Aquinas: summa/latin/sth2040.html annotate

annotate summa/latin/sth2040.html @ 46:6cfdc13efd8a

from www.ccel.org/ss/

author	ht
date	Sun, 20 Dec 2009 22:10:12 +0000
parents	544e12f679ad
children	d777cc3962f2

rev	line source
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	4 <head>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	5 <meta name="generator" content=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	11 <meta name="keywords" content=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarcón" />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	19 "text/css" />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	21 "text/css" />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª-IIae q.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	23 40-48</title>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	24 </head>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	25 <body>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	26 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	27 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	29 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	30 <div class="dos">prima pars secundae partis a quaestione XL ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	31 quaestionem XLVIII</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	32 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	33 <div class="centro">
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	34 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	35 <tr>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	36 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	37 "0" alt=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	38 "Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)"
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	39 align="middle" /></th>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	40 </tr>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	41 </table>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	42 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	43 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1891 editum<br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	44 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	45 magneticas<br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	46 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	47 <br /></span><br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	48 <hr />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	49 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	50 <p><a href="sth2026.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	52 <a href="sth2049.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	53 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	54 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	55 //<![CDATA[
26 4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	56 <!--
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	57 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	58 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	59 document.write('<FORM NAME="selecter"><SELECT NAME="select1">');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	60 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">INDEX');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	61 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	62 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="index.html">Corpus Thomisticum');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	63 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="iopera.html">Opera omnia');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	64 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="zbiblia.html">Bibliographia Thomistica');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	65 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	66 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35231">Iª-IIae q. 40 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	67 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35232">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	68 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35233">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	69 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35234">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	70 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35235">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	71 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35236">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	72 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35237">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	73 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35238">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	74 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35239">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	75 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35240">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	76 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35241">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	77 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35242">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	78 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35243">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	79 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35244">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	80 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35245">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	81 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35246">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	82 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35247">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	83 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35248">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	84 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35249">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	85 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35250">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	86 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35251">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	87 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35252">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	88 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35253">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	89 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35254">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	90 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35255">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	91 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35256">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	92 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35257">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	93 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35258">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	94 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35259">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	95 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35260">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	96 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35261">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	97 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35262">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	98 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35263">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	99 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35264">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	100 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35265">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	101 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35266">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	102 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35267">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	103 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35268">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	104 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35269">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	105 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35270">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	106 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35271">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	107 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35272">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	108 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35273">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	109 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35274">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	110 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35275">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	111 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35276">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	112 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35277">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	113 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35278">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	114 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35279">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	115 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35280">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	116 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35281">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	117 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35282">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	118 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35283">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	119 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35284">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	120 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35285">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 ad');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	121 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35286">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	122 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35287">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	123 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35288">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	124 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35289">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	125 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35290">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	126 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35291">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	127 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35292">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	128 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35293">Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	129 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35294">Iª-IIae q. 41 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	130 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35295">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	131 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35296">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	132 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35297">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	133 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35298">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	134 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35299">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	135 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35300">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	136 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35301">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	137 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35302">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	138 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35303">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	139 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35304">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	140 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35305">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	141 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35306">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	142 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35307">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	143 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35308">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	144 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35309">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	145 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35310">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	146 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35311">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	147 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35312">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	148 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35313">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	149 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35314">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	150 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35315">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	151 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35316">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 ad');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	152 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35317">Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 1');
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4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	404 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35569">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	405 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35570">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	406 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35571">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	407 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35572">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	408 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35573">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	409 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35574">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	410 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35575">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	411 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35576">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	412 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35577">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	413 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35578">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	414 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35579">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	415 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35580">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	416 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35581">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	417 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35582">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	418 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35583">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	419 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35584">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	420 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35585">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	421 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35586">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	422 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35587">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	423 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35588">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	424 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35589">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	425 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35590">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	426 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35591">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	427 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35592">Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 3');
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	428 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
26 4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	429 document.write('<BR><BR>');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	430 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	431 document.write('<\/FORM>');
26 4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	432 // -->
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	433 //]]>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	434 </script><br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	435 <hr />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	436 <br /></div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	437 <div class="D">Quaestio 40</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	438 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	439 <p title="I-II q. 40 pr."><a name="35231"><span class="ref">[35231]
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	440 Iª-IIae q. 40 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	441 passionibus irascibilis, et primo, de spe et desperatione; secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	442 de timore et audacia; tertio, de ira. Circa primum quaeruntur octo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	443 Primo, utrum spes sit idem quod desiderium vel cupiditas. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	444 utrum spes sit in vi apprehensiva, vel in vi appetitiva. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	445 utrum spes sit in brutis animalibus. Quarto, utrum spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	446 contrarietur desperatio. Quinto, utrum causa spei sit experientia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	447 Sexto, utrum in iuvenibus et ebriosis spes abundet. Septimo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	448 ordine spei ad amorem. Octavo, utrum spes conferat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	449 operationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	450 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	451 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	452 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35232"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	453 "ref">[35232] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	454 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes sit idem quod desiderium sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	455 cupiditas. Spes enim ponitur una quatuor principalium passionum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	456 Sed Augustinus, enumerans quatuor principales passiones, ponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	457 cupiditatem loco spei, ut patet in XIV de Civ. Dei. Ergo spes est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	458 idem quod cupiditas sive desiderium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	459 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35233"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	460 "ref">[35233] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	461 passiones differunt secundum obiecta. Sed idem est obiectum spei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	462 et cupiditatis sive desiderii, scilicet bonum futurum. Ergo spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	463 est idem quod cupiditas sive desiderium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	464 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35234"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	465 "ref">[35234] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Si dicatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	466 quod spes addit supra desiderium possibilitatem adipiscendi bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	467 futurum, contra, id quod per accidens se habet ad obiectum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	468 variat speciem passionis. Sed possibile se habet per accidens ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	469 bonum futurum, quod est obiectum cupiditatis vel desiderii, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	470 spei. Ergo spes non est passio specie differens a desiderio vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	471 cupiditate.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	472 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35235"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	473 "ref">[35235] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	474 diversarum potentiarum sunt diversae passiones specie differentes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	475 Sed spes est in irascibili; desiderium autem et cupiditas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	476 concupiscibili. Ergo spes differt specie a desiderio seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	477 cupiditate.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	478 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 co."><a name="35236"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	479 "ref">[35236] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	480 dicendum quod species passionis ex obiecto consideratur circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	481 obiectum autem spei quatuor conditiones attenduntur. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	482 quod sit bonum, non enim, proprie loquendo, est spes nisi de bono.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	483 Et per hoc differt spes a timore, qui est de malo. Secundo, ut sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	484 futurum, non enim spes est de praesenti iam habito. Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	485 differt spes a gaudio, quod est de bono praesenti. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	486 requiritur quod sit aliquid arduum cum difficultate adipiscibile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	487 non enim aliquis dicitur aliquid sperare minimum, quod statim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	488 in sua potestate ut habeat. Et per hoc differt spes a desiderio vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	489 cupiditate, quae est de bono futuro absolute, unde pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	490 concupiscibilem, spes autem ad irascibilem. Quarto, quod illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	491 arduum sit possibile adipisci, non enim aliquis sperat id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	492 omnino adipisci non potest. Et secundum hoc differt spes a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	493 desperatione. Sic ergo patet quod spes differt a desiderio, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	494 differunt passiones irascibilis a passionibus concupiscibilis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	495 propter hoc, spes praesupponit desiderium, sicut et omnes passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	496 irascibilis praesupponunt passiones concupiscibilis, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	497 dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	498 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35237"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	499 "ref">[35237] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	500 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus ponit cupiditatem loco spei, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	501 hoc quod utrumque respicit bonum futurum, et quia bonum quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	502 est arduum, quasi nihil reputatur; ut sic cupiditas maxime videatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	503 tendere in bonum arduum, in quod etiam tendit spes.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	504 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35238"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	505 "ref">[35238] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	506 dicendum quod obiectum spei non est bonum futurum absolute, sed cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	507 arduitate et difficultate adipiscendi, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	508 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35239"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	509 "ref">[35239] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	510 dicendum quod obiectum spei non tantum addit possibilitatem super
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	511 obiectum desiderii, sed etiam arduitatem, quae ad aliam potentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	512 facit spem pertinere, scilicet ad irascibilem, quae respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	513 arduum, ut in primo dictum est. Possibile autem et impossibile non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	514 omnino per accidens se habent ad obiectum appetitivae virtutis. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	515 appetitus est principium motionis, nihil autem movetur ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	516 nisi sub ratione possibilis; nullus enim movetur ad id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	517 existimat impossibile adipisci. Et propter hoc, spes differt a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	518 desperatione secundum differentiam possibilis et impossibilis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	519 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	520 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	521 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35240"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	522 "ref">[35240] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	523 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes pertineat ad vim cognitivam. Spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	524 enim videtur esse expectatio quaedam, dicit enim apostolus, Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	525 VIII, <i>si autem quod non videmus speramus, per patientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	526 expectamus</i>. Sed expectatio videtur ad vim cognitivam pertinere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	527 cuius est exspectare. Ergo spes ad cognitivam pertinet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	528 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35241"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	529 "ref">[35241] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	530 idem est, ut videtur, spes quod fiducia, unde et sperantes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	531 confidentes vocamus, quasi pro eodem utentes eo quod est confidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	532 et sperare. Sed fiducia, sicut et fides, videtur ad vim cognitivam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	533 pertinere. Ergo et spes.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	534 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35242"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	535 "ref">[35242] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	536 certitudo est proprietas cognitivae virtutis. Sed certitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	537 attribuitur spei. Ergo spes ad vim cognitivam pertinet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	538 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35243"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	539 "ref">[35243] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	540 spes est de bono, sicut dictum est. Bonum autem, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	541 huiusmodi, non est obiectum cognitivae, sed appetitivae virtutis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	542 Ergo spes non pertinet ad cognitivam, sed ad appetitivam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	543 virtutem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	544 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 co."><a name="35244"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	545 "ref">[35244] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	546 dicendum quod, cum spes importet extensionem quandam appetitus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	547 bonum, manifeste pertinet ad appetitivam virtutem, motus enim ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	548 res pertinet proprie ad appetitum. Actio vero virtutis cognitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	549 perficitur non secundum motum cognoscentis ad res, sed potius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	550 secundum quod res cognitae sunt in cognoscente. Sed quia vis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	551 cognitiva movet appetitivam, repraesentando ei suum obiectum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	552 secundum diversas rationes obiecti apprehensi, subsequuntur diversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	553 motus in vi appetitiva. Alius enim motus sequitur in appetitu ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	554 apprehensione boni, et alius ex apprehensione mali, et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	555 alius motus ex apprehensione praesentis et futuri, absoluti et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	556 ardui, possibilis et impossibilis. Et secundum hoc, spes est motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	557 appetitivae virtutis consequens apprehensionem boni futuri ardui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	558 possibilis adipisci, scilicet extensio appetitus in huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	559 obiectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	560 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35245"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	561 "ref">[35245] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	562 ergo dicendum quod, quia spes respicit ad bonum possibile, insurgit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	563 dupliciter homini motus spei, sicut dupliciter est ei aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	564 possibile, scilicet secundum propriam virtutem, et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	565 virtutem alterius. Quod ergo aliquis sperat per propriam virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	566 adipisci, non dicitur expectare, sed sperare tantum. Sed proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	567 dicitur expectare quod sperat ex auxilio virtutis alienae, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	568 dicatur exspectare quasi ex alio spectare, inquantum scilicet vis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	569 apprehensiva praecedens non solum respicit ad bonum quod intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	570 adipisci, sed etiam ad illud cuius virtute adipisci sperat;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	571 secundum illud Eccli. li, <i>respiciens eram ad adiutorium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	572 hominum</i>. Motus ergo spei quandoque dicitur expectatio, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	573 inspectionem virtutis cognitivae praecedentem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	574 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35246"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	575 "ref">[35246] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	576 dicendum quod illud quod homo desiderat, et aestimat se posse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	577 adipisci, credit se adepturum, et ex tali fide in cognitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	578 praecedente, motus sequens in appetitu fiducia nominatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	579 Denominatur enim motus appetitivus a cognitione praecedente, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	580 effectus ex causa magis nota, magis enim cognoscit vis apprehensiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	581 suum actum quam actum appetitivae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	582 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35247"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	583 "ref">[35247] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	584 dicendum quod certitudo attribuitur motui non solum appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	585 sensitivi, sed etiam appetitus naturalis, sicut dicitur quod lapis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	586 certitudinaliter tendit deorsum. Et hoc propter infallibilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	587 quam habet ex certitudine cognitionis quae praecedit motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	588 appetitus sensitivi, vel etiam naturalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	589 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	590 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	591 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35248"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	592 "ref">[35248] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	593 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in brutis animalibus non sit spes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	594 Spes enim est de futuro bono, ut Damascenus dicit. Sed cognoscere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	595 futurum non pertinet ad animalia bruta, quae habent solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	596 cognitionem sensitivam, quae non est futurorum. Ergo spes non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	597 in brutis animalibus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	598 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35249"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	599 "ref">[35249] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	600 obiectum spei est bonum possibile adipisci. Sed possibile et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	601 impossibile sunt quaedam differentiae veri et falsi, quae solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	602 sunt in mente, ut philosophus dicit in VI Metaphys. Ergo spes non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	603 est in brutis animalibus, in quibus non est mens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	604 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35250"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	605 "ref">[35250] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	606 Augustinus dicit, super Gen. ad Litt., quod animalia moventur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	607 visis. Sed spes non est de eo quod videtur, <i>nam quod videt quis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	608 quid sperat?</i> Ut dicitur Rom. VIII. Ergo spes non est in brutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	609 animalibus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	610 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35251"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	611 "ref">[35251] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	612 spes est passio irascibilis. Sed in brutis animalibus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	613 irascibilis. Ergo et spes.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	614 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 co."><a name="35252"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	615 "ref">[35252] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	616 dicendum quod interiores passiones animalium ex exterioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	617 motibus deprehendi possunt. Ex quibus apparet quod in animalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	618 brutis est spes. Si enim canis videat leporem, aut accipiter avem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	619 nimis distantem, non movetur ad ipsam, quasi non sperans se eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	620 posse adipisci, si autem sit in propinquo, movetur, quasi sub spe
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	621 adipiscendi. Ut enim supra dictum est, appetitus sensitivus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	622 brutorum animalium, et etiam appetitus naturalis rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	623 insensibilium, sequuntur apprehensionem alicuius intellectus, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	624 et appetitus naturae intellectivae, qui dicitur voluntas. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	625 hoc est differentia, quod voluntas movetur ex apprehensione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	626 intellectus coniuncti, sed motus appetitus naturalis sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	627 apprehensionem intellectus separati, qui naturam instituit; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	628 similiter appetitus sensitivus brutorum animalium, quae etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	629 quodam instinctu naturali agunt. Unde in operibus brutorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	630 animalium, et aliarum rerum naturalium, apparet similis processus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	631 sicut et in operibus artis. Et per hunc modum in animalibus brutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	632 est spes et desperatio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	633 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35253"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	634 "ref">[35253] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	635 ergo dicendum quod, quamvis bruta animalia non cognoscant futurum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	636 tamen ex instinctu naturali movetur animal ad aliquid in futurum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	637 ac si futurum praevideret. Huiusmodi enim instinctus est eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	638 inditus ab intellectu divino praevidente futura.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	639 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35254"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	640 "ref">[35254] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	641 dicendum quod obiectum spei non est possibile, prout est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	642 differentia veri, sic enim consequitur habitudinem praedicati ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	643 subiectum. Sed obiectum spei est possibile quod dicitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	644 aliquam potentiam. Sic enim distinguitur possibile in V Metaphys.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	645 scilicet in duo possibilia praedicta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	646 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35255"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	647 "ref">[35255] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	648 dicendum quod, licet id quod est futurum, non cadat sub visu; tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	649 ex his quae videt animal in praesenti, movetur eius appetitus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	650 aliquod futurum vel prosequendum vel vitandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	651 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	652 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	653 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35256"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	654 "ref">[35256] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	655 sic proceditur. Videtur quod desperatio non sit contraria spei. Uni
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	656 enim unum est contrarium, ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Sed spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	657 contrariatur timor. Non ergo contrariatur ei desperatio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	658 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35257"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	659 "ref">[35257] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	660 contraria videntur esse circa idem. Sed spes et desperatio non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	661 circa idem, nam spes respicit bonum, desperatio autem est propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	662 aliquod malum impeditivum adeptionis boni. Ergo spes non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	663 contrariatur desperationi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	664 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35258"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	665 "ref">[35258] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	666 motui contrariatur motus, quies vero opponitur motui ut privatio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	667 Sed desperatio magis videtur importare immobilitatem quam motum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	668 Ergo non contrariatur spei, quae importat motum extensionis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	669 bonum speratum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	670 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35259"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	671 "ref">[35259] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	672 est quod desperatio nominatur per contrarium spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	673 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 co."><a name="35260"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	674 "ref">[35260] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	675 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, in mutationibus invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	676 duplex contrarietas. Una secundum accessum ad contrarios terminos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	677 et talis contrarietas sola invenitur in passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	678 concupiscibilis, sicut amor et odium contrariantur. Alio modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	679 accessum et per recessum respectu eiusdem termini, et talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	680 contrarietas invenitur in passionibus irascibilis, sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	681 dictum est. Obiectum autem spei, quod est bonum arduum, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	682 quidem rationem attractivi, prout consideratur cum possibilitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	683 adipiscendi, et sic tendit in ipsum spes, quae importat quendam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	684 accessum. Sed secundum quod consideratur cum impossibilitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	685 obtinendi, habet rationem repulsivi, quia, ut dicitur in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	686 Ethic., <i>cum ventum fuerit ad aliquid impossibile, tunc homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	687 discedunt</i>. Et sic respicit hoc obiectum desperatio. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	688 importat motum cuiusdam recessus. Et propter hoc, contrariatur spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	689 sicut recessus accessui.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	690 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35261"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	691 "ref">[35261] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	692 ergo dicendum quod timor contrariatur spei secundum contrarietatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	693 obiectorum, scilicet boni et mali, haec enim contrarietas invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	694 in passionibus irascibilis, secundum quod derivantur a passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	695 concupiscibilis. Sed desperatio contrariatur ei solum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	696 contrarietatem accessus et recessus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	697 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35262"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	698 "ref">[35262] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	699 dicendum quod desperatio non respicit malum sub ratione mali, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	700 per accidens quandoque respicit malum, inquantum facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	701 impossibilitatem adipiscendi. Potest autem esse desperatio ex solo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	702 superexcessu boni.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	703 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35263"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	704 "ref">[35263] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	705 dicendum quod desperatio non importat solam privationem spei; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	706 importat quendam recessum a re desiderata, propter aestimatam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	707 impossibilitatem adipiscendi. Unde desperatio praesupponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	708 desiderium, sicut et spes, de eo enim quod sub desiderio nostro non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	709 cadit, neque spem neque desperationem habemus. Et propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	710 etiam, utrumque eorum est de bono, quod sub desiderio cadit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	711 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	712 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	713 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="35264"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	714 "ref">[35264] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	715 sic proceditur. Videtur quod experientia non sit causa spei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	716 Experientia enim ad vim cognitivam pertinet, unde philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	717 dicit, in II Ethic., quod <i>virtus intellectualis indiget
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	718 experimento et tempore</i>. Spes autem non est in vi cognitiva, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	719 in appetitiva, ut dictum est. Ergo experientia non est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	720 spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	721 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="35265"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	722 "ref">[35265] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	723 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>senes sunt difficilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	724 spei, propter experientiam</i>, ex quo videtur quod experientia sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	725 causa defectus spei. Sed non est idem causa oppositorum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	726 experientia non est causa spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	727 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="35266"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	728 "ref">[35266] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	729 philosophus dicit, in II de caelo, quod <i>de omnibus enuntiare
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	730 aliquid, et nihil praetermittere, quandoque est signum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	731 stultitiae</i>. Sed quod homo tentet omnia, ad magnitudinem spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	732 pertinere videtur, stultitia autem provenit ex inexperientia. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	733 inexperientia videtur esse magis causa spei quam experientia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	734 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 s. c."><a name="35267"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	735 "ref">[35267] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	736 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>aliqui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	737 bonae spei, propter multoties et multos vicisse</i>, quod ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	738 experientiam pertinet. Ergo experientia est causa spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	739 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 co."><a name="35268"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	740 "ref">[35268] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	741 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, spei obiectum est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	742 futurum arduum possibile adipisci. Potest ergo aliquid esse causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	743 spei, vel quia facit homini aliquid esse possibile, vel quia facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	744 eum existimare aliquid esse possibile. Primo modo est causa spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	745 omne illud quod auget potestatem hominis, sicut divitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	746 fortitudo, et, inter cetera, etiam experientia, nam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	747 experientiam homo acquirit facultatem aliquid de facili faciendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	748 et ex hoc sequitur spes. Unde Vegetius dicit, in libro de re
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	749 militari, <i>nemo facere metuit quod se bene didicisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	750 confidit</i>. Alio modo est causa spei omne illud quod facit alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	751 existimationem quod aliquid sit sibi possibile. Et hoc modo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	752 doctrina, et persuasio quaelibet potest esse causa spei. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	753 etiam experientia est causa spei, inquantum scilicet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	754 experientiam fit homini existimatio quod aliquid sit sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	755 possibile, quod impossibile ante experientiam reputabat. Sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	756 hunc modum experientia potest etiam esse causa defectus spei. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	757 sicut per experientiam fit homini existimatio quod aliquid sibi sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	758 possibile, quod reputabat impossibile; ita e converso per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	759 experientiam fit homini existimatio quod aliquid non sit sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	760 possibile, quod possibile existimabat. Sic ergo experientia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	761 causa spei duobus modis, causa autem defectus spei, uno modo. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	762 propter hoc, magis dicere possumus eam esse causam spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	763 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="35269"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	764 "ref">[35269] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	765 ergo dicendum quod experientia in operabilibus non solum causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	766 scientiam; sed etiam causat quendam habitum, propter consuetudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	767 qui facit operationem faciliorem. Sed et ipsa virtus intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	768 facit ad potestatem facile operandi, demonstrat enim aliquid esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	769 possibile. Et sic causat spem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	770 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="35270"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	771 "ref">[35270] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	772 dicendum quod in senibus est defectus spei propter experientiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	773 inquantum experientia facit existimationem impossibilis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	774 ibidem subditur quod eis multa evenerunt in deterius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	775 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="35271"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	776 "ref">[35271] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	777 dicendum quod stultitia et inexperientia possunt esse causa spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	778 quasi per accidens, removendo scilicet scientiam per quam vere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	779 existimatur aliquid esse non possibile. Unde ea ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	780 inexperientia est causa spei, qua experientia est causa defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	781 spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	782 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	783 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	784 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="35272"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	785 "ref">[35272] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	786 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iuventus et ebrietas non sint causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	787 spei. Spes enim importat quandam certitudinem et firmitatem, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	788 ad Heb. VI, spes comparatur ancorae. Sed iuvenes et ebrii deficiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	789 a firmitate, habent enim animum de facili mutabilem. Ergo iuventus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	790 et ebrietas non est causa spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	791 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="35273"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	792 "ref">[35273] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	793 ea quae augent potestatem, maxime sunt causa spei, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	794 est. Sed iuventus et ebrietas quandam infirmitatem habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	795 adiunctam. Ergo non sunt causa spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	796 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="35274"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	797 "ref">[35274] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	798 experientia est causa spei, ut dictum est. Sed iuvenibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	799 experientia deficit. Ergo iuventus non est causa spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	800 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 s. c."><a name="35275"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	801 "ref">[35275] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	802 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>inebriati sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	803 bene sperantes</i>. Et in II Rhetoric. dicitur quod <i>iuvenes sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	804 bonae spei</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	805 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 co."><a name="35276"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	806 "ref">[35276] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	807 dicendum quod iuventus est causa spei propter tria, ut philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	808 dicit in II Rhetoric. Et haec tria possunt accipi secundum tres
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	809 conditiones boni quod est obiectum spei, quod est futurum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	810 arduum, et possibile, ut dictum est. Iuvenes enim multum habent de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	811 futuro, et parum de praeterito. Et ideo, quia memoria est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	812 praeteriti, spes autem futuri; parum habent de memoria, sed multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	813 vivunt in spe. Iuvenes etiam, propter caliditatem naturae, habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	814 multos spiritus, et ita in eis cor ampliatur. Ex amplitudine autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	815 cordis est quod aliquis ad ardua tendat. Et ideo iuvenes sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	816 animosi et bonae spei. Similiter etiam illi qui non sunt passi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	817 repulsam, nec experti impedimenta in suis conatibus, de facili
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	818 reputant aliquid sibi possibile. Unde et iuvenes, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	819 inexperientiam impedimentorum et defectuum, de facili reputant
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	820 aliquid sibi possibile. Et ideo sunt bonae spei. Duo etiam istorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	821 sunt in ebriis, scilicet caliditas et multiplicatio spirituum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	822 propter vinum; et iterum inconsideratio periculorum vel defectuum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	823 Et propter eandem rationem etiam omnes stulti, et deliberatione non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	824 utentes, omnia tentant, et sunt bonae spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	825 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="35277"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	826 "ref">[35277] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	827 ergo dicendum quod in iuvenibus et in ebriis licet non sit firmitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	828 secundum rei veritatem, est tamen in eis secundum eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	829 aestimationem, reputant enim se firmiter assecuturos illud quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	830 sperant.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	831 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="35278"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	832 "ref">[35278] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	833 dicendum ad secundum, quod iuvenes et ebrii habent quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	834 infirmitatem secundum rei veritatem, sed secundum eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	835 existimationem, habent potestatem; quia suos defectus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	836 cognoscunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	837 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="35279"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	838 "ref">[35279] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	839 dicendum quod non solum experientia, sed etiam inexperientia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	840 quodammodo causa spei, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	841 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	842 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	843 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="35280"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	844 "ref">[35280] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	845 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes non sit causa amoris. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	846 secundum Augustinum, XIV de Civ. Dei, prima affectionum animae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	847 amor. Sed spes est quaedam affectio animae. Amor ergo praecedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	848 spem. Non ergo spes causat amorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	849 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="35281"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	850 "ref">[35281] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	851 desiderium praecedit spem. Sed desiderium causatur ex amore, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	852 dictum est. Ergo etiam spes sequitur amorem. Non ergo causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	853 ipsum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	854 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="35282"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	855 "ref">[35282] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	856 spes causat delectationem, ut supra dictum est. Sed delectatio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	857 est nisi de bono amato. Ergo amor praecedit spem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	858 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 s. c."><a name="35283"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	859 "ref">[35283] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	860 est quod Matth. I, super illud, Abraham genuit Isaac, Isaac autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	861 genuit Iacob, dicit Glossa, <i>idest, fides spem, spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	862 caritatem</i>. Caritas autem est amor. Ergo amor causatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	863 spe.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	864 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 co."><a name="35284"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	865 "ref">[35284] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	866 dicendum quod spes duo respicere potest. Respicit enim sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	867 obiectum, bonum speratum. Sed quia bonum speratum est arduum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	868 possibile; aliquando autem fit aliquod arduum possibile nobis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	869 per nos, sed per alios; ideo spes etiam respicit illud per quod fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	870 nobis aliquid possibile. Inquantum igitur spes respicit bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	871 speratum, spes ex amore causatur, non enim est spes nisi de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	872 desiderato et amato. Inquantum vero spes respicit illum per quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	873 fit aliquid nobis possibile, sic amor causatur ex spe, et non e
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	874 converso. Ex hoc enim quod per aliquem speramus nobis posse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	875 provenire bona, movemur in ipsum sicut in bonum nostrum, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	876 incipimus ipsum amare. Ex hoc autem quod amamus aliquem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	877 speramus de eo, nisi per accidens, inquantum scilicet credimus nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	878 redamari ab ipso. Unde amari ab aliquo facit nos sperare de eo, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	879 amor eius causatur ex spe quam de eo habemus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	880 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 ad arg."><a name="35285"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	881 "ref">[35285] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	882 haec patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	883 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	884 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	885 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="35286"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	886 "ref">[35286] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	887 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes non adiuvet operationem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	888 magis impediat. Ad spem enim securitas pertinet. Sed securitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	889 parit negligentiam, quae impedit operationem. Ergo spes impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	890 operationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	891 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="35287"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	892 "ref">[35287] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	893 tristitia impedit operationem, ut supra dictum est. Sed spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	894 quandoque causat tristitiam, dicitur enim Prov. XIII, <i>spes quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	895 differtur, affligit animam</i>. Ergo spes impedit operationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	896 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="35288"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	897 "ref">[35288] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	898 desperatio contrariatur spei, ut dictum est. Sed desperatio, maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	899 in rebus bellicis, adiuvat operationem, dicitur enim II Reg. II,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	900 quod <i>periculosa res est desperatio</i>. Ergo spes facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	901 contrarium effectum, impediendo scilicet operationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	902 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 s. c."><a name="35289"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	903 "ref">[35289] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	904 est quod dicitur I ad Cor. IX, quod <i>qui arat, debet arare in spe
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	905 fructus percipiendi</i>. Et eadem ratio est in omnibus aliis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	906 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 co."><a name="35290"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	907 "ref">[35290] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	908 dicendum quod spes per se habet quod adiuvet operationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	909 intendendo ipsam. Et hoc ex duobus. Primo quidem, ex ratione sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	910 obiecti, quod est bonum arduum possibile. Existimatio enim ardui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	911 excitat attentionem, existimatio vero possibilis non retardat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	912 conatum. Unde sequitur quod homo intente operetur propter spem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	913 Secundo vero, ex ratione sui effectus. Spes enim, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	914 est, causat delectationem, quae adiuvat operationem, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	915 dictum est. Unde spes operationem adiuvat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	916 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="35291"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	917 "ref">[35291] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	918 ergo dicendum quod spes respicit bonum consequendum, securitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	919 autem respicit malum vitandum. Unde securitas magis videtur opponi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	920 timori, quam ad spem pertinere. Et tamen securitas non causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	921 negligentiam, nisi inquantum diminuit existimationem ardui, in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	922 etiam diminuitur ratio spei. Illa enim in quibus homo nullum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	923 impedimentum timet, quasi iam non reputantur ardua.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	924 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="35292"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	925 "ref">[35292] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	926 dicendum quod spes per se causat delectationem, sed per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	927 est ut causet tristitiam, ut supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	928 <p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="35293"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	929 "ref">[35293] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	930 dicendum quod desperatio in bello fit periculosa, propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	931 spem adiunctam. Illi enim qui desperant de fuga, debilitantur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	932 fugiendo, sed sperant mortem suam vindicare. Et ideo ex hac spe
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	933 acrius pugnant, unde periculosi hostibus fiunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	934 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	935 <div class="D">Quaestio 41</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	936 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	937 <p title="I-II q. 41 pr."><a name="35294"><span class="ref">[35294]
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	938 Iª-IIae q. 41 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	939 primo, de timore; et secundo, de audacia. Circa timorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	940 consideranda sunt quatuor, primo, de ipso timore; secundo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	941 obiecto eius; tertio, de causa ipsius; quarto, de effectu. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	942 primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum timor sit passio animae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	943 Secundo, utrum sit specialis passio. Tertio, utrum sit aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	944 timor naturalis. Quarto, de speciebus timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	945 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	946 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	947 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35295"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	948 "ref">[35295] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	949 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit passio animae. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	950 enim Damascenus, in libro III, quod timor est virtus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	951 systolen idest contractionem, essentiae desiderativa. Sed nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	952 virtus est passio, ut probatur in II Ethic. Ergo timor non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	953 passio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	954 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35296"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	955 "ref">[35296] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	956 omnis passio est effectus ex praesentia agentis proveniens. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	957 timor non est de aliquo praesenti, sed de futuro, ut Damascenus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	958 dicit in II libro. Ergo timor non est passio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	959 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35297"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	960 "ref">[35297] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	961 omnis passio animae est motus appetitus sensitivi, qui sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	962 apprehensionem sensus. Sensus autem non est apprehensivus futuri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	963 sed praesentis. Cum ergo timor sit de malo futuro, videtur quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	964 sit passio animae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	965 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35298"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	966 "ref">[35298] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	967 est quod Augustinus, in XIV de Civ. Dei, enumerat timorem inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	968 alias animae passiones.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	969 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 co."><a name="35299"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	970 "ref">[35299] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	971 dicendum quod, inter ceteros animae motus, post tristitiam, timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	972 magis rationem obtinet passionis. Ut enim supra dictum est, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	973 rationem passionis primo quidem pertinet quod sit motus passivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	974 virtutis, ad quam scilicet comparetur suum obiectum per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	975 activi moventis, eo quod passio est effectus agentis. Et per hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	976 modum, etiam sentire et intelligere dicuntur pati. Secundo, magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	977 proprie dicitur passio motus appetitivae virtutis. Et adhuc magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	978 proprie, motus appetitivae virtutis habentis organum corporale, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	979 fit cum aliqua transmutatione corporali. Et adhuc propriissime illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	980 motus passiones dicuntur, qui important aliquod nocumentum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	981 Manifestum est autem quod timor, cum sit de malo, ad appetitivam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	982 potentiam pertinet, quae per se respicit bonum et malum. Pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	983 autem ad appetitum sensitivum, fit enim cum quadam transmutatione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	984 scilicet cum contractione, ut Damascenus dicit. Et importat etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	985 habitudinem ad malum, secundum quod malum habet quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	986 victoriam super aliquod bonum. Unde verissime sibi competit ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	987 passionis. Tamen post tristitiam, quae est de malo praesenti, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	988 timor est de malo futuro, quod non ita movet sicut praesens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	989 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35300"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	990 "ref">[35300] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	991 ergo dicendum quod virtus nominat quoddam principium actionis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	992 ideo, inquantum interiores motus appetitivae virtutis sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	993 principia exteriorum actuum, dicuntur virtutes. Philosophus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	994 negat passionem esse virtutem quae est habitus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	995 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35301"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	996 "ref">[35301] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	997 dicendum quod, sicut passio corporis naturalis provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	998 corporali praesentia agentis, ita passio animae provenit ex animali
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	999 praesentia agentis, absque praesentia corporali vel reali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1000 inquantum scilicet malum quod est futurum realiter, est praesens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1001 secundum apprehensionem animae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1002 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35302"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1003 "ref">[35302] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1004 dicendum quod sensus non apprehendit futurum, sed ex eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1005 apprehendit praesens, animal naturali instinctu movetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1006 sperandum futurum bonum, vel timendum futurum malum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1007 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1008 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1009 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35303"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1010 "ref">[35303] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1011 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit specialis passio. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1012 enim Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod <i>quem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1013 exanimat metus, nec cupiditas eum vastat, nec aegritudo</i>, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1014 tristitia, <i>macerat, nec ventilat gestiens et vana laetitia</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1015 Ex quo videtur quod, remoto timore, omnes aliae passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1016 removentur. Non ergo passio est specialis, sed generalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1017 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35304"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1018 "ref">[35304] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1019 philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., quod <i>ita se habet in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1020 prosecutio et fuga, sicut in intellectu affirmatio et negatio</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1021 Sed negatio non est aliquid speciale in intellectu, sicut nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1022 affirmatio, sed aliquid commune ad multa. Ergo nec fuga in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1023 appetitu. Sed nihil est aliud timor quam fuga quaedam mali. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1024 timor non est passio specialis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1025 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35305"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1026 "ref">[35305] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1027 si timor esset passio specialis, praecipue in irascibili esset. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1028 autem timor etiam in concupiscibili. Dicit enim philosophus, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1029 Rhetoric., quod timor est tristitia quaedam, et Damascenus dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1030 quod timor est virtus desiderativa, tristitia autem et desiderium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1031 sunt in concupiscibili, ut supra dictum est. Non est ergo passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1032 specialis, cum pertineat ad diversas potentias.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1033 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35306"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1034 "ref">[35306] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1035 est quod condividitur aliis passionibus animae; ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1036 Damascenum, in II libro.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1037 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 co."><a name="35307"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1038 "ref">[35307] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1039 dicendum quod passiones animae recipiunt speciem ex obiectis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1040 specialis passio est quae habet speciale obiectum. Timor autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1041 habet speciale obiectum, sicut et spes. Sicut enim obiectum spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1042 est bonum futurum arduum possibile adipisci; ita obiectum timoris
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1043 est malum futurum difficile cui resisti non potest. Unde timor est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1044 specialis passio animae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1045 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35308"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1046 "ref">[35308] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1047 ergo dicendum quod omnes passiones animae derivantur ex uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1048 principio, scilicet ex amore, in quo habent ad invicem connexionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1049 Et ratione huius connexionis, remoto timore, removentur aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1050 passiones animae, non ideo quia sit passio generalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1051 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35309"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1052 "ref">[35309] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1053 dicendum quod non omnis fuga appetitus est timor, sed fuga ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1054 aliquo speciali obiecto, ut dictum est. Et ideo, licet fuga sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1055 quoddam generale, tamen timor est passio specialis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1056 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35310"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1057 "ref">[35310] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1058 dicendum quod timor nullo modo est in concupiscibili, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1059 respicit malum absolute, sed cum quadam difficultate vel arduitate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1060 ut ei resisti vix possit. Sed quia passiones irascibilis derivantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1061 a passionibus concupiscibilis et ad eas terminantur, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1062 dictum est; ideo timori attribuuntur ea quae sunt concupiscibilis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1063 Dicitur enim timor esse tristitia, inquantum obiectum, timoris est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1064 contristans, si praesens fuerit, unde et philosophus dicit ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1065 quod timor procedit ex phantasia futuri mali corruptivi vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1066 contristativi. Similiter et desiderium attribuitur a Damasceno
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1067 timori, quia, sicut spes oritur a desiderio boni ita timor ex fuga
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1068 mali; fuga autem mali oritur ex desiderio boni, ut ex supra dictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1069 patet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1070 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1071 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1072 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35311"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1073 "ref">[35311] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1074 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor aliquis sit naturalis. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1075 enim Damascenus, in III libro, quod <i>est quidam timor naturalis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1076 nolente anima dividi a corpore</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1077 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35312"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1078 "ref">[35312] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1079 timor ex amore oritur, ut dictum est. Sed est aliquis amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1080 naturalis, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo etiam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1081 aliquis timor naturalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1082 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35313"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1083 "ref">[35313] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1084 timor opponitur spei, ut supra dictum est. Sed est aliqua spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1085 naturae, ut patet per id quod dicitur Rom. IV, de Abraham, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1086 contra spem naturae, in spem gratiae credidit. Ergo etiam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1087 aliquis timor naturae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1088 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35314"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1089 "ref">[35314] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1090 ea quae sunt naturalia, communiter inveniuntur in rebus animatis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1091 inanimatis. Sed timor non invenitur in rebus inanimatis. Ergo timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1092 non est naturalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1093 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 co."><a name="35315"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1094 "ref">[35315] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1095 dicendum quod aliquis motus dicitur naturalis, quia ad ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1096 inclinat natura. Sed hoc contingit dupliciter. Uno modo, quod totum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1097 perficitur a natura, absque aliqua operatione apprehensivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1098 virtutis, sicut moveri sursum est motus naturalis ignis, et augeri
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1099 est motus naturalis animalium et plantarum. Alio modo dicitur motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1100 naturalis, ad quem natura inclinat, licet non perficiatur nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1101 apprehensionem, quia, sicut supra dictum est, motus cognitivae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1102 appetitivae virtutis reducuntur in naturam, sicut in principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1103 primum. Et per hunc modum, etiam ipsi actus apprehensivae virtutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1104 ut intelligere, sentire et memorari, et etiam motus appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1105 animalis, quandoque dicuntur naturales. Et per hunc modum potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1106 dici timor naturalis. Et distinguitur a timore non naturali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1107 secundum diversitatem obiecti. Est enim, ut philosophus dicit in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1108 Rhetoric., timor de malo corruptivo, quod natura refugit propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1109 naturale desiderium essendi, et talis timor dicitur naturalis. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1110 iterum de malo contristativo, quod non repugnat naturae, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1111 desiderio appetitus, et talis timor non est naturalis. Sicut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1112 supra amor, concupiscentia et delectatio distincta sunt per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1113 naturale et non naturale. Sed secundum primam acceptionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1114 naturalis, sciendum est quod quaedam de passionibus animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1115 quandoque dicuntur naturales, ut amor, desiderium et spes, aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1116 vero naturales dici non possunt. Et hoc ideo, quia amor et odium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1117 desiderium et fuga, important inclinationem quandam ad prosequendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1118 bonum et fugiendum malum; quae quidem inclinatio pertinet etiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1119 appetitum naturalem. Et ideo est amor quidam naturalis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1120 desiderium vel spes potest quodammodo dici etiam in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1121 naturalibus cognitione carentibus. Sed aliae passiones animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1122 important quosdam motus ad quos nullo modo sufficit inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1123 naturalis. Vel quia de ratione harum passionum est sensus seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1124 cognitio, sicut dictum est quod apprehensio requiritur ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1125 delectationis et doloris, unde quae carent cognitione, non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1126 dici delectari vel dolere. Aut quia huiusmodi motus sunt contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1127 rationem inclinationis naturalis, puta quod desperatio refugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1128 bonum propter aliquam difficultatem; et timor refugit impugnationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1129 mali contrarii, ad quod est inclinatio naturalis. Et ideo huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1130 passiones nullo modo attribuuntur rebus inanimatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1131 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="35316"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1132 "ref">[35316] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1133 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1134 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1135 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1136 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35317"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1137 "ref">[35317] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1138 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter Damascenus assignet sex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1139 species timoris, scilicet <i>segnitiem, erubescentiam, verecundiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1140 admirationem, stuporem, agoniam</i>. Ut enim philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1141 II Rhetoric., <i>timor est de malo contristativo</i>. Ergo species
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1142 timoris debent respondere speciebus tristitiae. Sunt autem quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1143 species tristitiae, ut supra dictum est. Ergo solum debent esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1144 quatuor species timoris, eis correspondentes.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1145 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35318"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1146 "ref">[35318] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1147 illud quod in actu nostro consistit, nostrae potestati subiicitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1148 Sed timor est de malo quod excedit potestatem nostram, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1149 est. Non ergo segnities et erubescentia et verecundia, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1150 respiciunt operationem nostram, debent poni species timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1151 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35319"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1152 "ref">[35319] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1153 timor est de futuro, ut dictum est. Sed verecundia est de turpi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1154 actu iam commisso, ut Gregorius Nyssenus dicit. Ergo verecundia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1155 est species timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1156 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="35320"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1157 "ref">[35320] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1158 timor non est nisi de malo. Sed admiratio et stupor sunt de magno
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1159 et insolito, sive bono sive malo. Ergo admiratio et stupor non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1160 species timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1161 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="35321"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1162 "ref">[35321] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1163 philosophi ex admiratione sunt moti ad inquirendum veritatem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1164 dicitur in principio Metaphys. Timor autem non movet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1165 inquirendum, sed magis ad fugiendum. Ergo admiratio non est species
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1166 timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1167 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35322"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1168 "ref">[35322] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1169 contrarium sufficiat auctoritas Damasceni et Gregorii Nysseni.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1170 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 co."><a name="35323"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1171 "ref">[35323] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1172 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, timor est de futuro malo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1173 excedit potestatem timentis, ut scilicet ei resisti non possit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1174 Sicut autem bonum hominis, ita et malum, potest considerari vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1175 operatione ipsius, vel in exterioribus rebus. In operatione autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1176 ipsius hominis, potest duplex malum timeri. Primo quidem, labor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1177 gravans naturam. Et sic causatur segnities, cum scilicet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1178 refugit operari, propter timorem excedentis laboris. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1179 turpitudo laedens opinionem. Et sic, si turpitudo timeatur in actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1180 committendo, est erubescentia, si autem sit de turpi iam facto, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1181 verecundia. Malum autem quod in exterioribus rebus consistit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1182 triplici ratione potest excedere hominis facultatem ad resistendum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1183 Primo quidem, ratione suae magnitudinis, cum scilicet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1184 considerat aliquod magnum malum, cuius exitum considerare non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1185 sufficit. Et sic est admiratio. Secundo, ratione dissuetudinis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1186 quia scilicet aliquod malum inconsuetum nostrae considerationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1187 offertur, et sic est magnum nostra reputatione. Et hoc modo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1188 stupor, qui causatur ex insolita imaginatione. Tertio modo, ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1189 improvisionis, quia scilicet provideri non potest, sicut futura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1190 infortunia timentur. Et talis timor dicitur agonia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1191 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35324"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1192 "ref">[35324] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1193 ergo dicendum quod illae species tristitiae quae supra positae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1194 sunt, non accipiuntur secundum diversitatem obiecti, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1195 effectus, et secundum quasdam speciales rationes. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1196 oportet quod illae species tristitiae respondeant istis speciebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1197 timoris, quae accipiuntur secundum divisionem propriam obiecti
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1198 ipsius timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1199 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35325"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1200 "ref">[35325] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1201 dicendum quod operatio secundum quod iam fit, subditur potestati
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1202 operantis. Sed aliquid circa operationem considerari potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1203 facultatem operantis excedens, propter quod aliquis refugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1204 actionem. Et secundum hoc, segnities, erubescentia et verecundia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1205 ponuntur species timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1206 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35326"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1207 "ref">[35326] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1208 dicendum quod de actu praeterito potest timeri convitium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1209 opprobrium futurum. Et secundum hoc, verecundia est species
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1210 timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1211 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="35327"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1212 "ref">[35327] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1213 dicendum quod non quaelibet admiratio et stupor sunt species
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1214 timoris, sed admiratio quae est de magno malo, et stupor qui est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1215 malo insolito. Vel potest dici quod, sicut segnities refugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1216 laborem exterioris operationis, ita admiratio et stupor refugiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1217 difficultatem considerationis rei magnae et insolitae, sive sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1218 bona sive mala, ut hoc modo se habeat admiratio et stupor ad actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1219 intellectus, sicut segnities ad exteriorem actum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1220 <p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="35328"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1221 "ref">[35328] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1222 dicendum quod admirans refugit in praesenti dare iudicium de eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1223 quod miratur, timens defectum, sed in futurum inquirit. Stupens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1224 autem timet et in praesenti iudicare, et in futuro inquirere. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1225 admiratio est principium philosophandi, sed stupor est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1226 philosophicae considerationis impedimentum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1227 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1228 <div class="D">Quaestio 42</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1229 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1230 <p title="I-II q. 42 pr."><a name="35329"><span class="ref">[35329]
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1231 Iª-IIae q. 42 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1232 obiecto timoris. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1233 sit obiectum timoris, vel malum. Secundo, utrum malum naturae sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1234 obiectum timoris. Tertio, utrum timor sit de malo culpae. Quarto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1235 utrum ipse timor timeri possit. Quinto, utrum repentina magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1236 timeantur. Sexto, utrum ea contra quae non est remedium, magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1237 timeantur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1238 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1239 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1240 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35330"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1241 "ref">[35330] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1242 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonum sit obiectum timoris. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1243 Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod <i>nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1244 timemus, nisi ne id quod amamus, aut adeptum amittamus, aut non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1245 adipiscamur speratum</i>. Sed id quod amamus est bonum. Ergo timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1246 respicit bonum sicut proprium obiectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1247 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35331"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1248 "ref">[35331] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1249 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>potestas, et super
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1250 alium ipsum esse, est terribile</i>. Sed huiusmodi est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1251 bonum. Ergo bonum est obiectum timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1252 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35332"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1253 "ref">[35332] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1254 in Deo nihil malum esse potest. Sed mandatur nobis ut Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1255 timeamus; secundum illud Psalmi XXXIII, <i>timete dominum, omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1256 sancti eius</i>. Ergo etiam timor est de bono.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1257 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35333"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1258 "ref">[35333] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1259 est quod Damascenus dicit, in II libro, quod timor est de malo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1260 futuro.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1261 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 co."><a name="35334"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1262 "ref">[35334] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1263 dicendum quod timor est quidam motus appetitivae virtutis. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1264 virtutem autem appetitivam pertinet prosecutio et fuga, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1265 in VI Ethic. Est autem prosecutio boni. Fuga autem mali. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1266 quicumque motus appetitivae virtutis importat prosecutionem, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1267 aliquod bonum pro obiecto, quicumque autem importat fugam, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1268 malum pro obiecto. Unde, cum timor fugam quandam importet, primo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1269 per se respicit malum sicut proprium obiectum. Potest autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1270 respicere etiam bonum, secundum quod habet habitudinem ad malum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1271 Quod quidem potest esse dupliciter. Uno quidem modo, inquantum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1272 malum privatur bonum. Ex hoc autem ipso est aliquid malum, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1273 privativum boni. Unde, cum fugiatur malum quia malum est, sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1274 ut fugiatur quia privat bonum quod quis amando prosequitur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1275 secundum hoc dicit Augustinus quod nulla est causa timendi, nisi ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1276 amittatur bonum amatum. Alio modo comparatur bonum ad malum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1277 causa ipsius, inquantum scilicet aliquod bonum sua virtute potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1278 inducere aliquod nocumentum in bono amato. Et ideo, sicut spes, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1279 supra dictum est, ad duo respicit, scilicet ad bonum in quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1280 tendit, et ad id per quod sperat se bonum concupitum adipisci; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1281 etiam timor ad duo respicit, scilicet ad malum quod refugit, et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1282 illud bonum quod sua virtute potest infligere malum. Et per hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1283 modum Deus timetur ab homine, inquantum potest infligere poenam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1284 vel spiritualem vel corporalem. Per hunc etiam modum timetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1285 potestas alicuius hominis, maxime quando est laesa, vel quando est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1286 iniusta, quia sic in promptu habet nocumentum inferre. Ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1287 timetur super alium esse, idest inniti alii, ut scilicet in eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1288 potestate sic constitutum nobis nocumentum inferre, sicut ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1289 est conscius criminis, timetur, ne crimen revelet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1290 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 ad arg."><a name="35335"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1291 "ref">[35335] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1292 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1293 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1294 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1295 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35336"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1296 "ref">[35336] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1297 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit de malo naturae. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1298 enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>timor consiliativos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1299 facit</i>. Non autem consiliamur de his quae a natura eveniunt, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1300 dicitur in III Ethic. Ergo timor non est de malo naturae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1301 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35337"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1302 "ref">[35337] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1303 defectus naturales semper homini imminent, ut mors et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1304 huiusmodi. Si igitur de huiusmodi malis esset timor, oporteret quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1305 homo semper esset in timore.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1306 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35338"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1307 "ref">[35338] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1308 natura non movet ad contraria. Sed malum naturae provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1309 natura. Ergo quod timendo aliquis refugiat huiusmodi malum, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1310 a natura. Timor ergo naturalis non est de malo naturae; ad quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1311 tamen hoc malum pertinere videtur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1312 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35339"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1313 "ref">[35339] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1314 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod inter omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1315 terribilissimum est mors, quae est malum naturae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1316 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 co."><a name="35340"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1317 "ref">[35340] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1318 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in II Rhetoric., timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1319 provenit <i>ex phantasia futuri mali corruptivi vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1320 contristativi</i>. Sicut autem contristativum malum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1321 contrariatur voluntati; ita corruptivum malum est quod contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1322 naturae. Et hoc est malum naturae. Unde de malo naturae potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1323 timor. Sed considerandum est quod malum naturae quandoque est a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1324 causa naturali, et tunc dicitur malum naturae, non solum quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1325 privat naturae bonum, sed etiam quia est effectus naturae; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1326 mors naturalis, et alii huiusmodi defectus. Aliquando vero malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1327 naturae provenit ex causa non naturali, sicut mors quae violenter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1328 infertur a persecutore. Et utroque modo malum naturae quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1329 timetur, et quodammodo non timetur. Cum enim timor proveniat ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1330 phantasia futuri mali, ut dicit philosophus; illud quod removet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1331 futuri mali phantasiam, excludit etiam timorem. Quod autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1332 appareat aliquod malum ut futurum, potest ex duobus contingere. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1333 quidem modo, ex hoc quod est remotum et distans, hoc enim, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1334 distantiam, imaginamur ut non futurum. Et ideo vel non timemus, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1335 parum timemus. Ut enim philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., <i>quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1336 valde longe sunt non timentur, sciunt enim omnes, quod morientur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1337 sed quia non prope est, nihil curant</i>. Alio modo aestimatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1338 aliquod malum quod est futurum, ut non futurum, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1339 necessitatem, quae facit ipsum aestimare ut praesens. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1340 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>illi qui iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1341 decapitantur non timent</i>, videntes sibi necessitatem mortis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1342 imminere; sed <i>ad hoc quod aliquis timeat, oportet adesse aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1343 spem salutis</i>. Sic igitur malum naturae non timetur, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1344 apprehenditur ut futurum. Si vero malum naturae, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1345 corruptivum, apprehendatur ut propinquum, et tamen cum aliqua spe
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1346 evasionis, tunc timebitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1347 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35341"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1348 "ref">[35341] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1349 ergo dicendum quod malum naturae quandoque non provenit a natura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1350 ut dictum est. Secundum tamen quod a natura provenit, etsi non ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1351 toto vitari possit, potest tamen differri. Et sub hac spe, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1352 esse consilium de vitatione ipsius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1353 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35342"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1354 "ref">[35342] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1355 dicendum quod malum naturae, etsi semper immineat, non tamen semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1356 imminet de propinquo. Et ideo non semper timetur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1357 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35343"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1358 "ref">[35343] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1359 dicendum quod mors et alii defectus naturae proveniunt a natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1360 universali, quibus tamen repugnat natura particularis quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1361 potest. Et sic ex inclinatione particularis naturae, est dolor et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1362 tristitia de huiusmodi malis, cum sunt praesentia; et timor, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1363 immineant in futurum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1364 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1365 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1366 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35344"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1367 "ref">[35344] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1368 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor possit esse de malo culpae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1369 Dicit enim Augustinus, super canonicam Ioan., quod <i>timore casto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1370 timet homo separationem a Deo</i>. Sed nihil separat nos a Deo nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1371 culpa; secundum illud Isaiae LIX. <i>Peccata vestra diviserunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1372 inter vos et Deum vestrum</i>. Ergo timor potest esse de malo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1373 culpae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1374 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35345"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1375 "ref">[35345] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1376 Tullius dicit, in IV de Tusculanis quaest., quod <i>de illis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1377 timemus, cum futura sunt, de quorum praesentia tristamur</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1378 de malo culpae potest aliquis dolere vel tristari. Ergo etiam malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1379 culpae aliquis potest timere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1380 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35346"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1381 "ref">[35346] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1382 spes timori opponitur. Sed spes potest esse de bono virtutis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1383 patet per philosophum in IX Ethic. Et apostolus dicit, ad Gal. V,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1384 <i>confido de vobis in domino, quod nihil aliud sapietis</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1385 etiam timor potest esse de malo culpae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1386 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="35347"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1387 "ref">[35347] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1388 verecundia est quaedam species timoris, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1389 verecundia est de turpi facto. Quod est malum culpae. Ergo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1390 timor.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1391 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35348"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1392 "ref">[35348] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1393 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>non omnia mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1394 timentur, puta si aliquis erit iniustus, aut tardus</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1395 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 co."><a name="35349"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1396 "ref">[35349] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1397 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, sicut obiectum spei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1398 bonum futurum arduum quod quis potest adipisci; ita timor est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1399 malo futuro arduo quod non potest de facili vitari. Ex quo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1400 accipi quod id quod omnino subiacet potestati et voluntati nostrae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1401 non habet rationem terribilis, sed illud solum est terribile, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1402 habet causam extrinsecam. Malum autem culpae propriam causam habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1403 voluntatem humanam. Et ideo proprie non habet rationem terribilis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1404 Sed quia voluntas humana ab aliquo exteriori potest inclinari ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1405 peccandum; si illud inclinans habeat magnam vim ad inclinandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1406 secundum hoc poterit esse timor de malo culpae, inquantum est ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1407 exteriori causa, puta cum aliquis timet commorari in societate
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1408 malorum, ne ab eis ad peccandum inducatur. Sed proprie loquendo, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1409 tali dispositione magis timet homo seductionem quam culpam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1410 propriam rationem, idest inquantum est voluntaria, sic enim non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1411 habet ut timeatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1412 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35350"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1413 "ref">[35350] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1414 ergo dicendum quod separatio a Deo est quaedam poena consequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1415 peccatum, et omnis poena aliquo modo est ab exteriori causa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1416 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35351"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1417 "ref">[35351] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1418 dicendum quod tristitia et timor in uno conveniunt, quia utrumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1419 est de malo, differunt autem in duobus. In uno quidem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1420 tristitia est de malo praesenti, timor de malo futuro. In alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1421 vero, quia tristitia, cum sit in concupiscibili, respicit malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1422 absolute, unde potest esse de quocumque malo, sive parvo sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1423 magno. Timor vero, cum sit in irascibili, respicit malum cum quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1424 arduitate seu difficultate, quae tollitur, inquantum aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1425 subiacet voluntati. Et ideo non omnia timemus quae sunt futura, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1426 quibus tristamur cum sunt praesentia, sed aliqua, quae scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1427 sunt ardua.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1428 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35352"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1429 "ref">[35352] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1430 dicendum quod spes est de bono quod quis potest adipisci. Potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1431 autem aliquis adipisci bonum vel per se, vel per alium, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1432 spes potest esse de actu virtutis, qui est in potestate nostra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1433 constitutus. Sed timor est de malo quod non subiacet nostrae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1434 potestati, et ideo semper malum quod timetur, est a causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1435 extrinseca. Bonum autem quod speratur, potest esse et a causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1436 intrinseca, et a causa extrinseca.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1437 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="35353"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1438 "ref">[35353] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1439 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, verecundia non est timor de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1440 actu ipso peccati, sed de turpitudine vel ignominia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1441 consequitur ipsum, quae est a causa extrinseca.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1442 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1443 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1444 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35354"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1445 "ref">[35354] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1446 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor timeri non possit. Omne enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1447 quod timetur, timendo custoditur, ne amittatur, sicut ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1448 timet amittere sanitatem timendo custodit eam. Si igitur timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1449 timeatur, timendo se custodiet homo ne timeat. Quod videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1450 inconveniens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1451 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35355"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1452 "ref">[35355] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1453 timor est quaedam fuga. Sed nihil fugit seipsum. Ergo timor non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1454 timet timorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1455 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35356"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1456 "ref">[35356] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1457 timor est de futuro. Sed ille qui timet, iam habet timorem. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1458 ergo potest timere timorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1459 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35357"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1460 "ref">[35357] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1461 est quod homo potest amare amorem, et dolere de dolore. Ergo etiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1462 pari ratione, potest timere timorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1463 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 co."><a name="35358"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1464 "ref">[35358] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1465 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, illud solum habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1466 terribilis, quod ex causa extrinseca provenit, non autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1467 provenit ex voluntate nostra. Timor autem partim provenit ex causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1468 extrinseca, et partim subiacet voluntati. Provenit quidem ex causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1469 extrinseca, inquantum est passio quaedam consequens phantasiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1470 imminentis mali. Et secundum hoc, potest aliquis timere timorem, ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1471 scilicet immineat ei necessitas timendi, propter ingruentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1472 alicuius excellentis mali. Subiacet autem voluntati, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1473 appetitus inferior obedit rationi, unde homo potest timorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1474 repellere. Et secundum hoc, timor non potest timeri, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1475 Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest. Sed quia rationibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1476 quas inducit, aliquis posset uti ad ostendendum quod timor nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1477 modo timeatur, ideo ad eas respondendum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1478 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35359"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1479 "ref">[35359] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1480 ergo dicendum quod, non omnis timor est unus timor, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1481 diversa quae timentur, sunt diversi timores. Nihil ergo prohibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1482 quin uno timore aliquis praeservet se ab alio timore, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1483 custodiat se non timentem illo timore.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1484 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35360"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1485 "ref">[35360] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1486 dicendum quod, cum sit alius timor quo timetur malum imminens, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1487 alius timor quo timetur ipse timor mali imminentis; non sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1488 quod idem fugiat seipsum, vel quod sit idem fuga sui ipsius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1489 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35361"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1490 "ref">[35361] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1491 dicendum quod propter diversitatem timorum iam dictam, timore
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1492 praesenti potest homo timere futurum timorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1493 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1494 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1495 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="35362"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1496 "ref">[35362] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1497 sic proceditur. Videtur quod insolita et repentina non sint magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1498 terribilia. Sicut enim spes est de bono, ita timor est de malo. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1499 experientia facit ad augmentum spei in bonis. Ergo etiam facit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1500 augmentum timoris in malis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1501 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="35363"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1502 "ref">[35363] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1503 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod magis timentur non qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1504 acutae sunt irae, sed mites et astuti. Constat autem quod illi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1505 acutae irae sunt, magis habent subitos motus. Ergo ea quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1506 subita, sunt minus terribilia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1507 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="35364"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1508 "ref">[35364] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1509 quae sunt subita, minus considerari possunt. Sed tanto aliqua magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1510 timentur, quanto magis considerantur, unde philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1511 III Ethic., quod <i>aliqui videntur fortes propter ignorantiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1512 qui, si cognoverint quod aliud sit quam suspicantur, fugiunt</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1513 Ergo repentina minus timentur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1514 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 s. c."><a name="35365"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1515 "ref">[35365] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1516 est quod Augustinus dicit, in II Confess., <i>timor insolita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1517 repentina exhorrescit, rebus quae amantur adversantia, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1518 praecavet securitati</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1519 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 co."><a name="35366"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1520 "ref">[35366] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1521 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, obiectum timoris est malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1522 imminens quod non de facili repelli potest. Hoc autem ex duobus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1523 contingit, scilicet ex magnitudine mali, et ex debilitate timentis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1524 Ad utrumque autem horum operatur quod aliquid sit insolitum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1525 repentinum. Primo quidem, facit ad hoc quod malum imminens maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1526 appareat. Omnia enim corporalia, et bona et mala, quanto magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1527 considerantur, minora apparent. Et ideo, sicut propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1528 diuturnitatem dolor praesentis mali mitigatur, ut patet per Tullium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1529 in III de Tusculanis quaest.; ita etiam ex praemeditatione minuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1530 timor futuri mali. Secundo, aliquid esse insolitum et repentinum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1531 facit ad debilitatem timentis, inquantum subtrahit remedia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1532 homo potest praeparare ad repellendum futurum malum, quae esse non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1533 possunt quando ex improviso malum occurrit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1534 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="35367"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1535 "ref">[35367] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1536 ergo dicendum quod obiectum spei est bonum quod quis potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1537 adipisci. Et ideo ea quae augmentant potestatem hominis, nata sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1538 augere spem, et eadem ratione, diminuere timorem, quia timor est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1539 malo cui non de facili potest resisti. Quia igitur experientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1540 facit hominem magis potentem ad operandum, ideo, sicut auget spem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1541 ita diminuit timorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1542 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="35368"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1543 "ref">[35368] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1544 dicendum quod illi qui habent iram acutam, non occultant eam, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1545 ideo nocumenta ab eis illata non ita sunt repentina, quin
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1546 praevideantur. Sed homines mites et astuti occultant iram, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1547 nocumentum quod ab eis imminet, non potest praevideri, sed ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1548 improviso advenit. Et propter hoc philosophus dicit quod tales
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1549 magis timentur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1550 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="35369"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1551 "ref">[35369] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1552 dicendum quod, per se loquendo, bona vel mala corporalia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1553 principio maiora apparent. Cuius ratio est, quia unumquodque magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1554 apparet, contrario iuxta se posito. Unde cum aliquis statim a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1555 paupertate ad divitias transit, propter paupertatem praeexistentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1556 divitias magis aestimat, et e contrario divites statim ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1557 paupertatem devenientes, eam magis horrent. Et propter hoc, malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1558 repentinum magis timetur, quia magis videtur esse malum. Sed potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1559 propter aliquod accidens contingere quod magnitudo alicuius mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1560 lateat, puta cum hostes se insidiose occultant. Et tunc verum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1561 quod malum ex diligenti consideratione fit terribilius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1562 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1563 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1564 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="35370"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1565 "ref">[35370] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1566 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ea quae non habent remedium, non sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1567 magis timenda. Ad timorem enim requiritur quod remaneat aliqua spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1568 salutis, ut supra dictum est. Sed in malis quae non habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1569 remedium, nulla remanet spes salutis. Ergo talia mala nullo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1570 timentur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1571 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="35371"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1572 "ref">[35371] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1573 malo mortis nullum remedium adhiberi potest, non enim, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1574 naturam, potest esse reditus a morte ad vitam. Non tamen mors
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1575 maxime timetur, ut dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Non ergo ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1576 magis timentur quae remedium non habent.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1577 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="35372"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1578 "ref">[35372] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1579 philosophus dicit, in I Ethic., quod <i>non est magis bonum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1580 est diuturnius, eo quod est unius diei, neque quod est perpetuum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1581 eo quod non est perpetuum</i>. Ergo, eadem ratione, neque maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1582 malum. Sed ea quae non habent remedium, non videntur differre ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1583 aliis nisi propter diuturnitatem vel perpetuitatem. Ergo propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1584 hoc non sunt peiora, vel magis timenda.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1585 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 s. c."><a name="35373"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1586 "ref">[35373] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1587 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>omnia timenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1588 sunt terribiliora quaecumque, si peccaverint, corrigi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1589 contingit; aut quorum auxilia non sunt; aut non facilia</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1590 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 co."><a name="35374"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1591 "ref">[35374] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1592 dicendum quod obiectum timoris est malum, unde illud quod facit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1593 augmentum mali, facit ad augmentum timoris. Malum autem augetur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1594 solum secundum speciem ipsius mali, sed etiam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1595 circumstantias, ut ex supra dictis apparet. Inter ceteras autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1596 circumstantias, diuturnitas, vel etiam perpetuitas, magis videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1597 facere ad augmentum mali. Ea enim quae sunt in tempore, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1598 durationem temporis quodammodo mensurantur, unde si pati aliquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1599 tanto tempore est malum, pati idem in duplo tempore apprehenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1600 ut duplatum. Et secundum hanc rationem, pati idem in infinito
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1601 tempore, quod est perpetuo pati, habet quodammodo infinitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1602 augmentum. Mala autem quae, postquam advenerint, non possunt habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1603 remedium, vel non de facili, accipiuntur ut perpetua vel diuturna.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1604 Et ideo maxime redduntur timenda.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1605 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="35375"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1606 "ref">[35375] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1607 ergo dicendum quod remedium mali est duplex. Unum, per quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1608 impeditur futurum malum, ne adveniat. Et tali remedio sublato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1609 aufertur spes, et per consequens timor. Unde de tali remedio nunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1610 non loquimur. Aliud remedium mali est, quo malum iam praesens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1611 removetur. Et de tali remedio nunc loquimur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1612 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="35376"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1613 "ref">[35376] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1614 dicendum quod, licet mors sit irremediabile malum, tamen, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1615 imminet de prope, non timetur, ut supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1616 <p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="35377"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1617 "ref">[35377] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1618 dicendum quod philosophus ibi loquitur de per se bono, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1619 bonum secundum speciem suam. Sic autem non fit aliquid magis bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1620 propter diuturnitatem vel perpetuitatem, sed propter naturam ipsius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1621 boni.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1622 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1623 <div class="D">Quaestio 43</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1624 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1625 <p title="I-II q. 43 pr."><a name="35378"><span class="ref">[35378]
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1626 Iª-IIae q. 43 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1627 timoris. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum causa timoris
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1628 sit amor. Secundo, utrum causa timoris sit defectus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1629 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1630 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1631 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35379"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1632 "ref">[35379] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1633 sic proceditur. Videtur quod amor non sit causa timoris. Illud enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1634 quod introducit aliquid, est causa eius. Sed timor introducit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1635 amorem caritatis, ut Augustinus dicit, super canonicam Ioan. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1636 timor est causa amoris, et non e converso.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1637 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35380"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1638 "ref">[35380] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1639 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>illi maxime timentur, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1640 quibus expectamus imminere nobis aliqua mala</i>. Sed per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1641 ab aliquo expectamus malum, magis provocamur ad odium eius quam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1642 amorem. Ergo timor magis causatur ab odio quam ab amore.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1643 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35381"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1644 "ref">[35381] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1645 supra dictum est quod ea quae sunt a nobis ipsis, non habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1646 rationem terribilium. Sed ea quae sunt ex amore, maxime proveniunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1647 ex intimo cordis. Ergo timor ex amore non causatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1648 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35382"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1649 "ref">[35382] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1650 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1651 <i>nulli dubium est non aliam esse metuendi causam, nisi ne id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1652 amamus, aut adeptum amittamus, aut non adipiscamur speratum</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1653 Omnis ergo timor causatur ex hoc quod aliquid amamus. Amor igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1654 est causa timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1655 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 co."><a name="35383"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1656 "ref">[35383] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1657 dicendum quod obiecta passionum animae se habent ad eas tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1658 formae ad res naturales vel artificiales, quia passiones animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1659 speciem recipiunt ab obiectis, sicut res praedictae a suis formis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1660 Sicut igitur quidquid est causa formae, est causa rei constitutae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1661 per ipsam; ita etiam quidquid, et quocumque modo, est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1662 obiecti, est causa passionis. Contingit autem aliquid esse causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1663 obiecti vel per modum causae efficientis, vel per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1664 dispositionis materialis. Sicut obiectum delectationis est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1665 apparens conveniens coniunctum, cuius causa efficiens est illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1666 quod facit coniunctionem, vel quod facit convenientiam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1667 bonitatem, vel apparentiam huiusmodi boni; causa autem per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1668 dispositionis materialis, est habitus, vel quaecumque dispositio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1669 secundum quam fit alicui conveniens aut apparens illud bonum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1670 est ei coniunctum. Sic igitur, in proposito, obiectum timoris est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1671 aestimatum malum futurum propinquum cui resisti de facili non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1672 potest. Et ideo illud quod potest inferre tale malum, est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1673 effectiva obiecti timoris, et per consequens ipsius timoris. Illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1674 autem per quod aliquis ita disponitur ut aliquid sit ei tale, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1675 causa timoris, et obiecti eius, per modum dispositionis materialis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1676 Et hoc modo amor est causa timoris, ex hoc enim quod aliquis amat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1677 aliquod bonum, sequitur quod privativum talis boni sit ei malum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1678 per consequens quod timeat ipsum tanquam malum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1679 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35384"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1680 "ref">[35384] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1681 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, timor per se et primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1682 respicit ad malum, quod refugit, quod opponitur alicui bono amato.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1683 Et sic per se timor nascitur ex amore. Secundario vero respicit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1684 id per quod provenit tale malum. Et sic per accidens quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1685 timor inducit amorem, inquantum scilicet homo qui timet puniri a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1686 Deo, servat mandata eius, et sic incipit sperare, et spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1687 introducit amorem, ut supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1688 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35385"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1689 "ref">[35385] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1690 dicendum quod ille a quo expectantur mala, primo quidem odio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1691 habetur, sed postquam ab ipso iam incipiunt sperari bona, tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1692 incipit amari. Bonum autem cui contrariatur malum quod timetur, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1693 principio amabatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1694 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35386"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1695 "ref">[35386] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1696 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de eo quod est causa mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1697 terribilis per modum efficientis. Amor autem est causa eius per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1698 modum materialis dispositionis, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1699 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1700 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1701 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35387"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1702 "ref">[35387] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1703 sic proceditur. Videtur quod defectus non sit causa timoris. Illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1704 enim qui potentiam habent, maxime timentur. Sed defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1705 contrariatur potentiae. Ergo defectus non est causa timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1706 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35388"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1707 "ref">[35388] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1708 illi qui iam decapitantur, maxime sunt in defectu. Sed tales non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1709 timent. Ut dicitur in II Rhetoric. Ergo defectus non est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1710 timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1711 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35389"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1712 "ref">[35389] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1713 decertare ex fortitudine provenit, non ex defectu. <i>Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1714 decertantes timent eos qui pro eisdem decertant</i>, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1715 II Rhetoric. Ergo defectus non est causa timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1716 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35390"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1717 "ref">[35390] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1718 contrariorum contrariae sunt causae. Sed <i>divitiae, et robur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1719 multitudo amicorum, et potestas, excludunt timorem</i>, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1720 in II Rhetoric. Ergo ex defectu horum timor causatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1721 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 co."><a name="35391"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1722 "ref">[35391] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1723 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, duplex causa timoris accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1724 potest, una quidem per modum materialis dispositionis, ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1725 eius qui timet; alia per modum causae efficientis, ex parte eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1726 qui timetur. Quantum igitur ad primum, defectus, per se loquendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1727 est causa timoris, ex aliquo enim defectu virtutis contingit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1728 non possit aliquis de facili repellere imminens malum. Sed tamen ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1729 causandum timorem requiritur defectus cum aliqua mensura. Minor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1730 enim est defectus qui causat timorem futuri mali, quam defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1731 consequens malum praesens, de quo est tristitia. Et adhuc esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1732 maior defectus, si totaliter sensus mali auferretur, vel amor boni
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1733 cuius contrarium timetur. Quantum vero ad secundum, virtus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1734 robur, per se loquendo, est causa timoris, ex hoc enim quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1735 quod apprehenditur ut nocivum, est virtuosum, contingit quod eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1736 effectus repelli non potest. Contingit tamen per accidens quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1737 aliquis defectus ex ista parte causat timorem, inquantum ex aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1738 defectu contingit quod aliquis velit nocumentum inferre, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1739 propter iniustitiam, vel quia ante laesus fuit, vel quia timet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1740 laedi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1741 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35392"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1742 "ref">[35392] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1743 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de causa timoris ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1744 causae efficientis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1745 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35393"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1746 "ref">[35393] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1747 dicendum quod illi qui iam decapitantur, sunt in passione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1748 praesentis mali. Et ideo iste defectus excedit mensuram
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1749 timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1750 <p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35394"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1751 "ref">[35394] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1752 dicendum quod decertantes timent non propter potentiam, qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1753 decertare possunt, sed propter defectum potentiae, ex quo contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1754 quod se superaturos non confidunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1755 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1756 <div class="D">Quaestio 44</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1757 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1758 <p title="I-II q. 44 pr."><a name="35395"><span class="ref">[35395]
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1759 Iª-IIae q. 44 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1760 effectibus timoris. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1761 timor faciat contractionem. Secundo, utrum faciat consiliativos.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1762 Tertio, utrum faciat tremorem. Quarto, utrum impediat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1763 operationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1764 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1765 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1766 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35396"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1767 "ref">[35396] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1768 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non faciat contractionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1769 Contractione enim facta, calor et spiritus ad interiora revocantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1770 Sed ex multitudine caloris et spirituum in interioribus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1771 magnificatur cor ad audacter aliquid aggrediendum, ut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1772 iratis, cuius contrarium in timore accidit. Non ergo timor facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1773 contractionem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1774 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35397"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1775 "ref">[35397] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1776 multiplicatis spiritibus et calore in interioribus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1777 contractionem, sequitur quod homo in vocem prorumpat, ut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1778 dolentibus. Sed timentes non emittunt vocem, sed magis redduntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1779 taciturni. Ergo timor non facit contractionem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1780 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35398"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1781 "ref">[35398] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1782 verecundia est quaedam species timoris, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1783 verecundati rubescunt, ut dicit Tullius, IV de Tusculanis quaest.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1784 et philosophus in IV Ethic. Rubor autem faciei non attestatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1785 contractioni, sed contrario. Non ergo contractio est effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1786 timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1787 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35399"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1788 "ref">[35399] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1789 est quod Damascenus dicit, in III libro, quod timor est virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1790 secundum systolen, idest secundum contractionem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1791 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 co."><a name="35400"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1792 "ref">[35400] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1793 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, in passionibus animae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1794 sicut formale ipse motus appetitivae potentiae, sicut autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1795 materiale transmutatio corporalis, quorum unum alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1796 proportionatur. Unde secundum similitudinem et rationem appetitivi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1797 motus, sequitur corporalis transmutatio. Quantum autem ad animalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1798 motum appetitus, timor contractionem quandam importat. Cuius ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1799 est, quia timor provenit ex phantasia alicuius mali imminentis quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1800 difficile repelli potest, ut supra dictum est. Quod autem aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1801 difficile possit repelli, provenit ex debilitate virtutis, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1802 dictum est. Virtus autem, quanto est debilior, tanto ad pauciora se
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1803 potest extendere. Et ideo ex ipsa imaginatione quae causat timorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1804 sequitur quaedam contractio in appetitu. Sicut etiam videmus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1805 morientibus quod natura retrahitur ad interiora, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1806 debilitatem virtutis, et videmus etiam in civitatibus quod, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1807 cives timent, retrahunt se ab exterioribus, et recurrunt, quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1808 possunt, ad interiora. Et secundum similitudinem huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1809 contractionis, quae pertinet ad appetitum animalem, sequitur etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1810 in timore ex parte corporis, contractio caloris et spirituum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1811 interiora.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1812 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35401"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1813 "ref">[35401] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1814 ergo dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1815 problematibus, licet in timentibus retrahantur spiritus ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1816 exterioribus ad interiora, non tamen est idem motus spirituum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1817 iratis et timentibus. Nam in iratis, propter calorem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1818 subtilitatem spirituum, quae proveniunt ex appetitu vindictae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1819 interius fit spirituum motus ab inferioribus ad superiora, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1820 congregantur spiritus et calor circa cor. Ex quo sequitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1821 irati redduntur prompti et audaces ad invadendum. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1822 timentibus, propter frigiditatem ingrossantem, spiritus moventur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1823 superioribus ad inferiora, quae quidem frigiditas contingit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1824 imaginatione defectus virtutis. Et ideo non multiplicantur calor et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1825 spiritus circa cor, sed magis a corde refugiunt. Et propter hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1826 timentes non prompte invadunt, sed magis refugiunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1827 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35402"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1828 "ref">[35402] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1829 dicendum quod naturale est cuilibet dolenti, sive homini sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1830 animali, quod utatur quocumque auxilio potest, ad repellendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1831 nocivum praesens quod infert dolorem, unde videmus quod animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1832 dolentia percutiunt vel faucibus vel cornibus. Maximum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1833 auxilium ad omnia in animalibus est calor et spiritus. Et ideo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1834 dolore natura conservat calorem et spiritum interius, ut hoc utatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1835 ad repellendum nocivum. Et ideo philosophus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1836 problematibus, quod multiplicatis introrsum spiritibus et calore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1837 necesse est quod emittantur per vocem. Et propter hoc, dolentes vix
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1838 se possunt continere quin clament. Sed in timentibus fit motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1839 interioris caloris et spirituum a corde ad inferiora, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1840 est. Et ideo timor contrariatur formationi vocis, quae fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1841 emissionem spirituum ad superiora per os. Et propter hoc, timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1842 tacentes facit. Et inde est etiam quod timor trementes facit, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1843 dicit philosophus, in libro de problematibus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1844 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35403"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1845 "ref">[35403] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1846 dicendum quod pericula mortis non solum contrariantur appetitui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1847 animali, sed etiam contrariantur naturae. Et propter hoc, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1848 huiusmodi timore non solum fit contractio ex parte appetitus, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1849 etiam ex parte naturae corporalis, sic enim disponitur animal ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1850 imaginatione mortis contrahens calorem ad interiora, sicut quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1851 naturaliter mors imminet. Et inde est quod timentes mortem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1852 pallescunt, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Sed malum quod timet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1853 verecundia, non opponitur naturae, sed solum appetitui animali. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1854 ideo fit quidem contractio secundum appetitum animalem, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1855 secundum naturam corporalem, sed magis anima, quasi in se
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1856 contracta, vacat ad motionem spirituum et caloris, unde fit eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1857 diffusio ad exteriora. Et propter hoc, verecundati rubescunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1858 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1859 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1860 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35404"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1861 "ref">[35404] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1862 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non faciat consiliativos. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1863 enim est eiusdem consiliativos facere, et consilium impedire. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1864 timor consilium impedit, omnis enim passio perturbat quietem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1865 requiritur ad bonum usum rationis. Ergo timor non facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1866 consiliativos.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1867 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35405"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1868 "ref">[35405] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1869 consilium est actus rationis de futuris cogitantis et deliberantis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1870 Sed aliquis timor est <i>excutiens cogitata, et mentem a suo loco
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1871 removet</i>, ut Tullius dicit, in IV de Tusculanis quaest. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1872 timor non facit consiliativos, sed magis impedit consilium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1873 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35406"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1874 "ref">[35406] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1875 sicut consilium adhibetur ad vitanda mala, ita etiam adhibetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1876 consequenda bona. Sed sicut timor est de malis vitandis, ita spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1877 est de bonis consequendis. Ergo timor non facit magis consiliativos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1878 quam spes.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1879 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35407"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1880 "ref">[35407] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1881 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1882 consiliativos facit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1883 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 co."><a name="35408"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1884 "ref">[35408] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1885 dicendum quod aliquis potest dici consiliativus dupliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1886 modo, a voluntate seu sollicitudine consiliandi. Et sic timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1887 consiliativos facit. Quia, ut philosophus in III Ethic. dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1888 <i>consiliamur de magnis, in quibus quasi nobis ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1889 discredimus</i>. Ea autem quae timorem incutiunt, non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1890 simpliciter mala, sed habent quandam magnitudinem, tum ex eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1891 apprehenduntur ut quae difficiliter repelli possunt; tum etiam quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1892 apprehenduntur ut de prope existentia, sicut iam dictum est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1893 homines maxime in timoribus quaerunt consiliari. Alio modo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1894 aliquis consiliativus, a facultate bene consiliandi. Et sic nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1895 timor, nec aliqua passio consiliativos facit. Quia homini affecto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1896 secundum aliquam passionem, videtur aliquid vel maius vel minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1897 quam sit secundum rei veritatem, sicut amanti videntur ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1898 amat, meliora; et timenti, ea quae timet, terribiliora. Et sic ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1899 defectu rectitudinis iudicii, quaelibet passio, quantum est de se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1900 impedit facultatem bene consiliandi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1901 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35409"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1902 "ref">[35409] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1903 patet responsio ad primum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1904 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35410"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1905 "ref">[35410] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1906 dicendum quod quanto aliqua passio est fortior, tanto magis homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1907 secundum ipsam affectus, impeditur. Et ideo quando timor fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1908 fortis, vult quidem homo consiliari, sed adeo perturbatur in suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1909 cogitationibus, quod consilium adinvenire non potest. Si autem sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1910 parvus timor, qui sollicitudinem consiliandi inducat, nec multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1911 rationem conturbet; potest etiam conferre ad facultatem bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1912 consiliandi, ratione sollicitudinis consequentis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1913 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35411"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1914 "ref">[35411] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1915 dicendum quod etiam spes facit consiliativos, quia, ut in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1916 Rhetoric. philosophus dicit, <i>nullus consiliatur de his de quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1917 desperat</i>; sicut nec de impossibilibus, ut dicitur in III Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1918 Timor tamen facit magis consiliativos quam spes. Quia spes est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1919 bono, prout possumus ipsum consequi, timor autem de malo, prout vix
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1920 repelli potest, et ita magis respicit rationem difficilis timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1921 quam spes. In difficilibus autem, maxime in quibus nobis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1922 confidimus, consiliamur, sicut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1923 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1924 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1925 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35412"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1926 "ref">[35412] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1927 sic proceditur. Videtur quod tremor non sit effectus timoris.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1928 Tremor enim ex frigore accidit, videmus enim infrigidatos tremere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1929 Timor autem non videtur causare frigus, sed magis calorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1930 desiccantem, cuius signum est quod timentes sitiunt, et praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1931 in maximis timoribus, sicut patet in illis qui ad mortem ducuntur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1932 Ergo timor non causat tremorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1933 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35413"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1934 "ref">[35413] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1935 emissio superfluitatum ex calore accidit, unde, ut plurimum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1936 medicinae laxativae sunt calidae. Sed huiusmodi emissiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1937 superfluitatum ex timore frequenter contingunt. Ergo timor videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1938 causare calorem. Et sic non causat tremorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1939 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35414"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1940 "ref">[35414] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1941 in timore calor ab exterioribus ad interiora revocatur. Si igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1942 propter huiusmodi revocationem caloris, in exterioribus homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1943 tremit; videtur quod similiter in omnibus exterioribus membris
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1944 deberet causari tremor ex timore. Hoc autem non videtur. Non ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1945 tremor corporis est effectus timoris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1946 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35415"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1947 "ref">[35415] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1948 est quod Tullius dicit, in IV de Tusculanis quaest., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1949 <i>terrorem sequitur tremor, et pallor, et dentium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1950 crepitus</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1951 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 co."><a name="35416"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1952 "ref">[35416] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1953 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, in timore fit quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1954 contractio ab exterioribus ad interiora, et ideo exteriora frigida
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1955 remanent. Et propter hoc in eis accidit tremor, qui causatur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1956 debilitate virtutis continentis membra, ad huiusmodi autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1957 debilitatem maxime facit defectus caloris, qui est instrumentum quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1958 anima movet, ut dicitur in II de anima.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1959 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35417"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1960 "ref">[35417] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1961 ergo dicendum quod, calore ab exterioribus ad interiora revocato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1962 multiplicatur calor interius, et maxime versus inferiora, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1963 circa nutritivam. Et ideo, consumpto humido, consequitur sitis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1964 etiam interdum solutio ventris, et urinae emissio, et quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1965 etiam seminis. Vel huiusmodi emissio superfluitatum accidit propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1966 contractionem ventris et testiculorum, ut philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1967 libro de problematibus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1968 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35418"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1969 "ref">[35418] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Unde patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1970 solutio ad secundum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1971 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35419"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1972 "ref">[35419] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1973 dicendum quod, quia in timore calor deserit cor, a superioribus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1974 inferiora tendens, ideo timentibus maxime tremit cor, et membra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1975 quae habent aliquam connexionem ad pectus, ubi est cor. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1976 timentes maxime tremunt in voce, propter vicinitatem vocalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1977 arteriae ad cor. Tremit etiam labium inferius, et tota inferior
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1978 mandibula, propter continuationem ad cor, unde et crepitus dentium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1979 sequitur. Et eadem ratione brachia et manus tremunt. Vel etiam quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1980 huiusmodi membra sunt magis mobilia. Propter quod et genua tremunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1981 timentibus; secundum illud Isaiae XXXV, <i>confortate manus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1982 dissolutas, et genua trementia roborate</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1983 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1984 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1985 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35420"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1986 "ref">[35420] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1987 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor impediat operationem. Operatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1988 enim maxime impeditur ex perturbatione rationis, quae dirigit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1989 opere. Sed timor perturbat rationem, ut dictum est. Ergo timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1990 impedit operationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1991 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35421"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1992 "ref">[35421] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1993 illi qui faciunt aliquid cum timore, facilius in operando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1994 deficiunt, sicut si aliquis incedat super trabem in alto positam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1995 propter timorem de facili cadit; non autem caderet, si incederet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1996 super eandem trabem in imo positam, propter defectum timoris. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1997 timor impedit operationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1998 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35422"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1999 "ref">[35422] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2000 pigritia, sive segnities, est quaedam species timoris. Sed pigritia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2001 impedit operationem. Ergo et timor.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2002 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35423"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2003 "ref">[35423] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2004 est quod apostolus dicit, ad Philipp. II, <i>cum metu et tremore
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2005 vestram salutem operamini</i>, quod non diceret, si timor bonam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2006 operationem impediret. Timor ergo non impedit bonam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2007 operationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2008 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 co."><a name="35424"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2009 "ref">[35424] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2010 dicendum quod operatio hominis exterior causatur quidem ab anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2011 sicut a primo movente, sed a membris corporeis sicut ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2012 instrumentis. Contingit autem operationem impediri et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2013 defectum instrumenti, et propter defectum principalis moventis. Ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2014 parte igitur instrumentorum corporalium, timor, quantum est de se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2015 semper natus est impedire exteriorem operationem, propter defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2016 caloris qui ex timore accidit in exterioribus membris. Sed ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2017 animae, si sit timor moderatus, non multum rationem perturbans;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2018 confert ad bene operandum, inquantum causat quandam sollicitudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2019 et facit hominem attentius consiliari et operari. Si vero timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2020 tantum increscat quod rationem perturbet, impedit operationem etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2021 ex parte animae. Sed de tali timore apostolus non loquitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2022 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35425"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2023 "ref">[35425] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Et per haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2024 patet responsio ad primum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2025 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35426"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2026 "ref">[35426] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2027 dicendum quod illi qui cadunt de trabe in alto posita, patiuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2028 perturbationem imaginationis, propter timorem casus imaginati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2029 <p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35427"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2030 "ref">[35427] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2031 dicendum quod omnis timens refugit id quod timet, et ideo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2032 pigritia sit timor de ipsa operatione, inquantum est laboriosa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2033 impedit operationem, quia retrahit voluntatem ab ipsa. Sed timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2034 qui est de aliis rebus, intantum adiuvat operationem, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2035 inclinat voluntatem ad operandum ea per quae homo effugit id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2036 timet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2037 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2038 <div class="D">Quaestio 45</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2039 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2040 <p title="I-II q. 45 pr."><a name="35428"><span class="ref">[35428]
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2041 Iª-IIae q. 45 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2042 audacia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum audacia sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2043 contraria timori. Secundo, quomodo audacia se habeat ad spem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2044 Tertio, de causa audaciae. Quarto, de effectus ipsius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2045 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2046 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2047 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35429"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2048 "ref">[35429] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2049 sic proceditur. Videtur quod audacia non contrarietur timori. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2050 enim Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod audacia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2051 vitium est. Vitium autem virtuti contrariatur. Cum ergo timor non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2052 sit virtus, sed passio, videtur quod timori non contrarietur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2053 audacia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2054 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35430"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2055 "ref">[35430] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2056 uni unum est contrarium. Sed timori contrariatur spes. Non ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2057 contrariatur ei audacia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2058 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35431"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2059 "ref">[35431] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2060 unaquaeque passio excludit passionem oppositam. Sed id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2061 excluditur per timorem, est securitas, dicit enim Augustinus, II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2062 Confess., quod timor securitati praecavet ergo securitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2063 contrariatur timori. Non ergo audacia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2064 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35432"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2065 "ref">[35432] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2066 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>audacia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2067 timori contraria</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2068 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 co."><a name="35433"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2069 "ref">[35433] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2070 dicendum quod de ratione contrariorum est quod maxime a se distent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2071 ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Illud autem quod maxime distat a timore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2072 est audacia, timor enim refugit nocumentum futurum, propter eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2073 victoriam super ipsum timentem; sed audacia aggreditur periculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2074 imminens, propter victoriam sui supra ipsum periculum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2075 manifeste timori contrariatur audacia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2076 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35434"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2077 "ref">[35434] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2078 ergo dicendum quod ira et audacia, et omnium passionum nomina,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2079 dupliciter accipi possunt. Uno modo, secundum quod important
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2080 absolute motus appetitus sensitivi in aliquod obiectum bonum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2081 malum, et sic sunt nomina passionum. Alio modo, secundum quod simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2082 cum huiusmodi motu important recessum ab ordine rationis, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2083 sunt nomina vitiorum. Et hoc modo loquitur Augustinus de audacia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2084 sed nos loquimur nunc de audacia secundum primum modum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2085 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35435"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2086 "ref">[35435] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2087 dicendum quod uni secundum idem, non sunt plura contraria, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2088 secundum diversa, nihil prohibet uni plura contrariari. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2089 dictum est supra quod passiones irascibilis habent duplicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2090 contrarietatem, unam secundum oppositionem boni et mali, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2091 timor contrariatur spei; aliam secundum oppositionem accessus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2092 recessus, et sic timori contrariatur audacia, spei vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2093 desperatio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2094 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35436"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2095 "ref">[35436] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2096 dicendum quod securitas non significat aliquid contrarium timori,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2097 sed solam timoris exclusionem, ille enim dicitur esse securus, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2098 non timet. Unde securitas opponitur timori sicut privatio, audacia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2099 autem sicut contrarium. Et sicut contrarium includit in se
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2100 privationem, ita audacia securitatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2101 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2102 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2103 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35437"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2104 "ref">[35437] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2105 sic proceditur. Videtur quod audacia non consequatur spem. Audacia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2106 enim est respectu malorum et terribilium, ut dicitur in III Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2107 Spes autem respicit bonum. Ut supra dictum est. Ergo habent diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2108 obiecta, et non sunt unius ordinis. Non ergo audacia consequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2109 spem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2110 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35438"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2111 "ref">[35438] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2112 sicut audacia contrariatur timori, ita desperatio spei. Sed timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2113 non sequitur desperationem, quinimmo desperatio excludit timorem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2114 Ut philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric. Ergo audacia non consequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2115 spem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2116 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35439"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2117 "ref">[35439] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2118 audacia intendit quoddam bonum, scilicet victoriam. Sed tendere in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2119 bonum arduum pertinet ad spem. Ergo audacia est idem spei. Non ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2120 consequitur ad spem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2121 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35440"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2122 "ref">[35440] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2123 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>illi qui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2124 bonae spei, sunt audaces</i>. Videtur ergo audacia consequi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2125 spem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2126 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 co."><a name="35441"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2127 "ref">[35441] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2128 dicendum quod, sicut iam pluries dictum est, omnes huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2129 passiones animae ad appetitivam potentiam pertinent. Omnis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2130 motus appetitivae potentiae reducitur ad prosecutionem vel fugam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2131 Prosecutio autem vel fuga est alicuius et per se, et per accidens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2132 per se quidem est prosecutio boni, fuga vero mali; per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2133 autem potest prosecutio esse mali, propter aliquod bonum adiunctum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2134 et fuga boni, propter aliquod malum adiunctum. Quod autem est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2135 accidens, sequitur ad id quod est per se. Et ideo prosecutio mali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2136 sequitur prosecutionem boni, sicut et fuga boni sequitur fugam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2137 mali. Haec autem quatuor pertinent ad quatuor passiones, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2138 prosecutio boni pertinet ad spem, fuga mali ad timorem, insecutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2139 mali terribilis pertinet ad audaciam, fuga vero boni pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2140 desperationem. Unde sequitur quod audacia consequitur ad spem, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2141 hoc enim quod aliquis sperat superare terribile imminens, ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2142 audacter insequitur ipsum. Ad timorem vero sequitur desperatio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2143 ideo enim aliquis desperat, quia timet difficultatem quae est circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2144 bonum sperandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2145 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35442"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2146 "ref">[35442] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2147 ergo dicendum quod ratio sequeretur, si bonum et malum essent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2148 obiecta non habentia ordinem ad invicem. Sed quia malum habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2149 aliquem ordinem ad bonum, est enim posterius bono, sicut privatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2150 habitu; ideo audacia, quae insequitur malum, est post spem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2151 insequitur bonum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2152 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35443"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2153 "ref">[35443] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2154 dicendum quod, etsi bonum simpliciter sit prius quam malum, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2155 fuga per prius debetur malo quam bono, sicut insecutio per prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2156 debetur bono quam malo. Et ideo sicut spes est prior quam audacia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2157 ita timor est prior quam desperatio. Et sicut ex timore non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2158 sequitur desperatio, sed quando fuerit intensus; ita ex spe non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2159 semper sequitur audacia, sed quando fuerit vehemens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2160 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35444"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2161 "ref">[35444] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2162 dicendum quod audacia, licet sit circa malum cui coniunctum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2163 bonum victoriae secundum aestimationem audacis, tamen respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2164 malum, bonum vero adiunctum respicit spes. Et similiter desperatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2165 respicit bonum directe, quod refugit, malum vero adiunctum respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2166 timor. Unde, proprie loquendo, audacia non est pars spei, sed eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2167 effectus, sicut nec desperatio est pars timoris, sed eius effectus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2168 Et propter hoc etiam audacia principalis passio esse non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2169 potest.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2170 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2171 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2172 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35445"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2173 "ref">[35445] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2174 sic proceditur. Videtur quod defectus aliquis sit causa audaciae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2175 Dicit enim philosophus, in libro de problematibus, quod <i>amatores
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2176 vini sunt fortes et audaces</i>. Sed ex vino sequitur defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2177 ebrietatis. Ergo audacia causatur ex aliquo defectu.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2178 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35446"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2179 "ref">[35446] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2180 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>inexperti periculorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2181 sunt audaces</i>. Sed inexperientia defectus quidam est. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2182 audacia ex defectu causatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2183 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35447"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2184 "ref">[35447] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2185 iniusta passi audaciores esse solent; sicut etiam bestiae cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2186 percutiuntur, ut dicitur in III Ethic. Sed iniustum pati ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2187 defectum pertinet. Ergo audacia ex aliquo defectu causatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2188 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35448"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2189 "ref">[35448] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2190 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod causa audaciae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2191 est, <i>cum in phantasia spes fuerit salutarium ut prope
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2192 existentium, timendorum autem aut non entium, aut longe entium</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2193 Sed id quod pertinet ad defectum, vel pertinet ad salutarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2194 remotionem, vel ad terribilium propinquitatem. Ergo nihil quod ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2195 defectum pertinet, est causa audaciae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2196 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 co."><a name="35449"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2197 "ref">[35449] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2198 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, audacia consequitur spem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2199 contrariatur timori, unde quaecumque nata sunt causare spem, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2200 excludere timorem, sunt causa audaciae. Quia vero timor et spes, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2201 etiam audacia, cum sint passiones quaedam, consistunt in motu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2202 appetitus et in quadam transmutatione corporali; dupliciter potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2203 accipi causa audaciae, sive quantum ad provocationem spei, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2204 quantum ad exclusionem timoris, uno modo quidem, ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2205 appetitivi motus; alio vero modo, ex parte transmutationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2206 corporalis. Ex parte quidem appetitivi motus, qui sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2207 apprehensionem, provocatur spes causans audaciam, per ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2208 faciunt nos aestimare quod possibile sit adipisci victoriam; vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2209 secundum propriam potentiam, sicut fortitudo corporis, experientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2210 in periculis, multitudo pecuniarum, et alia huiusmodi; sive per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2211 potentiam aliorum, sicut multitudo amicorum vel quorumcumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2212 auxiliantium, et praecipue si homo confidat de auxilio divino;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2213 <i>unde illi qui se bene habent ad divina, audaciores sunt</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2214 etiam philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric. Timor autem excluditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2215 secundum istum modum, per remotionem terribilium appropinquantium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2216 puta quia homo non habet inimicos, quia nulli nocuit, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2217 videt aliquod periculum imminere; illis enim videntur maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2218 pericula imminere, qui aliis nocuerunt. Ex parte vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2219 transmutationis corporalis, causatur audacia per provocationem spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2220 et exclusionem timoris, ex his quae faciunt caliditatem circa cor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2221 Unde philosophus dicit, in libro de partibus animalium, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2222 <i>illi qui habent parvum cor secundum quantitatem, sunt magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2223 audaces; et animalia habentia magnum cor secundum quantitatem, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2224 timida, quia calor naturalis non tantum potest calefacere magnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2225 cor; sicut parvum, sicut ignis non tantum potest calefacere magnam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2226 domum, sicut parvam</i>. Et in libro de problematibus dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2227 <i>habentes pulmonem sanguineum, sunt audaciores, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2228 caliditatem cordis exinde consequentem</i>. Et ibidem dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2229 <i>vini amatores sunt magis audaces, propter caliditatem vini</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2230 unde et supra dictum est quod ebrietas facit ad bonitatem spei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2231 caliditas enim cordis repellit timorem, et causat spem, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2232 cordis extensionem et amplificationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2233 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35450"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2234 "ref">[35450] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2235 ergo dicendum quod ebrietas causat audaciam, non inquantum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2236 defectus, sed inquantum facit cordis dilatationem, et inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2237 etiam facit aestimationem cuiusdam magnitudinis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2238 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35451"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2239 "ref">[35451] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2240 dicendum quod illi qui sunt inexperti periculorum, sunt audaciores,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2241 non propter defectum, sed per accidens, inquantum scilicet, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2242 inexperientiam, neque debilitatem suam cognoscunt, neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2243 praesentiam periculorum. Et ita, per subtractionem causae timoris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2244 sequitur audacia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2245 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35452"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2246 "ref">[35452] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2247 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in II Rhetoric., <i>iniustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2248 passi redduntur audaciores, quia aestimant quod Deus iniustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2249 passis auxilium ferat</i>. Et sic patet quod nullus defectus causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2250 audaciam nisi per accidens, inquantum scilicet habet adiunctam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2251 aliquam excellentiam, vel veram vel aestimatam, vel ex parte sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2252 vel ex parte alterius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2253 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2254 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2255 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35453"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2256 "ref">[35453] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2257 sic proceditur. Videtur quod audaces non sint promptiores in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2258 principio quam in ipsis periculis. Tremor enim ex timore causatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2259 qui contrariatur audaciae, ut ex dictis patet. Sed audaces
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2260 quandoque in principio tremunt, ut philosophus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2261 problematibus. Ergo non sunt promptiores in principio quam in ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2262 periculis existentes.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2263 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35454"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2264 "ref">[35454] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2265 per augmentum obiecti augetur passio, sicut si bonum est amabile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2266 et magis bonum est magis amabile. Sed arduum est obiectum audaciae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2267 Augmentato ergo arduo, augmentatur audacia. Sed magis fit arduum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2268 difficile periculum, quando est praesens. Ergo debet tunc magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2269 crescere audacia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2270 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35455"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2271 "ref">[35455] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2272 ex vulneribus inflictis provocatur ira. Sed ira causat audaciam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2273 dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod ira est ausivum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2274 quando iam sunt in ipsis periculis, et percutiuntur, videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2275 magis audaces reddantur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2276 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35456"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2277 "ref">[35456] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2278 est quod dicitur in III Ethic., quod <i>audaces praevolantes sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2279 et volentes ante pericula, in ipsis autem discedunt</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2280 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 co."><a name="35457"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2281 "ref">[35457] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2282 dicendum quod audacia, cum sit quidam motus appetitus sensitivi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2283 sequitur apprehensionem sensitivae virtutis. Virtus autem sensitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2284 non est collativa nec inquisitiva singulorum quae circumstant rem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2285 sed subitum habet iudicium. Contingit autem quandoque quod secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2286 subitam apprehensionem non possunt cognosci omnia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2287 difficultatem in aliquo negotio afferunt, unde surgit audaciae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2288 motus ad aggrediendum periculum. Unde quando iam experiuntur ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2289 periculum, sentiunt maiorem difficultatem quam aestimaverunt. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2290 ideo deficiunt. Sed ratio est discussiva omnium quae afferunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2291 difficultatem negotio. Et ideo fortes, qui ex iudicio rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2292 aggrediuntur pericula, in principio videntur remissi, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2293 passi, sed cum deliberatione debita aggrediuntur. Quando autem sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2294 in ipsis periculis, non experiuntur aliquid improvisum; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2295 quandoque minora illis quae praecogitaverunt. Et ideo magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2296 persistunt. Vel etiam quia propter bonum virtutis pericula
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2297 aggrediuntur, cuius boni voluntas in eis perseverat, quantacumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2298 sint pericula. Audaces autem, propter solam aestimationem facientem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2299 spem et excludentem timorem, sicut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2300 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35458"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2301 "ref">[35458] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2302 ergo dicendum quod etiam in audacibus accidit tremor, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2303 revocationem caloris ab exterioribus ad interiora, sicut etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2304 timentibus. Sed in audacibus revocatur calor ad cor, in timentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2305 autem, ad inferiora.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2306 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35459"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2307 "ref">[35459] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2308 dicendum quod obiectum amoris est simpliciter bonum, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2309 augmentatum simpliciter augmentat amorem. Sed obiectum audaciae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2310 compositum ex bono et malo; et motus audaciae in malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2311 praesupponit motum spei in bonum. Et ideo si tantum addatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2312 arduitate ad periculum quod excedat spem, non sequetur motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2313 audaciae, sed diminuetur. Si tamen sit motus audaciae, quanto maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2314 est periculum, tanto maior audacia reputatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2315 <p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35460"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2316 "ref">[35460] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2317 dicendum quod ex laesione non causatur ira, nisi supposita aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2318 spe, ut infra dicetur. Et ideo si fuerit tantum periculum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2319 excedat spem victoriae, non sequetur ira. Sed verum est quod, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2320 ira sequatur, audacia augebitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2321 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2322 <div class="D">Quaestio 46</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2323 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2324 <p title="I-II q. 46 pr."><a name="35461"><span class="ref">[35461]
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2325 Iª-IIae q. 46 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de ira.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2326 Et primo, de ira secundum se; secundo, de causa factiva irae, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2327 remedio eius; tertio, de effectu eius. Circa primum quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2328 octo. Primo, utrum ira sit passio specialis. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2329 obiectum irae sit bonum, an malum. Tertio, utrum ira sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2330 concupiscibili. Quarto, utrum ira sit cum ratione. Quinto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2331 ira sit naturalior quam concupiscentia. Sexto, utrum ira sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2332 gravior quam odium. Septimo, utrum ira solum sit ad illos ad quos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2333 est iustitia. Octavo, de speciebus irae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2334 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2335 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2336 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35462"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2337 "ref">[35462] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2338 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non sit passio specialis. Ab ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2339 enim denominatur potentia irascibilis. Sed huius potentiae non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2340 una tantum passio, sed multae. Ergo ira non est una passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2341 specialis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2342 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35463"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2343 "ref">[35463] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2344 cuilibet passioni speciali est aliquid contrarium; ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2345 inducenti per singula. Sed irae non est aliqua passio contraria, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2346 supra dictum est. Ergo ira non est passio specialis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2347 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35464"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2348 "ref">[35464] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2349 una specialis passio non includit aliam. Sed ira includit multas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2350 passiones, est enim cum tristitia, et cum delectatione, et cum spe,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2351 ut patet per philosophum, in II Rhetoric. Ergo ira non est passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2352 specialis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2353 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35465"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2354 "ref">[35465] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2355 est quod Damascenus ponit iram specialem passionem. Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2356 Tullius, IV de Tusculanis quaest.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2357 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 co."><a name="35466"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2358 "ref">[35466] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2359 dicendum quod aliquid dicitur generale dupliciter. Uno modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2360 praedicationem, sicut animal est generale ad omnia animalia. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2361 modo, per causam, sicut sol est causa generalis omnium quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2362 generantur in his inferioribus, secundum Dionysium, in IV cap. de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2363 Div. Nom. Sicut enim genus continet multas differentias potestate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2364 secundum similitudinem materiae; ita causa agens continet multos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2365 effectus secundum virtutem activam. Contingit autem aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2366 effectum ex concursu diversarum causarum produci, et quia omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2367 causa aliquo modo in effectu manet, potest etiam dici, tertio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2368 quod effectus ex congregatione multarum causarum productus, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2369 quandam generalitatem, inquantum continet multas causas quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2370 in actu. Primo ergo modo, ira non est passio generalis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2371 condivisa aliis passionibus, ut supra dictum est. Similiter autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2372 nec secundo modo. Non est enim causa aliarum passionum, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2373 hunc modum potest dici generalis passio amor, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2374 Augustinum, in XIV libro de Civ. Dei; amor enim est prima radix
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2375 omnium passionum, ut supra dictum est. Sed tertio modo potest ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2376 dici passio generalis, inquantum ex concursu multarum passionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2377 causatur. Non enim insurgit motus irae nisi propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2378 tristitiam illatam et nisi adsit desiderium et spes ulciscendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2379 quia, ut philosophus dicit in II Rhetoric., <i>iratus habet spem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2380 puniendi; appetit enim vindictam ut sibi possibilem</i>. Unde si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2381 fuerit multum excellens persona quae nocumentum intulit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2382 sequitur ira, sed solum tristitia, ut Avicenna dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2383 anima.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2384 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35467"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2385 "ref">[35467] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2386 ergo dicendum quod, vis irascibilis denominatur ab ira, non quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2387 omnis motus huius potentiae sit ira, sed quia ad iram terminantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2388 omnes motus huius potentiae; et inter alios eius motus, iste est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2389 manifestior.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2390 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35468"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2391 "ref">[35468] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2392 dicendum quod ex hoc ipso quod ira causatur ex contrariis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2393 passionibus, scilicet a spe, quae est boni, et a tristitia, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2394 est mali, includit in seipsa contrarietatem, et ideo non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2395 contrarium extra se. Sicut etiam in mediis coloribus non invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2396 contrarietas, nisi quae est simplicium colorum, ex quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2397 causantur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2398 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35469"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2399 "ref">[35469] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2400 dicendum quod ira includit multas passiones, non quidem sicut genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2401 species, sed magis secundum continentiam causae et effectus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2402 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2403 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2404 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35470"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2405 "ref">[35470] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2406 sic proceditur. Videtur quod obiectum irae sit malum. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2407 Gregorius Nyssenus quod ira est quasi armigera concupiscentiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2408 inquantum scilicet impugnat id quod concupiscentiam impedit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2409 omne impedimentum habet rationem mali. Ergo ira respicit malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2410 tanquam obiectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2411 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35471"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2412 "ref">[35471] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2413 ira et odium conveniunt in effectu, utriusque enim est inferre
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2414 nocumentum alteri. Sed odium respicit malum tanquam obiectum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2415 supra dictum est. Ergo etiam et ira.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2416 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35472"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2417 "ref">[35472] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2418 ira causatur ex tristitia, unde philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2419 quod ira operatur cum tristitia. Sed tristitiae obiectum est malum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2420 Ergo et irae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2421 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 1"><a name="35473"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2422 "ref">[35473] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2423 est quod Augustinus dicit, in II Confess., quod ira appetit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2424 vindictam. Sed appetitus vindictae est appetitus boni, cum vindicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2425 ad iustitiam pertineat. Ergo obiectum irae est bonum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2426 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 2"><a name="35474"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2427 "ref">[35474] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2428 ira semper est cum spe, unde et delectationem causat, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2429 philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Sed spei et delectationis obiectum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2430 bonum. Ergo et irae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2431 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 co."><a name="35475"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2432 "ref">[35475] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2433 dicendum quod motus appetitivae virtutis sequitur actum virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2434 apprehensivae. Vis autem apprehensiva dupliciter aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2435 apprehendit, uno modo, per modum incomplexi, sicut cum intelligimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2436 quid est homo; alio modo, per modum complexi, sicut cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2437 intelligimus album inesse homini. Unde utroque modo vis appetitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2438 potest tendere in bonum et malum. Per modum quidem simplicis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2439 incomplexi, cum appetitus simpliciter sequitur vel inhaeret bono,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2440 vel refugit malum. Et tales motus sunt desiderium et spes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2441 delectatio et tristitia, et alia huiusmodi. Per modum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2442 complexi, sicut cum appetitus fertur in hoc quod aliquod bonum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2443 malum insit vel fiat circa alterum, vel tendendo in hoc, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2444 refugiendo ab hoc. Sicut manifeste apparet in amore et odio, amamus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2445 enim aliquem, inquantum volumus ei inesse aliquod bonum; odimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2446 autem aliquem, inquantum volumus ei inesse aliquod malum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2447 similiter est in ira, quicumque enim irascitur, quaerit vindicari
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2448 de aliquo. Et sic motus irae tendit in duo, scilicet in ipsam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2449 vindictam, quam appetit et sperat sicut quoddam bonum, unde et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2450 ipsa delectatur, tendit etiam in illum de quo quaerit vindictam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2451 sicut in contrarium et nocivum, quod pertinet ad rationem mali. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2452 tamen duplex differentia attendenda circa hoc, irae ad odium et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2453 amorem. Quarum prima est, quod ira semper respicit duo obiecta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2454 amor vero et odium quandoque respiciunt unum obiectum tantum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2455 cum dicitur aliquis amare vinum vel aliquid huiusmodi, aut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2456 odire. Secunda est, quia utrumque obiectorum quod respicit amor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2457 est bonum, vult enim amans bonum alicui, tanquam sibi convenienti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2458 Utrumque vero eorum quae respicit odium, habet rationem mali, vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2459 enim odiens malum alicui, tamquam cuidam inconvenienti. Sed ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2460 respicit unum obiectum secundum rationem boni, scilicet vindictam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2461 quam appetit, et aliud secundum rationem mali, scilicet hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2462 nocivum, de quo vult vindicari. Et ideo est passio quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2463 composita ex contrariis passionibus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2464 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="35476"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2465 "ref">[35476] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2466 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2467 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2468 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2469 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35477"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2470 "ref">[35477] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2471 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira sit in concupiscibili. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2472 Tullius, in IV de Tusculanis quaest., quod ira est libido quaedam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2473 Sed libido est in concupiscibili. Ergo et ira.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2474 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35478"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2475 "ref">[35478] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2476 Augustinus dicit, in regula, quod ira crescit in odium. Et Tullius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2477 dicit, in eodem libro, quod odium est ira inveterata. Sed odium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2478 in concupiscibili, sicut amor. Ergo ira est in concupiscibili.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2479 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35479"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2480 "ref">[35479] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2481 Damascenus et Gregorius Nyssenus dicunt quod ira componitur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2482 tristitia et desiderio. Sed utrumque horum est in concupiscibili.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2483 Ergo ira est in concupiscibili.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2484 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35480"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2485 "ref">[35480] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2486 vis concupiscibilis est alia ab irascibili. Si igitur ira esset in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2487 concupiscibili, non denominaretur ab ea vis irascibilis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2488 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 co."><a name="35481"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2489 "ref">[35481] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2490 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, passiones irascibilis in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2491 differunt a passionibus concupiscibilis, quod obiecta passionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2492 concupiscibilis sunt bonum et malum absolute; obiecta autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2493 passionum irascibilis sunt bonum et malum cum quadam elevatione vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2494 arduitate. Dictum est autem quod ira respicit duo obiecta, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2495 vindictam, quam appetit; et eum de quo vindictam quaerit. Et circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2496 utrumque quandam arduitatem ira requirit, non enim insurgit motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2497 irae, nisi aliqua magnitudine circa utrumque existente;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2498 <i>quaecumque enim nihil sunt, aut modica valde nullo digna
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2499 aestimamus</i>, ut dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2500 manifestum est quod ira non est in concupiscibili, sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2501 irascibili.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2502 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35482"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2503 "ref">[35482] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2504 ergo dicendum quod Tullius libidinem nominat appetitum cuiuscumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2505 boni futuri non habita discretione ardui vel non ardui. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2506 hoc, ponit iram sub libidine, inquantum est appetitus vindictae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2507 Sic autem libido communis est ad irascibilem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2508 concupiscibilem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2509 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35483"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2510 "ref">[35483] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2511 dicendum quod ira dicitur crescere in odium, non quod eadem numero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2512 passio quae prius fuit ira, postmodum fiat odium per quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2513 inveterationem, sed per quandam causalitatem. Ira enim, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2514 diuturnitatem, causat odium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2515 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35484"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2516 "ref">[35484] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2517 dicendum quod ira dicitur componi ex tristitia et desiderio, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2518 sicut ex partibus, sed sicut ex causis. Dictum est autem supra quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2519 passiones concupiscibilis sunt causae passionum irascibilis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2520 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2521 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2522 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35485"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2523 "ref">[35485] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2524 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non sit cum ratione. Ira enim, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2525 sit passio quaedam, est in appetitu sensitivo. Sed appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2526 sensitivus non sequitur rationis apprehensionem, sed sensitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2527 partis. Ergo ira non est cum ratione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2528 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35486"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2529 "ref">[35486] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2530 animalia bruta carent ratione. Et tamen in eis invenitur ira. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2531 ira non est cum ratione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2532 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35487"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2533 "ref">[35487] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2534 ebrietas ligat rationem. Adiuvat autem ad iram. Ergo ira non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2535 cum ratione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2536 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35488"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2537 "ref">[35488] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2538 est quod philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod <i>ira consequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2539 rationem aliqualiter</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2540 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 co."><a name="35489"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2541 "ref">[35489] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2542 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ira est appetitus vindictae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2543 Haec autem collationem importat poenae infligendae ad nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2544 sibi illatum, unde, in VII Ethic., dicit philosophus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2545 <i>syllogizans quoniam oportet talem oppugnare, irascitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2546 confestim</i>. Conferre autem et syllogizare est rationis. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2547 ira est quodammodo cum ratione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2548 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35490"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2549 "ref">[35490] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2550 ergo dicendum quod motus appetitivae virtutis potest esse cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2551 ratione dupliciter. Uno modo, cum ratione praecipiente, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2552 voluntas est cum ratione; unde et dicitur appetitus rationalis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2553 Alio modo, cum ratione denuntiante, et sic ira est cum ratione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2554 Dicit enim philosophus, in libro de Problemat., quod ira est cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2555 ratione, <i>non sicut praecipiente ratione, sed ut manifestante
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2556 iniuriam</i>. Appetitus enim sensitivus immediate rationi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2557 obedit, sed mediante voluntate.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2558 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35491"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2559 "ref">[35491] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2560 dicendum quod bruta animalia habent instinctum naturalem ex divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2561 ratione eis inditum, per quem habent motus interiores et exteriores
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2562 similes motibus rationis, sicut supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2563 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35492"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2564 "ref">[35492] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2565 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in VII Ethic., ira audit aliqualiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2566 rationem, sicut nuntiantem quod iniuriatum est ei, sed non perfecte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2567 audit, quia non observat regulam rationis in rependendo vindictam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2568 Ad iram ergo requiritur aliquis actus rationis; et additur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2569 impedimentum rationis. Unde philosophus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2570 Problemat., quod illi qui sunt multum ebrii, tanquam nihil habentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2571 de iudicio rationis, non irascuntur, sed quando sunt parum ebrii,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2572 irascuntur, tanquam habentes iudicium rationis, sed impeditum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2573 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2574 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2575 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="35493"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2576 "ref">[35493] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2577 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non sit naturalior quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2578 concupiscentia. Proprium enim hominis dicitur quod sit animal
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2579 mansuetum natura. Sed mansuetudo opponitur irae, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2580 philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Ergo ira non est naturalior quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2581 concupiscentia, sed omnino videtur esse contra hominis naturam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2582 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="35494"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2583 "ref">[35494] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2584 ratio contra naturam dividitur, ea enim quae secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2585 agunt, non dicimus secundum naturam agere. Sed ira est cum ratione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2586 concupiscentia autem sine ratione, ut dicitur in VII Ethic. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2587 concupiscentia est naturalior quam ira.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2588 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="35495"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2589 "ref">[35495] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2590 ira est appetitus vindictae, concupiscentia autem maxime est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2591 appetitus delectabilium secundum tactum, scilicet ciborum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2592 venereorum. Haec autem sunt magis naturalia homini quam vindicta.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2593 Ergo concupiscentia est naturalior quam ira.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2594 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 s. c."><a name="35496"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2595 "ref">[35496] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2596 est quod philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod <i>ira est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2597 naturalior quam concupiscentia</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2598 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 co."><a name="35497"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2599 "ref">[35497] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2600 dicendum quod naturale dicitur illud quod causatur a natura, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2601 patet in II Physic. Unde utrum aliqua passio sit magis vel minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2602 naturalis, considerari non potest nisi ex causa sua. Causa autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2603 passionis, ut supra dictum est, dupliciter accipi potest, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2604 ex parte obiecti; alio modo, ex parte subiecti. Si ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2605 consideretur causa irae et concupiscentiae ex parte obiecti, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2606 concupiscentia, et maxime ciborum et venereorum, naturalior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2607 quam ira, inquantum ista sunt magis naturalia quam vindicta. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2608 autem consideretur causa irae ex parte subiecti, sic quodammodo ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2609 est naturalior, et quodammodo concupiscentia. Potest enim natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2610 alicuius hominis considerari vel secundum naturam generis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2611 secundum naturam speciei, vel secundum complexionem propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2612 individui. Si igitur consideretur natura generis, quae est natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2613 huius hominis inquantum est animal; sic naturalior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2614 concupiscentia quam ira, quia ex ipsa natura communi habet homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2615 quandam inclinationem ad appetendum ea quae sunt conservativa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2616 vitae, vel secundum speciem vel secundum individuum. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2617 consideremus naturam hominis ex parte speciei, scilicet inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2618 est rationalis; sic ira est magis naturalis homini quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2619 concupiscentia, inquantum ira est cum ratione magis quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2620 concupiscentia. Unde philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod humanius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2621 est punire, quod pertinet ad iram, quam mansuetum esse, unumquodque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2622 enim naturaliter insurgit contra contraria et nociva. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2623 consideretur natura huius individui secundum propriam complexionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2624 sic ira naturalior est quam concupiscentia, quia scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2625 habitudinem naturalem ad irascendum, quae est ex complexione, magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2626 de facili sequitur ira, quam concupiscentia vel aliqua alia passio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2627 Est enim homo dispositus ad irascendum, secundum quod habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2628 cholericam complexionem, cholera autem, inter alios humores, citius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2629 movetur; assimilatur enim igni. Et ideo magis est in promptu ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2630 ille qui est dispositus secundum naturalem complexionem ad iram,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2631 irascatur; quam de eo qui est dispositus ad concupiscendum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2632 concupiscat. Et propter hoc philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2633 ira magis traducitur a parentibus in filios, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2634 concupiscentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2635 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="35498"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2636 "ref">[35498] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2637 ergo dicendum quod in homine considerari potest et naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2638 complexio ex parte corporis, quae est temperata; et ipsa ratio. Ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2639 parte igitur complexionis corporalis, naturaliter homo, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2640 suam speciem, est non habens superexcellentiam neque irae neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2641 alicuius alterius passionis, propter temperamentum suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2642 complexionis. Alia vero animalia, secundum quod recedunt ab hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2643 qualitate complexionis ad dispositionem alicuius complexionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2644 extremae, secundum hoc etiam naturaliter disponuntur ad excessum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2645 alicuius passionis, ut leo ad audaciam, canis ad iram, lepus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2646 timorem, et sic de aliis. Ex parte vero rationis, est naturale
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2647 homini et irasci et mansuetum esse, secundum quod ratio quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2648 causat iram, inquantum nuntiat causam irae; et quodammodo sedat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2649 iram, inquantum iratus non totaliter audit imperium rationis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2650 supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2651 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="35499"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2652 "ref">[35499] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2653 dicendum quod ipsa ratio pertinet ad naturam hominis. Unde ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2654 ipso quod ira est cum ratione, sequitur quod secundum aliquem modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2655 sit homini naturalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2656 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="35500"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2657 "ref">[35500] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2658 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de ira et concupiscentia, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2659 parte obiecti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2660 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2661 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2662 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="35501"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2663 "ref">[35501] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2664 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira sit gravior quam odium. Dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2665 enim Prov. XXVII, quod <i>ira non habet misericordiam, nec erumpens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2666 furor</i>. Odium autem quandoque habet misericordiam. Ergo ira est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2667 gravior quam odium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2668 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="35502"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2669 "ref">[35502] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2670 maius est pati malum et de malo dolere, quam simpliciter pati. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2671 illi qui habet aliquem odio, sufficit quod ille quem odit, patiatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2672 malum, irato autem non sufficit, sed quaerit quod cognoscat illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2673 et de illo doleat, ut dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Ergo ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2674 est gravior quam odium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2675 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="35503"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2676 "ref">[35503] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2677 quanto ad constitutionem alicuius plura concurrunt, tanto videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2678 esse stabilius, sicut habitus permanentior est qui ex pluribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2679 actibus causatur. Sed ira causatur ex concursu plurium passionum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2680 ut supra dictum est, non autem odium. Ergo ira est stabilior et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2681 gravior quam odium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2682 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 s. c."><a name="35504"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2683 "ref">[35504] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2684 est quod Augustinus, in regula, odium comparat trabi, iram vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2685 festucae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2686 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 co."><a name="35505"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2687 "ref">[35505] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2688 dicendum quod species passionis, et ratio ipsius, ex obiecto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2689 pensatur. Est autem obiectum irae et odii idem subiecto, nam sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2690 odiens appetit malum ei quem odit, ita iratus ei contra quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2691 irascitur. Sed non eadem ratione, sed odiens appetit malum inimici,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2692 inquantum est malum; iratus autem appetit malum eius contra quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2693 irascitur, non inquantum est malum, sed inquantum habet quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2694 rationem boni, scilicet prout aestimat illud esse iustum, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2695 est vindicativum. Unde etiam supra dictum est quod odium est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2696 applicationem mali ad malum; ira autem per applicationem boni ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2697 malum. Manifestum est autem quod appetere malum sub ratione iusti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2698 minus habet de ratione mali quam velle malum alicuius simpliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2699 Velle enim malum alicuius sub ratione iusti, potest esse etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2700 secundum virtutem iustitiae, si praecepto rationis obtemperetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2701 sed ira in hoc solum deficit, quod non obedit rationis praecepto in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2702 ulciscendo. Unde manifestum est quod odium est multo deterius et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2703 gravius quam ira.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2704 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="35506"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2705 "ref">[35506] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2706 ergo dicendum quod in ira et odio duo possunt considerari, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2707 ipsum quod desideratur, et intensio desiderii. Quantum igitur ad id
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2708 quod desideratur, ira habet magis misericordiam quam odium. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2709 enim odium appetit malum alterius secundum se, nulla mensura mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2710 satiatur, ea enim quae secundum se appetuntur, sine mensura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2711 appetuntur, ut philosophus dicit I Politic., sicut avarus divitias.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2712 Unde dicitur Eccli. XII, <i>inimicus si invenerit tempus, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2713 satiabitur sanguine</i>. Sed ira non appetit malum nisi sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2714 iusti vindicativi. Unde quando malum illatum excedit mensuram
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2715 iustitiae, secundum aestimationem irascentis, tunc miseretur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2716 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>iratus, si fiant multa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2717 miserebitur, odiens autem pro nullo</i>. Quantum vero ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2718 intensionem desiderii, ira magis excludit misericordiam quam odium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2719 quia motus irae est impetuosior, propter cholerae inflammationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2720 Unde statim subditur, <i>impetum concitati spiritus ferre quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2721 poterit?</i></p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2722 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="35507"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2723 "ref">[35507] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2724 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, iratus appetit malum alicuius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2725 inquantum habet rationem iusti vindicativi. Vindicta autem fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2726 illationem poenae. Est autem de ratione poenae quod sit contraria
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2727 voluntati, et quod sit afflictiva, et quod pro aliqua culpa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2728 inferatur. Et ideo iratus hoc appetit, ut ille cui nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2729 infert, percipiat, et doleat, et quod cognoscat propter iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2730 illatam sibi hoc provenire. Sed odiens de hoc nihil curat, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2731 appetit malum alterius inquantum huiusmodi. Non est autem verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2732 quod id de quo quis tristatur, sit peius, iniustitia enim et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2733 imprudentia, cum sint mala, quia tamen sunt voluntaria, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2734 contristant eos quibus insunt, ut dicit philosophus, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2735 Rhetoric.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2736 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="35508"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2737 "ref">[35508] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2738 dicendum quod id quod ex pluribus causis causatur, tunc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2739 stabilius, quando causae accipiuntur unius rationis, sed una causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2740 potest praevalere multis aliis. Odium autem provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2741 permanentiori causa quam ira. Nam ira provenit ex aliqua commotione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2742 animi propter laesionem illatam, sed odium procedit ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2743 dispositione hominis, secundum quam reputat sibi contrarium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2744 nocivum id quod odit. Et ideo sicut passio citius transit quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2745 dispositio vel habitus, ita ira citius transit quam odium; quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2746 etiam odium sit passio ex tali dispositione proveniens. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2747 hoc philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>odium est magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2748 insanabile quam ira</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2749 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2750 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2751 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="35509"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2752 "ref">[35509] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2753 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non solum sit ad illos ad quos est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2754 iustitia. Non enim est iustitia hominis ad res irrationales. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2755 tamen homo quandoque irascitur rebus irrationalibus, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2756 scriptor ex ira proiicit pennam, vel eques percutit equum. Ergo ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2757 non solum est ad illos ad quos est iustitia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2758 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="35510"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2759 "ref">[35510] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2760 <i>Praeterea, non est iustitia hominis ad seipsum, nec ad ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2761 sui ipsius sunt</i>, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Sed homo quandoque sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2762 ipsi irascitur, sicut poenitens propter peccatum, unde dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2763 Psalmo IV, <i>irascimini, et nolite peccare</i>. Ergo ira non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2764 est ad quos est iustitia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2765 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="35511"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2766 "ref">[35511] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2767 iustitia et iniustitia potest esse alicuius ad totum aliquod genus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2768 vel ad totam aliquam communitatem, puta cum civitas aliquem laesit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2769 Sed ira non est ad aliquod genus, sed solum ad aliquod singularium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2770 ut dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Ergo ira non proprie est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2771 quos est iustitia et iniustitia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2772 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 s. c."><a name="35512"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2773 "ref">[35512] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2774 contrarium accipi potest a philosopho in II Rhetoric.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2775 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 co."><a name="35513"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2776 "ref">[35513] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2777 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ira appetit malum, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2778 habet rationem iusti vindicativi. Et ideo ad eosdem est ira, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2779 quos est iustitia et iniustitia. Nam inferre vindictam ad iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2780 pertinet, laedere autem aliquem pertinet ad iniustitiam. Unde tam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2781 ex parte causae, quae est laesio illata ab altero; quam etiam ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2782 parte vindictae, quam appetit iratus; manifestum est quod ad eosdem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2783 pertinet ira, ad quos iustitia et iniustitia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2784 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="35514"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2785 "ref">[35514] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2786 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ira, quamvis sit cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2787 ratione, potest tamen etiam esse in brutis animalibus, quae ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2788 carent, inquantum naturali instinctu per imaginationem moventur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2789 aliquid simile operibus rationis. Sic igitur, cum in homine sit et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2790 ratio et imaginatio, dupliciter in homine potest motus irae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2791 insurgere. Uno modo, ex sola imaginatione nuntiante laesionem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2792 sic insurgit aliquis motus irae etiam ad res irrationales et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2793 inanimatas, secundum similitudinem illius motus qui est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2794 animalibus contra quodlibet nocivum. Alio modo, ex ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2795 nuntiante laesionem. Et sic, ut philosophus dicit II Rhetoric.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2796 <i>nullo modo potest esse ira ad res insensibiles, neque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2797 mortuos</i>. Tum quia non dolent, quod maxime quaerunt irati in eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2798 quibus irascuntur. Tum etiam quia non est ad eos vindicta, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2799 eorum non sit iniuriam facere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2800 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="35515"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2801 "ref">[35515] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2802 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in V Ethic., <i>quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2803 metaphorica iustitia et iniustitia est hominis ad seipsum</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2804 inquantum scilicet ratio regit irascibilem et concupiscibilem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2805 secundum hoc etiam homo dicitur de seipso vindictam facere, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2806 consequens sibi ipsi irasci. Proprie autem et per se, non contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2807 aliquem sibi ipsi irasci.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2808 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="35516"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2809 "ref">[35516] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2810 dicendum quod philosophus, in II Rhetoric., assignat unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2811 differentiam inter odium et iram, quod <i>odium potest esse ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2812 aliquod genus, sicut habemus odio omne latronum genus, sed ira non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2813 est nisi ad aliquod singulare</i>. Cuius ratio est, quia odium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2814 causatur ex hoc quod qualitas alicuius rei apprehenditur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2815 dissonans nostrae dispositioni, et hoc potest esse vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2816 universali, vel in particulari. Sed ira causatur ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2817 aliquis nos laesit per suum actum. Actus autem omnes sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2818 singularium. Et ideo ira semper est circa aliquod singulare. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2819 autem tota civitas nos laeserit, tota civitas computatur sicut unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2820 singulare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2821 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2822 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2823 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="35517"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2824 "ref">[35517] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2825 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Damascenus inconvenienter assignet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2826 tres species irae, scilicet fel, maniam et furorem. Nullius enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2827 generis species diversificantur secundum aliquod accidens. Sed ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2828 tria diversificantur secundum aliquod accidens, <i>principium enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2829 motus irae fel vocatur; ira autem permanens dicitur mania; furor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2830 autem est ira observans tempus in vindictam</i>. Ergo non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2831 diversae species irae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2832 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="35518"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2833 "ref">[35518] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2834 Tullius, in IV de Tusculanis quaest., dicit quod <i>excandescentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2835 Graece dicitur thymosis; et est ira modo nascens et modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2836 desistens</i>. Thymosis autem secundum Damascenum, est idem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2837 furor. Non ergo furor tempus quaerit ad vindictam, sed tempore
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2838 deficit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2839 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="35519"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2840 "ref">[35519] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2841 Gregorius, XXI Moral., ponit tres gradus irae, scilicet <i>iram
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2842 sine voce, et iram cum voce, et iram cum verbo expresso</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2843 secundum illa tria quae dominus ponit Matth. V, qui irascitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2844 fratri suo, ubi tangitur ira sine voce; et postea subdit, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2845 dixerit fratri suo, raca, ubi tangitur ira cum voce, sed necdum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2846 pleno verbo formata; et postea dicit, qui autem dixerit fratri suo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2847 fatue, ubi expletur vox perfectione sermonis. Ergo insufficienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2848 divisit Damascenus iram, nihil ponens ex parte vocis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2849 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 s. c."><a name="35520"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2850 "ref">[35520] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2851 est auctoritas Damasceni et Gregorii Nysseni.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2852 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 co."><a name="35521"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2853 "ref">[35521] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2854 dicendum quod tres species irae quas Damascenus ponit, et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2855 Gregorius Nyssenus, sumuntur secundum ea quae dant irae aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2856 augmentum. Quod quidem contingit tripliciter. Uno modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2857 facilitate ipsius motus, et talem iram vocat fel, quia cito
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2858 accenditur. Alio modo, ex parte tristitiae causantis iram, quae diu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2859 in memoria manet, et haec pertinet ad maniam, quae a manendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2860 dicitur. Tertio, ex parte eius quod iratus appetit, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2861 vindictae, et haec pertinet ad furorem, qui nunquam quiescit donec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2862 puniat. Unde philosophus, in IV Ethic., quosdam irascentium vocat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2863 acutos, quia cito irascuntur; quosdam amaros, quia diu retinent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2864 iram; quosdam difficiles, quia nunquam quiescunt nisi puniant.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2865 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="35522"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2866 "ref">[35522] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2867 ergo dicendum quod omnia illa per quae ira recipit aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2868 perfectionem, non omnino per accidens se habent ad iram. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2869 nihil prohibet secundum ea species irae assignari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2870 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="35523"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2871 "ref">[35523] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2872 dicendum quod excandescentia, quam Tullius ponit, magis videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2873 pertinere ad primam speciem irae, quae perficitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2874 velocitatem irae, quam ad furorem. Nihil autem prohibet ut thymosis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2875 Graece, quod Latine furor dicitur, utrumque importet, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2876 velocitatem ad irascendum et firmitatem propositi ad puniendum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2877 <p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="35524"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2878 "ref">[35524] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2879 dicendum quod gradus illi irae distinguuntur secundum effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2880 irae, non autem secundum diversam perfectionem ipsius motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2881 irae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2882 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2883 <div class="D">Quaestio 47</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2884 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2885 <p title="I-II q. 47 pr."><a name="35525"><span class="ref">[35525]
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2886 Iª-IIae q. 47 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2887 effectiva irae, et de remediis eius. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2888 quatuor. Primo, utrum semper motivum irae sit aliquid factum contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2889 eum qui irascitur. Secundo, utrum sola parvipensio vel despectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2890 sit motivum irae. Tertio, de causa irae ex parte irascentis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2891 Quarto, de causa irae ex parte eius contra quem aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2892 irascitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2893 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2894 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2895 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35526"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2896 "ref">[35526] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2897 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non semper aliquis irascatur propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2898 aliquid contra se factum. Homo enim, peccando, nihil contra Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2899 facere potest, dicitur enim Iob XXXV, <i>si multiplicatae fuerint
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2900 iniquitates tuae, quid facies contra illum?</i> Dicitur tamen Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2901 irasci contra homines propter peccata; secundum illud Psalmi CV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2902 <i>iratus est furore dominus in populum suum</i>. Ergo non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2903 aliquis irascitur propter aliquid contra se factum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2904 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35527"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2905 "ref">[35527] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2906 ira est appetitus vindictae. Sed aliquis appetit vindictam facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2907 etiam de his quae contra alios fiunt. Ergo non semper motivum irae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2908 est aliquid contra nos factum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2909 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35528"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2910 "ref">[35528] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2911 sicut philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., homines irascuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2912 praecipue contra eos qui despiciunt <i>ea circa quae ipsi maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2913 student, sicut qui student in philosophia, irascuntur contra eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2914 qui philosophiam despiciunt</i>, et simile est in aliis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2915 despicere philosophiam non est nocere ipsi studenti. Non ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2916 semper irascimur propter id quod contra nos fit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2917 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="35529"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2918 "ref">[35529] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2919 ille qui tacet contra contumeliantem, magis ipsum ad iram provocat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2920 ut dicit Chrysostomus. Sed in hoc contra ipsum nihil agit, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2921 tacet. Ergo non semper ira alicuius provocatur propter aliquid quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2922 contra ipsum fit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2923 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35530"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2924 "ref">[35530] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2925 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>ira fit semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2926 ex his quae ad seipsum. Inimicitia autem et sine his quae ad ipsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2927 si enim putemus talem esse odimus</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2928 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 co."><a name="35531"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2929 "ref">[35531] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2930 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ira est appetitus nocendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2931 alteri sub ratione iusti vindicativi. Vindicta autem locum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2932 habet nisi ubi praecessit iniuria. Nec iniuria omnis ad vindictam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2933 provocat, sed illa sola quae ad eum pertinet qui appetit vindictam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2934 sicut enim unumquodque naturaliter appetit proprium bonum, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2935 etiam naturaliter repellit proprium malum. Iniuria autem ab aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2936 facta non pertinet ad aliquem, nisi aliquid fecerit quod aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2937 modo sit contra ipsum. Unde sequitur quod motivum irae alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2938 semper sit aliquid contra ipsum factum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2939 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35532"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2940 "ref">[35532] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2941 ergo dicendum quod ira non dicitur in Deo secundum passionem animi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2942 sed secundum iudicium iustitiae, prout vult vindictam facere de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2943 peccato. Peccator enim, peccando, Deo nihil nocere effective
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2944 potest, tamen ex parte sua dupliciter contra Deum agit. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2945 quidem, inquantum eum in suis mandatis contemnit. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2946 inquantum nocumentum aliquod infert alicui, vel sibi vel alteri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2947 quod ad Deum pertinet, prout ille cui nocumentum infertur, sub Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2948 providentia et tutela continetur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2949 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35533"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2950 "ref">[35533] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2951 dicendum quod irascimur contra illos qui aliis nocent et vindictam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2952 appetimus, inquantum illi quibus nocetur, aliquo modo ad nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2953 pertinent, vel per aliquam affinitatem, vel per amicitiam, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2954 saltem per communionem naturae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2955 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35534"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2956 "ref">[35534] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2957 dicendum quod id in quo maxime studemus, reputamus esse bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2958 nostrum. Et ideo, cum illud despicitur, reputamus nos quoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2959 despici, et arbitramur nos laesos.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2960 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="35535"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2961 "ref">[35535] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2962 dicendum quod tunc aliquis tacens ad iram provocat iniuriantem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2963 quando videtur ex contemptu tacere, quasi parvipendat alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2964 iram. Ipsa autem parvipensio quidam actus est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2965 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2966 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2967 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35536"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2968 "ref">[35536] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2969 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sola parvipensio vel despectio sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2970 motivum irae. Dicit enim Damascenus quod <i>iniuriam passi, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2971 aestimantes pati, irascimur</i>. Sed homo potest iniuriam pati
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2972 etiam absque despectu vel parvipensione. Ergo non sola parvipensio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2973 est irae motivum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2974 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35537"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2975 "ref">[35537] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2976 eiusdem est appetere honorem, et contristari de parvipensione. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2977 bruta animalia non appetunt honorem. Ergo non contristantur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2978 parvipensione. Et tamen in eis provocatur ira propter hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2979 vulnerantur, ut dicit philosophus, in III Ethic. Ergo non sola
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2980 parvipensio videtur esse motivum irae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2981 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35538"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2982 "ref">[35538] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2983 philosophus, in II Rhetoric., ponit multas alias causas irae, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2984 <i>oblivionem, et exultationem in infortuniis, denuntiationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2985 malorum, impedimentum consequendae propriae voluntatis</i>. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2986 ergo sola parvipensio est provocativum irae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2987 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35539"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2988 "ref">[35539] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2989 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>ira est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2990 appetitus cum tristitia punitionis, propter apparentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2991 parvipensionem non convenienter factam</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2992 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 co."><a name="35540"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2993 "ref">[35540] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2994 dicendum quod omnes causae irae reducuntur ad parvipensionem. Sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2995 enim tres species parvipensionis, ut dicitur in II Rhetoric.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2996 scilicet despectus, epereasmus, idest impedimentum voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2997 implendae, et contumeliatio, et ad haec tria omnia motiva irae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2998 reducuntur. Cuius ratio potest accipi duplex. Prima est, quia ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2999 appetit nocumentum alterius, inquantum habet rationem iusti
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3000 vindicativi, et ideo intantum quaerit vindictam, inquantum videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3001 esse iusta. Iusta autem vindicta non fit nisi de eo quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3002 iniuste factum, et ideo provocativum ad iram semper est aliquid sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3003 ratione iniusti. Unde dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3004 <i>si homines putaverint eos qui laeserunt, esse iuste passos, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3005 irascuntur, non enim fit ira ad iustum</i>. Contingit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3006 tripliciter nocumentum alicui inferri, scilicet ex ignorantia, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3007 passione, et ex electione. Tunc autem aliquis maxime iniustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3008 facit, quando ex electione vel industria, vel ex certa malitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3009 nocumentum infert, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Et ideo maxime irascimur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3010 contra illos quos putamus ex industria nobis nocuisse. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3011 putemus aliquos vel per ignorantiam, vel ex passione nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3012 intulisse iniuriam, vel non irascimur contra eos, vel multo minus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3013 agere enim aliquid ex ignorantia vel ex passione, diminuit rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3014 iniuriae, et est quodammodo provocativum misericordiae et veniae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3015 Illi autem qui ex industria nocumentum inferunt, ex contemptu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3016 peccare videntur, et ideo contra eos maxime irascimur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3017 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>his qui propter iram
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3018 aliquid fecerunt, aut non irascimur, aut minus irascimur, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3019 propter parvipensionem videntur egisse</i>. Secunda ratio est, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3020 parvipensio excellentiae hominis opponitur, quae enim homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3021 putant nullo digna esse, parvipendunt, ut dicitur in II Rhetoric.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3022 Ex omnibus autem bonis nostris aliquam excellentiam quaerimus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3023 ideo quodcumque nocumentum nobis inferatur, inquantum excellentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3024 derogat, videtur ad parvipensionem pertinere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3025 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35541"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3026 "ref">[35541] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3027 ergo dicendum quod ex quacumque alia causa aliquis iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3028 patiatur quam ex contemptu, illa causa minuit rationem iniuriae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3029 Sed solus contemptus, vel parvipensio, rationem irae auget. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3030 est per se causa irascendi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3031 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35542"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3032 "ref">[35542] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3033 dicendum quod, licet animal brutum non appetat honorem sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3034 honoris, appetit tamen naturaliter quandam excellentiam, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3035 irascitur contra ea quae illi excellentiae derogant.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3036 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35543"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3037 "ref">[35543] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3038 dicendum quod omnes illae causae ad quandam parvipensionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3039 reducuntur. Oblivio enim parvipensionis est evidens signum, ea enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3040 quae magna aestimamus, magis memoriae infigimus. Similiter ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3041 quadam parvipensione est quod aliquis non vereatur contristare
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3042 aliquem, denuntiando sibi aliqua tristia. Qui etiam in infortuniis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3043 alicuius hilaritatis signa ostendit, videtur parum curare de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3044 vel malo eius. Similiter etiam qui impedit aliquem a sui propositi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3045 assecutione, non propter aliquam utilitatem sibi inde provenientem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3046 non videtur multum curare de amicitia eius. Et ideo omnia talia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3047 inquantum sunt signa contemptus, sunt provocativa irae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3048 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3049 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3050 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35544"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3051 "ref">[35544] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3052 sic proceditur. Videtur quod excellentia alicuius non sit causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3053 quod facilius irascatur. Dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3054 quod <i>maxime aliqui irascuntur cum tristantur, ut infirmi, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3055 egentes, et qui non habent id quod concupiscunt</i>. Sed omnia ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3056 ad defectum pertinere videntur. Ergo magis facit pronum ad iram
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3057 defectus quam excellentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3058 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35545"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3059 "ref">[35545] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3060 philosophus dicit ibidem quod <i>tunc aliqui maxime irascuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3061 quando in eis despicitur id de quo potest esse suspicio quod vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3062 non insit eis, vel quod insit eis debiliter, sed cum putant se
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3063 multum excellere in illis in quibus despiciuntur, non curant</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3064 Sed praedicta suspicio ex defectu provenit. Ergo defectus est magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3065 causa quod aliquis irascatur, quam excellentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3066 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35546"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3067 "ref">[35546] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3068 ea quae ad excellentiam pertinent, maxime faciunt homines iucundos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3069 et bonae spei esse. Sed philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3070 <i>in ludo, in risu, in festo, in prosperitate, in consummatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3071 operum, in delectatione non turpi, et in spe optima, homines non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3072 irascuntur</i>. Ergo excellentia non est causa irae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3073 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35547"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3074 "ref">[35547] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3075 est quod philosophus, in eodem libro, dicit quod homines propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3076 excellentiam indignantur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3077 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 co."><a name="35548"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3078 "ref">[35548] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3079 dicendum quod causa irae in eo qui irascitur, dupliciter accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3080 potest. Uno modo, secundum habitudinem ad motivum irae. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3081 excellentia est causa ut aliquis de facili irascatur. Est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3082 motivum irae iniusta parvipensio, ut dictum est. Constat autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3083 quanto aliquis est excellentior, iniustius parvipenditur in hoc in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3084 quo excellit. Et ideo illi qui sunt in aliqua excellentia, maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3085 irascuntur, si parvipendantur, puta si dives parvipenditur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3086 pecunia, et rhetor in loquendo, et sic de aliis. Alio modo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3087 considerari causa irae in eo qui irascitur, ex parte dispositionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3088 quae in eo relinquitur ex tali motivo. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3089 nihil movet ad iram, nisi nocumentum quod contristat. Ea autem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3090 ad defectum pertinent, maxime sunt contristantia, quia homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3091 defectibus subiacentes facilius laeduntur. Et ista est causa quare
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3092 homines qui sunt infirmi, vel in aliis defectibus, facilius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3093 irascuntur, quia facilius contristantur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3094 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35549"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3095 "ref">[35549] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3096 patet responsio ad primum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3097 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35550"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3098 "ref">[35550] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3099 dicendum quod ille qui despicitur in eo in quo manifeste multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3100 excellit, non reputat se aliquam iacturam pati, et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3101 contristatur, et ex hac parte minus irascitur. Sed ex alia parte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3102 inquantum indignius despicitur, habet maiorem rationem irascendi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3103 Nisi forte reputet se non invideri vel subsannari propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3104 despectum; sed propter ignorantiam, vel propter aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3105 huiusmodi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3106 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35551"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3107 "ref">[35551] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3108 dicendum quod omnia illa impediunt iram, inquantum impediunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3109 tristitiam. Sed ex alia parte, nata sunt provocare iram, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3110 quod faciunt hominem inconvenientius despici.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3111 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3112 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3113 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35552"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3114 "ref">[35552] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3115 sic proceditur. Videtur quod defectus alicuius non sit causa ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3116 contra ipsum facilius irascamur. Dicit enim philosophus, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3117 Rhetoric., quod <i>his qui confitentur et poenitent et humiliantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3118 non irascimur, sed magis ad eos mitescimus. Unde et canes non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3119 mordent eos qui resident</i>. Sed haec pertinent ad parvitatem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3120 defectum. Ergo parvitas alicuius est causa ut ei minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3121 irascamur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3122 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35553"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3123 "ref">[35553] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3124 nullus est maior defectus quam mortis. Sed ad mortuos desinit ira.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3125 Ergo defectus alicuius non est causa provocativa irae contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3126 ipsum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3127 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35554"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3128 "ref">[35554] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3129 nullus aestimat aliquem parvum ex hoc quod est sibi amicus. Sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3130 amicos, si nos offenderint, vel si non iuverint, magis offendimur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3131 unde dicitur in Psalmo LIV, <i>si inimicus meus maledixisset mihi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3132 sustinuissem utique</i>. Ergo defectus alicuius non est causa ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3133 contra ipsum facilius irascamur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3134 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35555"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3135 "ref">[35555] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3136 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>dives
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3137 irascitur contra pauperem, si eum despiciat; et principans contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3138 subiectum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3139 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 co."><a name="35556"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3140 "ref">[35556] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3141 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, indigna despectio est maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3142 provocativa irae. Defectus igitur vel parvitas eius contra quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3143 irascimur, facit ad augmentum irae, inquantum auget indignam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3144 despectionem. Sicut enim quanto aliquis est maior, tanto indignius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3145 despicitur; ita quanto aliquis est minor, tanto indignius despicit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3146 Et ideo nobiles irascuntur si despiciantur a rusticis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3147 sapientes ab insipientibus, vel domini a servis. Si vero parvitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3148 vel defectus diminuat despectionem indignam, talis parvitas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3149 auget, sed diminuit iram. Et hoc modo illi qui poenitent de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3150 iniuriis factis, et confitentur se male fecisse, et humiliantur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3151 veniam petunt, mitigant iram, secundum illud Prov. XV, <i>responsio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3152 mollis frangit iram</i>, inquantum scilicet tales videntur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3153 despicere, sed magis magnipendere eos quibus se humiliant.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3154 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35557"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3155 "ref">[35557] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3156 patet responsio ad primum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3157 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35558"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3158 "ref">[35558] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3159 dicendum quod duplex est causa quare ad mortuos cessat ira. Una,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3160 quia non possunt dolere et sentire, quod maxime quaerunt irati in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3161 his quibus irascuntur. Alio modo, quia iam videntur ad ultimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3162 malorum pervenisse. Unde etiam ad quoscumque graviter laesos cessat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3163 ira, inquantum eorum malum excedit mensuram iustae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3164 retributionis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3165 <p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35559"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3166 "ref">[35559] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3167 dicendum quod etiam despectio quae est ab amicis, videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3168 magis indigna. Et ideo ex simili causa magis irascimur contra eos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3169 si despiciant, vel nocendo vel non iuvando, sicut et contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3170 minores.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3171 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3172 <div class="D">Quaestio 48</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3173 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3174 <p title="I-II q. 48 pr."><a name="35560"><span class="ref">[35560]
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3175 Iª-IIae q. 48 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3176 effectibus irae. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3177 causet delectationem. Secundo, utrum maxime causet fervorem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3178 corde. Tertio, utrum maxime impediat rationis usum. Quarto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3179 causet taciturnitatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3180 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3181 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3182 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35561"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3183 "ref">[35561] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3184 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non causet delectationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3185 Tristitia enim delectationem excludit. Sed ira est semper cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3186 tristitia, quia, ut dicitur in VII Ethic., <i>omnis qui facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3187 aliquid per iram, facit tristatus</i>. Ergo ira non causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3188 delectationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3189 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35562"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3190 "ref">[35562] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3191 philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>punitio quietat impetum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3192 irae, delectationem pro tristitia faciens</i>, ex quo potest accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3193 quod delectatio irato provenit ex punitione, punitio autem excludit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3194 iram. Ergo, adveniente delectatione, ira tollitur. Non est ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3195 effectus delectationi coniunctus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3196 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35563"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3197 "ref">[35563] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3198 nullus effectus impedit causam suam, cum sit suae causae conformis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3199 Sed delectationes impediunt iram, ut dicitur in II Rhetoric. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3200 delectatio non est effectus irae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3201 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35564"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3202 "ref">[35564] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3203 est quod philosophus, in eodem libro, inducit proverbium, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3204 <i>ira multo dulcior melle distillante in pectoribus virorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3205 crescit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3206 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 co."><a name="35565"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3207 "ref">[35565] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3208 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in VII Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3209 delectationes, maxime sensibiles et corporales, sunt medicinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3210 quaedam contra tristitiam, et ideo quanto per delectationem contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3211 maiorem tristitiam vel anxietatem remedium praestatur, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3212 delectatio magis percipitur; sicut patet quod quando aliquis sitit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3213 delectabilior fit ei potus. Manifestum est autem ex praedictis quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3214 motus irae insurgit ex aliqua illata iniuria contristante; cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3215 quidem tristitiae remedium adhibetur per vindictam. Et ideo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3216 praesentiam vindictae delectatio sequitur, et tanto maior, quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3217 maior fuit tristitia. Si igitur vindicta fuerit praesens realiter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3218 fit perfecta delectatio, quae totaliter excludit tristitiam, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3219 hoc quietat motum irae. Sed antequam vindicta sit praesens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3220 realiter, fit irascenti praesens dupliciter. Uno modo, per spem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3221 quia nullus irascitur nisi sperans vindictam, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3222 Alio modo, secundum continuam cogitationem. Unicuique enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3223 concupiscenti est delectabile immorari in cogitatione eorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3224 concupiscit, propter quod etiam imaginationes somniorum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3225 delectabiles. Et ideo, cum iratus multum in animo suo cogitet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3226 vindicta, ex hoc delectatur. Tamen delectatio non est perfecta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3227 quae tollat tristitiam, et per consequens iram.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3228 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35566"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3229 "ref">[35566] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3230 ergo dicendum quod non de eodem iratus tristatur et gaudet, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3231 tristatur de illata iniuria, delectatur autem de vindicta cogitata
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3232 et sperata. Unde tristitia se habet ad iram sicut principium, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3233 delectatio sicut effectus vel terminus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3234 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35567"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3235 "ref">[35567] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3236 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de delectatione quae causatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3237 ex reali praesentia vindictae, quae totaliter tollit iram.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3238 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35568"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3239 "ref">[35568] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3240 dicendum quod delectationes praecedentes impediunt ne sequatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3241 tristitia; et per consequens impediunt iram. Sed delectatio de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3242 vindicta consequitur ipsam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3243 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3244 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3245 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35569"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3246 "ref">[35569] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3247 sic proceditur. Videtur quod fervor non sit maxime effectus irae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3248 Fervor enim, sicut supra dictum est, pertinet ad amorem. Sed amor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3249 sicut supra dictum est, principium est et causa omnium passionum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3250 Cum ergo causa sit potior effectu, videtur quod ira non faciat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3251 maxime fervorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3252 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35570"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3253 "ref">[35570] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3254 illa quae de se excitant fervorem, per temporis assiduitatem magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3255 augentur, sicut amor diuturnitate convalescit. Sed ira per tractum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3256 temporis debilitatur, dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3257 tempus quietat iram. Ergo ira non proprie causat fervorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3258 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35571"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3259 "ref">[35571] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3260 fervor additus fervori, augmentat fervorem. <i>Sed maior ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3261 superveniens facit iram mitescere</i>, ut philosophus dicit, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3262 Rhetoric. Ergo ira non causat fervorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3263 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35572"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3264 "ref">[35572] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3265 est quod Damascenus dicit, quod <i>ira est fervor eius qui circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3266 cor est sanguinis, ex evaporatione fellis fiens</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3267 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 co."><a name="35573"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3268 "ref">[35573] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3269 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, corporalis transmutatio quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3270 in passionibus animae, proportionatur motui appetitus. Manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3271 est autem quod quilibet appetitus, etiam naturalis, fortius tendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3272 in id quod est sibi contrarium, si fuerit praesens, unde videmus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3273 quod aqua calefacta magis congelatur, quasi frigido vehementius in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3274 calidum agente. Motus autem appetitivus irae causatur ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3275 iniuria illata, sicut ex quodam contrario iniacente. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3276 appetitus potissime tendit ad repellendum iniuriam per appetitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3277 vindictae, et ex hoc sequitur magna vehementia et impetuositas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3278 motu irae. Et quia motus irae non est per modum retractionis, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3279 proportionatur frigus; sed magis per modum insecutionis, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3280 proportionatur calor; consequenter fit motus irae causativus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3281 cuiusdam fervoris sanguinis et spirituum circa cor, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3282 instrumentum passionum animae. Et exinde est quod, propter magnam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3283 perturbationem cordis quae est in ira, maxime apparent in iratis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3284 indicia quaedam in exterioribus membris. Ut enim Gregorius dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3285 in V Moral., <i>irae suae stimulis accensum cor palpitat, corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3286 tremit, lingua se praepedit, facies ignescit, exasperantur oculi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3287 et nequaquam recognoscuntur noti, ore quidem clamorem format, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3288 sensus quid loquatur, ignorat</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3289 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35574"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3290 "ref">[35574] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3291 ergo dicendum quod <i>amor ipse non ita sentitur, nisi cum eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3292 prodit indigentia</i>, ut Augustinus dicit, in X de Trin. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3293 quando homo patitur detrimentum amatae excellentiae propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3294 iniuriam illatam, magis sentitur amor; et ideo ferventius cor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3295 mutatur ad removendum impedimentum rei amatae; ut sic fervor ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3296 amoris per iram crescat, et magis sentiatur. Et tamen fervor qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3297 consequitur calorem, alia ratione pertinet ad amorem, et ad iram.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3298 Nam fervor amoris est cum quadam dulcedine et lenitate, est enim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3299 bonum amatum. Et ideo assimilatur calori aeris et sanguinis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3300 propter quod, sanguinei sunt magis amativi; et dicitur quod cogit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3301 amare iecur, in quo fit quaedam generatio sanguinis. Fervor autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3302 irae est cum amaritudine, ad consumendum, quia tendit ad punitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3303 contrarii. Unde assimilatur calori ignis et cholerae, et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3304 hoc Damascenus dicit quod <i>procedit ex evaporatione fellis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3305 fellea nominatur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3306 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35575"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3307 "ref">[35575] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3308 dicendum quod omne illud cuius causa per tempus diminuitur, necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3309 est quod tempore debilitetur. Manifestum est autem quod memoria
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3310 tempore diminuitur, quae enim antiqua sunt, a memoria de facili
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3311 excidunt. Ira autem causatur ex memoria iniuriae illatae. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3312 causa irae per tempus paulatim diminuitur, quousque totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3313 tollatur. Maior etiam videtur iniuria quando primo sentitur; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3314 paulatim diminuitur eius aestimatio, secundum quod magis receditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3315 a praesenti sensu iniuriae. Et similiter etiam est de amore, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3316 amoris causa remaneat in sola memoria, unde philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3317 VIII Ethic., quod si <i>diuturna fiat amici absentia, videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3318 amicitiae oblivionem facere</i>. Sed in praesentia amici, semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3319 per tempus multiplicatur causa amicitiae, et ideo amicitia crescit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3320 Et similiter esset de ira, si continue multiplicaretur causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3321 ipsius. Tamen hoc ipsum quod ira cito consumitur, attestatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3322 vehementi fervori ipsius. Sicut enim ignis magnus cito extinguitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3323 consumpta materia; ita etiam ira, propter suam vehementiam, cito
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3324 deficit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3325 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35576"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3326 "ref">[35576] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3327 dicendum quod omnis virtus divisa in plures partes, diminuitur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3328 ideo quando aliquis iratus alicui, irascitur postmodum alteri, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3329 hoc ipso diminuitur ira ad primum. Et praecipue si ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3330 fuerit maior ira, nam iniuria quae excitavit iram ad primum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3331 videbitur, comparatione secundae iniuriae, quae aestimatur maior,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3332 esse parva vel nulla.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3333 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3334 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3335 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35577"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3336 "ref">[35577] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3337 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non impediat rationem. Illud enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3338 quod est cum ratione, non videtur esse rationis impedimentum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3339 ira est cum ratione, ut dicitur in VII Ethic. Ergo ira non impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3340 rationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3341 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35578"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3342 "ref">[35578] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3343 quanto magis impeditur ratio, tanto diminuitur manifestatio. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3344 philosophus dicit in VII Ethic., quod <i>iracundus non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3345 insidiator, sed manifestus</i>. Ergo ira non videtur impedire usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3346 rationis, sicut concupiscentia; quae est insidiosa, ut ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3347 dicitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3348 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35579"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3349 "ref">[35579] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3350 iudicium rationis evidentius fit ex adiunctione contrarii, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3351 contraria iuxta se posita magis elucescunt. Sed ex hoc etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3352 crescit ira, dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3353 homines irascuntur, si contraria praeexistunt, sicut honorati si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3354 dehonorentur</i>; et sic de aliis. Ergo ex eodem et ira crescit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3355 iudicium rationis adiuvatur. Non ergo ira impedit iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3356 rationis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3357 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35580"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3358 "ref">[35580] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3359 est quod Gregorius dicit, in V Moral., quod <i>ira intelligentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3360 lucem subtrahit, cum mentem permovendo confundit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3361 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 co."><a name="35581"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3362 "ref">[35581] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3363 dicendum quod mens vel ratio quamvis non utatur organo corporali in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3364 suo proprio actu; tamen, quia indiget ad sui actum quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3365 viribus sensitivis, quorum actus impediuntur corpore perturbato;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3366 necesse est quod perturbationes corporales etiam iudicium rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3367 impediant, sicut patet in ebrietate et somno. Dictum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3368 ira maxime facit perturbationem corporalem circa cor, ita ut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3369 usque ad exteriora membra derivetur. Unde ira, inter ceteras
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3370 passiones, manifestius impedit iudicium rationis; secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3371 Psalmi XXX, <i>conturbatus est in ira oculus meus</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3372 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35582"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3373 "ref">[35582] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3374 ergo dicendum quod a ratione est principium irae, quantum ad motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3375 appetitivum, qui est formalis in ira. Sed perfectum iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3376 rationis passio irae praeoccupat quasi non perfecte rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3377 audiens, propter commotionem caloris velociter impellentis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3378 est materialis in ira. Et quantum ad hoc, impedit iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3379 rationis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3380 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35583"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3381 "ref">[35583] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3382 dicendum quod iracundus dicitur esse manifestus, non quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3383 manifestum sit sibi quid facere debeat, sed quia manifeste
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3384 operatur, non quaerens aliquam occultationem. Quod partim contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3385 propter impedimentum rationis, quae non potest discernere quid sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3386 occultandum et quid manifestandum, nec etiam excogitare occultandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3387 vias. Partim vero est ex ampliatione cordis, quae pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3388 magnanimitatem, quam facit ira, unde et de magnanimo philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3389 dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>est manifestus oditor et amator et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3390 manifeste dicit et operatur</i>. Concupiscentia autem dicitur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3391 latens et insidiosa, quia, ut plurimum, delectabilia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3392 concupiscuntur, habent turpitudinem quandam et mollitiem, in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3393 homo vult latere. In his autem quae sunt virilitatis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3394 excellentiae, cuiusmodi sunt vindictae, quaerit homo manifestus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3395 esse.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3396 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35584"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3397 "ref">[35584] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3398 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, motus irae a ratione incipit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3399 ideo secundum idem appositio contrarii ad contrarium adiuvat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3400 iudicium rationis, et auget iram. Cum enim aliquis habet honorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3401 vel divitias, et postea incurrit alicuius detrimentum, illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3402 detrimentum apparet maius, tum propter vicinitatem contrarii; tum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3403 quia erat inopinatum. Et ideo causat maiorem tristitiam, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3404 etiam magna bona ex inopinato venientia, causant maiorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3405 delectationem. Et secundum augmentum tristitiae praecedentis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3406 consequenter augetur et ira.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3407 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3408 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3409 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35585"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3410 "ref">[35585] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3411 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non causet taciturnitatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3412 Taciturnitas enim locutioni opponitur. Sed per crementum irae usque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3413 ad locutionem pervenitur, ut patet per gradus irae quos dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3414 assignat, Matth. V, dicens, <i>qui irascitur fratri suo; et, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3415 dixerit fratri suo, raca; et, qui dixerit fratri suo, fatue</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3416 Ergo ira non causat taciturnitatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3417 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35586"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3418 "ref">[35586] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3419 ex hoc quod custodia rationis deficit, contingit quod homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3420 prorumpat ad verba inordinata, unde dicitur Prov. XXV, <i>sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3421 urbs patens et absque murorum ambitu, ita vir qui non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3422 cohibere in loquendo spiritum suum</i>. Sed ira maxime impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3423 iudicium rationis, ut dictum est. Ergo facit maxime profluere in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3424 verba inordinata. Non ergo causat taciturnitatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3425 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35587"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3426 "ref">[35587] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3427 Matth. XII dicitur, ex abundantia cordis os loquitur. Sed per iram
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3428 cor maxime perturbatur, ut dictum est. Ergo maxime causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3429 locutionem. Non ergo causat taciturnitatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3430 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35588"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3431 "ref">[35588] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3432 est quod Gregorius dicit, in V Moral., quod <i>ira per silentium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3433 clausa, intra mentem vehementius aestuat</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3434 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 co."><a name="35589"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3435 "ref">[35589] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3436 dicendum quod ira, sicut iam dictum est, et cum ratione est, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3437 impedit rationem. Et ex utraque parte, potest taciturnitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3438 causare. Ex parte quidem rationis, quando iudicium rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3439 intantum viget quod, etsi non cohibeat affectum ab inordinato
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3440 appetitu vindictae, cohibet tamen linguam ab inordinata locutione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3441 Unde Gregorius, in V Moral., dicit, <i>aliquando ira perturbato
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3442 animo, quasi ex iudicio, silentium indicit</i>. Ex parte vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3443 impedimenti rationis, quia, sicut dictum est, perturbatio irae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3444 usque ad exteriora membra perducitur; et maxime ad illa membra in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3445 quibus expressius relucet vestigium cordis, sicut in oculis et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3446 facie et in lingua; unde, sicut dictum est, <i>lingua se praepedit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3447 facies ignescit, exasperantur oculi</i>. Potest ergo esse tanta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3448 perturbatio irae, quod omnino impediatur lingua ab usu loquendi. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3449 tunc sequitur taciturnitas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3450 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35590"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3451 "ref">[35590] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3452 ergo dicendum quod augmentum irae quandoque est usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3453 impediendum rationem a cohibitione linguae. Quandoque autem ultra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3454 procedit, usque ad impediendum motum linguae, et aliorum membrorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3455 exteriorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3456 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35591"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3457 "ref">[35591] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3458 etiam patet solutio ad secundum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3459 <p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35592"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3460 "ref">[35592] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3461 dicendum quod perturbatio cordis quandoque potest superabundare
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3462 usque ad hoc, quod per inordinatum motum cordis impediatur motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3463 exteriorum membrorum. Et tunc causatur taciturnitas, et immobilitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3464 exteriorum membrorum, et quandoque etiam mors. Si autem non fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3465 tanta perturbatio, tunc ex abundantia perturbationis cordis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3466 sequitur oris locutio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3467 <div class="centro"><br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3468 <p><a href="sth2026.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3469 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3470 <a href="sth2049.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3471 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3472 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3473 <hr />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3474 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3475 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3476 hanc editionem<br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3477 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3478 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3479 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3480 </div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3481 </body>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3482 </html>

Mercurial > hg > Aquinas

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