annotate summa/latin/sth3106.html @ 28:544e12f679ad

convert to xml
author ht
date Tue, 24 Nov 2009 19:27:32 +0000
parents 4006eb4882de
children d777cc3962f2
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28
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, II&ordf;-IIae q.
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23 106-108</title>
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24 </head>
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25 <body>
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26 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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27 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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29 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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30 <div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione CVI ad
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31 CVIII</div>
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32 <br />
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33 <div class="centro">
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34 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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35 <tr>
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36 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border=
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37 "0" alt=
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38 "Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)"
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39 align="middle" /></th>
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40 </tr>
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41 </table>
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42 <br />
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43 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1897 editum<br />
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44 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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45 magneticas<br />
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46 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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47 <br /></span><br />
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48 <hr />
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49 <br />
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50 <p><a href="sth3102.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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52 <a href="sth3109.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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53 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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54 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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55 //<![CDATA[
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56 <!--
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57 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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137 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43552">II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 3 arg. 2');
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153 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43568">II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 pr.');
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154 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43569">II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 arg. 1');
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166 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43581">II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 2 arg. 1');
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167 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43582">II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 2 arg. 2');
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180 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43595">II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 3 ad 2');
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181 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43596">II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 3 ad 3');
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182 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43597">II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 arg. 1');
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183 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43598">II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 arg. 2');
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185 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43600">II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 arg. 4');
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191 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43606">II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 ad 3');
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192 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43607">II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 ad 4');
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193 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43608">II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 ad 5');
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194 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
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195 document.write('<BR><BR>');
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196 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
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197 document.write('<\/FORM>');
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198 // -->
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199 //]]>
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200 </script><br />
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201 <hr />
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202 <br /></div>
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203 <div class="D">Quaestio 106</div>
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204 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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205 <p title="II-II q. 106 pr."><a name="43481"><span class=
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206 "ref">[43481] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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207 considerandum est de gratia sive gratitudine, et ingratitudine.
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208 Circa gratiam autem quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum gratia sit virtus
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209 specialis ab aliis distincta. Secundo, quis tenetur ad maiores
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210 gratiarum actiones Deo, utrum innocens vel poenitens. Tertio, utrum
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211 semper teneatur homo ad gratias humanis beneficiis reddendas.
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212 Quarto, utrum retributio gratiarum sit differenda. Quinto, utrum
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213 sit mensuranda secundum acceptum beneficium, vel secundum dantis
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214 affectum. Sexto, utrum oporteat aliquid maius rependere.</p>
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215 <br />
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216 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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217 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43482"><span class=
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218 "ref">[43482] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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219 sic proceditur. Videtur quod gratia non sit virtus specialis ab
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220 aliis distincta. Maxima enim beneficia a Deo et a parentibus
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221 accepimus. Sed honor quem Deo retribuimus, pertinet ad virtutem
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222 religionis, honor autem quem retribuimus parentibus, pertinet ad
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223 virtutem pietatis. Ergo gratia sive gratitudo non est virtus ab
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224 aliis distincta.</p>
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225 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43483"><span class=
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226 "ref">[43483] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
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227 Praeterea, retributio proportionalis pertinet ad iustitiam
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228 commutativam, ut patet per philosophum, in V Ethic. Sed gratiae
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229 redduntur ut retributio sit, ut ibidem dicitur. Ergo redditio
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230 gratiarum, quod pertinet ad gratitudinem, est actus iustitiae. Non
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231 ergo gratitudo est specialis virtus ab aliis distincta.</p>
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232 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43484"><span class=
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233 "ref">[43484] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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234 Praeterea, recompensatio requiritur ad amicitiam conservandam, ut
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235 patet per philosophum, in VIII et IX Ethic. Sed amicitia se habet
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236 ad omnes virtutes, propter quas homo amatur. Ergo gratia sive
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237 gratitudo, ad quam pertinet recompensare beneficia, non est
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238 specialis virtus.</p>
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239 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43485"><span class=
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240 "ref">[43485] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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241 est quod Tullius ponit gratiam specialem iustitiae partem.</p>
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242 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 1 co."><a name="43486"><span class=
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243 "ref">[43486] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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244 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, secundum diversas causas ex
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245 quibus aliquid debetur, necesse est diversificari debiti reddendi
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246 rationem, ita tamen quod semper in maiori illud quod minus est
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247 continetur. In Deo autem primo et principaliter invenitur causa
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248 debiti, eo quod ipse est primum principium omnium bonorum
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249 nostrorum. Secundario autem, in patre, quod est proximum nostrae
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250 generationis et disciplinae principium. Tertio autem, in persona
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251 quae dignitate praecellit, ex qua communia beneficia procedunt.
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252 Quarto autem, in aliquo benefactore a quo aliqua particularia et
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253 privata beneficia percepimus, pro quibus particulariter ei
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254 obligamur. Quia ergo non quidquid debemus Deo vel patri vel
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255 personae dignitate praecellenti, debemus alicui benefactorum a quo
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256 aliquod particulare beneficium recepimus; inde est quod post
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257 religionem, qua debitum cultum Deo impendimus; et pietatem, qua
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258 colimus parentes; et observantiam, qua colimus personas dignitate
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259 praecellentes; est gratia sive gratitudo, quae benefactoribus
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260 gratiam recompensat. Et distinguitur a praemissis virtutibus, sicut
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261 quaelibet posteriorum distinguitur a priori, quasi ab eo
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262 deficiens.</p>
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263 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43487"><span class=
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264 "ref">[43487] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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265 ergo dicendum quod sicut religio est quaedam superexcellens pietas,
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266 ita est etiam quaedam excellens gratia seu gratitudo. Unde et
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267 gratiarum actio ad Deum supra posita est inter ea quae ad
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268 religionem pertinent.</p>
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269 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43488"><span class=
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270 "ref">[43488] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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271 dicendum quod retributio proportionalis pertinet ad iustitiam
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272 commutativam quando attenditur secundum debitum legale, puta si
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273 pacto firmetur ut tantum pro tanto retribuatur. Sed ad virtutem
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274 gratiae sive gratitudinis pertinet retributio quae fit ex solo
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275 debito honestatis, quam scilicet aliquis sponte facit. Unde
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276 gratitudo est minus grata si sit coacta, ut Seneca dicit, in libro
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277 de beneficiis.</p>
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278 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43489"><span class=
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279 "ref">[43489] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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280 dicendum quod cum vera amicitia supra virtutem fundetur, quidquid
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281 est virtuti contrarium in amico est amicitiae impeditivum, et
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282 quidquid est virtuosum est amicitiae provocativum. Et secundum hoc,
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283 per recompensationem beneficiorum amicitia conservatur; quamvis
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284 recompensatio beneficiorum specialiter ad virtutem gratitudinis
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285 pertineat.</p>
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286 <br />
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287 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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288 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43490"><span class=
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289 "ref">[43490] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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290 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod magis teneatur ad gratias
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291 reddendas Deo innocens quam poenitens. Quanto enim aliquis maius
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292 donum percepit a Deo, tanto magis ad gratiarum actiones tenetur.
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293 Sed maius est donum innocentiae quam iustitiae restitutae. Ergo
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294 videtur quod magis teneatur ad gratiarum actionem innocens quam
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295 poenitens.</p>
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296 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43491"><span class=
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297 "ref">[43491] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
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298 Praeterea, sicut benefactori debetur gratiarum actio, ita et
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299 dilectio. Sed Augustinus dicit, in II Confess., <i>quis hominum,
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300 suam cogitans infirmitatem, audet viribus suis tribuere castitatem
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301 atque innocentiam suam, ut minus amet te, quasi minus fuerit ei
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302 necessaria misericordia tua donans peccata conversis ad te?</i> Et
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303 postea subdit, <i>et ideo tantundem, immo amplius te diligat, quia
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304 per quem me videt tantis peccatorum meorum languoribus exui, per
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305 eum se videt tantis peccatorum languoribus non implicari</i>. Ergo
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306 etiam magis tenetur ad gratiam reddendam innocens quam
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307 poenitens.</p>
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308 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43492"><span class=
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309 "ref">[43492] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
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310 Praeterea, quanto gratuitum beneficium est magis continuatum, tanto
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311 maior pro eo debetur gratiarum actio. Sed in innocente magis
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312 continuatur divinae gratiae beneficium quam in poenitente. Dicit
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313 enim Augustinus, ibidem, <i>gratiae tuae deputo, et misericordiae
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314 tuae, quod peccata mea tanquam glaciem solvisti. Gratiae tuae
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315 deputo et quaecumque non feci mala, quid enim non facere potui? Et
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316 omnia mihi dimissa esse fateor, et quae mea sponte feci mala, et
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317 quae te duce non feci</i>. Ergo magis tenetur ad gratiarum actionem
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318 innocens quam poenitens.</p>
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319 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43493"><span class=
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320 "ref">[43493] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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321 est quod dicitur Luc. VII, <i>cui plus dimittitur, plus
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322 diligit</i>. Ergo, eadem ratione, plus tenetur ad gratiarum
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323 actiones.</p>
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324 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 2 co."><a name="43494"><span class=
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325 "ref">[43494] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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326 dicendum quod actio gratiarum in accipiente respicit gratiam
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327 dantis. Unde ubi est maior gratia ex parte dantis, ibi requiritur
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328 maior gratiarum actio ex parte recipientis. Gratia autem est quod
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329 gratis datur. Unde dupliciter potest esse ex parte dantis maior
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330 gratia. Uno modo, ex quantitate dati. Et hoc modo, innocens tenetur
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331 ad maiores gratiarum actiones, quia maius donum ei datur a Deo et
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332 magis continuatum, ceteris paribus, absolute loquendo. Alio modo
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333 potest dici maior gratia quia magis datur gratis. Et secundum hoc,
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334 magis tenetur ad gratiarum actiones poenitens quam innocens, quia
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335 magis gratis datur illud quod ei datur a Deo; cum enim esset dignus
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336 poena, datur ei gratia. Et sic, licet illud donum quod datur
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337 innocenti sit, absolute consideratum, maius; tamen donum quod datur
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338 poenitenti est maius in comparatione ad ipsum, sicut etiam parvum
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339 donum pauperi datum ei est maius quam diviti magnum. Et quia actus
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340 circa singularia sunt, in his quae agenda sunt magis consideratur
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341 quod est hic vel nunc tale, quam quod est simpliciter tale, sicut
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342 philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., de voluntario et
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343 involuntario.</p>
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344 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="43495"><span class=
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345 "ref">[43495] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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346 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
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347 <br />
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348 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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349 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43496"><span class=
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350 "ref">[43496] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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351 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod homo non teneatur ad gratiarum
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352 actiones omni homini benefacienti. Potest enim aliquis sibi ipsi
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353 benefacere, sicut et sibi ipsi nocere, secundum illud Eccli. XIV,
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354 <i>qui sibi nequam est, cui alii bonus erit?</i> Sed homo sibi ipsi
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355 non potest gratias agere, quia gratiarum actio videtur transire ab
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356 uno in alterum. Ergo non omni benefactori debetur gratiarum
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357 actio.</p>
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358 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43497"><span class=
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359 "ref">[43497] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
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360 Praeterea, gratiarum actio est quaedam gratiae recompensatio. Sed
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361 aliqua beneficia non cum gratia dantur, sed magis cum contumelia,
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362 et tarditate vel tristitia. Ergo non semper benefactori sunt
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363 gratiae reddendae.</p>
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364 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43498"><span class=
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365 "ref">[43498] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
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366 Praeterea, nulli debetur gratiarum actio ex eo quod suam utilitatem
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367 procurat. Sed quandoque aliqui aliqua beneficia dant propter suam
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368 utilitatem. Ergo eis non debetur gratiarum actio.</p>
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369 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="43499"><span class=
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370 "ref">[43499] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a>
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371 Praeterea, servo non debetur gratiarum actio, quia hoc ipsum quod
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372 est, domini est. Sed quandoque contingit servum in dominum
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373 beneficum esse. Ergo non omni benefactori debetur gratiarum
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374 actio.</p>
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375 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="43500"><span class=
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376 "ref">[43500] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a>
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377 Praeterea, nullus tenetur ad id quod facere non potest honeste et
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378 utiliter. Sed quandoque contingit quod ille qui beneficium tribuit
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379 est in statu magnae felicitatis, cui inutiliter aliquid
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380 recompensaretur pro suscepto beneficio. Quandoque etiam contingit
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381 quod benefactor mutatur de virtute in vitium, et sic videtur quod
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382 ei honeste recompensari non potest. Quandoque etiam ille qui
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383 accipit beneficium pauper est, et omnino recompensare non potest.
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384 Ergo videtur quod non semper teneatur homo ad gratiarum
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385 recompensationem.</p>
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386 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 arg. 6"><a name="43501"><span class=
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387 "ref">[43501] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 arg. 6</span></a>
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388 Praeterea, nullus debet pro alio facere quod ei non expedit, sed
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389 est ei nocivum. Sed quandoque contingit quod recompensatio
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390 beneficii est nociva vel inutilis ei cui recompensatur. Ergo non
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391 semper est beneficium recompensandum per gratiarum actionem.</p>
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392 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43502"><span class=
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393 "ref">[43502] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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394 est quod dicitur I ad Thess. ult., <i>in omnibus gratias
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395 agite</i>.</p>
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396 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 co."><a name="43503"><span class=
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397 "ref">[43503] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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398 dicendum quod omnis effectus naturaliter ad suam causam
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399 convertitur. Unde Dionysius dicit, I cap. de Div. Nom., quod Deus
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400 omnia in se convertit, tanquam omnium causa, semper enim oportet
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401 quod effectus ordinetur ad finem agentis. Manifestum est autem quod
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402 benefactor, inquantum huiusmodi, est causa beneficiati. Et ideo
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403 naturalis ordo requirit ut ille qui suscipit beneficium, per
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404 gratiarum recompensationem convertatur ad benefactorem, secundum
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405 modum utriusque. Et sicut de patre supra dictum est, benefactori
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406 quidem, inquantum huiusmodi, debetur honor et reverentia, eo quod
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407 habet rationem principii, sed per accidens debetur ei subventio vel
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408 sustentatio, si indigeat.</p>
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409 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43504"><span class=
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410 "ref">[43504] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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411 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Seneca dicit, in V de Benefic., <i>sicut
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412 non est liberalis qui sibi donat, nec clemens qui sibi ignoscit,
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413 nec misericors qui malis suis tangitur, sed qui aliis, ita etiam
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414 nemo sibi ipsi beneficium dat, sed naturae suae paret, quae movet
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415 ad refutanda nociva et ad appetenda proficua</i>. Unde in his quae
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416 sunt ad seipsum non habet locum gratitudo et ingratitudo, non enim
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417 potest homo sibi aliquid denegare nisi sibi retinendo. Metaphorice
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418 tamen illa quae ad alterum proprie dicuntur, accipiuntur in his
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419 quae sunt ad seipsum, sicut de iustitia philosophus dicit, in V
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420 Ethic., inquantum scilicet accipiuntur diversae partes hominis
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421 sicut diversae personae.</p>
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422 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43505"><span class=
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423 "ref">[43505] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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424 dicendum quod boni animi est ut magis attendat ad bonum quam ad
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425 malum. Et ideo si aliquis beneficium dedit non eo modo quo debuit,
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426 non omnino debet recipiens a gratiarum actione cessare. Minus tamen
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427 quam si modo debito praestitisset, quia etiam beneficium minus est,
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428 quia, ut Seneca dicit, in II de Benefic., <i>multum celeritas
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429 fecit, multum abstulit mora</i>.</p>
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430 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43506"><span class=
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431 "ref">[43506] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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432 dicendum quod, sicut Seneca dicit, in VI de Benefic., <i>multum
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433 interest utrum aliquis beneficium nobis det sua causa, an sua et
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434 nostra. Ille qui totus ad se spectat, et nobis prodest quia aliter
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435 sibi prodesse non potest, eo mihi loco habendus videtur quo qui
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436 pecori suo pabulum prospicit. Si me in consortium admisit, si duos
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437 cogitavit, ingratus sum et iniustus nisi gaudeo hoc illi profuisse
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438 quod proderat mihi. Summae malignitatis est non vocare beneficium
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439 nisi quod dantem aliquo incommodo afficit</i>.</p>
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440 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="43507"><span class=
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441 "ref">[43507] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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442 dicendum quod, sicut Seneca dicit, in III de Benefic., <i>quandiu
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443 servus praestat quod a servo exigi solet, ministerium est, ubi plus
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444 quam a servo necesse, beneficium est. Ubi enim in affectum amici
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445 transit, incipit vocari beneficium</i>. Et ideo etiam servis ultra
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446 debitum facientibus gratiae sunt habendae.</p>
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447 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="43508"><span class=
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448 "ref">[43508] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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449 dicendum quod etiam pauper ingratus non est si faciat quod possit,
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450 sicut enim beneficium magis in affectu consistit quam in effectu,
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diff changeset
451 ita etiam et recompensatio magis in affectu consistit. Unde Seneca
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diff changeset
452 dicit, in II de Benefic., <i>qui grate beneficium accipit, primam
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diff changeset
453 eius pensionem solvit. Quam grate autem ad nos beneficia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
454 pervenerint, indicemus effusis affectibus, quod non ipso tantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
455 audiente, sed ubique testemur</i>. Et ex hoc patet quod
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diff changeset
456 quantumcumque in felicitate existenti potest recompensatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
457 beneficii fieri per exhibitionem reverentiae et honoris. Unde
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diff changeset
458 philosophus dicit, in VIII Ethic., quod <i>superexcellenti quidem
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diff changeset
459 debet fieri honoris retributio, indigenti autem retributio
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diff changeset
460 lucri</i>. Et Seneca dicit, in VI de Benefic., <i>multa sunt per
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diff changeset
461 quae quidquid debemus reddere et felicibus possumus, fidele
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diff changeset
462 consilium, assidua conversatio, sermo communis et sine adulatione
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diff changeset
463 iucundus</i>. Et ideo non oportet ut homo optet indigentiam eius
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diff changeset
464 seu miseriam qui beneficium dedit, ad hoc quod beneficium
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diff changeset
465 recompensetur. Quia, ut Seneca dicit, in VI de Benefic., <i>si hoc
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diff changeset
466 ei optares cuius nullum beneficium haberes, inhumanum erat votum.
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diff changeset
467 Quanto inhumanius ei optas cui beneficium debes</i>. Si autem ille
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diff changeset
468 qui beneficium dedit in peius mutatus est, debet tamen sibi fieri
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diff changeset
469 recompensatio secundum statum ipsius, ut scilicet ad virtutem
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470 reducatur, si sit possibile. Si autem sit insanabilis propter
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diff changeset
471 malitiam, tunc alter est effectus quam prius erat, et ideo non
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472 debetur ei recompensatio beneficii sicut prius. Et tamen, quantum
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473 fieri potest salva honestate, memoria debet haberi praestiti
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diff changeset
474 beneficii. Ut patet per philosophum, in IX Ethic.</p>
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diff changeset
475 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 3 ad 6"><a name="43509"><span class=
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diff changeset
476 "ref">[43509] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 3 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
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diff changeset
477 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, recompensatio beneficii praecipue
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diff changeset
478 pendet ex affectu. Et ideo eo modo debet recompensatio fieri quo
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diff changeset
479 magis sit utilis, si tamen postea, per eius incuriam, in damnum
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diff changeset
480 ipsius vertatur, non imputatur recompensanti. Unde Seneca dicit, in
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diff changeset
481 VII de Benefic., <i>reddendum mihi est, non servandum, cum
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482 reddidero, ac tuendum</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
483 <br />
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diff changeset
484 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
485 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43510"><span class=
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diff changeset
486 "ref">[43510] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
487 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod homo debeat statim beneficium
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diff changeset
488 recompensare. Illa enim quae debemus sine certo termino, tenemur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
489 restituere ad statim. Sed non est aliquis terminus praescriptus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
490 recompensationi beneficiorum, quae tamen cadit sub debito, ut
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diff changeset
491 dictum est. Ergo tenetur homo statim beneficium recompensare.</p>
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diff changeset
492 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43511"><span class=
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diff changeset
493 "ref">[43511] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
494 Praeterea, quanto aliquod bonum fit ex maiori animi fervore, tanto
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495 videtur esse laudabilius. Sed ex fervore animi videtur procedere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
496 quod homo nullas moras adhibeat in faciendo quod debet. Ergo
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497 videtur esse laudabilius quod homo statim beneficium reddat.</p>
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diff changeset
498 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43512"><span class=
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diff changeset
499 "ref">[43512] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
500 Praeterea, Seneca dicit, in II de Benefic., quod <i>proprium
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diff changeset
501 benefactoris est libenter et cito facere</i>. Sed recompensatio
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502 debet beneficium adaequare. Ergo debet statim recompensare.</p>
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diff changeset
503 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43513"><span class=
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diff changeset
504 "ref">[43513] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
505 est quod Seneca dicit, in IV de Benefic., <i>qui festinat reddere,
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diff changeset
506 non animum habet grati hominis, sed debitoris</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
507 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 4 co."><a name="43514"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
508 "ref">[43514] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
509 dicendum quod sicut in beneficio dando duo considerantur, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
510 affectus et donum; ita etiam haec duo considerantur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
511 recompensatione beneficii. Et quantum quidem ad affectum, statim
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diff changeset
512 recompensatio fieri debet. Unde Seneca dicit, in II de Benefic.,
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diff changeset
513 <i>vis reddere beneficium? Benigne accipe</i>. Quantum autem ad
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diff changeset
514 donum, debet expectari tempus quo recompensatio sit benefactori
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515 opportuna. Si autem, non convenienti tempore, statim velit aliquis
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diff changeset
516 munus pro munere reddere, non videtur esse virtuosa recompensatio.
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diff changeset
517 Ut enim Seneca dicit, IV de Benefic., <i>qui nimis cito cupit
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diff changeset
518 solvere, invitus debet, et qui invitus debet, ingratus est</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
519 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43515"><span class=
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diff changeset
520 "ref">[43515] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
521 ergo dicendum quod debitum legale est statim solvendum, alioquin
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522 non esset conservata iustitiae aequalitas, si unus retineret rem
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523 alterius absque eius voluntate. Sed debitum morale dependet ex
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524 honestate debentis. Et ideo debet reddi debito tempore, secundum
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525 quod exigit rectitudo virtutis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
526 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43516"><span class=
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diff changeset
527 "ref">[43516] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
528 dicendum quod fervor voluntatis non est virtuosus nisi sit ratione
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529 ordinatus. Et ideo si aliquis ex fervore animi praeoccupet debitum
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530 tempus, non erit laudandum.</p>
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diff changeset
531 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43517"><span class=
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diff changeset
532 "ref">[43517] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
533 dicendum quod beneficia etiam sunt opportuno tempore danda. Et tunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
534 non est amplius tardandum cum opportunum tempus advenerit. Et idem
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535 etiam observari oportet in beneficiorum recompensatione.</p>
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diff changeset
536 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
537 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
538 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="43518"><span class=
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diff changeset
539 "ref">[43518] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
540 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod beneficiorum recompensatio non
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diff changeset
541 sit attendenda secundum affectum beneficiantis, sed secundum
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542 effectum. Recompensatio enim beneficiis debetur. Sed beneficium in
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diff changeset
543 effectu consistit, ut ipsum nomen sonat. Ergo recompensatio debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
544 attendi secundum effectum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
545 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="43519"><span class=
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diff changeset
546 "ref">[43519] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
547 Praeterea, gratia, quae beneficia recompensat, est pars iustitiae.
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diff changeset
548 Sed iustitia respicit aequalitatem dati et accepti. Ergo et in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
549 gratiarum recompensatione attendendus est magis effectus quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
550 affectus beneficiantis.</p>
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diff changeset
551 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="43520"><span class=
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diff changeset
552 "ref">[43520] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
553 Praeterea, nullus potest attendere ad id quod ignorat. Sed solus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
554 Deus recognoscit interiorem affectum. Ergo non potest fieri gratiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
555 recompensatio secundum affectum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
556 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 5 s. c."><a name="43521"><span class=
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diff changeset
557 "ref">[43521] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
558 est quod Seneca dicit, in I de beneficiis, <i>nonnunquam magis nos
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diff changeset
559 obligat qui dedit parva magnifice; qui exiguum tribuit, sed
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diff changeset
560 libenter</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
561 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 5 co."><a name="43522"><span class=
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diff changeset
562 "ref">[43522] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
563 dicendum quod recompensatio beneficii potest ad tres virtutes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
564 pertinere, scilicet ad iustitiam, ad gratiam, et ad amicitiam. Ad
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diff changeset
565 iustitiam quidem pertinet quando recompensatio habet rationem
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diff changeset
566 debiti legalis, sicut in mutuo et in aliis huiusmodi. Et in tali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
567 recompensatio debet attendi secundum quantitatem dati. Ad amicitiam
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diff changeset
568 autem pertinet recompensatio beneficii, et similiter ad virtutem
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diff changeset
569 gratiae, secundum quod habet rationem debiti moralis, aliter tamen
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diff changeset
570 et aliter. Nam in recompensatione amicitiae oportet respectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
571 haberi ad amicitiae causam. Unde in amicitia utilis debet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
572 recompensatio fieri secundum utilitatem quam quis est ex beneficio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
573 consecutus. In amicitia autem honesti debet in recompensatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
574 haberi respectus ad electionem, sive ad affectum dantis, quia hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
575 praecipue requiritur ad virtutem, ut dicitur in VIII Ethic. Et
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diff changeset
576 similiter, quia gratia respicit beneficium secundum quod est gratis
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diff changeset
577 impensum, quod quidem pertinet ad affectum; ideo etiam gratiae
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diff changeset
578 recompensatio attendit magis affectum dantis quam effectum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
579 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="43523"><span class=
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diff changeset
580 "ref">[43523] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
581 ergo dicendum quod omnis actus moralis ex voluntate dependet. Unde
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diff changeset
582 beneficium, secundum quod est laudabile, prout ei gratiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
583 recompensatio debetur, materialiter quidem consistit in effectu,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
584 sed formaliter et principaliter in voluntate. Unde Seneca dicit, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
585 I de Benefic., <i>beneficium non in eo quod fit aut datur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
586 consistit, sed in ipso dantis aut facientis animo</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
587 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="43524"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
588 "ref">[43524] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
589 dicendum quod gratia est pars iustitiae, non quidem sicut species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
590 generis, sed per quandam reductionem ad genus iustitiae, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
591 dictum est. Unde non oportet quod eadem ratio debiti attendatur in
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diff changeset
592 utraque virtute.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
593 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="43525"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 "ref">[43525] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
595 dicendum quod affectum hominis per se quidem solus Deus videt, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
596 secundum quod per aliqua signa manifestatur, potest etiam ipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
597 homo cognoscere. Et hoc modo affectus beneficiantis cognoscitur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
598 ipso modo quo beneficium tribuitur, puta quia gaudenter et prompte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
599 aliquis beneficium impendit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
602 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="43526"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
603 "ref">[43526] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
604 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non oporteat aliquem plus exhibere in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
605 recompensatione quam susceperit in beneficio. Quibusdam enim, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 parentibus, nec etiam aequalis recompensatio fieri potest, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
607 philosophus dicit, in VIII Ethic. Sed virtus non conatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
608 impossibile. Non ergo gratiae recompensatio tendit ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
609 maius.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
610 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="43527"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
611 "ref">[43527] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
612 Praeterea, si aliquis plus recompensat quam in beneficio acceperit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
613 ex hoc ipso quasi aliquid de novo dat. Sed ad beneficium de novo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
614 datum tenetur homo gratiam recompensare. Ergo ille qui primo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
615 beneficium dederat tenebitur aliquid maius recompensare, et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
616 procederet in infinitum. Sed virtus non conatur ad infinitum, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
617 infinitum aufert naturam boni, ut dicitur in II Metaphys. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
618 gratiae recompensatio non debet excedere acceptum beneficium.</p>
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diff changeset
619 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="43528"><span class=
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diff changeset
620 "ref">[43528] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
621 Praeterea, iustitia in aequalitate consistit. Sed maius est quidam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
622 aequalitatis excessus. Cum ergo in qualibet virtute excessus sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
623 vitiosus, videtur quod recompensare aliquid maius accepto beneficio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
624 sit vitiosum, et iustitiae oppositum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
625 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 6 s. c."><a name="43529"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
626 "ref">[43529] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
627 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., <i>refamulari oportet ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
628 qui gratiam fecit, et rursum ipsum incipere</i>. Quod quidem fit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
629 dum aliquid maius retribuitur. Ergo recompensatio debet tendere ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
630 hoc quod aliquid maius faciat.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
631 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 6 co."><a name="43530"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
632 "ref">[43530] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
633 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, recompensatio gratiae respicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
634 beneficium secundum voluntatem beneficiantis. In quo quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
635 praecipue hoc commendabile videtur quod gratis beneficium contulit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
636 ad quod non tenebatur. Et ideo qui beneficium accepit ad hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
637 obligatur, ex debito honestatis, ut similiter gratis aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
638 impendat. Non autem videtur gratis aliquid impendere nisi excedat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
639 quantitatem accepti beneficii, quia quandiu recompensat minus vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
640 aequale, non videtur facere gratis, sed reddere quod accepit. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
641 ideo gratiae recompensatio semper tendit ut, pro suo posse, aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
642 maius retribuat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
643 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="43531"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
644 "ref">[43531] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
645 ergo dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, in recompensatione beneficii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
646 magis est considerandus affectus benefici quam effectus. Si ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
647 consideremus effectum beneficii quod filius a parentibus accepit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
648 scilicet esse et vivere, nihil aequale filius recompensare potest,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
649 ut philosophus dicit. Si autem attendamus ad ipsam voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
650 dantis et retribuentis, sic potest filius aliquid maius patri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
651 retribuere, ut Seneca dicit, in III de Benefic. Si tamen non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
652 posset, sufficeret ad gratitudinem recompensandi voluntas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
653 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="43532"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
654 "ref">[43532] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
655 dicendum quod debitum gratitudinis ex caritate derivatur, quae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
656 quanto plus solvitur, tanto magis debetur, secundum illud Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
657 XIII, <i>nemini quidquam debeatis, nisi ut invicem diligatis</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
658 Et ideo non est inconveniens si obligatio gratitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
659 interminabilis sit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
660 <p title="II-II q. 106 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="43533"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
661 "ref">[43533] II&ordf;-IIae q. 106 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
662 dicendum quod sicut in iustitia quae est virtus cardinalis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
663 attenditur aequalitas rerum, ita in gratitudine attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
664 aequalitas voluntatum, ut scilicet sicut ex promptitudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
665 voluntatis beneficus aliquid exhibuit ad quod non tenebatur, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
666 etiam ille qui suscepit beneficium aliquid supra debitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
667 recompenset.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
668 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
669 <div class="D">Quaestio 107</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
670 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
671 <p title="II-II q. 107 pr."><a name="43534"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
672 "ref">[43534] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
673 considerandum est de ingratitudine. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
674 quatuor. Primo, utrum ingratitudo semper sit peccatum. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
675 utrum ingratitudo sit peccatum speciale. Tertio, utrum omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
676 ingratitudo sit peccatum mortale. Quarto, utrum ingrato sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
677 beneficia subtrahenda.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
678 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
679 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
680 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43535"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
681 "ref">[43535] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
682 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ingratitudo non semper sit peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
683 Dicit enim Seneca, in III de Benefic., quod <i>ingratus est qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
684 reddit beneficium</i>. Sed quandoque non posset aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
685 recompensare beneficium nisi peccando, puta si aliquis auxiliatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
686 est homini ad peccandum. Cum ergo abstinere a peccato non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
687 peccatum, videtur quod ingratitudo non semper sit peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
688 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43536"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
689 "ref">[43536] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
690 Praeterea, omne peccatum est in potestate peccantis, quia secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
691 Augustinum, <i>nullus peccat in eo quod vitare non potest</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
692 quandoque non est in potestate peccantis ingratitudinem vitare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
693 puta cum non habet unde reddat. Oblivio etiam non est in potestate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
694 nostra, cum tamen Seneca dicat, in III de Benefic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
695 <i>ingratissimus omnium est qui oblitus est</i>. Ergo ingratitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
696 non semper est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
697 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43537"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
698 "ref">[43537] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
699 Praeterea, non videtur peccare qui non vult aliquid debere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
700 secundum illud apostoli, Rom. XIII, <i>nemini quidquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
701 debeatis</i>. Sed qui invitus debet ingratus est, ut Seneca dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
702 in IV de Benefic. Ergo non semper ingratitudo est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
703 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43538"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
704 "ref">[43538] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
705 est quod II ad Tim. III, ingratitudo connumeratur aliis peccatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
706 cum dicitur, <i>parentibus non obedientes, ingrati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
707 scelesti</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 1 co."><a name="43539"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 "ref">[43539] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
710 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, debitum gratitudinis est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 debitum honestatis quam virtus requirit. Ex hoc autem aliquid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
712 peccatum quod repugnat virtuti. Unde manifestum est quod omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
713 ingratitudo est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43540"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 "ref">[43540] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 ergo dicendum quod gratitudo respicit beneficium. Ille autem qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
717 alicui auxiliatur ad peccandum non confert beneficium, sed magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 nocumentum. Et ideo non debetur ei gratiarum actio, nisi forte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
719 propter voluntatem, si sit deceptus, dum credidit adiuvare ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
720 bonum, adiuvit ad peccandum. Sed tunc non debetur recompensatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
721 talis ut adiuvetur ad peccandum, quia hoc non esset recompensare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
722 bonum, sed malum, quod contrariatur gratitudini.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
723 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43541"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
724 "ref">[43541] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
725 dicendum quod nullus propter impotentiam reddendi ab ingratitudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
726 excusatur, ex quo ad debitum gratitudinis reddendum sufficit sola
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
727 voluntas, ut dictum est. Oblivio autem beneficii ad ingratitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
728 pertinet, non quidem illa quae provenit ex naturali defectu, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
729 non subiacet voluntati; sed illa quae ex negligentia provenit. Ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
730 enim dicit Seneca, in III de Benefic., <i>apparet illum non saepe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 de reddendo cogitasse cui obrepsit oblivio</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
732 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43542"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
733 "ref">[43542] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 dicendum quod debitum gratitudinis ex debito amoris derivatur, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
735 quo nullus debet velle absolvi. Unde quod aliquis invitus hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
736 debitum debeat, videtur provenire ex defectu amoris ad eum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
737 beneficium dedit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
738 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
739 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
740 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43543"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
741 "ref">[43543] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
742 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ingratitudo non sit speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
743 peccatum. Quicumque enim peccat, contra Deum agit, qui est summus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
744 benefactor. Sed hoc pertinet ad ingratitudinem. Ergo ingratitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
745 non est speciale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43544"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
747 "ref">[43544] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
748 Praeterea, nullum speciale peccatum sub diversis generibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
749 peccatorum continetur. Sed diversis peccatorum generibus potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
750 aliquis esse ingratus, puta si quis benefactori detrahat, si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
751 furetur, vel aliquid aliud huiusmodi contra eum committat. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
752 ingratitudo non est speciale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
753 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43545"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
754 "ref">[43545] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
755 Praeterea, Seneca dicit, in III de Benefic., <i>ingratus est qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
756 dissimulat; ingratus qui non reddit; ingratissimus omnium qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
757 oblitus est</i>. Sed ista non videntur ad unam peccati speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
758 pertinere. Ergo ingratitudo non est speciale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43546"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 "ref">[43546] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 est quod ingratitudo opponitur gratitudini sive gratiae, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
762 specialis virtus. Ergo est speciale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
763 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 2 co."><a name="43547"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
764 "ref">[43547] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
765 dicendum quod omne vitium ex defectu virtutis nominatur quod magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
766 virtuti opponitur, sicut illiberalitas magis opponitur liberalitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
767 quam prodigalitas. Potest autem virtuti gratitudinis aliquod vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
768 opponi per excessum, puta si recompensatio beneficii fiat vel pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
769 quibus non debet, vel citius quam debet, ut ex dictis patet. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
770 magis opponitur gratitudini vitium quod est per defectum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
771 virtus gratitudinis, ut supra habitum est, in aliquid amplius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
772 tendit. Et ideo proprie ingratitudo nominatur ex gratitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 defectu. Omnis autem defectus seu privatio speciem sortitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 secundum habitum oppositum, differunt enim caecitas et surditas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
775 secundum differentiam visus et auditus. Unde sicut gratitudo vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
776 gratia est una specialis virtus, ita etiam ingratitudo est unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
777 speciale peccatum. Habet tamen diversos gradus, secundum ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
778 eorum quae ad gratitudinem requiruntur. In qua primum est quod homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 beneficium acceptum recognoscat; secundum est quod laudet et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 gratias agat; tertium est quod retribuat, pro loco et tempore,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
781 secundum suam facultatem. Sed quia quod est ultimum in generatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
782 est primum in resolutione, ideo primus ingratitudinis gradus est ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 homo beneficium non retribuat; secundus est ut dissimulet, quasi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 non demonstrans se beneficium accepisse; tertium, et gravissimum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
785 est quod non recognoscat, sive per oblivionem, sive quocumque alio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
786 modo. Et quia in affirmatione opposita intelligitur negatio, ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 ad primum ingratitudinis gradum pertinet quod aliquis retribuat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
788 mala pro bonis; ad secundum, quod beneficium vituperet; ad tertium,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
789 quod beneficium quasi maleficium reputet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
790 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43548"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
791 "ref">[43548] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 ergo dicendum quod in quolibet peccato est materialis ingratitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
793 ad Deum, inquantum scilicet facit homo aliquid quod potest ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 ingratitudinem pertinere. Formalis autem ingratitudo est quando
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
795 actualiter beneficium contemnitur. Et hoc est speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
797 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43549"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 "ref">[43549] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
799 dicendum quod nihil prohibet formalem rationem alicuius specialis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
800 peccati in pluribus peccatorum generibus materialiter inveniri. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
801 secundum hoc, in multis generibus peccatorum invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
802 ingratitudinis ratio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
803 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43550"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
804 "ref">[43550] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
805 dicendum quod illa tria non sunt diversae species, sed diversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
806 gradus unius specialis peccati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
808 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
809 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43551"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
810 "ref">[43551] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod ingratitudo semper sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 peccatum mortale. Deo enim maxime debet aliquis esse gratus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
813 peccando venialiter homo non est ingratus Deo, alioquin omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
814 essent ingrati. Ergo nulla ingratitudo est veniale peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43552"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 "ref">[43552] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 Praeterea, ex hoc aliquod peccatum est mortale quod contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
818 caritati, ut supra dictum est. Sed ingratitudo contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
819 caritati, ex qua procedit debitum gratitudinis, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 est. Ergo ingratitudo semper est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
821 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43553"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
822 "ref">[43553] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
823 Praeterea, Seneca dicit, in II de Benefic., <i>haec beneficii lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 est, alter statim oblivisci debet dati, alter memor esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 accepti</i>. Sed propter hoc, ut videtur, debet oblivisci, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
826 lateat eum peccatum recipientis, si contingat eum esse ingratum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 Quod non oporteret si ingratitudo esset leve peccatum. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
828 ingratitudo semper est mortale peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
829 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43554"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
830 "ref">[43554] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 est quod nulli est danda via peccandi mortaliter. Sed sicut Seneca
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
832 dicit, ibidem, interdum <i>qui iuvatur fallendus est, ut habeat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
833 nec a quo acceperit sciat</i>, quod videtur viam ingratitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
834 recipienti praebere. Ergo ingratitudo non semper est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 3 co."><a name="43555"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
837 "ref">[43555] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
838 dicendum quod, sicut ex dictis patet, ingratus dicitur aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
839 dupliciter. Uno modo, per solam omissionem, puta quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
840 recognoscit, vel non laudat, vel non retribuit vices pro beneficio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
841 accepto. Et hoc non semper est peccatum mortale. Quia, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
842 dictum est, debitum gratitudinis est ut homo aliquid etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
843 liberaliter tribuat ad quod non tenetur, et ideo, si illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 praetermittit, non peccat mortaliter. Est tamen peccatum veniale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
845 quia hoc provenit ex negligentia quadam, aut ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
846 indispositione hominis ad virtutem. Potest tamen contingere quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
847 etiam talis ingratitudo sit mortale peccatum, vel propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
848 interiorem contemptum; vel etiam propter conditionem eius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
849 subtrahitur, quod ex necessitate debetur benefico, sive simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 sive in aliquo necessitatis casu. Alio modo dicitur aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
851 ingratus, quia non solum praetermittit implere gratitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 debitum, sed etiam contrarium agit. Et hoc etiam, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
853 conditionem eius quod agitur, quandoque est peccatum mortale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 quandoque veniale. Sciendum tamen quod ingratitudo quae provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 peccato mortali habet perfectam ingratitudinis rationem, illa vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 quae provenit ex peccato veniali, imperfectam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43556"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
858 "ref">[43556] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
859 ergo dicendum quod per peccatum veniale non est aliquis ingratus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
860 Deo secundum perfectam ingratitudinis rationem. Habet tamen aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
861 ingratitudinis, inquantum peccatum veniale tollit aliquem actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 virtutis, per quem homo Deo obsequitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43557"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 "ref">[43557] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 dicendum quod ingratitudo quae est cum peccato veniali non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 contraria caritati, sed est praeter ipsam, quia non tollit habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 caritatis, sed aliquem actum ipsius excludit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43558"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 "ref">[43558] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 dicendum quod idem Seneca dicit, in VII de Benefic., <i>errat si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 quis aestimat, cum dicimus eum qui beneficium dedit oblivisci
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 oportere, excutere nos illi memoriam rei, praesertim honestissimae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 Cum ergo dicimus, meminisse non debet, hoc volumus intelligi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 praedicare non debet, nec iactare</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="43559"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
876 "ref">[43559] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
877 dicendum quod ille qui ignorat beneficium non est ingratus si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
878 beneficium non recompenset, dummodo sit paratus recompensare si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
879 noscet. Est autem laudabile quandoque ut ille cui providetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
880 beneficium ignoret, tum propter inanis gloriae vitationem, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
881 beatus Nicolaus, aurum furtim in domum proiiciens, vitare voluit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
882 humanum favorem; tum etiam quia in hoc ipso amplius beneficium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
883 facit quod consulit verecundiae eius qui beneficium accipit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
884 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
885 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
886 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43560"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
887 "ref">[43560] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
888 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ingratis sint beneficia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
889 subtrahenda. Dicitur enim Sap. XVI, <i>ingratis spes tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
890 hibernalis glacies tabescet</i>. Non autem eius spes tabesceret si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
891 non esset ei beneficium subtrahendum. Ergo sunt subtrahenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
892 beneficia ingratis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
893 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43561"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 "ref">[43561] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 Praeterea, nullus debet alteri praebere occasionem peccandi. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 ingratus beneficium recipiens sumit ingratitudinis occasionem ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
897 non est ingrato beneficium dandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
898 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43562"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
899 "ref">[43562] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
900 <i>Praeterea, in quo quis peccat, per hoc et torquetur</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 dicitur Sap. XI. Sed ille qui ingratus est beneficio accepto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
902 peccat contra beneficium. Ergo est beneficio privandus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43563"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
904 "ref">[43563] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
905 est quod dicitur Luc. VI, quod <i>altissimus benignus est super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 ingratos et malos</i>. Sed eius per imitationem nos filios esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 oportet, ut ibidem dicitur. Ergo non debemus beneficia ingratis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 subtrahere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 4 co."><a name="43564"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 "ref">[43564] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
911 dicendum quod circa ingratum duo consideranda sunt. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
912 quid ipse dignus sit pati. Et sic certum est quod meretur beneficii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 subtractionem. Alio modo, considerandum est quid oporteat beneficum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
914 facere. Primo namque, debet non esse facilis ad ingratitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 iudicandam, quia frequenter aliquis, ut Seneca dicit, qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 reddidit, gratus est; quia forte non occurrit ei facultas aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
917 debita opportunitas reddendi. Secundo, debet tendere ad hoc quod de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 ingrato gratum faciat, quod si non potest primo beneficio facere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 forte faciet secundo. Si vero ex beneficiis multiplicatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
920 ingratitudinem augeat et peior fiat, debet a beneficiorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 exhibitione cessare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43565"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 "ref">[43565] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 ergo dicendum quod auctoritas illa loquitur quantum ad id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 ingratus dignus est pati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43566"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
927 "ref">[43566] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
928 dicendum quod ille qui ingrato beneficium exhibet non dat ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
929 occasionem peccandi, sed magis gratitudinis et amoris. Si vero ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
930 qui accipit ingratitudinis exinde occasionem sumat, non est danti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
931 imputandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 <p title="II-II q. 107 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43567"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
933 "ref">[43567] II&ordf;-IIae q. 107 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 dicendum quod ille qui beneficium dat non statim debet se exhibere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 punitorem ingratitudinis, sed prius pium medicum, ut scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 iteratis beneficiis ingratitudinem sanet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
938 <div class="D">Quaestio 108</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
939 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
940 <p title="II-II q. 108 pr."><a name="43568"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 "ref">[43568] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 considerandum est de vindicatione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 Primo, utrum vindicatio sit licita. Secundo, utrum sit specialis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 virtus. Tertio, de modo vindicandi. Quarto, in quos sit vindicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 exercenda.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
948 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43569"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 "ref">[43569] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 sic proceditur. Videtur quod vindicatio non sit licita. Quicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 enim usurpat sibi quod Dei est, peccat. Sed vindicta pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
952 Deum, dicitur enim Deut. XXXII, secundum aliam litteram, <i>mihi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
953 vindictam, et ego retribuam</i>. Ergo omnis vindicatio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 illicita.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43570"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
956 "ref">[43570] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 Praeterea, ille de quo vindicta sumitur, non toleratur. Sed mali
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958 sunt tolerandi, quia super illud Cant. II, sicut lilium inter
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diff changeset
959 spinas, dicit Glossa, <i>non fuit bonus qui malos tolerare non
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diff changeset
960 potuit</i>. Ergo vindicta non est sumenda de malis.</p>
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diff changeset
961 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43571"><span class=
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diff changeset
962 "ref">[43571] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
963 Praeterea, vindicta per poenas fit, ex quibus causatur timor
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diff changeset
964 servilis. Sed lex nova non est lex timoris, sed amoris, ut
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diff changeset
965 Augustinus dicit, contra Adamantum. Ergo, ad minus in novo
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diff changeset
966 testamento, vindicta fieri non debet.</p>
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diff changeset
967 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="43572"><span class=
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diff changeset
968 "ref">[43572] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
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969 Praeterea, ille dicitur se vindicare qui iniurias suas ulciscitur.
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970 Sed, ut videtur, non licet etiam iudici in se delinquentes punire,
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diff changeset
971 dicit enim Chrysostomus, super Matth., <i>discamus exemplo Christi
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diff changeset
972 nostras iniurias magnanimiter sustinere, Dei autem iniurias nec
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diff changeset
973 usque ad auditum sufferre</i>. Ergo vindicatio videtur esse
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diff changeset
974 illicita.</p>
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diff changeset
975 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="43573"><span class=
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diff changeset
976 "ref">[43573] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a>
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diff changeset
977 Praeterea, peccatum multitudinis magis est nocivum quam peccatum
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diff changeset
978 unius tantum, dicitur enim Eccli. XXVI, <i>a tribus timuit cor
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diff changeset
979 meum, zelaturam civitatis, et collectionem populi</i>. Sed de
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diff changeset
980 peccato multitudinis non est vindicta sumenda, quia super illud
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diff changeset
981 Matth. XIII, <i>sinite utraque crescere, ne forte eradicetis
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diff changeset
982 triticum</i>, dicit Glossa quod multitudo non est excommunicanda,
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diff changeset
983 nec princeps. Ergo nec alia vindicatio est licita.</p>
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diff changeset
984 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43574"><span class=
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diff changeset
985 "ref">[43574] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
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diff changeset
986 contra, nihil est expectandum a Deo nisi quod est bonum et licitum.
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987 Sed vindicta de hostibus est expectanda a Deo, dicitur enim Luc.
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diff changeset
988 XVIII, <i>Deus non faciet vindictam electorum suorum clamantium ad
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diff changeset
989 se</i> die ac nocte? Quasi diceret, immo faciet. Ergo vindicatio
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diff changeset
990 non est per se mala et illicita.</p>
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diff changeset
991 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 1 co."><a name="43575"><span class=
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diff changeset
992 "ref">[43575] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
993 dicendum quod vindicatio fit per aliquod poenale malum inflictum
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diff changeset
994 peccanti. Est ergo in vindicatione considerandus vindicantis
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995 animus. Si enim eius intentio feratur principaliter in malum illius
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diff changeset
996 de quo vindictam sumit, et ibi quiescat, est omnino illicitum, quia
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diff changeset
997 delectari in malo alterius pertinet ad odium, quod caritati
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998 repugnat, qua omnes homines debemus diligere. Nec aliquis excusatur
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diff changeset
999 si malum intendat illius qui sibi iniuste intulit malum, sicut non
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diff changeset
1000 excusatur aliquis per hoc quod odit se odientem. Non enim debet
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diff changeset
1001 homo in alium peccare, propter hoc quod ille peccavit prius in
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diff changeset
1002 ipsum, hoc enim est vinci a malo, quod apostolus prohibet, Rom.
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diff changeset
1003 XII, dicens, <i>noli vinci a malo, sed vince in bono malum</i>. Si
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1004 vero intentio vindicantis feratur principaliter ad aliquod bonum,
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diff changeset
1005 ad quod pervenitur per poenam peccantis, puta ad emendationem
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diff changeset
1006 peccantis, vel saltem ad cohibitionem eius et quietem aliorum, et
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diff changeset
1007 ad iustitiae conservationem et Dei honorem, potest esse vindicatio
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diff changeset
1008 licita, aliis debitis circumstantiis servatis.</p>
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diff changeset
1009 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43576"><span class=
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diff changeset
1010 "ref">[43576] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1011 ergo dicendum quod ille qui secundum gradum sui ordinis vindictam
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diff changeset
1012 exercet in malos, non usurpat sibi quod Dei est, sed utitur
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diff changeset
1013 potestate sibi divinitus concessa, dicitur enim Rom. XIII, de
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diff changeset
1014 principe terreno, quod <i>Dei minister est, vindex in iram ei qui
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diff changeset
1015 male agit</i>. Si autem praeter ordinem divinae institutionis
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diff changeset
1016 aliquis vindictam exerceat, usurpat sibi quod Dei est, et ideo
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diff changeset
1017 peccat.</p>
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diff changeset
1018 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43577"><span class=
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diff changeset
1019 "ref">[43577] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1020 dicendum quod mali tolerantur a bonis in hoc quod ab eis proprias
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diff changeset
1021 iniurias patienter sustinent, secundum quod oportet, non autem
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diff changeset
1022 tolerant eos ut sustineant iniurias Dei et proximorum. Dicit enim
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diff changeset
1023 Chrysostomus, super Matth., <i>in propriis iniuriis esse quempiam
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diff changeset
1024 patientem, laudabile est, iniurias autem Dei dissimulare nimis est
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diff changeset
1025 impium</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1026 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43578"><span class=
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diff changeset
1027 "ref">[43578] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1028 dicendum quod lex Evangelii est lex amoris. Ideo illis qui ex amore
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diff changeset
1029 bonum operantur, qui soli proprie ad Evangelium pertinent, non est
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diff changeset
1030 timor incutiendus per poenas, sed solum illis qui ex amore non
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diff changeset
1031 moventur ad bonum, qui, etsi numero sint de Ecclesia, non tamen
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1032 merito.</p>
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diff changeset
1033 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="43579"><span class=
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diff changeset
1034 "ref">[43579] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1035 dicendum quod iniuria quae infertur personae alicui quandoque
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diff changeset
1036 redundat in Deum et in Ecclesiam, et tunc debet aliquis propriam
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diff changeset
1037 iniuriam ulcisci. Sicut patet de Elia, qui fecit ignem descendere
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diff changeset
1038 super eos qui venerant ad ipsum capiendum, ut legitur IV Reg. I. Et
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diff changeset
1039 similiter Elisaeus maledixit pueris eum irridentibus, ut habetur IV
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diff changeset
1040 Reg. II. Et Silvester Papa excommunicavit eos qui eum in exilium
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diff changeset
1041 miserunt, ut habetur XXIII, qu. IV. Inquantum vero iniuria in
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diff changeset
1042 aliquem illata ad eius personam pertinet, debet eam tolerare
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diff changeset
1043 patienter, si expediat. Huiusmodi enim praecepta patientiae
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diff changeset
1044 intelligenda sunt secundum praeparationem animi, ut Augustinus
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diff changeset
1045 dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte.</p>
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diff changeset
1046 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="43580"><span class=
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diff changeset
1047 "ref">[43580] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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diff changeset
1048 dicendum quod quando tota multitudo peccat, est de ea vindicta
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diff changeset
1049 sumenda vel quantum ad totam multitudinem, sicut Aegyptii submersi
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diff changeset
1050 sunt in mari rubro persequentes filios Israel, ut habetur Exod.
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diff changeset
1051 XIV, et sicut Sodomitae universaliter perierunt, vel quantum ad
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diff changeset
1052 magnam multitudinis partem, sicut patet Exod. XXXII, in poena eorum
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diff changeset
1053 qui vitulum adoraverunt. Quandoque vero, si speretur multorum
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diff changeset
1054 correctio, debet severitas vindictae exerceri in aliquos paucos
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diff changeset
1055 principaliores, quibus punitis ceteri terreantur, sicut dominus,
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diff changeset
1056 Num. XXV, mandavit suspendi principes populi pro peccato
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diff changeset
1057 multitudinis. Si autem non tota multitudo peccavit, sed pro parte,
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1058 tunc, si possunt mali secerni a bonis, debet in eos vindicta
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1059 exerceri, si tamen hoc fieri possit sine scandalo aliorum.
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diff changeset
1060 Alioquin, parcendum est multitudini, et detrahendum severitati. Et
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diff changeset
1061 eadem ratio est de principe, quem sequitur multitudo. Tolerandum
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diff changeset
1062 enim est peccatum eius, si sine scandalo multitudinis puniri non
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diff changeset
1063 posset, nisi forte esset tale peccatum principis quod magis noceret
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diff changeset
1064 multitudini, vel spiritualiter vel temporaliter, quam scandalum
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1065 quod exinde timeretur.</p>
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diff changeset
1066 <br />
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diff changeset
1067 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
1068 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43581"><span class=
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diff changeset
1069 "ref">[43581] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1070 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod vindicatio non sit specialis
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diff changeset
1071 virtus ab aliis distincta. Sicut enim remunerantur boni pro his
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diff changeset
1072 quae bene agunt, ita puniuntur mali pro his quae male agunt. Sed
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diff changeset
1073 remuneratio bonorum non pertinet ad aliquam specialem virtutem, sed
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diff changeset
1074 est actus commutativae iustitiae. Ergo, pari ratione, et vindicatio
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1075 non debet poni specialis virtus.</p>
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diff changeset
1076 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43582"><span class=
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diff changeset
1077 "ref">[43582] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
1078 Praeterea, ad actum illum non debet ordinari specialis virtus ad
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diff changeset
1079 quem homo sufficienter disponitur per alias virtutes. Sed ad
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diff changeset
1080 vindicandum mala sufficienter disponitur homo per virtutem
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diff changeset
1081 fortitudinis et per zelum. Non ergo vindicatio debet poni specialis
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diff changeset
1082 virtus.</p>
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diff changeset
1083 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43583"><span class=
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diff changeset
1084 "ref">[43583] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
1085 Praeterea, cuilibet speciali virtuti aliquod speciale vitium
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diff changeset
1086 opponitur. Sed vindicationi non videtur opponi aliquod speciale
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diff changeset
1087 vitium. Ergo non est specialis virtus.</p>
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diff changeset
1088 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43584"><span class=
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diff changeset
1089 "ref">[43584] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1090 est quod Tullius ponit eam partem iustitiae.</p>
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diff changeset
1091 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 2 co."><a name="43585"><span class=
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diff changeset
1092 "ref">[43585] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1093 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., aptitudo ad
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diff changeset
1094 virtutem inest nobis a natura, licet complementum virtutis sit per
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diff changeset
1095 assuetudinem vel per aliquam aliam causam. Unde patet quod virtutes
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diff changeset
1096 perficiunt nos ad prosequendum debito modo inclinationes naturales,
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diff changeset
1097 quae pertinent ad ius naturale. Et ideo ad quamlibet inclinationem
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diff changeset
1098 naturalem determinatam ordinatur aliqua specialis virtus. Est autem
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diff changeset
1099 quaedam specialis inclinatio naturae ad removendum nocumenta, unde
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1100 et animalibus datur vis irascibilis separatim a vi concupiscibili.
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1101 Repellit autem homo nocumenta per hoc quod se defendit contra
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diff changeset
1102 iniurias, ne ei inferantur, vel iam illatas iniurias ulciscitur,
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1103 non intentione nocendi, sed intentione removendi nocumenta. Hoc
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diff changeset
1104 autem pertinet ad vindicationem, dicit enim Tullius, in sua
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diff changeset
1105 rhetorica, quod <i>vindicatio est per quam vis aut iniuria, et
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1106 omnino quidquid obscurum est</i>, idest ignominiosum, <i>defendendo
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diff changeset
1107 aut ulciscendo propulsatur</i>. Unde vindicatio est specialis
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1108 virtus.</p>
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diff changeset
1109 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43586"><span class=
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diff changeset
1110 "ref">[43586] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1111 ergo dicendum quod sicut recompensatio debiti legalis pertinet ad
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1112 iustitiam commutativam, recompensatio autem debiti moralis quod
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1113 nascitur ex particulari beneficio exhibito, pertinet ad virtutem
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1114 gratiae; ita etiam punitio peccatorum, secundum quod pertinet ad
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1115 publicam iustitiam, est actus commutativae iustitiae; secundum
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1116 autem quod pertinet ad immunitatem alicuius personae singularis, a
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1117 qua iniuria propulsatur, pertinet ad virtutem vindicationis.</p>
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1118 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43587"><span class=
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diff changeset
1119 "ref">[43587] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1120 dicendum quod fortitudo disponit ad vindictam removendo prohibens,
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1121 scilicet timorem periculi imminentis. Zelus autem, secundum quod
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1122 importat fervorem amoris, importat primam radicem vindicationis,
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1123 prout aliquis vindicat iniurias Dei vel proximorum, quas ex
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diff changeset
1124 caritate reputat quasi suas. Cuiuslibet autem virtutis actus ex
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diff changeset
1125 radice caritatis procedit, quia, ut Gregorius dicit, in quadam
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diff changeset
1126 homilia, <i>nihil habet viriditatis ramus boni operis, si non
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diff changeset
1127 procedat ex radice caritatis</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1128 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43588"><span class=
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diff changeset
1129 "ref">[43588] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1130 dicendum quod vindicationi opponuntur duo vitia. Unum quidem per
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diff changeset
1131 excessum, scilicet peccatum crudelitatis vel saevitiae, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 excedit mensuram in puniendo. Aliud autem est vitium quod consistit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 in defectu, sicut cum aliquis est nimis remissus in puniendo, unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 dicitur Prov. XIII, <i>qui parcit virgae, odit filium suum</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 Virtus autem vindicationis consistit ut homo secundum omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 circumstantias debitam mensuram in vindicando conservet.</p>
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diff changeset
1137 <br />
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diff changeset
1138 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43589"><span class=
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diff changeset
1140 "ref">[43589] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1141 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod vindicatio non debeat fieri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 per poenas apud homines consuetas. Occisio enim hominis est quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 eradicatio eius. Sed dominus mandavit, Matth. XIII, quod zizania,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 per quae significantur filii nequam, non eradicarentur. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 peccatores non sunt occidendi.</p>
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diff changeset
1146 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43590"><span class=
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diff changeset
1147 "ref">[43590] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
1148 Praeterea, quicumque mortaliter peccant, eadem poena videntur
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diff changeset
1149 digni. Si ergo aliqui mortaliter peccantes morte puniuntur, videtur
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diff changeset
1150 quod omnes tales deberent morte puniri. Quod patet esse falsum.</p>
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diff changeset
1151 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43591"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 "ref">[43591] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 Praeterea, cum aliquis pro peccato punitur manifeste, ex hoc
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diff changeset
1154 peccatum eius manifestatur. Quod videtur esse nocivum multitudini,
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diff changeset
1155 quae ex exemplo peccati sumit occasionem peccandi. Ergo videtur
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diff changeset
1156 quod non sit poena mortis pro aliquo peccato infligenda.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43592"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 "ref">[43592] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1159 est quod in lege divina his huiusmodi poenae determinantur, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 supra dictis patet.</p>
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diff changeset
1161 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 3 co."><a name="43593"><span class=
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diff changeset
1162 "ref">[43593] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1163 dicendum quod vindicatio intantum licita est et virtuosa inquantum
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diff changeset
1164 tendit ad cohibitionem malorum. Cohibentur autem aliqui a peccando,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 qui affectum virtutis non habent, per hoc quod timent amittere
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diff changeset
1166 aliqua quae plus amant quam illa quae peccando adipiscuntur, alias
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diff changeset
1167 timor non compesceret peccatum. Et ideo per subtractionem omnium
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diff changeset
1168 quae homo maxime diligit, est vindicta de peccatis sumenda. Haec
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diff changeset
1169 sunt autem quae homo maxime diligit, vitam, incolumitatem corporis,
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diff changeset
1170 libertatem sui, et bona exteriora, puta divitias, patriam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 gloriam. Et ideo, ut Augustinus refert, XXI de Civ. Dei, octo
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diff changeset
1172 genera poenarum in legibus esse scribit Tullius, scilicet mortem,
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diff changeset
1173 per quam tollitur vita; verbera et talionem (ut scilicet oculum pro
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diff changeset
1174 oculo perdat), per quae amittit corporis incolumitatem; servitutem
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diff changeset
1175 et vincula, per quae perdit libertatem; exilium, per quod perdit
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diff changeset
1176 patriam; damnum, per quod perdit divitias; ignominiam, per quam
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diff changeset
1177 perdit gloriam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43594"><span class=
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diff changeset
1179 "ref">[43594] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1180 ergo dicendum quod dominus prohibet eradicari zizania quando
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diff changeset
1181 timetur ne simul cum eis eradicetur et triticum. Sed quandoque
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diff changeset
1182 possunt eradicari mali per mortem non solum sine periculo, sed
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diff changeset
1183 etiam cum magna utilitate bonorum. Et ideo in tali casu potest
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diff changeset
1184 poena mortis peccatoribus infligi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43595"><span class=
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diff changeset
1186 "ref">[43595] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1187 dicendum quod omnes peccantes mortaliter digni sunt morte aeterna
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diff changeset
1188 quantum ad futuram retributionem, quae est secundum veritatem
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diff changeset
1189 divini iudicii. Sed poenae praesentis vitae sunt magis medicinales.
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diff changeset
1190 Et ideo illis solis peccatis poena mortis infligitur quae in gravem
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diff changeset
1191 perniciem aliorum cedunt.</p>
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diff changeset
1192 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43596"><span class=
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diff changeset
1193 "ref">[43596] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1194 dicendum quod quando simul cum culpa innotescit et poena, vel
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diff changeset
1195 mortis vel quaecumque alia quam homo horret, ex hoc ipso voluntas
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diff changeset
1196 eius a peccando abstrahitur, quia plus terret poena quam alliciat
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diff changeset
1197 exemplum culpae.</p>
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diff changeset
1198 <br />
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diff changeset
1199 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
1200 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43597"><span class=
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diff changeset
1201 "ref">[43597] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1202 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod vindicta sit exercenda in eos
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diff changeset
1203 qui involuntarie peccaverunt. Voluntas enim unius non consequitur
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diff changeset
1204 voluntatem alterius. Sed unus punitur pro alio, secundum illud
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diff changeset
1205 Exod. XX, <i>ego sum Deus Zelotes, visitans iniquitatem patrum in
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diff changeset
1206 filios, in tertiam et quartam generationem</i>. Unde et pro peccato
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diff changeset
1207 Cham Chanaan, filius eius, maledictus est, ut habetur Gen. IX.
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diff changeset
1208 Giezi etiam peccante, lepra transmittitur ad posteros, ut habetur
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diff changeset
1209 IV Reg. V. Sanguis etiam Christi reddit poenae obnoxios successores
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diff changeset
1210 Iudaeorum, qui dixerunt, sanguis eius super nos, et super filios
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diff changeset
1211 nostros. Matth. XXVII, legitur etiam quod pro peccato Achar populus
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diff changeset
1212 Israel traditus est in manus hostium, ut habetur Iosue VII. Et pro
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diff changeset
1213 peccato filiorum Heli idem populus corruit in conspectu
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diff changeset
1214 Philistinorum, ut habetur I Reg. IV. Ergo aliquis involuntarius est
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diff changeset
1215 puniendus.</p>
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diff changeset
1216 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43598"><span class=
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diff changeset
1217 "ref">[43598] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
1218 Praeterea, illud solum est voluntarium quod est in potestate
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diff changeset
1219 hominis. Sed quandoque poena infertur pro eo quod non est in eius
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diff changeset
1220 potestate, sicut propter vitium leprae aliquis removetur ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 administratione Ecclesiae; et propter paupertatem aut malitiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 civium Ecclesia perdit cathedram episcopalem. Ergo non solum pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 peccato voluntario vindicta infertur.</p>
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diff changeset
1224 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43599"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 "ref">[43599] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 Praeterea, ignorantia causat involuntarium. Sed vindicta quandoque
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diff changeset
1227 exercetur in aliquos ignorantes. Parvuli enim Sodomitarum, licet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 haberent ignorantiam invincibilem, cum parentibus perierunt, ut
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diff changeset
1229 legitur Gen. XIX. Similiter etiam parvuli pro peccato Dathan et
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diff changeset
1230 Abiron pariter cum eis absorpti sunt, ut habetur Num. XVI. Bruta
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diff changeset
1231 etiam animalia, quae carent ratione, iussa sunt interfici pro
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diff changeset
1232 peccato Amalecitarum, ut habetur I Reg. XV. Ergo vindicta quandoque
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diff changeset
1233 exercetur in involuntarios.</p>
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diff changeset
1234 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="43600"><span class=
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diff changeset
1235 "ref">[43600] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 Praeterea, coactio maxime repugnat voluntario. Sed aliquis qui
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diff changeset
1237 timore coactus aliquod peccatum committit, non propter hoc reatum
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diff changeset
1238 poenae evadit. Ergo vindicta exercetur etiam in involuntarios.</p>
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diff changeset
1239 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="43601"><span class=
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diff changeset
1240 "ref">[43601] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a>
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diff changeset
1241 Praeterea, Ambrosius dicit, super Lucam, quod <i>navicula in qua
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diff changeset
1242 erat Iudas, turbatur, unde et Petrus, qui erat firmus meritis suis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 turbatur alienis</i>. Sed Petrus non volebat peccatum Iudae. Ergo
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diff changeset
1244 quandoque involuntarius punitur.</p>
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diff changeset
1245 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43602"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 "ref">[43602] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1247 est quod poena debetur peccato. Sed omne peccatum est voluntarium,
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diff changeset
1248 ut dicit Augustinus. Ergo in solos voluntarios est exercenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 vindicta.</p>
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diff changeset
1250 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 4 co."><a name="43603"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 "ref">[43603] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1252 dicendum quod poena potest dupliciter considerari. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1253 secundum rationem poenae. Et secundum hoc, poena non debetur nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 peccato, quia per poenam reparatur aequalitas iustitiae, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 ille qui peccando nimis secutus est suam voluntatem, aliquid contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 suam voluntatem patitur. Unde cum omne peccatum sit voluntarium,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 etiam originale, ut supra habitum est; consequens est quod nullus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 punitur hoc modo nisi pro eo quod voluntarie factum est. Alio modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 potest considerari poena inquantum est medicina, non solum sanativa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 peccati praeteriti, sed etiam praeservativa a peccato futuro et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 promotiva in aliquod bonum. Et secundum hoc, aliquis interdum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 punitur sine culpa, non tamen sine causa. Sciendum tamen quod
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diff changeset
1263 nunquam medicina subtrahit maius bonum ut promoveat minus bonum,
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diff changeset
1264 sicut medicina carnalis nunquam caecat oculum ut sanet calcaneum,
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diff changeset
1265 quandoque tamen infert nocumentum in minoribus ut melioribus
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diff changeset
1266 auxilium praestet. Et quia bona spiritualia sunt maxima bona, bona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 autem temporalia sunt minima; ideo quandoque punitur aliquis in
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diff changeset
1268 temporalibus bonis absque culpa, cuiusmodi sunt plures poenae
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diff changeset
1269 praesentis vitae divinitus inflictae ad humiliationem vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 probationem, non autem punitur aliquis in spiritualibus bonis sine
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diff changeset
1271 propria culpa, neque in praesenti neque in futuro; quia ibi poenae
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diff changeset
1272 non sunt medicinae, sed consequuntur spiritualem damnationem.</p>
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diff changeset
1273 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43604"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 "ref">[43604] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1275 ergo dicendum quod unus homo poena spirituali nunquam punitur pro
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diff changeset
1276 peccato alterius, quia poena spiritualis pertinet ad animam,
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diff changeset
1277 secundum quam quilibet est liber sui. Poena autem temporali
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diff changeset
1278 quandoque unus punitur pro peccato alterius, triplici ratione.
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diff changeset
1279 Primo quidem, quia unus homo temporaliter est res alterius, et ita
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diff changeset
1280 in poenam eius etiam ipse punitur, sicut filii sunt secundum corpus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 quaedam res patris, et servi sunt quaedam res dominorum. Alio modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 inquantum peccatum unius derivatur in alterum. Vel per imitationem,
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diff changeset
1283 sicut filii imitantur peccata parentum, et servi peccata dominorum,
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diff changeset
1284 ut audacius peccent. Vel per modum meriti, sicut peccata subditorum
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diff changeset
1285 merentur peccatorem praelatum, secundum illud Iob XXXIV, <i>qui
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diff changeset
1286 regnare facit hominem hypocritam, propter peccata populi</i>; unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 et pro peccato David populum numerantis, populus Israel punitus
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diff changeset
1288 est, ut habetur II Reg. ult. Sive etiam per aliqualem consensum seu
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diff changeset
1289 dissimulationem, sicut etiam interdum boni simul puniuntur
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diff changeset
1290 temporaliter cum malis, quia eorum peccata non redarguerunt, ut
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1291 Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, tertio, ad commendandum
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1292 unitatem humanae societatis, ex qua unus debet pro alio sollicitus
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1293 esse ne peccet, et ad detestationem peccati, dum poena unius
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1294 redundat in omnes, quasi omnes essent unum corpus, ut Augustinus
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1295 dicit de peccato Achar. Quod autem dominus dicit, <i>visitans
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1296 peccata parentum in filios, in tertiam et quartam</i> generationem,
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1297 magis videtur ad misericordiam quam ad severitatem pertinere, dum
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1298 non statim vindictam adhibet, sed expectat in posterum, ut vel
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1299 saltem posteri corrigantur; sed, crescente malitia posteriorum,
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1300 quasi necesse est ultionem inferri.</p>
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1301 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43605"><span class=
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1302 "ref">[43605] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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1303 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, iudicium humanum debet
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1304 imitari divinum iudicium in manifestis Dei iudiciis, quibus homines
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1305 spiritualiter damnat pro proprio peccato. Occulta vero Dei iudicia,
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1306 quibus temporaliter aliquos punit absque culpa, non potest humanum
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1307 iudicium imitari, quia homo non potest comprehendere horum
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1308 iudiciorum rationes, ut sciat quid expediat unicuique. Et ideo
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1309 nunquam secundum humanum iudicium aliquis debet puniri sine culpa
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1310 poena flagelli, ut occidatur, vel mutiletur, vel verberetur. Poena
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1311 autem damni punitur aliquis, etiam secundum humanum iudicium, etiam
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1312 sine culpa, sed non sine causa. Et hoc tripliciter. Uno modo, ex
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1313 hoc quod aliquis ineptus redditur, sine sua culpa, ad aliquod bonum
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1314 habendum vel consequendum, sicut propter vitium leprae aliquis
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1315 removetur ab administratione Ecclesiae, et propter bigamiam vel
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1316 iudicium sanguinis aliquis impeditur a sacris ordinibus. Secundo,
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1317 quia bonum in quo damnificatur non est proprium bonum, sed commune,
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1318 sicut quod aliqua Ecclesia habeat episcopatum, pertinet ad bonum
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1319 totius civitatis, non autem ad bonum clericorum tantum. Tertio,
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1320 quia bonum unius dependet ex bono alterius, sicut in crimine laesae
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1321 maiestatis filius amittit haereditatem pro peccato parentis.</p>
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1322 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43606"><span class=
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1323 "ref">[43606] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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1324 dicendum quod parvuli divino iudicio simul puniuntur temporaliter
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1325 cum parentibus, tum quia sunt res parentum, et in eis etiam
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1326 parentes puniuntur. Tum etiam quia hoc in eorum bonum cedit, ne, si
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1327 reservarentur, essent imitatores paternae malitiae, et sic
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1328 graviores poenas mererentur. In bruta vero animalia, et quascumque
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1329 alias irrationales creaturas, vindicta exercetur, quia per hoc
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1330 puniuntur illi quorum sunt. Et iterum propter detestationem
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1331 peccati.</p>
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1332 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="43607"><span class=
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1333 "ref">[43607] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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1334 dicendum quod coactio timoris non facit simpliciter involuntarium,
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1335 sed habet voluntarium mixtum, ut supra habitum est.</p>
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1336 <p title="II-II q. 108 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="43608"><span class=
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1337 "ref">[43608] II&ordf;-IIae q. 108 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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1338 dicendum quod hoc modo pro peccato Iudae ceteri apostoli
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1339 turbabantur, sicut pro peccato unius punitur multitudo, ad unitatem
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1340 commendandam, ut dictum est.</p>
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1341 <div class="centro"><br />
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1342 <p><a href="sth3102.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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1343 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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1344 <a href="sth3109.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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1345 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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1346 <br />
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1347 <hr />
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1348 <br />
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1349 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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1350 hanc editionem<br />
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1351 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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1352 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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1353 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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1354 </div>
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1355 </body>
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1356 </html>