annotate summa/latin/sth3027.html @ 46:6cfdc13efd8a

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date Sun, 20 Dec 2009 22:10:12 +0000
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, II&ordf;-IIae q.
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23 27-33</title>
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24 </head>
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25 <body>
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26 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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27 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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29 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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30 <div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione XXVII ad
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31 XXXIII</div>
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32 <br />
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33 <div class="centro">
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34 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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35 <tr>
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36 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border=
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37 "0" alt=
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38 "Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)"
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39 align="middle" /></th>
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40 </tr>
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41 </table>
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42 <br />
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43 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1895 editum<br />
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44 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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45 magneticas<br />
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46 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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47 <br /></span><br />
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48 <hr />
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49 <br />
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50 <p><a href="sth3025.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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52 <a href="sth3034.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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53 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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54 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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55 //<![CDATA[
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56 <!--
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57 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
parents:
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
parents:
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230 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40257">II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 4 ad 3');
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ht
parents:
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231 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40258">II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 pr.');
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ht
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ht
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233 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40260">II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 1 arg. 2');
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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245 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40272">II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 2 ad 1');
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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247 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40274">II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 2 ad 3');
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ht
parents:
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248 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40275">II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 arg. 1');
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ht
parents:
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249 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40276">II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 arg. 2');
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ht
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250 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40277">II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 arg. 3');
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ht
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251 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40278">II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 arg. 4');
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ht
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diff changeset
252 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40279">II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 s. c.');
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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260 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40287">II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 4 arg. 3');
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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266 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40293">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 pr.');
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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270 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40297">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 arg. 4');
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ht
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271 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40298">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 s. c.');
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ht
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272 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40299">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 co.');
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ht
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273 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40300">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 ad 1');
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ht
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274 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40301">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 ad 2');
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ht
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275 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40302">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 ad 3');
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ht
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276 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40303">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 ad 4');
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ht
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277 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40304">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 arg. 1');
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ht
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278 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40305">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 arg. 2');
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ht
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279 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40306">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 arg. 3');
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ht
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280 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40307">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 arg. 4');
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ht
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281 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40308">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 s. c.');
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ht
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282 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40309">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 co.');
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ht
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283 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40310">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 ad 1');
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ht
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284 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40311">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 ad 2');
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ht
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285 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40312">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 ad 3');
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ht
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286 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40313">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 ad 4');
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ht
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287 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40314">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 arg. 1');
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ht
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288 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40315">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 arg. 2');
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ht
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289 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40316">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 arg. 3');
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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293 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40320">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 ad 2');
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ht
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294 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40321">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 ad 3');
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ht
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295 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40322">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 arg. 1');
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ht
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ht
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297 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40324">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 arg. 3');
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ht
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ht
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ht
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300 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40327">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 ad 1');
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ht
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301 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40328">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 ad 2');
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ht
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302 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40329">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 ad 3');
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ht
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303 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40330">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 arg. 1');
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ht
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304 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40331">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 arg. 2');
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ht
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305 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40332">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 arg. 3');
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ht
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306 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40333">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 arg. 4');
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ht
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307 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40334">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 s. c.');
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ht
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308 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40335">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 co.');
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ht
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309 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40336">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 ad 1');
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ht
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310 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40337">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 ad 2');
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ht
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311 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40338">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 ad 3');
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ht
parents:
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312 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40339">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 ad 4');
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ht
parents:
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313 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40340">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 6 arg. 1');
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ht
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314 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40341">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 6 arg. 2');
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ht
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315 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40342">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 6 arg. 3');
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ht
parents:
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316 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40343">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 6 s. c.');
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ht
parents:
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317 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40344">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 6 co.');
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ht
parents:
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318 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40345">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 6 ad');
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ht
parents:
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319 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40346">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 arg. 1');
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ht
parents:
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320 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40347">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 arg. 2');
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ht
parents:
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321 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40348">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 arg. 3');
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ht
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322 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40349">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 s. c.');
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ht
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323 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40350">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 co.');
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ht
parents:
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324 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40351">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 ad 1');
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ht
parents:
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325 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40352">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 ad 2');
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ht
parents:
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326 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40353">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 ad 3');
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ht
parents:
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327 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40354">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 arg. 1');
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ht
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328 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40355">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 arg. 2');
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ht
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329 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40356">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 arg. 3');
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ht
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330 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40357">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 arg. 4');
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ht
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331 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40358">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 s. c.');
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ht
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333 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40360">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 ad 1');
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ht
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334 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40361">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 ad 2');
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ht
parents:
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335 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40362">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 ad 3');
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ht
parents:
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336 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40363">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 ad 4');
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ht
parents:
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337 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40364">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 arg. 1');
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ht
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ht
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339 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40366">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 arg. 3');
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ht
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ht
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341 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40368">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 co.');
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ht
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342 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40369">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 ad 1');
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ht
parents:
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343 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40370">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 ad 2');
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ht
parents:
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344 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40371">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 ad 3');
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ht
parents:
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345 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40372">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 10 arg. 1');
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ht
parents:
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346 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40373">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 10 arg. 2');
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ht
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ht
parents:
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ht
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ht
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ht
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351 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40378">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 10 ad 2');
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ht
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352 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40379">II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 10 ad 3');
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ht
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353 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40380">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 pr.');
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ht
parents:
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354 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40381">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 arg. 1');
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ht
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355 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40382">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 arg. 2');
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356 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40383">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 arg. 3');
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ht
parents:
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357 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40384">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 s. c.');
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ht
parents:
diff changeset
358 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40385">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 co.');
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ht
parents:
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359 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40386">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 ad 1');
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ht
parents:
diff changeset
360 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40387">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 ad 2');
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ht
parents:
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361 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40388">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 ad 3');
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362 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40389">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 arg. 1');
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363 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40390">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 arg. 2');
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364 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40391">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 arg. 3');
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365 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40392">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 arg. 4');
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366 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40393">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 s. c.');
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367 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40394">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 co.');
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368 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40395">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 ad 1');
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369 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40396">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 ad 2');
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370 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40397">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 ad 3');
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371 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40398">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 ad 4');
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372 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40399">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 3 arg. 1');
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377 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40404">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 3 ad 1');
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379 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40406">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 3 ad 3');
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380 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40407">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 4 arg. 1');
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381 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40408">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 4 arg. 2');
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382 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40409">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 4 arg. 3');
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394 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40421">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 6 arg. 1');
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395 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40422">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 6 arg. 2');
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397 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40424">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 6 s. c.');
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401 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40428">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 6 ad 3');
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402 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40429">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 arg. 1');
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405 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40432">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 arg. 4');
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406 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40433">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 arg. 5');
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410 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40437">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 ad 2');
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411 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40438">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 ad 3');
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412 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40439">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 ad 4');
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413 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40440">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 ad 5');
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414 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40441">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 arg. 1');
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415 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40442">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 arg. 2');
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416 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40443">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 arg. 3');
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417 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40444">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 arg. 4');
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418 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40445">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 s. c.');
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419 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40446">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 co.');
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420 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40447">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 ad 1');
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421 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40448">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 ad 2');
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422 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40449">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 ad 3');
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423 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40450">II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 ad 4');
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424 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
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425 document.write('<BR><BR>');
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426 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
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427 document.write('<\/FORM>');
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428 // -->
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429 //]]>
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430 </script><br />
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431 <hr />
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432 <br /></div>
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433 <div class="D">Quaestio 27</div>
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434 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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435 <p title="II-II q. 27 pr."><a name="40093"><span class=
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436 "ref">[40093] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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437 considerandum est de actu caritatis. Et primo, de principali actu
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438 caritatis, qui est dilectio; secundo, de aliis actibus vel
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439 effectibus consequentibus. Circa primum quaeruntur octo. Primo,
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440 quid sit magis proprium caritatis, utrum amari vel amare. Secundo,
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441 utrum amare, prout est actus caritatis, sit idem quod benevolentia.
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442 Tertio, utrum Deus sit propter seipsum amandus. Quarto, utrum
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443 possit in hac vita immediate amari. Quinto, utrum possit amari
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444 totaliter. Sexto, utrum eius dilectio habeat modum. Septimo, quid
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445 sit melius, utrum diligere amicum vel diligere inimicum. Octavo,
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446 quid sit melius, utrum diligere Deum vel diligere proximum.</p>
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447 <br />
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448 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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449 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40094"><span class=
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450 "ref">[40094] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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451 sic proceditur. Videtur quod caritatis magis sit proprium amari
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452 quam amare. Caritas enim in melioribus melior invenitur. Sed
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453 meliores debent magis amari. Ergo caritatis magis est proprium
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454 amari.</p>
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455 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40095"><span class=
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456 "ref">[40095] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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457 illud quod in pluribus invenitur videtur esse magis conveniens
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458 naturae, et per consequens melius. Sed sicut dicit philosophus, in
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459 VIII Ethic., <i>multi magis volunt amari quam amare, propter quod
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460 amatores adulationis sunt multi</i>. Ergo melius est amari quam
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461 amare, et per consequens magis conveniens caritati.</p>
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462 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40096"><span class=
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463 "ref">[40096] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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464 propter quod unumquodque, illud magis. Sed homines propter hoc quod
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465 amantur, amant, dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de Catechiz. Rud.,
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466 quod <i>nulla est maior provocatio ad amandum quam praevenire
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467 amando</i>. Ergo caritas magis consistit in amari quam in
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468 amare.</p>
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469 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40097"><span class=
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470 "ref">[40097] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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471 est quod philosophus dicit, in VIII Ethic., quod <i>magis existit
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472 amicitia in amare quam in amari</i>. Sed caritas est amicitia
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473 quaedam. Ergo caritas magis consistit in amare quam in amari.</p>
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474 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 1 co."><a name="40098"><span class=
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475 "ref">[40098] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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476 dicendum quod amare convenit caritati inquantum est caritas.
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477 Caritas enim, cum sit virtus quaedam, secundum suam essentiam habet
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478 inclinationem ad proprium actum. Amari autem non est actus
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479 caritatis ipsius qui amatur, sed actus caritatis eius est amare;
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480 amari autem competit ei secundum communem rationem boni, prout
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481 scilicet ad eius bonum alius per actum caritatis movetur. Unde
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482 manifestum est quod caritati magis convenit amare quam amari, magis
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483 enim convenit unicuique quod convenit ei per se et substantialiter
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484 quam quod convenit ei per aliud. Et huius duplex est signum. Primum
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485 quidem, quia amici magis laudantur ex hoc quod amant quam ex hoc
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486 quod amantur, quinimmo si non amant et amentur, vituperantur.
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487 Secundo, quia matres, quae maxime amant, plus quaerunt amare quam
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488 amari, <i>quaedam enim</i>, ut philosophus dicit, in eodem libro,
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489 <i>filios suos dant nutrici, et amant quidem, reamari autem non
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490 quaerunt, si non contingat</i>.</p>
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491 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40099"><span class=
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492 "ref">[40099] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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493 ergo dicendum quod meliores ex eo quod meliores sunt, sunt magis
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494 amabiles. Sed ex eo quod in eis est perfectior caritas, sunt magis
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495 amantes, secundum tamen proportionem amati. Non enim melior minus
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496 amat id quod infra ipsum est quam amabile sit, sed ille qui est
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497 minus bonus non attingit ad amandum meliorem quantum amabilis
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498 est.</p>
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499 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40100"><span class=
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500 "ref">[40100] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
501 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit ibidem, homines volunt amari
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diff changeset
502 inquantum volunt honorari. Sicut enim honor exhibetur alicui ut
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diff changeset
503 quoddam testimonium boni in ipso qui honoratur, ita per hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
504 aliquis amatur ostenditur in ipso esse aliquod bonum, quia solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
505 bonum amabile est. Sic igitur amari et honorari quaerunt homines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
506 propter aliud, scilicet ad manifestationem boni in amato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
507 existentis. Amare autem quaerunt caritatem habentes secundum se,
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diff changeset
508 quasi ipsum sit bonum caritatis, sicut et quilibet actus virtutis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
509 est bonum virtutis illius. Unde magis pertinet ad caritatem velle
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diff changeset
510 amare quam velle amari.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
511 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40101"><span class=
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diff changeset
512 "ref">[40101] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
513 dicendum quod propter amari aliqui amant, non ita quod amari sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
514 finis eius quod est amare, sed eo quod est via quaedam ad hoc
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diff changeset
515 inducens quod homo amet.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
516 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
517 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
518 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40102"><span class=
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diff changeset
519 "ref">[40102] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
520 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod amare, secundum quod est
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diff changeset
521 actus caritatis, nihil sit aliud quam benevolentia. Dicit enim
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diff changeset
522 philosophus, in II Rhet. amare est velle alicui bona. Sed hoc est
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diff changeset
523 benevolentia. Ergo nihil aliud est actus caritatis quam
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diff changeset
524 benevolentia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
525 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40103"><span class=
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diff changeset
526 "ref">[40103] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
527 cuius est habitus, eius est actus. Sed habitus caritatis est in
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diff changeset
528 potentia voluntatis, ut supra dictum est. Ergo etiam actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
529 caritatis est actus voluntatis. Sed non nisi in bonum tendens, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
530 est benevolentia. Ergo actus caritatis nihil est aliud quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
531 benevolentia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
532 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40104"><span class=
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diff changeset
533 "ref">[40104] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
534 philosophus, in IX Ethic., ponit quinque ad amicitiam pertinentia,
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diff changeset
535 quorum primum est quod homo velit amico bonum; secundum est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
536 velit ei esse et vivere; tertium est quod ei convivat; quartum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
537 quod eadem eligat; quintum est quod condoleat et congaudeat. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
538 prima duo ad benevolentiam pertinent. Ergo primus actus caritatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
539 est benevolentia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
540 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40105"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
541 "ref">[40105] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
542 est quod philosophus dicit, in eodem libro, quod benevolentia neque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
543 est amicitia neque est amatio, sed est amicitiae principium. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
544 caritas est amicitia, ut supra dictum est. Ergo benevolentia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
545 est idem quod dilectio, quae est caritatis actus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
546 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 2 co."><a name="40106"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
547 "ref">[40106] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
548 dicendum quod benevolentia proprie dicitur actus voluntatis quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
549 alteri bonum volumus. Hic autem voluntatis actus differt ab actuali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
550 amore tam secundum quod est in appetitu sensitivo, quam etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
551 secundum quod est in appetitu intellectivo, qui est voluntas. Amor
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diff changeset
552 enim qui est in appetitu sensitivo passio quaedam est. Omnis autem
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diff changeset
553 passio cum quodam impetu inclinat in suum obiectum. Passio autem
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diff changeset
554 amoris hoc habet quod non subito exoritur, sed per aliquam assiduam
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diff changeset
555 inspectionem rei amatae. Et ideo philosophus, in IX Ethic.,
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diff changeset
556 ostendens differentiam inter benevolentiam et amorem qui est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
557 passio, dicit quod benevolentia non habet distensionem et
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diff changeset
558 appetitum, idest aliquem impetum inclinationis, sed ex solo iudicio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
559 rationis homo vult bonum alicui. Similiter etiam talis amor est ex
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diff changeset
560 quadam consuetudine, benevolentia autem interdum oritur ex
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diff changeset
561 repentino, sicut accidit nobis de pugilibus qui pugnant, quorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
562 alterum vellemus vincere. Sed amor qui est in appetitu intellectivo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
563 etiam differt a benevolentia. Importat enim quandam unionem
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parents: 26
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564 secundum affectus amantis ad amatum, inquantum scilicet amans
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565 aestimat amatum quodammodo ut unum sibi, vel ad se pertinens, et
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diff changeset
566 sic movetur in ipsum. Sed benevolentia est simplex actus voluntatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
567 quo volumus alicui bonum, etiam non praesupposita praedicta unione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
568 affectus ad ipsum. Sic igitur in dilectione, secundum quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
569 actus caritatis, includitur quidem benevolentia, sed dilectio sive
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diff changeset
570 amor addit unionem affectus. Et propter hoc philosophus dicit
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571 ibidem quod benevolentia est principium amicitiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
572 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40107"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
573 "ref">[40107] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
574 ergo dicendum quod philosophus ibi definit amare non ponens totam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
575 rationem ipsius, sed aliquid ad rationem eius pertinens in quo
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576 maxime manifestatur dilectionis actus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
577 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40108"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
578 "ref">[40108] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
579 dicendum quod dilectio est actus voluntatis in bonum tendens, sed
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diff changeset
580 cum quadam unione ad amatum, quae quidem in benevolentia non
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diff changeset
581 importatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
582 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40109"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
583 "ref">[40109] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
584 dicendum quod intantum illa quae philosophus ibi ponit ad amicitiam
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parents: 26
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585 pertinent, inquantum proveniunt ex amore quem quis habet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
586 seipsum, ut ibidem dicitur, ut scilicet haec omnia aliquis erga
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diff changeset
587 amicum agat sicut ad seipsum. Quod pertinet ad praedictam unionem
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588 affectus.</p>
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diff changeset
589 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
590 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
591 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40110"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
592 "ref">[40110] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
593 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non propter seipsum, sed propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 aliud diligatur ex caritate. Dicit enim Gregorius, in quadam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
595 homilia, <i>ex his quae novit animus discit incognita amare</i>.
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diff changeset
596 Vocat autem incognita intelligibilia et divina, cognita autem
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597 sensibilia. Ergo Deus est propter alia diligendus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
598 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40111"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
599 "ref">[40111] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 amor sequitur cognitionem. Sed Deus per aliud cognoscitur, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 illud Rom. I. <i>Invisibilia Dei per ea quae facta sunt intellecta
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parents: 26
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602 conspiciuntur</i>. Ergo etiam propter aliud amatur, et non propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
603 se.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
604 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40112"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
605 "ref">[40112] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 spes generat caritatem, ut dicitur in Glossa Matth. I. <i>Timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
607 etiam caritatem introducit</i>; ut Augustinus dicit, super Prim.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
608 Canonic. Ioan. Sed spes expectat aliquid adipisci a Deo, timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
609 autem refugit aliquid quod a Deo infligi potest. Ergo videtur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
610 Deus propter aliquod bonum speratum, vel propter aliquod malum
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611 timendum sit amandus. Non ergo est amandus propter seipsum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
612 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40113"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
613 "ref">[40113] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
614 est quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in I de Doct. Christ., <i>frui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
615 est amore inhaerere alicui propter seipsum</i>. Sed Deo fruendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
616 est, ut in eodem libro dicitur. Ergo Deus diligendus est propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
617 seipsum.</p>
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diff changeset
618 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 3 co."><a name="40114"><span class=
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diff changeset
619 "ref">[40114] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
620 dicendum quod ly propter importat habitudinem alicuius causae. Est
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diff changeset
621 autem quadruplex genus causae, scilicet finalis, formalis,
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622 efficiens et materialis, ad quam reducitur etiam materialis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
623 dispositio, quae non est causa simpliciter, sed secundum quid. Et
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diff changeset
624 secundum haec quatuor genera causarum dicitur aliquid propter
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diff changeset
625 alterum diligendum. Secundum quidem genus causae finalis, sicut
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diff changeset
626 diligimus medicinam propter sanitatem. Secundum autem genus causae
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diff changeset
627 formalis, sicut diligimus hominem propter virtutem, quia scilicet
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diff changeset
628 virtute formaliter est bonus, et per consequens diligibilis.
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diff changeset
629 Secundum autem causam efficientem, sicut diligimus aliquos
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diff changeset
630 inquantum sunt filii talis patris. Secundum autem dispositionem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
631 quae reducitur ad genus causae materialis, dicimur aliquid diligere
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diff changeset
632 propter id quod nos disposuit ad eius dilectionem, puta propter
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diff changeset
633 aliqua beneficia suscepta, quamvis postquam iam amare incipimus,
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diff changeset
634 non propter illa beneficia amemus amicum, sed propter eius
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diff changeset
635 virtutem. Primis igitur tribus modis Deum non diligimus propter
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diff changeset
636 aliud, sed propter seipsum. Non enim ordinatur ad aliud sicut ad
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diff changeset
637 finem, sed ipse est finis ultimus omnium. Neque etiam informatur
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diff changeset
638 aliquo alio ad hoc quod sit bonus, sed eius substantia est eius
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diff changeset
639 bonitas, secundum quam exemplariter omnia bona sunt. Neque iterum
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diff changeset
640 ei ab altero bonitas inest, sed ab ipso omnibus aliis. Sed quarto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
641 modo potest diligi propter aliud, quia scilicet ex aliquibus aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
642 disponimur ad hoc quod in Dei dilectione proficiamus, puta per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
643 beneficia ab eo suscepta, vel etiam per praemia sperata, vel per
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diff changeset
644 poenas quas per ipsum vitare intendimus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
645 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40115"><span class=
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diff changeset
646 "ref">[40115] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
647 ergo dicendum quod ex his quae animus novit discit incognita amare,
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diff changeset
648 non quod cognita sint ratio diligendi ipsa incognita per modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
649 causae formalis vel finalis vel efficientis, sed quia per hoc homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
650 disponitur ad amandum incognita.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
651 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40116"><span class=
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diff changeset
652 "ref">[40116] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
653 dicendum quod cognitio Dei acquiritur quidem per alia, sed postquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
654 iam cognoscitur, non per alia cognoscitur, sed per seipsum;
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diff changeset
655 secundum illud Ioan. IV. <i>Iam non propter tuam loquelam credimus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
656 ipsi enim vidimus, et scimus quia hic est vere salvator
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diff changeset
657 mundi</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
658 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40117"><span class=
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diff changeset
659 "ref">[40117] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
660 dicendum quod spes et timor ducunt ad caritatem per modum
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661 dispositionis cuiusdam, ut ex supradictis patet.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
662 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
663 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
664 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40118"><span class=
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diff changeset
665 "ref">[40118] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
666 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Deus in hac vita non possit immediate
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diff changeset
667 amari. Incognita enim amari non possunt; ut Augustinus dicit, X de
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diff changeset
668 Trin. Sed Deum non cognoscimus immediate in hac vita, quia
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diff changeset
669 <i>videmus nunc per speculum in aenigmate</i>, ut dicitur I ad Cor.
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670 XIII. Ergo neque etiam eum immediate amamus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
671 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40119"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
672 "ref">[40119] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
673 qui non potest quod minus est non potest quod maius est. Sed maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
674 est amare Deum quam cognoscere ipsum, qui enim adhaeret Deo per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
675 amorem unus spiritus cum illo fit, ut dicitur I ad Cor. VI. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
676 homo non potest Deum cognoscere immediate. Ergo multo minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
677 amare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
678 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40120"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
679 "ref">[40120] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
680 homo a Deo disiungitur per peccatum, secundum illud Isaiae LIX,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
681 <i>peccata vestra diviserunt inter vos et Deum vestrum</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
682 peccatum magis est in voluntate quam in intellectu. Ergo minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
683 potest homo Deum diligere immediate quam immediate eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
684 cognoscere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40121"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
686 "ref">[40121] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
687 est quod cognitio Dei, quia est mediata, dicitur aenigmatica, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
688 evacuatur in patria, ut patet I ad Cor. XIII. Sed caritas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
689 evacuatur, ut dicitur I ad Cor. XIII. Ergo caritas viae immediate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
690 Deo adhaeret.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
691 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 4 co."><a name="40122"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
692 "ref">[40122] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
693 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, actus cognitivae virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
694 perficitur per hoc quod cognitum est in cognoscente, actus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
695 virtutis appetitivae perficitur per hoc quod appetitus inclinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
696 in rem ipsam. Et ideo oportet quod motus appetitivae virtutis sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
697 in res secundum conditionem ipsarum rerum, actus autem cognitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
698 virtutis est secundum modum cognoscentis. Est autem ipse ordo rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
699 talis secundum se quod Deus est propter seipsum cognoscibilis et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
700 diligibilis, utpote essentialiter existens ipsa veritas et bonitas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
701 per quam alia et cognoscuntur et amantur. Sed quoad nos, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 nostra cognitio a sensu ortum habet, prius sunt cognoscibilia quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
703 sunt sensui propinquiora; et ultimus terminus cognitionis est in eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
704 quod est maxime a sensu remotum. Secundum hoc ergo dicendum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 quod dilectio, quae est appetitivae virtutis actus, etiam in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 viae tendit in Deum primo, et ex ipso derivatur ad alia, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
707 secundum hoc caritas Deum immediate diligit, alia vero mediante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 Deo. In cognitione vero est e converso, quia scilicet per alia Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 cognoscimus, sicut causam per effectus, vel per modum eminentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
710 aut negationis ut patet per Dionysium, in libro de Div. Nom.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40123"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
712 "ref">[40123] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
713 ergo dicendum quod quamvis incognita amari non possint, tamen non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 oportet quod sit idem ordo cognitionis et dilectionis. Nam dilectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 est cognitionis terminus. Et ideo ubi desinit cognitio, scilicet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 ipsa re quae per aliam cognoscitur, ibi statim dilectio incipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
717 potest.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40124"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
719 "ref">[40124] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
720 dicendum quod quia dilectio Dei est maius aliquid quam eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
721 cognitio, maxime secundum statum viae, ideo praesupponit ipsam. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
722 quia cognitio non quiescit in rebus creatis, sed per eas in aliud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
723 tendit, in illo dilectio incipit, et per hoc ad alia derivatur, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
724 modum cuiusdam circulationis, dum cognitio, a creaturis incipiens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
725 tendit in Deum; et dilectio, a Deo incipiens sicut ab ultimo fine,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
726 ad creaturas derivatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
727 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40125"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
728 "ref">[40125] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 dicendum quod per caritatem tollitur aversio a Deo quae est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 peccatum; non autem per solam cognitionem. Et ideo caritas est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 quae, diligendo, animam immediate Deo coniungit spiritualis vinculo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
732 unionis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
733 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
734 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
735 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="40126"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
736 "ref">[40126] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non possit totaliter amari. Amor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 enim sequitur cognitionem. Sed Deus non potest totaliter a nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
739 cognosci, quia hoc esset eum comprehendere. Ergo non potest a nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
740 totaliter amari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
741 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="40127"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
742 "ref">[40127] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
743 amor est unio quaedam, ut patet per Dionysium, IV cap. de Div. Nom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
744 Sed cor hominis non potest ad Deum uniri totaliter, quia Deus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
745 maior corde nostro, ut dicitur I Ioan. III. Ergo Deus non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 totaliter amari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
747 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="40128"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
748 "ref">[40128] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
749 Deus seipsum totaliter amat. Si igitur ab aliquo alio totaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
750 amatur, aliquis alius diligit Deum tantum quantum ipse se diligit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
751 Hoc autem est inconveniens. Ergo Deus non potest totaliter diligi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
752 ab aliqua creatura.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
753 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 5 s. c."><a name="40129"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
754 "ref">[40129] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
755 est quod dicitur Deut. VI, <i>diliges dominum Deum tuum ex toto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
756 corde tuo</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
757 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 5 co."><a name="40130"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
758 "ref">[40130] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 dicendum quod, cum dilectio intelligatur quasi medium inter amantem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 et amatum, cum quaeritur an Deus possit totaliter diligi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 tripliciter potest intelligi. Uno modo, ut modus totalitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
762 referatur ad rem dilectam. Et sic Deus est totaliter diligendus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
763 quia totum quod ad Deum pertinet homo diligere debet. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
764 potest intelligi ita quod totalitas referatur ad diligentem. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
765 etiam Deus totaliter diligi debet, quia ex toto posse suo debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
766 homo diligere Deum, et quidquid habet ad Dei amorem ordinare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
767 secundum illud Deut. VI, <i>diliges dominum Deum tuum ex toto corde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 tuo</i>. Tertio modo potest intelligi secundum comparationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
769 diligentis ad rem dilectam, ut scilicet modus diligentis adaequet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
770 modum rei dilectae. Et hoc non potest esse. Cum enim unumquodque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 intantum diligibile sit inquantum est bonum, Deus, cuius bonitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
772 est infinita, est infinite diligibilis, nulla autem creatura potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 Deum infinite diligere, quia omnis virtus creaturae, sive naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 sive infusa, est finita.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
775 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="40131"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
776 "ref">[40131] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 patet responsio ad obiecta. Nam primae tres obiectiones procedunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
778 secundum hunc tertium sensum, ultima autem ratio procedit in sensu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 secundo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
781 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
782 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="40132"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 "ref">[40132] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinae dilectionis sit aliquis modus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 habendus. Ratio enim boni consistit in modo, specie et ordine, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
786 patet per Augustinum, in libro de Nat. boni. Sed dilectio Dei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 optimum in homine, secundum illud ad Coloss. III, <i>super omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
788 caritatem habete</i>. Ergo dilectio Dei debet modum habere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
789 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="40133"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
790 "ref">[40133] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
791 Augustinus dicit, in libro de Morib. Eccles., <i>dic mihi, quaeso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 te, quis sit diligendi modus. Vereor enim ne plus minusve quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 oportet inflammer desiderio et amore domini mei</i> frustra autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 quaereret modum nisi esset aliquis divinae dilectionis modus. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
795 est aliquis modus divinae dilectionis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="40134"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 "ref">[40134] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 sicut Augustinus dicit, IV super Gen. ad Litt., <i>modus est quem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
799 unicuique propria mensura praefigit</i>. Sed mensura voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 humanae, sicut et actionis exterioris, est ratio. Ergo sicut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
801 exteriori effectu caritatis oportet habere modum a ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 praestitum, secundum illud Rom. XII, <i>rationabile obsequium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
803 vestrum</i>; ita etiam ipsa interior dilectio Dei debet modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
804 habere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 6 s. c."><a name="40135"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 "ref">[40135] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 est quod Bernardus dicit, in libro de diligendo Deum, <i>quod causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
808 diligendi Deum Deus est; modus, sine modo diligere</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
809 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 6 co."><a name="40136"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
810 "ref">[40136] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 dicendum quod, sicut patet ex inducta auctoritate Augustini, modus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 importat quandam mensurae determinationem. Haec autem determinatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
813 invenitur et in mensura et in mensurato, aliter tamen et aliter. In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
814 mensura enim invenitur essentialiter, quia mensura secundum seipsam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 est determinativa et modificativa aliorum, in mensuratis autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 invenitur mensura secundum aliud, idest inquantum attingunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 mensuram. Et ideo in mensura nihil potest accipi immodificatum, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
818 res mensurata est immodificata nisi mensuram attingat, sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
819 deficiat sive excedat. In omnibus autem appetibilibus et agibilibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 mensura est finis, quia eorum quae appetimus et agimus oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
821 propriam rationem ex fine accipere, ut patet per philosophum, in II
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parents: 26
diff changeset
822 Physic. Et ideo finis secundum seipsum habet modum, ea vero quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
823 sunt ad finem habent modum ex eo quod sunt fini proportionata. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 ideo, sicut philosophus dicit, in I Polit., <i>appetitus finis in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 omnibus artibus est absque fine et termino, eorum autem quae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
826 ad finem est aliquis terminus</i>. Non enim medicus imponit aliquem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 terminum sanitati, sed facit eam perfectam quantumcumque potest,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
828 sed medicinae imponit terminum; non enim dat tantum de medicina
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parents: 26
diff changeset
829 quantum potest, sed secundum proportionem ad sanitatem; quam quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
830 proportionem si medicina excederet, vel ab ea deficeret, esset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 immoderata. Finis autem omnium actionum humanarum et affectionum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
832 est Dei dilectio, per quam maxime attingimus ultimum finem, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
833 supra dictum est. Et ideo in dilectione Dei non potest accipi modus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
834 sicut in re mensurata, ut sit in ea accipere plus et minus, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 sicut invenitur modus in mensura, in qua non potest esse excessus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 sed quanto plus attingitur regula, tanto melius est. Et ita quanto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
837 plus Deus diligitur, tanto est dilectio melior.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
838 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="40137"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
839 "ref">[40137] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
840 ergo dicendum quod illud quod est per se potius est eo quod est per
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diff changeset
841 aliud. Et ideo bonitas mensurae, quae per se habet modum, potior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 est quam bonitas mensurati, quod habet modum per aliud. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
843 etiam caritas, quae habet modum sicut mensura, praeeminet aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 virtutibus, quae habent modum sicut mensuratae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="40138"><span class=
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diff changeset
846 "ref">[40138] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
847 dicendum quod Augustinus ibidem subiungit quod modus diligendi Deum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
848 est ut ex toto corde diligatur, idest ut diligatur quantumcumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 potest diligi. Et hoc pertinet ad modum qui convenit mensurae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="40139"><span class=
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diff changeset
851 "ref">[40139] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 dicendum quod affectio illa cuius obiectum subiacet iudicio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 rationis, est ratione mensuranda. Sed obiectum divinae dilectionis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 quod est Deus, excedit iudicium rationis. Et ideo non mensuratur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 ratione, sed rationem excedit. Nec est simile de interiori actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 caritatis et exterioribus actibus. Nam interior actus caritatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 habet rationem finis, quia ultimum bonum hominis consistit in hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
858 quod anima Deo inhaereat, secundum illud Psalm., <i>mihi adhaerere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
859 Deo bonum est</i>. Exteriores autem actus sunt sicut ad finem. Et
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diff changeset
860 ideo sunt commensurandi et secundum caritatem et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
861 rationem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="40140"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 "ref">[40140] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
866 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod magis meritorium sit diligere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 inimicum quam amicum. Dicitur enim Matth. V, <i>si diligitis eos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 qui vos diligunt, quam mercedem habebitis?</i> Diligere ergo amicum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 non meretur mercedem. Sed diligere inimicum meretur mercedem, ut
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diff changeset
870 ibidem ostenditur. Ergo magis est meritorium diligere inimicos quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 diligere amicos.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="40141"><span class=
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diff changeset
873 "ref">[40141] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 tanto aliquid est magis meritorium quanto ex maiori caritate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 procedit. Sed diligere inimicum est perfectorum filiorum Dei, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., diligere autem amicum est etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 caritatis imperfectae. Ergo maioris meriti est diligere inimicum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
878 quam diligere amicum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="40142"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 "ref">[40142] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
881 ubi est maior conatus ad bonum, ibi videtur esse maius meritum,
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diff changeset
882 <i>quia unusquisque propriam mercedem accipiet secundum suum
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diff changeset
883 laborem</i>, ut dicitur I Cor. III. Sed maiori conatu indiget homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 ad hoc quod diligat inimicum quam ad hoc quod diligat amicum, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
885 difficilius est. Ergo videtur quod diligere inimicum sit magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 meritorium quam diligere amicum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 7 s. c."><a name="40143"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 "ref">[40143] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 est quia illud quod est melius est magis meritorium. Sed melius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 diligere amicum, quia melius est diligere meliorem; amicus autem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 qui amat, est melior quam inimicus, qui odit. Ergo diligere amicum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 est magis meritorium quam diligere inimicum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 7 co."><a name="40144"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 "ref">[40144] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
895 dicendum quod ratio diligendi proximum ex caritate Deus est, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
896 supra dictum est. Cum ergo quaeritur quid sit melius, vel magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 meritorium, utrum diligere amicum vel inimicum, dupliciter istae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 dilectiones comparari possunt, uno modo, ex parte proximi qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 diligitur; alio modo, ex parte rationis propter quam diligitur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 Primo quidem modo dilectio amici praeeminet dilectioni inimici.
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diff changeset
901 Quia amicus et melior est et magis coniunctus; unde est materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 magis conveniens dilectioni; et propter hoc actus dilectionis super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 hanc materiam transiens melior est. Unde et eius oppositum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 deterius, peius enim est odire amicum quam inimicum. Secundo autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 modo dilectio inimici praeeminet, propter duo. Primo quidem, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 dilectionis amici potest esse alia ratio quam Deus, sed dilectionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 inimici solus Deus est ratio. Secundo quia, supposito quod uterque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 propter Deum diligatur, fortior ostenditur esse Dei dilectio quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 animum hominis ad remotiora extendit, scilicet usque ad dilectionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 inimicorum, sicut virtus ignis tanto ostenditur esse fortior quanto
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diff changeset
911 ad remotiora diffundit suum calorem. Tanto etiam ostenditur divina
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parents: 26
diff changeset
912 dilectio esse fortior quanto propter ipsam difficiliora implemus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 sicut et virtus ignis tanto est fortior quanto comburere potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 materiam minus combustibilem. Sed sicut idem ignis in propinquiora
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 fortius agit quam in remotiora, ita etiam caritas ferventius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 diligit coniunctos quam remotos. Et quantum ad hoc dilectio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 amicorum, secundum se considerata, est ferventior et melior quam
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diff changeset
918 dilectio inimicorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="40145"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
920 "ref">[40145] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 ergo dicendum quod verbum domini est per se intelligendum. Tunc
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diff changeset
922 enim dilectio amicorum apud Deum mercedem non habet, quando propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 hoc solum amantur quia amici sunt, et hoc videtur accidere quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 sic amantur amici quod inimici non diliguntur. Est tamen meritoria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 amicorum dilectio si propter Deum diligantur, et non solum quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 amici sunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
927 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="40146"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
928 "ref">[40146] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
929 patet responsio per ea quae dicta sunt. Nam duae rationes sequentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
930 procedunt ex parte rationis diligendi; ultima vero ex parte eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
931 qui diliguntur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
933 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="40147"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 "ref">[40147] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 sic proceditur. Videtur quod magis sit meritorium diligere proximum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 quam diligere Deum. Illud enim videtur esse magis meritorium quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 apostolus magis elegit. Sed apostolus praeelegit dilectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 proximi dilectioni Dei, secundum illud ad Rom. IX, <i>optabam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
940 anathema esse a Christo pro fratribus meis</i>. Ergo magis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 meritorium diligere proximum quam diligere Deum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="40148"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 "ref">[40148] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 minus videtur esse meritorium aliquo modo diligere amicum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 dictum est. Sed Deus maxime est amicus, <i>qui prior dilexit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 nos</i>, ut dicitur I Ioan. IV. Ergo diligere eum videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 minus meritorium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="40149"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 "ref">[40149] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 illud quod est difficilius videtur esse virtuosius et magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 meritorium, quia virtus est circa difficile et bonum, ut dicitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
952 II Ethic. Sed facilius est diligere Deum quam proximum, tum quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
953 naturaliter omnia Deum diligunt; tum quia in Deo nihil occurrit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 quod non sit diligendum, quod circa proximum non contingit. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 magis est meritorium diligere proximum quam diligere Deum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
956 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 8 s. c."><a name="40150"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 "ref">[40150] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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diff changeset
958 propter quod unumquodque, illud magis. Sed dilectio proximi non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
959 meritoria nisi propter hoc quod proximus diligitur propter Deum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 Ergo dilectio Dei est magis meritoria quam dilectio proximi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 8 co."><a name="40151"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 "ref">[40151] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
963 dicendum quod comparatio ista potest intelligi dupliciter. Uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
964 modo, ut seorsum consideretur utraque dilectio. Et tunc non est
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diff changeset
965 dubium quod dilectio Dei est magis meritoria, debetur enim ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
966 merces propter seipsam, quia ultima merces est frui Deo, in quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
967 tendit divinae dilectionis motus. Unde et diligenti Deum merces
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 promittitur, Ioan. XIV, <i>si quis diligit me, diligetur a patre
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 meo, et manifestabo ei meipsum</i>. Alio modo potest attendi ista
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 comparatio ut dilectio Dei accipiatur secundum quod solus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 diligitur; dilectio autem proximi accipiatur secundum quod proximus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
972 diligitur propter Deum. Et sic dilectio proximi includet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
973 dilectionem Dei, sed dilectio Dei non includet dilectionem proximi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
974 Unde erit comparatio dilectionis Dei perfectae, quae extendit se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
975 etiam ad proximum, ad dilectionem Dei insufficientem et
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diff changeset
976 imperfectam, quia hoc mandatum <i>habemus a Deo, ut qui diligit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
977 Deum, diligat et fratrem suum</i>. Et in hoc sensu dilectio proximi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
978 praeeminet.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="40152"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
980 "ref">[40152] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 ergo dicendum quod secundum unam Glossae expositionem, hoc
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diff changeset
982 apostolus tunc non optabat quando erat in statu gratiae, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 scilicet separaretur a Christo pro fratribus suis, sed hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
984 optaverat quando erat in statu infidelitatis. Unde in hoc non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
985 imitandus. Vel potest dici, sicut dicit Chrysostomus, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 Compunct., quod per hoc non ostenditur quod apostolus plus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 diligeret proximum quam Deum, sed quod plus diligebat Deum quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 seipsum. Volebat enim ad tempus privari fruitione divina, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 pertinet ad dilectionem sui, ad hoc quod honor Dei procuraretur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 proximis, quod pertinet ad dilectionem Dei.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="40153"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 "ref">[40153] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 dicendum quod dilectio amici pro tanto est quandoque minus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 meritoria quia amicus diligitur propter seipsum, et ita deficit a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 vera ratione amicitiae caritatis, quae Deus est. Et ideo quod Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 diligatur propter seipsum non diminuit meritum, sed hoc constituit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 totam meriti rationem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
998 <p title="II-II q. 27 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="40154"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
999 "ref">[40154] II&ordf;-IIae q. 27 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 dicendum quod plus facit ad rationem meriti et virtutis bonum quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 difficile. Unde non oportet quod omne difficilius sit magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 meritorium, sed quod sic est difficilius ut etiam sit melius.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 <br />
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diff changeset
1004 <div class="D">Quaestio 28</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
1006 <p title="II-II q. 28 pr."><a name="40155"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 "ref">[40155] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
1008 considerandum est de effectibus consequentibus actum caritatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 principalem, qui est dilectio. Et primo, de effectibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 interioribus; secundo, de exterioribus. Circa primum tria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 consideranda sunt, primo, de gaudio; secundo, de pace; tertio, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 misericordia. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum gaudium
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diff changeset
1013 sit effectus caritatis. Secundo, utrum huiusmodi gaudium
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diff changeset
1014 compatiatur secum tristitiam. Tertio, utrum istud gaudium possit
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diff changeset
1015 esse plenum. Quarto, utrum sit virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1018 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40156"><span class=
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diff changeset
1019 "ref">[40156] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1020 sic proceditur. Videtur quod gaudium non sit effectus caritatis in
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diff changeset
1021 nobis. Ex absentia enim rei amatae magis sequitur tristitia quam
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diff changeset
1022 gaudium. Sed Deus, quem per caritatem diligimus, est nobis absens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 quandiu in hac vita vivimus, <i>quandiu enim sumus in corpore,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 peregrinamur a domino</i>, ut dicitur II ad Cor. V. Ergo caritas in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 nobis magis causat tristitiam quam gaudium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40157"><span class=
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diff changeset
1027 "ref">[40157] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1028 per caritatem maxime meremur beatitudinem. Sed inter ea per quae
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diff changeset
1029 beatitudinem meremur ponitur luctus, qui ad tristitiam pertinet,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 secundum illud Matth. V, <i>beati qui lugent, quoniam
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diff changeset
1031 consolabuntur</i>. Ergo magis est effectus caritatis tristitia quam
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diff changeset
1032 gaudium.</p>
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diff changeset
1033 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40158"><span class=
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diff changeset
1034 "ref">[40158] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1035 caritas est virtus distincta a spe, ut ex supradictis patet. Sed
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diff changeset
1036 gaudium causatur ex spe, secundum illud Rom. XII, <i>spe
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 gaudentes</i>. Non ergo causatur ex caritate.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40159"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 "ref">[40159] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1040 est quia, sicut dicitur Rom. V, <i>caritas Dei diffusa est in
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diff changeset
1041 cordibus nostris per spiritum sanctum, qui datus est nobis</i>. Sed
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diff changeset
1042 gaudium in nobis causatur ex spiritu sancto, secundum illud Rom.
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diff changeset
1043 XIV, <i>non est regnum Dei esca et potus, sed iustitia et pax et
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diff changeset
1044 gaudium in spiritu sancto</i>. Ergo caritas est causa gaudii.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 1 co."><a name="40160"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1046 "ref">[40160] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1047 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de passionibus ageretur,
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diff changeset
1048 ex amore procedit et gaudium et tristitia, sed contrario modo.
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diff changeset
1049 Gaudium enim ex amore causatur vel propter praesentiam boni amati;
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diff changeset
1050 vel etiam propter hoc quod ipsi bono amato proprium bonum inest et
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diff changeset
1051 conservatur. Et hoc secundum maxime pertinet ad amorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 benevolentiae, per quem aliquis gaudet de amico prospere se
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diff changeset
1053 habente, etiam si sit absens. E contrario autem ex amore sequitur
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diff changeset
1054 tristitia vel propter absentiam amati; vel propter hoc quod cui
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diff changeset
1055 volumus bonum suo bono privatur, aut aliquo malo deprimitur.
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diff changeset
1056 Caritas autem est amor Dei, cuius bonum immutabile est, quia ipse
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diff changeset
1057 est sua bonitas. Et ex hoc ipso quod amatur est in amante per
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diff changeset
1058 nobilissimum sui effectum, secundum illud I Ioan. IV, <i>qui manet
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diff changeset
1059 in caritate, in Deo manet et Deus in eo</i>. Et ideo spirituale
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diff changeset
1060 gaudium, quod de Deo habetur, ex caritate causatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40161"><span class=
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diff changeset
1062 "ref">[40161] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1063 ergo dicendum quod quandiu sumus in corpore dicimur peregrinari a
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diff changeset
1064 domino, in comparatione ad illam praesentiam qua quibusdam est
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diff changeset
1065 praesens per speciei visionem, unde et apostolus subdit ibidem,
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diff changeset
1066 <i>per fidem enim ambulamus, et non per speciem</i>. Est autem
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diff changeset
1067 praesens etiam se amantibus etiam in hac vita per gratiae
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diff changeset
1068 inhabitationem.</p>
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diff changeset
1069 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40162"><span class=
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diff changeset
1070 "ref">[40162] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1071 dicendum quod luctus qui beatitudinem meretur est de his quae sunt
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diff changeset
1072 beatitudini contraria. Unde eiusdem rationis est quod talis luctus
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diff changeset
1073 ex caritate causetur, et gaudium spirituale de Deo, quia eiusdem
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diff changeset
1074 rationis est gaudere de aliquo bono et tristari de his quae ei
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diff changeset
1075 repugnant.</p>
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diff changeset
1076 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40163"><span class=
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diff changeset
1077 "ref">[40163] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1078 dicendum quod de Deo potest esse spirituale gaudium dupliciter, uno
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diff changeset
1079 modo, secundum quod gaudemus de bono divino in se considerato; alio
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diff changeset
1080 modo, secundum quod gaudemus de bono divino prout a nobis
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diff changeset
1081 participatur. Primum autem gaudium melius est, et hoc procedit
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diff changeset
1082 principaliter ex caritate. Sed secundum gaudium procedit etiam ex
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diff changeset
1083 spe, per quam expectamus divini boni fruitionem. Quamvis etiam ipsa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 fruitio, vel perfecta vel imperfecta, secundum mensuram caritatis
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diff changeset
1085 obtineatur.</p>
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diff changeset
1086 <br />
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diff changeset
1087 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1088 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40164"><span class=
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diff changeset
1089 "ref">[40164] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1090 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod gaudium spirituale quod ex
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diff changeset
1091 caritate causatur recipiat admixtionem tristitiae. Congaudere enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 bonis proximi ad caritatem pertinet, secundum illud I ad Cor. XIII,
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diff changeset
1093 <i>caritas non gaudet super iniquitate, congaudet autem
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diff changeset
1094 veritati</i>. Sed hoc gaudium recipit permixtionem tristitiae,
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diff changeset
1095 secundum illud Rom. XII, <i>gaudere cum gaudentibus, flere cum
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diff changeset
1096 flentibus</i>. Ergo gaudium spirituale caritatis admixtionem
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diff changeset
1097 tristitiae patitur.</p>
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diff changeset
1098 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40165"><span class=
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diff changeset
1099 "ref">[40165] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1100 poenitentia, sicut dicit Gregorius, est <i>anteacta mala flere, et
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diff changeset
1101 flenda iterum non committere</i>. Sed vera poenitentia non est sine
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diff changeset
1102 caritate. Ergo gaudium caritatis habet tristitiae admixtionem.</p>
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diff changeset
1103 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40166"><span class=
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diff changeset
1104 "ref">[40166] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1105 ex caritate contingit quod aliquis desiderat esse cum Christo,
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diff changeset
1106 secundum illud Philipp. I, <i>desiderium habens dissolvi et esse
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diff changeset
1107 cum Christo</i>. Sed ex isto desiderio sequitur in homine quaedam
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diff changeset
1108 tristitia, secundum illud Psalm., <i>heu mihi, quia incolatus meus
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diff changeset
1109 prolongatus est</i>. Ergo gaudium caritatis recipit admixtionem
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diff changeset
1110 tristitiae.</p>
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diff changeset
1111 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40167"><span class=
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diff changeset
1112 "ref">[40167] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1113 est quod gaudium caritatis est gaudium de divina sapientia. Sed
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diff changeset
1114 huiusmodi gaudium non habet permixtionem tristitiae, secundum illud
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diff changeset
1115 Sap. VIII, <i>non habet amaritudinem conversatio illius</i>. Ergo
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diff changeset
1116 gaudium caritatis non patitur permixtionem tristitiae.</p>
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diff changeset
1117 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 2 co."><a name="40168"><span class=
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diff changeset
1118 "ref">[40168] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1119 dicendum quod ex caritate causatur duplex gaudium de Deo, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 supra dictum est. Unum quidem principale, quod est proprium
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diff changeset
1121 caritatis, quo scilicet gaudemus de bono divino secundum se
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diff changeset
1122 considerato. Et tale gaudium caritatis permixtionem tristitiae non
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diff changeset
1123 patitur, sicut nec illud bonum de quo gaudetur potest aliquam mali
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diff changeset
1124 admixtionem habere. Et ideo apostolus dicit, ad Philipp. IV,
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diff changeset
1125 <i>gaudete in domino semper</i>. Aliud autem est gaudium caritatis
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diff changeset
1126 quo gaudet quis de bono divino secundum quod participatur a nobis.
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diff changeset
1127 Haec autem participatio potest impediri per aliquod contrarium. Et
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diff changeset
1128 ideo ex hac parte gaudium caritatis potest habere permixtionem
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diff changeset
1129 tristitiae, prout scilicet aliquis tristatur de eo quod repugnat
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diff changeset
1130 participationi divini boni vel in nobis vel in proximis, quos
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diff changeset
1131 tanquam nosipsos diligimus.</p>
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diff changeset
1132 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40169"><span class=
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diff changeset
1133 "ref">[40169] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1134 ergo dicendum quod fletus proximi non est nisi de aliquo malo. Omne
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diff changeset
1135 autem malum importat defectum participationis summi boni. Et ideo
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diff changeset
1136 intantum caritas facit condolere proximo inquantum participatio
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diff changeset
1137 divini boni in eo impeditur.</p>
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diff changeset
1138 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40170"><span class=
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diff changeset
1139 "ref">[40170] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1140 dicendum quod peccata dividunt inter nos et Deum, ut dicitur Isaiae
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diff changeset
1141 LIX. Et ideo haec est ratio dolendi de peccatis praeteritis
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diff changeset
1142 nostris, vel etiam aliorum, inquantum per ea impedimur a
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diff changeset
1143 participatione divini boni.</p>
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diff changeset
1144 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40171"><span class=
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diff changeset
1145 "ref">[40171] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 dicendum quod, quamvis in incolatu huius miseriae aliquo modo
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diff changeset
1147 participemus divinum bonum per cognitionem et amorem, tamen huius
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diff changeset
1148 vitae miseria impedit a perfecta participatione divini boni, qualis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 erit in patria. Et ideo haec etiam tristitia qua quis luget de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 dilatione gloriae pertinet ad impedimentum participationis divini
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diff changeset
1151 boni.</p>
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diff changeset
1152 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40172"><span class=
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diff changeset
1155 "ref">[40172] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1156 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spirituale gaudium quod ex caritate
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diff changeset
1157 causatur non possit in nobis impleri. Quanto enim maius gaudium de
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diff changeset
1158 Deo habemus, tanto gaudium eius in nobis magis impletur. Sed
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diff changeset
1159 nunquam possumus tantum de Deo gaudere quantum dignum est ut de eo
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diff changeset
1160 gaudeatur, quia semper bonitas eius, quae est infinita, excedit
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diff changeset
1161 gaudium creaturae, quod est finitum. Ergo gaudium de Deo nunquam
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diff changeset
1162 potest impleri.</p>
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diff changeset
1163 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40173"><span class=
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diff changeset
1164 "ref">[40173] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1165 illud quod est impletum non potest esse maius. Sed gaudium etiam
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diff changeset
1166 beatorum potest esse maius, quia unius gaudium est maius quam
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diff changeset
1167 alterius. Ergo gaudium de Deo non potest in creatura impleri.</p>
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diff changeset
1168 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40174"><span class=
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diff changeset
1169 "ref">[40174] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1170 nihil aliud videtur esse comprehensio quam cognitionis plenitudo.
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diff changeset
1171 Sed sicut vis cognoscitiva creaturae est finita, ita et vis
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diff changeset
1172 appetitiva eiusdem. Cum ergo Deus non possit ab aliqua creatura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 comprehendi, videtur quod non possit alicuius creaturae gaudium de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 Deo impleri.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40175"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 "ref">[40175] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 est quod dominus discipulis dixit, Ioan. XV, <i>gaudium meum in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 vobis sit, et gaudium vestrum impleatur</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 3 co."><a name="40176"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 "ref">[40176] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 dicendum quod plenitudo gaudii potest intelligi dupliciter. Uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 modo, ex parte rei de qua gaudetur, ut scilicet tantum gaudeatur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 ea quantum est dignum de ea gauderi. Et sic solum Dei gaudium est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 plenum de seipso, quia gaudium eius est infinitum, et hoc est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 condignum infinitae bonitati Dei; cuiuslibet autem creaturae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 gaudium oportet esse finitum. Alio modo potest intelligi plenitudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 gaudii ex parte gaudentis. Gaudium autem comparatur ad desiderium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 sicut quies ad motum; ut supra dictum est, cum de passionibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 ageretur. Est autem quies plena cum nihil restat de motu. Unde tunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 est gaudium plenum quando iam nihil desiderandum restat. Quandiu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 autem in hoc mundo sumus, non quiescit in nobis desiderii motus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 quia adhuc restat quod Deo magis appropinquemus per gratiam, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 supradictis patet. Sed quando iam ad beatitudinem perfectam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 perventum fuerit, nihil desiderandum restabit, quia ibi erit plena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 Dei fruitio, in qua homo obtinebit quidquid etiam circa alia bona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 desideravit, secundum illud Psalm., <i>qui replet in bonis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 desiderium tuum</i>. Et ideo quiescet desiderium non solum quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 desideramus Deum, sed etiam erit omnium desideriorum quies. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 gaudium beatorum est perfecte plenum, et etiam superplenum, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 plus obtinebunt quam desiderare suffecerint; <i>non enim in cor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 hominis ascendit quae praeparavit Deus diligentibus se</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 dicitur I ad Cor. II. Et hinc est quod dicitur Luc. VI, <i>mensuram
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 bonam et supereffluentem dabunt in sinus vestros</i>. Quia tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 nulla creatura est capax gaudii de Deo ei condigni, inde est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 illud gaudium omnino plenum non capitur in homine, sed potius homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 intrat in ipsum, secundum illud Matth. XXV, <i>intra in gaudium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 domini tui</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40177"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 "ref">[40177] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de plenitudine gaudii ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 parte rei de qua gaudetur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40178"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 "ref">[40178] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 dicendum quod cum perventum fuerit ad beatitudinem, unusquisque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 attinget terminum sibi praefixum ex praedestinatione divina, nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 restabit ulterius aliquid quo tendatur, quamvis in illa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 terminatione unus perveniat ad maiorem propinquitatem Dei, alius ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 minorem. Et ideo uniuscuiusque gaudium erit plenum ex parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 gaudentis, quia uniuscuiusque desiderium plene quietabitur. Erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 tamen gaudium unius maius quam alterius, propter pleniorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 participationem divinae beatitudinis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40179"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 "ref">[40179] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 dicendum quod comprehensio importat plenitudinem cognitionis ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 parte rei cognitae, ut scilicet tantum cognoscatur res quantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 cognosci potest. Habet tamen etiam cognitio aliquam plenitudinem ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 parte cognoscentis, sicut et de gaudio dictum est. Unde et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 apostolus dicit, ad Coloss. I, <i>impleamini agnitione voluntatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 eius in omni sapientia et intellectu spirituali</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40180"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 "ref">[40180] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 sic proceditur. Videtur quod gaudium sit virtus. Vitium enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 contrariatur virtuti. Sed tristitia ponitur vitium, ut patet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 acedia et de invidia. Ergo etiam gaudium debet poni virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40181"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 "ref">[40181] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 sicut amor et spes sunt passiones quaedam quarum obiectum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 bonum, ita et gaudium. Sed amor et spes ponuntur virtutes. Ergo et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 gaudium debet poni virtus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40182"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 "ref">[40182] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 praecepta legis dantur de actibus virtutum. Sed praecipitur nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 quod de Deo gaudeamus, secundum illud ad Philipp. IV, <i>gaudete in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 domino semper</i>. Ergo gaudium est virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40183"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 "ref">[40183] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 est quod neque connumeratur inter virtutes theologicas, neque inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 virtutes morales, neque inter virtutes intellectuales, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 supradictis patet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 4 co."><a name="40184"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 "ref">[40184] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 dicendum quod virtus, sicut supra habitum est, est habitus quidam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 operativus; et ideo secundum propriam rationem habet inclinationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 ad aliquem actum. Est autem contingens ex uno habitu plures actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 eiusdem rationis ordinatos provenire, quorum unus sequatur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 altero. Et quia posteriores actus non procedunt ab habitu virtutis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 nisi per actum priorem, inde est quod virtus non definitur nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 denominatur nisi ab actu priori, quamvis etiam alii actus ab ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 consequantur. Manifestum est autem ex his quae supra de passionibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 dicta sunt, quod amor est prima affectio appetitivae potentiae, ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 qua sequitur et desiderium et gaudium. Et ideo habitus virtutis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 idem est qui inclinat ad diligendum, et ad desiderandum bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 dilectum, et ad gaudendum de eo. Sed quia dilectio inter hos actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 est prior, inde est quod virtus non denominatur a gaudio nec a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 desiderio, sed a dilectione, et dicitur caritas. Sic ergo gaudium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 non est aliqua virtus a caritate distincta, sed est quidam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 caritatis actus sive effectus. Et propter hoc connumeratur inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 fructus, ut patet Gal. V.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40185"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 "ref">[40185] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 ergo dicendum quod tristitia quae est vitium causatur ex inordinato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 amore sui, quod non est aliquod speciale vitium, sed quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 generalis radix vitiorum, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo oportuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 tristitias quasdam particulares ponere specialia vitia, quia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 derivantur ab aliquo speciali vitio, sed a generali. Sed amor Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 ponitur specialis virtus, quae est caritas, ad quam reducitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 gaudium, ut dictum est, sicut proprius actus eius.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40186"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 "ref">[40186] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 dicendum quod spes consequitur ex amore sicut et gaudium, sed spes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 addit ex parte obiecti quandam specialem rationem, scilicet arduum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 et possibile adipisci; et ideo ponitur specialis virtus. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 gaudium ex parte obiecti nullam rationem specialem addit supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 amorem quae possit causare specialem virtutem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 <p title="II-II q. 28 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40187"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 "ref">[40187] II&ordf;-IIae q. 28 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 dicendum quod intantum datur praeceptum legis de gaudio inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 est actus caritatis; licet non sit primus actus eius.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 <div class="D">Quaestio 29</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 <p title="II-II q. 29 pr."><a name="40188"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 "ref">[40188] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 considerandum est de pace. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 utrum pax sit idem quod concordia. Secundo, utrum omnia appetant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 pacem. Tertio, utrum pax sit effectus caritatis. Quarto, utrum pax
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 sit virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40189"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 "ref">[40189] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 sic proceditur. Videtur quod pax sit idem quod concordia. Dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 enim Augustinus, XIX de Civ. Dei, quod <i>pax hominum est ordinata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 concordia</i>. Sed non loquimur nunc nisi de pace hominum. Ergo pax
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 est idem quod concordia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40190"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 "ref">[40190] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 concordia est quaedam unio voluntatum. Sed ratio pacis in tali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 unione consistit, dicit enim Dionysius, XI cap. de Div. Nom., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 <i>pax est omnium unitiva et consensus operativa</i>. Ergo pax est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1313 idem quod concordia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40191"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 "ref">[40191] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 quorum est idem oppositum, et ipsa sunt idem. Sed idem opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1317 concordiae et paci, scilicet dissensio, unde dicitur, I ad Cor.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1318 XIV, <i>non est dissensionis Deus, sed pacis</i>. Ergo pax est idem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 quod concordia.</p>
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diff changeset
1320 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40192"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 "ref">[40192] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 est quod concordia potest esse aliquorum impiorum in malo. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 est pax impiis, ut dicitur Isaiae XLVIII. Ergo pax non est idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 quod concordia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 1 co."><a name="40193"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 "ref">[40193] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 dicendum quod pax includit concordiam et aliquid addit. Unde
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diff changeset
1328 ubicumque est pax, ibi est concordia, non tamen ubicumque est
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diff changeset
1329 concordia, est pax, si nomen pacis proprie sumatur. Concordia enim,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 proprie sumpta, est ad alterum, inquantum scilicet diversorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 cordium voluntates simul in unum consensum conveniunt. Contingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 etiam unius hominis cor tendere in diversa, et hoc dupliciter. Uno
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diff changeset
1333 quidem modo, secundum diversas potentias appetitivas, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 appetitus sensitivus plerumque tendit in contrarium rationalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 appetitus, secundum illud ad Gal. V, <i>caro concupiscit adversus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 spiritum</i>. Alio modo, inquantum una et eadem vis appetitiva in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1337 diversa appetibilia tendit quae simul assequi non potest. Unde
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diff changeset
1338 necesse est esse repugnantiam motuum appetitus. Unio autem horum
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diff changeset
1339 motuum est quidem de ratione pacis, non enim homo habet pacatum cor
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diff changeset
1340 quandiu, etsi habeat aliquid quod vult, tamen adhuc restat ei
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diff changeset
1341 aliquid volendum quod simul habere non potest. Haec autem unio non
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diff changeset
1342 est de ratione concordiae. Unde concordia importat unionem
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diff changeset
1343 appetituum diversorum appetentium, pax autem, supra hanc unionem,
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diff changeset
1344 importat etiam appetituum unius appetentis unionem.</p>
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diff changeset
1345 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40194"><span class=
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diff changeset
1346 "ref">[40194] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1347 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur ibi de pace quae est unius
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diff changeset
1348 hominis ad alium. Et hanc pacem dicit esse concordiam, non
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diff changeset
1349 quamlibet, sed ordinatam, ex eo scilicet quod unus homo concordat
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diff changeset
1350 cum alio secundum illud quod utrique convenit. Si enim homo
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diff changeset
1351 concordet cum alio non spontanea voluntate, sed quasi coactus
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diff changeset
1352 timore alicuius mali imminentis, talis concordia non est vere pax,
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diff changeset
1353 quia non servatur ordo utriusque concordantis, sed perturbatur ab
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diff changeset
1354 aliquo timorem inferente. Et propter hoc praemittit quod pax est
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diff changeset
1355 tranquillitas ordinis. Quae quidem tranquillitas consistit in hoc
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diff changeset
1356 quod omnes motus appetitivi in uno homine conquiescunt.</p>
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diff changeset
1357 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40195"><span class=
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diff changeset
1358 "ref">[40195] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1359 dicendum quod, si homo simul cum alio homine in idem consentiat,
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diff changeset
1360 non tamen consensus eius est omnino unitus nisi etiam sibi invicem
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diff changeset
1361 omnes motus appetitivi eius sint consentientes.</p>
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diff changeset
1362 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40196"><span class=
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diff changeset
1363 "ref">[40196] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1364 dicendum quod paci opponitur duplex dissensio, scilicet dissensio
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diff changeset
1365 hominis ad seipsum, et dissensio hominis ad alterum. Concordiae
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diff changeset
1366 vero opponitur haec sola secunda dissensio.</p>
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diff changeset
1367 <br />
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diff changeset
1368 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
1369 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40197"><span class=
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diff changeset
1370 "ref">[40197] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1371 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omnia appetant pacem. Pax
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diff changeset
1372 enim, secundum Dionysium, est unitiva consensus. Sed in his quae
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diff changeset
1373 cognitione carent non potest uniri consensus. Ergo huiusmodi pacem
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diff changeset
1374 appetere non possunt.</p>
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diff changeset
1375 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40198"><span class=
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diff changeset
1376 "ref">[40198] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1377 appetitus non fertur simul ad contraria. Sed multi sunt appetentes
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diff changeset
1378 bella et dissensiones. Ergo non omnes appetunt pacem.</p>
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diff changeset
1379 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40199"><span class=
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diff changeset
1380 "ref">[40199] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1381 solum bonum est appetibile. Sed quaedam pax videtur esse mala,
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diff changeset
1382 alioquin dominus non diceret, Matth. X, <i>non veni mittere
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diff changeset
1383 pacem</i>. Ergo non omnia pacem appetunt.</p>
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diff changeset
1384 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40200"><span class=
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diff changeset
1385 "ref">[40200] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1386 illud quod omnia appetunt videtur esse summum bonum, quod est
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diff changeset
1387 ultimus finis. Sed pax non est huiusmodi, quia etiam in statu viae
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diff changeset
1388 habetur; alioquin frustra dominus mandaret, Marc. IX, <i>pacem
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diff changeset
1389 habete inter vos</i>. Ergo non omnia pacem appetunt.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40201"><span class=
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diff changeset
1391 "ref">[40201] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1392 est quod Augustinus dicit, XIX de Civ. Dei, quod omnia pacem
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diff changeset
1393 appetunt. Et idem etiam dicit Dionysius, XI cap. de Div. Nom.</p>
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diff changeset
1394 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 2 co."><a name="40202"><span class=
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diff changeset
1395 "ref">[40202] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1396 dicendum quod ex hoc ipso quod homo aliquid appetit, consequens est
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diff changeset
1397 ipsum appetere eius quod appetit assecutionem, et per consequens
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diff changeset
1398 remotionem eorum quae consecutionem impedire possunt. Potest autem
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diff changeset
1399 impediri assecutio boni desiderati per contrarium appetitum vel sui
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diff changeset
1400 ipsius vel alterius, et utrumque tollitur per pacem, sicut supra
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diff changeset
1401 dictum est. Et ideo necesse est quod omne appetens appetat pacem,
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diff changeset
1402 inquantum scilicet omne appetens appetit tranquille et sine
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diff changeset
1403 impedimento pervenire ad id quod appetit, in quo consistit ratio
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diff changeset
1404 pacis, quam Augustinus definit tranquillitatem ordinis.</p>
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diff changeset
1405 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40203"><span class=
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diff changeset
1406 "ref">[40203] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1407 ergo dicendum quod pax importat unionem non solum appetitus
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diff changeset
1408 intellectualis seu rationalis aut animalis, ad quos potest
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diff changeset
1409 pertinere consensus, sed etiam appetitus naturalis. Et ideo
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diff changeset
1410 Dionysius dicit quod <i>pax est operativa et consensus et
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diff changeset
1411 connaturalitatis</i>, ut in consensu importetur unio appetituum ex
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diff changeset
1412 cognitione procedentium; per connaturalitatem vero importatur unio
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diff changeset
1413 appetituum naturalium.</p>
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diff changeset
1414 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40204"><span class=
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diff changeset
1415 "ref">[40204] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1416 dicendum quod illi etiam qui bella quaerunt et dissensiones non
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diff changeset
1417 desiderant nisi pacem, quam se habere non aestimant. Ut enim dictum
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diff changeset
1418 est, non est pax si quis cum alio concordet contra id quod ipse
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diff changeset
1419 magis vellet. Et ideo homines quaerunt hanc concordiam rumpere
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diff changeset
1420 bellando, tanquam defectum pacis habentem, ut ad pacem perveniant
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diff changeset
1421 in qua nihil eorum voluntati repugnet. Et propter hoc omnes
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diff changeset
1422 bellantes quaerunt per bella ad pacem aliquam pervenire
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diff changeset
1423 perfectiorem quam prius haberent.</p>
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diff changeset
1424 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40205"><span class=
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diff changeset
1425 "ref">[40205] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1426 dicendum quod, quia pax consistit in quietatione et unione
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diff changeset
1427 appetitus; sicut autem appetitus potest esse vel boni simpliciter
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diff changeset
1428 vel boni apparentis, ita etiam et pax potest esse et vera et
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diff changeset
1429 apparens, vera quidem pax non potest esse nisi circa appetitum veri
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diff changeset
1430 boni; quia omne malum, etsi secundum aliquid appareat bonum, unde
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diff changeset
1431 ex aliqua parte appetitum quietet, habet tamen multos defectus, ex
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diff changeset
1432 quibus appetitus remanet inquietus et perturbatus. Unde pax vera
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diff changeset
1433 non potest esse nisi in bonis et bonorum. Pax autem quae malorum
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diff changeset
1434 est, est pax apparens et non vera. Unde dicitur Sap. XIV, <i>in
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diff changeset
1435 magno viventes inscientiae bello, tot et tanta mala pacem arbitrati
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diff changeset
1436 sunt</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1437 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40206"><span class=
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diff changeset
1438 "ref">[40206] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1439 dicendum quod, cum vera pax non sit nisi de bono, sicut dupliciter
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diff changeset
1440 habetur verum bonum, scilicet perfecte et imperfecte, ita est
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diff changeset
1441 duplex pax vera. Una quidem perfecta, quae consistit in perfecta
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diff changeset
1442 fruitione summi boni, per quam omnes appetitus uniuntur quietati in
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diff changeset
1443 uno. Et hic est ultimus finis creaturae rationalis, secundum illud
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diff changeset
1444 Psalm., <i>qui posuit fines tuos pacem</i>. Alia vero est pax
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diff changeset
1445 imperfecta, quae habetur in hoc mundo. Quia etsi principalis animae
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diff changeset
1446 motus quiescat in Deo, sunt tamen aliqua repugnantia et intus et
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diff changeset
1447 extra quae perturbant hanc pacem.</p>
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diff changeset
1448 <br />
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diff changeset
1449 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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diff changeset
1450 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40207"><span class=
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diff changeset
1451 "ref">[40207] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1452 sic proceditur. Videtur quod pax non sit proprius effectus
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diff changeset
1453 caritatis. Caritas enim non habetur sine gratia gratum faciente.
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diff changeset
1454 Sed pax a quibusdam habetur qui non habent gratiam gratum
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diff changeset
1455 facientem, sicut et gentiles aliquando habent pacem. Ergo pax non
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diff changeset
1456 est effectus caritatis.</p>
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diff changeset
1457 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40208"><span class=
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diff changeset
1458 "ref">[40208] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1459 illud non est effectus caritatis cuius contrarium cum caritate esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 potest. Sed dissensio, quae contrariatur paci, potest esse cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 caritate, videmus enim quod etiam sacri doctores, ut Hieronymus et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 Augustinus, in aliquibus opinionibus dissenserunt; Paulus etiam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 Barnabas dissensisse leguntur, Act. XV. Ergo videtur quod pax non
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diff changeset
1464 sit effectus caritatis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40209"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 "ref">[40209] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 idem non est proprius effectus diversorum. Sed pax est effectus
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diff changeset
1468 iustitiae, secundum illud Isaiae XXXII, <i>opus iustitiae pax</i>.
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diff changeset
1469 Ergo non est effectus caritatis.</p>
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diff changeset
1470 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40210"><span class=
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diff changeset
1471 "ref">[40210] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1472 est quod dicitur in Psalm., <i>pax multa diligentibus legem
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diff changeset
1473 tuam</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1474 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 3 co."><a name="40211"><span class=
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diff changeset
1475 "ref">[40211] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1476 dicendum quod duplex unio est de ratione pacis, sicut dictum est,
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diff changeset
1477 quarum una est secundum ordinationem propriorum appetituum in unum;
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diff changeset
1478 alia vero est secundum unionem appetitus proprii cum appetitu
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diff changeset
1479 alterius. Et utramque unionem efficit caritas. Primam quidem
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diff changeset
1480 unionem, secundum quod Deus diligitur ex toto corde, ut scilicet
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diff changeset
1481 omnia referamus in ipsum, et sic omnes appetitus nostri in unum
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diff changeset
1482 feruntur. Aliam vero, prout diligimus proximum sicut nosipsos, ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 quo contingit quod homo vult implere voluntatem proximi sicut et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 sui ipsius. Et propter hoc inter amicabilia unum ponitur identitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 electionis, ut patet in IX Ethic.; et Tullius dicit, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 amicitia, quod <i>amicorum est idem velle et nolle</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1487 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40212"><span class=
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diff changeset
1488 "ref">[40212] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1489 ergo dicendum quod a gratia gratum faciente nullus deficit nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 propter peccatum, ex quo contingit quod homo sit aversus a fine
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diff changeset
1491 debito, in aliquo indebito finem constituens. Et secundum hoc
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diff changeset
1492 appetitus eius non inhaeret principaliter vero finali bono, sed
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diff changeset
1493 apparenti. Et propter hoc sine gratia gratum faciente non potest
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diff changeset
1494 esse vera pax, sed solum apparens.</p>
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diff changeset
1495 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40213"><span class=
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diff changeset
1496 "ref">[40213] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1497 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in IX Ethic., ad amicitiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 non pertinet concordia in opinionibus, sed concordia in bonis
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diff changeset
1499 conferentibus ad vitam, et praecipue in magnis, quia dissentire in
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diff changeset
1500 aliquibus parvis quasi videtur non esse dissensus. Et propter hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 nihil prohibet aliquos caritatem habentes in opinionibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 dissentire. Nec hoc repugnat paci, quia opiniones pertinent ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 intellectum, qui praecedit appetitum, qui per pacem unitur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 Similiter etiam, existente concordia in principalibus bonis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 dissensio in aliquibus parvis non est contra caritatem. Procedit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 enim talis dissensio ex diversitate opinionum, dum unus aestimat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 hoc de quo est dissensio pertinere ad illud bonum in quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 conveniunt, et alius aestimat non pertinere. Et secundum hoc talis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 dissensio de minimis et de opinionibus repugnat quidem paci
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 perfectae, in qua plene veritas cognoscetur et omnis appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 complebitur, non tamen repugnat paci imperfectae, qualis habetur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 via.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40214"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 "ref">[40214] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 dicendum quod pax est opus iustitiae indirecte, inquantum scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 removet prohibens. Sed est opus caritatis directe, quia secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 propriam rationem caritas pacem causat. Est enim amor vis unitiva,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. pax autem est unio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 appetitivarum inclinationum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40215"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 "ref">[40215] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 sic proceditur. Videtur quod pax sit virtus. Praecepta enim non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 dantur nisi de actibus virtutum. Sed dantur praecepta de habendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 pacem, ut patet Marc. IX, <i>pacem habete inter vos</i>. Ergo pax
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 est virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40216"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 "ref">[40216] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 non meremur nisi actibus virtutum. Sed facere pacem est meritorium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 secundum illud Matth. V, <i>beati pacifici, quoniam filii Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 vocabuntur</i>. Ergo pax est virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40217"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 "ref">[40217] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 vitia virtutibus opponuntur. Sed dissensiones, quae opponuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 paci, numerantur inter vitia; ut patet ad Gal. V. Ergo pax est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40218"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 "ref">[40218] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 virtus non est finis ultimus, sed via in ipsum. Sed pax est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 quodammodo finis ultimus; ut Augustinus dicit, XIX de Civ. Dei.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 Ergo pax non est virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 4 co."><a name="40219"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 "ref">[40219] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum omnes actus se invicem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 consequuntur, secundum eandem rationem ab agente procedentes, omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 huiusmodi actus ab una virtute procedunt, nec habent singuli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 singulas virtutes a quibus procedant. Ut patet in rebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 corporalibus, quia enim ignis calefaciendo liquefacit et rarefacit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 non est in igne alia virtus liquefactiva et alia rarefactiva, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 omnes actus hos operatur ignis per unam suam virtutem calefactivam.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 Cum igitur pax causetur ex caritate secundum ipsam rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 dilectionis Dei et proximi, ut ostensum est, non est alia virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 cuius pax sit proprius actus nisi caritas, sicut et de gaudio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40220"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 "ref">[40220] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 ergo dicendum quod ideo praeceptum datur de pace habenda, quia est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 actus caritatis. Et propter hoc etiam est actus meritorius. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 ponitur inter beatitudines, quae sunt actus virtutis perfectae, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 supra dictum est. Ponitur etiam inter fructus, inquantum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 quoddam finale bonum spiritualem dulcedinem habens.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40221"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 "ref">[40221] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 patet solutio ad secundum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 <p title="II-II q. 29 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40222"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 "ref">[40222] II&ordf;-IIae q. 29 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 dicendum quod uni virtuti multa vitia opponuntur, secundum diversos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 actus eius. Et secundum hoc caritati non solum opponitur odium,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 ratione actus dilectionis; sed etiam acedia vel invidia, ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 gaudii; et dissensio, ratione pacis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 <div class="D">Quaestio 30</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 <p title="II-II q. 30 pr."><a name="40223"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 "ref">[40223] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 considerandum est de misericordia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 Primo, utrum malum sit causa misericordiae ex parte eius cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 miseremur. Secundo, quorum sit misereri. Tertio, utrum misericordia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 sit virtus. Quarto, utrum sit maxima virtutum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40224"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 "ref">[40224] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 sic proceditur. Videtur quod malum non sit proprie motivum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 misericordiam. Ut enim supra ostensum est, culpa est magis malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 quam poena. Sed culpa non est provocativum ad misericordiam, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 magis ad indignationem. Ergo malum non est misericordiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 provocativum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40225"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 "ref">[40225] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 ea quae sunt crudelia seu dira videntur quendam excessum mali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 habere. Sed philosophus dicit, in II Rhet., quod <i>dirum est aliud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 a miserabili, et expulsivum miserationis</i>. Ergo malum, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 huiusmodi, non est motivum ad misericordiam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40226"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 "ref">[40226] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 signa malorum non vere sunt mala. Sed signa malorum provocant ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 misericordiam; ut patet per philosophum, in II Rhet. Ergo malum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 est proprie provocativum misericordiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40227"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 "ref">[40227] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 est quod Damascenus dicit, in II Lib., quod misericordia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 species tristitiae. Sed motivum ad tristitiam est malum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 motivum ad misericordiam est malum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 1 co."><a name="40228"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 "ref">[40228] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, IX de Civ. Dei,
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diff changeset
1609 <i>misericordia est alienae miseriae in nostro corde compassio, qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 utique, si possumus, subvenire compellimur</i>, dicitur enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 misericordia ex eo quod aliquis habet miserum cor super miseria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 alterius. Miseria autem felicitati opponitur. Est autem de ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 beatitudinis sive felicitatis ut aliquis potiatur eo quod vult, nam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 sicut Augustinus dicit, XIII de Trin., <i>beatus qui habet omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1615 quae vult, et nihil mali vult</i>. Et ideo e contrario ad miseriam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 pertinet ut homo patiatur quae non vult. Tripliciter autem aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 vult aliquid. Uno quidem modo, appetitu naturali, sicut omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 homines volunt esse et vivere. Alio modo homo vult aliquid per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 electionem ex aliqua praemeditatione. Tertio modo homo vult aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 non secundum se, sed in causa sua, puta, qui vult comedere nociva,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 quodammodo dicimus eum velle infirmari. Sic igitur motivum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 misericordiae est, tanquam ad miseriam pertinens, primo quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 illud quod contrariatur appetitui naturali volentis, scilicet mala
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 corruptiva et contristantia, quorum contraria homines naturaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 appetunt. Unde philosophus dicit, in II Rhet., quod <i>misericordia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 est tristitia quaedam super apparenti malo corruptivo vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 contristativo</i>. Secundo, huiusmodi magis efficiuntur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 misericordiam provocantia si sint contra voluntatem electionis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 Unde et philosophus ibidem dicit quod illa mala sunt miserabilia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 quorum fortuna est causa, puta cum aliquod malum eveniat unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 sperabatur bonum. Tertio autem, sunt adhuc magis miserabilia si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 sunt contra totam voluntatem, puta si aliquis semper sectatus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 bona et eveniunt ei mala. Et ideo philosophus dicit, in eodem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 libro, quod <i>misericordia maxime est super malis eius qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 indignus patitur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40229"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 "ref">[40229] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 ergo dicendum quod de ratione culpae est quod sit voluntaria. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 quantum ad hoc non habet rationem miserabilis, sed magis rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 puniendi. Sed quia culpa potest esse aliquo modo poena, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 scilicet habet aliquid annexum quod est contra voluntatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 peccantis, secundum hoc potest habere rationem miserabilis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 secundum hoc miseremur et compatimur peccantibus, sicut Gregorius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 dicit, in quadam homilia, quod vera iustitia non habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 dedignationem, scilicet ad peccatores, sed compassionem. Et Matth.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 IX dicitur, <i>videns Iesus turbas misertus est eis, quia erant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 vexati, et iacentes sicut oves non habentes pastorem</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40230"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 "ref">[40230] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 dicendum quod quia misericordia est compassio miseriae alterius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 proprie misericordia est ad alterum, non autem ad seipsum, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 secundum quandam similitudinem, sicut et iustitia, secundum quod in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 homine considerantur diversae partes, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 secundum hoc dicitur Eccli. XXX, <i>miserere animae tuae placens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 Deo</i>. Sicut ergo misericordia non est proprie ad seipsum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 dolor, puta cum patimur aliquid crudele in nobis; ita etiam, si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 sint aliquae personae ita nobis coniunctae ut sint quasi aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 nostri, puta filii aut parentes, in eorum malis non miseremur, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 dolemus, sicut in vulneribus propriis. Et secundum hoc philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 dicit quod dirum est expulsivum miserationis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40231"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 "ref">[40231] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 dicendum quod sicut ex spe et memoria bonorum sequitur delectatio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 ita ex spe et memoria malorum sequitur tristitia, non autem tam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 vehemens sicut ex sensu praesentium. Et ideo signa malorum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 inquantum repraesentant nobis mala miserabilia sicut praesentia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 commovent ad miserendum.</p>
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diff changeset
1668 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40232"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 "ref">[40232] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod defectus non sit ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 miserendi ex parte miserentis. Proprium enim Dei est misereri, unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 dicitur in Psalm., <i>miserationes eius super omnia opera eius</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 Sed in Deo nullus est defectus. Ergo defectus non potest esse ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 miserendi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40233"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 "ref">[40233] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 si defectus est ratio miserendi, oportet quod illi qui maxime sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 cum defectu maxime miserentur. Sed hoc est falsum, dicit enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 philosophus, in II Rhet., quod <i>qui ex toto perierunt non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 miserentur</i>. Ergo videtur quod defectus non sit ratio miserendi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 ex parte miserentis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40234"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 "ref">[40234] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 sustinere aliquam contumeliam ad defectum pertinet. Sed philosophus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 dicit ibidem quod <i>illi qui sunt in contumeliativa dispositione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 non miserentur</i>. Ergo defectus ex parte miserentis non est ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 miserendi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40235"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 "ref">[40235] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 est quod misericordia est quaedam tristitia. Sed defectus est ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 tristitiae, unde infirmi facilius contristantur, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 est. Ergo ratio miserendi est defectus miserentis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 2 co."><a name="40236"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 "ref">[40236] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 dicendum quod, cum misericordia sit compassio super miseria aliena,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 ut dictum est, ex hoc contingit quod aliquis misereatur ex quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 contingit quod de miseria aliena doleat. Quia autem tristitia seu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 dolor est de proprio malo, intantum aliquis de miseria aliena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 tristatur aut dolet inquantum miseriam alienam apprehendit ut suam.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 Hoc autem contingit dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum unionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 affectus, quod fit per amorem. Quia enim amans reputat amicum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 tanquam seipsum, malum ipsius reputat tanquam suum malum, et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 dolet de malo amici sicut de suo. Et inde est quod philosophus, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 IX Ethic., inter alia amicabilia ponit hoc quod est condolere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 amico. Et apostolus dicit, ad Rom. XII, <i>gaudere cum gaudentibus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 flere cum flentibus</i>. Alio modo contingit secundum unionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 realem, utpote cum malum aliquorum propinquum est ut ab eis ad nos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 transeat. Et ideo philosophus dicit, in II Rhet., homines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 miserentur super illos qui sunt eis coniuncti et similes, quia per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 hoc fit eis aestimatio quod ipsi etiam possint similia pati. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 inde est etiam quod senes et sapientes, qui considerant se posse in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 mala incidere, et debiles et formidolosi magis sunt misericordes. E
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 contrario autem alii, qui reputant se esse felices et intantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 potentes quod nihil mali putant se posse pati, non ita miserentur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 Sic igitur semper defectus est ratio miserendi, vel inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 aliquis defectum alicuius reputat suum, propter unionem amoris; vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 propter possibilitatem similia patiendi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40237"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 "ref">[40237] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 ergo dicendum quod Deus non miseretur nisi propter amorem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 inquantum amat nos tanquam aliquid sui.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40238"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 "ref">[40238] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 dicendum quod illi qui iam sunt in infimis malis non timent se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 ulterius pati aliquid, et ideo non miserentur. Similiter etiam nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 illi qui valde timent, quia tantum intendunt propriae passioni quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 non intendunt miseriae alienae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40239"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 "ref">[40239] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 dicendum quod illi qui sunt in contumeliativa dispositione, sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 quia sint contumeliam passi, sive quia velint contumeliam inferre,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 provocantur ad iram et audaciam, quae sunt quaedam passiones
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 virilitatis extollentes animum hominis ad arduum. Unde auferunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 homini aestimationem quod sit aliquid in futurum passurus. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 tales, dum sunt in hac dispositione, non miserentur, secundum illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 Prov. XXVII, <i>ira non habet misericordiam, neque erumpens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 furor</i>. Et ex simili ratione superbi non miserentur, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 contemnunt alios et reputant eos malos. Unde reputant quod digne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 patiantur quidquid patiuntur. Unde et Gregorius dicit quod falsa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 iustitia, scilicet superborum, non habet compassionem, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 dedignationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40240"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 "ref">[40240] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 sic proceditur. Videtur quod misericordia non sit virtus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 Principale enim in virtute est electio, ut patet per philosophum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 in libro Ethic. Electio autem est appetitus praeconsiliati, ut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 eodem libro dicitur. Illud ergo quod impedit consilium non potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 dici virtus. Sed misericordia impedit consilium, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 Sallustii, <i>omnes homines qui de rebus dubiis consultant ab ira
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 et misericordia vacuos esse decet, non enim animus facile verum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 providet ubi ista officiunt</i>. Ergo misericordia non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40241"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 "ref">[40241] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 nihil quod est contrarium virtuti est laudabile. Sed Nemesis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 contrariatur misericordiae, ut philosophus dicit, in II Rhet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 Nemesis autem est passio laudabilis, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 misericordia non est virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40242"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 "ref">[40242] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 gaudium et pax non sunt speciales virtutes quia consequuntur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 caritate, ut supra dictum est. Sed etiam misericordia consequitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 ex caritate, sic enim ex caritate flemus cum flentibus sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 gaudemus cum gaudentibus. Ergo misericordia non est specialis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="40243"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 "ref">[40243] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 cum misericordia ad vim appetitivam pertineat, non est virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 intellectualis. Nec est virtus theologica, cum non habeat Deum pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 obiecto. Similiter etiam non est virtus moralis, quia nec est circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 operationes, hoc enim pertinet ad iustitiam; nec est circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 passiones, non enim reducitur ad aliquam duodecim medietatum quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 philosophus ponit, in II Ethic. Ergo misericordia non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 virtus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40244"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 "ref">[40244] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 est quod Augustinus dicit, in IX de Civ. Dei, <i>longe melius et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 humanius et piorum sensibus accommodatius Cicero in Caesaris laude
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 locutus est, ubi ait, nulla de virtutibus tuis nec admirabilior nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 gratior misericordia est</i>. Ergo misericordia est virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 3 co."><a name="40245"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 "ref">[40245] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 dicendum quod misericordia importat dolorem de miseria aliena. Iste
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 autem dolor potest nominare, uno quidem modo, motum appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 sensitivi. Et secundum hoc misericordia passio est, et non virtus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 Alio vero modo potest nominare motum appetitus intellectivi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 secundum quod alicui displicet malum alterius. Hic autem motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 potest esse secundum rationem regulatus, et potest secundum hunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 motum ratione regulatum regulari motus inferioris appetitus. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 Augustinus dicit, in IX de Civ. Dei, quod <i>iste motus animi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 scilicet misericordia, servit rationi quando ita praebetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 misericordia ut iustitia conservetur, sive cum indigenti tribuitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 sive cum ignoscitur poenitenti</i>. Et quia ratio virtutis humanae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 consistit in hoc quod motus animi ratione reguletur, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 superioribus patet, consequens est misericordiam esse virtutem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40246"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 "ref">[40246] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 ergo dicendum quod auctoritas illa Sallustii intelligitur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 misericordia secundum quod est passio ratione non regulata. Sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 enim impedit consilium rationis, dum facit a iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 discedere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40247"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 "ref">[40247] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 dicendum quod philosophus loquitur ibi de misericordia et Nemesi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 secundum quod utrumque est passio. Et habent quidem contrarietatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 ex parte aestimationis quam habent de malis alienis, de quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 misericors dolet, inquantum aestimat aliquem indigna pati;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 Nemeseticus autem gaudet, inquantum aestimat aliquos digne pati, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 tristatur si indignis bene accidat. Et utrumque est laudabile, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 ab eodem more descendens, ut ibidem dicitur. Sed proprie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 misericordiae opponitur invidia, ut infra dicetur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40248"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 "ref">[40248] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 dicendum quod gaudium et pax nihil adiiciunt super rationem boni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 quod est obiectum caritatis, et ideo non requirunt alias virtutes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 quam caritatem. Sed misericordia respicit quandam specialem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 rationem, scilicet miseriam eius cuius miseretur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="40249"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 "ref">[40249] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 dicendum quod misericordia, secundum quod est virtus, est moralis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 virtus circa passiones existens, et reducitur ad illam medietatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 quae dicitur Nemesis, quia ab eodem more procedunt, ut in II Rhet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 dicitur. Has autem medietates philosophus non ponit virtutes, sed
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diff changeset
1828 passiones, quia etiam secundum quod sunt passiones, laudabiles
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 sunt. Nihil tamen prohibet quin ab aliquo habitu electivo
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diff changeset
1830 proveniant. Et secundum hoc assumunt rationem virtutis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40250"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 "ref">[40250] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 sic proceditur. Videtur quod misericordia sit maxima virtutum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 Maxime enim ad virtutem pertinere videtur cultus divinus. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 misericordia cultui divino praefertur, secundum illud Osee VI et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 Matth. XII, <i>misericordiam volo, et non sacrificium</i>. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 misericordia est maxima virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40251"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 "ref">[40251] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 super illud I ad Tim. IV, <i>pietas ad omnia utilis est</i>, dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 Glossa Ambrosii, <i>omnis summa disciplinae Christianae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 misericordia et pietate est</i>. Sed disciplina Christiana continet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 omnem virtutem. Ergo summa totius virtutis in misericordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 consistit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40252"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 "ref">[40252] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 virtus est quae bonum facit habentem. Ergo tanto aliqua virtus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 melior quanto facit hominem Deo similiorem, quia per hoc melior est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 homo quod Deo est similior. Sed hoc maxime facit misericordia, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 de Deo dicitur in Psalm. quod <i>miserationes eius sunt super omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 opera eius</i>. Unde et Luc. VI dominus dicit, <i>estote
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 misericordes, sicut et pater vester misericors est</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 Misericordia igitur est maxima virtutum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40253"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 "ref">[40253] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1858 est quod apostolus, ad Coloss. III, cum dixisset, <i>induite vos,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 sicut dilecti Dei, viscera misericordiae</i> etc., postea subdit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 <i>super omnia, caritatem habete</i>. Ergo misericordia non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 maxima virtutum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 4 co."><a name="40254"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 "ref">[40254] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 dicendum quod aliqua virtus potest esse maxima dupliciter, uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 modo, secundum se; alio modo, per comparationem ad habentem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 Secundum se quidem misericordia maxima est. Pertinet enim ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 misericordiam quod alii effundat; et, quod plus est, quod defectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 aliorum sublevet; et hoc est maxime superioris. Unde et misereri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 ponitur proprium Deo, et in hoc maxime dicitur eius omnipotentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 manifestari. Sed quoad habentem, misericordia non est maxima, nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 ille qui habet sit maximus, qui nullum supra se habeat, sed omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 sub se. Ei enim qui supra se aliquem habet maius est et melius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 coniungi superiori quam supplere defectum inferioris. Et ideo
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diff changeset
1874 quantum ad hominem, qui habet Deum superiorem, caritas, per quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 Deo unitur, est potior quam misericordia, per quam defectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 proximorum supplet. Sed inter omnes virtutes quae ad proximum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 pertinent potissima est misericordia, sicut etiam est potioris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 actus, nam supplere defectum alterius, inquantum huiusmodi, est
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diff changeset
1879 superioris et melioris.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40255"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 "ref">[40255] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 ergo dicendum quod Deum non colimus per exteriora sacrificia aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 munera propter ipsum, sed propter nos et propter proximos, non enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 indiget sacrificiis nostris, sed vult ea sibi offerri propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 nostram devotionem et proximorum utilitatem. Et ideo misericordia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 qua subvenitur defectibus aliorum, est sacrificium ei magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 acceptum, utpote propinquius utilitatem proximorum inducens,
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diff changeset
1888 secundum illud Heb. ult., <i>beneficentiae et communionis nolite
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diff changeset
1889 oblivisci, talibus enim hostiis promeretur Deus</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40256"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 "ref">[40256] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 dicendum quod summa religionis Christianae in misericordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 consistit quantum ad exteriora opera. Interior tamen affectio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1894 caritatis, qua coniungimur Deo, praeponderat et dilectioni et
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diff changeset
1895 misericordiae in proximos.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1896 <p title="II-II q. 30 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40257"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 "ref">[40257] II&ordf;-IIae q. 30 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1898 dicendum quod per caritatem assimilamur Deo tanquam ei per affectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 uniti. Et ideo potior est quam misericordia, per quam assimilamur
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diff changeset
1900 Deo secundum similitudinem operationis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1902 <div class="D">Quaestio 31</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1903 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
1904 <p title="II-II q. 31 pr."><a name="40258"><span class=
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diff changeset
1905 "ref">[40258] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
1906 considerandum est de exterioribus actibus vel effectibus caritatis.
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diff changeset
1907 Et primo, de beneficentia; secundo, de eleemosyna, quae est quaedam
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diff changeset
1908 pars beneficentiae; tertio, de correctione fraterna, quae est
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diff changeset
1909 quaedam eleemosyna. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
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diff changeset
1910 beneficentia sit actus caritatis. Secundo, utrum sit omnibus
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diff changeset
1911 benefaciendum. Tertio, utrum magis coniunctis sit magis
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diff changeset
1912 benefaciendum. Quarto, utrum beneficentia sit virtus specialis.</p>
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diff changeset
1913 <br />
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diff changeset
1914 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
1915 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40259"><span class=
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diff changeset
1916 "ref">[40259] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1917 sic proceditur. Videtur quod beneficentia non sit actus caritatis.
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diff changeset
1918 Caritas enim maxime habetur ad Deum. Sed ad eum non possumus esse
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diff changeset
1919 benefici, secundum illud Iob XXXV, <i>quid dabis ei? Aut quid de
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diff changeset
1920 manu tua accipiet?</i> Ergo beneficentia non est actus
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diff changeset
1921 caritatis.</p>
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diff changeset
1922 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40260"><span class=
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diff changeset
1923 "ref">[40260] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1924 beneficentia maxime consistit in collatione donorum. Sed hoc
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diff changeset
1925 pertinet ad liberalitatem. Ergo beneficentia non est actus
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diff changeset
1926 caritatis, sed liberalitatis.</p>
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diff changeset
1927 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40261"><span class=
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diff changeset
1928 "ref">[40261] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1929 omne quod quis dat, vel dat sicut debitum vel dat sicut non
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diff changeset
1930 debitum. Sed beneficium quod impenditur tanquam debitum pertinet ad
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diff changeset
1931 iustitiam, quod autem impenditur tanquam non debitum, gratis datur,
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diff changeset
1932 et secundum hoc pertinet ad misericordiam. Ergo omnis beneficentia
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diff changeset
1933 vel est actus iustitiae vel est actus misericordiae. Non est ergo
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diff changeset
1934 actus caritatis.</p>
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diff changeset
1935 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40262"><span class=
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diff changeset
1936 "ref">[40262] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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diff changeset
1937 caritas est amicitia quaedam, ut dictum est. Sed philosophus, in IX
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diff changeset
1938 Ethic., inter alios amicitiae actus ponit hoc unum quod est operari
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diff changeset
1939 bonum ad amicos, quod est amicis benefacere. Ergo beneficentia est
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diff changeset
1940 actus caritatis.</p>
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diff changeset
1941 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 1 co."><a name="40263"><span class=
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diff changeset
1942 "ref">[40263] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1943 dicendum quod beneficentia nihil aliud importat quam facere bonum
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diff changeset
1944 alicui. Potest autem hoc bonum considerari dupliciter. Uno modo,
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diff changeset
1945 secundum communem rationem boni. Et hoc pertinet ad communem
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diff changeset
1946 rationem beneficentiae. Et hoc est actus amicitiae, et per
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diff changeset
1947 consequens caritatis. Nam in actu dilectionis includitur
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diff changeset
1948 benevolentia, per quam aliquis vult bonum amico, ut supra habitum
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1949 est. Voluntas autem est effectiva eorum quae vult, si facultas
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diff changeset
1950 adsit. Et ideo ex consequenti benefacere amico ex actu dilectionis
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diff changeset
1951 consequitur. Et propter hoc beneficentia secundum communem
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diff changeset
1952 rationem, est amicitiae vel caritatis actus. Si autem bonum quod
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diff changeset
1953 quis facit alteri accipiatur sub aliqua speciali ratione boni, sic
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diff changeset
1954 beneficentia accipiet specialem rationem, et pertinebit ad aliquam
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diff changeset
1955 specialem virtutem.</p>
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diff changeset
1956 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40264"><span class=
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diff changeset
1957 "ref">[40264] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1958 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom.,
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diff changeset
1959 <i>amor movet ordinata ad mutuam habitudinem, et inferiora
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diff changeset
1960 convertit in superiora ut ab eis perficiantur, et superiora movet
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diff changeset
1961 ad inferiorum provisionem</i>. Et quantum ad hoc beneficentia est
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diff changeset
1962 effectus dilectionis. Et ideo nostrum non est Deo benefacere, sed
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diff changeset
1963 eum honorare, nos ei subiiciendo, eius autem est ex sua dilectione
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1964 nobis benefacere.</p>
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diff changeset
1965 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40265"><span class=
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diff changeset
1966 "ref">[40265] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1967 dicendum quod in collatione donorum duo sunt attendenda, quorum
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1968 unum est exterius datum; aliud autem est interior passio quam habet
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1969 quis ad divitias, in eis delectatus. Ad liberalitatem autem
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diff changeset
1970 pertinet moderari interiorem passionem, ut scilicet aliquis non
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diff changeset
1971 superexcedat in concupiscendo et amando divitias, ex hoc enim
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diff changeset
1972 efficietur homo facile emissivus donorum. Unde si homo det aliquod
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1973 donum magnum, et tamen cum quadam concupiscentia retinendi, datio
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diff changeset
1974 non est liberalis. Sed ex parte exterioris dati collatio beneficii
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diff changeset
1975 pertinet in generali ad amicitiam vel caritatem. Unde hoc non
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diff changeset
1976 derogat amicitiae, si aliquis rem quam concupiscit retinere det
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diff changeset
1977 alicui propter amorem; sed magis ex hoc ostenditur amicitiae
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diff changeset
1978 perfectio.</p>
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diff changeset
1979 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40266"><span class=
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diff changeset
1980 "ref">[40266] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1981 dicendum quod sicut amicitia seu caritas respicit in beneficio
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diff changeset
1982 collato communem rationem boni, ita iustitia respicit ibi rationem
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diff changeset
1983 debiti. Misericordia vero respicit ibi rationem relevantis miseriam
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diff changeset
1984 vel defectum.</p>
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diff changeset
1985 <br />
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diff changeset
1986 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
1987 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40267"><span class=
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diff changeset
1988 "ref">[40267] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1989 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit omnibus
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diff changeset
1990 benefaciendum. Dicit enim Augustinus, in I de Doct. Christ., quod
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diff changeset
1991 omnibus prodesse non possumus. Sed virtus non inclinat ad
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diff changeset
1992 impossibile. Ergo non oportet omnibus benefacere.</p>
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diff changeset
1993 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40268"><span class=
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diff changeset
1994 "ref">[40268] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1995 Eccli. XII dicitur, <i>da iusto, et non recipias peccatorem</i>.
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diff changeset
1996 Sed multi homines sunt peccatores. Non ergo omnibus est
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diff changeset
1997 benefaciendum.</p>
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diff changeset
1998 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40269"><span class=
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diff changeset
1999 "ref">[40269] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
2000 <i>Praeterea, caritas non agit perperam</i>, ut dicitur I ad Cor.
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diff changeset
2001 XIII. Sed benefacere quibusdam est agere perperam, puta si aliquis
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diff changeset
2002 benefaciat inimicis reipublicae; vel si benefaciat excommunicato,
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diff changeset
2003 quia per hoc ei communicat. Ergo, cum benefacere sit actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2004 caritatis, non est omnibus benefaciendum.</p>
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diff changeset
2005 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40270"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2006 "ref">[40270] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2007 est quod apostolus dicit, ad Gal. ult., <i>dum tempus habemus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2008 operemur bonum ad omnes</i>.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2009 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 2 co."><a name="40271"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2010 "ref">[40271] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2011 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, beneficentia consequitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2012 amorem ex ea parte qua movet superiora ad provisionem inferiorum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2013 Gradus autem in hominibus non sunt immutabiles, sicut in Angelis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2014 quia homines possunt pati multiplices defectus; unde qui est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2015 superior secundum aliquid, vel est vel potest esse inferior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2016 secundum aliud. Et ideo, cum dilectio caritatis se extendat ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2017 omnes, etiam beneficentia se debet extendere ad omnes, pro loco
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2018 tamen et tempore, omnes enim actus virtutum sunt secundum debitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2019 circumstantias limitandi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2020 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40272"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2021 "ref">[40272] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2022 ergo dicendum quod, simpliciter loquendo, non possumus omnibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2023 benefacere in speciali, nullus tamen est de quo non possit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2024 occurrere casus in quo oporteat ei benefacere etiam in speciali. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 ideo caritas requirit ut homo, etsi non actu alicui benefaciat,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 habeat tamen hoc in sui animi praeparatione, ut benefaciat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2027 cuicumque si tempus adesset. Aliquod tamen beneficium est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2028 possumus omnibus impendere, si non in speciali saltem in generali,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2029 sicut cum oramus pro omnibus fidelibus et infidelibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40273"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 "ref">[40273] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 dicendum quod in peccatore duo sunt, scilicet culpa et natura. Est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 ergo subveniendum peccatori quantum ad sustentationem naturae, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 est autem ei subveniendum ad fomentum culpae; hoc enim non esset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2035 benefacere, sed potius malefacere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40274"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 "ref">[40274] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 dicendum quod excommunicatis et reipublicae hostibus sunt beneficia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 subtrahenda inquantum per hoc arcentur a culpa. Si tamen immineret
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2040 necessitas, ne natura deficeret, esset eis subveniendum, debito
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 tamen modo, puta ne fame aut siti morerentur, aut aliquod huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 dispendium, nisi secundum ordinem iustitiae, paterentur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40275"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 "ref">[40275] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit magis benefaciendum his qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 sunt nobis magis coniuncti. Dicitur enim Luc. XIV, <i>cum facis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 prandium aut cenam, noli vocare amicos tuos neque fratres neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 cognatos</i>. Sed isti sunt maxime coniuncti. Ergo non est magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 benefaciendum coniunctis, sed potius extraneis indigentibus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 sequitur enim, <i>sed cum facis convivium, voca pauperes et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 debiles,</i> et cetera.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40276"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 "ref">[40276] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 maximum beneficium est quod homo aliquem in bello adiuvet. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 miles in bello magis debet iuvare extraneum commilitonem quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 consanguineum hostem. Ergo beneficia non sunt magis exhibenda magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 coniunctis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40277"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 "ref">[40277] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 prius sunt debita restituenda quam gratuita beneficia impendenda.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 Sed debitum est quod aliquis impendat beneficium ei a quo accepit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 Ergo benefactoribus magis est benefaciendum quam propinquis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="40278"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 "ref">[40278] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 magis sunt diligendi parentes quam filii, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 magis est benefaciendum filiis, quia non debent filii thesaurizare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 parentibus, ut dicitur II ad Cor. XII. Ergo non est magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 benefaciendum magis coniunctis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40279"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 "ref">[40279] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 est quod Augustinus dicit, in I de Doct. Christ., <i>cum omnibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 prodesse non possis, his potissimum consulendum est qui, pro
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 locorum et temporum vel quarumlibet rerum opportunitatibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 constrictius tibi, quasi quadam sorte, iunguntur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 3 co."><a name="40280"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 "ref">[40280] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 dicendum quod gratia et virtus imitantur naturae ordinem, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 ex divina sapientia institutus. Est autem talis ordo naturae ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 unumquodque agens naturale per prius magis diffundat suam actionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 ad ea quae sunt sibi propinquiora, sicut ignis magis calefacit rem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 sibi magis propinquam. Et similiter Deus in substantias sibi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 propinquiores per prius et copiosius dona suae bonitatis diffundit;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 ut patet per Dionysium, IV cap. Cael. Hier. Exhibitio autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 beneficiorum est quaedam actio caritatis in alios. Et ideo oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 quod ad magis propinquos simus magis benefici. Sed propinquitas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 unius hominis ad alium potest attendi secundum diversa in quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 sibi ad invicem homines communicant, ut consanguinei naturali
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 communicatione, concives in civili, fideles in spirituali, et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 de aliis. Et secundum diversas coniunctiones sunt diversimode
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 diversa beneficia dispensanda, nam unicuique est magis exhibendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 beneficium pertinens ad illam rem secundum quam est magis nobis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 coniunctus, simpliciter loquendo. Tamen hoc potest variari secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 diversitatem locorum et temporum et negotiorum, nam in aliquo casu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 est magis subveniendum extraneo, puta si sit in extrema
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 necessitate, quam etiam patri non tantam necessitatem patienti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40281"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 "ref">[40281] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 ergo dicendum quod dominus non prohibet simpliciter vocare amicos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 aut consanguineos ad convivium, sed vocare eos ea intentione quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 te ipsi reinvitent. Hoc enim non erit caritatis, sed cupiditatis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 Potest tamen contingere quod extranei sint magis invitandi in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 aliquo casu, propter maiorem indigentiam. Intelligendum est enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 quod magis coniunctis magis est, ceteris paribus, benefaciendum. Si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 autem duorum unus sit magis coniunctus et alter magis indigens, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 potest universali regula determinari cui sit magis subveniendum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 quia sunt diversi gradus et indigentiae et propinquitatis, sed hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 requirit prudentis iudicium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40282"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 "ref">[40282] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 dicendum quod bonum commune multorum divinius est quam bonum unius.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 Unde pro bono communi reipublicae vel spiritualis vel temporalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 virtuosum est quod aliquis etiam propriam vitam exponat periculo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 Et ideo, cum communicatio in bellicis ordinetur ad conservationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 reipublicae, in hoc miles impendens commilitoni auxilium, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 impendit ei tanquam privatae personae, sed sicut totam rempublicam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 iuvans. Et ideo non est mirum si in hoc praefertur extraneus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 coniuncto secundum carnem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40283"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 "ref">[40283] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 dicendum quod duplex est debitum. Unum quidem quod non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 numerandum in bonis eius qui debet, sed potius in bonis eius cui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 debetur. Puta si aliquis habet pecuniam aut rem aliam alterius vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 furto sublatam vel mutuo acceptam sive depositam, vel aliquo alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 simili modo, quantum ad hoc plus debet homo reddere debitum quam ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 eo benefacere coniunctis. Nisi forte esset tantae necessitatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 articulus in quo etiam liceret rem alienam accipere ad subveniendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 necessitatem patienti. Nisi forte et ille cui res debetur in simili
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 necessitate esset. In quo tamen casu pensanda esset utriusque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 conditio secundum alias conditiones, prudentis iudicio, quia in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 talibus non potest universalis regula dari, propter varietatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 singulorum casuum, ut philosophus dicit, in IX Ethic. Aliud autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 est debitum quod computatur in bonis eius qui debet, et non eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 cui debetur, puta si debeatur non ex necessitate iustitiae, sed ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 quadam morali aequitate, ut contingit in beneficiis gratis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 susceptis. Nullius autem benefactoris beneficium est tantum sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 parentum, et ideo parentes in recompensandis beneficiis sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 omnibus aliis praeferendi; nisi necessitas ex alia parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 praeponderaret, vel aliqua alia conditio, puta communis utilitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 Ecclesiae vel reipublicae. In aliis autem est aestimatio habenda et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 coniunctionis et beneficii suscepti. Quae similiter non potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 communi regula determinari.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="40284"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 "ref">[40284] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 dicendum quod parentes sunt sicut superiores, et ideo amor parentum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 est ad benefaciendum, amor autem filiorum ad honorandum parentes.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 Et tamen in necessitatis extremae articulo magis liceret deserere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 filios quam parentes; quos nullo modo deserere licet, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 obligationem beneficiorum susceptorum; ut patet per philosophum, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 VIII Ethic.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40285"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 "ref">[40285] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 sic proceditur. Videtur quod beneficentia sit specialis virtus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 Praecepta enim ad virtutes ordinantur, <i>quia legislatores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 intendunt facere homines virtuosos</i>, sicut dicitur in II Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 Sed seorsum datur praeceptum de beneficentia et de dilectione,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 dicitur enim Matth. V, <i>diligite inimicos vestros, benefacite his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 qui oderunt vos</i>. Ergo beneficentia est virtus distincta a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 caritate.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40286"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 "ref">[40286] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 vitia virtutibus opponuntur. Sed beneficentiae opponuntur aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 specialia vitia, per quae nocumentum proximo infertur, puta rapina,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 furtum et alia huiusmodi. Ergo beneficentia est specialis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40287"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 "ref">[40287] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 caritas non distinguitur in multas species. Sed beneficentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 videtur distingui in multas species, secundum diversas beneficiorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 species. Ergo beneficentia est alia virtus a caritate.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40288"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 "ref">[40288] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 est quod actus interior et exterior non requirunt diversas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 virtutes. Sed beneficentia et benevolentia non differunt nisi sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 actus exterior et interior, quia beneficentia est executio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 benevolentiae. Ergo, sicut benevolentia non est alia virtus a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 caritate, ita nec beneficentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 4 co."><a name="40289"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 "ref">[40289] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 dicendum quod virtutes diversificantur secundum diversas rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 obiecti. Eadem autem est ratio formalis obiecti caritatis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 beneficentiae, nam utraque respicit communem rationem boni, ut ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 praedictis patet. Unde beneficentia non est alia virtus a caritate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 sed nominat quendam caritatis actum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40290"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 "ref">[40290] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 ergo dicendum quod praecepta non dantur de habitibus virtutum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 de actibus. Et ideo diversitas praeceptorum non significat diversos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 habitus virtutum, sed diversos actus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40291"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 "ref">[40291] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 dicendum quod sicut omnia beneficia proximo exhibita, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 considerantur sub communi ratione boni, reducuntur ad amorem; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 omnia nocumenta, inquantum considerantur secundum communem rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 mali, reducuntur ad odium. Prout autem considerantur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 aliquas speciales rationes vel boni vel mali, reducuntur ad aliquas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 speciales virtutes vel vitia. Et secundum hoc etiam sunt diversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 beneficiorum species.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 <p title="II-II q. 31 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40292"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 "ref">[40292] II&ordf;-IIae q. 31 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Unde patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 responsio ad tertium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 <div class="D">Quaestio 32</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 <p title="II-II q. 32 pr."><a name="40293"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 "ref">[40293] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 considerandum est de eleemosyna. Et circa hoc quaeruntur decem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 Primo, utrum eleemosynae largitio sit actus caritatis. Secundo, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 distinctione eleemosynarum. Tertio, quae sint potiores eleemosynae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 utrum spirituales vel corporales. Quarto, utrum corporales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 eleemosynae habeant effectum spiritualem. Quinto, utrum dare
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 eleemosynas sit in praecepto. Sexto, utrum corporalis eleemosyna
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 sit danda de necessario. Septimo, utrum sit danda de iniuste
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 acquisito. Octavo, quorum sit dare eleemosynam. Nono, quibus sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 danda. Decimo, de modo dandi eleemosynas.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40294"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 "ref">[40294] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 sic proceditur. Videtur quod dare eleemosynam non sit actus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 caritatis. Actus enim caritatis non potest esse sine caritate. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 largitio eleemosynarum potest esse sine caritate, secundum illud I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 ad Cor. XIII, <i>si distribuero in cibos pauperum omnes facultates
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 meas, caritatem autem non habuero</i>. Ergo dare eleemosynam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 est actus caritatis.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40295"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 "ref">[40295] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 eleemosyna computatur inter opera satisfactionis, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 Dan. IV, <i>peccata tua eleemosynis redime</i>. Sed satisfactio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 actus iustitiae. Ergo dare eleemosynam non est actus caritatis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 iustitiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40296"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 "ref">[40296] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 offerre hostiam Deo est actus latriae. Sed dare eleemosynam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 offerre hostiam Deo, secundum illud ad Heb. ult., <i>beneficentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 et communionis nolite oblivisci, talibus enim hostiis promeretur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 Deus</i>. Ergo caritatis non est actus dare eleemosynam, sed magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 latriae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40297"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 "ref">[40297] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod dare aliquid propter bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 est actus liberalitatis. Sed hoc maxime fit in largitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 eleemosynarum. Ergo dare eleemosynam non est actus caritatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40298"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 "ref">[40298] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 est quod dicitur I Ioan. III, <i>qui habuerit substantiam huius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 mundi, et viderit fratrem suum necessitatem patientem, et clauserit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 viscera sua ab eo, quomodo caritas Dei manet in illo?</i></p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 1 co."><a name="40299"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 "ref">[40299] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 dicendum quod exteriores actus ad illam virtutem referuntur ad quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 pertinet id quod est motivum ad agendum huiusmodi actus. Motivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 autem ad dandum eleemosynas est ut subveniatur necessitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 patienti, unde quidam, definientes eleemosynam, dicunt quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 eleemosyna est opus quo datur aliquid indigenti ex compassione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 propter Deum. Quod quidem motivum pertinet ad misericordiam, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 supra dictum est. Unde manifestum est quod dare eleemosynam proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 est actus misericordiae. Et hoc apparet ex ipso nomine, nam in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 Graeco a misericordia derivatur, sicut in Latino miseratio. Et quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 misericordia est effectus caritatis, ut supra ostensum est, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 consequenti dare eleemosynam est actus caritatis, misericordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 mediante.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40300"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 "ref">[40300] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 ergo dicendum quod aliquid dicitur esse actus virtutis dupliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 Uno modo, materialiter, sicut actus iustitiae est facere iusta. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 talis actus virtutis potest esse sine virtute, multi enim non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 habentes habitum iustitiae iusta operantur, vel ex naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 ratione, vel ex timore sive ex spe aliquid adipiscendi. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 dicitur esse aliquid actus virtutis formaliter, sicut actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 iustitiae est actio iusta eo modo quo iustus facit, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 prompte et delectabiliter. Et hoc modo actus virtutis non est sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 virtute. Secundum hoc ergo dare eleemosynas materialiter potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 esse sine caritate, formaliter autem eleemosynas dare, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 propter Deum, delectabiliter et prompte et omni eo modo quo debet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 non est sine caritate.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40301"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 "ref">[40301] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 dicendum quod nihil prohibet actum qui est proprie unius virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 elicitive, attribui alteri virtuti sicut imperanti et ordinanti ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 suum finem. Et hoc modo dare eleemosynam ponitur inter opera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 satisfactoria, inquantum miseratio in defectum patientis ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 ad satisfaciendum pro culpa. Secundum autem quod ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 placandum Deum, habet rationem sacrificii, et sic imperatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 latria.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40302"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 "ref">[40302] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Unde patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 responsio ad tertium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40303"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 "ref">[40303] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 dicendum quod dare eleemosynam pertinet ad liberalitatem inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 liberalitas aufert impedimentum huius actus, quod esse posset ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 superfluo amore divitiarum, propter quem aliquis efficitur nimis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 retentivus earum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40304"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 "ref">[40304] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter eleemosynarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 genera distinguantur. Ponuntur enim septem eleemosynae corporales,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 scilicet pascere esurientem, potare sitientem, vestire nudum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 recolligere hospitem, visitare infirmum, redimere captivum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 sepelire mortuum; quae in hoc versu continentur, <i>visito, poto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 cibo, redimo, tego, colligo, condo</i>. Ponuntur etiam aliae septem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 eleemosynae spirituales, scilicet docere ignorantem, consulere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 dubitanti, consolari tristem, corrigere peccantem, remittere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 offendenti, portare onerosos et graves, et pro omnibus orare; quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 etiam in hoc versu continentur, <i>consule, castiga, solare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 remitte, fer, ora</i>; ita tamen quod sub eodem intelligatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 consilium et doctrina. Videtur autem quod inconvenienter huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 eleemosynae distinguantur. Eleemosyna enim ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 subveniendum proximo. Sed per hoc quod proximus sepelitur, in nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 ei subvenitur, alioquin non esset verum quod dominus dicit, Matth.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 X, <i>nolite timere eos qui occidunt corpus, et post hoc non habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 amplius quid faciant</i>. Unde et dominus, Matth. XXV, commemorans
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 misericordiae opera, de sepultura mortuorum mentionem non facit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 Ergo videtur quod inconvenienter huiusmodi eleemosynae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 distinguantur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40305"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 "ref">[40305] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 eleemosyna datur ad subveniendum necessitatibus proximi, sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 dictum est. Sed multae aliae sunt necessitates humanae vitae quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 praedictae, sicut quod caecus indiget ductore, claudus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 sustentatione, pauper divitiis. Ergo inconvenienter praedictae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 eleemosynae enumerantur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40306"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 "ref">[40306] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 dare eleemosynam est actus misericordiae. Sed corrigere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 delinquentem magis videtur ad severitatem pertinere quam ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 misericordiam. Ergo non debet computari inter eleemosynas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 spirituales.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40307"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 "ref">[40307] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 eleemosyna ordinatur ad subveniendum defectui. Sed nullus est homo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 qui defectum ignorantiae non patiatur in aliquibus. Ergo videtur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 quod quilibet debeat quemlibet docere, si ignoret id quod ipse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 scit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40308"><span class=
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diff changeset
2342 "ref">[40308] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
2343 est quod Gregorius dicit, in quadam homilia, <i>habens intellectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 curet omnino ne taceat; habens rerum affluentiam vigilet ne a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 misericordiae largitate torpescat; habens artem qua regitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 magnopere studeat ut usum atque utilitatem illius cum proximo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 partiatur; habens loquendi locum apud divitem damnationem pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 retento talento timeat si, cum valet, non apud eum pro pauperibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 intercedat</i>. Ergo praedictae eleemosynae convenienter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 distinguuntur secundum ea in quibus homines abundant et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 deficiunt.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 2 co."><a name="40309"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 "ref">[40309] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 dicendum quod praedicta eleemosynarum distinctio convenienter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 sumitur secundum diversos defectus proximorum. Quorum quidam sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 ex parte animae, ad quos ordinantur spirituales eleemosynae; quidam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 vero ex parte corporis, ad quos ordinantur eleemosynae corporales.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 Defectus enim corporalis aut est in vita, aut est post vitam. Si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 quidem est in vita, aut est communis defectus respectu eorum quibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 omnes indigent; aut est specialis propter aliquod accidens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 superveniens. Si primo modo, aut defectus est interior, aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 exterior. Interior quidem est duplex, unus quidem cui subvenitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 per alimentum siccum, scilicet fames, et secundum hoc ponitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 pascere esurientem; alius autem est cui subvenitur per alimentum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 humidum, scilicet sitis, et secundum hoc dicitur potare sitientem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 Defectus autem communis respectu exterioris auxilii est duplex,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 unus respectu tegumenti, et quantum ad hoc ponitur vestire nudum;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 alius est respectu habitaculi, et quantum ad hoc est suscipere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 hospitem. Similiter autem si sit defectus aliquis specialis, aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 est ex causa intrinseca, sicut infirmitas, et quantum ad hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 ponitur visitare infirmum, aut ex causa extrinseca, et quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 hoc ponitur redemptio captivorum. Post vitam autem exhibetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 mortuis sepultura. Similiter autem spiritualibus defectibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 spiritualibus actibus subvenitur dupliciter. Uno modo, poscendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 auxilium a Deo, et quantum ad hoc ponitur oratio, qua quis pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 aliis orat. Alio modo, impendendo humanum auxilium, et hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 tripliciter. Uno modo, contra defectum intellectus, et si quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 sit defectus speculativi intellectus, adhibetur ei remedium per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 doctrinam; si autem practici intellectus, adhibetur ei remedium per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 consilium. Alio modo est defectus ex passione appetitivae virtutis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 inter quos est maximus tristitia, cui subvenitur per consolationem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 Tertio modo, ex parte inordinati actus, qui quidem tripliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 considerari potest. Uno modo, ex parte ipsius peccantis, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 procedit ab eius inordinata voluntate, et sic adhibetur remedium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 per correctionem. Alio modo, ex parte eius in quem peccatur, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 sic, si quidem sit peccatum in nos, remedium adhibemus remittendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 offensam; si autem sit in Deum vel in proximum, non est nostri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 arbitrii remittere, ut Hieronymus dicit, super Matth. Tertio modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 ex parte sequelae ipsius actus inordinati, ex qua gravantur ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 conviventes, etiam praeter peccantis intentionem, et sic remedium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 adhibetur supportando; maxime in his qui ex infirmitate peccant,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 secundum illud Rom. XV, <i>debemus nos firmiores infirmitates
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 aliorum portare</i>. Et non solum secundum quod infirmi sunt graves
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 ex inordinatis actibus, sed etiam quaecumque eorum onera sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 supportanda, secundum illud Galat. VI, <i>alter alterius onera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 portate</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40310"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 "ref">[40310] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 ergo dicendum quod sepultura mortui non confert ei quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 sensum quem corpus post mortem habeat. Et secundum hoc dominus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 dicit quod interficientes corpus non habent amplius quid faciant.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 Et propter hoc etiam dominus non commemorat sepulturam inter alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 misericordiae opera, sed numerat solum illa quae sunt evidentioris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 necessitatis. Pertinet tamen ad defunctum quid de eius corpore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 agatur, tum quantum ad hoc quod vivit in memoriis hominum, cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 honor dehonestatur si insepultus remaneat; tum etiam quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 affectum quem adhuc vivens habebat de suo corpore, cui piorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 affectus conformari debet post mortem ipsius. Et secundum hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 aliqui commendantur de mortuorum sepultura, ut Tobias et illi qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 dominum sepelierunt; ut patet per Augustinum, in libro de cura pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 mortuis agenda.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40311"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 "ref">[40311] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 dicendum quod omnes aliae necessitates ad has reducuntur. Nam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 caecitas et claudicatio sunt infirmitates quaedam, unde dirigere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 caecum et sustentare claudum reducitur ad visitationem infirmorum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 Similiter etiam subvenire homini contra quamcumque oppressionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 illatam extrinsecus reducitur ad redemptionem captivorum. Divitiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 autem, quibus paupertati subvenitur, non quaeruntur nisi ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 subveniendum praedictis defectibus, et ideo non fuit specialis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 mentio de hoc defectu facienda.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40312"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 "ref">[40312] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 dicendum quod correctio peccantium, quantum ad ipsam executionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 actus, severitatem iustitiae continere videtur. Sed quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 intentionem corrigentis, qui vult hominem a malo culpae liberare,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 pertinet ad misericordiam et dilectionis affectum, secundum illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 Prov. XXVII, <i>meliora sunt verbera diligentis quam fraudulenta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 oscula odientis</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40313"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 "ref">[40313] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 dicendum quod non quaelibet nescientia pertinet ad hominis
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diff changeset
2433 defectum, sed solum ea qua quis nescit ea quae convenit eum scire,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 cui defectui per doctrinam subvenire ad eleemosynam pertinet. In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 quo tamen observandae sunt debitae circumstantiae personae et loci
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 et temporis, sicut et in aliis actibus virtuosis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40314"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 "ref">[40314] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 sic proceditur. Videtur quod eleemosynae corporales sint potiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 quam spirituales. Laudabilius enim est magis indigenti eleemosynam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 facere, ex hoc enim eleemosyna laudem habet quod indigenti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 subvenit. Sed corpus, cui subvenitur per eleemosynas corporales,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 est indigentioris naturae quam spiritus, cui subvenitur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 eleemosynas spirituales. Ergo eleemosynae corporales sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 potiores.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40315"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 "ref">[40315] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 recompensatio beneficii laudem et meritum eleemosynae minuit, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 et dominus dicit, Luc. XIV, <i>cum facis prandium aut cenam, noli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 vocare vicinos divites, ne forte et ipsi te reinvitent</i>. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 eleemosynis spiritualibus semper est recompensatio, quia qui orat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 pro alio sibi proficit, secundum illud Psalm., <i>oratio mea in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 sinu meo convertetur</i>; qui etiam alium docet, ipse in scientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 proficit. Quod non contingit in eleemosynis corporalibus. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 eleemosynae corporales sunt potiores quam spirituales.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40316"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 "ref">[40316] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 ad laudem eleemosynae pertinet quod pauper ex eleemosyna data
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 consoletur, unde Iob XXXI dicitur, <i>si non benedixerunt mihi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 latera eius</i>; et ad Philemonem dicit apostolus, <i>viscera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 sanctorum requieverunt per te, frater</i>. Sed quandoque magis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 grata pauperi eleemosyna corporalis quam spiritualis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 eleemosyna corporalis potior est quam spiritualis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40317"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 "ref">[40317] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
2468 est quod Augustinus, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte, super illud,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 <i>qui petit a te, da ei</i>, dicit, <i>dandum est quod nec tibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 nec alteri noceat, et cum negaveris quod petit, indicanda est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 iustitia, ut non eum inanem dimittas. Et aliquando melius aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 dabis, cum iniuste petentem correxeris</i>. Correctio autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 eleemosyna spiritualis. Ergo spirituales eleemosynae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 corporalibus praeferendae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 3 co."><a name="40318"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 "ref">[40318] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 dicendum quod comparatio istarum eleemosynarum potest attendi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 dupliciter. Uno modo, simpliciter loquendo, et secundum hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 eleemosynae spirituales praeeminent, triplici ratione. Primo quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 quia id quod exhibetur nobilius est, scilicet donum spirituale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 quod praeeminet corporali, secundum illud Prov. IV, <i>donum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 tribuam vobis, legem meam ne derelinquatis</i>. Secundo, ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 eius cui subvenitur, quia spiritus nobilior est corpore. Unde sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 homo sibi ipsi magis debet providere quantum ad spiritum quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 quantum ad corpus, ita et proximo, quem debet tanquam seipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 diligere. Tertio, quantum ad ipsos actus quibus subvenitur proximo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 quia spirituales actus sunt nobiliores corporalibus, qui sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 quodammodo serviles. Alio modo possunt comparari secundum aliquem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 particularem casum, in quo quaedam corporalis eleemosyna alicui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 spirituali praefertur. Puta, magis esset pascendum fame morientem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 quam docendum, sicut et indigenti, secundum philosophum, melius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 ditari quam philosophari, quamvis hoc sit simpliciter melius.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40319"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 "ref">[40319] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 ergo dicendum quod dare magis indigenti melius est, ceteris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 paribus. Sed si minus indigens sit melior, et melioribus indigeat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 dare ei melius est. Et sic est in proposito.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40320"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 "ref">[40320] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 dicendum quod recompensatio non minuit meritum et laudem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 eleemosynae si non sit intenta, sicut etiam humana gloria, si non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 sit intenta, non minuit rationem virtutis; sicut et de Catone
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 Sallustius dicit quod <i>quo magis gloriam fugiebat, eo magis eum
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diff changeset
2504 gloria sequebatur</i>. Et ita contingit in eleemosynis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 spiritualibus. Et tamen intentio bonorum spiritualium non minuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 meritum, sicut intentio bonorum corporalium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40321"><span class=
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diff changeset
2508 "ref">[40321] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 dicendum quod meritum dantis eleemosynam attenditur secundum id in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 quo debet rationabiliter requiescere voluntas accipientis, non in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 eo in quo requiescit si sit inordinata.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40322"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 "ref">[40322] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 sic proceditur. Videtur quod eleemosynae corporales non habeant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 effectum spiritualem. Effectus enim non est potior sua causa. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 bona spiritualia sunt potiora corporalibus. Non ergo eleemosynae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 corporales habent spirituales effectus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40323"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 "ref">[40323] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 dare corporale pro spirituali vitium simoniae est. Sed hoc vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 est omnino vitandum. Non ergo sunt dandae eleemosynae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 consequendum spirituales effectus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40324"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 "ref">[40324] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 multiplicata causa, multiplicatur effectus. Si igitur eleemosyna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 corporalis causaret spiritualem effectum, sequeretur quod maior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 eleemosyna magis spiritualiter proficeret. Quod est contra illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 quod legitur Luc. XXI de vidua mittente duo aera minuta in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 gazophylacium, quae, secundum sententiam domini, plus omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 misit. Non ergo eleemosyna corporalis habet spiritualem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 effectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40325"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 "ref">[40325] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 est quod dicitur Eccli. XXIX, <i>eleemosyna viri gratiam hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 quasi pupillam conservabit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 4 co."><a name="40326"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 "ref">[40326] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 dicendum quod eleemosyna corporalis tripliciter potest considerari.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 Uno modo, secundum suam substantiam. Et secundum hoc non habet nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 corporalem effectum, inquantum scilicet supplet corporales defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 proximorum. Alio modo potest considerari ex parte causae eius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 inquantum scilicet aliquis eleemosynam corporalem dat propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 dilectionem Dei et proximi. Et quantum ad hoc affert fructum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 spiritualem, secundum illud Eccli. XXIX, <i>perde pecuniam propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 fratrem. Pone thesaurum in praeceptis altissimi, et proderit tibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 magis quam aurum</i>. Tertio modo, ex parte effectus. Et sic etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 habet spiritualem fructum, inquantum scilicet proximus, cui per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 corporalem eleemosynam subvenitur, movetur ad orandum pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 benefactore. Unde et ibidem subditur, <i>conclude eleemosynam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 sinu pauperis, et haec pro te exorabit ab omni malo</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40327"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 "ref">[40327] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de corporali eleemosyna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 secundum suam substantiam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40328"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 "ref">[40328] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 dicendum quod ille qui dat eleemosynam non intendit emere aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 spirituale per corporale, quia scit spiritualia in infinitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 corporalibus praeeminere, sed intendit per caritatis affectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 spiritualem fructum promereri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40329"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 "ref">[40329] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 dicendum quod vidua, quae minus dedit secundum quantitatem, plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 dedit secundum suam proportionem; ex quo pensatur in ipsa maior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 caritatis affectus, ex qua corporalis eleemosyna spiritualem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 efficaciam habet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="40330"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 "ref">[40330] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 sic proceditur. Videtur quod dare eleemosynam non sit in praecepto.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 Consilia enim a praeceptis distinguuntur. Sed dare eleemosynam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 consilium, secundum illud Dan. IV, <i>consilium meum regi placeat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 peccata tua eleemosynis redime</i>. Ergo dare eleemosynam non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 in praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="40331"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 "ref">[40331] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 cuilibet licet sua re uti et eam retinere. Sed retinendo rem suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 aliquis eleemosynam non dabit. Ergo licitum est eleemosynam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 dare. Non ergo dare eleemosynam est in praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="40332"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 "ref">[40332] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 omne quod cadit sub praecepto aliquo tempore obligat transgressores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 ad peccatum mortale, quia praecepta affirmativa obligant pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 tempore determinato. Si ergo dare eleemosynam caderet sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 praecepto, esset determinare aliquod tempus in quo homo peccaret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 mortaliter nisi eleemosynam daret. Sed hoc non videtur, quia semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 probabiliter aestimari potest quod pauperi aliter subveniri possit;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 et quod id quod est in eleemosynas erogandum possit ei esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 necessarium vel in praesenti vel in futuro. Ergo videtur quod dare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 eleemosynam non sit in praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="40333"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 "ref">[40333] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 omnia praecepta reducuntur ad praecepta Decalogi. Sed inter illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 praecepta nihil continetur de datione eleemosynarum. Ergo dare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 eleemosynas non est in praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 5 s. c."><a name="40334"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 "ref">[40334] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 nullus punitur poena aeterna pro omissione alicuius quod non cadit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 sub praecepto. Sed aliqui puniuntur poena aeterna pro omissione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 eleemosynarum; ut patet Matth. XXV. Ergo dare eleemosynam est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 5 co."><a name="40335"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 "ref">[40335] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 dicendum quod cum dilectio proximi sit in praecepto, necesse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 omnia illa cadere sub praecepto sine quibus dilectio proximi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 conservatur. Ad dilectionem autem proximi pertinet ut proximo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 solum velimus bonum, sed etiam operemur, secundum illud I Ioan.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 III, <i>non diligamus verbo neque lingua, sed opere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 veritate</i>. Ad hoc autem quod velimus et operemur bonum alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 requiritur quod eius necessitati subveniamus, quod fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 eleemosynarum largitionem. Et ideo eleemosynarum largitio est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 praecepto. Sed quia praecepta dantur de actibus virtutum, necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 est quod hoc modo donum eleemosynae cadat sub praecepto, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 quod actus est de necessitate virtutis, scilicet secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 recta ratio requirit. Secundum quam est aliquid considerandum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 parte dantis; et aliquid ex parte eius cui est eleemosyna danda. Ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 parte quidem dantis considerandum est ut id quod est in eleemosynas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 erogandum sit ei superfluum, secundum illud Luc. XI, <i>quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 superest date eleemosynam</i>. Et dico superfluum non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 respectu sui ipsius, quod est supra id quod est necessarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 individuo; sed etiam respectu aliorum quorum cura sibi incumbit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 quia prius oportet quod unusquisque sibi provideat et his quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 cura ei incumbit (respectu quorum dicitur necessarium personae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 secundum quod persona dignitatem importat), et postea de residuo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 aliorum necessitatibus subveniatur sicut et natura primo accipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 sibi, ad sustentationem proprii corporis, quod est necessarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 ministerio virtutis nutritivae; superfluum autem erogat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 generationem alterius per virtutem generativam. Ex parte autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 recipientis requiritur quod necessitatem habeat, alioquin non esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 ratio quare eleemosyna ei daretur. Sed cum non possit ab aliquo uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 omnibus necessitatem habentibus subveniri, non omnis necessitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 obligat ad praeceptum, sed illa sola sine qua is qui necessitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 patitur sustentari non potest. In illo enim casu locum habet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 Ambrosius dicit, <i>pasce fame morientem. Si non paveris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 occidisti</i>. Sic igitur dare eleemosynam de superfluo est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 praecepto; et dare eleemosynam ei qui est in extrema necessitate.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 Alias autem eleemosynam dare est in consilio, sicut et de quolibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 meliori bono dantur consilia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="40336"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 "ref">[40336] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 ergo dicendum quod Daniel loquebatur regi qui non erat legi Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 subiectus. Et ideo ea etiam quae pertinent ad praeceptum legis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 quam non profitebatur, erant ei proponenda per modum consilii. Vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 potest dici quod loquebatur in casu illo in quo dare eleemosynam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 non est in praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="40337"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 "ref">[40337] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 dicendum quod bona temporalia, quae homini divinitus conferuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 eius quidem sunt quantum ad proprietatem, sed quantum ad usum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 solum debent esse eius, sed etiam aliorum, qui ex eis sustentari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 possunt ex eo quod ei superfluit. Unde Basilius dicit, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 fateris ea tibi divinitus provenisse</i> (scilicet temporalia bona)
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 <i>an iniustus est Deus inaequaliter res nobis distribuens? Cur tu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 abundas, ille vero mendicat, nisi ut tu bonae dispensationis merita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 consequaris, ille vero patientiae braviis decoretur? Est panis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 famelici quem tu tenes, nudi tunica quam in conclavi conservas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 discalceati calceus qui penes te marcescit, indigentis argentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 quod possides inhumatum. Quocirca tot iniuriaris quot dare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 valeres</i>. Et hoc idem dicit Ambrosius, in Decret., dist.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 XLVII.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="40338"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 "ref">[40338] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 dicendum quod est aliquod tempus dare in quo mortaliter peccat si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 eleemosynam dare omittat, ex parte quidem recipientis, cum apparet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 evidens et urgens necessitas, nec apparet in promptu qui ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 subveniat; ex parte vero dantis, cum habet superflua quae secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 statum praesentem non sunt sibi necessaria, prout probabiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 aestimari potest. Nec oportet quod consideret ad omnes casus qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 possunt contingere in futurum, hoc enim esset de crastino cogitare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 quod dominus prohibet, Matth. VI. Sed debet diiudicari superfluum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 et necessarium secundum ea quae probabiliter et ut in pluribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 occurrunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="40339"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 "ref">[40339] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 dicendum quod omnis subventio proximi reducitur ad praeceptum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 honoratione parentum. Sic enim et apostolus interpretatur, I ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 Tim. IV, dicens, <i>pietas ad omnia utilis est, promissionem habens
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 vitae quae nunc est et futurae</i>, quod dicit quia in praecepto de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 honoratione parentum additur promissio, ut sis longaevus super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 terram. Sub pietate autem comprehenditur omnis eleemosynarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 largitio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="40340"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 "ref">[40340] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis non debeat eleemosynam dare de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 necessario. Ordo enim caritatis non minus attenditur penes effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 beneficii quam penes interiorem affectum. Peccat autem qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 praepostere agit in ordine caritatis, quia ordo caritatis est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 praecepto. Cum ergo ex ordine caritatis plus debeat aliquis se quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 proximum diligere, videtur quod peccet si subtrahat sibi necessaria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 ut alteri largiatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="40341"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 "ref">[40341] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 quicumque largitur de his quae sunt necessaria sibi est propriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 substantiae dissipator, quod pertinet ad prodigum, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 philosophum, in IV Ethic. Sed nullum opus vitiosum est faciendum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 Ergo non est danda eleemosyna de necessario.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="40342"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 "ref">[40342] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 apostolus dicit, I ad Tim. V, <i>si quis suorum, et maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 domesticorum curam non habet, fidem negavit et est infideli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 deterior</i>. Sed quod aliquis det de his quae sunt sibi necessaria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 vel suis videtur derogare curae quam quis debet habere de se et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 suis. Ergo videtur quod quicumque de necessariis eleemosynam dat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 quod graviter peccet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 6 s. c."><a name="40343"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 "ref">[40343] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 est quod dominus dicit, Matth. XIX, <i>si vis perfectus esse, vade
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 et vende omnia quae habes, et da pauperibus</i>. Sed ille qui dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 omnia quae habet pauperibus non solum dat superflua sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 necessaria. Ergo de necessariis potest homo eleemosynam dare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 6 co."><a name="40344"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 "ref">[40344] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 dicendum quod necessarium dupliciter dicitur. Uno modo, sine quo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 aliquid esse non potest. Et de tali necessario omnino eleemosyna
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 dari non debet, puta si aliquis in articulo necessitatis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 constitutus haberet solum unde posset sustentari, et filii sui vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 alii ad eum pertinentes; de hoc enim necessario eleemosynam dare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 est sibi et suis vitam subtrahere. Sed hoc dico nisi forte talis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 casus immineret ubi, subtrahendo sibi, daret alicui magnae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 personae, per quam Ecclesia vel respublica sustentaretur, quia pro
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 talis personae liberatione seipsum et suos laudabiliter periculo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 mortis exponeret, cum bonum commune sit proprio praeferendum. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 modo dicitur aliquid esse necessarium sine quo non potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 convenienter vita transigi secundum conditionem vel statum personae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 propriae et aliarum personarum quarum cura ei incumbit. Huius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 necessarii terminus non est in indivisibili constitutus, sed multis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 additis, non potest diiudicari esse ultra tale necessarium; et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 multis subtractis, adhuc remanet unde possit convenienter aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 vitam transigere secundum proprium statum. De huiusmodi ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 eleemosynam dare est bonum, et non cadit sub praecepto, sed sub
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 consilio. Inordinatum autem esset si aliquis tantum sibi de bonis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 propriis subtraheret ut aliis largiretur, quod de residuo non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 posset vitam transigere convenienter secundum proprium statum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 negotia occurrentia, nullus enim inconvenienter vivere debet. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 ab hoc tria sunt excipienda. Quorum primum est quando aliquis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 statum mutat, puta per religionis ingressum. Tunc enim, omnia sua
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 propter Christum largiens, opus perfectionis facit, se in alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 statu ponendo. Secundo, quando ea quae sibi subtrahit, etsi sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 necessaria ad convenientiam vitae, tamen de facili resarciri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 possunt, ut non sequatur maximum inconveniens. Tertio, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 occurreret extrema necessitas alicuius privatae personae, vel etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 aliqua magna necessitas reipublicae. In his enim casibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 laudabiliter praetermitteret aliquis id quod ad decentiam sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 status pertinere videretur, ut maiori necessitati subveniret.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 6 ad arg."><a name="40345"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 "ref">[40345] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 6 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 hoc patet de facili responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="40346"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 "ref">[40346] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod possit eleemosyna fieri de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 illicite acquisitis. Dicitur enim Luc. XVI, <i>facite vobis amicos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 de mammona iniquitatis</i>. Mammona autem significat divitias. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 de divitiis inique acquisitis potest sibi aliquis spirituales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 amicos facere, eleemosynas largiendo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="40347"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 "ref">[40347] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 omne turpe lucrum videtur esse illicite acquisitum. Sed turpe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 lucrum est quod de meretricio acquiritur, unde et de huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 sacrificium vel oblatio Deo offerri non debet, secundum illud Deut.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 XXIII, <i>non offeres mercedem prostibuli in domo Dei tui</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 Similiter etiam turpiter acquiritur quod acquiritur per aleas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 quia, ut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., <i>tales ab amicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 lucrantur, quibus oportet dare</i>. Turpissime etiam acquiritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 aliquid per simoniam, per quam aliquis spiritui sancto iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 facit. Et tamen de huiusmodi eleemosyna fieri potest. Ergo de male
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 acquisitis potest aliquis eleemosynam facere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="40348"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 "ref">[40348] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 maiora mala sunt magis vitanda quam minora. Sed minus peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 detentio rei alienae quam homicidium, quod aliquis incurrit nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 alicui in ultima necessitate subveniat, ut patet per Ambrosium, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 dicit, <i>pasce fame morientem, quoniam si non paveris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 occidisti</i>. Ergo aliquis potest eleemosynam facere in aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 casu de male acquisitis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 7 s. c."><a name="40349"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 "ref">[40349] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Verb. Dom., <i>de iustis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 laboribus facite eleemosynas. Non enim corrupturi estis iudicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 Christum, ut non vos audiat cum pauperibus, quibus tollitis. Nolite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 velle eleemosynas facere de faenore et usuris. Fidelibus dico,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 quibus corpus Christi erogamus</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 7 co."><a name="40350"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 "ref">[40350] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 dicendum quod tripliciter potest esse aliquid illicite acquisitum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 Uno enim modo id quod illicite ab aliquo acquiritur debetur ei a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 quo est acquisitum, nec potest ab eo retineri qui acquisivit, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 contingit in rapina et furto et usuris. Et de talibus, cum homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 teneatur ad restitutionem, eleemosyna fieri non potest. Alio vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 modo est aliquid illicite acquisitum quia ille quidem qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 acquisivit retinere non potest, nec tamen debetur ei a quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 acquisivit, quia scilicet contra iustitiam accepit, et alter contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 iustitiam dedit, sicut contingit in simonia, in qua dans et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 accipiens contra iustitiam legis divinae agit. Unde non debet fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 restitutio ei qui dedit, sed debet in eleemosynas erogari. Et eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 ratio est in similibus, in quibus scilicet et datio et acceptio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 contra legem. Tertio modo est aliquid illicite acquisitum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 quidem quia ipsa acquisitio sit illicita, sed quia id ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 acquiritur est illicitum, sicut patet de eo quod mulier acquirit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 per meretricium. Et hoc proprie vocatur turpe lucrum. Quod enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 mulier meretricium exerceat, turpiter agit et contra legem Dei, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 in eo quod accipit non iniuste agit nec contra legem. Unde quod sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 illicite acquisitum est retineri potest, et de eo eleemosyna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 fieri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="40351"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 "ref">[40351] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de Verb. Dom.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 <i>illud verbum domini quidam male intelligendo, rapiunt res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 alienas, et aliquid inde pauperibus largiuntur, et putant se facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 quod praeceptum est. Intellectus iste corrigendus est. Sed omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 divitiae iniquitatis dicuntur</i>, ut dicit in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 quaestionibus Evangelii, <i>quia non sunt divitiae nisi iniquis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 qui in eis spem constituunt. Iniquum mammona dixit quia variis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 divitiarum illecebris nostros tentat affectus. Vel quia in pluribus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 praedecessoribus, quibus patrimonio succedis, aliquis reperitur qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 iniuste usurpavit aliena, quamvis tu nescias</i> ut Basilius dicit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 Vel omnes divitiae dicuntur iniquitatis, idest inaequalitatis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 non aequaliter sunt omnibus distributae uno egente et alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 superabundante.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="40352"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 "ref">[40352] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 dicendum quod de acquisito per meretricium iam dictum est qualiter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 eleemosyna fieri possit. Non autem fit de eo sacrificium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 oblatio ad altare, tum propter scandalum; tum propter sacrorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 reverentiam. De eo etiam quod est per simoniam acquisitum potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 fieri eleemosyna, quia non est debitum ei qui dedit, sed meretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 illud amittere. Circa illa vero quae per aleas acquiruntur videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 esse aliquid illicitum ex iure divino, scilicet quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 lucretur ab his qui rem suam alienare non possunt, sicut sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 minores et furiosi et huiusmodi; et quod aliquis trahat alium ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 cupiditate lucrandi ad ludum; et quod fraudulenter ab eo lucretur.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 Et in his casibus tenetur ad restitutionem, et sic de eo non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 eleemosynam facere. Aliquid autem videtur esse ulterius illicitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 ex iure positivo civili, quod prohibet universaliter tale lucrum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 Sed quia ius civile non obligat omnes, sed eos solos qui sunt his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 legibus subiecti; et iterum per dissuetudinem abrogari potest, ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 apud illos qui sunt huiusmodi legibus obstricti, tenentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 universaliter ad restitutionem qui lucrantur; nisi forte contraria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 consuetudo praevaleat; aut nisi aliquis lucratus sit ab eo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 traxit eum ad ludum. In quo casu non teneretur restituere, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 ille qui amisit non est dignus recipere; nec potest licite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 retinere, tali iure positivo durante; unde debet de hoc eleemosynam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 facere in hoc casu.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="40353"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 "ref">[40353] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 dicendum quod in casu extremae necessitatis omnia sunt communia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 Unde licet ei qui talem necessitatem patitur accipere de alieno ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 sui sustentationem, si non inveniat qui sibi dare velit. Et eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 ratione licet habere aliquid de alieno et de hoc eleemosynam dare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 quinimmo et accipere, si aliter subveniri non possit necessitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 patienti. Si tamen fieri potest sine periculo, debet requisita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 domini voluntate pauperi providere extremam necessitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 patienti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="40354"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 "ref">[40354] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ille qui est in potestate alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 constitutus possit eleemosynam facere. Religiosi enim sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 potestate eorum quibus obedientiam voverunt. Sed si eis non liceret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 eleemosynam facere, damnum reportarent ex statu religionis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 sicut Ambrosius dicit, <i>summa Christianae religionis in pietate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 consistit</i>, quae maxime per eleemosynarum largitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 commendatur. Ergo illi qui sunt in potestate alterius constituti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 possunt eleemosynam facere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="40355"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 "ref">[40355] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 uxor est sub potestate viri, ut dicitur Gen. III. Sed uxor potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 eleemosynam facere, cum assumatur in viri societatem, unde et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 beata Lucia dicitur quod, ignorante sponso, eleemosynas faciebat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 Ergo per hoc quod aliquis est in potestate alterius constitutus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 non impeditur quin possit eleemosynas facere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="40356"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 "ref">[40356] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 naturalis quaedam subiectio est filiorum ad parentes, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 apostolus, ad Ephes. VI, dicit, <i>filii, obedite parentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 vestris in domino</i>. Sed filii, ut videtur, possunt de rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 patris eleemosynas dare, quia sunt quodammodo ipsorum, cum sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 haeredes; et cum possint eis uti ad usum corporis, multo magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 videtur quod possint eis uti, eleemosynas dando, ad remedium animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 suae. Ergo illi qui sunt in potestate constituti possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 eleemosynas dare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="40357"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 "ref">[40357] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 servi sunt sub potestate dominorum, secundum illud ad Tit. II,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 <i>servos dominis suis subditos esse</i>. Licet autem eis aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 in utilitatem domini facere, quod maxime fit si pro eis eleemosynas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 largiantur. Ergo illi qui sunt in potestate constituti possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 eleemosynas facere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 8 s. c."><a name="40358"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 "ref">[40358] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 est quod eleemosynae non sunt faciendae de alieno, sed de iustis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 laboribus propriis unusquisque eleemosynam facere debet; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 Augustinus dicit, in libro de Verb. Dom. Sed si subiecti aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 eleemosynam facerent, hoc esset de alieno. Ergo illi qui sunt sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 potestate aliorum non possunt eleemosynam facere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 8 co."><a name="40359"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 "ref">[40359] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 dicendum quod ille qui est sub potestate alterius constitutus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 inquantum huiusmodi, secundum superioris potestatem regulari debet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 hic est enim ordo naturalis, ut inferiora secundum superiora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 regulentur. Et ideo oportet quod ea in quibus inferior superiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 subiicitur, dispenset non aliter quam ei sit a superiore commissum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 Sic igitur ille qui est sub potestate constitutus de re secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 quam superiori subiicitur eleemosynam facere non debet nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 quatenus ei a superiore fuerit permissum. Si quis vero habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 aliquid secundum quod potestati superioris non subsit, iam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 hoc non est potestati subiectus, quantum ad hoc proprii iuris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 existens. Et de hoc potest eleemosynam facere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="40360"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 "ref">[40360] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 ergo dicendum quod monachus, si habet dispensationem a praelato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 commissam, potest facere eleemosynam de rebus monasterii, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 quod sibi est commissum. Si vero non habet dispensationem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 nihil proprium habet, tunc non potest facere eleemosynam sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 licentia abbatis vel expresse habita vel probabiliter praesumpta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 nisi forte in articulo extremae necessitatis, in quo licitum esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 ei furari ut eleemosynam daret. Nec propter hoc efficitur peioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 conditionis, quia sicut dicitur in libro de Eccles. Dogmat.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 <i>bonum est facultates cum dispensatione pauperibus erogare, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 melius est, pro intentione sequendi dominum, insimul donare, et,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 absolutum sollicitudine, egere cum Christo</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="40361"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 "ref">[40361] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 dicendum quod si uxor habeat alias res praeter dotem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 ordinatur ad sustentanda onera matrimonii, vel ex proprio lucro vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 quocumque alio licito modo, potest dare eleemosynas, etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 irrequisito assensu viri, moderatas tamen, ne ex earum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 superfluitate vir depauperetur. Alias autem non debet dare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 eleemosynas sine consensu viri vel expresso vel praesumpto, nisi in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 articulo necessitatis, sicut de monacho dictum est. Quamvis enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 mulier sit aequalis in actu matrimonii, tamen in his quae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 dispositionem domus pertinent vir caput est mulieris, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 apostolum, I ad Cor. XI. Beata autem Lucia sponsum habebat, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 virum. Unde de consensu matris poterat eleemosynam facere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="40362"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 "ref">[40362] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 dicendum quod ea quae sunt filiifamilias sunt patris. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 potest eleemosynam facere (nisi forte aliquam modicam, de qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 potest praesumere quod patri placeat), nisi forte alicuius rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 esset sibi a patre dispensatio commissa. Et idem dicendum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 servis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="40363"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 "ref">[40363] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Unde patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 solutio ad quartum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 <div class="E">Articulus 9</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="40364"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 "ref">[40364] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit magis propinquioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 eleemosyna facienda. Dicitur enim Eccli. XII, <i>da misericordi, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 ne suscipias peccatorem, benefac humili, et non des impio</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 quandoque contingit quod propinqui nostri sunt peccatores et impii.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 Ergo non sunt eis magis eleemosynae faciendae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="40365"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 "ref">[40365] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 eleemosynae sunt faciendae propter retributionem mercedis aeternae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 secundum illud Matth. VI, <i>et pater tuus, qui videt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 abscondito, reddet tibi</i>. Sed retributio aeterna maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 acquiritur ex eleemosynis quae sanctis erogantur, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 Luc. XVI, <i>facite vobis amicos de mammona iniquitatis, ut, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 defeceritis, recipiant vos in aeterna tabernacula</i>; quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 exponens Augustinus, in libro de Verb. Dom., dicit, <i>qui sunt qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 habebunt aeterna habitacula nisi sancti Dei? Et qui sunt qui ab eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 accipiendi sunt in tabernacula nisi qui eorum indigentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 serviunt?</i> Ergo magis sunt eleemosynae dandae sanctioribus quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 propinquioribus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="40366"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 "ref">[40366] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 maxime homo est sibi propinquus. Sed sibi non potest homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 eleemosynam facere. Ergo videtur quod non sit magis facienda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 eleemosyna personae magis coniunctae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 9 s. c."><a name="40367"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 "ref">[40367] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 est quod apostolus dicit, I ad Tim. V, <i>si quis suorum, et maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 domesticorum curam non habet, fidem negavit et est infideli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 deterior</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 9 co."><a name="40368"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 "ref">[40368] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in I de Doct. Christ., illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 qui sunt nobis magis coniuncti quasi quadam sorte nobis obveniunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 ut eis magis providere debemus. Est tamen circa hoc discretionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 ratio adhibenda, secundum differentiam coniunctionis et sanctitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 et utilitatis. Nam multo sanctiori magis indigentiam patienti, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 magis utili ad commune bonum, est magis eleemosyna danda quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 personae propinquiori; maxime si non sit multum coniuncta, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 cura specialis nobis immineat, et si magnam necessitatem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 patiatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="40369"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 "ref">[40369] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 ergo dicendum quod peccatori non est subveniendum inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 peccator est, idest ut per hoc in peccato foveatur, sed inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 homo est, idest ut natura sustentetur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="40370"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 "ref">[40370] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 dicendum quod opus eleemosynae ad mercedem retributionis aeternae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 dupliciter valet. Uno quidem modo, ex radice caritatis. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 hoc eleemosyna est meritoria prout in ea servatur ordo caritatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 secundum quem propinquioribus magis providere debemus, ceteris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 paribus. Unde Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>est illa probanda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 liberalitas, ut proximos sanguinis tui non despicias, si egere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 cognoscas, melius est enim ut ipse subvenias tuis, quibus pudor est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 ab aliis sumptum deposcere</i>. Alio modo valet eleemosyna ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 retributionem vitae aeternae ex merito eius cui donatur, qui orat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 pro eo qui eleemosynam dedit. Et secundum hoc loquitur ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 Augustinus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="40371"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3014 "ref">[40371] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 dicendum quod, cum eleemosyna sit opus misericordiae, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 misericordia non est proprie ad seipsum, sed per quandam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 similitudinem, ut supra dictum est; ita etiam, proprie loquendo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 nullus sibi eleemosynam facit, nisi forte ex persona alterius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 Puta, cum aliquis distributor ponitur eleemosynarum, potest et ipse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 sibi accipere, si indigeat, eo tenore quo et aliis ministrat.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 <div class="E">Articulus 10</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 10 arg. 1"><a name="40372"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 "ref">[40372] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 10 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 decimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod eleemosyna non sit abundanter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 facienda. Eleemosyna enim maxime debet fieri coniunctioribus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 illis non debet sic dari ut ditiores inde fieri velint; sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic. Ergo nec aliis debet abundanter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 dari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 10 arg. 2"><a name="40373"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 "ref">[40373] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 10 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 Praeterea, Ambrosius dicit ibidem, <i>non debent simul effundi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 opes, sed dispensari</i>. Sed abundantia eleemosynarum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 effusionem pertinet. Ergo eleemosyna non debet fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 abundanter.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 10 arg. 3"><a name="40374"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 "ref">[40374] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 10 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 Praeterea, II ad Cor. VIII dicit apostolus, non ut aliis sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 remissio, idest ut alii de nostris otiose vivant; vobis autem sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 tribulatio, idest paupertas. Sed hoc contingeret si eleemosyna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 daretur abundanter. Ergo non est abundanter eleemosyna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 largienda.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 10 s. c."><a name="40375"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 "ref">[40375] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 10 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 est quod dicitur Tob. IV, <i>si multum tibi fuerit, abundanter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 tribue</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 10 co."><a name="40376"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 "ref">[40376] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 10 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 dicendum quod abundantia eleemosynae potest considerari et ex parte
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 dantis, et ex parte recipientis. Ex parte quidem dantis cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 scilicet aliquis dat quod est multum secundum proportionem propriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 facultatis. Et sic laudabile est abundanter dare, unde et dominus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 Luc. XXI, laudavit viduam, quae <i>ex eo quod deerat illi, omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 victum quem habuit misit</i>, observatis tamen his quae supra dicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 sunt de eleemosyna facienda de necessariis. Ex parte vero eius cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 datur est abundans eleemosyna dupliciter. Uno modo, quod suppleat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 sufficienter eius indigentiam. Et sic laudabile est abundanter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 eleemosynam tribuere. Alio modo, ut superabundet ad superfluitatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 Et hoc non est laudabile, sed melius est pluribus indigentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 elargiri. Unde et apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. XIII, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 distribuero in cibos pauperum</i>; ubi Glossa dicit, <i>per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 cautela eleemosynae docetur, ut non uni sed multis detur, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 pluribus prosit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 10 ad 1"><a name="40377"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 "ref">[40377] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 10 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de abundantia superexcedente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 necessitatem recipientis eleemosynam.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 10 ad 2"><a name="40378"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 "ref">[40378] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 10 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 dicendum quod auctoritas illa loquitur de abundantia eleemosynae ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 parte dantis. Sed intelligendum est quod Deus non vult simul
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 effundi omnes opes, nisi in mutatione status. Unde subdit ibidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 <i>nisi forte ut Elisaeus boves suos occidit, et pavit pauperes ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 eo quod habuit, ut nulla cura domestica teneretur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 <p title="II-II q. 32 a. 10 ad 3"><a name="40379"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 "ref">[40379] II&ordf;-IIae q. 32 a. 10 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 dicendum quod auctoritas inducta, quantum ad hoc quod dicit, non ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 alii sit remissio vel refrigerium, loquitur de abundantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 eleemosynae quae superexcedit necessitatem recipientis, cui non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 danda eleemosyna ut inde luxurietur, sed ut inde sustentetur. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 quod tamen est discretio adhibenda propter diversas conditiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 hominum, quorum quidam, delicatioribus nutriti, indigent magis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 delicatis cibis aut vestibus. Unde et Ambrosius dicit, in libro de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 Offic., <i>consideranda est in largiendo aetas atque debilitas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 Nonnunquam etiam verecundia, quae ingenuos prodit natales. Aut si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 quis ex divitiis in egestatem cecidit sine vitio suo</i>. Quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 vero ad id quod subditur, vobis autem tribulatio, loquitur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 abundantia ex parte dantis. Sed, sicut Glossa ibi dicit, non hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 ideo dicit quin melius esset, scilicet abundanter dare. <i>Sed de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 infirmis timet, quos sic dare monet ut egestatem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 patiantur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 <div class="D">Quaestio 33</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 <p title="II-II q. 33 pr."><a name="40380"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 "ref">[40380] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 considerandum est de correctione fraterna. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 octo. Primo, utrum fraterna correctio sit actus caritatis. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 utrum sit sub praecepto. Tertio, utrum hoc praeceptum extendat se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 ad omnes, vel solum in praelatis. Quarto, utrum subditi teneantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 ex hoc praecepto praelatos corrigere. Quinto, utrum peccator possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 corrigere. Sexto, utrum aliquis debeat corrigi qui ex correctione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 fit deterior. Septimo, utrum secreta correctio debeat praecedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3104 denuntiationem. Octavo, utrum testium inductio debeat praecedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 denuntiationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40381"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 "ref">[40381] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 sic proceditur. Videtur quod fraterna correctio non sit actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 caritatis. Dicit enim Glossa Matth. XVIII, super illud, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 peccaverit in te frater tuus</i>, quod frater est arguendus ex zelo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 iustitiae. Sed iustitia est virtus distincta a caritate. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 correctio fraterna non est actus caritatis, sed iustitiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40382"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 "ref">[40382] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 correctio fraterna fit per secretam admonitionem. Sed admonitio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 consilium quoddam, quod pertinet ad prudentiam, prudentis enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 esse bene consiliativum, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Ergo fraterna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 correctio non est actus caritatis, sed prudentiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40383"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 "ref">[40383] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 contrarii actus non pertinent ad eandem virtutem. Sed supportare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 peccantem est actus caritatis, secundum illud ad Gal. VI, <i>alter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 alterius onera portate, et sic adimplebitis legem Christi</i>, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 est lex caritatis. Ergo videtur quod corrigere fratrem peccantem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 quod est contrarium supportationi, non sit actus caritatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40384"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 "ref">[40384] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 corripere delinquentem est quaedam eleemosyna spiritualis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 eleemosyna est actus caritatis, ut supra dictum est. Ergo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 correctio fraterna est actus caritatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 1 co."><a name="40385"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 "ref">[40385] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 dicendum quod correctio delinquentis est quoddam remedium quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 debet adhiberi contra peccatum alicuius. Peccatum autem alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 dupliciter considerari potest, uno quidem modo, inquantum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 nocivum ei qui peccat; alio modo, inquantum vergit in nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 aliorum, qui ex eius peccato laeduntur vel scandalizantur; et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 inquantum est in nocumentum boni communis, cuius iustitia per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 peccatum hominis perturbatur. Duplex ergo est correctio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 delinquentis. Una quidem quae adhibet remedium peccato inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 est quoddam malum ipsius peccantis, et ista est proprie fraterna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 correctio, quae ordinatur ad emendationem delinquentis. Removere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 autem malum alicuius eiusdem rationis est et bonum eius procurare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 Procurare autem fratris bonum pertinet ad caritatem, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 volumus et operamur bonum amico. Unde etiam correctio fraterna est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 actus caritatis, quia per eam repellimus malum fratris, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 peccatum. Cuius remotio magis pertinet ad caritatem quam etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 remotio exterioris damni, vel etiam corporalis nocumenti, quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 contrarium bonum virtutis magis est affine caritati quam bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 corporis vel exteriorum rerum. Unde correctio fraterna magis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 actus caritatis quam curatio infirmitatis corporalis, vel subventio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 qua excluditur exterior egestas. Alia vero correctio est quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 adhibet remedium peccati delinquentis secundum quod est in malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 aliorum, et etiam praecipue in nocumentum communis boni. Et talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 correctio est actus iustitiae, cuius est conservare rectitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 iustitiae unius ad alium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40386"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 "ref">[40386] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 ergo dicendum quod Glossa illa loquitur de secunda correctione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 quae est actus iustitiae. Vel, si loquatur etiam de prima, iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 ibi sumitur secundum quod est universalis virtus, ut infra dicetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 prout etiam omne peccatum est iniquitas, <i>ut dicitur I Ioan.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 III</i>, quasi contra iustitiam existens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40387"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 "ref">[40387] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., <i>prudentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 facit rectitudinem in his quae sunt ad finem</i>, de quibus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 consilium et electio. Tamen cum per prudentiam aliquid recte agimus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 ad finem alicuius virtutis moralis, puta temperantiae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 fortitudinis, actus ille est principaliter illius virtutis ad cuius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 finem ordinatur. Quia ergo admonitio quae fit in correctione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 fraterna ordinatur ad amovendum peccatum fratris, quod pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 caritatem; manifestum est quod talis admonitio principaliter est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 actus caritatis, quasi imperantis, prudentiae vero secundario,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 quasi exequentis et dirigentis actum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40388"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 "ref">[40388] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 dicendum quod correctio fraterna non opponitur supportationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 infirmorum, sed magis ex ea consequitur. Intantum enim aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 supportat peccantem inquantum contra eum non turbatur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 benevolentiam ad eum servat. Et ex hoc contingit quod eum satagit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 emendare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3185 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40389"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 "ref">[40389] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod correctio fraterna non sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 praecepto. Nihil enim quod est impossibile cadit sub praecepto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 secundum illud Hieronymi, <i>maledictus qui dicit Deum aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 impossibile praecepisse</i>. Sed Eccle. VII dicitur, <i>considera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 opera Dei, quod nemo possit corrigere quem ille despexerit</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 Ergo correctio fraterna non est in praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40390"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 "ref">[40390] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 omnia praecepta legis divinae ad praecepta Decalogi reducuntur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 correctio fraterna non cadit sub aliquo praeceptorum Decalogi. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 non cadit sub praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40391"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 "ref">[40391] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 omissio praecepti divini est peccatum mortale, quod in sanctis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 viris non invenitur. Sed omissio fraternae correctionis invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 in sanctis et in spiritualibus viris, dicit enim Augustinus, I de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 Civ. Dei, quod <i>non solum inferiores, verum etiam hi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 superiorem vitae gradum tenent ab aliorum reprehensione se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 abstinent, propter quaedam cupiditatis vincula, non propter officia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 caritatis</i>. Ergo correctio fraterna non est in praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40392"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 "ref">[40392] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 illud quod est in praecepto habet rationem debiti. Si ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 correctio fraterna caderet sub praecepto, hoc fratribus deberemus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3213 ut eos peccantes corrigeremus. Sed ille qui debet alicui debitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 corporale, puta pecuniam, non debet esse contentus ut ei occurrat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 creditor, sed debet eum quaerere ut debitum reddat. Oporteret ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 quod homo quaereret correctione indigentes ad hoc quod eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 corrigeret. Quod videtur inconveniens, tum propter multitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3218 peccantium, ad quorum correctionem unus homo non posset sufficere;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 tum etiam quia oporteret quod religiosi de claustris suis exirent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 ad homines corrigendos, quod est inconveniens. Non ergo fraterna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3221 correctio est in praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40393"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 "ref">[40393] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Verb. Dom., <i>si neglexeris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3225 corrigere, peior eo factus es qui peccavit</i>. Sed hoc non esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 nisi per huiusmodi negligentiam aliquis praeceptum omitteret. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 correctio fraterna est in praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 2 co."><a name="40394"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 "ref">[40394] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3230 dicendum quod correctio fraterna cadit sub praecepto. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 considerandum est quod sicut praecepta negativa legis prohibent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 actus peccatorum, ita praecepta affirmativa inducunt ad actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 virtutum. Actus autem peccatorum sunt secundum se mali, et nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 modo bene fieri possunt, nec aliquo tempore aut loco, quia secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 se sunt coniuncti malo fini, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 praecepta negativa obligant semper et ad semper. Sed actus virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 non quolibet modo fieri debent, sed observatis debitis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 circumstantiis quae requiruntur ad hoc quod sit actus virtuosus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 scilicet fiat ubi debet, et quando debet, et secundum quod debet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 Et quia dispositio eorum quae sunt ad finem attenditur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 rationem finis, in istis circumstantiis virtuosi actus praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 attendenda est ratio finis, qui est bonum virtutis. Si ergo sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 aliqua talis omissio alicuius circumstantiae circa virtuosum actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3244 quae totaliter tollat bonum virtutis, hoc contrariatur praecepto.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 Si autem sit defectus alicuius circumstantiae quae non totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 tollat virtutem, licet non perfecte attingat ad bonum virtutis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 est contra praeceptum. Unde et philosophus dicit, in II Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 quod si parum discedatur a medio, non est contra virtutem, sed si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 multum discedatur, corrumpitur virtus in suo actu. Correctio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 fraterna ordinatur ad fratris emendationem. Et ideo hoc modo cadit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 sub praecepto, secundum quod est necessaria ad istum finem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 autem ita quod quolibet loco vel tempore frater delinquens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 corrigatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40395"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 "ref">[40395] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 ergo dicendum quod in omnibus bonis agendis operatio hominis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 est efficax nisi adsit auxilium divinum, et tamen homo debet facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 quod in se est. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de Corr. et Grat.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 <i>nescientes quis pertineat ad praedestinatorum numerum et quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 non pertineat, sic affici debemus caritatis affectu ut omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 velimus salvos fieri</i>. Et ideo omnibus debemus fraternae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 correctionis officium impendere sub spe divini auxilii.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40396"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 "ref">[40396] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, omnia praecepta quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 pertinent ad impendendum aliquod beneficium proximo reducuntur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 praeceptum de honoratione parentum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40397"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 "ref">[40397] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 dicendum quod correctio fraterna tripliciter omitti potest. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 quidem modo, meritorie, quando ex caritate aliquis correctionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 omittit. Dicit enim Augustinus, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>si propterea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3273 quisque obiurgandis et corripiendis male agentibus parcit, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 opportunius tempus inquiritur; vel eisdem ipsis metuit ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 deteriores ex hoc efficiantur, vel ad bonam vitam et piam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 erudiendos impediant alios infirmos et premant, atque avertant a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3277 fide; non videtur esse cupiditatis occasio, sed consilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 caritatis</i>. Alio modo praetermittitur fraterna correctio cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 peccato mortali, quando scilicet formidatur, ut ibi dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 <i>iudicium vulgi et carnis excruciatio vel peremptio</i>; dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 tamen haec ita dominentur in animo quod fraternae caritati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 praeponantur. Et hoc videtur contingere quando aliquis praesumit de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 aliquo delinquente probabiliter quod posset eum a peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 retrahere, et tamen propter timorem vel cupiditatem praetermittit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 Tertio modo huiusmodi omissio est peccatum veniale, quando timor et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 cupiditas tardiorem faciunt hominem ad corrigendum delicta fratris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 non tamen ita quod, si ei constaret quod fratrem posset a peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 retrahere, propter timorem vel cupiditatem dimitteret, quibus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3289 animo suo praeponit caritatem fraternam. Et hoc modo quandoque viri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 sancti negligunt corrigere delinquentes.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40398"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 "ref">[40398] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 dicendum quod illud quod debetur alicui determinatae et certae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 personae, sive sit bonum corporale sive spirituale, oportet quod ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 impendamus non expectantes quod nobis occurrat, sed debitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 sollicitudinem habentes ut eum inquiramus. Unde sicut ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 debet pecuniam creditori debet eum requirere cum tempus fuerit ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 ei debitum reddat, ita qui habet spiritualiter curam alicuius debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 eum quaerere ad hoc quod eum corrigat de peccato. Sed illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 beneficia quae non debentur certae personae sed communiter omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 proximis, sive sint corporalia sive spiritualia, non oportet nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 quaerere quibus impendamus, sed sufficit quod impendamus eis qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 nobis occurrunt, hoc enim quasi pro quadam sorte habendum est, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 Augustinus dicit, in I de Doct. Christ. Et propter hoc dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 libro de Verb. Dom., quod <i>admonet nos dominus noster non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 negligere invicem peccata nostra, non quaerendo quid reprehendas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 sed videndo quid corrigas</i>. Alioquin efficeremur exploratores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 vitae aliorum, contra id quod dicitur Prov. XXIV, <i>ne quaeras
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 impietatem in domo iusti, et non vastes requiem eius</i>. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 patet quod nec religiosos oportet exire claustrum ad corrigendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 delinquentes.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3312 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40399"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 "ref">[40399] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 sic proceditur. Videtur quod correctio fraterna non pertineat nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 ad praelatos. Dicit enim Hieronymus, <i>sacerdotes studeant illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3318 Evangelii implere, si peccaverit in te frater tuus</i>, et cetera.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 Sed nomine sacerdotum consueverunt significari praelati, qui habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 curam aliorum. Ergo videtur quod ad solos praelatos pertineat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 fraterna correctio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40400"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 "ref">[40400] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 fraterna correctio est quaedam eleemosyna spiritualis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 corporalem eleemosynam facere pertinet ad eos qui sunt superiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 in temporalibus, scilicet ad ditiores. Ergo etiam fraterna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 correctio pertinet ad eos qui sunt superiores in spiritualibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 scilicet ad praelatos.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40401"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3330 "ref">[40401] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 ille qui corripit alium movet eum sua admonitione ad melius. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 rebus naturalibus inferiora moventur a superioribus. Ergo etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 secundum ordinem virtutis, qui sequitur ordinem naturae, ad solos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 praelatos pertinet inferiores corrigere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40402"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 "ref">[40402] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 est quod dicitur XXIV, qu. III, <i>tam sacerdotes quam reliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 fideles omnes summam debent habere curam de his qui pereunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 quatenus eorum redargutione aut corrigantur a peccatis, aut, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 incorrigibiles appareant, ab Ecclesia separentur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 3 co."><a name="40403"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 "ref">[40403] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, duplex est correctio. Una quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 quae est actus caritatis, qui specialiter tendit ad emendationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 fratris delinquentis per simplicem admonitionem. Et talis correctio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3346 pertinet ad quemlibet caritatem habentem, sive sit subditus sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 praelatus. Est autem alia correctio quae est actus iustitiae, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 quam intenditur bonum commune, quod non solum procuratur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 admonitionem fratris, sed interdum etiam per punitionem, ut alii a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 peccato timentes desistant. Et talis correctio pertinet ad solos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 praelatos, qui non solum habent admonere, sed etiam corrigere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 puniendo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40404"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 "ref">[40404] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 ergo dicendum quod etiam in correctione fraterna, quae ad omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 pertinet, gravior est cura praelatorum; ut dicit Augustinus, in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 de Civ. Dei. Sicut enim temporalia beneficia potius debet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 exhibere illis quorum curam temporalem habet, ita etiam beneficia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 spiritualia, puta correctionem, doctrinam et alia huiusmodi magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 debet exhibere illis qui sunt suae spirituali curae commissi. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 ergo intendit Hieronymus dicere quod ad solos sacerdotes pertineat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 praeceptum de correctione fraterna, sed quod ad hos specialiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 pertinet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40405"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 "ref">[40405] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 dicendum quod sicut ille qui habet unde corporaliter subvenire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 possit quantum ad hoc dives est, ita ille qui habet sanum rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 iudicium, ex quo possit alterius delictum corrigere quantum ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 est superior habendus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40406"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 "ref">[40406] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 dicendum quod etiam in rebus naturalibus quaedam mutuo in se agunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 quia quantum ad aliquid sunt se invicem superiora, prout scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 utrumque est quodammodo in potentia et quodammodo in actu respectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 alterius. Et similiter aliquis, inquantum habet sanum rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 iudicium in hoc in quo alter delinquit, potest eum corrigere, licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 non sit simpliciter superior.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40407"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 "ref">[40407] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis non teneatur corrigere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3383 praelatum suum. Dicitur enim Exod. XIX, <i>bestia quae tetigerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 montem lapidabitur</i>, et II Reg. VI dicitur quod Oza percussus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 est a domino quia tetigit arcam. Sed per montem et arcam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3386 significatur praelatus. Ergo praelati non sunt corrigendi a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 subditis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40408"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 "ref">[40408] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 Gal. II, super illud, <i>in faciem ei restiti</i>, dicit Glossa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 <i>ut par</i>. Ergo, cum subditus non sit par praelato, non debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 eum corrigere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40409"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 "ref">[40409] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 Gregorius dicit, <i>sanctorum vitam corrigere non praesumat nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 qui de se meliora sentit</i>. Sed aliquis non debet de se meliora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3397 sentire quam de praelato suo. Ergo praelati non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 corrigendi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40410"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 "ref">[40410] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 est quod Augustinus dicit, in regula, <i>non solum vestri, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 etiam ipsius, idest praelati, miseremini, qui inter vos quanto in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 loco superiore, tanto in periculo maiore versatur</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 correctio fraterna est opus misericordiae. Ergo etiam praelati sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 corrigendi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 4 co."><a name="40411"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3407 "ref">[40411] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 dicendum quod correctio quae est actus iustitiae per coercionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 poenae non competit subditis respectu praelati. Sed correctio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 fraterna, quae est actus caritatis, pertinet ad unumquemque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3411 respectu cuiuslibet personae ad quam caritatem debet habere, si in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 eo aliquid corrigibile inveniatur. Actus enim ex aliquo habitu vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 potentia procedens se extendit ad omnia quae continentur sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 obiecto illius potentiae vel habitus, sicut visio ad omnia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 continentur sub obiecto visus. Sed quia actus virtuosus debet esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 moderatus debitis circumstantiis, ideo in correctione qua subditi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 corrigunt praelatos debet modus congruus adhiberi, ut scilicet non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 cum protervia et duritia, sed cum mansuetudine et reverentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 corrigantur. Unde apostolus dicit, I ad Tim. V, <i>seniorem ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 increpaveris, sed obsecra ut patrem</i>. Et ideo Dionysius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3421 redarguit Demophilum monachum quia sacerdotem irreverenter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 correxerat, eum percutiens et de Ecclesia eiiciens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40412"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 "ref">[40412] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 ergo dicendum quod tunc praelatus inordinate tangi videtur quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 irreverenter obiurgatur, vel etiam quando ei detrahitur. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 significatur per contactum montis et arcae damnatum a Deo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40413"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 "ref">[40413] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 dicendum quod in faciem resistere coram omnibus excedit modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 fraternae correctionis, et ideo sic Paulus Petrum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3432 reprehendisset nisi aliquo modo par esset, quantum ad fidei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 defensionem. Sed in occulto admonere et reverenter, hoc potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 etiam ille qui non est par. Unde apostolus, ad Coloss. ult.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 scribit ut praelatum suum admoneant, cum dicit, <i>dicite Archippo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 ministerium tuum imple</i>. Sciendum tamen est quod ubi immineret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3437 periculum fidei, etiam publice essent praelati a subditis arguendi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 Unde et Paulus, qui erat subditus Petro, propter imminens periculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 scandali circa fidem, Petrum publice arguit. Et sicut Glossa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 Augustini dicit, ad Gal. II, <i>ipse Petrus exemplum maioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 praebuit ut, sicubi forte rectum tramitem reliquissent, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 dedignentur etiam a posterioribus corrigi</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40414"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 "ref">[40414] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 dicendum quod praesumere se esse simpliciter meliorem quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 praelatus sit, videtur esse praesumptuosae superbiae. Sed aestimare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 se meliorem quantum ad aliquid non est praesumptionis, quia nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 est in hac vita qui non habeat aliquem defectum. Et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 considerandum est quod cum aliquis praelatum caritative monet, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 propter hoc se maiorem existimat, sed auxilium impartitur ei qui,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 <i>quanto in loco superiori, tanto in periculo maiori versatur</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 ut Augustinus dicit, in regula.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="40415"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 "ref">[40415] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccator corrigere debeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 delinquentem. Nullus enim propter peccatum quod commisit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 praecepto observando excusatur. Sed correctio fraterna cadit sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 praecepto, ut dictum est. Ergo videtur quod propter peccatum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 quis commisit non debeat praetermittere huiusmodi correctionem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="40416"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 "ref">[40416] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 eleemosyna spiritualis est potior quam eleemosyna corporalis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 ille qui est in peccato non debet abstinere quin eleemosynam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 corporalem faciat. Ergo multo minus debet abstinere a correctione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 delinquentis propter peccatum praecedens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="40417"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 "ref">[40417] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 I Ioan. I dicitur, <i>si dixerimus quia peccatum non habemus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 nosipsos seducimus</i>. Si igitur propter peccatum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3472 impeditur a correctione fraterna, nullus erit qui possit corrigere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 delinquentem. Hoc autem est inconveniens. Ergo et primum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 5 s. c."><a name="40418"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 "ref">[40418] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 est quod Isidorus dicit, in libro de summo bono, <i>non debet vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 aliorum corrigere qui est vitiis subiectus</i>. Et Rom. II dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 <i>in quo alium iudicas, teipsum condemnas, eadem enim agis quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 iudicas</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 5 co."><a name="40419"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 "ref">[40419] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, correctio delinquentis pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 aliquem inquantum viget in eo rectum iudicium rationis. Peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 autem, ut supra dictum est, non tollit totum bonum naturae, quin
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 remaneat in peccante aliquid de recto iudicio rationis. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 hoc potest sibi competere alterius delictum arguere. Sed tamen per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 peccatum praecedens impedimentum quoddam huic correctioni affertur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3488 propter tria. Primo quidem, quia ex peccato praecedenti indignus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 redditur ut alium corrigat. Et praecipue si maius peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3490 commisit, non est dignus ut alium corrigat de minori peccato. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 super illud Matth. VII, <i>quid vides festucam</i> etc., dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 Hieronymus, <i>de his loquitur qui, cum mortali crimine detineantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 obnoxii, minora peccata fratribus non concedunt</i>. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 redditur indebita correctio propter scandalum, quod sequitur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3495 correctione si peccatum corripientis sit manifestum, quia videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 quod ille qui corrigit non corrigat ex caritate, sed magis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3497 ostentationem. Unde super illud Matth. VII, <i>quomodo dicis fratri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 tuo</i> etc., exponit Chrysostomus, <i>in quo proposito? Puta ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 caritate, ut salves proximum tuum? Non, quia teipsum ante salvares.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3500 Vis ergo non alios salvare, sed per bonam doctrinam malos actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 celare, et scientiae laudem ab hominibus quaerere</i>. Tertio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3502 propter superbiam corripientis, inquantum scilicet aliquis, propria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 peccata parvipendens, seipsum proximo praefert in corde suo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 peccata eius austera severitate diiudicans, ac si ipse esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 iustus. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 <i>accusare vitia officium est bonorum, quod cum mali faciunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 alienas partes agunt</i>. Et ideo, sicut Augustinus dicit in eodem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 <i>cogitemus, cum aliquem reprehendere nos necessitas coegerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 utrum tale sit vitium quod nunquam habuimus, et tunc cogitemus nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 homines esse, et habere potuisse. Vel tale quod habuimus et iam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 habemus, et tunc tangat memoriam communis fragilitas, ut illam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 correctionem non odium sed misericordia praecedat. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 invenerimus nos in eodem vitio esse, non obiurgemus, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 congemiscamus et ad pariter poenitendum invitemus</i>. Ex his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3515 igitur patet quod peccator, si cum humilitate corripiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 delinquentem, non peccat, nec sibi novam condemnationem acquirit;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 licet per hoc vel in conscientia fratris, vel saltem sua, pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 peccato praeterito condemnabilem se esse ostendat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3519 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 5 ad arg."><a name="40420"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 "ref">[40420] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 5 ad arg.</span></a> Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3524 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="40421"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 "ref">[40421] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis non debeat a correctione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 cessare propter timorem ne ille fiat deterior. Peccatum enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 quaedam infirmitas animae, secundum illud Psalm., <i>miserere mei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 domine, quoniam infirmus sum</i>. Sed ille cui imminet cura infirmi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 etiam propter eius contradictionem vel contemptum non debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3531 cessare, quia tunc imminet maius periculum, sicut patet circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 furiosos. Ergo multo magis debet homo peccantem corrigere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 quantumcumque graviter ferat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="40422"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 "ref">[40422] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 secundum Hieronymum, <i>veritas vitae non est dimittenda propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 scandalum</i>. Praecepta autem Dei pertinent ad veritatem vitae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 Cum ergo correctio fraterna cadat sub praecepto, ut dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3539 videtur quod non sit dimittenda propter scandalum eius qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 corripitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="40423"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 "ref">[40423] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 secundum apostolum, ad Rom. III, <i>non sunt facienda mala ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 veniant bona</i>. Ergo, pari ratione, non sunt praetermittenda bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 ne veniant mala. Sed correctio fraterna est quoddam bonum. Ergo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 est praetermittenda propter timorem ne ille qui corripitur fiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3547 deterior.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 6 s. c."><a name="40424"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 "ref">[40424] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 est quod dicitur Prov. IX, <i>noli arguere derisorem, ne oderit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 te</i>, ubi dicit Glossa, <i>non est timendum ne tibi derisor, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 arguitur, contumelias inferat, sed hoc potius providendum, ne,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 tractus ad odium, inde fiat peior</i>. Ergo cessandum est a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 correctione fraterna quando timetur ne fiat ille inde deterior.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 6 co."><a name="40425"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 "ref">[40425] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3557 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, duplex est correctio delinquentis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 Una quidem pertinens ad praelatos, quae ordinatur ad bonum commune,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 et habet vim coactivam. Et talis correctio non est dimittenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 propter turbationem eius qui corripitur. Tum quia, si propria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 sponte emendari non velit, cogendus est per poenas ut peccare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 desistat. Tum etiam quia, si incorrigibilis sit, per hoc providetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3563 bono communi, dum servatur ordo iustitiae, et unius exemplo alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 deterrentur. Unde iudex non praetermittit ferre sententiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 condemnationis in peccantem propter timorem turbationis ipsius, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3566 etiam amicorum eius. Alia vero est correctio fraterna, cuius finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 est emendatio delinquentis, non habens coactionem sed simplicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 admonitionem. Et ideo ubi probabiliter aestimatur quod peccator
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 admonitionem non recipiat, sed ad peiora labatur, est ab huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 correctione desistendum, quia ea quae sunt ad finem debent regulari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 secundum quod exigit ratio finis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="40426"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 "ref">[40426] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 ergo dicendum quod medicus quadam coactione utitur in phreneticum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 qui curam eius recipere non vult. Et huic similatur correctio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 praelatorum, quae habet vim coactivam, non autem simplex correctio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3577 fraterna.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="40427"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 "ref">[40427] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 dicendum quod de correctione fraterna datur praeceptum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 quod est actus virtutis. Hoc autem est secundum quod proportionatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 fini. Et ideo quando est impeditiva finis, puta cum efficitur homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3583 deterior, iam non pertinet ad veritatem vitae, nec cadit sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="40428"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 "ref">[40428] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 dicendum quod ea quae ordinantur ad finem habent rationem boni ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 ordine ad finem. Et ideo correctio fraterna, quando est impeditiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 finis, scilicet emendationis fratris, iam non habet rationem boni.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 Et ideo cum praetermittitur talis correctio, non praetermittitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 bonum ne eveniat malum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="40429"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 "ref">[40429] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in correctione fraterna non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 debeat, ex necessitate praecepti, admonitio secreta praecedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 denuntiationem. Operibus enim caritatis praecipue debemus Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 imitari, secundum illud Ephes. V, <i>estote imitatores Dei, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 filii carissimi, et ambulate in dilectione</i>. Deus autem interdum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3601 publice punit hominem pro peccato nulla secreta monitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 praecedente. Ergo videtur quod non sit necessarium admonitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 secretam praecedere denuntiationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="40430"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 "ref">[40430] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro contra mendacium, <i>ex gestis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 sanctorum intelligi potest qualiter sunt praecepta sacrae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 Scripturae intelligenda</i>. Sed in gestis sanctorum invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 facta publica denuntiatio peccati occulti nulla secreta monitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 praecedente, sicut legitur Gen. XXXVII quod Ioseph <i>accusavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 fratres suos apud patrem crimine pessimo</i>; et Act. V dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 quod Petrus Ananiam et Saphiram, occulte defraudantes de pretio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 agri, publice denuntiavit nulla secreta admonitione praemissa. Ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 etiam dominus non legitur secreto admonuisse Iudam antequam eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3615 denuntiaret. Non ergo est de necessitate praecepti ut secreta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 admonitio praecedat publicam denuntiationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="40431"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3618 "ref">[40431] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 accusatio est gravior quam denuntiatio. Sed ad publicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3620 accusationem potest aliquis procedere nulla admonitione secreta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 praecedente, determinatur enim in decretali quod accusationem debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 praecedere inscriptio. Ergo videtur quod non sit de necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 praecepti quod secreta admonitio praecedat publicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3624 denuntiationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="40432"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 "ref">[40432] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 non videtur esse probabile quod ea quae sunt in communi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 consuetudine religiosorum sint contra praecepta Christi. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 consuetum est in religionibus quod in capitulis aliqui proclamantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 de culpis nulla secreta admonitione praemissa. Ergo videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 hoc non sit de necessitate praecepti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3632 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 7 arg. 5"><a name="40433"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 "ref">[40433] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 religiosi tenentur suis praelatis obedire. Sed quandoque praelati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 praecipiunt, vel communiter omnibus vel alicui specialiter, ut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 quid scit corrigendum, ei dicatur. Ergo videtur quod teneantur ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 dicere etiam ante secretam admonitionem. Non ergo est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3638 necessitate praecepti ut secreta admonitio praecedat publicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 denuntiationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3640 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 7 s. c."><a name="40434"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 "ref">[40434] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de verbis Dom., exponens illud,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 <i>corripe ipsum inter te et ipsum solum, studens correctioni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 parcens pudori. Forte enim prae verecundia incipit defendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3645 peccatum suum, et quem vis facere meliorem, facis peiorem</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 ad hoc tenemur per praeceptum caritatis ut caveamus ne frater
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 deterior efficiatur. Ergo ordo correctionis fraternae cadit sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3648 praecepto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3649 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 7 co."><a name="40435"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3650 "ref">[40435] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 dicendum quod circa publicam denuntiationem peccatorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 distinguendum est. Aut enim peccata sunt publica, aut sunt occulta.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 Si quidem sint publica, non est tantum adhibendum remedium ei qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3654 peccavit, ut melior fiat, sed etiam aliis, in quorum notitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 devenit, ut non scandalizentur. Et ideo talia peccata sunt publice
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 arguenda, secundum illud apostoli, I ad Tim. V, <i>peccantem coram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 omnibus argue, ut ceteri timorem habeant</i>; quod intelligitur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 peccatis publicis, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro de verbis Dom. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 vero sint peccata occulta, sic videtur habere locum quod dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3660 dicit, <i>si peccaverit in te frater tuus</i>, quando enim te
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3661 offendit publice coram aliis, iam non solum in te peccat, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 in alios, quos turbat. Sed quia etiam in occultis peccatis potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 parari proximorum offensa, ideo adhuc distinguendum videtur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3664 Quaedam enim peccata occulta sunt quae sunt in nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 proximorum vel corporale vel spirituale, puta si aliquis occulte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 tractet quomodo civitas tradatur hostibus; vel si haereticus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 privatim homines a fide avertat. Et quia hic ille qui occulte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3668 peccat non solum in te peccat, sed etiam in alios; oportet statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 ad denuntiationem procedere, ut huiusmodi nocumentum impediatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3670 nisi forte aliquis firmiter aestimaret quod statim per secretam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 admonitionem posset huiusmodi mala impedire. Quaedam vero peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 sunt quae sunt solum in malum peccantis et tui, in quem peccatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3673 vel quia a peccante laederis, vel saltem ex sola notitia. Et tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 ad hoc solum tendendum est ut fratri peccanti subveniatur. Et sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3675 medicus corporalis sanitatem confert, si potest, sine alicuius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 membri abscissione; si autem non potest, abscindit membrum minus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 necessarium, ut vita totius conservetur, ita etiam ille qui studet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3678 emendationi fratris debet, si potest, sic emendare fratrem, quantum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 ad conscientiam, ut fama eius conservetur. Quae quidem est utilis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3680 primo quidem et ipsi peccanti, non solum in temporalibus, in quibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 quantum ad multa homo patitur detrimentum amissa fama; sed etiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 quantum ad spiritualia, quia prae timore infamiae multi a peccato
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 retrahuntur, unde quando se infamatos conspiciunt, irrefrenate
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3684 peccant. Unde Hieronymus dicit, <i>corripiendus est seorsum frater,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3685 ne, si semel pudorem aut verecundiam amiserit, permaneat in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 peccato</i>. Secundo debet conservari fama fratris peccantis, tum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3687 quia, uno infamato, alii infamantur, secundum illud Augustini, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 Epist. ad plebem Hipponensem, <i>cum de aliquibus qui sanctum nomen
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 profitentur aliquid criminis vel falsi sonuerit vel veri patuerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3690 instant, satagunt, ambiunt ut de omnibus hoc credatur</i>. Tum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 etiam quia ex peccato unius publicato alii provocantur ad peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3692 Sed quia conscientia praeferenda est famae, voluit dominus ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 saltem cum dispendio famae fratris conscientia per publicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3694 denuntiationem a peccato liberetur. Unde patet de necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 praecepti esse quod secreta admonitio publicam denuntiationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 praecedat.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="40436"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3698 "ref">[40436] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 ergo dicendum quod omnia occulta Deo sunt nota. Et ideo hoc modo se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3700 habent occulta peccata ad iudicium divinum sicut publica ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3701 humanum. Et tamen plerumque Deus peccatores quasi secreta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 admonitione arguit interius inspirando, vel vigilanti vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 dormienti, secundum illud Iob XXXIII, <i>per somnium in visione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3704 nocturna, quando irruit sopor super homines, tunc aperit aures
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 virorum, et erudiens eos instruit disciplina, ut avertat hominem ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 his quae fecit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="40437"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 "ref">[40437] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 dicendum quod dominus peccatum Iudae, tanquam Deus, sicut publicum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3710 habebat. Unde statim poterat ad publicandum procedere. Tamen ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3711 non publicavit, sed obscuris verbis eum de peccato suo admonuit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3712 Petrus autem publicavit peccatum occultum Ananiae et Saphirae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 tanquam executor Dei, cuius revelatione peccatum cognovit. De
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 Ioseph autem credendum est quod fratres suos quandoque admonuerit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3715 licet non sit scriptum. Vel potest dici quod peccatum publicum erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 inter fratres, unde dicit pluraliter, accusavit fratres suos.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3717 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="40438"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 "ref">[40438] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 dicendum quod quando imminet periculum multitudinis, non habent ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3720 locum haec verba domini, quia tunc frater peccans non peccat in te
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 tantum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="40439"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 "ref">[40439] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 dicendum quod huiusmodi proclamationes quae in capitulis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 religiosorum fiunt sunt de aliquibus levibus, quae famae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3726 derogant. Unde sunt quasi quaedam commemorationes potius oblitarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3727 culparum quam accusationes vel denuntiationes. Si essent tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 talia de quibus frater infamaretur, contra praeceptum domini ageret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 qui per hunc modum peccatum fratris publicaret.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 7 ad 5"><a name="40440"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3731 "ref">[40440] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 7 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 dicendum quod praelato non est obediendum contra praeceptum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3733 divinum, secundum illud Act. V, <i>obedire oportet Deo magis quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 hominibus</i>. Et ideo quando praelatus praecipit ut sibi dicatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 quod quis sciverit corrigendum, intelligendum est praeceptum sane,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 salvo ordine correctionis fraternae, sive praeceptum fiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3737 communiter ad omnes, sive ad aliquem specialiter. Sed si praelatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 expresse praeciperet contra hunc ordinem a domino constitutum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3739 ipse peccaret praecipiens et ei obediens, quasi contra praeceptum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 domini agens, unde non esset ei obediendum. Quia praelatus non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 iudex occultorum, sed solus Deus, unde non habet potestatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3742 praecipiendi aliquid super occultis nisi inquantum per aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 indicia manifestantur, puta per infamiam vel aliquas suspiciones;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 in quibus casibus potest praelatus praecipere eodem modo sicut et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 iudex saecularis vel ecclesiasticus potest exigere iuramentum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3746 veritate dicenda.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3748 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="40441"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 "ref">[40441] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3751 sic proceditur. Videtur quod testium inductio non debeat praecedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3752 publicam denuntiationem. Peccata enim occulta non sunt aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 manifestanda, quia sic homo magis esset proditor criminis quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 corrector fratris, ut Augustinus dicit. Sed ille qui inducit testes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3755 peccatum fratris alteri manifestat. Ergo in peccatis occultis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 debet testium inductio praecedere publicam denuntiationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="40442"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 "ref">[40442] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 homo debet diligere proximum sicut seipsum. Sed nullus ad suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3760 peccatum occultum inducit testes. Ergo neque ad peccatum occultum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3761 fratris debet inducere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="40443"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3763 "ref">[40443] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3764 testes inducuntur ad aliquid probandum. Sed in occultis non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3765 fieri probatio per testes. Ergo frustra huiusmodi testes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 inducuntur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="40444"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 "ref">[40444] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3769 Augustinus dicit, in regula, quod <i>prius praeposito debet ostendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 quam testibus</i>. Sed ostendere praeposito sive praelato est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 dicere Ecclesiae. Non ergo testium inductio debet praecedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 publicam denuntiationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3773 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 8 s. c."><a name="40445"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 "ref">[40445] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 est quod dominus dicit, Matth. XVIII.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3776 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 8 co."><a name="40446"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3777 "ref">[40446] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 dicendum quod de uno extremo ad aliud extremum convenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 transitur per medium. In correctione autem fraterna dominus voluit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3780 quod principium esset occultum, dum frater corriperet fratrem inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3781 se et ipsum solum; finem autem voluit esse publicum, ut scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 Ecclesiae denuntiaretur. Et ideo convenienter in medio ponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 testium inductio, ut primo paucis indicetur peccatum fratris, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3784 possint prodesse et non obesse, ut saltem sic sine multitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 infamia emendetur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="40447"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 "ref">[40447] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 ergo dicendum quod quidam sic intellexerunt ordinem fraternae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 correctionis esse servandum ut primo frater sit in secreto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3790 corripiendus, et si audierit, bene quidem. Si autem non audierit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 si peccatum sit omnino occultum, dicebant non esse ulterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3792 procedendum. Si autem incipit iam ad plurium notitiam devenire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3793 aliquibus indiciis, debet ulterius procedi, secundum quod dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 mandat. Sed hoc est contra id quod Augustinus dicit, in regula,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 quod peccatum fratris non debet occultari, ne putrescat in corde.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 Et ideo aliter dicendum est quod post admonitionem secretam semel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 vel pluries factam, quandiu spes probabiliter habetur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 correctione, per secretam admonitionem procedendum est. Ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 autem iam probabiliter cognoscere possumus quod secreta admonitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3800 non valet, procedendum est ulterius, quantumcumque sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3801 occultum, ad testium inductionem. Nisi forte probabiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 aestimaretur quod hoc ad emendationem fratris non proficeret, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 exinde deterior redderetur, quia propter hoc est totaliter a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 correctione cessandum, ut supra dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="40448"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3806 "ref">[40448] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3807 dicendum quod homo non indiget testibus ad emendationem sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3808 peccati, quod tamen potest esse necessarium ad emendationem peccati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 fratris. Unde non est similis ratio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="40449"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3811 "ref">[40449] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3812 dicendum quod testes possunt induci propter tria. Uno modo, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 ostendendum quod hoc sit peccatum de quo aliquis arguitur; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 Hieronymus dicit. Secundo, ad convincendum de actu, si actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 iteretur; ut Augustinus dicit, in regula. Tertio, <i>ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3816 testificandum quod frater admonens fecit quod in se fuit</i>; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3817 Chrysostomus dicit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3818 <p title="II-II q. 33 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="40450"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 "ref">[40450] II&ordf;-IIae q. 33 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 dicendum quod Augustinus intelligit quod prius dicatur praelato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 quam testibus secundum quod praelatus est quaedam singularis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 persona quae magis potest prodesse quam alii, non autem quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3823 dicatur ei tanquam Ecclesiae, idest sicut in loco iudicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3824 residenti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3825 <div class="centro"><br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3826 <p><a href="sth3025.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 <a href="sth3034.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3829 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3830 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 <hr />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3832 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3833 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 hanc editionem<br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3835 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3836 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3837 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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diff changeset
3838 </div>
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diff changeset
3839 </body>
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diff changeset
3840 </html>