annotate summa/latin/sth2072.html @ 53:d777cc3962f2

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date Mon, 28 Dec 2009 13:00:58 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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8 <meta content="text/css" http-equiv="Content-Style-Type"/>
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9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª-IIae q.
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19 72</title>
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20 </head>
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21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars secundae partis quaestio LXXII</div><div class="centro">
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22 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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23 <tr>
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24 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
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25 </tr>
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26 </table>
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27 <br/>
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28 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1892 editum<br/>
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29 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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30 magneticas<br/>
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31 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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32 <br/></span><br/>
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33 <hr/>
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34 <br/>
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35 <p><a href="sth2071.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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36 <a href="sth2073.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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37 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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38 //
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39 &lt;!--
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40 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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41 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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44 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
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103 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36590"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 7 s. c.');
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128 // --&gt;
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129 //
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130 </script><br/>
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131 <hr/>
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132 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q72"><h2>Quaestio 72</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 72 pr."><a name="36536"><span class="ref">[36536]
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133 Iª-IIae q. 72 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
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134 distinctione peccatorum vel vitiorum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
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135 novem. Primo, utrum peccata distinguantur specie secundum obiecta.
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136 Secundo, de distinctione peccatorum spiritualium et carnalium.
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137 Tertio, utrum secundum causas. Quarto, utrum secundum eos in quos
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138 peccatur. Quinto, utrum secundum diversitatem reatus. Sexto, utrum
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139 secundum omissionem et commissionem. Septimo, utrum secundum
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140 diversum processum peccati. Octavo, utrum secundum abundantiam et
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141 defectum. Nono, utrum secundum diversas circumstantias.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36537"><span class="ref">[36537] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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142 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccata non differant specie secundum
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143 obiecta. Actus enim humani praecipue dicuntur boni vel mali per
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144 comparationem ad finem, ut supra ostensum est. Cum igitur peccatum
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145 nihil aliud sit quam actus hominis malus, sicut dictum est, videtur
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146 quod secundum fines peccata debeant distingui specie, magis quam
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147 secundum obiecta.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36538"><span class="ref">[36538] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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148 malum, cum sit privatio, distinguitur specie secundum diversas
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149 species oppositorum. Sed peccatum est quoddam malum in genere
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150 humanorum actuum. Ergo peccata magis distinguuntur specie secundum
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151 opposita, quam secundum obiecta.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36539"><span class="ref">[36539] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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152 si peccata specie differrent secundum obiecta, impossibile esset
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153 idem peccatum specie circa diversa obiecta inveniri. Sed
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154 inveniuntur aliqua huiusmodi peccata, nam superbia est et in rebus
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155 spiritualibus et in corporalibus, ut Gregorius dicit, in libro
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156 XXXIV Moral.; avaritia etiam est circa diversa genera rerum. Ergo
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157 peccata non distinguuntur specie secundum obiecta.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36540"><span class="ref">[36540] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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158 est quod peccatum est dictum vel factum vel concupitum contra legem
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159 Dei. Sed dicta vel facta vel concupita distinguuntur specie
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160 secundum diversa obiecta, quia actus per obiecta distinguuntur, ut
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161 supra dictum est. Ergo etiam peccata secundum obiecta specie
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162 distinguuntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 1 co."><a name="36541"><span class="ref">[36541] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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163 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ad rationem peccati duo
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164 concurrunt, scilicet actus voluntarius; et inordinatio eius, quae
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165 est per recessum a lege Dei. Horum autem duorum unum per se
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166 comparatur ad peccantem, qui intendit talem actum voluntarium
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167 exercere in tali materia, aliud autem, scilicet inordinatio actus,
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168 per accidens se habet ad intentionem peccantis; nullus enim
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169 intendens ad malum operatur, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div.
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170 Nom. Manifestum est autem quod unumquodque, consequitur speciem
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171 secundum illud quod est per se, non autem secundum id quod est per
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172 accidens, quia ea quae sunt per accidens, sunt extra rationem
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173 speciei. Et ideo peccata specie distinguuntur ex parte actuum
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174 voluntariorum, magis quam ex parte inordinationis in peccato
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175 existentis. Actus autem voluntarii distinguuntur specie secundum
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176 obiecta, ut in superioribus ostensum est. Unde sequitur quod
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177 peccata proprie distinguantur specie secundum obiecta.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36542"><span class="ref">[36542] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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178 ergo dicendum quod finis principaliter habet rationem boni, et ideo
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179 comparatur ad actum voluntatis, qui est primordialis in omni
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180 peccato, sicut obiectum. Unde in idem redit quod peccata differant
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181 secundum obiecta, vel secundum fines.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="36543"><span class="ref">[36543] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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182 dicendum quod peccatum non est pura privatio, sed est actus debito
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183 ordine privatus. Et ideo peccata magis distinguuntur specie
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184 secundum obiecta actuum, quam secundum opposita. Quamvis etiam si
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185 distinguantur secundum oppositas virtutes, in idem rediret,
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186 virtutes enim distinguuntur specie secundum obiecta, ut supra
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187 habitum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="36544"><span class="ref">[36544] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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188 dicendum quod nihil prohibet in diversis rebus specie vel genere
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189 differentibus, invenire unam formalem rationem obiecti, a qua
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190 peccatum speciem recipit. Et hoc modo superbia circa diversas res
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191 excellentiam quaerit, avaritia vero abundantiam eorum quae usui
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192 humano accommodantur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36545"><span class="ref">[36545] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
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193 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter distinguantur peccata
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194 spiritualia a carnalibus. Dicit enim apostolus, ad Galat. V,
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195 <i>manifesta sunt opera carnis, quae sunt fornicatio, immunditia,
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196 impudicitia, luxuria, idolorum servitus, veneficia,</i> etc., ex
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197 quo videtur quod omnia peccatorum genera sunt opera carnis. Sed
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198 peccata carnalia dicuntur opera carnis. Ergo non sunt distinguenda
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199 peccata carnalia a spiritualibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36546"><span class="ref">[36546] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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200 quicumque peccat, secundum carnem ambulat, secundum illud Rom.
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201 VIII, <i>si secundum carnem vixeritis, moriemini; si autem spiritu
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202 facta carnis mortificaveritis, vivetis</i>. Sed vivere vel ambulare
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203 secundum carnem, videtur pertinere ad rationem peccati carnalis.
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204 Ergo omnia peccata sunt carnalia. Non ergo sunt distinguenda
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205 peccata carnalia a spiritualibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36547"><span class="ref">[36547] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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206 superior pars animae, quae est mens vel ratio, spiritus nominatur,
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207 secundum illud Ephes. IV, <i>renovamini spiritu mentis vestrae</i>,
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208 ubi spiritus pro ratione ponitur, ut ibi Glossa dicit. Sed omne
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209 peccatum quod secundum carnem committitur, a ratione derivatur per
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210 consensum, quia superioris rationis est consentire in actum
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211 peccati, ut infra dicetur. Ergo eadem peccata sunt carnalia et
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212 spiritualia. Non ergo sunt distinguenda ad invicem.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="36548"><span class="ref">[36548] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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213 si aliqua peccata specialiter sunt carnalia, hoc potissime
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214 intelligendum videtur de illis peccatis quibus aliquis in corpus
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215 suum peccat. Sed sicut apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. VI, <i>omne
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216 peccatum quodcumque fecerit homo, extra corpus est, qui autem
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217 fornicatur, in corpus suum peccat</i>. Ergo sola fornicatio esset
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218 peccatum carnale, cum tamen apostolus, ad Ephes. V, etiam avaritiam
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219 carnalibus peccatis annumeret.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36549"><span class="ref">[36549] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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220 est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., dicit quod <i>septem capitalium
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221 vitiorum quinque sunt spiritualia, et duo carnalia</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 2 co."><a name="36550"><span class="ref">[36550] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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222 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, peccata recipiunt speciem ex
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223 obiectis. Omne autem peccatum consistit in appetitu alicuius
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224 commutabilis boni quod inordinate appetitur, et per consequens in
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225 eo iam habito inordinate aliquis delectatur. Ut autem ex
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226 superioribus patet, duplex est delectatio. Una quidem animalis,
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227 quae consummatur in sola apprehensione alicuius rei ad votum
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228 habitae, et haec etiam potest dici delectatio spiritualis, sicut
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229 cum aliquis delectatur in laude humana, vel in aliquo huiusmodi.
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230 Alia vero delectatio est corporalis, sive naturalis, quae in ipso
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231 tactu corporali perficitur, quae potest etiam dici delectatio
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232 carnalis. Sic igitur illa peccata quae perficiuntur in delectatione
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233 spirituali, vocantur peccata spiritualia, illa vero quae
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234 perficiuntur in delectatione carnali, vocantur peccata carnalia;
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235 sicut gula, quae perficitur in delectatione ciborum, et luxuria,
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236 quae perficitur in delectatione venereorum. Unde et apostolus dicit
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237 II ad Cor. VII. <i>Emundemus nos ab omni inquinamento, carnis et
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238 spiritus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36551"><span class="ref">[36551] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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239 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Glossa ibidem dicit, illa vitia dicuntur
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240 opera carnis, <i>non quia in voluptate carnis perficiantur, sed
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241 caro sumitur ibi pro homine, qui dum secundum se vivit, secundum
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242 carnem vivere dicitur</i>; ut etiam Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ.
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243 Dei. Et huius ratio est ex hoc, quod omnis rationis humanae
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244 defectus ex sensu carnali aliquo modo initium habet.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="36552"><span class="ref">[36552] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc
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245 etiam patet responsio ad secundum.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="36553"><span class="ref">[36553] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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246 dicendum quod in peccatis etiam carnalibus est aliquis actus
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247 spiritualis, scilicet actus rationis, sed finis horum peccatorum, a
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248 quo denominantur, est delectatio carnis.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="36554"><span class="ref">[36554] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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249 dicendum quod, sicut Glossa ibidem dicit, <i>specialiter in
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250 fornicationis peccato servit anima corpori, intantum ut nihil aliud
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251 in ipso momento cogitare homini liceat</i>. Delectatio autem gulae,
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252 etsi sit carnalis, non ita absorbet rationem. Vel potest dici quod
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253 in hoc peccato etiam quaedam iniuria fit corpori, dum inordinate
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254 maculatur. Et ideo per hoc solum peccatum dicitur specialiter homo
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255 in corpus peccare. Avaritia vero quae in carnalibus peccatis
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256 connumeratur, pro adulterio ponitur, quod est iniusta usurpatio
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257 uxoris alienae. Vel potest dici quod res in qua delectatur avarus,
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258 corporale quoddam est, et quantum ad hoc, connumeratur peccatis
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259 carnalibus. Sed ipsa delectatio non pertinet ad carnem, sed ad
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260 spiritum, et ideo secundum Gregorium, est spirituale peccatum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36555"><span class="ref">[36555] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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261 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccata distinguantur specie secundum
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262 causas. Ab eodem enim habet res speciem, a quo habet esse. Sed
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263 peccata habent esse ex suis causis. Ergo ab eis etiam speciem
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264 sortiuntur. Differunt ergo specie secundum diversitatem
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265 causarum.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36556"><span class="ref">[36556] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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266 inter alias causas minus videtur pertinere ad speciem causa
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267 materialis. Sed obiectum in peccato est sicut causa materialis. Cum
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268 ergo secundum obiecta peccata specie distinguantur, videtur quod
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269 peccata multo magis secundum alias causas distinguantur specie.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36557"><span class="ref">[36557] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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270 Augustinus, super illud Psalmi, incensa igni et suffossa, dicit
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271 quod <i>omne peccatum est ex timore male humiliante, vel ex amore
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272 male inflammante</i>. Dicitur etiam I Ioan. II, quod <i>omne quod
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273 est in mundo, aut est concupiscentia carnis, aut concupiscentia
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274 oculorum, aut superbia vitae</i>, dicitur autem aliquid esse in
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275 mundo, propter peccatum, secundum quod mundi nomine amatores mundi
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276 significantur, ut Augustinus dicit, super Ioan. Gregorius etiam,
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277 XXXI Moral., distinguit omnia peccata secundum septem vitia
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278 capitalia. Omnes autem huiusmodi divisiones respiciunt causas
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279 peccatorum. Ergo videtur quod peccata differant specie secundum
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280 diversitatem causarum.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 3 s. c."><a name="36558"><span class="ref">[36558] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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281 est quia secundum hoc omnia peccata essent unius speciei, cum ex
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282 una causa causentur, dicitur enim Eccli. X, quod <i>initium omnis
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283 peccati est superbia</i>; et I ad Tim. ult., quod <i>radix omnium
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284 malorum est cupiditas</i>. Manifestum est autem esse diversas
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285 species peccatorum. Non ergo peccata distinguuntur specie secundum
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286 diversitates causarum.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 3 co."><a name="36559"><span class="ref">[36559] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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287 dicendum quod, cum quatuor sint causarum genera, diversimode
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288 diversis attribuuntur. Causa enim formalis et materialis respiciunt
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289 proprie substantiam rei, et ideo substantiae secundum formam et
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290 materiam specie et genere distinguuntur. Agens autem et finis
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291 respiciunt directe motum et operationem, et ideo motus et
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292 operationes secundum huiusmodi causas specie distinguuntur;
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293 diversimode tamen. Nam principia activa naturalia sunt determinata
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294 semper ad eosdem actus, et ideo diversae species in actibus
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295 naturalibus attenduntur non solum secundum obiecta, quae sunt fines
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296 vel termini, sed etiam secundum principia activa; sicut calefacere
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297 et infrigidare distinguuntur specie secundum calidum et frigidum.
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298 Sed principia activa in actibus voluntariis, cuiusmodi sunt actus
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299 peccatorum, non se habent ex necessitate ad unum, et ideo ex uno
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300 principio activo vel motivo possunt diversae species peccatorum
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301 procedere; sicut ex timore male humiliante potest procedere quod
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302 homo furetur, et quod occidat, et quod deserat gregem sibi
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303 commissum; et haec eadem possunt procedere ex amore. Unde
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304 manifestum est quod peccata non differant specie secundum diversas
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305 causas activas vel motivas; sed solum secundum diversitatem causae
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306 finalis. Finis autem est obiectum voluntatis, ostensum est enim
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307 supra quod actus humani habent speciem ex fine.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36560"><span class="ref">[36560] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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308 ergo dicendum quod principia activa in actibus voluntariis, cum non
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309 sint determinata ad unum, non sufficiunt ad producendum humanos
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310 actus, nisi determinetur voluntas ad unum per intentionem finis; ut
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311 patet per philosophum, in IX Metaphys. Et ideo a fine perficitur et
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312 esse et species peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="36561"><span class="ref">[36561] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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313 dicendum quod obiecta, secundum quod comparantur ad actus
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314 exteriores, habent rationem materiae circa quam, sed secundum quod
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315 comparantur ad actum interiorem voluntatis, habent rationem finium;
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316 et ex hoc habent quod dent speciem actui. Quamvis etiam secundum
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317 quod sunt materia circa quam, habeant rationem terminorum; a quibus
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318 motus specificantur, ut dicitur in V Physic. et in X Ethic. Sed
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319 tamen etiam termini motus dant speciem motibus, inquantum habent
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320 rationem finis.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="36562"><span class="ref">[36562] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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321 dicendum quod illae divisiones peccatorum non dantur ad
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322 distinguendas species peccatorum; sed ad manifestandas diversas
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323 causas eorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36563"><span class="ref">[36563] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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324 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter peccatum distinguatur
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325 per peccatum quod est in Deum, in proximum, et in seipsum. Illud
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326 enim quod est commune omni peccato, non debet poni quasi pars in
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327 divisione peccati. Sed commune est omni peccato quod sit contra
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328 Deum, ponitur enim in definitione peccati quod sit contra legem
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329 Dei, ut supra dictum est. Non ergo peccatum in Deum debet poni
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330 quasi pars in divisione peccatorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36564"><span class="ref">[36564] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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331 omnis divisio debet fieri per opposita. Sed ista tria genera
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332 peccatorum non sunt opposita, quicumque enim peccat in proximum,
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333 peccat etiam in seipsum et in Deum. Non ergo peccatum convenienter
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334 dividitur secundum haec tria.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36565"><span class="ref">[36565] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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335 ea quae sunt extrinsecus, non conferunt speciem. Sed Deus et
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336 proximus sunt extra nos. Ergo per haec non distinguuntur peccata
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337 secundum speciem. Inconvenienter igitur secundum haec tria peccatum
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338 dividitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36566"><span class="ref">[36566] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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339 est quod Isidorus, in libro de summo bono, distinguens peccata,
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340 dicit quod <i>homo dicitur peccare in se, in Deum, et in
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341 proximum</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 4 co."><a name="36567"><span class="ref">[36567] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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342 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum est actus
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343 inordinatus. Triplex autem ordo in homine debet esse. Unus quidem
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344 secundum comparationem ad regulam rationis, prout scilicet omnes
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345 actiones et passiones nostrae debent secundum regulam rationis
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346 commensurari. Alius autem ordo est per comparationem ad regulam
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347 divinae legis, per quam homo in omnibus dirigi debet. Et si quidem
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348 homo naturaliter esset animal solitarium, hic duplex ordo
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349 sufficeret, sed quia homo est naturaliter animal politicum et
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350 sociale, ut probatur in I Polit., ideo necesse est quod sit tertius
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351 ordo, quo homo ordinetur ad alios homines, quibus convivere debet.
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352 Horum autem ordinum secundus continet primum, et excedit ipsum.
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353 Quaecumque enim continentur sub ordine rationis, continentur sub
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354 ordine ipsius Dei, sed quaedam continentur sub ordine ipsius Dei,
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355 quae excedunt rationem humanam, sicut ea quae sunt fidei, et quae
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356 debentur soli Deo. Unde qui in talibus peccat, dicitur in Deum
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357 peccare, sicut haereticus et sacrilegus et blasphemus. Similiter
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358 etiam secundus ordo includit tertium, et excedit ipsum. Quia in
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359 omnibus in quibus ordinamur ad proximum, oportet nos dirigi
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360 secundum regulam rationis, sed in quibusdam dirigimur secundum
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361 rationem quantum ad nos tantum, non autem quantum ad proximum. Et
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362 quando in his peccatur, dicitur homo peccare in seipsum, sicut
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363 patet de guloso, luxurioso et prodigo. Quando vero peccat homo in
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364 his quibus ad proximum ordinatur, dicitur peccare in proximum,
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365 sicut patet de fure et homicida. Sunt autem diversa quibus homo
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366 ordinatur ad Deum, et ad proximum, et ad seipsum. Unde haec
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367 distinctio peccatorum est secundum obiecta, secundum quae
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368 diversificantur species peccatorum. Unde haec distinctio peccatorum
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369 proprie est secundum diversas peccatorum species. Nam et virtutes,
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370 quibus peccata opponuntur, secundum hanc differentiam specie
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371 distinguuntur, manifestum est enim ex dictis quod virtutibus
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372 theologicis homo ordinatur ad Deum, temperantia vero et fortitudine
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373 ad seipsum, iustitia autem ad proximum.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36568"><span class="ref">[36568] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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374 ergo dicendum quod peccare in Deum, secundum quod ordo qui est ad
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375 Deum, includit omnem humanum ordinem, commune est omni peccato. Sed
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376 quantum ad id quod ordo Dei excedit alios duos ordines, sic
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377 peccatum in Deum est speciale genus peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36569"><span class="ref">[36569] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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378 dicendum quod quando aliqua quorum unum includit alterum, ab
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379 invicem distinguuntur, intelligitur fieri distinctio non secundum
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380 illud quod unum continetur in altero, sed secundum illud quod unum
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381 excedit alterum. Sicut patet in divisione numerorum et figurarum,
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382 non enim triangulus dividitur contra quadratum secundum quod
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383 continetur in eo, sed secundum quod exceditur ab eo; et similiter
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384 est de ternario et quaternario.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36570"><span class="ref">[36570] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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385 dicendum quod Deus et proximus, quamvis sint exteriora respectu
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386 ipsius peccantis, non tamen sunt extranea respectu actus peccati;
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387 sed comparantur ad ipsum sicut propria obiecta ipsius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="36571"><span class="ref">[36571] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
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388 sic proceditur. Videtur quod divisio peccatorum quae est secundum
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389 reatum, diversificet speciem, puta cum dividitur secundum veniale
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390 et mortale. Ea enim quae in infinitum differunt, non possunt esse
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391 unius speciei, nec etiam unius generis. Sed veniale et mortale
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392 peccatum differunt in infinitum, veniali enim debetur poena
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393 temporalis, mortali poena aeterna; mensura autem poenae respondet
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394 quantitati culpae, secundum illud Deut. XXV, <i>pro mensura delicti
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395 erit et plagarum modus</i>. Ergo veniale et mortale non sunt unius
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396 generis, nedum quod sint unius speciei.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="36572"><span class="ref">[36572] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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397 quaedam peccata sunt mortalia ex genere, sicut homicidium et
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398 adulterium, quaedam vero ex suo genere sunt peccata venialia, sicut
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399 verbum otiosum et risus superfluus. Ergo peccatum veniale et
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400 mortale specie differunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="36573"><span class="ref">[36573] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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401 sicut se habet actus virtuosus ad praemium, ita se habet peccatum
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402 ad poenam. Sed praemium est finis virtuosi actus. Ergo et poena est
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403 finis peccati. Sed peccata distinguuntur specie secundum fines, ut
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404 dictum est. Ergo etiam distinguuntur specie secundum reatum
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405 poenae.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 5 s. c."><a name="36574"><span class="ref">[36574] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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406 ea quae constituunt speciem, sunt priora, sicut differentiae
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407 specificae. Sed poena sequitur culpam, sicut effectus eius. Ergo
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408 peccata non differunt specie secundum reatum poenae.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 5 co."><a name="36575"><span class="ref">[36575] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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409 dicendum quod eorum quae specie differunt, duplex differentia
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410 invenitur. Una quidem quae constituit diversitatem specierum, et
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411 talis differentia nunquam invenitur nisi in speciebus diversis;
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412 sicut rationale et irrationale, animatum et inanimatum. Alia autem
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413 differentia est consequens diversitatem speciei, et talis
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414 differentia, etsi in aliquibus consequatur diversitatem speciei, in
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415 aliis tamen potest inveniri in eadem specie; sicut album et nigrum
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416 consequuntur diversitatem speciei corvi et cygni, tamen invenitur
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417 huiusmodi differentia in eadem hominis specie. Dicendum est ergo
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418 quod differentia venialis et mortalis peccati, vel quaecumque alia
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419 differentia sumitur penes reatum, non potest esse differentia
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420 constituens diversitatem speciei. Nunquam enim id quod est per
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421 accidens, constituit speciem. Id autem quod est praeter intentionem
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422 agentis, est per accidens, ut patet in II Physic. Manifestum est
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423 autem quod poena est praeter intentionem peccantis. Unde per
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424 accidens se habet ad peccatum, ex parte ipsius peccantis. Ordinatur
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425 tamen ad peccatum ab exteriori, scilicet ex iustitia iudicantis,
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426 qui secundum diversas conditiones peccatorum diversas poenas
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427 infligit. Unde differentia quae est ex reatu poenae, potest
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428 consequi diversam speciem peccatorum; non autem constituit
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429 diversitatem speciei. Differentia autem peccati venialis et
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430 mortalis consequitur diversitatem inordinationis, quae complet
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431 rationem peccati. Duplex enim est inordinatio, una per
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432 subtractionem principii ordinis; alia qua, salvato principio
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433 ordinis, fit inordinatio circa ea quae sunt post principium. Sicut
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434 in corpore animalis quandoque quidem inordinatio complexionis
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435 procedit usque ad destructionem principii vitalis, et haec est
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436 mors, quandoque vero, salvo principio vitae, fit inordinatio
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437 quaedam in humoribus, et tunc est aegritudo. Principium autem
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438 totius ordinis in moralibus est finis ultimus, qui ita se habet in
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439 operativis, sicut principium indemonstrabile in speculativis, ut
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diff changeset
440 dicitur in VII Ethic. Unde quando anima deordinatur per peccatum
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441 usque ad aversionem ab ultimo fine, scilicet Deo, cui unimur per
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diff changeset
442 caritatem, tunc est peccatum mortale, quando vero fit deordinatio
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443 citra aversionem a Deo, tunc est peccatum veniale. Sicut enim in
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diff changeset
444 corporalibus deordinatio mortis, quae est per remotionem principii
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445 vitae, est irreparabilis secundum naturam; inordinatio autem
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446 aegritudinis reparari potest, propter id quod salvatur principium
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447 vitae; similiter est in his quae pertinent ad animam. Nam in
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448 speculativis qui errat circa principia, impersuasibilis est, qui
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449 autem errat salvatis principiis, per ipsa principia revocari
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450 potest. Et similiter in operativis qui peccando avertitur ab ultimo
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451 fine, quantum est ex natura peccati, habet lapsum irreparabilem, et
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452 ideo dicitur peccare mortaliter, aeternaliter puniendus. Qui vero
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453 peccat citra aversionem a Deo, ex ipsa ratione peccati
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454 reparabiliter deordinatur, quia salvatur principium, et ideo
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455 dicitur peccare venialiter, quia scilicet non ita peccat ut
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456 mereatur interminabilem poenam.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="36576"><span class="ref">[36576] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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457 ergo dicendum quod peccatum mortale et veniale differunt in
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458 infinitum ex parte aversionis, non autem ex parte conversionis, per
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459 quam respicit obiectum, unde peccatum speciem habet. Unde nihil
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460 prohibet in eadem specie inveniri aliquod peccatum mortale et
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461 veniale, sicut primus motus in genere adulterii est peccatum
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462 veniale; et verbum otiosum, quod plerumque est veniale, potest
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463 etiam esse mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="36577"><span class="ref">[36577] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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464 dicendum quod ex hoc quod invenitur aliquod peccatum mortale ex
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diff changeset
465 genere, et aliquod peccatum veniale ex genere, sequitur quod talis
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466 differentia consequatur diversitatem peccatorum secundum speciem,
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467 non autem quod causet eam. Talis autem differentia potest inveniri
53
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468 etiam in his quae sunt eiusdem speciei, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="36578"><span class="ref">[36578] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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469 dicendum quod praemium est de intentione merentis vel virtuose
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470 agentis, sed poena non est de intentione peccantis, sed magis est
53
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471 contra voluntatem ipsius. Unde non est similis ratio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="36579"><span class="ref">[36579] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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472 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum commissionis et omissionis
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473 specie differant. Delictum enim contra peccatum dividitur, Ephes.
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diff changeset
474 II, ubi dicitur, <i>cum essetis mortui delictis et peccatis
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diff changeset
475 vestris</i>. Et exponit ibi Glossa, <i>delictis, idest dimittendo
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476 quae iubentur; et peccatis, scilicet agendo prohibita</i>, ex quo
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477 patet quod per delictum intelligitur peccatum omissionis, per
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478 peccatum, peccatum commissionis. Differunt igitur specie, cum ex
53
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479 opposito dividantur, tanquam diversae species.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="36580"><span class="ref">[36580] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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480 peccato per se convenit quod sit contra legem Dei, ponitur enim in
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diff changeset
481 eius definitione, ut ex supradictis patet. Sed in lege Dei alia
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482 sunt praecepta affirmativa, contra quae est peccatum omissionis; et
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483 alia praecepta negativa, contra quae est peccatum commissionis.
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484 Ergo peccatum omissionis et peccatum commissionis differunt
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485 specie.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="36581"><span class="ref">[36581] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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486 omissio et commissio differunt sicut affirmatio et negatio. Sed
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487 affirmatio et negatio non possunt esse unius speciei, quia negatio
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488 non habet speciem; non entis enim non sunt neque species neque
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489 differentiae, ut philosophus dicit. Ergo omissio et commissio non
53
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490 possunt esse unius speciei.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 6 s. c."><a name="36582"><span class="ref">[36582] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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491 in eadem specie peccati invenitur omissio et commissio, avarus enim
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492 et aliena rapit, quod est peccatum commissionis; et sua non dat
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493 quibus dare debet, quod est peccatum omissionis. Ergo omissio et
53
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494 commissio non differunt specie.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 6 co."><a name="36583"><span class="ref">[36583] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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495 dicendum quod in peccatis invenitur duplex differentia, una
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496 materialis, et alia formalis. Materialis quidem attenditur secundum
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497 naturalem speciem actuum peccati, formalis autem secundum ordinem
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498 ad unum finem proprium, quod est obiectum proprium. Unde
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499 inveniuntur aliqui actus materialiter specie differentes, qui tamen
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500 formaliter sunt in eadem specie peccati, quia ad idem ordinantur,
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diff changeset
501 sicut ad eandem speciem homicidii pertinet iugulatio, lapidatio et
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diff changeset
502 perforatio, quamvis actus sint specie differentes secundum speciem
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503 naturae. Sic ergo si loquamur de specie peccati omissionis et
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diff changeset
504 commissionis materialiter, differunt specie, large tamen loquendo
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diff changeset
505 de specie, secundum quod negatio vel privatio speciem habere
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506 potest. Si autem loquamur de specie peccati omissionis et
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diff changeset
507 commissionis formaliter, sic non differunt specie, quia ad idem
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508 ordinantur, et ex eodem motivo procedunt. Avarus enim ad
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509 congregandum pecuniam et rapit, et non dat ea quae dare debet; et
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510 similiter gulosus ad satisfaciendum gulae, et superflua comedit, et
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511 ieiunia debita praetermittit; et idem est videre in ceteris. Semper
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512 enim in rebus negatio fundatur super aliqua affirmatione, quae est
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513 quodammodo causa eius, unde etiam in rebus naturalibus eiusdem
53
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514 rationis est quod ignis calefaciat, et quod non infrigidet.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="36584"><span class="ref">[36584] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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515 ergo dicendum quod illa divisio quae est per commissionem et
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516 omissionem, non est secundum diversas species formales, sed
53
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517 materiales tantum, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="36585"><span class="ref">[36585] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
518 dicendum quod necesse fuit in lege Dei proponi diversa praecepta
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519 affirmativa et negativa, ut gradatim homines introducerentur ad
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diff changeset
520 virtutem, prius quidem abstinendo a malo, ad quod inducimur per
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diff changeset
521 praecepta negativa; et postmodum faciendo bonum, ad quod inducimur
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diff changeset
522 per praecepta affirmativa. Et sic praecepta affirmativa et negativa
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diff changeset
523 non pertinent ad diversas virtutes, sed ad diversos gradus
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diff changeset
524 virtutis. Et per consequens non oportet quod contrarientur diversis
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diff changeset
525 peccatis secundum speciem. Peccatum etiam non habet speciem ex
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diff changeset
526 parte aversionis, quia secundum hoc est negatio vel privatio, sed
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diff changeset
527 ex parte conversionis, secundum quod est actus quidam. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
528 secundum diversa praecepta legis non diversificantur peccata
53
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diff changeset
529 secundum speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="36586"><span class="ref">[36586] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
530 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de materiali diversitate
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diff changeset
531 speciei. Sciendum est tamen quod negatio, etsi proprie non sit in
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diff changeset
532 specie, constituitur tamen in specie per reductionem ad aliquam
53
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diff changeset
533 affirmationem quam sequitur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="36587"><span class="ref">[36587] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
28
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diff changeset
534 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter dividatur peccatum in
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diff changeset
535 peccatum cordis, oris, et operis. Augustinus enim, in XII de Trin.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
536 ponit tres gradus peccati, quorum primus est, cum carnalis sensus
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diff changeset
537 illecebram quandam ingerit, quod est peccatum cogitationis,
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diff changeset
538 secundus gradus est, quando sola cogitationis delectatione aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
539 contentus est; tertius gradus est, quando faciendum decernitur per
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diff changeset
540 consensum. Sed tria haec pertinent ad peccatum cordis. Ergo
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diff changeset
541 inconvenienter peccatum cordis ponitur quasi unum genus
53
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diff changeset
542 peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="36588"><span class="ref">[36588] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
543 Gregorius, in IV Moral., ponit quatuor gradus peccati, quorum
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diff changeset
544 primus est culpa latens in corde; secundus, cum exterius
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diff changeset
545 publicatur; tertius est, cum consuetudine roboratur; quartus est,
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diff changeset
546 cum usque ad praesumptionem divinae misericordiae, vel ad
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diff changeset
547 desperationem, homo procedit. Ubi non distinguitur peccatum operis
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diff changeset
548 a peccato oris; et adduntur duo alii peccatorum gradus. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
549 inconveniens fuit prima divisio.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="36589"><span class="ref">[36589] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
550 non potest esse peccatum in ore vel in opere, nisi fiat prius in
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diff changeset
551 corde. Ergo ista peccata specie non differunt. Non ergo debent
53
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diff changeset
552 contra se invicem dividi.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 7 s. c."><a name="36590"><span class="ref">[36590] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
553 est quod Hieronymus dicit, super Ezech., <i>tria sunt generalia
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diff changeset
554 delicta quibus humanum subiacet genus, aut enim cogitatione, aut
53
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diff changeset
555 sermone, aut opere peccamus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 7 co."><a name="36591"><span class="ref">[36591] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
556 dicendum quod aliqua inveniuntur differre specie dupliciter. Uno
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diff changeset
557 modo, ex eo quod utrumque habet speciem completam, sicut equus et
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diff changeset
558 bos differunt specie. Alio modo, secundum diversos gradus in aliqua
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diff changeset
559 generatione vel motu accipiuntur diversae species, sicut
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diff changeset
560 aedificatio est completa generatio domus, collocatio autem
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diff changeset
561 fundamenti et erectio parietis sunt species incompletae, ut patet
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diff changeset
562 per philosophum, in X Ethic.; et idem etiam potest dici in
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diff changeset
563 generationibus animalium. Sic igitur peccatum dividitur per haec
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diff changeset
564 tria, scilicet peccatum oris, cordis et operis, non sicut per
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diff changeset
565 diversas species completas, nam consummatio peccati est in opere,
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diff changeset
566 unde peccatum operis habet speciem completam. Sed prima inchoatio
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diff changeset
567 eius est quasi fundatio in corde; secundus autem gradus eius est in
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diff changeset
568 ore, secundum quod homo prorumpit facile ad manifestandum conceptum
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diff changeset
569 cordis; tertius autem gradus iam est in consummatione operis. Et
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diff changeset
570 sic haec tria differunt secundum diversos gradus peccati. Patet
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diff changeset
571 tamen quod haec tria pertinent ad unam perfectam peccati speciem,
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diff changeset
572 cum ab eodem motivo procedant, iracundus enim, ex hoc quod appetit
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diff changeset
573 vindictam, primo quidem perturbatur in corde; secundo, in verba
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parents: 26
diff changeset
574 contumeliosa prorumpit; tertio vero, procedit usque ad facta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
575 iniuriosa. Et idem patet in luxuria, et in quolibet alio
53
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diff changeset
576 peccato.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="36592"><span class="ref">[36592] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
577 ergo dicendum quod omne peccatum cordis convenit in ratione
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diff changeset
578 occulti, et secundum hoc ponitur unus gradus. Qui tamen per tres
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parents: 26
diff changeset
579 gradus distinguitur, scilicet cogitationis, delectationis et
53
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diff changeset
580 consensus.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="36593"><span class="ref">[36593] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
581 dicendum quod peccatum oris et operis conveniunt in manifestatione,
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diff changeset
582 et propter hoc a Gregorio sub uno computantur. Hieronymus autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
583 distinguit ea, quia in peccato oris est manifestatio tantum, et
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diff changeset
584 principaliter intenta, in peccato vero operis est principaliter
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diff changeset
585 expletio interioris conceptus cordis, sed manifestatio est ex
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diff changeset
586 consequenti. Consuetudo vero et desperatio sunt gradus consequentes
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diff changeset
587 post speciem perfectam peccati, sicut adolescentia et iuventus post
53
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diff changeset
588 perfectam hominis generationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="36594"><span class="ref">[36594] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
589 dicendum quod peccatum cordis et oris non distinguuntur a peccato
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590 operis, quando simul cum eo coniunguntur, sed prout quodlibet horum
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591 per se invenitur. Sicut etiam pars motus non distinguitur a toto
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592 motu, quando motus est continuus, sed solum quando motus sistit in
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593 medio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="36595"><span class="ref">[36595] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
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594 sic proceditur. Videtur quod superabundantia et defectus non
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595 diversificent species peccatorum. Superabundantia enim et defectus
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596 differunt secundum magis et minus. Sed magis et minus non
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597 diversificant speciem. Ergo superabundantia et defectus non
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598 diversificant speciem peccatorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="36596"><span class="ref">[36596] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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599 sicut peccatum in agibilibus est ex hoc quod receditur a
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600 rectitudine rationis, ita falsitas in speculativis est ex hoc quod
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601 receditur a veritate rei. Sed non diversificatur species falsitatis
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602 ex hoc quod aliquis dicit plus vel minus esse quam sit in re. Ergo
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603 etiam non diversificatur species peccati ex hoc quod recedit a
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604 rectitudine rationis in plus vel in minus.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="36597"><span class="ref">[36597] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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605 <i>Praeterea, ex duabus speciebus non constituitur una species</i>,
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606 ut Porphyrius dicit. Sed superabundantia et defectus uniuntur in
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607 uno peccato, sunt enim simul quidam illiberales et prodigi, quorum
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608 duorum illiberalitas est peccatum secundum defectum, prodigalitas
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609 autem secundum superabundantiam. Ergo superabundantia et defectus
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610 non diversificant speciem peccatorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 8 s. c."><a name="36598"><span class="ref">[36598] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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611 contraria differunt secundum speciem, nam contrarietas est
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612 differentia secundum formam, ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Sed vitia
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613 quae differunt secundum superabundantiam et defectum, sunt
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614 contraria, sicut illiberalitas prodigalitati. Ergo differunt
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615 secundum speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 8 co."><a name="36599"><span class="ref">[36599] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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616 dicendum quod, cum in peccato sint duo, scilicet ipse actus, et
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617 inordinatio eius, prout receditur ab ordine rationis et legis
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618 divinae; species peccati attenditur non ex parte inordinationis,
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619 quae est praeter intentionem peccantis, ut supra dictum est; sed
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620 magis ex parte ipsius actus, secundum quod terminatur ad obiectum,
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621 in quod fertur intentio peccantis. Et ideo ubicumque occurrit
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622 diversum motivum inclinans intentionem ad peccandum, ibi est
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623 diversa species peccati. Manifestum est autem quod non est idem
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624 motivum ad peccandum in peccatis quae sunt secundum
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625 superabundantiam, et in peccatis quae sunt secundum defectum;
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626 quinimmo sunt contraria motiva; sicut motivum in peccato
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627 intemperantiae est amor delectationum corporalium, motivum autem in
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628 peccato insensibilitatis est odium earum. Unde huiusmodi peccata
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629 non solum differunt specie, sed etiam sunt sibi invicem
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630 contraria.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="36600"><span class="ref">[36600] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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631 ergo dicendum quod magis et minus, etsi non sint causa diversitatis
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632 speciei, consequuntur tamen quandoque species differentes, prout
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633 proveniunt ex diversis formis, sicut si dicatur quod ignis est
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634 levior aere. Unde philosophus dicit, in VIII Ethic., quod qui
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635 posuerunt non esse diversas species amicitiarum propter hoc quod
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636 dicuntur secundum magis et minus, non sufficienti crediderunt
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637 signo. Et hoc modo superexcedere rationem, vel deficere ab ea,
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638 pertinet ad diversa peccata secundum speciem, inquantum
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639 consequuntur diversa motiva.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="36601"><span class="ref">[36601] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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640 dicendum quod intentio peccantis non est ut recedat a ratione, et
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641 ideo non efficitur eiusdem rationis peccatum superabundantiae et
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642 defectus propter recessum ab eadem rationis rectitudine. Sed
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643 quandoque ille qui dicit falsum, intendit veritatem occultare, unde
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644 quantum ad hoc, non refert utrum dicat vel plus vel minus. Si tamen
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645 recedere a veritate sit praeter intentionem, tunc manifestum est
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646 quod ex diversis causis aliquis movetur ad dicendum plus vel minus,
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647 et secundum hoc diversa est ratio falsitatis. Sicut patet de
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648 iactatore, qui superexcedit dicendo falsum, quaerens gloriam; et de
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649 deceptore, qui diminuit, evadens debiti solutionem. Unde et quaedam
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650 falsae opiniones sunt sibi invicem contrariae.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="36602"><span class="ref">[36602] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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651 dicendum quod prodigus et illiberalis potest esse aliquis secundum
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652 diversa, ut scilicet sit aliquis illiberalis in accipiendo quae non
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653 debet, et prodigus in dando quae non debet. Nihil autem prohibet
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654 contraria inesse eidem secundum diversa.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="36603"><span class="ref">[36603] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
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655 sic proceditur. Videtur quod vitia et peccata diversificentur
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656 specie secundum diversas circumstantias. Quia, ut dicit Dionysius,
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657 IV cap. de Div. Nom., <i>malum contingit ex singularibus
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658 defectibus</i>. Singulares autem defectus sunt corruptiones
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659 singularum circumstantiarum. Ergo ex singulis circumstantiis
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660 corruptis singulae species peccatorum consequuntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="36604"><span class="ref">[36604] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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661 peccata sunt quidam actus humani. Sed actus humani interdum
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662 accipiunt speciem a circumstantiis, ut supra habitum est. Ergo
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663 peccata differunt specie secundum quod diversae circumstantiae
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664 corrumpuntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="36605"><span class="ref">[36605] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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665 diversae species gulae assignantur secundum particulas quae in hoc
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666 versiculo continentur, <i>praepropere, laute, nimis, ardenter,
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667 studiose</i>. Haec autem pertinent ad diversas circumstantias, nam
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668 praepropere est antequam oportet, nimis plus quam oportet, et idem
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669 patet in aliis. Ergo species peccati diversificantur secundum
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670 diversas circumstantias.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 9 s. c."><a name="36606"><span class="ref">[36606] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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671 est quod philosophus dicit, in III et IV Ethic., quod singula vitia
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672 peccant agendo et plus quam oportet, et quando non oportet, et
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673 similiter secundum omnes alias circumstantias. Non ergo secundum
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674 hoc diversificantur peccatorum species.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 9 co."><a name="36607"><span class="ref">[36607] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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675 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ubi occurrit aliud motivum ad
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676 peccandum, ibi est alia peccati species, quia motivum ad peccandum
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677 est finis et obiectum. Contingit autem quandoque quod in
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678 corruptionibus diversarum circumstantiarum est idem motivum, sicut
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679 illiberalis ab eodem movetur quod accipiat quando non oportet, et
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680 ubi non oportet, et plus quam oportet, et similiter de aliis
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681 circumstantiis; hoc enim facit propter inordinatum appetitum
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682 pecuniae congregandae. Et in talibus diversarum circumstantiarum
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683 corruptiones non diversificant species peccatorum, sed pertinent ad
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684 unam et eandem peccati speciem. Quandoque vero contingit quod
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685 corruptiones diversarum circumstantiarum proveniunt a diversis
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686 motivis. Puta quod aliquis praepropere comedat, potest provenire ex
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687 hoc quod homo non potest ferre dilationem cibi, propter facilem
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688 consumptionem humiditatis; quod vero appetat immoderatum cibum,
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689 potest contingere propter virtutem naturae potentem ad convertendum
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690 multum cibum; quod autem aliquis appetat cibos deliciosos,
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691 contingit propter appetitum delectationis quae est in cibo. Unde in
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692 talibus diversarum circumstantiarum corruptiones inducunt diversas
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693 peccati species.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="36608"><span class="ref">[36608] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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694 ergo dicendum quod malum, inquantum huiusmodi, privatio est, et
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695 ideo diversificatur specie secundum ea quae privantur, sicut et
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696 ceterae privationes. Sed peccatum non sortitur speciem ex parte
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697 privationis vel aversionis, ut supra dictum est; sed ex conversione
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698 ad obiectum actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="36609"><span class="ref">[36609] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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699 dicendum quod circumstantia nunquam transfert actum in aliam
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700 speciem, nisi quando est aliud motivum.</p><p title="I-II q. 72 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="36610"><span class="ref">[36610] Iª-IIae q. 72 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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701 dicendum quod in diversis speciebus gulae diversa sunt motiva,
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702 sicut dictum est.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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703 <p><a href="sth2071.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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704 <a href="sth2073.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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705 <br/>
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706 <hr/>
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707 <br/>
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708 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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709 hanc editionem<br/>
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710 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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711 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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712 </div></body>
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713 </html>