annotate summa/latin/sth3044.html @ 53:d777cc3962f2

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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, IIª-IIae q.
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19 44</title>
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20 </head>
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21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis quaestio XLIV</div><div class="centro">
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22 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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23 <tr>
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24 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
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25 </tr>
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26 </table>
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27 <br/>
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28 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1895 editum<br/>
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29 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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30 magneticas<br/>
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31 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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32 <br/></span><br/>
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33 <hr/>
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34 <br/>
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35 <p><a href="sth3034.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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36 <a href="sth3045.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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37 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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38 //
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39 &lt;!--
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40 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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103 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40835"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 7 ad');
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112 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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116 // --&gt;
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117 //
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118 </script><br/>
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119 <hr/>
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120 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q44"><h2>Quaestio 44</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 44 pr."><a name="40781"><span class="ref">[40781] IIª-IIae q. 44 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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121 considerandum est de praeceptis caritatis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
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122 octo. Primo, utrum de caritate sint danda praecepta. Secundo, utrum
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123 unum tantum, vel duo. Tertio, utrum duo sufficiant. Quarto, utrum
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124 convenienter praecipiatur ut Deus ex toto corde diligatur. Quinto,
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125 utrum convenienter addatur, ex tota mente et cetera. Sexto, utrum
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126 praeceptum hoc possit in vita ista impleri. Septimo, de hoc
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127 praecepto, diliges proximum tuum sicut teipsum. Octavo, utrum ordo
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128 caritatis cadat sub praecepto.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40782"><span class="ref">[40782] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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129 sic proceditur. Videtur quod de caritate non debeat dari aliquod
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130 praeceptum. Caritas enim imponit modum actibus omnium virtutum, de
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131 quibus dantur praecepta, cum sit forma virtutum, ut supra dictum
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132 est. Sed modus non est in praecepto, ut communiter dicitur. Ergo de
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133 caritate non sunt danda praecepta.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40783"><span class="ref">[40783] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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134 caritas, quae in cordibus nostris per spiritum sanctum diffunditur,
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135 facit nos liberos, quia ubi spiritus domini, ibi libertas, ut
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136 dicitur II ad Cor. III. Sed obligatio, quae ex praeceptis nascitur,
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137 libertati opponitur, quia necessitatem imponit. Ergo de caritate
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138 non sunt danda praecepta.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40784"><span class="ref">[40784] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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139 caritas est praecipua inter omnes virtutes, ad quas ordinantur
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140 praecepta, ut ex supradictis patet. Si igitur de caritate dantur
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141 aliqua praecepta, deberent poni inter praecipua praecepta, quae
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142 sunt praecepta Decalogi. Non autem ponuntur. Ergo nulla praecepta
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143 sunt de caritate danda.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40785"><span class="ref">[40785] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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144 illud quod Deus requirit a nobis cadit sub praecepto. Requirit
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145 autem Deus ab homine ut diligat eum, ut dicitur Deut. X. Ergo de
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146 dilectione caritatis, quae est dilectio Dei, sunt danda
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147 praecepta.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 1 co."><a name="40786"><span class="ref">[40786] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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148 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, praeceptum importat rationem
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149 debiti. Intantum ergo aliquid cadit sub praecepto inquantum habet
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150 rationem debiti. Est autem aliquid debitum dupliciter, uno modo,
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151 per se; alio modo, propter aliud. Per se quidem debitum est in
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152 unoquoque negotio id quod est finis, quia habet rationem per se
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153 boni; propter aliud autem est debitum id quod ordinatur ad finem,
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154 sicut medico per se debitum est ut sanet; propter aliud autem, ut
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155 det medicinam ad sanandum. Finis autem spiritualis vitae est ut
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156 homo uniatur Deo, quod fit per caritatem, et ad hoc ordinantur,
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157 sicut ad finem, omnia quae pertinent ad spiritualem vitam. Unde et
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158 apostolus dicit, I ad Tim. I, <i>finis praecepti est caritas de
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159 corde puro et conscientia bona et fide non ficta</i>. Omnes enim
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160 virtutes, de quarum actibus dantur praecepta, ordinantur vel ad
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161 purificandum cor a turbinibus passionum, sicut virtutes quae sunt
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162 circa passiones; vel saltem ad habendam bonam conscientiam, sicut
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163 virtutes quae sunt circa operationes; vel ad habendam rectam fidem,
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164 sicut illa quae pertinent ad divinum cultum. Et haec tria
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165 requiruntur ad diligendum Deum, nam cor impurum a Dei dilectione
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166 abstrahitur propter passionem inclinantem ad terrena; conscientia
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167 vero mala facit horrere divinam iustitiam propter timorem poenae;
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168 fides autem ficta trahit affectum in id quod de Deo fingitur,
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169 separans a Dei veritate. In quolibet autem genere id quod est per
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170 se potius est eo quod est propter aliud. Et ideo maximum praeceptum
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171 est de caritate, ut dicitur Matth. XXII.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40787"><span class="ref">[40787] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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172 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est cum de praeceptis
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173 ageretur, modus dilectionis non cadit sub illis praeceptis quae
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174 dantur de aliis actibus virtutum, puta sub hoc praecepto, honora
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175 patrem tuum et matrem tuam, non cadit quod hoc ex caritate fiat.
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176 Cadit tamen actus dilectionis sub praeceptis specialibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40788"><span class="ref">[40788] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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177 dicendum quod obligatio praecepti non opponitur libertati nisi in
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178 eo cuius mens aversa est ab eo quod praecipitur sicut patet in his
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179 qui ex solo timore praecepta custodiunt. Sed praeceptum dilectionis
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180 non potest impleri nisi ex propria voluntate. Et ideo libertati non
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181 repugnat.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40789"><span class="ref">[40789] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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182 dicendum quod omnia praecepta Decalogi ordinantur ad dilectionem
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183 Dei et proximi. Et ideo praecepta caritatis non fuerunt
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184 connumeranda inter praecepta Decalogi, sed in omnibus
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185 includuntur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40790"><span class="ref">[40790] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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186 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod de caritate non fuerint danda
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187 duo praecepta. Praecepta enim legis ordinantur ad virtutem, ut
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188 supra dictum est. Sed caritas est una virtus, ut ex supradictis
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189 patet. Ergo de caritate non fuit dandum nisi unum praeceptum.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40791"><span class="ref">[40791] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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190 sicut Augustinus dicit, in I de Doct. Christ., caritas in proximo
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191 non diligit nisi Deum. Sed ad diligendum Deum sufficienter
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192 ordinamur per hoc praeceptum, diliges dominum Deum tuum. Ergo non
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193 oportuit addere aliud praeceptum de dilectione proximi.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40792"><span class="ref">[40792] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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194 diversa peccata diversis praeceptis opponuntur. Sed non peccat
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195 aliquis praetermittens dilectionem proximi, si non praetermittat
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196 dilectionem Dei, quinimmo dicitur Luc. XIV, <i>si quis venit ad me
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197 et non odit patrem suum et matrem suam, non potest meus esse
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198 discipulus</i>. Ergo non est aliud praeceptum de dilectione Dei et
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199 de dilectione proximi.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40793"><span class="ref">[40793] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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200 apostolus dicit, ad Rom. XIII, <i>qui diligit proximum legem
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201 implevit</i>. Sed non impletur lex nisi per observantiam omnium
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202 praeceptorum. Ergo omnia praecepta includuntur in dilectione
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203 proximi. Sufficit ergo hoc unum praeceptum de dilectione proximi.
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204 Non ergo debent esse duo praecepta caritatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40794"><span class="ref">[40794] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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205 est quod dicitur I Ioan. IV, <i>hoc mandatum habemus a Deo, ut qui
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206 diligit Deum diligat et fratrem suum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 2 co."><a name="40795"><span class="ref">[40795] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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207 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est cum de praeceptis ageretur,
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208 hoc modo se habent praecepta in lege sicut propositiones in
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209 scientiis speculativis. In quibus conclusiones virtute continentur
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210 in primis principiis, unde qui perfecte cognosceret principia
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211 secundum totam suam virtutem, non opus haberet ut ei conclusiones
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212 seorsum proponerentur. Sed quia non omnes qui cognoscunt principia
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213 sufficiunt considerare quidquid in principiis virtute continetur,
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214 necesse est propter eos ut in scientiis ex principiis conclusiones
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215 deducantur. In operabilibus autem, in quibus praecepta legis nos
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216 dirigunt, finis habet rationem principii, ut supra dictum est.
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217 Dilectio autem Dei finis est, ad quem dilectio proximi ordinatur.
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218 Et ideo non solum oportet dari praeceptum de dilectione Dei, sed
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219 etiam de dilectione proximi, propter minus capaces, qui non de
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220 facili considerarent unum horum praeceptorum sub alio
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221 contineri.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40796"><span class="ref">[40796] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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222 ergo dicendum quod, si caritas sit una virtus, habet tamen duos
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223 actus, quorum unus ordinatur ad alium sicut ad finem. Praecepta
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224 autem dantur de actibus virtutum. Et ideo oportuit esse plura
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225 praecepta caritatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40797"><span class="ref">[40797] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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226 dicendum quod Deus diligitur in proximo sicut finis in eo quod est
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227 ad finem. Et tamen oportuit de utroque explicite dari praecepta,
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228 ratione iam dicta.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40798"><span class="ref">[40798] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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229 dicendum quod id quod est ad finem habet rationem boni ex ordine ad
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230 finem. Et secundum hoc etiam recedere ab eo habet rationem mali, et
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231 non aliter.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40799"><span class="ref">[40799] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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232 dicendum quod in dilectione proximi includitur dilectio Dei sicut
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233 finis in eo quod est ad finem, et e converso. Et tamen oportuit
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234 utrumque praeceptum explicite dari, ratione iam dicta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40800"><span class="ref">[40800] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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235 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sufficiant duo praecepta
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236 caritatis. Praecepta enim dantur de actibus virtutum. Actus autem
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237 secundum obiecta distinguuntur. Cum igitur quatuor homo debeat ex
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238 caritate diligere, scilicet Deum, seipsum, proximum et corpus
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239 proprium, ut ex supradictis patet; videtur quod quatuor debeant
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240 esse caritatis praecepta. Et sic duo non sufficiunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40801"><span class="ref">[40801] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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241 caritatis actus non solum est dilectio, sed gaudium, pax,
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242 beneficentia. Sed de actibus virtutum sunt danda praecepta. Ergo
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243 duo praecepta caritatis non sufficiunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40802"><span class="ref">[40802] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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244 sicut ad virtutem pertinet facere bonum, ita et declinare a malo.
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245 Sed ad faciendum bonum inducimur per praecepta affirmativa, ad
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246 declinandum a malo per praecepta negativa. Ergo de caritate fuerunt
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247 danda praecepta non solum affirmativa, sed etiam negativa. Et sic
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248 praedicta duo praecepta caritatis non sufficiunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40803"><span class="ref">[40803] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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249 est quod dominus dicit, Matth. XXII, <i>in his duobus mandatis tota
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250 lex pendet et prophetae</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 3 co."><a name="40804"><span class="ref">[40804] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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251 dicendum quod caritas, sicut supra dictum est, est amicitia
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252 quaedam. Amicitia autem ad alterum est. Unde Gregorius dicit, in
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253 quadam homilia, <i>caritas minus quam inter duos haberi non
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254 potest</i>. Quomodo autem ex caritate aliquis seipsum diligat,
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255 supra dictum est. Cum autem dilectio et amor sit boni, bonum autem
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256 sit vel finis vel id quod est ad finem, convenienter de caritate
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257 duo praecepta sufficiunt, unum quidem quo inducimur ad Deum
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258 diligendum sicut finem; aliud autem quo inducimur ad diligendum
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259 proximum propter Deum sicut propter finem.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40805"><span class="ref">[40805] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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260 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in I de Doct. Christ.,
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261 <i>cum quatuor sint ex caritate diligenda</i>, de secundo et
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262 quarto, idest de dilectione sui et corporis proprii, <i>nulla
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263 praecepta danda erant, quantumlibet enim homo excidat a veritate,
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264 remanet illi dilectio sui et dilectio corporis sui</i>. Modus autem
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265 diligendi praecipiendus est homini, ut scilicet se ordinate diligat
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266 et corpus proprium. Quod quidem fit per hoc quod homo diligit Deum
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267 et proximum.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40806"><span class="ref">[40806] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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268 dicendum quod alii actus caritatis consequuntur ex actu dilectionis
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269 sicut effectus ex causa, ut ex supradictis patet. Unde in
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270 praeceptis dilectionis virtute includuntur praecepta de aliis
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271 actibus. Et tamen propter tardiores inveniuntur de singulis
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272 explicite praecepta tradita, de gaudio quidem, Philipp. IV,
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273 <i>gaudete in domino semper</i>; de pace autem, ad Heb. ult.,
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274 <i>pacem sequimini cum omnibus</i>; de beneficentia autem, ad Gal.
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275 ult., <i>dum tempus habemus, operemur bonum ad omnes</i>. De
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276 singulis beneficentiae partibus inveniuntur praecepta tradita in
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277 sacra Scriptura, ut patet diligenter consideranti.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40807"><span class="ref">[40807] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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278 dicendum quod plus est operari bonum quam vitare malum. Et ideo in
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279 praeceptis affirmativis virtute includuntur praecepta negativa. Et
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280 tamen explicite inveniuntur praecepta data contra vitia caritati
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281 opposita. Nam contra odium dicitur Lev. XIX, <i>ne oderis fratrem
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282 tuum in corde tuo</i> contra acediam dicitur Eccli. VI, <i>ne
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283 acedieris in vinculis eius</i>; contra invidiam, Gal. V, <i>non
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284 efficiamur inanis gloriae cupidi, invicem provocantes, invicem
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285 invidentes</i>; contra discordiam vero, I ad Cor. I, <i>idipsum
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286 dicatis omnes, et non sint in vobis schismata</i>; contra scandalum
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287 autem, ad Rom. XIV, <i>ne ponatis offendiculum fratri vel
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288 scandalum</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40808"><span class="ref">[40808] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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289 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter mandetur quod Deus
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290 diligatur ex toto corde. Modus enim virtuosi actus non est in
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291 praecepto, ut ex supradictis patet. Sed hoc quod dicitur ex toto
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292 corde, importat modum divinae dilectionis. Ergo inconvenienter
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293 praecipitur quod Deus ex toto corde diligatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40809"><span class="ref">[40809] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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294 totum et perfectum est cui nihil deest; ut dicitur in III Physic.
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295 Si igitur in praecepto cadit quod Deus ex toto corde diligatur,
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296 quicumque facit aliquid quod non pertinet ad Dei dilectionem agit
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297 contra praeceptum, et per consequens peccat mortaliter. Sed
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298 peccatum veniale non pertinet ad Dei dilectionem. Ergo peccatum
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299 veniale erit mortale. Quod est inconveniens.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40810"><span class="ref">[40810] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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300 diligere Deum ex toto corde est perfectionis, quia secundum
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301 philosophum, totum et perfectum idem sunt. Sed ea quae sunt
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302 perfectionis non cadunt sub praecepto, sed sub consilio. Ergo non
53
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303 debet praecipi quod Deus ex toto corde diligatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40811"><span class="ref">[40811] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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304 est quod dicitur Deut. VI, <i>diliges dominum Deum tuum ex toto
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305 corde tuo</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 4 co."><a name="40812"><span class="ref">[40812] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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306 dicendum quod, cum praecepta dentur de actibus virtutum, hoc ergo
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307 modo aliquis actus cadit sub praecepto, secundum quod est actus
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308 virtutis. Requiritur autem ad actum virtutis non solum quod cadat
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309 super debitam materiam, sed etiam quod vestiatur debitis
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310 circumstantiis, quibus sit proportionatus tali materiae. Deus autem
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311 est diligendus sicut finis ultimus, ad quem omnia sunt referenda.
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312 Et ideo totalitas quaedam fuit designanda circa praeceptum de
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313 dilectione Dei.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40813"><span class="ref">[40813] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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314 ergo dicendum quod sub praecepto quod datur de actu alicuius
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315 virtutis non cadit modus quem habet ille actus ex alia superiori
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316 virtute. Cadit tamen sub praecepto modus ille qui pertinet ad
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317 rationem propriae virtutis. Et talis modus significatur cum
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318 dicitur, ex toto corde.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40814"><span class="ref">[40814] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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319 dicendum quod dupliciter contingit ex toto corde Deum diligere. Uno
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320 quidem modo, in actu, idest ut totum cor hominis semper actualiter
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321 in Deum feratur. Et ista est perfectio patriae. Alio modo, ut
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322 habitualiter totum cor hominis in Deum feratur, ita scilicet quod
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323 nihil contra Dei dilectionem cor hominis recipiat. Et haec est
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324 perfectio viae. Cui non contrariatur peccatum veniale, quia non
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325 tollit habitum caritatis, cum non tendat in oppositum obiectum; sed
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326 solum impedit caritatis usum.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40815"><span class="ref">[40815] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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327 dicendum quod perfectio caritatis ad quam ordinantur consilia est
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328 media inter duas perfectiones praedictas, ut scilicet homo, quantum
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329 possibile est, se abstrahat a rebus temporalibus etiam licitis,
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330 quae, occupando animum, impediunt actualem motum cordis in
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331 Deum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="40816"><span class="ref">[40816] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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332 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter, Deut. VI, super hoc
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333 quod dicitur, <i>diliges dominum Deum tuum ex toto corde tuo</i>,
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334 addatur, <i>et ex tota anima tua et ex tota fortitudine tua</i>.
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335 Non enim accipitur hic cor pro membro corporali, quia diligere Deum
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336 non est corporis actus. Oportet igitur quod cor accipiatur
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337 spiritualiter. Cor autem spiritualiter acceptum vel est ipsa anima
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338 vel aliquid animae. Superfluum igitur fuit utrumque ponere.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="40817"><span class="ref">[40817] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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339 fortitudo hominis praecipue dependet ex corde, sive spiritualiter
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340 hoc accipiatur, sive corporaliter. Ergo postquam dixerat,
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341 <i>diliges dominum Deum tuum ex toto corde tuo</i>, superfluum fuit
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342 addere, <i>ex tota fortitudine tua</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="40818"><span class="ref">[40818] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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343 Matth. XXII dicitur, <i>in tota mente tua</i>, quod hic non
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344 ponitur. Ergo videtur quod inconvenienter hoc praeceptum detur
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345 Deut. VI.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 5 s. c."><a name="40819"><span class="ref">[40819] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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346 est auctoritas Scripturae.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 5 co."><a name="40820"><span class="ref">[40820] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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347 dicendum quod hoc praeceptum diversimode invenitur traditum in
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348 diversis locis. Nam sicut dictum est, Deut. VI ponuntur tria,
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349 scilicet ex toto corde, et ex tota anima, et ex tota fortitudine.
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350 Matth. XXII ponuntur duo horum, scilicet ex toto corde et in tota
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351 anima, et omittitur ex tota fortitudine, sed additur in tota mente.
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352 Sed Marc. XII ponuntur quatuor, scilicet ex toto corde, et ex tota
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353 anima, et ex tota mente, et ex tota virtute, quae est idem
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354 fortitudini. Et haec etiam quatuor tanguntur Luc. X, nam loco
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355 fortitudinis seu virtutis ponitur ex omnibus viribus tuis. Et ideo
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356 horum quatuor est ratio assignanda, nam quod alicubi unum horum
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357 omittitur, hoc est quia unum intelligitur ex aliis. Est igitur
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358 considerandum quod dilectio est actus voluntatis, quae hic
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359 significatur per cor, nam sicut cor corporale est principium omnium
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360 corporalium motuum, ita etiam voluntas, et maxime quantum ad
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361 intentionem finis ultimi, quod est obiectum caritatis, est
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362 principium omnium spiritualium motuum. Tria autem sunt principia
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363 factuum quae moventur a voluntate, scilicet intellectus, qui
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364 significatur per mentem; vis appetitiva inferior, quae significatur
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365 per animam; et vis executiva exterior, quae significatur per
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366 fortitudinem seu virtutem sive vires. Praecipitur ergo nobis ut
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367 tota nostra intentio feratur in Deum, quod est ex toto corde; et
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368 quod intellectus noster subdatur Deo, quod est ex tota mente; et
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369 quod appetitus noster reguletur secundum Deum, quod est ex tota
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370 anima; et quod exterior actus noster obediat Deo, quod est ex tota
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371 fortitudine vel virtute vel viribus Deum diligere. Chrysostomus
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372 tamen, super Matth., accipit e contrario cor et animam quam dictum
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373 sit. Augustinus vero, in I de Doct. Christ., refert cor ad
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374 cogitationes, et animam ad vitam, mentem ad intellectum. Quidam
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375 autem dicunt, ex toto corde, idest intellectu; anima, idest
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376 voluntate; mente, idest memoria. Vel, secundum Gregorium Nyssenum,
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377 per cor significat animam vegetabilem, per animam sensitivam, per
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378 mentem intellectivam, quia hoc quod nutrimur, sentimus et
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379 intelligimus, debemus ad Deum referre.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 5 ad arg."><a name="40821"><span class="ref">[40821] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 5 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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380 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="40822"><span class="ref">[40822] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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381 sic proceditur. Videtur quod hoc praeceptum de dilectione Dei
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382 possit servari in via. Quia secundum Hieronymum, in Expos. Cathol.
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383 Fid., <i>maledictus qui dicit Deum aliquid impossibile
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384 praecepisse</i>. Sed Deus hoc praeceptum dedit, ut patet Deut. VI.
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385 Ergo hoc praeceptum potest in via impleri.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="40823"><span class="ref">[40823] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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386 quicumque non implet praeceptum peccat mortaliter, quia secundum
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387 Ambrosium, peccatum nihil est aliud quam <i>transgressio legis
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388 divinae et caelestium inobedientia mandatorum</i>. Si ergo hoc
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389 praeceptum non potest in via servari, sequitur quod nullus possit
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390 esse in vita ista sine peccato mortali. Quod est contra id quod
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391 apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. I, <i>confirmabit vos usque in finem
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392 sine crimine</i>; et I ad Tim. III, <i>ministrent nullum crimen
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393 habentes</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="40824"><span class="ref">[40824] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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394 praecepta dantur ad dirigendos homines in viam salutis, secundum
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395 illud Psalm., <i>praeceptum domini lucidum, illuminans oculos</i>.
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396 Sed frustra dirigitur aliquis ad impossibile. Non ergo impossibile
53
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397 est hoc praeceptum in vita ista servari.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 6 s. c."><a name="40825"><span class="ref">[40825] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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398 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Perfect. Iustit. <i>quod in
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399 plenitudine caritatis patriae praeceptum illud implebitur diliges
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400 dominum Deum tuum, et cetera. Nam cum adhuc est aliquid carnalis
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401 concupiscentiae quod continendo frenetur, non omnino ex tota anima
53
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402 diligitur Deus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 6 co."><a name="40826"><span class="ref">[40826] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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403 dicendum quod praeceptum aliquod dupliciter impleri potest, uno
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404 modo, perfecte; alio modo, imperfecte. Perfecte quidem impletur
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405 praeceptum quando pervenitur ad finem quem intendit praecipiens,
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diff changeset
406 impletur autem, sed imperfecte, quando, etsi non pertingat ad finem
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407 praecipientis, non tamen receditur ab ordine ad finem. Sicut si dux
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diff changeset
408 exercitus praecipiat militibus ut pugnent, ille perfecte implet
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409 praeceptum qui pugnando hostem vincit, quod dux intendit, ille
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410 autem implet, sed imperfecte, cuius pugna ad victoriam non
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diff changeset
411 pertingit, non tamen contra disciplinam militarem agit. Intendit
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diff changeset
412 autem Deus per hoc praeceptum ut homo Deo totaliter uniatur, quod
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diff changeset
413 fiet in patria, quando Deus erit omnia in omnibus, ut dicitur I ad
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414 Cor. XV. Et ideo plene et perfecte in patria implebitur hoc
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415 praeceptum. In via vero impletur, sed imperfecte. Et tamen in via
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416 tanto unus alio perfectius implet, quanto magis accedit per quandam
53
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417 similitudinem ad patriae perfectionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="40827"><span class="ref">[40827] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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418 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa probat quod aliquo modo potest
53
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419 impleri in via, licet non perfecte.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="40828"><span class="ref">[40828] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
420 dicendum quod sicut miles qui legitime pugnat, licet non vincat,
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diff changeset
421 non inculpatur nec poenam meretur; ita etiam qui in via hoc
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422 praeceptum implet nihil contra divinam dilectionem agens, non
53
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423 peccat mortaliter.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="40829"><span class="ref">[40829] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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424 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de Perfect.
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425 Iustit., <i>cur non praeciperetur homini ista perfectio, quamvis
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426 eam in hac vita nemo habeat? Non enim recte curritur, si quo
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427 currendum est nesciatur. Quomodo autem sciretur, si nullis
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428 praeceptis ostenderetur?</i></p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="40830"><span class="ref">[40830] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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429 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter detur
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430 praeceptum de dilectione proximi. Dilectio enim caritatis ad omnes
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431 homines extenditur, etiam ad inimicos; ut patet Matth. V. Sed nomen
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432 proximi importat quandam propinquitatem, quae non videtur haberi ad
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433 omnes homines. Ergo videtur quod inconvenienter detur hoc
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434 praeceptum.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="40831"><span class="ref">[40831] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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435 secundum philosophum, in IX Ethic., <i>amicabilia quae sunt ad
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436 alterum venerunt ex amicabilibus quae sunt ad seipsum</i>, ex quo
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437 videtur quod dilectio sui ipsius sit principium dilectionis
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438 proximi. Sed principium potius est eo quod est ex principio. Ergo
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439 non debet homo diligere proximum sicut seipsum.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="40832"><span class="ref">[40832] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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440 homo seipsum diligit naturaliter, non autem proximum.
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441 Inconvenienter igitur mandatur quod homo diligat proximum sicut
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442 seipsum.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 7 s. c."><a name="40833"><span class="ref">[40833] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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443 est quod dicitur Matth. XXII, <i>secundum praeceptum est simile
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444 huic, diliges proximum tuum sicut teipsum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 7 co."><a name="40834"><span class="ref">[40834] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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445 dicendum quod hoc praeceptum convenienter traditur, tangitur enim
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446 in eo et diligendi ratio et dilectionis modus. Ratio quidem
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447 diligendi tangitur ex eo quod proximus nominatur, propter hoc enim
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448 ex caritate debemus alios diligere, quia sunt nobis proximi et
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449 secundum naturalem Dei imaginem et secundum capacitatem gloriae.
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450 Nec refert utrum dicatur proximus vel frater, ut habetur I Ioan.
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451 IV; vel amicus, ut habetur Lev. XIX, quia per omnia haec eadem
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452 affinitas designatur. Modus autem dilectionis tangitur cum dicitur,
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453 sicut teipsum. Quod non est intelligendum quantum ad hoc quod
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454 aliquis proximum aequaliter sibi diligat; sed similiter sibi. Et
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455 hoc tripliciter. Primo quidem, ex parte finis, ut scilicet aliquis
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456 diligat proximum propter Deum, sicut et seipsum propter Deum debet
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457 diligere; ut sic sit dilectio proximi sancta. Secundo, ex parte
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458 regulae dilectionis, ut scilicet aliquis non condescendat proximo
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459 in aliquo malo, sed solum in bonis, sicut et suae voluntati
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460 satisfacere debet homo solum in bonis; ut sic sit dilectio proximi
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461 iusta. Tertio, ex parte rationis dilectionis, ut scilicet non
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462 diligat aliquis proximum propter propriam utilitatem vel
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463 delectationem, sed ea ratione quod velit proximo bonum, sicut vult
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464 bonum sibi ipsi; ut sic dilectio proximi sit vera. Nam cum quis
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465 diligit proximum propter suam utilitatem vel delectationem, non
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466 vere diligit proximum, sed seipsum.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 7 ad arg."><a name="40835"><span class="ref">[40835] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 7 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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467 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="40836"><span class="ref">[40836] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
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468 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ordo caritatis non cadat sub
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469 praecepto. Quicumque enim transgreditur praeceptum iniuriam facit.
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470 Sed si aliquis diligat aliquem quantum debet, et alterum quemcumque
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471 plus diligat, nulli facit iniuriam. Ergo non transgreditur
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472 praeceptum. Ordo ergo caritatis non cadit sub praecepto.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="40837"><span class="ref">[40837] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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473 ea quae cadunt sub praecepto sufficienter nobis traduntur in sacra
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474 Scriptura. Sed ordo caritatis qui supra positus est nusquam
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475 traditur nobis in sacra Scriptura. Ergo non cadit sub
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476 praecepto.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="40838"><span class="ref">[40838] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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477 ordo distinctionem quandam importat. Sed indistincte praecipitur
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478 dilectio proximi, cum dicitur, <i>diliges proximum tuum sicut
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479 teipsum</i>. Ergo ordo caritatis non cadit sub praecepto.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 8 s. c."><a name="40839"><span class="ref">[40839] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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480 est quod illud quod Deus in nobis facit per gratiam, instruit per
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481 legis praecepta, secundum illud Ierem. XXXI, <i>dabo legem meam in
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482 cordibus eorum</i>. Sed Deus causat in nobis ordinem caritatis,
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483 secundum illud Cant. II, <i>ordinavit in me caritatem</i>. Ergo
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484 ordo caritatis sub praecepto legis cadit.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 8 co."><a name="40840"><span class="ref">[40840] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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485 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, modus qui pertinet ad rationem
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486 virtuosi actus cadit sub praecepto quod datur de actu virtutis.
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487 Ordo autem caritatis pertinet ad ipsam rationem virtutis, cum
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488 accipiatur secundum proportionem dilectionis ad diligibile, ut ex
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489 supradictis patet. Unde manifestum est quod ordo caritatis debet
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490 cadere sub praecepto.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="40841"><span class="ref">[40841] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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491 ergo dicendum quod homo plus satisfacit ei quem plus diligit. Et
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492 ita, si minus diligeret aliquis eum quem plus debet diligere, plus
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493 vellet satisfacere illi cui minus satisfacere debet. Et sic fieret
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494 iniuria illi quem plus debet diligere.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="40842"><span class="ref">[40842] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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495 dicendum quod ordo quatuor diligendorum ex caritate in sacra
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496 Scriptura exprimitur. Nam cum mandatur quod Deum ex toto corde
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497 diligamus, datur intelligi quod Deum super omnia debemus diligere.
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498 Cum autem mandatur quod aliquis diligat proximum sicut seipsum,
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499 praefertur dilectio sui ipsius dilectioni proximi. Similiter etiam
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500 cum mandatur, I Ioan. III, quod debemus pro fratribus animam
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501 ponere, idest vitam corporalem, datur intelligi quod proximum plus
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502 debemus diligere quam corpus proprium. Similiter etiam cum
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503 mandatur, ad Gal. ult., quod maxime operemur bonum ad domesticos
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504 fidei; et I ad Tim. V vituperatur <i>qui non habet curam suorum, et
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505 maxime domesticorum</i>; datur intelligi quod inter proximos,
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506 meliores et magis propinquos magis debemus diligere.</p><p title="II-II q. 44 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="40843"><span class="ref">[40843] IIª-IIae q. 44 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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507 dicendum quod ex ipso quod dicitur, diliges proximum tuum, datur
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508 consequenter intelligi quod illi qui sunt magis proximi sunt magis
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509 diligendi.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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510 <p><a href="sth3034.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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511 <a href="sth3045.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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512 <br/>
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513 <hr/>
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514 <br/>
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515 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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516 hanc editionem<br/>
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517 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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518 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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519 </div></body>
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520 </html>