Aquinas: summa/latin/sth2022.html annotate

annotate summa/latin/sth2022.html @ 131:b97d856cd2bb

complete

author	ht
date	Sat, 13 Jul 2024 18:06:43 +0000
parents	71f2c033089e
children

rev	line source
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2 <!DOCTYPE html
99 71f2c033089e change dtd location for new machine ht parents: 53 diff changeset	3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/C64/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	5 <head>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	6 <meta content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" name="generator"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	7 <meta content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	8 <meta content="text/css" http-equiv="Content-Style-Type"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	16 <link type="text/css" href="vscreen.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª-IIae q.
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	19 22-25</title>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	20 </head>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars secundae partis a quaestione XXII ad
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	22 XXV</div><div class="centro">
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	23 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	24 <tr>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	25 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	26 </tr>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	27 </table>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	28 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	29 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1891 editum<br/>
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	30 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	31 magneticas<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	32 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	33 <br/></span><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	34 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	35 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	36 <p><a href="sth2006.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	37 <a href="sth2026.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	38 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	39 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	40 <!--
26 4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	41 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	42 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	43 document.write('<FORM NAME="selecter"><SELECT NAME="select1">');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	44 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">INDEX');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	45 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	46 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="index.html">Corpus Thomisticum');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	47 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="iopera.html">Opera omnia');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	48 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="zbiblia.html">Bibliographia Thomistica');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	49 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	50 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34515">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	51 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34516">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	52 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34517">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	53 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34518">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	54 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34519">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	55 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34520">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	56 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34521">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	57 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34522">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	58 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34523">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	59 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34524">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	60 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34525">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	61 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34526">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	62 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34527">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	63 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34528">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	64 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34529">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	65 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34530">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	66 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34531">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	67 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34532">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	68 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34533">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	69 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34534">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	70 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34535">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	71 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34536">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	72 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34537">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	73 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34538">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	74 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34539">I&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	75 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34540">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	76 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34541">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	77 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34542">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	78 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34543">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	79 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34544">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	80 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34545">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	81 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34546">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	82 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34547">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	83 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34548">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	84 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34549">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	85 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34550">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	86 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34551">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	87 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34552">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	88 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34553">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	89 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34554">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 2 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	90 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34555">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	91 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34556">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	92 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34557">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	93 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34558">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	94 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34559">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	95 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34560">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 3 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	96 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34561">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	97 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34562">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	98 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34563">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	99 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34564">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	100 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34565">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	101 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34566">I&ordf;-IIae q. 23 a. 4 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	102 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34567">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	103 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34568">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	104 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34569">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	105 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34570">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	106 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34571">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	107 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34572">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	108 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34573">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	109 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34574">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	110 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34575">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	111 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34576">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	112 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34577">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	113 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34578">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	114 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34579">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	115 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34580">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	116 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34581">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	117 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34582">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	118 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34583">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	119 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34584">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	120 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34585">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	121 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34586">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	122 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34587">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	123 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34588">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	124 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34589">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	125 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34590">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	126 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34591">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	127 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34592">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	128 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34593">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	129 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34594">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	130 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34595">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	131 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34596">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	132 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34597">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	133 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34598">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	134 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34599">I&ordf;-IIae q. 24 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	135 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34600">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	136 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34601">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	137 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34602">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	138 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34603">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	139 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34604">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	140 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34605">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	141 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34606">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	142 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34607">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	143 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34608">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	144 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34609">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	145 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34610">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	146 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34611">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	147 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34612">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	148 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34613">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	149 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34614">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	150 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34615">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	151 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34616">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	152 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34617">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	153 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34618">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	154 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34619">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	155 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34620">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	156 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34621">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	157 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34622">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	158 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34623">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	159 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34624">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	160 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34625">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	161 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34626">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	162 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34627">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	163 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34628">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	164 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34629">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	165 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34630">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	166 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34631">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	167 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#34632">I&ordf;-IIae q. 25 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	168 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	169 document.write('<BR><BR>');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	170 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	171 document.write('<\/FORM>');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	172 // -->
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	173 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	174 </script><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	175 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	176 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q22"><h2>Quaestio 22</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 22 pr."><a name="34515"><span class="ref">[34515]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	177 Iª-IIae q. 22 pr.</span></a> Post hoc considerandum est de
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	178 passionibus animae, et primo, in generali; secundo, in speciali. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	179 generali autem, quatuor occurrunt circa eas consideranda, primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	180 quidem, de subiecto earum; secundo, de differentia earum; tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	181 de comparatione earum ad invicem; quarto, de malitia et bonitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	182 ipsarum. Circa primum quaeruntur tria. Primo, utrum aliqua passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	183 sit in anima. Secundo, utrum magis in parte appetitiva quam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	184 apprehensiva. Tertio, utrum magis sit in appetitu sensitivo quam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	185 intellectivo, qui dicitur voluntas.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34516"><span class="ref">[34516] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	186 sic proceditur. Videtur quod nulla passio sit in anima. Pati enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	187 est proprium materiae. Sed anima non est composita ex materia et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	188 forma, ut in primo habitum est. Ergo nulla passio est in anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34517"><span class="ref">[34517] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	189 passio est motus, ut dicitur in III Physic. Sed anima non movetur,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	190 ut probatur in I de anima. Ergo passio non est in anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34518"><span class="ref">[34518] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	191 passio est via in corruptionem, nam omnis passio, magis facta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	192 abiicit a substantia, ut dicitur in libro topicorum. Sed anima est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	193 incorruptibilis. Ergo nulla passio est in anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34519"><span class="ref">[34519] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	194 est quod apostolus dicit, ad Rom. VII, <i>cum essemus in carne,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	195 passiones peccatorum, quae per legem erant, operabantur in membris
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	196 nostris</i>. Peccata autem sunt proprie in anima. Ergo et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	197 passiones, quae dicuntur peccatorum, sunt in anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 1 co."><a name="34520"><span class="ref">[34520] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	198 dicendum quod pati dicitur tripliciter. Uno modo, communiter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	199 secundum quod omne recipere est pati, etiam si nihil abiiciatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	200 re, sicut si dicatur aerem pati, quando illuminatur. Hoc autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	201 magis proprie est perfici, quam pati. Alio modo dicitur pati
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	202 proprie, quando aliquid recipitur cum alterius abiectione. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	203 contingit dupliciter. Quandoque enim abiicitur id quod non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	204 conveniens rei, sicut cum corpus animalis sanatur, dicitur pati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	205 quia recipit sanitatem, aegritudine abiecta. Alio modo, quando e
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	206 converso contingit, sicut aegrotare dicitur pati, quia recipitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	207 infirmitas, sanitate abiecta. Et hic est propriissimus modus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	208 passionis. Nam pati dicitur ex eo quod aliquid trahitur ad agentem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	209 quod autem recedit ab eo quod est sibi conveniens, maxime videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	210 ad aliud trahi. Et similiter in I de Generat. dicitur quod, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	211 ex ignobiliori generatur nobilius, est generatio simpliciter, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	212 corruptio secundum quid, e converso autem quando ex nobiliori
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	213 ignobilius generatur. Et his tribus modis contingit esse in anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	214 passionem. Nam secundum receptionem tantum dicitur quod sentire et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	215 intelligere est quoddam pati. Passio autem cum abiectione non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	216 nisi secundum transmutationem corporalem, unde passio proprie dicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	217 non potest competere animae nisi per accidens, inquantum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	218 compositum patitur. Sed et in hoc est diversitas, nam quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	219 huiusmodi transmutatio fit in deterius, magis proprie habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	220 rationem passionis, quam quando fit in melius. Unde tristitia magis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	221 proprie est passio quam laetitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34521"><span class="ref">[34521] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	222 igitur dicendum quod pati, secundum quod est cum abiectione et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	223 transmutatione, proprium est materiae, unde non invenitur nisi in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	224 compositis ex materia et forma. Sed pati prout importat receptionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	225 solam, non est necessarium quod sit materiae, sed potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	226 cuiuscumque existentis in potentia. Anima autem, etsi non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	227 composita ex materia et forma, habet tamen aliquid potentialitatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	228 secundum quam convenit sibi recipere et pati, secundum quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	229 intelligere pati est, ut dicitur in III de anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34522"><span class="ref">[34522] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	230 dicendum quod pati et moveri, etsi non conveniat animae per se,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	231 convenit tamen ei per accidens, ut in I de anima dicitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34523"><span class="ref">[34523] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	232 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de passione quae est cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	233 transmutatione ad deterius. Et huiusmodi passio animae convenire
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	234 non potest nisi per accidens, per se autem convenit composito, quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	235 est corruptibile.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34524"><span class="ref">[34524] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	236 sic proceditur. Videtur quod passio magis sit in parte animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	237 apprehensiva quam in parte appetitiva. Quod enim est primum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	238 quolibet genere videtur esse maximum eorum quae sunt in genere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	239 illo, et causa aliorum, ut dicitur in II Metaphys. Sed passio prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	240 invenitur in parte apprehensiva quam in parte appetitiva, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	241 patitur pars appetitiva, nisi passione praecedente in parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	242 apprehensiva. Ergo passio est magis in parte apprehensiva quam in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	243 parte appetitiva.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34525"><span class="ref">[34525] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	244 quod est magis activum, videtur esse minus passivum, actio enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	245 passioni opponitur. Sed pars appetitiva est magis activa quam pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	246 apprehensiva. Ergo videtur quod in parte apprehensiva magis sit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	247 passio.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="34526"><span class="ref">[34526] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	248 sicut appetitus sensitivus est virtus in organo corporali, ita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	249 vis apprehensiva sensitiva. Sed passio animae fit, proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	250 loquendo, secundum transmutationem corporalem. Ergo non magis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	251 passio in parte appetitiva sensitiva quam in apprehensiva
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	252 sensitiva.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34527"><span class="ref">[34527] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	253 est quod Augustinus dicit, in IX de Civ. Dei, quod <i>motus animi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	254 quos Graeci pathe, nostri autem quidam, sicut Cicero,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	255 perturbationes, quidam affectiones vel affectus, quidam vero, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	256 in Graeco habetur, expressius passiones vocant</i>. Ex quo patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	257 quod passiones animae sunt idem quod affectiones. Sed affectiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	258 manifeste pertinent ad partem appetitivam, et non ad apprehensivam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	259 Ergo et passiones magis sunt in appetitiva quam in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	260 apprehensiva.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 2 co."><a name="34528"><span class="ref">[34528] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	261 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, in nomine passionis importatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	262 quod patiens trahatur ad id quod est agentis. Magis autem trahitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	263 anima ad rem per vim appetitivam quam per vim apprehensivam. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	264 per vim appetitivam anima habet ordinem ad ipsas res, prout in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	265 seipsis sunt, unde philosophus dicit, in VI Metaphys., quod bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	266 et malum, quae sunt obiecta appetitivae potentiae, sunt in ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	267 rebus. Vis autem apprehensiva non trahitur ad rem, secundum quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	268 seipsa est; sed cognoscit eam secundum intentionem rei, quam in se
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	269 habet vel recipit secundum proprium modum. Unde et ibidem dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	270 quod verum et falsum, quae ad cognitionem pertinent, non sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	271 rebus, sed in mente. Unde patet quod ratio passionis magis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	272 invenitur in parte appetitiva quam in parte apprehensiva.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="34529"><span class="ref">[34529] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	273 ergo dicendum quod e contrario se habet in his quae pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	274 perfectionem, et in his quae pertinent ad defectum. Nam in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	275 ad perfectionem pertinent, attenditur intensio per accessum ad unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	276 primum principium, cui quanto est aliquid propinquius, tanto est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	277 magis intensum, sicut intensio lucidi attenditur per accessum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	278 aliquid summe lucidum, cui quanto aliquid magis appropinquat, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	279 est magis lucidum. Sed in his quae ad defectum pertinent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	280 attenditur intensio non per accessum ad aliquod summum, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	281 recessum a perfecto, quia in hoc ratio privationis et defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	282 consistit. Et ideo quanto minus recedit a primo, tanto est minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	283 intensum, et propter hoc, in principio semper invenitur parvus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	284 defectus, qui postea procedendo magis multiplicatur. Passio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	285 ad defectum pertinet, quia est alicuius secundum quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	286 potentia. Unde in his quae appropinquant primo perfecto, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	287 Deo, invenitur parum de ratione potentiae et passionis, in aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	288 autem consequenter, plus. Et sic etiam in priori vi animae,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	289 scilicet apprehensiva, invenitur minus de ratione passionis.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="34530"><span class="ref">[34530] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	290 dicendum quod vis appetitiva dicitur esse magis activa, quia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	291 magis principium exterioris actus. Et hoc habet ex hoc ipso ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	292 habet quod sit magis passiva, scilicet ex hoc quod habet ordinem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	293 rem ut est in seipsa, per actionem enim exteriorem pervenimus ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	294 consequendas res.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="34531"><span class="ref">[34531] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	295 dicendum quod, sicut in primo dictum est, dupliciter organum animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	296 potest transmutari. Uno modo, transmutatione spirituali, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	297 quod recipit intentionem rei. Et hoc per se invenitur in actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	298 apprehensivae virtutis sensitivae, sicut oculus immutatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	299 visibili, non ita quod coloretur, sed ita quod recipiat intentionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	300 coloris. Est autem alia naturalis transmutatio organi, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	301 organum transmutatur quantum ad suam naturalem dispositionem, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	302 quod calefit aut infrigidatur, vel alio simili modo transmutatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	303 Et huiusmodi transmutatio per accidens se habet ad actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	304 apprehensivae virtutis sensitivae, puta cum oculus fatigatur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	305 forti intuitu, vel dissolvitur ex vehementia visibilis. Sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	306 actum appetitus sensitivi per se ordinatur huiusmodi transmutatio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	307 unde in definitione motuum appetitivae partis, materialiter ponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	308 aliqua naturalis transmutatio organi; sicut dicitur quod ira est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	309 accensio sanguinis circa cor. Unde patet quod ratio passionis magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	310 invenitur in actu sensitivae virtutis appetitivae, quam in actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	311 sensitivae virtutis apprehensivae, licet utraque sit actus organi
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	312 corporalis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34532"><span class="ref">[34532] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	313 sic proceditur. Videtur quod passio non magis sit in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	314 sensitivo quam in appetitu intellectivo. Dicit enim Dionysius, II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	315 cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>Hierotheus ex quadam est doctus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	316 diviniore inspiratione, non solum discens, sed etiam patiens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	317 divina</i>. Sed passio divinorum non potest pertinere ad appetitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	318 sensitivum, cuius obiectum est bonum sensibile. Ergo passio est in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	319 appetitu intellectivo, sicut et in sensitivo.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34533"><span class="ref">[34533] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	320 quanto activum est potentius, tanto passio est fortior. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	321 obiectum appetitus intellectivi, quod est bonum universale, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	322 potentius activum quam obiectum appetitus sensitivi, quod est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	323 particulare. Ergo ratio passionis magis invenitur in appetitu
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	324 intellectivo quam in appetitu sensitivo.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34534"><span class="ref">[34534] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	325 gaudium et amor passiones quaedam esse dicuntur. Sed haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	326 inveniuntur in appetitu intellectivo, et non solum in sensitivo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	327 alioquin non attribuerentur in Scripturis Deo et Angelis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	328 passiones non magis sunt in appetitu sensitivo quam in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	329 intellectivo.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34535"><span class="ref">[34535] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	330 est quod dicit Damascenus, in II libro, describens animales
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	331 passiones, <i>passio est motus appetitivae virtutis sensibilis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	332 imaginatione boni vel mali. Et aliter, passio est motus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	333 irrationalis animae per suspicionem boni vel mali</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 3 co."><a name="34536"><span class="ref">[34536] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	334 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, passio proprie invenitur ubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	335 est transmutatio corporalis. Quae quidem invenitur in actibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	336 appetitus sensitivi; et non solum spiritualis, sicut est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	337 apprehensione sensitiva, sed etiam naturalis. In actu autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	338 appetitus intellectivi non requiritur aliqua transmutatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	339 corporalis, quia huiusmodi appetitus non est virtus alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	340 organi. Unde patet quod ratio passionis magis proprie invenitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	341 actu appetitus sensitivi quam intellectivi; ut etiam patet per
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	342 definitiones Damasceni inductas.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34537"><span class="ref">[34537] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	343 ergo dicendum quod passio divinorum ibi dicitur affectio ad divina,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	344 et coniunctio ad ipsa per amorem, quod tamen fit sine
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	345 transmutatione corporali.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34538"><span class="ref">[34538] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	346 dicendum quod magnitudo passionis non solum dependet ex virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	347 agentis, sed etiam ex passibilitate patientis, quia quae sunt bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	348 passibilia, multum patiuntur etiam a parvis activis. Licet ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	349 obiectum appetitus intellectivi sit magis activum quam obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	350 appetitus sensitivi, tamen appetitus sensitivus est magis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	351 passivus.</p><p title="I-II q. 22 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="34539"><span class="ref">[34539] Iª-IIae q. 22 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	352 dicendum quod amor et gaudium et alia huiusmodi, cum attribuuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	353 Deo vel Angelis, aut hominibus secundum appetitum intellectivum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	354 significant simplicem actum voluntatis cum similitudine effectus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	355 absque passione. Unde dicit Augustinus, IX de Civ. Dei, <i>sancti
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	356 Angeli et sine ira puniunt et sine miseriae compassione subveniunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	357 Et tamen, istarum nomina passionum, consuetudine locutionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	358 humanae, etiam in eos usurpantur, propter quandam operum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	359 similitudinem, non propter affectionum infirmitatem</i>.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q23"><h2>Quaestio 23</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 23 pr."><a name="34540"><span class="ref">[34540]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	360 Iª-IIae q. 23 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	361 passionum differentia ad invicem. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	362 Primo, utrum passiones quae sunt in concupiscibili, sint diversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	363 ab his quae sunt in irascibili. Secundo, utrum contrarietas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	364 passionum irascibili sit secundum contrarietatem boni et mali.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	365 Tertio, utrum sit aliqua passio non habens contrarium. Quarto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	366 utrum sint aliquae passiones differentes specie, in eadem potentia,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	367 non contrariae ad invicem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34541"><span class="ref">[34541] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	368 sic proceditur. Videtur quod passiones eaedem sint in irascibili et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	369 in concupiscibili. Dicit enim philosophus, in II Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	370 passiones animae sunt quas sequitur gaudium et tristitia. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	371 gaudium et tristitia sunt in concupiscibili. Ergo omnes passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	372 sunt in concupiscibili. Non ergo sunt aliae in irascibili, et aliae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	373 in concupiscibili.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34542"><span class="ref">[34542] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	374 Matth. XIII, super illud, <i>simile est regnum caelorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	375 fermento</i> etc., dicit Glossa Hieronymi, <i>in ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	376 possideamus prudentiam, in irascibili odium vitiorum, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	377 concupiscibili desiderium virtutum</i>. Sed odium est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	378 concupiscibili, sicut et amor, cui contrariatur, ut dicitur in II
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	379 Topic. Ergo eadem passio est in concupiscibili et irascibili.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34543"><span class="ref">[34543] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	380 passiones et actus differunt specie secundum obiecta. Sed passionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	381 irascibilis et concupiscibilis eadem obiecta sunt, scilicet bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	382 et malum. Ergo eaedem sunt passiones irascibilis et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	383 concupiscibilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34544"><span class="ref">[34544] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	384 diversarum potentiarum actus sunt specie diversi, sicut videre et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	385 audire. Sed irascibilis et concupiscibilis sunt duae potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	386 dividentes appetitum sensitivum, ut in primo dictum est. Ergo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	387 passiones sint motus appetitus sensitivi, ut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	388 passiones quae sunt in irascibili, erunt aliae secundum speciem a
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	389 passionibus quae sunt in concupiscibili.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 1 co."><a name="34545"><span class="ref">[34545] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	390 dicendum quod passiones quae sunt in irascibili et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	391 concupiscibili, differunt specie. Cum enim diversae potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	392 habeant diversa obiecta, ut in primo dictum est, necesse est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	393 passiones diversarum potentiarum ad diversa obiecta referantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	394 Unde multo magis passiones diversarum potentiarum specie differunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	395 maior enim differentia obiecti requiritur ad diversificandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	396 speciem potentiarum, quam ad diversificandam speciem passionum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	397 actuum. Sicut enim in naturalibus diversitas generis consequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	398 diversitatem potentiae materiae, diversitas autem speciei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	399 diversitatem formae in eadem materia; ita in actibus animae, actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	400 ad diversas potentias pertinentes, sunt non solum specie, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	401 genere diversi; actus autem vel passiones respicientes diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	402 obiecta specialia comprehensa sub uno communi obiecto unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	403 potentiae, differunt sicut species illius generis. Ad cognoscendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	404 ergo quae passiones sint in irascibili, et quae in concupiscibili,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	405 oportet assumere obiectum utriusque potentiae. Dictum est autem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	406 primo quod obiectum potentiae concupiscibilis est bonum vel malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	407 sensibile simpliciter acceptum, quod est delectabile vel dolorosum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	408 Sed quia necesse est quod interdum anima difficultatem vel pugnam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	409 patiatur in adipiscendo aliquod huiusmodi bonum, vel fugiendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	410 aliquod huiusmodi malum, inquantum hoc est quodammodo elevatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	411 supra facilem potestatem animalis; ideo ipsum bonum vel malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	412 secundum quod habet rationem ardui vel difficilis, est obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	413 irascibilis. Quaecumque ergo passiones respiciunt absolute bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	414 vel malum, pertinent ad concupiscibilem; ut gaudium, tristitia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	415 amor, odium, et similia. Quaecumque vero passiones respiciunt bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	416 vel malum sub ratione ardui, prout est aliquid adipiscibile vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	417 fugibile cum aliqua difficultate, pertinent ad irascibilem; ut
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	418 audacia, timor, spes, et huiusmodi.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34546"><span class="ref">[34546] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	419 ergo dicendum quod, sicut in primo dictum est, ad hoc vis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	420 irascibilis data est animalibus, ut tollantur impedimenta quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	421 concupiscibilis in suum obiectum tendere prohibetur, vel propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	422 difficultatem boni adipiscendi, vel propter difficultatem mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	423 superandi. Et ideo passiones irascibilis omnes terminantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	424 passiones concupiscibilis. Et secundum hoc, etiam passiones quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	425 sunt in irascibili, consequitur gaudium et tristitia, quae sunt in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	426 concupiscibili.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34547"><span class="ref">[34547] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	427 dicendum quod odium vitiorum attribuit Hieronymus irascibili, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	428 propter rationem odii, quae proprie competit concupiscibili; sed
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	429 propter impugnationem, quae pertinet ad irascibilem.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34548"><span class="ref">[34548] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	430 dicendum quod bonum inquantum est delectabile, movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	431 concupiscibilem. Sed si bonum habeat quandam difficultatem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	432 adipiscendum, ex hoc ipso habet aliquid repugnans concupiscibili.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	433 Et ideo necessarium fuit esse aliam potentiam quae in id tenderet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	434 Et eadem ratio est de malis. Et haec potentia est irascibilis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	435 ex consequenti passiones concupiscibilis et irascibilis specie
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	436 differunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34549"><span class="ref">[34549] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	437 sic proceditur. Videtur quod contrarietas passionum irascibilis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	438 sit nisi secundum contrarietatem boni et mali. Passiones enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	439 irascibilis ordinantur ad passiones concupiscibilis, ut dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	440 Sed passiones concupiscibilis non contrariantur nisi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	441 contrarietatem boni et mali; sicut amor et odium, gaudium et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	442 tristitia. Ergo nec passiones irascibilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34550"><span class="ref">[34550] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	443 passiones differunt secundum obiecta; sicut et motus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	444 terminos. Sed contrarietas non est in motibus nisi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	445 contrarietatem terminorum, ut patet in V Physic. Ergo neque in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	446 passionibus est contrarietas nisi secundum contrarietatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	447 obiectorum. Obiectum autem appetitus est bonum vel malum. Ergo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	448 nulla potentia appetitiva potest esse contrarietas passionum nisi
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	449 secundum contrarietatem boni et mali.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="34551"><span class="ref">[34551] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	450 <i>Praeterea, omnis passio animae attenditur secundum accessum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	451 recessum</i>, ut Avicenna dicit, in sexto de naturalibus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	452 accessus causatur ex ratione boni, recessus autem ex ratione mali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	453 quia sicut bonum est quod omnia appetunt, ut dicitur in I Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	454 ita malum est quod omnia fugiunt. Ergo contrarietas in passionibus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	455 animae non potest esse nisi secundum bonum et malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34552"><span class="ref">[34552] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	456 timor et audacia sunt contraria, ut patet in III Ethic. sed timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	457 et audacia non differunt secundum bonum et malum, quia utrumque est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	458 respectu aliquorum malorum. Ergo non omnis contrarietas passionum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	459 irascibilis est secundum contrarietatem boni et mali.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 2 co."><a name="34553"><span class="ref">[34553] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	460 dicendum quod passio quidam motus est, ut dicitur in III Physic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	461 Unde oportet contrarietatem passionum accipere secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	462 contrarietatem motuum vel mutationum. Est autem duplex contrarietas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	463 in mutationibus vel motibus, ut dicitur in V Physic. Una quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	464 secundum accessum et recessum ab eodem termino, quae quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	465 contrarietas est proprie mutationum, idest generationis, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	466 mutatio ad esse, et corruptionis, quae est mutatio ab esse. Alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	467 autem secundum contrarietatem terminorum, quae proprie est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	468 contrarietas motuum, sicut dealbatio, quae est motus a nigro in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	469 album, opponitur denigrationi, quae est motus ab albo in nigrum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	470 Sic igitur in passionibus animae duplex contrarietas invenitur, una
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	471 quidem secundum contrarietatem obiectorum, scilicet boni et mali;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	472 alia vero secundum accessum et recessum ab eodem termino. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	473 passionibus quidem concupiscibilis invenitur prima contrarietas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	474 tantum, quae scilicet est secundum obiecta, in passionibus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	475 irascibilis invenitur utraque. Cuius ratio est quia obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	476 concupiscibilis, ut supra dictum est, est bonum vel malum sensibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	477 absolute. Bonum autem, inquantum bonum, non potest esse terminus ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	478 a quo, sed solum ut ad quem, quia nihil refugit bonum inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	479 bonum, sed omnia appetunt ipsum. Similiter nihil appetit malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	480 inquantum huiusmodi, sed omnia fugiunt ipsum, et propter hoc, malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	481 non habet rationem termini ad quem, sed solum termini a quo. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	482 igitur omnis passio concupiscibilis respectu boni, est ut in ipsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	483 sicut amor, desiderium et gaudium, omnis vero passio eius respectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	484 mali, est ut ab ipso, sicut odium, fuga seu abominatio, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	485 tristitia. Unde in passionibus concupiscibilis non potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	486 contrarietas secundum accessum et recessum ab eodem obiecto. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	487 obiectum irascibilis est sensibile bonum vel malum, non quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	488 absolute, sed sub ratione difficultatis vel arduitatis, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	489 dictum est. Bonum autem arduum sive difficile habet rationem ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	490 ipsum tendatur, inquantum est bonum, quod pertinet ad passionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	491 spei; et ut ab ipso recedatur, inquantum est arduum vel difficile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	492 quod pertinet ad passionem desperationis. Similiter malum arduum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	493 habet rationem ut vitetur, inquantum est malum, et hoc pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	494 passionem timoris, habet etiam rationem ut in ipsum tendatur, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	495 in quoddam arduum, per quod scilicet aliquid evadit subiectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	496 mali, et sic tendit in ipsum audacia. Invenitur ergo in passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	497 irascibilis contrarietas secundum contrarietatem boni et mali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	498 sicut inter spem et timorem, et iterum secundum accessum et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	499 recessum ab eodem termino, sicut inter audaciam et timorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="34554"><span class="ref">[34554] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	500 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34555"><span class="ref">[34555] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	501 sic proceditur. Videtur quod omnis passio animae habeat aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	502 contrarium. Omnis enim passio animae vel est in irascibili vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	503 concupiscibili, sicut supra dictum est. Sed utraeque passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	504 habent contrarietatem suo modo. Ergo omnis passio animae habet
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	505 contrarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34556"><span class="ref">[34556] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	506 omnis passio animae habet vel bonum vel malum pro obiecto, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	507 sunt obiecta universaliter appetitivae partis. Sed passioni cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	508 obiectum est bonum, opponitur passio cuius obiectum est malum. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	509 omnis passio habet contrarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34557"><span class="ref">[34557] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	510 omnis passio animae est secundum accessum vel secundum recessum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	511 dictum est. Sed cuilibet accessui contrariatur recessus, et e
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	512 converso. Ergo omnis passio animae habet contrarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34558"><span class="ref">[34558] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	513 ira est quaedam passio animae. Sed nulla passio ponitur contraria
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	514 irae, ut patet in IV Ethic. Ergo non omnis passio habet
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	515 contrarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 3 co."><a name="34559"><span class="ref">[34559] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	516 dicendum quod singulare est in passione irae, quod non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	517 habere contrarium, neque secundum accessum et recessum, neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	518 secundum contrarietatem boni et mali. Causatur enim ira ex malo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	519 difficili iam iniacente. Ad cuius praesentiam, necesse est quod aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	520 appetitus succumbat, et sic non exit terminos tristitiae, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	521 passio concupiscibilis, aut habet motum ad invadendum malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	522 laesivum, quod pertinet ad iram. Motum autem ad fugiendum habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	523 non potest, quia iam malum ponitur praesens vel praeteritum. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	524 motui irae non contrariatur aliqua passio secundum contrarietatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	525 accessus et recessus. Similiter etiam nec secundum contrarietatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	526 boni et mali. Quia malo iam iniacenti opponitur bonum iam adeptum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	527 quod iam non potest habere rationem ardui vel difficilis. Nec post
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	528 adeptionem boni remanet alius motus, nisi quietatio appetitus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	529 bono adepto, quae pertinet ad gaudium, quod est passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	530 concupiscibilis. Unde motus irae non potest habere aliquem motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	531 animae contrarium, sed solummodo opponitur ei cessatio a motu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	532 sicut philosophus dicit, in sua rhetorica, quod <i>mitescere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	533 opponitur ei quod est irasci</i>, quod non est oppositum contrarie,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	534 sed negative vel privative.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="34560"><span class="ref">[34560] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	535 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34561"><span class="ref">[34561] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	536 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non possint in aliqua potentia esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	537 passiones specie differentes, et non contrariae ad invicem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	538 Passiones enim animae differunt secundum obiecta. Obiecta autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	539 passionum animae sunt bonum et malum, secundum quorum differentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	540 passiones habent contrarietatem. Ergo nullae passiones eiusdem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	541 potentiae, non habentes contrarietatem ad invicem, differunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	542 specie.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34562"><span class="ref">[34562] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	543 differentia speciei est differentia secundum formam. Sed omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	544 differentia secundum formam, est secundum aliquam contrarietatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	545 ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Ergo passiones eiusdem potentiae quae non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	546 sunt contrariae, non differunt specie.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34563"><span class="ref">[34563] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	547 cum omnis passio animae consistat in accessu vel recessu ad bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	548 vel ad malum, necesse videtur quod omnis differentia passionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	549 animae sit vel secundum differentiam boni et mali; vel secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	550 differentiam accessus et recessus; vel secundum maiorem vel minorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	551 accessum aut recessum. Sed primae duae differentiae inducunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	552 contrarietatem in passionibus animae, ut dictum est. Tertia autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	553 differentia non diversificat speciem, quia sic essent infinitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	554 species passionum animae. Ergo non potest esse quod passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	555 eiusdem potentiae animae differant specie, et non sint
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	556 contrariae.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34564"><span class="ref">[34564] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	557 amor et gaudium differunt specie, et sunt in concupiscibili. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	558 tamen contrariantur ad invicem, quin potius unum est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	559 alterius. Ergo sunt aliquae passiones eiusdem potentiae quae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	560 differunt specie, nec sunt contrariae.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 4 co."><a name="34565"><span class="ref">[34565] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	561 dicendum quod passiones differunt secundum activa, quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	562 obiecta passionum animae. Differentia autem activorum potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	563 attendi dupliciter, uno modo, secundum speciem vel naturam ipsorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	564 activorum, sicut ignis differt ab aqua; alio modo, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	565 diversam virtutem activam. Diversitas autem activi vel motivi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	566 quantum ad virtutem movendi, potest accipi in passionibus animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	567 secundum similitudinem agentium naturalium. Omne enim movens trahit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	568 quodammodo ad se patiens, vel a se repellit. Trahendo quidem ad se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	569 tria facit in ipso. Nam primo quidem, dat ei inclinationem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	570 aptitudinem ut in ipsum tendat, sicut cum corpus leve, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	571 sursum, dat levitatem corpori generato, per quam habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	572 inclinationem vel aptitudinem ad hoc quod sit sursum. Secundo, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	573 corpus generatum est extra locum proprium, dat ei moveri ad locum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	574 Tertio, dat ei quiescere, in locum cum pervenerit, quia ex eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	575 causa aliquid quiescit in loco, per quam movebatur ad locum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	576 similiter intelligendum est de causa repulsionis. In motibus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	577 appetitivae partis, bonum habet quasi virtutem attractivam, malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	578 autem virtutem repulsivam. Bonum ergo primo quidem in potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	579 appetitiva causat quandam inclinationem, seu aptitudinem, seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	580 connaturalitatem ad bonum, quod pertinet ad passionem amoris. Cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	581 per contrarium respondet odium, ex parte mali. Secundo, si bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	582 sit nondum habitum, dat ei motum ad assequendum bonum amatum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	583 hoc pertinet ad passionem desiderii vel concupiscentiae. Et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	584 opposito, ex parte mali, est fuga vel abominatio. Tertio, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	585 adeptum fuerit bonum, dat appetitus quietationem quandam in ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	586 bono adepto, et hoc pertinet ad delectationem vel gaudium. Cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	587 opponitur ex parte mali dolor vel tristitia. In passionibus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	588 irascibilis, praesupponitur quidem aptitudo vel inclinatio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	589 prosequendum bonum vel fugiendum malum, ex concupiscibili, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	590 absolute respicit bonum vel malum. Et respectu boni nondum adepti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	591 est spes et desperatio. Respectu autem mali nondum iniacentis, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	592 timor et audacia. Respectu autem boni adepti, non est aliqua passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	593 in irascibili, quia iam non habet rationem ardui, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	594 est. Sed ex malo iam iniacenti, sequitur passio irae. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	595 patet quod in concupiscibili sunt tres coniugationes passionum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	596 scilicet amor et odium, desiderium et fuga gaudium et tristitia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	597 Similiter in irascibili sunt tres, scilicet spes et desperatio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	598 timor et audacia, et ira, cui nulla passio opponitur. Sunt ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	599 omnes passiones specie differentes undecim, sex quidem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	600 concupiscibili, et quinque in irascibili; sub quibus omnes animae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	601 passiones continentur.</p><p title="I-II q. 23 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="34566"><span class="ref">[34566] Iª-IIae q. 23 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	602 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q24"><h2>Quaestio 24</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 24 pr."><a name="34567"><span class="ref">[34567]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	603 Iª-IIae q. 24 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de bono
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	604 et malo circa passiones animae. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	605 Primo, utrum bonum et malum morale possit in passionibus animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	606 inveniri. Secundo, utrum omnis passio animae sit mala moraliter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	607 Tertio, utrum omnis passio addat, vel diminuat, ad bonitatem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	608 malitiam actus. Quarto, utrum aliqua passio sit bona vel mala ex
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	609 sua specie.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34568"><span class="ref">[34568] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	610 sic proceditur. Videtur quod nulla passio animae sit bona vel mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	611 moraliter. Bonum enim et malum morale est proprium hominis, mores
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	612 enim proprie dicuntur humani, ut Ambrosius dicit, super Lucam. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	613 passiones non sunt propriae hominum, sed sunt etiam aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	614 animalibus communes. Ergo nulla passio animae est bona vel mala
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	615 moraliter.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34569"><span class="ref">[34569] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	616 bonum vel malum hominis est secundum rationem esse, vel praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	617 rationem esse, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	618 passiones animae non sunt in ratione, sed in appetitu sensitivo, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	619 supra dictum est. Ergo non pertinent ad bonum vel malum hominis,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	620 quod est bonum morale.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34570"><span class="ref">[34570] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	621 philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod <i>passionibus neque laudamur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	622 neque vituperamur</i>. Sed secundum bona et mala moralia, laudamur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	623 et vituperamur. Ergo passiones non sunt bonae vel malae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	624 moraliter.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34571"><span class="ref">[34571] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	625 est quod Augustinus dicit, in XIV de Civ. Dei, de passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	626 animae loquens <i>mala sunt ista, si malus est amor; bona, si
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	627 bonus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 1 co."><a name="34572"><span class="ref">[34572] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	628 dicendum quod passiones animae dupliciter possunt considerari, uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	629 modo, secundum se; alio modo, secundum quod subiacent imperio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	630 rationis et voluntatis. Si igitur secundum se considerentur, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	631 scilicet sunt motus quidam irrationalis appetitus, sic non est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	632 eis bonum vel malum morale, quod dependet a ratione, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	633 dictum est. Si autem considerentur secundum quod subiacent imperio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	634 rationis et voluntatis, sic est in eis bonum et malum morale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	635 Propinquior enim est appetitus sensitivus ipsi rationi et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	636 voluntati, quam membra exteriora; quorum tamen motus et actus sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	637 boni vel mali moraliter, secundum quod sunt voluntarii. Unde multo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	638 magis et ipsae passiones, secundum quod sunt voluntariae, possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	639 dici bonae vel malae moraliter. Dicuntur autem voluntariae vel ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	640 eo quod a voluntate imperantur, vel ex eo quod a voluntate non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	641 prohibentur.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34573"><span class="ref">[34573] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	642 ergo dicendum quod istae passiones secundum se consideratae, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	643 communes hominibus et aliis animalibus, sed secundum quod a ratione
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	644 imperantur, sunt propriae hominum.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34574"><span class="ref">[34574] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	645 dicendum quod etiam inferiores vires appetitivae dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	646 rationales, secundum quod participant aliqualiter rationem, ut
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	647 dicitur in I Ethic.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34575"><span class="ref">[34575] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	648 dicendum quod philosophus dicit quod non laudamur aut vituperamur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	649 secundum passiones absolute consideratas, sed non removet quin
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	650 possint fieri laudabiles vel vituperabiles secundum quod a ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	651 ordinantur. Unde subdit, <i>non enim laudatur aut vituperatur qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	652 timet aut irascitur, sed qui aliqualiter</i>, idest secundum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	653 rationem vel praeter rationem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34576"><span class="ref">[34576] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	654 sic proceditur. Videtur quod omnes passiones animae sint malae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	655 moraliter. Dicit enim Augustinus, IX de Civ. Dei, quod <i>passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	656 animae quidam vocant morbos vel perturbationes animae</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	657 omnis morbus vel perturbatio animae est aliquid malum moraliter.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	658 Ergo omnis passio animae moraliter mala est.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34577"><span class="ref">[34577] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	659 Damascenus dicit quod <i>operatio quidem qui secundum naturam motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	660 est, passio vero qui praeter naturam</i>. Sed quod est praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	661 naturam in motibus animae, habet rationem peccati et mali moralis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	662 unde ipse alibi dicit quod <i>Diabolus versus est ex eo quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	663 secundum naturam, in id quod est praeter naturam</i>. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	664 huiusmodi passiones sunt malae moraliter.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="34578"><span class="ref">[34578] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	665 omne quod inducit ad peccatum, habet rationem mali. Sed huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	666 passiones inducunt ad peccatum, unde Rom. VII dicuntur passiones
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	667 peccatorum. Ergo videtur quod sint malae moraliter.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34579"><span class="ref">[34579] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	668 est quod Augustinus dicit, in XIV de Civ. Dei, quod <i>rectus amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	669 omnes istas affectiones rectas habet. Metuunt enim peccare, cupiunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	670 perseverare, dolent in peccatis, gaudent in operibus bonis</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 2 co."><a name="34580"><span class="ref">[34580] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	671 dicendum quod circa hanc quaestionem diversa fuit sententia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	672 Stoicorum et Peripateticorum, nam Stoici dixerunt omnes passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	673 esse malas; Peripatetici vero dixerunt passiones moderatas esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	674 bonas. Quae quidem differentia, licet magna videatur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	675 vocem, tamen secundum rem vel nulla est, vel parva, si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	676 utrorumque intentiones consideret. Stoici enim non discernebant
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	677 inter sensum et intellectum; et per consequens nec inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	678 intellectivum appetitum et sensitivum. Unde non discernebant
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	679 passiones animae a motibus voluntatis secundum hoc quod passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	680 animae sunt in appetitu sensitivo, simplices autem motus voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	681 sunt in intellectivo; sed omnem rationabilem motum appetitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	682 partis vocabant voluntatem, passionem autem dicebant motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	683 progredientem extra limites rationis. Et ideo, eorum sententiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	684 sequens, Tullius, in III libro de Tusculanis quaestionibus, omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	685 passiones vocat animae morbos. Ex quo argumentatur quod qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	686 <i>morbosi sunt, sani non sunt; et qui sani non sunt, insipientes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	687 sunt</i>. Unde et insipientes insanos dicimus. Peripatetici vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	688 omnes motus appetitus sensitivi passiones vocant. Unde eas bonas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	689 aestimant, cum sunt a ratione moderatae; malas autem, cum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	690 praeter moderationem rationis. Ex quo patet quod Tullius, in eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	691 libro, Peripateticorum sententiam, qui approbabant mediocritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	692 passionum, inconvenienter improbat, dicens quod <i>omne malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	693 etiam mediocre, vitandum est, nam sicut corpus, etiamsi mediocriter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	694 aegrum est, sanum non est; sic ista mediocritas morborum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	695 passionum animae, sana non est</i>. Non enim passiones dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	696 morbi vel perturbationes animae, nisi cum carent moderatione
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	697 rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="34581"><span class="ref">[34581] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	698 responsio ad primum.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="34582"><span class="ref">[34582] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	699 dicendum quod in omni passione animae additur aliquid, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	700 diminuitur a naturali motu cordis, inquantum cor intensius vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	701 remissius movetur, secundum systolen aut diastolen, et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	702 habet passionis rationem. Non tamen oportet quod passio semper
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	703 declinet ab ordine naturalis rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="34583"><span class="ref">[34583] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	704 dicendum quod passiones animae, inquantum sunt praeter ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	705 rationis, inclinant ad peccatum, inquantum autem sunt ordinatae a
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	706 ratione, pertinent ad virtutem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34584"><span class="ref">[34584] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	707 sic proceditur. Videtur quod passio quaecumque semper diminuat de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	708 bonitate actus moralis. Omne enim quod impedit iudicium rationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	709 ex quo dependet bonitas actus moralis, diminuit per consequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	710 bonitatem actus moralis. Sed omnis passio impedit iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	711 rationis, dicit enim Sallustius, in Catilinario, <i>omnes homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	712 qui de rebus dubiis consultant, ab odio, ira, amicitia atque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	713 misericordia vacuos esse decet</i>. Ergo omnis passio diminuit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	714 bonitatem moralis actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34585"><span class="ref">[34585] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	715 actus hominis, quanto est Deo similior, tanto est melior, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	716 dicit apostolus, Ephes. V, <i>estote imitatores Dei, sicut filii
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	717 carissimi. Sed Deus et sancti Angeli sine ira puniunt, sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	718 miseriae compassione subveniunt</i> ut Augustinus dicit, in IX de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	719 Civ. Dei. Ergo est melius huiusmodi opera bona agere sine passione
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	720 animae, quam cum passione.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34586"><span class="ref">[34586] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	721 sicut malum morale attenditur per ordinem ad rationem, ita et bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	722 morale. Sed malum morale diminuitur per passionem, minus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	723 peccat qui peccat ex passione, quam qui peccat ex industria. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	724 maius bonum operatur qui operatur bonum sine passione, quam qui
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	725 operatur cum passione.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34587"><span class="ref">[34587] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	726 est quod Augustinus dicit, IX de Civ. Dei, quod <i>passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	727 misericordiae rationi deservit, quando ita praebetur misericordia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	728 ut iustitia conservetur, sive cum indigenti tribuitur, sive cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	729 ignoscitur poenitenti</i>. Sed nihil quod deservit rationi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	730 diminuit bonum morale. Ergo passio animae non diminuit bonum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	731 moris.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 3 co."><a name="34588"><span class="ref">[34588] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	732 dicendum quod Stoici, sicut ponebant omnem passionem animae esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	733 malam, ita ponebant consequenter omnem passionem animae diminuere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	734 actus bonitatem, omne enim bonum ex permixtione mali vel totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	735 tollitur, vel fit minus bonum. Et hoc quidem verum est, si dicamus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	736 passiones animae solum inordinatos motus sensitivi appetitus, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	737 sunt perturbationes seu aegritudines. Sed si passiones simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	738 nominemus omnes motus appetitus sensitivi, sic ad perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	739 humani boni pertinet quod etiam ipsae passiones sint moderatae per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	740 rationem. Cum enim bonum hominis consistat in ratione sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	741 radice, tanto istud bonum erit perfectius, quanto ad plura quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	742 homini conveniunt, derivari potest. Unde nullus dubitat quin ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	743 perfectionem moralis boni pertineat quod actus exteriorum membrorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	744 per rationis regulam dirigantur. Unde, cum appetitus sensitivus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	745 possit obedire rationi, ut supra dictum est, ad perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	746 moralis sive humani boni pertinet quod etiam ipsae passiones animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	747 sint regulatae per rationem. Sicut igitur melius est quod homo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	748 velit bonum, et faciat exteriori actu; ita etiam ad perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	749 boni moralis pertinet quod homo ad bonum moveatur non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	750 secundum voluntatem, sed etiam secundum appetitum sensitivum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	751 secundum illud quod in Psalmo LXXXIII, dicitur, <i>cor meum et caro
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	752 mea exultaverunt in Deum vivum</i>, ut cor accipiamus pro appetitu
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	753 intellectivo, carnem autem pro appetitu sensitivo.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34589"><span class="ref">[34589] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	754 ergo dicendum quod passiones animae dupliciter se possunt habere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	755 iudicium rationis. Uno modo, antecedenter. Et sic, cum obnubilent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	756 iudicium rationis, ex quo dependet bonitas moralis actus, diminuunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	757 actus bonitatem, laudabilius enim est quod ex iudicio rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	758 aliquis faciat opus caritatis, quam ex sola passione misericordiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	759 Alio modo se habent consequenter. Et hoc dupliciter. Uno modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	760 modum redundantiae, quia scilicet, cum superior pars animae intense
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	761 movetur in aliquid, sequitur motum eius etiam pars inferior. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	762 passio existens consequenter in appetitu sensitivo, est signum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	763 intensionis voluntatis. Et sic indicat bonitatem moralem maiorem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	764 Alio modo, per modum electionis, quando scilicet homo ex iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	765 rationis eligit affici aliqua passione, ut promptius operetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	766 cooperante appetitu sensitivo. Et sic passio animae addit ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	767 bonitatem actionis.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34590"><span class="ref">[34590] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	768 dicendum quod in Deo et in Angelis non est appetitus sensitivus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	769 neque etiam membra corporea, et ideo bonum in eis non attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	770 secundum ordinationem passionum aut corporeorum actuum, sicut in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	771 nobis.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="34591"><span class="ref">[34591] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	772 dicendum quod passio tendens in malum, praecedens iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	773 rationis, diminuit peccatum, sed consequens aliquo praedictorum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	774 modorum, auget ipsum, vel significat augmentum eius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34592"><span class="ref">[34592] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	775 sic proceditur. Videtur quod nulla passio animae, secundum speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	776 suam, sit bona vel mala moraliter. Bonum enim et malum morale
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	777 attenditur secundum rationem. Sed passiones sunt in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	778 sensitivo, et ita id quod est secundum rationem, accidit eis. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	779 ergo nihil quod est per accidens, pertineat ad speciem rei; videtur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	780 quod nulla passio secundum suam speciem sit bona vel mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34593"><span class="ref">[34593] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	781 actus et passiones habent speciem ex obiecto. Si ergo aliqua passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	782 secundum suam speciem esset bona vel mala, oporteret quod passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	783 quarum obiectum est bonum, bonae essent secundum suam speciem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	784 amor, desiderium et gaudium; et passiones quarum obiectum est malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	785 essent malae secundum suam speciem, ut odium, timor et tristitia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	786 Sed hoc patet esse falsum. Non ergo aliqua passio est bona vel mala
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	787 ex sua specie.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34594"><span class="ref">[34594] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	788 nulla species passionum est quae non inveniatur in aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	789 animalibus. Sed bonum morale non invenitur nisi in homine. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	790 nulla passio animae bona est vel mala ex sua specie.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34595"><span class="ref">[34595] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	791 est quod Augustinus dicit, IX de Civ. Dei, quod <i>misericordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	792 pertinet ad virtutem</i>. Philosophus etiam dicit, in II Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	793 quod verecundia est passio laudabilis. Ergo aliquae passiones sunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	794 bonae vel malae secundum suam speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 4 co."><a name="34596"><span class="ref">[34596] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	795 dicendum quod sicut de actibus dictum est, ita et de passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	796 dicendum videtur, quod scilicet species actus vel passionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	797 dupliciter considerari potest. Uno modo, secundum quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	798 genere naturae, et sic bonum vel malum morale non pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	799 speciem actus vel passionis. Alio modo, secundum quod pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	800 genus moris, prout scilicet participant aliquid de voluntario et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	801 iudicio rationis. Et hoc modo bonum et malum morale possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	802 pertinere ad speciem passionis, secundum quod accipitur ut obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	803 passionis aliquid de se conveniens rationi, vel dissonum a ratione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	804 sicut patet de verecundia, quae est timor turpis; et de invidia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	805 quae est tristitia de bono alterius. Sic enim pertinent ad speciem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	806 exterioris actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="34597"><span class="ref">[34597] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	807 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de passionibus secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	808 pertinent ad speciem naturae, prout scilicet appetitus sensitivus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	809 in se consideratur. Secundum vero quod appetitus sensitivus obedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	810 rationi, iam bonum et malum rationis non est in passionibus eius
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	811 per accidens, sed per se.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="34598"><span class="ref">[34598] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	812 dicendum quod passiones quae in bonum tendunt, si sit verum bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	813 sunt bonae, et similiter quae a vero malo recedunt. E converso vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	814 passiones quae sunt per recessum a bono, et per accessum ad malum,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	815 sunt malae.</p><p title="I-II q. 24 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="34599"><span class="ref">[34599] Iª-IIae q. 24 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	816 dicendum quod in brutis animalibus appetitus sensitivus non obedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	817 rationi. Et tamen inquantum ducitur quadam aestimativa naturali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	818 quae subiicitur rationi superiori, scilicet divinae, est in eis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	819 quaedam similitudo moralis boni, quantum ad animae passiones.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q25"><h2>Quaestio 25</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 25 pr."><a name="34600"><span class="ref">[34600]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	820 Iª-IIae q. 25 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	821 ordine passionum ad invicem. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	822 Primo, de ordine passionum irascibilis ad passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	823 concupiscibilis. Secundo, de ordine passionum concupiscibilis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	824 invicem. Tertio, de ordine passionum irascibilis ad invicem.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	825 Quarto, de quatuor principalibus passionibus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34601"><span class="ref">[34601] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	826 sic proceditur. Videtur quod passiones irascibilis sint priores
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	827 passionibus concupiscibilis. Ordo enim passionum est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	828 ordinem obiectorum. Sed obiectum irascibilis est bonum arduum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	829 videtur esse supremum inter alia bona. Ergo passiones irascibilis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	830 videntur praeesse passionibus concupiscibilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34602"><span class="ref">[34602] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	831 movens est prius moto. Sed irascibilis comparatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	832 concupiscibilem sicut movens ad motum, ad hoc enim datur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	833 animalibus, ut tollantur impedimenta quibus concupiscibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	834 prohibetur frui suo obiecto, ut supra dictum est; removens autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	835 prohibens habet rationem moventis, ut dicitur in VIII Physic. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	836 passiones irascibilis sunt priores passionibus concupiscibilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34603"><span class="ref">[34603] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	837 gaudium et tristitia sunt passiones concupiscibilis. Sed gaudium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	838 tristitia consequuntur ad passiones irascibilis, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	839 philosophus, in IV Ethic., quod <i>punitio quietat impetum irae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	840 delectationem loco tristitiae faciens</i>. Ergo passiones
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	841 concupiscibilis sunt posteriores passionibus irascibilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34604"><span class="ref">[34604] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	842 passiones concupiscibilis respiciunt bonum absolutum, passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	843 autem irascibilis respiciunt bonum contractum, scilicet arduum. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	844 igitur bonum simpliciter sit prius quam bonum contractum, videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	845 quod passiones concupiscibilis sint priores passionibus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	846 irascibilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 1 co."><a name="34605"><span class="ref">[34605] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	847 dicendum quod passiones concupiscibilis ad plura se habent quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	848 passiones irascibilis. Nam in passionibus concupiscibilis invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	849 aliquid pertinens ad motum, sicut desiderium; et aliquid pertinens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	850 ad quietem, sicut gaudium et tristitia. Sed in passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	851 irascibilis non invenitur aliquid pertinens ad quietem, sed solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	852 pertinens ad motum. Cuius ratio est quia id in quo iam quiescitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	853 non habet rationem difficilis seu ardui, quod est obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	854 irascibilis. Quies autem, cum sit finis motus, est prior in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	855 intentione, sed posterior in executione. Si ergo comparentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	856 passiones irascibilis ad passiones concupiscibilis quae significant
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	857 quietem in bono; manifeste passiones irascibilis praecedunt, ordine
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	858 executionis, huiusmodi passiones concupiscibilis, sicut spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	859 praecedit gaudium, unde et causat ipsum, secundum illud apostoli,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	860 Rom. XII, <i>spe gaudentes</i>. Sed passio concupiscibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	861 importans quietem in malo, scilicet tristitia, media est inter duas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	862 passiones irascibilis. Sequitur enim timorem, cum enim occurrerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	863 malum quod timebatur, causatur tristitia. Praecedit autem motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	864 irae, quia cum ex tristitia praecedente aliquis insurgit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	865 vindictam, hoc pertinet ad motum irae. Et quia rependere vicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	866 malis, apprehenditur ut bonum; cum iratus hoc consecutus fuerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	867 gaudet. Et sic manifestum est quod omnis passio irascibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	868 terminatur ad passionem concupiscibilis pertinentem ad quietem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	869 scilicet vel ad gaudium vel ad tristitiam. Sed si comparentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	870 passiones irascibilis ad passiones concupiscibilis quae important
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	871 motum, sic manifeste passiones concupiscibilis sunt priores, eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	872 quod passiones irascibilis addunt supra passiones concupiscibilis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	873 sicut et obiectum irascibilis addit supra obiectum concupiscibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	874 arduitatem sive difficultatem. Spes enim supra desiderium addit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	875 quendam conatum, et quandam elevationem animi ad consequendum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	876 arduum. Et similiter timor addit supra fugam seu abominationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	877 quandam depressionem animi, propter difficultatem mali. Sic ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	878 passiones irascibilis mediae sunt inter passiones concupiscibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	879 quae important motum in bonum vel in malum; et inter passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	880 concupiscibilis quae important quietem in bono vel in malo. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	881 patet quod passiones irascibilis et principium habent a passionibus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	882 concupiscibilis, et in passiones concupiscibilis terminantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34606"><span class="ref">[34606] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	883 ergo dicendum quod illa ratio procederet, si de ratione obiecti
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	884 concupiscibilis esset aliquid oppositum arduo, sicut de ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	885 obiecti irascibilis est quod sit arduum. Sed quia obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	886 concupiscibilis est bonum absolute, prius naturaliter est quam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	887 obiectum irascibilis, sicut commune proprio.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34607"><span class="ref">[34607] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	888 dicendum quod removens prohibens non est movens per se, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	889 accidens. Nunc autem loquimur de ordine passionum per se. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	890 praeterea irascibilis removet prohibens quietem concupiscibilis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	891 suo obiecto. Unde ex hoc non sequitur nisi quod passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	892 irascibilis praecedunt passiones concupiscibilis ad quietem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	893 pertinentes.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34608"><span class="ref">[34608] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> De quibus
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	894 etiam tertia ratio procedit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34609"><span class="ref">[34609] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	895 sic proceditur. Videtur quod amor non sit prima passionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	896 concupiscibilis. Vis enim concupiscibilis a concupiscentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	897 denominatur, quae est eadem passio cum desiderio. Sed denominatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	898 fit a potiori, ut dicitur in II de anima. Ergo concupiscentia est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	899 potior amore.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34610"><span class="ref">[34610] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	900 amor unionem quandam importat, est enim vis unitiva et concretiva,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	901 ut Dionysius dicit, in IV cap. de Div. Nom. Sed concupiscentia vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	902 desiderium est motus ad unionem rei concupitae vel desideratae.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	903 Ergo concupiscentia est prior amore.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="34611"><span class="ref">[34611] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	904 causa est prior effectu. Sed delectatio est quandoque causa amoris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	905 quidam enim propter delectationem amant, ut dicitur in VIII Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	906 Ergo delectatio est prior amore. Non ergo prima inter passiones
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	907 concupiscibilis est amor.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34612"><span class="ref">[34612] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	908 est quod Augustinus dicit, in XIV de Civ. Dei, quod omnes passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	909 ex amore causantur, <i>amor enim inhians habere quod amatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	910 cupiditas est; id autem habens, eoque fruens, laetitia est</i>.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	911 Amor ergo est prima passionum concupiscibilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 2 co."><a name="34613"><span class="ref">[34613] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	912 dicendum quod obiectum concupiscibilis sunt bonum et malum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	913 Naturaliter autem est prius bonum malo, eo quod malum est privatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	914 boni. Unde et omnes passiones quarum obiectum est bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	915 naturaliter sunt priores passionibus quarum obiectum est malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	916 unaquaeque scilicet sua opposita, quia enim bonum quaeritur, ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	917 refutatur oppositum malum. Bonum autem habet rationem finis, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	918 quidem est prior in intentione, sed est posterior in consecutione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	919 Potest ergo ordo passionum concupiscibilis attendi vel secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	920 intentionem, vel secundum consecutionem. Secundum quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	921 consecutionem, illud est prius quod primo fit in eo quod tendit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	922 finem. Manifestum est autem quod omne quod tendit ad finem aliquem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	923 primo quidem habet aptitudinem seu proportionem ad finem, nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	924 enim tendit in finem non proportionatum; secundo, movetur ad finem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	925 tertio, quiescit in fine post eius consecutionem. Ipsa autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	926 aptitudo sive proportio appetitus ad bonum est amor, qui nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	927 aliud est quam complacentia boni; motus autem ad bonum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	928 desiderium vel concupiscentia; quies autem in bono est gaudium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	929 delectatio. Et ideo secundum hunc ordinem, amor praecedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	930 desiderium, et desiderium praecedit delectationem. Sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	931 ordinem intentionis, est e converso, nam delectatio intenta causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	932 desiderium et amorem. Delectatio enim est fruitio boni, quae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	933 quodammodo est finis sicut et ipsum bonum, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="34614"><span class="ref">[34614] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	934 ergo dicendum quod hoc modo nominatur aliquid, secundum quod nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	935 innotescit, voces enim sunt signa intellectuum, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	936 philosophum. Nos autem, ut plurimum, per effectum cognoscimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	937 causam. Effectus autem amoris, quando quidem habetur ipsum amatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	938 est delectatio, quando vero non habetur, est desiderium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	939 concupiscentia. Ut autem Augustinus dicit, in X de Trin., <i>amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	940 magis sentitur, cum eum prodit indigentia</i>. Unde inter omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	941 passiones concupiscibilis, magis sensibilis est concupiscentia. Et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	942 propter hoc, ab ea denominatur potentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="34615"><span class="ref">[34615] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	943 dicendum quod duplex est unio amati ad amantem. Una quidem realis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	944 secundum scilicet coniunctionem ad rem ipsam. Et talis unio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	945 pertinet ad gaudium vel delectationem, quae sequitur desiderium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	946 Alia autem est unio affectiva, quae est secundum aptitudinem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	947 proportionem, prout scilicet ex hoc quod aliquid habet aptitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	948 ad alterum et inclinationem, iam participat aliquid eius. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	949 amor unionem importat. Quae quidem unio praecedit motum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	950 desiderii.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="34616"><span class="ref">[34616] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	951 dicendum quod delectatio causat amorem, secundum quod est prior in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	952 intentione.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34617"><span class="ref">[34617] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	953 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes non sit prima inter passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	954 irascibilis. Vis enim irascibilis ab ira denominatur. Cum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	955 denominatio fiat a potiori, videtur quod ira sit potior et prior
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	956 quam spes.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34618"><span class="ref">[34618] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	957 arduum est obiectum irascibilis. Sed magis videtur esse arduum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	958 aliquis conetur superare malum contrarium quod imminet ut futurum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	959 quod pertinet ad audaciam; vel quod iniacet iam ut praesens, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	960 pertinet ad iram; quam quod conetur acquirere simpliciter aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	961 bonum. Et similiter magis videtur esse arduum quod conetur vincere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	962 malum praesens, quam malum futurum. Ergo ira videtur esse potior
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	963 passio quam audacia, et audacia quam spes. Et sic spes non videtur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	964 esse prior.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34619"><span class="ref">[34619] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	965 prius occurrit, in motu ad finem, recessus a termino, quam accessus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	966 ad terminum. Sed timor et desperatio important recessum ab aliquo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	967 audacia autem et spes important accessum ad aliquid. Ergo timor et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	968 desperatio praecedunt spem et audaciam.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34620"><span class="ref">[34620] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	969 quanto aliquid est propinquius primo, tanto est prius. Sed spes est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	970 propinquior amori, qui est prima passionum. Ergo spes est prior
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	971 inter omnes passiones irascibilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 3 co."><a name="34621"><span class="ref">[34621] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	972 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, omnes passiones irascibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	973 important motum in aliquid. Motus autem ad aliquid in irascibili
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	974 potest causari ex duobus, uno modo, ex sola aptitudine seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	975 proportione ad finem, quae pertinet ad amorem vel odium; alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	976 ex praesentia ipsius boni vel mali, quae pertinet ad tristitiam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	977 gaudium. Et quidem ex praesentia boni non causatur aliqua passio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	978 irascibili, ut dictum est, sed ex praesentia mali causatur passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	979 irae. Quia igitur in via generationis seu consecutionis, proportio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	980 vel aptitudo ad finem praecedit consecutionem finis; inde est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	981 ira, inter omnes passiones irascibilis, est ultima, ordine
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	982 generationis. Inter alias autem passiones irascibilis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	983 important motum consequentem amorem vel odium boni vel mali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	984 oportet quod passiones quarum obiectum est bonum, scilicet spes et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	985 desperatio, sint naturaliter priores passionibus quarum obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	986 est malum, scilicet audacia et timore. Ita tamen quod spes est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	987 prior desperatione, quia spes est motus in bonum secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	988 boni quod de sua ratione est attractivum, et ideo est motus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	989 bonum per se; desperatio autem est recessus a bono, qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	990 competit bono secundum quod est bonum, sed secundum aliquid aliud,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	991 unde est quasi per accidens. Et eadem ratione, timor, cum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	992 recessus a malo, est prior quam audacia. Quod autem spes et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	993 desperatio sint naturaliter priores quam timor et audacia, ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	994 manifestum est, quod, sicut appetitus boni est ratio quare vitetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	995 malum, ita etiam spes et desperatio sunt ratio timoris et audaciae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	996 nam audacia consequitur spem victoriae, et timor consequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	997 desperationem vincendi. Ira autem consequitur audaciam, nullus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	998 irascitur vindictam appetens, nisi audeat vindicare, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	999 Avicenna dicit, in sexto de naturalibus. Sic ergo patet quod spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1000 est prima inter omnes passiones irascibilis. Et si ordinem omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1001 passionum secundum viam generationis, scire velimus, primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1002 occurrunt amor et odium; secundo, desiderium et fuga; tertio, spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1003 et desperatio; quarto, timor et audacia; quinto, ira; sexto et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1004 ultimo, gaudium et tristitia, quae consequuntur ad omnes passiones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1005 ut dicitur in II Ethic. Ita tamen quod amor est prior odio, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1006 desiderium fuga, et spes desperatione, et timor audacia, et gaudium
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1007 quam tristitia, ut ex praedictis colligi potest.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34622"><span class="ref">[34622] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1008 ergo dicendum quod, quia ira causatur ex aliis passionibus sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1009 effectus a causis praecedentibus, ideo ab ea, tanquam a
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1010 manifestiori, denominatur potentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34623"><span class="ref">[34623] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1011 dicendum quod arduum non est ratio accedendi vel appetendi, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1012 potius bonum. Et ideo spes, quae directius respicit bonum, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1013 prior, quamvis audacia aliquando sit in magis arduum, vel etiam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1014 ira.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="34624"><span class="ref">[34624] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1015 dicendum quod appetitus primo et per se movetur in bonum, sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1016 proprium obiectum; et ex hoc causatur quod recedat a malo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1017 Proportionatur enim motus appetitivae partis, non quidem motui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1018 naturali, sed intentioni naturae; quae per prius intendit finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1019 quam remotionem contrarii, quae non quaeritur nisi propter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1020 adeptionem finis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34625"><span class="ref">[34625] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1021 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sint istae quatuor principales
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1022 passiones, gaudium et tristitia, spes et timor. Augustinus enim, in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1023 XIV de Civ. Dei, non ponit spem, sed cupiditatem loco eius.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34626"><span class="ref">[34626] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1024 in passionibus animae est duplex ordo, scilicet intentionis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1025 consecutionis seu generationis. Aut ergo principales passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1026 accipiuntur secundum ordinem intentionis, et sic tantum gaudium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1027 tristitia, quae sunt finales, erunt principales passiones. Aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1028 secundum ordinem consecutionis seu generationis, et sic amor erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1029 principalis passio. Nullo ergo modo debent dici quatuor principales
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1030 passiones istae quatuor, gaudium et tristitia, spes et timor.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34627"><span class="ref">[34627] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1031 sicut audacia causatur ex spe, ita timor ex desperatione. Aut ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1032 spes et desperatio debent poni principales passiones, tanquam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1033 causae, aut spes et audacia, tanquam sibi ipsis affines.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34628"><span class="ref">[34628] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1034 est illud quod Boetius, in libro de Consol., enumerans quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1035 principales passiones, dicit, <i>gaudia pelle, pelle timorem,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1036 spemque fugato, nec dolor adsit</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 4 co."><a name="34629"><span class="ref">[34629] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1037 dicendum quod hae quatuor passiones communiter principales esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1038 dicuntur. Quarum duae, scilicet gaudium et tristitia, principales
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1039 dicuntur, quia sunt completivae et finales simpliciter respectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1040 omnium passionum, unde ad omnes passiones consequuntur, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1041 in II Ethic. Timor autem et spes sunt principales, non quidem quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1042 completivae simpliciter, sed quia sunt completivae in genere motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1043 appetitivi ad aliquid, nam respectu boni, incipit motus in amore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1044 et procedit in desiderium, et terminatur in spe; respectu vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1045 mali, incipit in odio, et procedit ad fugam, et terminatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1046 timore. Et ideo solet harum quatuor passionum numerus accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1047 secundum differentiam praesentis et futuri, motus enim respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1048 futurum, sed quies est in aliquo praesenti. De bono igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1049 praesenti est gaudium; de malo praesenti est tristitia; de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1050 vero futuro est spes; de malo futuro est timor. Omnes autem aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1051 passiones, quae sunt de bono vel de malo praesenti vel futuro, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1052 has completive reducuntur. Unde etiam a quibusdam dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1053 principales hae praedictae quatuor passiones, quia sunt generales.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1054 Quod quidem verum est, si spes et timor designant motum appetitus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1055 communiter tendentem in aliquid appetendum vel fugiendum.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="34630"><span class="ref">[34630] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1056 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus ponit desiderium vel cupiditatem loco
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1057 spei, inquantum ad idem pertinere videntur, scilicet ad bonum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1058 futurum.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="34631"><span class="ref">[34631] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1059 dicendum quod passiones istae dicuntur principales, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1060 ordinem intentionis et complementi. Et quamvis timor et spes non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1061 sint ultimae passiones simpliciter, tamen sunt ultimae in genere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1062 passionum tendentium in aliud quasi in futurum. Nec potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1063 instantia nisi de ira. Quae tamen non potest poni principalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1064 passio, quia est quidam effectus audaciae, quae non potest esse
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1065 passio principalis, ut infra dicetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 25 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="34632"><span class="ref">[34632] Iª-IIae q. 25 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1066 dicendum quod desperatio importat recessum a bono, quod est quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1067 per accidens, et audacia importat accessum ad malum, quod etiam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1068 per accidens. Et ideo hae passiones non possunt esse principales,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1069 quia quod est per accidens, non potest dici principale. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1070 etiam nec ira potest dici passio principalis, quae consequitur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1071 audaciam.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1072 <p><a href="sth2006.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1073 <a href="sth2026.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1074 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1075 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1076 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1077 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1078 hanc editionem<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1079 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1080 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1081 </div></body>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1082 </html>

Mercurial > hg > Aquinas

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