaret de libertate exitus vel de perpetuitate remanendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5121 videtur obligari ad ingressum secundum formam iuris communis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5122 est ut ingredientibus detur probationis annus. Unde non tenetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5123 perpetuo in religione remanere.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="46679"><span class="ref">[46679] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5124 ergo dicendum quod melius est intrare religionem animo probandi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5125 quam penitus non intrare, quia per hoc disponitur ad perpetuo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5126 remanendum. Nec tamen intelligitur aliquis retro ire vel aspicere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5127 nisi quando praetermittit id ad quod se obligavit. Alioquin
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5128 quicumque per aliquod tempus facit aliquod bonum opus, si non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5129 semper id faciat, esset ineptus regno Dei, quod patet esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5130 falsum.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="46680"><span class="ref">[46680] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5131 secundum dicendum quod ille qui religionem ingreditur, si exeat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5132 praesertim ex aliqua rationabili causa, non generat scandalum nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5133 dat malum exemplum. Et si alius scandalizatur, erit scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5134 passivum ex parte eius, non autem scandalum activum ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5135 exeuntis, quia fecit quod licitum erat ei facere, et quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5136 expediebat propter rationabilem causam, puta infirmitatem aut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5137 debilitatem aut aliquid huiusmodi.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="46681"><span class="ref">[46681] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5138 dicendum quod ille qui intrat ut statim exeat, non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5139 satisfacere voto suo, quia ipse in vovendo hoc non intendit. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5140 ideo tenetur mutare propositum, ut saltem velit experiri an ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5141 expediat in religione remanere. Non autem tenetur ad perpetuo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5142 remanendum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="46682"><span class="ref">[46682] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5143 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod pueri non sint recipiendi in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5144 religione. Quia extra, de regularibus et Transeunt. ad Relig.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5145 dicitur, <i>nullus tondeatur, nisi legitima aetate et spontanea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5146 voluntate</i>. Sed pueri non videntur habere legitimam aetatem nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5147 spontaneam voluntatem, quia non habent perfecte usum rationis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5148 videtur quod non sint in religione recipiendi.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="46683"><span class="ref">[46683] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5149 Praeterea, status religionis videtur esse status poenitentiae, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5150 et religio dicitur a religando vel reeligendo, ut Augustinus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5151 X de Civ. Dei. Sed pueris non convenit poenitentia. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5152 quod non debeant religionem intrare.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="46684"><span class="ref">[46684] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5153 Praeterea, sicut aliquis obligatur iuramento, ita et voto. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5154 pueri, ante annos quatuordecim, non debent obligari iuramento, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5155 habetur in decretis, XXII Caus., qu. V, cap. pueri, et cap.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5156 honestum. Ergo videtur quod nec etiam sint voto obligandi.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="46685"><span class="ref">[46685] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5157 Praeterea, illicitum videtur esse obligare aliquem tali obligatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5158 quae posset iuste irritari. Sed si aliqui impuberes obligant se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5159 religioni, possunt retrahi a parentibus vel tutoribus, dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5160 in decretis, XX Caus., qu. II, quod <i>puella si ante duodecim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5161 aetatis annos sponte sua sacrum velamen assumpserit, possunt statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5162 parentes eius vel tutores id factum irritum facere, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5163 voluerint</i>. Illicitum est ergo pueros, praesertim ante
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5164 pubertatis annos, ad religionem recipere vel obligare.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 5 s. c."><a name="46686"><span class="ref">[46686] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5165 contra est quod dominus, Matth. XIX, dicit, <i>sinite parvulos, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5166 nolite eos prohibere venire ad me</i>. Quod exponens Origenes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5167 super Matth., dicit quod <i>discipuli Iesu, priusquam discant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5168 rationem iustitiae, reprehendunt eos qui pueros et infantes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5169 offerunt Christo, dominus autem exhortatur discipulos suos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5170 condescendere utilitatibus puerorum. Hoc ergo attendere debemus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5171 ne, aestimatione sapientiae excellentioris, contemnamus, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5172 magni, pusillos Ecclesiae, prohibentes pueros venire ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5173 Iesum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 5 co."><a name="46687"><span class="ref">[46687] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5174 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, duplex est religionis votum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5175 Unum simplex, quod consistit in sola promissione Deo facta, quae ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5176 interiori mentis deliberatione procedit. Et hoc votum habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5177 efficaciam ex iure divino. Quae tamen dupliciter tolli potest. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5178 modo, per defectum deliberationis, ut patet in furiosis, quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5179 vota non sunt obligatoria, ut habetur extra, de regularibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5180 Transeunt. ad Relig., cap. sicut tenor. Et eadem est ratio de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5181 pueris qui nondum habent debitum usum rationis, per quem sunt doli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5182 capaces, quem quidem pueri habent, ut frequentius, circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5183 quartumdecimum annum, puellae vero circa duodecimum, qui dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5184 anni pubertatis. In quibusdam tamen anticipatur, et in quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5185 tardatur, secundum diversam dispositionem naturae. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5186 impeditur efficacia simplicis voti, si aliquis Deo voveat quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5187 est propriae potestatis, puta si servus, etiam usum rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5188 habens, voveat se religionem intrare, aut etiam ordinetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5189 ignorante domino; potest enim hoc dominus revocare, ut habetur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5190 decretis, dist. LIV, cap. si servus. Et quia puer vel puella, infra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5191 pubertatis annos, naturaliter sunt in potestate patris quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5192 dispositionem suae vitae, poterit pater votum eorum revocare vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5193 acceptare, si sibi placuerit, ut expresse dicitur de muliere, Num.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5194 XXX. Sic igitur si puer, ante annos pubertatis, simplex votum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5195 emittat, antequam habeat plenum usum rationis, non obligatur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5196 voto. Si autem habeat usum rationis ante annos pubertatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5197 obligatur quidem quantum in se est, ex suo voto, tamen potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5198 obligatio removeri per auctoritatem patris, in cuius potestate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5199 adhuc existit; quia ordinatio legis, qua unus homo subditur alteri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5200 respicit id quod in pluribus accidit. Si vero annos pubertatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5201 excedat, non potest revocari auctoritate parentum; si tamen nondum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5202 haberet plenum usum rationis, non obligaretur quoad Deum. Aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5203 autem est votum solemne, quod facit monachum vel religiosum. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5204 quidem subditur ordinationi Ecclesiae, propter solemnitatem quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5205 habet annexam. Et quia Ecclesia respicit id quod in pluribus est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5206 professio ante tempus pubertatis facta, quantumcumque aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5207 habeat usum rationis plenum, ut sit doli capax, non habet suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5208 effectum, ut faciat profitentem esse iam religiosum. Et tamen,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5209 licet ante annos pubertatis profiteri non possint, possunt tamen,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5210 cum voluntate parentum, in religione recipi ut nutriantur ibidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5211 sicut de Ioanne Baptista legitur, Luc. I, quod <i>puer crescebat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5212 et confortabatur spiritu, et erat in desertis</i>. Unde, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5213 Gregorius dicit, in II Dialog., <i>beato Benedicto Romani nobiles
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5214 suos filios omnipotenti Deo nutriendos dare coeperunt</i>. Quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5215 valde expediens, secundum illud Thren. III, <i>bonum est viro cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5216 portaverit iugum ab adolescentia sua</i>. Unde ex communi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5217 consuetudine pueri applicantur illis officiis vel artibus in quibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5218 sunt vitam acturi.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="46688"><span class="ref">[46688] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5219 ergo dicendum quod legitima aetas ad hoc quod aliquis tondeatur cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5220 voto solemni religionis, est tempus pubertatis, in quo homo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5221 uti spontanea voluntate. Sed ante annos pubertatis potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5222 legitima aetas ad hoc quod aliquis tondeatur in religione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5223 nutriendus.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="46689"><span class="ref">[46689] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5224 secundum dicendum quod religionis status principaliter ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5225 perfectionem consequendam, ut supra habitum est. Et secundum hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5226 convenit pueris, qui de facili imbuuntur. Ex consequenti autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5227 dicitur esse status poenitentiae, inquantum per observantiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5228 religionis peccatorum occasiones tolluntur, ut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5229 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="46690"><span class="ref">[46690] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5230 dicendum quod pueri, sicut non coguntur ad iurandum, ut canon
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5231 dicit, ita non coguntur ad vovendum. Si tamen voto vel iuramento se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5232 adstrinxerint ad aliquid faciendum, obligantur quoad Deum, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5233 habeant usum rationis, licet non obligentur quoad Ecclesiam ante
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5234 quatuordecim annos.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="46691"><span class="ref">[46691] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5235 dicendum quod Num. XXX non reprehenditur mulier in puellari aetate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5236 constituta, si voveat absque consensu parentum, potest tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5237 revocari a parentibus. Ex quo patet quod non peccat vovendo, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5238 intelligitur se voto obligare quantum in se est, absque praeiudicio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5239 auctoritatis paternae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="46692"><span class="ref">[46692] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5240 sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod propter obsequium parentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5241 debeant aliqui retrahi ab ingressu religionis. Non enim licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5242 praetermittere id quod est necessitatis, ut fiat id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5243 liberum voluntati. Sed obsequi parentibus cadit sub necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5244 praecepti quod datur de honoratione parentum, Exod. XX, unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5245 apostolus dicit, I ad Tim. V, <i>si qua vidua filios aut nepotes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5246 habet, discat primum domum suam regere, et mutuam vicem reddere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5247 parentibus</i>. Ingredi autem religionem est liberum voluntati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5248 Ergo videtur quod non debeat aliquis praetermittere parentum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5249 obsequium propter religionis ingressum.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="46693"><span class="ref">[46693] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5250 Praeterea, maior videtur esse subiectio filii ad parentes quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5251 servi ad dominum, quia filiatio est naturalis; servitus autem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5252 maledictione peccati, ut patet Gen. IX. Sed servus non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5253 praetermittere obsequium domini sui ut religionem ingrediatur aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5254 sacrum ordinem assumat, sicut habetur in decretis, dist. LIV, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5255 servus. Ergo multo minus filius potest obsequium patris
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5256 praetermittere ut ingrediatur religionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="46694"><span class="ref">[46694] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5257 Praeterea, maiori debito obligatur aliquis parentibus quam his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5258 quibus debet pecuniam. Sed illi qui debent pecuniam aliquibus, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5259 possunt religionem ingredi, dicit enim Gregorius, in Regist., et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5260 habetur in decretis, dist. LIII, quod <i>si hi qui sunt rationibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5261 publicis obligati, quandoque monasterium petunt, nullo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5262 suscipiendi sunt, nisi prius a negotiis publicis fuerint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5263 absoluti</i>. Ergo videtur quod multo minus filii possunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5264 religionem ingredi, praetermisso paterno obsequio.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 6 s. c."><a name="46695"><span class="ref">[46695] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5265 contra est quod Matth. IV dicitur quod Iacobus et Ioannes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5266 <i>relictis retibus et patre, secuti sunt dominum. Ex quo</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5267 Hilarius dicit, <i>docemur, Christum secuturi, et saecularis vitae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5268 sollicitudine et paternae domus consuetudine non teneri</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 6 co."><a name="46696"><span class="ref">[46696] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5269 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de pietate ageretur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5270 parentes habent rationem principii, inquantum huiusmodi, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5271 per se eis convenit ut filiorum curam habeant. Et propter hoc, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5272 liceret alicui filios habenti religionem ingredi, omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5273 praetermissa cura filiorum idest, non proviso qualiter educari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5274 possint, dicitur enim I ad Tim. V, quod <i>si quis suorum curam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5275 habet, fidem negavit, et est infideli deterior</i>. Per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5276 tamen parentibus convenit ut a filiis adiuventur, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5277 scilicet sunt in necessitate aliqua constituti. Et ideo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5278 est quod, parentibus in necessitate existentibus ita quod eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5279 commode aliter quam per obsequium filiorum subveniri non possit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5280 non licet filiis, praetermisso parentum obsequio, religionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5281 intrare. Si vero non sint in tali necessitate ut filiorum obsequio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5282 multum indigeant, possunt, praetermisso parentum obsequio, filii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5283 religionem intrare, etiam contra praeceptum parentum, quia post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5284 annos pubertatis, quilibet ingenuus libertatem habet quantum ad ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5285 quae pertinent ad dispositionem sui status, praesertim in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5286 sunt divini obsequii; <i>et magis est obtemperandum patri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5287 spirituum, ut vivamus, quam parentibus carnis</i>, ut apostolus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5288 Heb. XII, dicit. Unde dominus, ut legitur Matth. VIII et Luc. IX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5289 reprehendit discipulum qui nolebat eum statim sequi intuitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5290 paternae sepulturae, erant enim alii per quos illud opus impleri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5291 poterat, ut Chrysostomus dicit.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="46697"><span class="ref">[46697] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5292 ergo dicendum quod praeceptum de honoratione parentum non solum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5293 extendit ad corporalia obsequia, sed etiam ad spiritualia, et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5294 reverentiam exhibendam. Et ideo etiam illi qui sunt in religione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5295 implere possunt praeceptum de honoratione parentum, pro eis orando,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5296 et eis reverentiam et auxilium impendendo, secundum quod religiosos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5297 decet. Quia etiam illi qui in saeculo vivunt, diversimode parentes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5298 honorant, secundum eorum conditionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="46698"><span class="ref">[46698] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5299 secundum dicendum quod, quia servitus est in poenam peccati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5300 inducta, ideo per servitutem aliquid adimitur homini quod alias ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5301 competeret, ne scilicet libere de sua persona possit disponere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5302 servus enim id quod est, domini est. Sed filius non patitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5303 detrimentum ex hoc quod subiectus est patri, quin possit de sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5304 persona libere disponere transferendo se ad obsequium Dei, quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5305 maxime pertinet ad hominis bonum.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="46699"><span class="ref">[46699] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5306 dicendum quod ille qui est obligatus ad aliquid certum, non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5307 illud licite praetermittere, facultate exstante. Et ideo si aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5308 sit obligatus ut alicui rationem ponat, vel ut certum debitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5309 reddat, non potest hoc licite praetermittere ut religionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5310 ingrediatur. Si tamen debeat aliquam pecuniam et non habeat unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5311 reddat, tenetur facere quod potest, ut scilicet cedat bonis suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5312 creditori. Propter pecuniam autem persona liberi hominis, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5313 iura civilia, non obligatur, sed solum res, quia persona liberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5314 hominis superat omnem aestimationem pecuniae. Unde potest licite,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5315 exhibitis rebus suis, religionem intrare, nec tenetur in saeculo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5316 remanere ut procuret unde debitum reddat. Filius autem non tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5317 ad aliquod speciale debitum patri, nisi forte in casu necessitatis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5318 ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="46700"><span class="ref">[46700] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5319 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod presbyteri curati non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5320 licite religionem ingredi. Dicit enim Gregorius, in Pastoral., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5321 ille qui curam animarum suscipit, <i>terribiliter admonetur cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5322 dicitur, fili mi, si spoponderis pro amico tuo, defixisti apud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5323 extraneum manum tuam</i>. Et subdit, <i>spondere namque pro amico
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5324 est animam alienam in periculo suae conversationis accipere</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5325 Sed ille qui obligatur homini pro aliquo debito, non potest intrare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5326 religionem nisi solvat id quod debet, si possit. Cum ergo sacerdos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5327 possit curam animarum agere, ad quam se obligavit in periculo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5328 animae suae, videtur quod non liceat ei, praetermissa cura
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5329 animarum, religionem intrare.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="46701"><span class="ref">[46701] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5330 Praeterea, quod uni licet, pari ratione omnibus similibus licet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5331 Sed si omnes presbyteri habentes curam animarum religionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5332 intrarent, remanerent plebes absque cura pastorum, quod esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5333 inconveniens. Ergo videtur quod presbyteri curati non possint
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5334 licite religionem intrare.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="46702"><span class="ref">[46702] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5335 Praeterea, inter actus ad quos religiones ordinantur, praecipui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5336 sunt illi quibus aliquis contemplata aliis tradit. Huiusmodi autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5337 actus competunt presbyteris curatis et archidiaconis, quibus ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5338 officio competit praedicare et confessiones audire. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5339 quod non liceat presbytero curato vel archidiacono transire ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5340 religionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 7 s. c."><a name="46703"><span class="ref">[46703] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5341 contra est quod in decretis, XIX Caus., qu. II, cap. duae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5342 leges, dicitur, <i>si quis clericorum in Ecclesia sua sub episcopo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5343 populum retinet et saeculariter vivit, si, afflatus spiritu sancto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5344 in aliquo monasterio vel regulari canonica salvari se voluerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5345 etiam episcopo suo contradicente, eat liber, nostra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5346 auctoritate</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 7 co."><a name="46704"><span class="ref">[46704] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5347 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, obligatio voti perpetui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5348 praefertur omni alii obligationi. Obligari autem voto perpetuo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5349 solemni ad vacandum divinis obsequiis, competit proprie episcopis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5350 et religiosis. Presbyteri autem curati et archidiaconi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5351 obligantur voto perpetuo et solemni ad curam animarum retinendam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5352 sicut ad hoc obligantur episcopi. Unde episcopi <i>praesulatum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5353 possunt deserere quacumque occasione, absque auctoritate Romani
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5354 pontificis</i>, ut habetur extra, de regularibus et Transeuntib. ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5355 Relig., cap. licet, archidiaconi autem et presbyteri curati possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5356 libere abrenuntiare episcopo curam eis commissam, absque speciali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5357 licentia Papae, qui solus potest in votis perpetuis dispensare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5358 Unde manifestum est quod archidiaconis et presbyteris curatis licet
53
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diff changeset
5359 ad religionem transire.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="46705"><span class="ref">[46705] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5360 ergo dicendum quod presbyteri curati et archidiaconi obligaverunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5361 se ad curam agendam subditorum quandiu retinent archidiaconatum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5362 parochiam. Non autem obligaverunt se ad hoc quod perpetuo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5363 archidiaconatum vel parochiam teneant.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="46706"><span class="ref">[46706] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5364 secundum dicendum quod, sicut Hieronymus dicit, contra Vigilantium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5365 <i>quamvis a te linguae vipereae morsus saevissimos patiantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5366 scilicet religiosi, quibus argumentaris, et dicis, si omnes se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5367 clauserint et fuerint in solitudine, quis celebrabit Ecclesias?
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5368 Quis saeculares homines lucrifaciet? Quis peccantes ad virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5369 poterit exhortari? Hoc enim modo, si omnes tecum fatui sint,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5370 sapiens esse quis poterit? Et virginitas non erit approbanda, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5371 enim virgines omnes fuerint et nuptiae non erunt, interibit genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5372 humanum. Rara est virtus, nec a pluribus appetitur</i>. Patet ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5373 quod hic timor stultus est, puta, sicut si aliquis timeret haurire
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5374 aquam, ne flumen deficeret.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="46707"><span class="ref">[46707] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5375 octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat de una religione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5376 transire ad aliam, etiam arctiorem. Dicit enim apostolus, Heb. X,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5377 neque deserentes collectionem nostram, sicut est consuetudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5378 quibusdam, Glossa, <i>qui scilicet vel timore persecutionis cedunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5379 vel propria praesumptione a peccatoribus vel imperfectis, ut iusti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5380 videantur, recedunt</i>. Sed hoc videntur facere qui de una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5381 religione transeunt ad aliam perfectiorem. Ergo videtur hoc esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5382 illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="46708"><span class="ref">[46708] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5383 Praeterea, professio monachorum est arctior quam professio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5384 regularium canonicorum, ut habetur extra, de statu Monach. et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5385 Canonic. Regul. cap. quod Dei timorem. Sed non licet alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5386 transire de statu canonicorum regularium ad statum monachorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5387 dicitur enim in decretis, XIX Caus., qu. III, <i>mandamus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5388 universaliter interdicimus, ne quis canonicus regulariter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5389 professus, nisi, quod absit, publice lapsus fuerit, monachus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5390 efficiatur</i>. Ergo videtur quod non liceat alicui transire de una
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5391 religione ad aliam maiorem.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="46709"><span class="ref">[46709] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5392 Praeterea, tandiu aliquis obligatur ad implendum quod vovit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5393 quandiu potest licite illud implere, sicut, si aliquis vovit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5394 continentiam servare, etiam post contractum matrimonium per verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5395 de praesenti, ante carnalem copulam, tenetur implere votum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5396 hoc potest facere religionem intrando. Si ergo aliquis licite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5397 potest de una religione transire ad aliam, tenebitur hoc facere, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5398 ante hoc voverit existens in saeculo. Quod videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5399 inconveniens, quia ex hoc plerumque scandalum generari posset. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5400 non potest aliquis religiosus de una religione transire ad aliam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5401 arctiorem.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 8 s. c."><a name="46710"><span class="ref">[46710] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5402 contra est quod dicitur in decretis, XX Caus., qu. IV, <i>virgines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5403 sacrae si, pro lucro animae suae, propter districtiorem vitam, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5404 aliud monasterium pergere disposuerunt, ibique commanere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5405 decreverunt, synodus concedit</i>. Et eadem ratio videtur esse de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5406 quibuscumque religiosis. Ergo potest aliquis licite transire de una
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5407 religione ad aliam.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 8 co."><a name="46711"><span class="ref">[46711] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5408 dicendum quod transire de religione ad religionem, nisi propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5409 magnam utilitatem vel necessitatem, non est laudabile. Tum quia ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5410 hoc plerumque scandalizantur illi qui relinquuntur. Tum etiam quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5411 facilius proficit aliquis in religione quam consuevit, quam in illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5412 quam non consuevit, ceteris paribus. Unde in collationibus patrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5413 abbas Nesteros dicit, <i>unicuique utile est ut secundum propositum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5414 quod elegit, summo studio ac diligentia ad operis arrepti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5415 perfectionem pervenire festinet, et nequaquam a sua, quam semel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5416 elegit, professione discedat</i>. Et postea, rationem assignans,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5417 subdit, <i>impossibile namque est unum eumdemque hominem simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5418 universis fulciri virtutibus. Quas si quis voluerit pariter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5419 attentare, in id incidere eum necesse est ut, dum omnem sequitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5420 nullam integre consequatur</i>. Diversae enim religiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5421 praeeminent secundum diversa virtutum opera. Potest tamen aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5422 laudabiliter de una religione transire ad aliam, triplici ex causa.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5423 Primo quidem, zelo perfectioris religionis. Quae quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5424 excellentia, ut supra dictum est, non attenditur secundum solam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5425 arctitudinem, sed principaliter secundum id ad quod religio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5426 ordinatur; secundario vero secundum discretionem observantiarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5427 debito fini proportionatarum. Secundo, propter declinationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5428 religionis debita perfectione. Puta, si in aliqua religione altiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5429 incipiant religiosi remissius vivere, laudabiliter transit aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5430 ad religionem etiam minorem, si melius observetur, sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5431 collationibus patrum dicit abbas Ioannes de seipso quod a vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5432 solitaria, in qua professus fuerat, transiit ad minorem, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5433 eorum qui vivunt in societate, propter hoc quod vita eremitica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5434 coeperat declinare et laxius observari. Tertio, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5435 infirmitatem vel debilitatem, ex qua interdum provenit quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5436 potest aliquis arctioris religionis statuta servare, posset autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5437 observare statuta religionis laxioris. Sed in his tribus casibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5438 est differentia. Nam in primo casu, debet quidem, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5439 humilitatem, licentiam petere, quae tamen ei negari non potest,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5440 dummodo constet illam religionem esse altiorem; <i>si vero de hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5441 probabiliter dubitetur, est in hoc superioris iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5442 requirendum</i>; ut habetur extra, de Regular. et Transeunt. ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5443 Relig., cap. licet. Similiter requiritur superioris iudicium in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5444 secundo casu. In tertio vero casu est etiam dispensatio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5445 necessaria.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="46712"><span class="ref">[46712] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5446 ergo dicendum quod illi qui ad altiorem religionem transeunt, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5447 faciunt hoc praesumptuose, ut iusti videantur, sed devote, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5448 iustiores fiant.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="46713"><span class="ref">[46713] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5449 secundum dicendum quod utraque religio, scilicet monachorum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5450 canonicorum regularium, ordinatur ad opera vitae contemplativae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5451 Inter quae praecipua sunt ea quae aguntur in divinis mysteriis, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5452 quae ordinatur directe ordo canonicorum regularium, quibus per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5453 competit ut sint clerici religiosi. Sed ad religionem monachorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5454 non per se competit quod sint clerici, ut habetur in decretis, XVI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5455 qu. I. Et ideo, quamvis ordo monachorum sit arctioris observantiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5456 si monachi essent laici, liceret transire ab ordine monachorum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5457 ordinem canonicorum regularium, secundum illud Hieronymi, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5458 rusticum monachum, sic vive in monasterio ut clericus esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5459 merearis, non autem e converso, ut habetur in decretis, XIX Caus.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5460 qu. III, in decreto inducto. Sed si monachi sint clerici sacris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5461 mysteriis obsequentes, habent id quod est canonicorum regularium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5462 cum maiori arctitudine. Et ideo transire licitum erit de ordine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5463 canonicorum regularium ad ordinem monachorum, petita tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5464 superioris licentia, ut dicitur XIX, qu. III, cap. statuimus.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="46714"><span class="ref">[46714] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5465 dicendum quod votum solemne quo quis obligatur minori religioni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5466 est fortius quam votum simplex quo quis adstringitur maiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5467 religioni, post votum enim simplex, si contraheret aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5468 matrimonium, non dirimeretur, sicut post votum solemne. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5469 ille qui iam professus est in minori religione, non tenetur implere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5470 votum simplex quod emisit de intrando maiorem religionem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="46715"><span class="ref">[46715] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5471 sic proceditur. Videtur quod nullus debeat alios inducere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5472 religionem intrandum. Mandat enim beatus Benedictus, in regula sua,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5473 quod <i>venientibus ad religionem non sit facilis praebendus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5474 ingressus, sed probandum est an spiritus a Deo sint</i>. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5475 etiam docet Cassianus, in IV Lib. de institutis Coenob. Multo ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5476 minus licet aliquem ad religionem inducere.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="46716"><span class="ref">[46716] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5477 Praeterea, Matth. XXIII, dominus dicit, <i>vae vobis. Qui circuitis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5478 mare et aridam ut faciatis unum proselytum, et, cum factus fuerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5479 facitis eum filium Gehennae duplo quam vos</i>. Sed hoc videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5480 facere qui homines ad religionem inducunt. Ergo videtur hoc esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5481 vituperabile.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="46717"><span class="ref">[46717] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5482 Praeterea, nullus debet inducere aliquem ad id quod pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5483 eius detrimentum. Sed ille qui inducit aliquem ad religionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5484 quandoque ex hoc incurrit detrimentum, quia quandoque sunt obligati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5485 ad maiorem religionem. Ergo videtur quod non sit laudabile inducere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5486 aliquos ad religionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 9 s. c."><a name="46718"><span class="ref">[46718] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5487 contra est quod dicitur Exod. XXVI, cortina cortinam trahat. Debet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5488 ergo unus homo alium trahere ad Dei obsequium.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 9 co."><a name="46719"><span class="ref">[46719] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5489 dicendum quod inducentes alios ad religionem non solum non peccant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5490 sed magnum praemium merentur, dicitur enim Iac. ult., <i>qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5491 converti fecerit peccatorem ab errore viae suae, liberat animam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5492 eius a morte, et operit multitudinem peccatorum</i>; et Dan. XII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5493 dicitur, <i>qui ad iustitiam erudiunt plurimos, quasi stellae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5494 perpetuas aeternitates</i>. Posset tamen contingere circa huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5495 inductionem triplex inordinatio. Primo quidem, si violenter aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5496 alium ad religionem cogeret, quod prohibetur, in decretis, XX, qu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5497 III. Secundo, si aliquis simoniace alium ad religionem trahat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5498 muneribus datis, ut prohibetur in decretis, qu. II, cap. quam pio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5499 Nec tamen ad hoc pertinet si aliquis alicui pauperi necessaria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5500 ministret in saeculo, nutriens eum ad religionem, vel si, sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5501 pacto, aliqua munuscula tribuat ad familiaritatem captandam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5502 Tertio, si mendaciis eum alliciat. Imminet enim sic inducto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5503 periculum ne, cum se deceptum invenerit, retrocedat; et sic fiant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5504 novissima hominis illius peiora prioribus, ut dicitur Matth.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5505 XII.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="46720"><span class="ref">[46720] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5506 ergo dicendum quod illis qui ad religionem inducuntur, nihilominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5507 reservatur probationis tempus, in quo difficultates religionis
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diff changeset
5508 experiuntur. Et sic non facilis aditus eis datur ad religionis
53
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diff changeset
5509 ingressum.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="46721"><span class="ref">[46721] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
5510 secundum dicendum quod, secundum Hilarium, verbum illud domini
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diff changeset
5511 praenuntiativum fuit perversi studii Iudaeorum quo, post Christi
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diff changeset
5512 praedicationem, gentiles vel etiam Christianos ad Iudaicum ritum
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diff changeset
5513 trahendo, faciunt dupliciter Gehennae filios, quia scilicet et
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diff changeset
5514 peccata pristina quae commiserunt, eis in Iudaismo non dimittuntur
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diff changeset
5515 et nihilominus incurrunt Iudaicae perfidiae reatum. Et secundum
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diff changeset
5516 hoc, non facit ad propositum. Secundum Hieronymum autem, hoc
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diff changeset
5517 refertur ad Iudaeos etiam pro statu illo in quo legalia observari
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diff changeset
5518 licebat, quantum ad hoc quod ille qui ab eis ad Iudaismum
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diff changeset
5519 convertebatur, <i>dum esset gentilis, simpliciter errabat; videns
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diff changeset
5520 autem magistrorum vitia, revertitur ad vomitum suum, et, gentilis
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diff changeset
5521 factus, quasi praevaricator, maiori poena fit dignus</i>. Ex quo
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diff changeset
5522 patet quod trahere alios ad cultum Dei, vel ad religionem, non
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diff changeset
5523 vituperatur, sed hoc solum quod aliquis ei quem convertit det malum
53
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diff changeset
5524 exemplum, unde peior efficiatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="46722"><span class="ref">[46722] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
5525 dicendum quod in maiori includitur minus. Et ideo ille qui est
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diff changeset
5526 obligatus voto vel iuramento ad ingressum minoris religionis,
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diff changeset
5527 potest licite induci ad hoc quod ad maiorem religionem transeat,
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diff changeset
5528 nisi sit aliquid speciale quod impediat, puta infirmitas, vel spes
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diff changeset
5529 maioris profectus in minori religione. Ille vero qui est obligatus
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diff changeset
5530 voto vel iuramento ad ingressum maioris religionis, non potest
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diff changeset
5531 licite induci ad minorem religionem, nisi ex aliqua speciali causa
53
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diff changeset
5532 evidenti, et hoc cum dispensatione superioris.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 10</h3><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 10 arg. 1"><a name="46723"><span class="ref">[46723] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
5533 decimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit laudabile quod aliquis
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diff changeset
5534 religionem ingrediatur absque multorum consilio, et diuturna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5535 deliberatione praecedente. Dicitur enim I Ioan. IV, <i>nolite
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diff changeset
5536 credere omni spiritui, sed probate spiritus, si ex Deo sunt</i>.
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diff changeset
5537 Sed quandoque propositum religionis intrandae non est ex Deo, cum
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diff changeset
5538 frequenter per exitum religionis dissolvatur; dicitur autem Act. V,
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diff changeset
5539 <i>si est ex Deo consilium hoc aut opus, non poteritis dissolvere
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diff changeset
5540 illud</i>. Ergo videtur quod, magna examinatione praecedente,
53
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diff changeset
5541 debeant aliqui religionem intrare.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 10 arg. 2"><a name="46724"><span class="ref">[46724] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
5542 Praeterea, Prov. XXV dicitur, causam tuam tracta cum amico tuo. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5543 maxime videtur hominis esse causa quae pertinet ad mutationem
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diff changeset
5544 status. Ergo videtur quod non debeat aliquis religionem intrare,
53
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diff changeset
5545 nisi prius cum amicis suis tractet.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 10 arg. 3"><a name="46725"><span class="ref">[46725] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
5546 Praeterea, dominus, Luc. XIV, inducit similitudinem de homine qui
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diff changeset
5547 vult turrim aedificare, quod prius sedens computat sumptus qui sunt
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diff changeset
5548 ei necessarii, si habeat ad perficiendum, ne insultetur ei, quia
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diff changeset
5549 hic homo incoepit aedificare, et non potuit consummare. Sumptus
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diff changeset
5550 autem ad turrim aedificandam, ut Augustinus dicit, in epistola ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5551 Laetum, <i>nihil est aliud quam ut renuntiet unusquisque omnibus
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diff changeset
5552 quae sunt eius</i>. Contingit autem quandoque quod hoc multi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5553 possunt, et similiter alias religionis observantias portare, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5554 cuius figura, I Reg. XVII dicitur quod <i>David non poterat
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diff changeset
5555 incedere cum armis Saulis, quia non habebat usum</i>. Ergo videtur
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diff changeset
5556 quod non debeat aliquis religionem intrare, nisi diuturna
53
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diff changeset
5557 deliberatione praemissa, et multorum consilio habito.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 10 s. c."><a name="46726"><span class="ref">[46726] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
5558 contra est quod dicitur Matth. IV, quod ad vocationem domini,
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diff changeset
5559 Petrus et Andreas, continuo, relictis retibus, secuti sunt eum. Ubi
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diff changeset
5560 Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., <i>talem obedientiam Christus
53
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diff changeset
5561 quaerit a nobis ut neque instanti tempore remoremur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 10 co."><a name="46727"><span class="ref">[46727] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
5562 dicendum quod diuturna deliberatio et multorum consilia requiruntur
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diff changeset
5563 in magnis et dubiis, ut philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., in his
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diff changeset
5564 autem quae sunt certa et determinata, non requiritur consilium.
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diff changeset
5565 Circa ingressum autem religionis tria possunt considerari. Primo
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diff changeset
5566 quidem, ipse religionis ingressus secundum se. Et sic certum est
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diff changeset
5567 quod ingressus religionis est melius bonum, et qui de hoc dubitat,
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diff changeset
5568 quantum est in se, derogat Christo, qui hoc consilium dedit. Unde
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diff changeset
5569 Augustinus dicit, in libro de Verb. Dom., vocat te oriens, idest
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diff changeset
5570 Christus, et tu attendis occidentem, idest ad hominem mortalem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5571 errare potentem. Alio modo potest considerari religionis ingressus
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diff changeset
5572 per comparationem ad vires eius qui est religionem ingressurus. Et
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diff changeset
5573 sic etiam non est locus dubitationis de ingressu religionis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5574 illi qui religionem ingrediuntur, non confidunt sua virtute se
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diff changeset
5575 posse subsistere, sed auxilio virtutis divinae; secundum illud
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diff changeset
5576 Isaiae XL, <i>qui sperant in domino, mutabunt fortitudinem,
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diff changeset
5577 assument pennas sicut aquilae, current et non laborabunt,
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diff changeset
5578 ambulabunt et non deficient</i>. Si tamen sit aliquod speciale
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diff changeset
5579 impedimentum, puta infirmitas corporalis vel onera debitorum, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5580 aliqua huiusmodi, in his requiritur deliberatio, et consilium cum
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diff changeset
5581 his de quibus speratur quod prosint et non impediant. Unde dicitur
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diff changeset
5582 Eccli. XXXVII, <i>cum viro irreligioso tracta de sanctitate, et cum
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diff changeset
5583 iniusto de iustitia</i>, quasi dicat, non, unde sequitur, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5584 attendas his in omni consilio, sed cum viro sancto assiduus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5585 esto</i>. In quibus tamen non est diuturna deliberatio habenda.
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diff changeset
5586 Unde Hieronymus dicit, in epistola ad Paulinum, <i>festina, quaeso,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5587 te, et haerenti in salo naviculae funem magis praecide quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5588 solve</i>. Tertio autem potest considerari modus religionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5589 intrandi, et quam religionem aliquis ingredi debeat. Et de talibus
53
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diff changeset
5590 potest etiam haberi consilium cum his qui non impediant.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 10 ad 1"><a name="46728"><span class="ref">[46728] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
5591 ergo dicendum quod, cum dicitur, probate spiritus si ex Deo sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5592 locum habet in his quae dubia sunt utrum spiritus Dei sit. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5593 dubium potest esse his qui iam sunt in religione, utrum ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5594 religioni se offert, spiritu Dei ducatur, an simulate accedat, et
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diff changeset
5595 ideo debent accedentem probare, utrum divino spiritu moveatur. Sed
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diff changeset
5596 illi qui ad religionem accedit, non potest esse dubium an
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diff changeset
5597 propositum de ingressu religionis in corde eius exortum sit a
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diff changeset
5598 spiritu Dei, cuius est ducere hominem in terram rectam. Nec propter
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diff changeset
5599 hoc ostenditur non esse ex Deo, quod aliqui retrocedunt. Non enim
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diff changeset
5600 omne quod est a Deo, est incorruptibile, alioquin, creaturae
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diff changeset
5601 corruptibiles non essent ex Deo, ut Manichaei dicunt; neque etiam
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diff changeset
5602 aliqui qui habent a Deo gratiam, possent illam amittere, quod etiam
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diff changeset
5603 est haereticum. Sed consilium Dei est indissolubile, quo etiam
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diff changeset
5604 corruptibilia et mutabilia facit, secundum illud Isaiae XLVI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5605 <i>consilium meum stabit, et omnis voluntas mea fiet</i>. Et ideo
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diff changeset
5606 propositum de ingressu religionis non indiget probatione utrum sit
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diff changeset
5607 a Deo, quia certa discussione non egent, ut dicit Glossa, super
53
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diff changeset
5608 illud I ad Thess. ult., omnia probate.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 10 ad 2"><a name="46729"><span class="ref">[46729] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
5609 secundum dicendum quod, sicut caro concupiscit adversus spiritum,
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diff changeset
5610 ut dicitur Galat. V; ita etiam frequenter amici carnales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5611 adversantur profectui spirituali, secundum illud Mich. VII,
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diff changeset
5612 <i>inimici hominis domestici eius</i>. Unde Cyrillus, exponens
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diff changeset
5613 illud Luc. IX, permitte me renuntiare his qui domi sunt, dicit,
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diff changeset
5614 <i>quaerere renuntiare his qui domi sunt, ostendit quod utcumque
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diff changeset
5615 divisus sit, nam communicare proximis, et consulere nolentes aequa
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diff changeset
5616 sapere, indicat adhuc utcumque languentem et recedentem. Propter
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diff changeset
5617 quod, audit a domino, nemo, cum posuerit manum ad aratrum et
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diff changeset
5618 aspexerit retro, habilis est ad regnum Dei. Aspicit enim retro qui
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diff changeset
5619 dilationem quaerit occasione redeundi domum et cum propinquis
53
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diff changeset
5620 conferendi</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 189 a. 10 ad 3"><a name="46730"><span class="ref">[46730] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 10 ad 3</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
5621 tertium dicendum quod per aedificationem turris significatur
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diff changeset
5622 perfectio Christianae vitae. Abrenuntiatio autem propriorum est
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diff changeset
5623 sumptus ad aedificandam turrim. Nullus autem dubitat vel deliberat
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diff changeset
5624 an velit habere sumptus, vel an possit turrim aedificare si sumptus
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diff changeset
5625 habeat, sed hoc sub deliberatione ponitur, an aliquis sumptus
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diff changeset
5626 habeat. Similiter sub deliberatione cadere non oportet utrum
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diff changeset
5627 aliquis debeat abrenuntiare omnibus quae possidet, vel si, hoc
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diff changeset
5628 faciendo, ad perfectionem pervenire possit. Sed hoc cadit sub
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diff changeset
5629 deliberatione, utrum hoc quod facit, sit abrenuntiare omnibus quae
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diff changeset
5630 possidet, quia nisi abrenuntiaverit, quod est sumptus habere, non
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diff changeset
5631 potest, ut ibidem subditur, Christi esse discipulus, quod est
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diff changeset
5632 turrim aedificare. Timor autem eorum qui trepidant an per
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diff changeset
5633 religionis ingressum possint ad perfectionem pervenire, est
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diff changeset
5634 irrationabilis; et multorum exemplo convincitur. Unde Augustinus
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diff changeset
5635 dicit, VIII Confess., <i>aperiebatur ab ea parte qua intenderam
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diff changeset
5636 faciem, et quo transire trepidabam, casta dignitas continentiae,
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diff changeset
5637 honeste blandiens ut venirem neque dubitarem, et extendens ad me
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diff changeset
5638 suscipiendum et amplectendum pias manus plenas gregibus bonorum
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diff changeset
5639 exemplorum. Ibi tot pueri et puellae; ibi iuventus multa et omnis
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diff changeset
5640 aetas, et graves viduae et virgines anus. Irridebat me irrisione
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diff changeset
5641 exhortatoria, quasi diceret, tu non poteris quod isti et istae? An
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diff changeset
5642 isti et istae in semetipsis possunt, et non in domino Deo suo? Quid
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diff changeset
5643 in te stas, et non stas? Proiice te in eum. Noli metuere, non se
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diff changeset
5644 subtrahet, ut cadas. Proiice te securus, et excipiet te et sanabit
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diff changeset
5645 te</i>. Exemplum autem illud quod inducitur de David, non facit ad
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diff changeset
5646 propositum. Quia arma Saulis, sicut Glossa dicit, sunt legis
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diff changeset
5647 sacramenta, tanquam onerantia, religio autem est suave iugum
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diff changeset
5648 Christi, quia, ut Gregorius dicit, in IV Moral., <i>quid grave
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diff changeset
5649 mentis nostrae cervicibus imponit qui vitare omne desiderium quod
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diff changeset
5650 perturbat praecipit, qui declinari laboriosa mundi huius itinera
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diff changeset
5651 monet?</i> Quod quidem suave iugum super se tollentibus refectionem
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diff changeset
5652 divinae fruitionis repromittit, et sempiternam requiem animarum. Ad
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diff changeset
5653 quam nos perducat ipse qui promisit, Iesus Christus, dominus
53
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5654 noster, qui est super omnia Deus benedictus in saecula. Amen.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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5655 <p><a href="sth3179.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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5656 <a href="sth4000.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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diff changeset
5657 <br/>
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diff changeset
5658 <hr/>
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diff changeset
5659 <br/>
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diff changeset
5660 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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diff changeset
5661 hanc editionem<br/>
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diff changeset
5662 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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5663 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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5664 </div></body>
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5665 </html>