annotate summa/latin/sth3017.html @ 28:544e12f679ad

convert to xml
author ht
date Tue, 24 Nov 2009 19:27:32 +0000
parents 4006eb4882de
children d777cc3962f2
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28
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, II&ordf;-IIae q.
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23 17-22</title>
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24 </head>
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25 <body>
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26 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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27 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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29 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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30 <div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione XVII ad
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31 XXII</div>
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32 <br />
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33 <div class="centro">
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34 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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35 <tr>
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36 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border=
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37 "0" alt=
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38 "Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)"
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39 align="middle" /></th>
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40 </tr>
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41 </table>
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42 <br />
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43 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1895 editum<br />
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44 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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45 magneticas<br />
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46 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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47 <br /></span><br />
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48 <hr />
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49 <br />
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50 <p><a href="sth3001.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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52 <a href="sth3023.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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53 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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54 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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55 //<![CDATA[
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56 <!--
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57 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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63 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="iopera.html">Opera omnia');
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249 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39622">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 1');
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250 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39623">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 2');
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ht
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251 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39624">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 3');
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ht
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252 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39625">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 arg. 1');
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ht
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253 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39626">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 arg. 2');
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ht
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254 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39627">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 arg. 3');
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ht
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255 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39628">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 s. c.');
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ht
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256 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39629">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 co.');
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ht
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257 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39630">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 ad 1');
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ht
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258 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39631">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 ad 2');
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ht
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259 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39632">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 ad 3');
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ht
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260 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39633">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 arg. 1');
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ht
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261 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39634">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 arg. 2');
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ht
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262 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39635">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 arg. 3');
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ht
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263 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39636">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 arg. 4');
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ht
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264 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39637">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 s. c.');
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ht
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265 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39638">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 co.');
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266 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39639">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 ad 1');
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267 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39640">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 ad 2');
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268 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39641">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 ad 3');
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ht
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269 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39642">II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 ad 4');
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270 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39643">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 pr.');
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271 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39644">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 arg. 1');
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272 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39645">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 arg. 2');
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ht
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273 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39646">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 arg. 3');
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ht
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274 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39647">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 s. c.');
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ht
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275 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39648">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 co.');
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276 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39649">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 ad 1');
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277 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39650">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 ad 2');
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ht
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278 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39651">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 ad 3');
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279 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39652">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 arg. 1');
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ht
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280 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39653">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 arg. 2');
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ht
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281 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39654">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 arg. 3');
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ht
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282 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39655">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 s. c.');
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ht
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283 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39656">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 co.');
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ht
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284 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39657">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 ad 1');
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ht
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285 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39658">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 ad 2');
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286 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39659">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 ad 3');
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ht
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287 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39660">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 arg. 1');
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ht
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288 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39661">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 arg. 2');
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289 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39662">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 arg. 3');
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290 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39663">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 s. c.');
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291 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39664">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 co.');
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ht
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292 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39665">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 ad');
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ht
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293 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39666">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 arg. 1');
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294 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39667">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 arg. 2');
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ht
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295 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39668">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 arg. 3');
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296 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39669">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
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297 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39670">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 co.');
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298 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39671">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 ad 1');
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ht
parents:
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299 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39672">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 ad 2');
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ht
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300 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39673">II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 ad 3');
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ht
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301 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39674">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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302 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39675">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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303 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39676">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
304 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39677">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
305 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39678">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
306 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39679">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
307 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39680">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
308 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39681">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
309 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39682">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
310 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39683">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
311 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39684">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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312 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39685">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
313 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39686">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
314 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39687">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
315 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39688">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
316 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39689">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
317 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39690">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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318 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39691">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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319 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39692">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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320 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39693">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
321 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39694">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
322 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39695">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
323 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39696">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
324 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39697">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
325 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39698">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
326 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39699">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
327 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39700">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
328 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39701">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
329 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39702">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
330 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39703">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
331 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39704">II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 ad');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
332 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39705">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
333 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39706">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
334 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39707">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
335 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39708">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
336 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39709">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
337 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39710">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
338 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39711">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
339 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39712">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
340 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39713">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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341 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39714">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
342 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39715">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
343 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39716">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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344 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39717">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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345 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39718">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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346 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39719">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
347 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39720">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
348 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#39721">II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 ad 3');
28
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diff changeset
349 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
26
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
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parents:
diff changeset
350 document.write('<BR><BR>');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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351 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
28
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diff changeset
352 document.write('<\/FORM>');
26
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
353 // -->
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
354 //]]>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
355 </script><br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
356 <hr />
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diff changeset
357 <br /></div>
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diff changeset
358 <div class="D">Quaestio 17</div>
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diff changeset
359 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
360 <p title="II-II q. 17 pr."><a name="39439"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
361 "ref">[39439] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 pr.</span></a> Consequenter post
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diff changeset
362 fidem considerandum est de spe. Et primo, de ipsa spe; secundo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
363 dono timoris; tertio, de vitiis oppositis; quarto, de praeceptis ad
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diff changeset
364 hoc pertinentibus. Circa primum occurrit primo consideratio de ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
365 spe; secundo, de subiecto eius. Circa primum quaeruntur octo.
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diff changeset
366 Primo, utrum spes sit virtus. Secundo, utrum obiectum eius sit
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diff changeset
367 beatitudo aeterna. Tertio, utrum unus homo possit sperare
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diff changeset
368 beatitudinem alterius per virtutem spei. Quarto, utrum homo licite
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diff changeset
369 possit sperare in homine. Quinto, utrum spes sit virtus theologica.
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370 Sexto, de distinctione eius ab aliis virtutibus theologicis.
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371 Septimo, de ordine eius ad fidem. Octavo, de ordine eius ad
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372 caritatem.</p>
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diff changeset
373 <br />
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diff changeset
374 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
375 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="39440"><span class=
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diff changeset
376 "ref">[39440] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
377 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes non sit virtus. <i>Virtute enim
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diff changeset
378 nullus male utitur</i>; ut dicit Augustinus, in libro de Lib. Arb.
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379 Sed spe aliquis male utitur, quia circa passionem spei contingit
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380 esse medium et extrema, sicut et circa alias passiones. Ergo spes
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381 non est virtus.</p>
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diff changeset
382 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="39441"><span class=
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diff changeset
383 "ref">[39441] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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384 nulla virtus procedit ex meritis, quia <i>virtutem Deus in nobis
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385 sine nobis operatur</i>, ut Augustinus dicit. <i>Sed spes est ex
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diff changeset
386 gratia et meritis proveniens</i>; ut Magister dicit, XXVI dist. III
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diff changeset
387 Lib. Sent. Ergo spes non est virtus.</p>
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diff changeset
388 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="39442"><span class=
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diff changeset
389 "ref">[39442] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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390 virtus est dispositio perfecti; ut dicitur in VII Physic. Spes
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391 autem est dispositio imperfecti, scilicet eius qui non habet id
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392 quod sperat. Ergo spes non est virtus.</p>
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diff changeset
393 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 1 s. c."><a name="39443"><span class=
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diff changeset
394 "ref">[39443] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
395 est quod Gregorius, in I Moral., dicit quod per tres filias Iob
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396 significantur hae tres virtutes, fides, spes, caritas. Ergo spes
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397 est virtus.</p>
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diff changeset
398 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 1 co."><a name="39444"><span class=
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diff changeset
399 "ref">[39444] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
400 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in II Ethic., <i>virtus
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401 uniuscuiusque rei est quae bonum facit habentem et opus eius bonum
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402 reddit</i>. Oportet igitur, ubicumque invenitur aliquis actus
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403 hominis bonus, quod respondeat alicui virtuti humanae. In omnibus
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404 autem regulatis et mensuratis bonum consideratur per hoc quod
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405 aliquid propriam regulam attingit, sicut dicimus vestem esse bonam
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406 quae nec excedit nec deficit a debita mensura. Humanorum autem
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407 actuum, sicut supra dictum est, duplex est mensura, una quidem
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408 proxima et homogenea, scilicet ratio; alia autem est suprema et
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409 excedens, scilicet Deus. Et ideo omnis actus humanus attingens ad
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410 rationem aut ad ipsum Deum est bonus. Actus autem spei de qua nunc
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411 loquimur attingit ad Deum. Ut enim supra dictum est, cum de
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412 passione spei ageretur, obiectum spei est bonum futurum arduum
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413 possibile haberi. Possibile autem est aliquid nobis dupliciter, uno
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414 modo, per nos ipsos; alio modo, per alios; ut patet in III Ethic.
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415 Inquantum igitur speramus aliquid ut possibile nobis per divinum
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416 auxilium, spes nostra attingit ad ipsum Deum, cuius auxilio
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417 innititur. Et ideo patet quod spes est virtus, cum faciat actum
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418 hominis bonum et debitam regulam attingentem.</p>
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419 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="39445"><span class=
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diff changeset
420 "ref">[39445] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
421 ergo dicendum quod in passionibus accipitur medium virtutis per hoc
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422 quod attingitur ratio recta, et in hoc etiam consistit ratio
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423 virtutis. Unde etiam et in spe bonum virtutis accipitur secundum
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424 quod homo attingit sperando regulam debitam, scilicet Deum. Et ideo
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425 spe attingente Deum nullus potest male uti, sicut nec virtute
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426 morali attingente rationem, quia hoc ipsum quod est attingere est
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427 bonus usus virtutis. Quamvis spes de qua nunc loquimur non sit
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428 passio, sed habitus mentis, ut infra patebit.</p>
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429 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="39446"><span class=
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diff changeset
430 "ref">[39446] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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431 dicendum quod spes dicitur ex meritis provenire quantum ad ipsam
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432 rem expectatam, prout aliquis sperat se beatitudinem adepturum ex
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433 gratia et meritis. Vel quantum ad actum spei formatae. Ipse autem
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434 habitus spei, per quam aliquis expectat beatitudinem, non causatur
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435 ex meritis, sed pure ex gratia.</p>
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diff changeset
436 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="39447"><span class=
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diff changeset
437 "ref">[39447] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
438 dicendum quod ille qui sperat est quidem imperfectus secundum
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439 considerationem ad id quod sperat obtinere, quod nondum habet, sed
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440 est perfectus quantum ad hoc quod iam attingit propriam regulam,
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441 scilicet Deum, cuius auxilio innititur.</p>
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diff changeset
442 <br />
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diff changeset
443 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
444 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="39448"><span class=
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diff changeset
445 "ref">[39448] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
446 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod beatitudo aeterna non sit
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diff changeset
447 obiectum proprium spei. Illud enim homo non sperat quod omnem animi
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448 sui motum excedit, cum spei actus sit quidam animi motus. Sed
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449 beatitudo aeterna excedit omnem humani animi motum, dicit enim
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450 apostolus, I ad Cor. II, quod <i>in cor hominis non ascendit</i>.
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451 Ergo beatitudo non est proprium obiectum spei.</p>
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diff changeset
452 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="39449"><span class=
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diff changeset
453 "ref">[39449] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
454 petitio est spei interpretativa, dicitur enim in Psalm., <i>revela
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455 domino viam tuam et spera in eo, et ipse faciet</i>. Sed homo petit
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456 a Deo licite non solum beatitudinem aeternam, sed etiam bona
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457 praesentis vitae tam spiritualia quam temporalia, et etiam
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458 liberationem a malis, quae in beatitudine aeterna non erunt, ut
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diff changeset
459 patet in oratione dominica, Matth. VI. Ergo beatitudo aeterna non
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diff changeset
460 est proprium obiectum spei.</p>
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461 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="39450"><span class=
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diff changeset
462 "ref">[39450] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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463 spei obiectum est arduum. Sed in comparatione ad hominem multa alia
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464 sunt ardua quam beatitudo aeterna. Ergo beatitudo aeterna non est
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465 proprium obiectum spei.</p>
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diff changeset
466 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 2 s. c."><a name="39451"><span class=
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diff changeset
467 "ref">[39451] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
468 est quod apostolus dicit, ad Heb. VI, <i>habemus spem incedentem,
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469 idest incedere facientem, ad interiora velaminis, idest ad
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470 beatitudinem caelestem</i>; ut Glossa ibidem exponit. Ergo obiectum
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471 spei est beatitudo aeterna.</p>
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diff changeset
472 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 2 co."><a name="39452"><span class=
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diff changeset
473 "ref">[39452] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
474 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, spes de qua loquimur attingit Deum
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475 innitens eius auxilio ad consequendum bonum speratum. Oportet autem
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476 effectum esse causae proportionatum. Et ideo bonum quod proprie et
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477 principaliter a Deo sperare debemus est bonum infinitum, quod
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478 proportionatur virtuti Dei adiuvantis, nam infinitae virtutis est
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479 proprium ad infinitum bonum perducere. Hoc autem bonum est vita
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480 aeterna, quae in fruitione ipsius Dei consistit, non enim minus
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481 aliquid ab eo sperandum est quam sit ipse, cum non sit minor eius
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482 bonitas, per quam bona creaturae communicat, quam eius essentia. Et
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diff changeset
483 ideo proprium et principale obiectum spei est beatitudo
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484 aeterna.</p>
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diff changeset
485 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="39453"><span class=
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diff changeset
486 "ref">[39453] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
487 ergo dicendum quod beatitudo aeterna perfecte quidem in cor hominis
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diff changeset
488 non ascendit, ut scilicet cognosci possit ab homine viatore quae et
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diff changeset
489 qualis sit, sed secundum communem rationem, scilicet boni perfecti,
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diff changeset
490 cadere potest in apprehensione hominis. Et hoc modo motus spei in
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diff changeset
491 ipsam consurgit. Unde et signanter apostolus dicit quod spes
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492 incedit usque ad interiora velaminis, quia id quod speramus est
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diff changeset
493 nobis adhuc velatum.</p>
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diff changeset
494 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="39454"><span class=
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diff changeset
495 "ref">[39454] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
496 dicendum quod quaecumque alia bona non debemus a Deo petere nisi in
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497 ordine ad beatitudinem aeternam. Unde et spes principaliter quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
498 respicit beatitudinem aeternam; alia vero quae petuntur a Deo
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diff changeset
499 respicit secundario, in ordine ad beatitudinem aeternam. Sicut
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diff changeset
500 etiam fides respicit principaliter Deum, et secundario respicit ea
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501 quae ad Deum ordinantur, ut supra dictum est.</p>
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502 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="39455"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
503 "ref">[39455] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
504 dicendum quod homini qui anhelat ad aliquid magnum, parvum videtur
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diff changeset
505 omne aliud quod est eo minus. Et ideo homini speranti beatitudinem
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diff changeset
506 aeternam, habito respectu ad istam spem, nihil aliud est arduum.
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diff changeset
507 Sed habito respectu ad facultatem sperantis, possunt etiam quaedam
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diff changeset
508 alia ei esse ardua. Et secundum hoc eorum potest esse spes in
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diff changeset
509 ordine ad principale obiectum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
510 <br />
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diff changeset
511 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
512 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="39456"><span class=
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diff changeset
513 "ref">[39456] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
514 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis possit sperare alteri
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diff changeset
515 beatitudinem aeternam. Dicit enim apostolus, Philipp. I,
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diff changeset
516 <i>confidens hoc ipsum, quia qui coepit in vobis opus bonum
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517 perficiet usque in diem Christi Iesu</i>. Perfectio aut illius diei
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diff changeset
518 erit beatitudo aeterna. Ergo aliquis potest alteri sperare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
519 beatitudinem aeternam.</p>
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diff changeset
520 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="39457"><span class=
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diff changeset
521 "ref">[39457] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
522 ea quae a Deo petimus speramus obtinere ab eo. Sed a Deo petimus
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diff changeset
523 quod alios ad beatitudinem aeternam perducat, secundum illud Iac.
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diff changeset
524 ult., <i>orate pro invicem ut salvemini</i>. Ergo possumus aliis
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diff changeset
525 sperare beatitudinem aeternam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
526 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="39458"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
527 "ref">[39458] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
528 spes et desperatio sunt de eodem. Sed aliquis potest desperare de
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diff changeset
529 beatitudine aeterna alicuius, alioquin frustra diceret Augustinus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
530 in libro de Verb. Dom., <i>de nemine esse desperandum dum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
531 vivit</i>. Ergo etiam potest aliquis sperare alteri vitam
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diff changeset
532 aeternam.</p>
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533 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 3 s. c."><a name="39459"><span class=
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diff changeset
534 "ref">[39459] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
535 est quod Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod <i>spes non est nisi
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diff changeset
536 rerum ad eum pertinentium qui earum spem gerere perhibetur</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
537 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 3 co."><a name="39460"><span class=
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diff changeset
538 "ref">[39460] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
539 dicendum quod spes potest esse alicuius dupliciter. Uno quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
540 modo, absolute, et sic est solum boni ardui ad se pertinentis. Alio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
541 modo, ex praesuppositione alterius, et sic potest esse etiam eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
542 quae ad alium pertinent. Ad cuius evidentiam sciendum est quod amor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
543 et spes in hoc differunt quod amor importat quandam unionem amantis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
544 ad amatum; spes autem importat quendam motum sive protensionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
545 appetitus in aliquod bonum arduum. Unio autem est aliquorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
546 distinctorum, et ideo amor directe potest respicere alium, quem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
547 sibi aliquis unit per amorem, habens eum sicut seipsum. Motus autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
548 semper est ad proprium terminum proportionatum mobili, et ideo spes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
549 directe respicit proprium bonum, non autem id quod ad alium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
550 pertinet. Sed praesupposita unione amoris ad alterum, iam aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
551 potest desiderare et sperare aliquid alteri sicut sibi. Et secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
552 hoc aliquis potest sperare alteri vitam aeternam, inquantum est ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
553 unitus per amorem. Et sicut est eadem virtus caritatis qua quis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
554 diligit Deum, seipsum et proximum, ita etiam est eadem virtus spei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
555 qua quis sperat sibi ipsi et alii.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
556 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="39461"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
557 "ref">[39461] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
558 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
559 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
560 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
561 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="39462"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
562 "ref">[39462] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
563 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis possit licite sperare in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
564 homine. Spei enim obiectum est beatitudo aeterna. Sed ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
565 beatitudinem aeternam consequendam adiuvamur patrociniis sanctorum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
566 dicit enim Gregorius, in I Dial., quod <i>praedestinatio iuvatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
567 precibus sanctorum</i>. Ergo aliquis potest in homine sperare.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
568 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="39463"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
569 "ref">[39463] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
570 si non potest aliquis sperare in homine, non esset reputandum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
571 alicui in vitium quod in eo aliquis sperare non possit. Sed hoc de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
572 quibusdam in vitium dicitur, ut patet Ierem. IX, <i>unusquisque a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
573 proximo suo se custodiat, et in omni fratre suo non habeat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
574 fiduciam</i>. Ergo licite potest aliquis sperare in homine.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
575 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="39464"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
576 "ref">[39464] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
577 petitio est interpretativa spei, sicut dictum est. Sed licite
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parents: 26
diff changeset
578 potest homo aliquid petere ab homine. Ergo licite potest sperare de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
579 eo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
580 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 4 s. c."><a name="39465"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
581 "ref">[39465] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
582 est quod dicitur Ierem. XVII, <i>maledictus homo qui confidit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
583 homine</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
584 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 4 co."><a name="39466"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
585 "ref">[39466] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
586 dicendum quod spes, sicut dictum est, duo respicit, scilicet bonum
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587 quod obtinere intendit; et auxilium per quod illud bonum obtinetur.
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diff changeset
588 Bonum autem quod quis sperat obtinendum habet rationem causae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
589 finalis; auxilium autem per quod quis sperat illud bonum obtinere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
590 habet rationem causae efficientis. In genere autem utriusque causae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
591 invenitur principale et secundarium. Principalis enim finis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
592 finis ultimus; secundarius autem finis est bonum quod est ad finem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
593 Similiter principalis causa agens est primum agens; secundaria vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 causa efficiens est agens secundarium instrumentale. Spes autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
595 respicit beatitudinem aeternam sicut finem ultimum; divinum autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
596 auxilium sicut primam causam inducentem ad beatitudinem. Sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
597 igitur non licet sperare aliquod bonum praeter beatitudinem sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
598 ultimum finem, sed solum sicut id quod est ad finem beatitudinis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
599 ordinatum; ita etiam non licet sperare de aliquo homine, vel de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 aliqua creatura, sicut de prima causa movente in beatitudinem;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 licet autem sperare de aliquo homine, vel de aliqua creatura, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
602 de agente secundario et instrumentali, per quod aliquis adiuvatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
603 ad quaecumque bona consequenda in beatitudinem ordinata. Et hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
604 modo ad sanctos convertimur; et ab hominibus aliqua petimus; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
605 vituperantur illi de quibus aliquis confidere non potest ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 auxilium ferendum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
607 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="39467"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
608 "ref">[39467] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
609 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
610 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
611 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
612 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="39468"><span class=
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diff changeset
613 "ref">[39468] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
614 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes non sit virtus theologica. Virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
615 enim theologica est quae habet Deum pro obiecto. Sed spes non habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
616 solum Deum pro obiecto, sed etiam alia bona quae a Deo obtinere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
617 speramus. Ergo spes non est virtus theologica.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
618 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="39469"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
619 "ref">[39469] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
620 virtus theologica non consistit in medio duorum vitiorum, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
621 habitum est. Sed spes consistit in medio praesumptionis et
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diff changeset
622 desperationis. Ergo spes non est virtus theologica.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
623 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="39470"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
624 "ref">[39470] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
625 expectatio pertinet ad longanimitatem, quae est pars fortitudinis.
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diff changeset
626 Cum ergo spes sit quaedam expectatio, videtur quod spes non sit
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diff changeset
627 virtus theologica, sed moralis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
628 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="39471"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
629 "ref">[39471] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
630 obiectum spei est arduum. Sed tendere in arduum pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
631 magnanimitatem, quae est virtus moralis. Ergo spes est virtus
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diff changeset
632 moralis, et non theologica.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
633 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 5 s. c."><a name="39472"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
634 "ref">[39472] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
635 est quod, I ad Cor. XIII, connumeratur fidei et caritati quae sunt
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diff changeset
636 virtutes theologicae.</p>
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diff changeset
637 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 5 co."><a name="39473"><span class=
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diff changeset
638 "ref">[39473] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
639 dicendum quod, cum differentiae specificae per se dividant genus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
640 oportet attendere unde habeat spes rationem virtutis, ad hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
641 sciamus sub qua differentia virtutis collocetur. Dictum est autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
642 supra quod spes habet rationem virtutis ex hoc quod attingit
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643 supremam regulam humanorum actuum; quam attingit et sicut primam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
644 causam efficientem, inquantum eius auxilio innititur; et sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
645 ultimam causam finalem, inquantum in eius fruitione beatitudinem
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diff changeset
646 expectat. Et sic patet quod spei, inquantum est virtus, principale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
647 obiectum est Deus. Cum igitur in hoc consistat ratio virtutis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
648 theologicae quod Deum habeat pro obiecto, sicut supra dictum est,
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diff changeset
649 manifestum est quod spes est virtus theologica.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
650 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="39474"><span class=
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diff changeset
651 "ref">[39474] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
652 ergo dicendum quod quaecumque alia spes adipisci expectat, sperat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
653 in ordine ad Deum sicut ad ultimum finem et sicut ad primam causam
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diff changeset
654 efficientem, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
655 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="39475"><span class=
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diff changeset
656 "ref">[39475] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
657 dicendum quod medium accipitur in regulatis et mensuratis secundum
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diff changeset
658 quod regula vel mensura attingitur; secundum autem quod exceditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
659 regula, est superfluum; secundum autem defectum a regula, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
660 diminutum. In ipsa autem regula vel mensura non est accipere medium
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diff changeset
661 et extrema. Virtus autem moralis est circa ea quae regulantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
662 ratione sicut circa proprium obiectum, et ideo per se convenit ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
663 esse in medio ex parte proprii obiecti. Sed virtus theologica est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
664 circa ipsam regulam primam, non regulatam alia regula, sicut circa
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diff changeset
665 proprium obiectum. Et ideo per se, et secundum proprium obiectum,
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diff changeset
666 non convenit virtuti theologicae esse in medio. Sed potest sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
667 competere per accidens, ratione eius quod ordinatur ad principale
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668 obiectum. Sicut fides non potest habere medium et extrema in hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
669 quod innitatur primae veritati, cui nullus potest nimis inniti, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
670 ex parte eorum quae credit, potest habere medium et extrema, sicut
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diff changeset
671 unum verum est medium inter duo falsa. Et similiter spes non habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
672 medium et extrema ex parte principalis obiecti, quia divino auxilio
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parents: 26
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673 nullus potest nimis inniti, sed quantum ad ea quae confidit aliquis
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parents: 26
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674 se adepturum, potest ibi esse medium et extrema, inquantum vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
675 praesumit ea quae sunt supra suam proportionem, vel desperat de his
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diff changeset
676 quae sunt sibi proportionata.</p>
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diff changeset
677 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="39476"><span class=
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diff changeset
678 "ref">[39476] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
679 dicendum quod expectatio quae ponitur in definitione spei non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
680 importat dilationem, sicut expectatio quae pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
681 longanimitatem, sed importat respectum ad auxilium divinum, sive
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diff changeset
682 illud quod speratur differatur, sive non differatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
683 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="39477"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
684 "ref">[39477] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 dicendum quod magnanimitas tendit in arduum sperans aliquid quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
686 est suae potestatis. Unde proprie respicit operationem aliquorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
687 magnorum. Sed spes, secundum quod est virtus theologica, respicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
688 arduum alterius auxilio assequendum, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
689 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
690 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="39478"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 "ref">[39478] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
693 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes non sit virtus distincta ab aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
694 theologicis. Habitus enim distinguuntur secundum obiecta, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
695 dictum est. Sed idem est obiectum spei et aliarum virtutum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 theologicarum. Ergo spes non distinguitur ab aliis virtutibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 theologicis.</p>
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diff changeset
698 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="39479"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
699 "ref">[39479] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
700 in symbolo fidei, in quo fidem profitemur, dicitur, <i>expecto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 resurrectionem mortuorum et vitam futuri saeculi</i>. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 expectatio futurae beatitudinis pertinet ad spem, ut supra dictum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
703 est. Ergo spes a fide non distinguitur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
704 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="39480"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 "ref">[39480] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 per spem homo tendit in Deum. Sed hoc proprie pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
707 caritatem. Ergo spes a caritate non distinguitur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 6 s. c."><a name="39481"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 "ref">[39481] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
710 ubi non est distinctio ibi non est numerus. Sed spes connumeratur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 aliis virtutibus theologicis, dicit enim Gregorius, in I Moral.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
712 esse tres virtutes, fidem, spem et caritatem. Ergo spes est virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
713 distincta ab aliis theologicis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 6 co."><a name="39482"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 "ref">[39482] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 dicendum quod virtus aliqua dicitur theologica ex hoc quod habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
717 Deum pro obiecto cui inhaeret. Potest autem aliquis alicui rei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 inhaerere dupliciter, uno modo, propter seipsum; alio modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
719 inquantum ex eo ad aliud devenitur. Caritas igitur facit hominem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
720 Deo inhaerere propter seipsum, mentem hominis uniens Deo per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
721 affectum amoris. Spes autem et fides faciunt hominem inhaerere Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
722 sicut cuidam principio ex quo aliqua nobis proveniunt. De Deo autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
723 provenit nobis et cognitio veritatis et adeptio perfectae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
724 bonitatis. Fides ergo facit hominem Deo inhaerere inquantum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
725 nobis principium cognoscendi veritatem, credimus enim ea vera esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
726 quae nobis a Deo dicuntur. Spes autem facit Deo adhaerere prout est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
727 nobis principium perfectae bonitatis, inquantum scilicet per spem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
728 divino auxilio innitimur ad beatitudinem obtinendam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="39483"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 "ref">[39483] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 ergo dicendum quod Deus secundum aliam et aliam rationem est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
732 obiectum harum virtutum, ut dictum est. Ad distinctionem autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
733 habituum sufficit diversa ratio obiecti, ut supra habitum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="39484"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
735 "ref">[39484] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
736 dicendum quod expectatio ponitur in symbolo fidei non quia sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 actus proprius fidei, sed inquantum actus spei praesupponit fidem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 ut dicetur, et sic actus fidei manifestantur per actus spei.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
739 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="39485"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
740 "ref">[39485] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
741 dicendum quod spes facit tendere in Deum sicut in quoddam bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
742 finale adipiscendum, et sicut in quoddam adiutorium efficax ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
743 subveniendum. Sed caritas proprie facit tendere in Deum uniendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
744 affectum hominis Deo, ut scilicet homo non sibi vivat sed Deo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
745 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
747 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="39486"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
748 "ref">[39486] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
749 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes praecedat fidem. Quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
750 super illud Psalm., <i>spera in domino, et fac bonitatem</i>, dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
751 Glossa, <i>spes est introitus fidei, initium salutis</i>. Sed salus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
752 est per fidem, per quam iustificamur. Ergo spes praecedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
753 fidem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
754 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="39487"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
755 "ref">[39487] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
756 illud quod ponitur in definitione alicuius debet esse prius et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
757 magis notum. Sed spes ponitur in definitione fidei, ut patet Heb.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
758 XI, fides est substantia rerum sperandarum. Ergo spes est prior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 fide.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="39488"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 "ref">[39488] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
762 spes praecedit actum meritorium, dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
763 IX, quod <i>qui arat debet arare in spe fructus percipiendi</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
764 Sed actus fidei est meritorius. Ergo spes praecedit fidem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
765 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 7 s. c."><a name="39489"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
766 "ref">[39489] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
767 est quod Matth. I dicitur, <i>Abraham genuit Isaac</i>, idest fides
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 spem, sicut dicit Glossa.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
769 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 7 co."><a name="39490"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
770 "ref">[39490] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 dicendum quod fides absolute praecedit spem. Obiectum enim spei est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
772 bonum futurum arduum possibile haberi. Ad hoc ergo quod aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 speret, requiritur quod obiectum spei proponatur ei ut possibile.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 Sed obiectum spei est uno modo beatitudo aeterna, et alio modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
775 divinum auxilium, ut ex dictis patet. Et utrumque eorum proponitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
776 nobis per fidem, per quam nobis innotescit quod ad vitam aeternam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 possumus pervenire, et quod ad hoc paratum est nobis divinum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
778 auxilium, secundum illud Heb. XI, <i>accedentem ad Deum oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 credere quia est, et quia inquirentibus se remunerator est</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 Unde manifestum est quod fides praecedit spem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
781 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="39491"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
782 "ref">[39491] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Glossa ibidem subdit, spes dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 introitus fidei, idest rei creditae, quia per spem intratur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 videndum illud quod creditur. Vel potest dici quod est introitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
786 fidei quia per eam homo intrat ad hoc quod stabiliatur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 perficiatur in fide.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
788 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="39492"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
789 "ref">[39492] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
790 dicendum quod in definitione fidei ponitur res speranda quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
791 proprium obiectum fidei est non apparens secundum seipsum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 fuit necessarium ut quadam circumlocutione designaretur per id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 consequitur ad fidem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="39493"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
795 "ref">[39493] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 dicendum quod non omnis actus meritorius habet spem praecedentem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 sed sufficit si habeat concomitantem vel consequentem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
799 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="39494"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
801 "ref">[39494] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 sic proceditur. Videtur quod caritas sit prior spe. Dicit enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
803 Ambrosius, super illud Luc. XVII, <i>si habueritis fidem sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
804 granum sinapis, etc., ex fide est caritas, ex caritate spes</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 Sed fides est prior caritate. Ergo caritas est prior spe.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="39495"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 "ref">[39495] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
808 Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ. Dei, quod <i>boni motus atque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
809 affectus ex amore et sancta caritate veniunt</i>. Sed sperare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
810 secundum quod est actus spei, est quidam bonus animi motus. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 derivatur a caritate.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="39496"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
813 "ref">[39496] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
814 Magister dicit, XXVI dist. III Lib. Sent., quod <i>spes ex meritis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 provenit, quae praecedunt non solum rem speratam, sed etiam spem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 quam natura praeit caritas</i>. Caritas ergo est prior spe.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 8 s. c."><a name="39497"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
818 "ref">[39497] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
819 est quod apostolus dicit, I ad Tim. I, <i>finis praecepti caritas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 est de corde puro et conscientia bona</i>, Glossa, idest spe. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
821 spes est prior caritate.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
822 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 8 co."><a name="39498"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
823 "ref">[39498] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 dicendum quod duplex est ordo. Unus quidem secundum viam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 generationis et materiae, secundum quem imperfectum prius est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
826 perfecto. Alius autem ordo est perfectionis et formae, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 quem perfectum naturaliter prius est imperfecto. Secundum igitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
828 primum ordinem spes est prior caritate. Quod sic patet. Quia spes,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
829 et omnis appetitivus motus, ex amore derivatur, ut supra habitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
830 est, cum de passionibus ageretur. Amor autem quidam est perfectus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 quidam imperfectus. Perfectus quidem amor est quo aliquis secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
832 se amatur, ut puta cui aliquis vult bonum, sicut homo amat amicum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
833 Imperfectus amor est quo quis amat aliquid non secundum ipsum, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
834 ut illud bonum sibi ipsi proveniat, sicut homo amat rem quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 concupiscit. Primus autem amor Dei pertinet ad caritatem, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 inhaeret Deo secundum seipsum, sed spes pertinet ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
837 amorem, quia ille qui sperat aliquid sibi obtinere intendit. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
838 ideo in via generationis spes est prior caritate. Sicut enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
839 aliquis introducitur ad amandum Deum per hoc quod, timens ab ipso
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 puniri, cessat a peccato, ut Augustinus dicit, super primam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 canonicam Ioan.; ita etiam et spes introducit ad caritatem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 inquantum aliquis, sperans remunerari a Deo, accenditur ad amandum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
843 Deum et servandum praecepta eius. Sed secundum ordinem perfectionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 caritas naturaliter prior est. Et ideo, adveniente caritate, spes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 perfectior redditur, quia de amicis maxime speramus. Et hoc modo
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diff changeset
846 dicit Ambrosius quod spes est ex caritate.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
847 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="39499"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
848 "ref">[39499] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 responsio ad primum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="39500"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 "ref">[39500] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 dicendum quod spes, et omnis motus appetitivus, ex amore provenit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 aliquo, quo scilicet aliquis amat bonum expectatum. Sed non omnis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 spes provenit a caritate, sed solum motus spei formatae, qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 scilicet aliquis sperat bonum a Deo ut ab amico.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 <p title="II-II q. 17 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="39501"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 "ref">[39501] II&ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
858 dicendum quod Magister loquitur de spe formata, quam naturaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
859 praecedit caritas, et merita ex caritate causata.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
860 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
861 <div class="D">Quaestio 18</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 <p title="II-II q. 18 pr."><a name="39502"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 "ref">[39502] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
865 considerandum est de subiecto spei. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 quatuor. Primo, utrum virtus spei sit in voluntate sicut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 subiecto. Secundo, utrum sit in beatis. Tertio, utrum sit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 damnatis. Quarto, utrum in viatoribus habeat certitudinem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="39503"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 "ref">[39503] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes non sit in voluntate sicut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 subiecto. Spei enim obiectum est bonum arduum, ut supra dictum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 Arduum autem non est obiectum voluntatis, sed irascibilis. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 spes non est in voluntate, sed in irascibili.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="39504"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
878 "ref">[39504] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 ad id ad quod unum sufficit, superflue apponitur aliud. Sed ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 perficiendum potentiam voluntatis sufficit caritas, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
881 perfectissima virtutum. Ergo spes non est in voluntate.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
882 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="39505"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
883 "ref">[39505] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 una potentia non potest simul esse in duobus actibus, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
885 intellectus non potest simul multa intelligere. Sed actus spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 simul esse potest cum actu caritatis. Cum ergo actus caritatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
887 manifeste pertineat ad voluntatem, actus spei non pertinet ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
888 ipsam. Sic ergo spes non est in voluntate.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 1 s. c."><a name="39506"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 "ref">[39506] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 anima non est capax Dei nisi secundum mentem; in qua est memoria,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 intelligentia et voluntas, ut patet per Augustinum, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 Trin. Sed spes est virtus theologica habens Deum pro obiecto. Cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 igitur non sit neque in memoria neque in intelligentia, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 pertinent ad vim cognoscitivam, relinquitur quod sit in voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 sicut in subiecto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 1 co."><a name="39507"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 "ref">[39507] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 dicendum quod, sicut ex praedictis patet, habitus per actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 cognoscuntur. Actus autem spei est quidam motus appetitivae partis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 cum sit eius obiectum bonum. Cum autem sit duplex appetitus in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 homine, scilicet appetitus sensitivus, qui dividitur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 irascibilem et concupiscibilem, et appetitus intellectivus, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 dicitur voluntas, ut in primo habitum est; similes motus qui sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 in appetitu inferiori cum passione, in superiori sunt sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
906 passione, ut ex supradictis patet. Actus autem virtutis spei non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 potest pertinere ad appetitum sensitivum, quia bonum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 obiectum principale huius virtutis non est aliquod bonum sensibile,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 sed bonum divinum. Et ideo spes est in appetitu superiori, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 dicitur voluntas, sicut in subiecto, non autem in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
911 inferiori, ad quem pertinet irascibilis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
912 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="39508"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 "ref">[39508] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 ergo dicendum quod irascibilis obiectum est arduum sensibile.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 Obiectum autem virtutis spei est arduum intelligibile; vel potius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 supra intellectum existens.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="39509"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 "ref">[39509] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 dicendum quod caritas sufficienter perficit voluntatem quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
920 unum actum, qui est diligere. Requiritur autem alia virtus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 perficiendum ipsam secundum alium actum eius, qui est sperare.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="39510"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 "ref">[39510] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 dicendum quod motus spei et motus caritatis habent ordinem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 invicem, ut ex supradictis patet. Unde nihil prohibet utrumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 motum simul esse unius potentiae. Sicut et intellectus potest simul
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parents: 26
diff changeset
927 multa intelligere ad invicem ordinata, ut in primo habitum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
928 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
929 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
930 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="39511"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
931 "ref">[39511] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes sit in beatis. Christus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
933 enim a principio suae conceptionis fuit perfectus comprehensor. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 ipse habuit spem, cum ex eius persona dicatur in Psalm., <i>in te,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 domine, speravi</i>, ut Glossa exponit. Ergo in beatis potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 spes.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="39512"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 "ref">[39512] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 sicut adeptio beatitudinis est quoddam bonum arduum, ita etiam eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
940 continuatio. Sed homines antequam beatitudinem adipiscantur habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 spem de beatitudinis adeptione. Ergo postquam sunt beatitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 adepti, possunt sperare beatitudinis continuationem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="39513"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 "ref">[39513] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 per virtutem spei potest aliquis beatitudinem sperare non solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 sibi sed etiam aliis, ut supra dictum est. Sed beati qui sunt in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 patria sperant beatitudinem aliis, alioquin non rogarent pro eis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 Ergo in beatis potest esse spes.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="39514"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 "ref">[39514] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 ad beatitudinem sanctorum pertinet non solum gloria animae sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
952 etiam gloria corporis. Sed animae sanctorum qui sunt in patria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
953 expectant adhuc gloriam corporis, ut patet Apoc. VI, et XII super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 Gen. ad Litt. Ergo spes potest esse in beatis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 2 s. c."><a name="39515"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
956 "ref">[39515] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 est quod apostolus dicit, ad Rom. VIII, <i>quod videt quis, quid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
958 sperat?</i> Sed beati fruuntur Dei visione. Ergo in eis spes locum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
959 non habet.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 2 co."><a name="39516"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 "ref">[39516] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 dicendum quod, subtracto eo quod dat speciem rei, solvitur species,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
963 et res non potest eadem remanere, sicut remota forma corporis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
964 naturalis, non remanet idem secundum speciem. Spes autem recipit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
965 speciem a suo obiecto principali, sicut et ceterae virtutes, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
966 supradictis patet. Obiectum autem principale eius est beatitudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
967 aeterna secundum quod est possibilis haberi ex auxilio divino, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 supra dictum est. Quia ergo bonum arduum possibile non cadit sub
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 ratione spei nisi secundum quod est futurum, ideo, cum beatitudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 iam non fuerit futura sed praesens, non potest ibi esse virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 spei. Et ideo spes, sicut et fides, evacuatur in patria, et neutrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
972 eorum in beatis esse potest.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
973 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="39517"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
974 "ref">[39517] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
975 ergo dicendum quod Christus, etsi esset comprehensor, et per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
976 consequens beatus, quantum ad divinam fruitionem; erat tamen simul
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parents: 26
diff changeset
977 viator quantum ad passibilitatem naturae, quam adhuc gerebat. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
978 ideo gloriam impassibilitatis et immortalitatis sperare poterat.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 Non tamen ita quod haberet virtutem spei, quae non respicit gloriam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
980 corporis sicut principale obiectum, sed potius fruitionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 divinam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
982 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="39518"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 "ref">[39518] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
984 dicendum quod beatitudo sanctorum dicitur vita aeterna, quia per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
985 hoc quod Deo fruuntur, efficiuntur quodammodo participes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 aeternitatis divinae, quae excedit omne tempus. Et ita continuatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 beatitudinis non diversificatur per praesens, praeteritum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 futurum. Et ideo beati non habent spem de continuatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 beatitudinis, sed habent ipsam rem, quia non est ibi ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 futuri.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="39519"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 "ref">[39519] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 dicendum quod, durante virtute spei, eadem spe aliquis sperat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 beatitudinem sibi et aliis. Sed evacuata spe in beatis qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 sperabant sibi beatitudinem, sperant quidem aliis beatitudinem, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 non virtute spei, sed magis ex amore caritatis. Sicut etiam qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 habet caritatem Dei eadem caritate diligit proximum, et tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
998 aliquis potest diligere proximum non habens virtutem caritatis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
999 alio quodam amore.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="39520"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 "ref">[39520] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 dicendum quod, cum spes sit virtus theologica habens Deum pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 obiecto, principale obiectum spei est gloria animae, quae in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 fruitione divina consistit, non autem gloria corporis. Gloria etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 corporis, etsi habeat rationem ardui per comparationem ad naturam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 humanam, non habet tamen rationem ardui habenti gloriam animae. Tum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 quia gloria corporis est minimum quiddam in comparatione ad gloriam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 animae. Tum etiam quia habens gloriam animae habet iam sufficienter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 causam gloriae corporis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="39521"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 "ref">[39521] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in damnatis sit spes. Diabolus enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 est et damnatus et princeps damnatorum, secundum illud Matth. XXV,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 <i>ite, maledicti, in ignem aeternum, qui paratus est Diabolo et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 Angelis eius</i>. Sed Diabolus habet spem, secundum illud Iob XL,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1018 <i>ecce spes eius frustrabitur eum</i>. Ergo videtur quod damnati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 habeant spem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="39522"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 "ref">[39522] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 sicut fides potest esse formata et informis, ita et spes. Sed fides
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 informis potest esse in Daemonibus et damnatis, secundum illud Iac.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 II, <i>Daemones credunt et contremiscunt</i>. Ergo videtur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 etiam spes informis potest esse in damnatis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="39523"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 "ref">[39523] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1028 nulli hominum post mortem accrescit meritum vel demeritum quod in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 vita non habuit, secundum illud Eccle. XI, <i>si ceciderit lignum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 ad Austrum aut ad Aquilonem, in quocumque loco ceciderit ibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1031 erit</i>. Sed multi qui damnabuntur habuerunt in hac vita spem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1032 nunquam desperantes. Ergo etiam in futura vita spem habebunt.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1033 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 3 s. c."><a name="39524"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 "ref">[39524] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1035 est quod spes causat gaudium, secundum illud Rom. XII, spe
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 gaudentes. Sed damnati non sunt in gaudio, sed in dolore et luctu,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 secundum illud Isaiae LXV, <i>servi mei laudabunt prae exultatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 cordis, et vos clamabitis prae dolore cordis et prae contritione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 spiritus ululabitis</i>. Ergo spes non est in damnatis.</p>
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diff changeset
1040 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 3 co."><a name="39525"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 "ref">[39525] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 dicendum quod sicut de ratione beatitudinis est ut in ea quietetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 voluntas, ita de ratione poenae est ut id quod pro poena infligitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 voluntati repugnet. Non potest autem voluntatem quietare, vel ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 repugnare, quod ignoratur. Et ideo Augustinus dicit, super Gen. ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1046 Litt., quod Angeli perfecte beati esse non potuerunt in primo statu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 ante confirmationem, vel miseri ante lapsum, cum non essent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 praescii sui eventus, requiritur enim ad veram et perfectam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 beatitudinem ut aliquis certus sit de suae beatitudinis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1050 perpetuitate; alioquin voluntas non quietaretur. Similiter etiam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1051 cum perpetuitas damnationis pertineat ad poenam damnatorum, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 vere haberet rationem poenae nisi voluntati repugnaret, quod esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 non posset si perpetuitatem suae damnationis ignorarent. Et ideo ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 conditionem miseriae damnatorum pertinet ut ipsi sciant quod nullo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 modo possunt damnationem evadere et ad beatitudinem pervenire, unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1056 dicitur Iob XV, <i>non credit quod reverti possit de tenebris ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 lucem</i>. Unde patet quod non possunt apprehendere beatitudinem ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 bonum possibile, sicut nec beati ut bonum futurum. Et ideo neque in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 beatis neque in damnatis est spes. Sed in viatoribus sive sint in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 vita ista sive in Purgatorio, potest esse spes, quia utrobique
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 apprehendunt beatitudinem ut futurum possibile.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="39526"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 "ref">[39526] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Gregorius dicit, XXXIII Moral., hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 dicitur de Diabolo secundum membra eius, quorum spes annullabitur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 Vel si intelligatur de ipso Diabolo, potest referri ad spem qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 sperat se de sanctis victoriam obtinere, secundum illud quod supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 praemiserat, <i>habet fiduciam quod Iordanis influat in os
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 eius</i>. Haec autem non est spes de qua loquimur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="39527"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 "ref">[39527] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., <i>fides est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 et malarum rerum et bonarum, et praeteritarum et praesentium et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 futurarum, et suarum et alienarum, sed spes non est nisi rerum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 bonarum futurarum ad se pertinentium</i>. Et ideo magis potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 fides informis in damnatis quam spes, quia bona divina non sunt eis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1077 futura possibilia, sed sunt eis absentia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="39528"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 "ref">[39528] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 dicendum quod defectus spei in damnatis non variat demeritum, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 nec evacuatio spei in beatis auget meritum, sed utrumque contingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 propter mutationem status.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1083 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="39529"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 "ref">[39529] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes viatorum non habeat certitudinem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1088 Spes enim est in voluntate sicut in subiecto. Sed certitudo non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 pertinet ad voluntatem, sed ad intellectum. Ergo spes non habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 certitudinem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="39530"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 "ref">[39530] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 spes ex gratia et meritis provenit, ut supra dictum est. Sed in hac
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 vita scire per certitudinem non possumus quod gratiam habeamus, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 supra dictum est. Ergo spes viatorum non habet certitudinem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="39531"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 "ref">[39531] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 certitudo esse non potest de eo quod potest deficere. Sed multi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 viatores habentes spem deficiunt a consecutione beatitudinis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 spes viatorum non habet certitudinem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1101 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 4 s. c."><a name="39532"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 "ref">[39532] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1103 est quod spes est certa expectatio futurae beatitudinis, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 Magister dicit, XXVI dist. III Sent. Quod potest accipi ex hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1105 dicitur II ad Tim. I, <i>scio cui credidi, et certus sum quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 potens est depositum meum servare</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 4 co."><a name="39533"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1108 "ref">[39533] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 dicendum quod certitudo invenitur in aliquo dupliciter, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 essentialiter, et participative. Essentialiter quidem invenitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 vi cognoscitiva, participative autem in omni eo quod a vi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 cognoscitiva movetur infallibiliter ad finem suum; secundum quem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 modum dicitur quod natura certitudinaliter operatur, tanquam mota
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 ab intellectu divino certitudinaliter movente unumquodque ad suum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 finem. Et per hunc etiam modum virtutes morales certius arte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 dicuntur operari, inquantum per modum naturae moventur a ratione ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 suos actus. Et sic etiam spes certitudinaliter tendit in suum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 finem, quasi participans certitudinem a fide, quae est in vi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 cognoscitiva.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="39534"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 "ref">[39534] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 responsio ad primum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="39535"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1124 "ref">[39535] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 dicendum quod spes non innititur principaliter gratiae iam habitae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 sed divinae omnipotentiae et misericordiae, per quam etiam qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 gratiam non habet eam consequi potest, ut sic ad vitam aeternam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1128 perveniat. De omnipotentia autem Dei et eius misericordia certus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 est quicumque fidem habet.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 <p title="II-II q. 18 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="39536"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 "ref">[39536] II&ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 dicendum quod hoc quod aliqui habentes spem deficiant a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 consecutione beatitudinis, contingit ex defectu liberi arbitrii
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 ponentis obstaculum peccati, non autem ex defectu divinae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 omnipotentiae vel misericordiae, cui spes innititur. Unde hoc non
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diff changeset
1136 praeiudicat certitudini spei.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 <div class="D">Quaestio 19</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 <p title="II-II q. 19 pr."><a name="39537"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 "ref">[39537] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 considerandum est de dono timoris. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 duodecim. Primo, utrum Deus debeat timeri. Secundo, de divisione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 timoris in timorem filialem, initialem, servilem et mundanum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 Tertio, utrum timor mundanus semper sit malus. Quarto, utrum timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 servilis sit bonus. Quinto, utrum sit idem in substantia cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 filiali. Sexto, utrum adveniente caritate excludatur timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 servilis. Septimo, utrum timor sit initium sapientiae. Octavo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 utrum timor initialis sit idem in substantia cum timore filiali.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 Nono, utrum timor sit donum spiritus sancti. Decimo, utrum crescat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 crescente caritate. Undecimo, utrum maneat in patria. Duodecimo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 quid respondeat ei in beatitudinibus et fructibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="39538"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 "ref">[39538] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Deus timeri non possit. Obiectum enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 timoris est malum futurum, ut supra habitum est. Sed Deus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 expers omnis mali, cum sit ipsa bonitas. Ergo Deus timeri non
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diff changeset
1160 potest.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="39539"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 "ref">[39539] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 timor spei opponitur. Sed spem habemus de Deo. Ergo non possumus
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diff changeset
1164 etiam simul eum timere.</p>
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diff changeset
1165 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="39540"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 "ref">[39540] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 sicut philosophus dicit, in II Rhet., <i>illa timemus ex quibus
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diff changeset
1168 nobis mala proveniunt</i>. Sed mala non proveniunt nobis a Deo, sed
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diff changeset
1169 ex nobis ipsis, secundum illud Osee XIII, <i>perditio tua, Israel,
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diff changeset
1170 ex me auxilium tuum</i>. Ergo Deus timeri non debet.</p>
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diff changeset
1171 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 1 s. c."><a name="39541"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 "ref">[39541] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1173 est quod dicitur Ierem. X, <i>quis non timebit te, o rex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 gentium?</i> Et Malach. I, <i>si ego dominus, ubi timor
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diff changeset
1175 meus?</i></p>
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diff changeset
1176 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 1 co."><a name="39542"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 "ref">[39542] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 dicendum quod sicut spes habet duplex obiectum, quorum unum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 ipsum bonum futurum cuius adeptionem quis expectat, aliud autem est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 auxilium alicuius per quem expectat se adipisci quod sperat; ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 etiam et timor duplex obiectum habere potest, quorum unum est ipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 malum quod homo refugit, aliud autem est illud a quo malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 provenire potest. Primo igitur modo Deus, qui est ipsa bonitas,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 obiectum timoris esse non potest. Sed secundo modo potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 obiectum timoris, inquantum scilicet ab ipso, vel per comparationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 ad ipsum, nobis potest aliquod malum imminere. Ab ipso quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 potest nobis imminere malum poenae, quod non est simpliciter malum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 sed secundum quid, bonum autem simpliciter. Cum enim bonum dicatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 in ordine ad finem, malum autem importat huius ordinis privationem;
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diff changeset
1190 illud est malum simpliciter quod excludit ordinem a fine ultimo,
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diff changeset
1191 quod est malum culpae. Malum autem poenae est quidem malum,
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diff changeset
1192 inquantum privat aliquod particulare bonum, est tamen bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 simpliciter, inquantum dependet ab ordine finis ultimi. Per
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diff changeset
1194 comparationem autem ad Deum potest nobis malum culpae provenire, si
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diff changeset
1195 ab eo separemur. Et per hunc modum Deus potest et debet timeri.</p>
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diff changeset
1196 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="39543"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 "ref">[39543] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1198 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit secundum quod malum est
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diff changeset
1199 timoris obiectum.</p>
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diff changeset
1200 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="39544"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 "ref">[39544] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1202 dicendum quod in Deo est considerare et iustitiam, secundum quam
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diff changeset
1203 peccantes punit; et misericordiam, secundum quam nos liberat.
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diff changeset
1204 Secundum igitur considerationem iustitiae ipsius, insurgit in nobis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 timor, secundum autem considerationem misericordiae, consurgit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 nobis spes. Et ita secundum diversas rationes Deus est obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 spei et timoris.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="39545"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 "ref">[39545] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 dicendum quod malum culpae non est a Deo sicut ab auctore, sed est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 a nobis ipsis, inquantum a Deo recedimus. Malum autem poenae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 quidem a Deo auctore inquantum habet rationem boni, prout scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 est iustum, sed quod iuste nobis poena infligatur, hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 primordialiter ex merito nostri peccati contingit. Secundum quem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 modum dicitur Sap. I, quod <i>Deus mortem non fecit, sed impii
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 manibus et verbis accersierunt illam</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="39546"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 "ref">[39546] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter dividatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 timor in filialem, initialem, servilem et mundanum. Damascenus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 enim, in II Lib., ponit sex species timoris, scilicet segnitiem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 erubescentiam, et alia de quibus supra dictum est, quae in hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 divisione non tanguntur. Ergo videtur quod haec divisio timoris sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 inconveniens.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="39547"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 "ref">[39547] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 quilibet horum timorum vel est bonus vel malus. Sed est aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 timor, scilicet naturalis, qui neque bonus est moraliter, cum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 in Daemonibus, secundum illud Iac. II, <i>Daemones credunt et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 contremiscunt</i>; neque etiam est malus, cum sit in Christo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 secundum illud Marc. XIV <i>coepit Iesus pavere et taedere</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 Ergo timor insufficienter dividitur secundum praedicta.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="39548"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 "ref">[39548] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 alia est habitudo filii ad patrem, et uxoris ad virum, et servi ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 dominum. Sed timor filialis, qui est filii in comparatione ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 patrem, distinguitur a timore servili, qui est servi per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 comparationem ad dominum. Ergo etiam timor castus, qui videtur esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 uxoris per comparationem ad virum, debet distingui ab omnibus istis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 timoribus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="39549"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 "ref">[39549] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 sicut timor servilis timet poenam, ita timor initialis et mundanus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 Non ergo debuerunt ad invicem distingui isti timores.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="39550"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 "ref">[39550] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 sicut concupiscentia est boni, ita etiam timor est mali. Sed alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 est concupiscentia oculorum, qua quis concupiscit bona mundi; alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 est concupiscentia carnis, qua quis concupiscit delectationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 propriam. Ergo etiam alius est timor mundanus, quo quis timet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 amittere bona exteriora; et alius est timor humanus, quo quis timet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 propriae personae detrimentum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 2 s. c."><a name="39551"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 "ref">[39551] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 est auctoritas Magistri, XXXIV dist. III Lib. Sent.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 2 co."><a name="39552"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 "ref">[39552] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 dicendum quod de timore nunc agimus secundum quod per ipsum aliquo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 modo ad Deum convertimur vel ab eo avertimur. Cum enim obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 timoris sit malum, quandoque homo propter mala quae timet a Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 recedit, et iste dicitur timor humanus vel mundanus. Quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 autem homo per mala quae timet ad Deum convertitur et ei inhaeret.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 Quod quidem malum est duplex, scilicet malum poenae, et malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 culpae. Si igitur aliquis convertatur ad Deum et ei inhaereat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 propter timorem poenae, erit timor servilis. Si autem propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 timorem culpae, erit timor filialis, nam filiorum est timere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 offensam patris. Si autem propter utrumque, est timor initialis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 qui est medius inter utrumque timorem. Utrum autem malum culpae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 possit timeri, supra habitum est, cum de passione timoris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 ageretur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="39553"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 "ref">[39553] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 ergo dicendum quod Damascenus dividit timorem secundum quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 passio animae. Haec autem divisio timoris attenditur in ordine ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 Deum, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="39554"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 "ref">[39554] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1280 dicendum quod bonum morale praecipue consistit in conversione ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 Deum, malum autem morale in aversione a Deo. Et ideo omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 praedicti timores vel important bonum morale vel malum. Sed timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 naturalis praesupponitur bono et malo morali. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 connumeratur inter istos timores.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="39555"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 "ref">[39555] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 dicendum quod habitudo servi ad dominum est per potestatem domini
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diff changeset
1288 servum sibi subiicientis, sed habitudo filii ad patrem, vel uxoris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 ad virum, est e converso per affectum filii se subdentis patri vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 uxoris se coniungentis viro unione amoris. Unde timor filialis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 castus ad idem pertinent, quia per caritatis amorem Deus pater
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 noster efficitur, secundum illud Rom. VIII, <i>accepistis spiritum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 adoptionis filiorum, in quo clamamus, abba, pater</i>; et secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 eandem caritatem dicitur etiam sponsus noster, secundum illud II ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 Cor. XI, <i>despondi vos uni viro, virginem castam exhibere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 Christo</i>. Timor autem servilis ad aliud pertinet, quia caritatem
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diff changeset
1297 in sua ratione non includit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="39556"><span class=
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diff changeset
1299 "ref">[39556] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 dicendum quod praedicti tres timores respiciunt poenam sed
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diff changeset
1301 diversimode. Nam timor mundanus sive humanus respicit poenam a Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 avertentem, quam quandoque inimici Dei infligunt vel comminantur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 Sed timor servilis et initialis respiciunt poenam per quam homines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 attrahuntur ad Deum, divinitus inflictam vel comminatam. Quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 quidem poenam principaliter timor servilis respicit, timor autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 initialis secundario.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="39557"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 "ref">[39557] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 dicendum quod eadem ratione homo a Deo avertitur propter timorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 amittendi bona mundana, et propter timorem amittendi incolumitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 proprii corporis, quia bona exteriora ad corpus pertinent. Et ideo
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diff changeset
1312 uterque timor hic pro eodem computatur, quamvis mala quae timentur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1313 sint diversa, sicut et bona quae concupiscuntur. Ex qua quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 diversitate provenit diversitas peccatorum secundum speciem, quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 tamen omnibus commune est a Deo abducere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1317 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1318 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="39558"><span class=
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diff changeset
1319 "ref">[39558] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1320 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor mundanus non semper sit malus.
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diff changeset
1321 Ad timorem enim humanum pertinere videtur quod homines reveremur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 Sed quidam vituperantur de hoc quod homines non reverentur, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 patet Luc. XVIII de illo iudice iniquo, <i>qui nec Deum timebat nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 homines reverebatur</i>. Ergo videtur quod timor mundanus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1325 semper sit malus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="39559"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 "ref">[39559] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 ad timorem mundanum videntur pertinere poenae quae per potestates
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 saeculares infliguntur. Sed per huiusmodi poenas provocamur ad bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 agendum, secundum illud Rom. XIII, <i>vis non timere potestatem?
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 Bonum fac, et habebis laudem ex illa</i>. Ergo timor mundanus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1332 semper est malus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1333 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="39560"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 "ref">[39560] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 illud quod inest nobis naturaliter non videtur esse malum, eo quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 naturalia sunt nobis a Deo. Sed naturale est homini ut timeat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1337 proprii corporis detrimentum et amissionem bonorum temporalium,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 quibus praesens vita sustentatur. Ergo videtur quod timor mundanus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1339 non semper sit malus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 3 s. c."><a name="39561"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 "ref">[39561] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 est quod dominus dicit, Matth. X, <i>nolite timere eos qui corpus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 occidunt</i>, ubi timor mundanus prohibetur. Nihil autem divinitus
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diff changeset
1344 prohibetur nisi malum. Ergo timor mundanus est malus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 3 co."><a name="39562"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 "ref">[39562] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 dicendum quod, sicut ex supradictis patet, actus morales et habitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 ex obiectis et nomen et speciem habent. Proprium autem obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 appetitivi motus est bonum finale. Et ideo a proprio fine omnis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 motus appetitivus et specificatur et nominatur. Si quis enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 cupiditatem nominaret amorem laboris, quia propter cupiditatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 homines laborant, non recte nominaret, non enim cupidi laborem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 quaerunt sicut finem, sed sicut id quod est ad finem, sicut finem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 autem quaerunt divitias, unde cupiditas recte nominatur desiderium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1355 vel amor divitiarum, quod est malum. Et per hunc modum amor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 mundanus proprie dicitur quo aliquis mundo innititur tanquam fini.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 Et sic amor mundanus semper est malus. Timor autem ex amore
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diff changeset
1358 nascitur, illud enim homo timet amittere quod amat; ut patet per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 Augustinum, in libro octogintatrium quaest. Et ideo timor mundanus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 est qui procedit ab amore mundano tanquam a mala radice. Et propter
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diff changeset
1361 hoc et ipse timor mundanus semper est malus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="39563"><span class=
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diff changeset
1363 "ref">[39563] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1364 ergo dicendum quod aliquis potest revereri homines dupliciter. Uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 modo, inquantum est in eis aliquod divinum, puta bonum gratiae aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 virtutis, vel saltem naturalis Dei imaginis, et hoc modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 vituperantur qui homines non reverentur. Alio modo potest aliquis
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diff changeset
1368 homines revereri inquantum Deo contrariantur. Et sic laudantur qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 homines non reverentur, secundum illud Eccli. XLVIII, de Elia vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 Elisaeo, <i>in diebus suis non pertimuit principem</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="39564"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 "ref">[39564] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 dicendum quod potestates saeculares, quando inferunt poenas ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 retrahendum a peccato, in hoc sunt Dei ministri, secundum illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 Rom. XIII, <i>minister enim Dei est, vindex in iram ei qui male
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 agit</i>. Et secundum hoc timere potestatem saecularem non pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 ad timorem mundanum, sed ad timorem servilem vel initialem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="39565"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 "ref">[39565] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 dicendum quod naturale est quod homo refugiat proprii corporis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 detrimentum, vel etiam damna temporalium rerum, sed quod homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 propter ista recedat a iustitia, est contra rationem naturalem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 Unde etiam philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod quaedam sunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 scilicet peccatorum opera, ad quae nullo timore aliquis debet cogi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 quia peius est huiusmodi peccata committere quam poenas quascumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 pati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="39566"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 "ref">[39566] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor servilis non sit bonus. Quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 cuius usus est malus, ipsum quoque malum est. Sed usus timoris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 servilis est malus, quia sicut Glossa dicit Rom. VIII, <i>qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 timore aliquid facit, etsi bonum sit quod facit, non tamen bene
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 facit</i>. Ergo timor servilis non est bonus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="39567"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 "ref">[39567] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 illud quod ex radice peccati oritur non est bonum. Sed timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 servilis oritur ex radice peccati, quia super illud Iob III,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 <i>quare non in vulva mortuus sum?</i> Dicit Gregorius, <i>cum ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 peccato praesens poena metuitur, et amissa Dei facies non amatur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 timor ex tumore est, non ex humilitate</i>. Ergo timor servilis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 malus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="39568"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 "ref">[39568] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 sicuti amori caritatis opponitur amor mercenarius, ita timori casto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 videtur opponi timor servilis. Sed amor mercenarius semper est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 malus. Ergo et timor servilis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 4 s. c."><a name="39569"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 "ref">[39569] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 nullum malum est a spiritu sancto. Sed timor servilis est ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 spiritu sancto, quia super illud Rom. VIII, <i>non accepistis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 spiritum servitutis</i> etc., dicit Glossa, <i>unus spiritus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 qui facit duos timores, scilicet servilem et castum</i>. Ergo timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 servilis non est malus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 4 co."><a name="39570"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 "ref">[39570] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 dicendum quod timor servilis ex parte servilitatis habet quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 malus. Servitus enim libertati opponitur. Unde, cum liber sit qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 causa sui est, ut dicitur in principio Metaphys. servus est qui non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 causa sui operatur, sed quasi ab extrinseco motus. Quicumque autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 ex amore aliquid facit, quasi ex seipso operatur, quia ex propria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 inclinatione movetur ad operandum. Et ideo contra rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 servilitatis est quod aliquis ex amore operetur. Sic ergo timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 servilis, inquantum servilis est, caritati contrariatur. Si ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 servilitas esset de ratione timoris, oporteret quod timor servilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 simpliciter esset malus, sicut adulterium simpliciter est malum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 quia id ex quo contrariatur caritati pertinet ad adulterii speciem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 Sed praedicta servilitas non pertinet ad speciem timoris servilis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 sicut nec informitas ad speciem fidei informis. Species enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 moralis habitus vel actus ex obiecto accipitur. Obiectum autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 timoris servilis est poena; cui accidit quod bonum cui contrariatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 poena ametur tanquam finis ultimus, et per consequens poena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 timeatur tanquam principale malum, quod contingit in non habente
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 caritatem; vel quod ordinetur in Deum sicut in finem, et per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 consequens poena non timeatur tanquam principale malum, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 contingit in habente caritatem. Non enim tollitur species habitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 per hoc quod eius obiectum vel finis ordinatur ad ulteriorem finem.
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diff changeset
1439 Et ideo timor servilis secundum suam substantiam bonus est, sed
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diff changeset
1440 servilitas eius mala est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="39571"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 "ref">[39571] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 ergo dicendum quod verbum illud Augustini intelligendum est de eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 qui facit aliquid timore servili inquantum est servilis, ut
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diff changeset
1445 scilicet non amet iustitiam, sed solum timeat poenam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="39572"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 "ref">[39572] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 dicendum quod timor servilis secundum suam substantiam non oritur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 ex tumore. Sed eius servilitas ex tumore nascitur, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 scilicet homo affectum suum non vult subiicere iugo iustitiae per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 amorem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="39573"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 "ref">[39573] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 dicendum quod amor mercenarius dicitur qui Deum diligit propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 bona temporalia. Quod secundum se caritati contrariatur. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 amor mercenarius semper est malus. Sed timor servilis secundum suam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 substantiam non importat nisi timorem poenae, sive timeatur ut
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diff changeset
1458 principale malum, sive non timeatur ut malum principale.</p>
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diff changeset
1459 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="39574"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 "ref">[39574] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor servilis sit idem in substantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 cum timore filiali. Ita enim videtur se habere timor filialis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 servilem sicut fides formata ad informem, quorum unum est cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 peccato mortali, aliud vero non. Sed eadem secundum substantiam est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 fides formata et informis. Ergo etiam idem est secundum substantiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 timor servilis et filialis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="39575"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 "ref">[39575] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 habitus diversificantur secundum obiecta. Sed idem est obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 timoris servilis et filialis, quia utroque timore timetur Deus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 Ergo idem est secundum substantiam timor servilis et timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 filialis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="39576"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 "ref">[39576] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 sicut homo sperat frui Deo et etiam ab eo beneficia obtinere, ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 etiam timet separari a Deo et poenas ab eo pati. Sed eadem est spes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 qua speramus frui Deo et qua speramus alia beneficia obtinere ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 eo, ut dictum est. Ergo etiam idem est timor filialis, quo timemus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 separationem a Deo, et timor servilis, quo timemus ab eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 puniri.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 5 s. c."><a name="39577"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 "ref">[39577] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 est quod Augustinus, super Prim. Canonic. Ioan., dicit esse duos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 timores, unum servilem, et alium filialem vel castum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 5 co."><a name="39578"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 "ref">[39578] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 dicendum quod proprie obiectum timoris est malum. Et quia actus et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 habitus distinguuntur secundum obiecta, ut ex dictis patet, necesse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 est quod secundum diversitatem malorum etiam timores specie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 differant. Differunt autem specie malum poenae, quod refugit timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 servilis, et malum culpae, quod refugit timor filialis, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 supradictis patet. Unde manifestum est quod timor servilis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 filialis non sunt idem secundum substantiam, sed differunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 specie.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="39579"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 "ref">[39579] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1499 ergo dicendum quod fides formata et informis non differunt secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 obiectum, utraque enim fides et credit Deo et credit Deum, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 differunt solum per aliquod extrinsecum, scilicet secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 praesentiam et absentiam caritatis. Et ideo non differunt secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 substantiam. Sed timor servilis et filialis differunt secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 obiecta. Et ideo non est similis ratio.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="39580"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 "ref">[39580] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 dicendum quod timor servilis et timor filialis non habent eandem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 habitudinem ad Deum, nam timor servilis respicit Deum sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 principium inflictivum poenarum; timor autem filialis respicit Deum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 non sicut principium activum culpae, sed potius sicut terminum a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 quo refugit separari per culpam. Et ideo ex hoc obiecto quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 Deus non consequuntur identitatem speciei. Quia etiam motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 naturales secundum habitudinem ad aliquem terminum specie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 diversificantur, non enim est idem motus specie qui est ab albedine
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diff changeset
1515 et qui est ad albedinem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="39581"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 "ref">[39581] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 dicendum quod spes respicit Deum sicut principium tam respectu
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diff changeset
1519 fruitionis divinae quam respectu cuiuscumque alterius beneficii.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 Non sic autem est de timore. Et ideo non est similis ratio.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="39582"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 "ref">[39582] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor servilis non remaneat cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 caritate. Dicit enim Augustinus, super Prim. Canonic. Ioan., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 <i>cum coeperit caritas habitare, pellitur timor, qui ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 praeparavit locum.</i></p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="39583"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 "ref">[39583] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 caritas Dei diffunditur in cordibus nostris per spiritum sanctum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 qui datus est nobis, ut dicitur Rom. V. <i>Sed ubi spiritus domini,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 ibi libertas</i>, ut habetur II ad Cor. III. Cum ergo libertas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 excludat servitutem, videtur quod timor servilis expellatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 caritate adveniente.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="39584"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 "ref">[39584] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 timor servilis ex amore sui causatur, inquantum poena diminuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 proprium bonum. Sed amor Dei expellit amorem sui, facit enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 contemnere seipsum, ut patet ex auctoritate Augustini, XIV de Civ.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 Dei, quod <i>amor Dei usque ad contemptum sui facit civitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 Dei</i>. Ergo videtur quod veniente caritate timor servilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 tollatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 6 s. c."><a name="39585"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 "ref">[39585] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 est quod timor servilis est donum spiritus sancti, ut supra dictum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 est. Sed dona spiritus sancti non tolluntur adveniente caritate,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 per quam spiritus sanctus in nobis habitat. Ergo veniente caritate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 non tollitur timor servilis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 6 co."><a name="39586"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 "ref">[39586] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 dicendum quod timor servilis ex amore sui causatur, quia est timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 poenae, quae est detrimentum proprii boni. Unde hoc modo timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 poenae potest stare cum caritate sicut et amor sui, eiusdem enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 rationis est quod homo cupiat bonum suum et quod timeat eo privari.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 Amor autem sui tripliciter se potest habere ad caritatem. Uno enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 modo contrariatur caritati, secundum scilicet quod aliquis in amore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 proprii boni finem constituit. Alio vero modo in caritate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 includitur, secundum quod homo se propter Deum et in Deo diligit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 Tertio modo a caritate quidem distinguitur, sed caritati non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 contrariatur, puta cum aliquis diligit quidem seipsum secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 rationem proprii boni, ita tamen quod in hoc proprio bono non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 constituat finem, sicut etiam et ad proximum potest esse aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 alia specialis dilectio praeter dilectionem caritatis, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 fundatur in Deo, dum proximus diligitur vel ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 consanguinitatis vel alicuius alterius conditionis humanae, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 tamen referibilis sit ad caritatem. Sic igitur et timor poenae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 includitur uno modo in caritate, nam separari a Deo est quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 poena, quam caritas maxime refugit. Unde hoc pertinet ad timorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 castum. Alio autem modo contrariatur caritati, secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 aliquis refugit poenam contrariam bono suo naturali sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 principale malum contrarium bono quod diligitur ut finis. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 timor poenae non est cum caritate. Alio modo timor poenae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 distinguitur quidem secundum substantiam a timore casto, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 scilicet homo timet malum poenale non ratione separationis a Deo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 sed inquantum est nocivum proprii boni, nec tamen in illo bono
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 constituitur eius finis, unde nec illud malum formidatur tanquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 principale malum. Et talis timor poenae potest esse cum caritate.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 Sed iste timor poenae non dicitur esse servilis nisi quando poena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 formidatur sicut principale malum, ut ex dictis patet. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 timor inquantum servilis non manet cum caritate, sed substantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 timoris servilis cum caritate manere potest, sicut amor sui manere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 potest cum caritate.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="39587"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 "ref">[39587] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de timore inquantum servilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="39588"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 "ref">[39588] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Et sic etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 procedunt aliae duae rationes.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="39589"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 "ref">[39589] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit initium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 sapientiae. Initium enim est aliquid rei. Sed timor non est aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 sapientiae, quia timor est in vi appetitiva, sapientia autem est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 vi intellectiva. Ergo videtur quod timor non sit initium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 sapientiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="39590"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 "ref">[39590] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 nihil est principium sui ipsius. Sed timor Dei ipse est sapientia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 ut dicitur Iob XXVIII. Ergo videtur quod timor Dei non sit initium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 sapientiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="39591"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 "ref">[39591] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 principio non est aliquid prius. Sed timore est aliquid prius, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 fides praecedit timorem. Ergo videtur quod timor non sit initium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 sapientiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 7 s. c."><a name="39592"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 "ref">[39592] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 est quod dicitur in Psalm., <i>initium sapientiae timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 domini</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 7 co."><a name="39593"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1615 "ref">[39593] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 dicendum quod initium sapientiae potest aliquid dici dupliciter,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 uno modo, quia est initium ipsius sapientiae quantum ad eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 essentiam; alio modo, quantum ad eius effectum. Sicut initium artis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 secundum eius essentiam sunt principia ex quibus procedit ars,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 initium autem artis secundum eius effectum est unde incipit ars
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 operari; sicut si dicamus quod principium artis aedificativae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 fundamentum, quia ibi incipit aedificator operari. Cum autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 sapientia sit cognitio divinorum, ut infra dicetur, aliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 consideratur a nobis et aliter a philosophis. Quia enim vita nostra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 ad divinam fruitionem ordinatur et dirigitur secundum quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 participationem divinae naturae, quae est per gratiam; sapientia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 secundum nos non solum consideratur ut est cognoscitiva Dei, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 apud philosophos; sed etiam ut est directiva humanae vitae, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 non solum dirigitur secundum rationes humanas, sed etiam secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 rationes divinas, ut patet per Augustinum, XII de Trin. Sic igitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 initium sapientiae secundum eius essentiam sunt prima principia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 sapientiae, quae sunt articuli fidei. Et secundum hoc fides dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 sapientiae initium. Sed quantum ad effectum, initium sapientiae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 unde sapientia incipit operari. Et hoc modo timor est initium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 sapientiae. Aliter tamen timor servilis, et aliter timor filialis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 Timor enim servilis est sicut principium extra disponens ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 sapientiam, inquantum aliquis timore poenae discedit a peccato, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 per hoc habilitatur ad sapientiae effectum; secundum illud Eccli.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 I, <i>timor domini expellit peccatum</i>. Timor autem castus vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 filialis est initium sapientiae sicut primus sapientiae effectus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 Cum enim ad sapientiam pertineat quod humana vita reguletur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 secundum rationes divinas, hinc oportet sumere principium, ut homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 Deum revereatur et se ei subiiciat, sic enim consequenter in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 omnibus secundum Deum regulabitur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="39594"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 "ref">[39594] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa ostendit quod timor non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 principium sapientiae quantum ad essentiam sapientiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="39595"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 "ref">[39595] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 dicendum quod timor Dei comparatur ad totam vitam humanam per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 sapientiam Dei regulatam sicut radix ad arborem, unde dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 Eccli. I, <i>radix sapientiae est timere dominum, rami enim illius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 longaevi</i>. Et ideo sicut radix virtute dicitur esse tota arbor,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 ita timor Dei dicitur esse sapientia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="39596"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 "ref">[39596] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, alio modo fides est principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 sapientiae et alio modo timor. Unde dicitur Eccli. XXV, <i>timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 Dei initium dilectionis eius, initium autem fidei agglutinandum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 ei</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="39597"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 "ref">[39597] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor initialis differat secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 substantiam a timore filiali. Timor enim filialis ex dilectione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 causatur. Sed timor initialis est principium dilectionis, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 illud Eccli. XXV, <i>timor domini initium est dilectionis</i>. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 timor initialis est alius a filiali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="39598"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 "ref">[39598] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 timor initialis timet poenam, quae est obiectum servilis timoris,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 et sic videtur quod timor initialis sit idem cum servili. Sed timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 servilis est alius a filiali. Ergo etiam timor initialis est alius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 secundum substantiam a filiali.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="39599"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 "ref">[39599] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 medium differt eadem ratione ab utroque extremorum. Sed timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 initialis est medium inter timorem servilem et timorem filialem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 Ergo differt et a filiali et a servili.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 8 s. c."><a name="39600"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 "ref">[39600] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 est quod perfectum et imperfectum non diversificant substantiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 rei. Sed timor initialis et filialis differunt secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 perfectionem et imperfectionem caritatis, ut patet per Augustinum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 in Prim. Canonic. Ioan. Ergo timor initialis non differt secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 substantiam a filiali.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 8 co."><a name="39601"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 "ref">[39601] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 dicendum quod timor initialis dicitur ex eo quod est initium. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 cum et timor servilis et timor filialis sint aliquo modo initium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 sapientiae, uterque potest aliquo modo initialis dici. Sed sic non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 accipitur initialis secundum quod distinguitur a timore servili et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 filiali. Sed accipitur secundum quod competit statui incipientium,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 in quibus inchoatur quidam timor filialis per inchoationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 caritatis; non tamen est in eis timor filialis perfecte, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 nondum pervenerunt ad perfectionem caritatis. Et ideo timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 initialis hoc modo se habet ad filialem, sicut caritas imperfecta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 ad perfectam. Caritas autem perfecta et imperfecta non differunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 secundum essentiam, sed solum secundum statum. Et ideo dicendum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 quod etiam timor initialis, prout hic sumitur, non differt secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 essentiam a timore filiali.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="39602"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 "ref">[39602] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1706 ergo dicendum quod timor qui est initium dilectionis est timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 servilis, qui introducit caritatem sicut seta introducit linum, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 Augustinus dicit. Vel, si hoc referatur ad timorem initialem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 dicitur esse dilectionis initium non absolute, sed quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 statum caritatis perfectae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="39603"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 "ref">[39603] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 dicendum quod timor initialis non timet poenam sicut proprium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 obiectum, sed inquantum habet aliquid de timore servili adiunctum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 Qui secundum substantiam manet quidem cum caritate, servilitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 remota, sed actus eius manet quidem cum caritate imperfecta in eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 qui non solum movetur ad bene agendum ex amore iustitiae, sed etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 ex timore poenae; sed iste actus cessat in eo qui habet caritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 perfectam, quae foras mittit timorem habentem poenam, ut dicitur I
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 Ioan. IV.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="39604"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 "ref">[39604] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 dicendum quod timor initialis est medium inter timorem filialem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 servilem non sicut inter ea quae sunt unius generis; sed sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 imperfectum est medium inter ens perfectum et non ens, ut dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 in II Metaphys.; quod tamen est idem secundum substantiam cum ente
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 perfecto, differt autem totaliter a non ente.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 <div class="E">Articulus 9</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="39605"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 "ref">[39605] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit donum spiritus sancti.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 Nullum enim donum spiritus sancti opponitur virtuti, quae etiam est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 a spiritu sancto, alioquin spiritus sanctus esset sibi contrarius.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 Sed timor opponitur spei, quae est virtus. Ergo timor non est donum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 spiritus sancti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="39606"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 "ref">[39606] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1739 virtutis theologicae proprium est quod Deum habeat pro obiecto. Sed
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diff changeset
1740 timor habet Deum pro obiecto, inquantum Deus timetur. Ergo timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 non est donum, sed virtus theologica.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="39607"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 "ref">[39607] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 timor ex amore consequitur. Sed amor ponitur quaedam virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 theologica. Ergo etiam timor est virtus theologica, quasi ad idem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 pertinens.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 9 arg. 4"><a name="39608"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 "ref">[39608] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 Gregorius dicit, II Moral., quod timor datur contra superbiam. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 superbiae opponitur virtus humilitatis. Ergo etiam timor sub
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 virtute comprehenditur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 9 arg. 5"><a name="39609"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 "ref">[39609] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 dona sunt perfectiora virtutibus, dantur enim in adiutorium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 virtutum, ut Gregorius dicit, II Moral. Sed spes est perfectior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 timore, quia spes respicit bonum, timor malum. Cum ergo spes sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 virtus, non debet dici quod timor sit donum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 9 s. c."><a name="39610"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 "ref">[39610] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 est quod Isaiae XI timor domini enumeratur inter septem dona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 spiritus sancti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 9 co."><a name="39611"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 "ref">[39611] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 dicendum quod multiplex est timor, ut supra dictum est. Timor autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 humanus, ut dicit Augustinus, in libro de gratia et Lib. Arb., non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 est donum Dei, hoc enim timore Petrus negavit Christum, sed ille
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 timor de quo dictum est, <i>illum timete qui potest animam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 corpus mittere in Gehennam</i>. Similiter etiam timor servilis non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 est numerandus inter septem dona spiritus sancti, licet sit a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 spiritu sancto. Quia, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro de Nat. et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 gratia, potest habere annexam voluntatem peccandi, dona autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 spiritus sancti non possunt esse cum voluntate peccandi, quia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 sunt sine caritate, ut dictum est. Unde relinquitur quod timor Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 qui numeratur inter septem dona spiritus sancti est timor filialis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 sive castus. Dictum est enim supra quod dona spiritus sancti sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 quaedam habituales perfectiones potentiarum animae quibus redduntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 bene mobiles a spiritu sancto, sicut virtutibus moralibus potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 appetitivae redduntur bene mobiles a ratione. Ad hoc autem quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 aliquid sit bene mobile ab aliquo movente, primo requiritur ut sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 ei subiectum, non repugnans, quia ex repugnantia mobilis ad movens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 impeditur motus. Hoc autem facit timor filialis vel castus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 inquantum per ipsum Deum reveremur, et refugimus nos ipsi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 subducere. Et ideo timor filialis quasi primum locum tenet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 ascendendo inter dona spiritus sancti, ultimum autem descendendo;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="39612"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 "ref">[39612] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 ergo dicendum quod timor filialis non contrariatur virtuti spei.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 Non enim per timorem filialem timemus ne nobis deficiat quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 speramus obtinere per auxilium divinum, sed timemus ab hoc auxilio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 nos subtrahere. Et ideo timor filialis et spes sibi invicem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 cohaerent et se invicem perficiunt.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="39613"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 "ref">[39613] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 dicendum quod proprium et principale obiectum timoris est malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 quod quis refugit. Et per hunc modum Deus non potest esse obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 timoris, sicut supra dictum est. Est autem per hunc modum obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 spei et aliarum virtutum theologicarum. Quia per virtutem spei non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 solum innitimur divino auxilio ad adipiscendum quaecumque alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 bona; sed principaliter ad adipiscendum ipsum Deum, tanquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 principale bonum. Et idem patet in aliis virtutibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 theologicis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="39614"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 "ref">[39614] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 dicendum quod ex hoc quod amor est principium timoris non sequitur
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diff changeset
1806 quod timor Dei non sit habitus distinctus a caritate, quae est amor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 Dei, quia amor est principium omnium affectionum, et tamen in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 diversis habitibus perficimur circa diversas affectiones. Ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 tamen amor magis habet rationem virtutis quam timor, quia amor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 respicit bonum, ad quod principaliter virtus ordinatur secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 propriam rationem, ut ex supradictis patet. Et propter hoc etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 spes ponitur virtus. Timor autem principaliter respicit malum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 cuius fugam importat. Unde est aliquid minus virtute
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 theologica.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 9 ad 4"><a name="39615"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 "ref">[39615] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur Eccli. X, <i>initium superbiae hominis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 apostatare a Deo</i>, hoc est nolle subdi Deo, quod opponitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 timori filiali, qui Deum reveretur. Et sic timor excludit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 principium superbiae, propter quod datur contra superbiam. Nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 tamen sequitur quod sit idem cum virtute humilitatis, sed quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 principium eius, dona enim spiritus sancti sunt principia virtutum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 intellectualium et moralium, ut supra dictum est. Sed virtutes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 theologicae sunt principia donorum, ut supra habitum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 9 ad 5"><a name="39616"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 "ref">[39616] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 ad 5</span></a> Unde patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 responsio ad quintum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 <div class="E">Articulus 10</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 10 arg. 1"><a name="39617"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 "ref">[39617] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 decimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod crescente caritate diminuatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 timor. Dicit enim Augustinus, super Prim. Canonic. Ioan.,
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diff changeset
1834 <i>quantum caritas crescit, tantum timor decrescit</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 10 arg. 2"><a name="39618"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 "ref">[39618] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 arg. 2</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 Praeterea, crescente spe diminuitur timor. Sed crescente caritate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 crescit spes, ut supra habitum est. Ergo crescente caritate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 diminuitur timor.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 10 arg. 3"><a name="39619"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 "ref">[39619] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 Praeterea, amor importat unionem, timor autem separationem. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 crescente unione diminuitur separatio. Ergo crescente amore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 caritatis diminuitur timor.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 10 s. c."><a name="39620"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 "ref">[39620] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 est quod dicit Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 <i>Dei timor non solum inchoat, sed etiam perficit sapientiam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 idest quae summe diligit Deum et proximum tanquam seipsum</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 10 co."><a name="39621"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 "ref">[39621] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 dicendum quod duplex est timor Dei, sicut dictum est, unus quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 filialis, quo quis timet offensam ipsius vel separationem ab ipso;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 alius autem servilis, quo quis timet poenam. Timor autem filialis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 necesse est quod crescat crescente caritate, sicut effectus crescit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 crescente causa, quanto enim aliquis magis diligit aliquem, tanto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 magis timet eum offendere et ab eo separari. Sed timor servilis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 quantum ad servilitatem, totaliter tollitur caritate adveniente,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 remanet tamen secundum substantiam timor poenae, ut dictum est. Et
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diff changeset
1860 iste timor diminuitur caritate crescente, maxime quantum ad actum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 quia quanto aliquis magis diligit Deum, tanto minus timet poenam.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 Primo quidem, quia minus attendit ad proprium bonum, cui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 contrariatur poena. Secundo, quia firmius inhaerens magis confidit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 de praemio, et per consequens minus timet de poena.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 10 ad 1"><a name="39622"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 "ref">[39622] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de timore poenae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 10 ad 2"><a name="39623"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 "ref">[39623] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1870 dicendum quod timor poenae est qui diminuitur crescente spe. Sed ea
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diff changeset
1871 crescente crescit timor filialis, quia quanto aliquis certius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 expectat alicuius boni consecutionem per auxilium alterius, tanto
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diff changeset
1873 magis veretur eum offendere vel ab eo separari.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 10 ad 3"><a name="39624"><span class=
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diff changeset
1875 "ref">[39624] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1876 dicendum quod timor filialis non importat separationem sed magis
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diff changeset
1877 subiectionem ad ipsum, separationem autem refugit a subiectione
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diff changeset
1878 ipsius. Sed quodammodo separationem importat per hoc quod non
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diff changeset
1879 praesumit se ei adaequare, sed ei se subiicit. Quae etiam separatio
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diff changeset
1880 invenitur in caritate, inquantum diligit Deum supra se et supra
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diff changeset
1881 omnia. Unde amor caritatis augmentatus reverentiam timoris non
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diff changeset
1882 minuit, sed auget.</p>
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diff changeset
1883 <br />
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diff changeset
1884 <div class="E">Articulus 11</div>
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diff changeset
1885 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 11 arg. 1"><a name="39625"><span class=
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diff changeset
1886 "ref">[39625] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1887 undecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non remaneat in
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diff changeset
1888 patria. Dicitur enim Prov. I, <i>abundantia perfruetur, timore
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diff changeset
1889 malorum sublato</i>, quod intelligitur de homine iam sapientia
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diff changeset
1890 perfruente in beatitudine aeterna. Sed omnis timor est alicuius
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diff changeset
1891 mali, quia malum est obiectum timoris, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
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diff changeset
1892 nullus timor erit in patria.</p>
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diff changeset
1893 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 11 arg. 2"><a name="39626"><span class=
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diff changeset
1894 "ref">[39626] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
1895 Praeterea, homines in patria erunt Deo conformes, secundum illud I
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diff changeset
1896 Ioan. III, <i>cum apparuerit, similes ei erimus</i>. Sed Deus nihil
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diff changeset
1897 timet. Ergo homines in patria non habebunt aliquem timorem.</p>
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diff changeset
1898 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 11 arg. 3"><a name="39627"><span class=
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diff changeset
1899 "ref">[39627] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
1900 Praeterea, spes est perfectior quam timor, quia spes est respectu
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diff changeset
1901 boni, timor respectu mali. Sed spes non erit in patria. Ergo nec
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diff changeset
1902 timor erit in patria.</p>
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diff changeset
1903 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 11 s. c."><a name="39628"><span class=
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diff changeset
1904 "ref">[39628] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1905 est quod dicitur in Psalm., <i>timor domini sanctus permanet in
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diff changeset
1906 saeculum</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1907 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 11 co."><a name="39629"><span class=
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diff changeset
1908 "ref">[39629] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1909 dicendum quod timor servilis, sive timor poenae, nullo modo erit in
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diff changeset
1910 patria, excluditur enim talis timor per securitatem aeternae
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diff changeset
1911 beatitudinis, quae est de ipsius beatitudinis ratione, sicut supra
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diff changeset
1912 dictum est. Timor autem filialis, sicut augetur augmentata
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diff changeset
1913 caritate, ita caritate perfecta perficietur. Unde non habebit in
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diff changeset
1914 patria omnino eundem actum quem habet modo. Ad cuius evidentiam
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diff changeset
1915 sciendum est quod proprium obiectum timoris est malum possibile,
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diff changeset
1916 sicut proprium obiectum spei est bonum possibile. Et cum motus
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1917 timoris sit quasi fugae, importat timor fugam mali ardui
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1918 possibilis, parva enim mala timorem non inducunt. Sicut autem bonum
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1919 uniuscuiusque est ut in suo ordine consistat, ita malum
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1920 uniuscuiusque est ut suum ordinem deserat. Ordo autem creaturae
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diff changeset
1921 rationalis est ut sit sub Deo et supra ceteras creaturas. Unde
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diff changeset
1922 sicut malum creaturae rationalis est ut subdat se creaturae
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1923 inferiori per amorem, ita etiam malum eius est si non Deo se
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1924 subiiciat, sed in ipsum praesumptuose insiliat vel contemnat. Hoc
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diff changeset
1925 autem malum creaturae rationali secundum suam naturam consideratae
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1926 possibile est, propter naturalem liberi arbitrii flexibilitatem,
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1927 sed in beatis fit non possibile per gloriae perfectionem. Fuga
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1928 igitur huius mali quod est Deo non subiici, ut possibilis naturae,
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diff changeset
1929 impossibilis autem beatitudini, erit in patria. In via autem est
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1930 fuga huius mali ut omnino possibilis. Et ideo Gregorius dicit, XVII
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diff changeset
1931 Moral., exponens illud Iob XXVI, <i>columnae caeli contremiscunt et
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1932 pavent ad nutum eius, ipsae, inquit, virtutes caelestium, quae hunc
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1933 sine cessatione conspiciunt, in ipsa contemplatione contremiscunt.
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1934 Sed idem tremor, ne eis poenalis sit, non timoris est sed
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diff changeset
1935 admirationis</i>, quia scilicet admirantur Deum ut supra se
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1936 existentem et eis incomprehensibilem. Augustinus etiam, in XIV de
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diff changeset
1937 Civ. Dei, hoc modo ponit timorem in patria, quamvis hoc sub dubio
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diff changeset
1938 derelinquat. <i>Timor, inquit, ille castus permanens in saeculum
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1939 saeculi, si erit in futuro saeculo, non erit timor exterrens a malo
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1940 quod accidere potest; sed tenens in bono quod amitti non potest.
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1941 Ubi enim boni adepti amor immutabilis est, profecto, si dici
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1942 potest, mali cavendi timor securus est. Timoris quippe casti nomine
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1943 ea voluntas significata est qua nos necesse erit nolle peccare, et
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1944 non sollicitudine infirmitatis ne forte peccemus, sed
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1945 tranquillitate caritatis cavere peccatum. Aut, si nullius omnino
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diff changeset
1946 generis timor ibi esse poterit, ita fortasse timor in saeculum
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1947 saeculi dictus est permanens, quia id permanebit quo timor ipse
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1948 perducit</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1949 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 11 ad 1"><a name="39630"><span class=
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diff changeset
1950 "ref">[39630] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1951 ergo dicendum quod in auctoritate praedicta excluditur a beatis
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1952 timor sollicitudinem habens, de malo praecavens, non autem timor
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1953 securus, ut Augustinus dicit.</p>
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diff changeset
1954 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 11 ad 2"><a name="39631"><span class=
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diff changeset
1955 "ref">[39631] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1956 dicendum quod, sicut dicit Dionysius, IX cap. de Div. Nom.,
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1957 <i>eadem et similia sunt Deo et dissimilia, hoc quidem secundum
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1958 contingentem non imitabilis imitationem</i>, idest inquantum
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1959 secundum suum posse imitantur Deum, qui non est perfecte
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1960 imitabilis; <i>hoc autem secundum hoc quod causata minus habent a
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1961 causa, infinitis mensuris et incomparabilibus deficientia</i>. Unde
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1962 non oportet quod, si Deo non convenit timor, quia non habet
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1963 superiorem cui subiiciatur, quod propter hoc non conveniat beatis,
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1964 quorum beatitudo consistit in perfecta subiectione ad Deum.</p>
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1965 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 11 ad 3"><a name="39632"><span class=
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1966 "ref">[39632] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 11 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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1967 dicendum quod spes importat quendam defectum, scilicet futuritionem
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1968 beatitudinis, quae tollitur per eius praesentiam. Sed timor
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1969 importat defectum naturalem creaturae, secundum quod in infinitum
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1970 distat a Deo, quod etiam in patria remanebit. Et ideo timor non
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1971 evacuabitur totaliter.</p>
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diff changeset
1972 <br />
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diff changeset
1973 <div class="E">Articulus 12</div>
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diff changeset
1974 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 12 arg. 1"><a name="39633"><span class=
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diff changeset
1975 "ref">[39633] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1976 duodecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod paupertas spiritus non sit
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diff changeset
1977 beatitudo respondens dono timoris. Timor enim est initium
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diff changeset
1978 spiritualis vitae, ut ex dictis patet. Sed paupertas pertinet ad
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diff changeset
1979 perfectionem vitae spiritualis, secundum illud Matth. XIX, <i>si
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diff changeset
1980 vis perfectus esse, vade et vende omnia quae habes, et da
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diff changeset
1981 pauperibus</i>. Ergo paupertas spiritus non respondet dono
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diff changeset
1982 timoris.</p>
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diff changeset
1983 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 12 arg. 2"><a name="39634"><span class=
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diff changeset
1984 "ref">[39634] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
1985 Praeterea, in Psalm. dicitur, <i>confige timore tuo carnes
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diff changeset
1986 meas</i>, ex quo videtur quod ad timorem pertineat carnem
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diff changeset
1987 reprimere. Sed ad repressionem carnis maxime videtur pertinere
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diff changeset
1988 beatitudo luctus. Ergo beatitudo luctus magis respondet dono
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1989 timoris quam beatitudo paupertatis.</p>
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diff changeset
1990 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 12 arg. 3"><a name="39635"><span class=
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diff changeset
1991 "ref">[39635] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
1992 Praeterea, donum timoris respondet virtuti spei, sicut dictum est.
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diff changeset
1993 Sed spei maxime videtur respondere beatitudo ultima, quae est,
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diff changeset
1994 <i>beati pacifici, quoniam filii Dei vocabuntur</i>, quia, ut
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diff changeset
1995 dicitur Rom. V, <i>gloriamur in spe gloriae filiorum Dei</i>. Ergo
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diff changeset
1996 illa beatitudo magis respondet dono timoris quam paupertas
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diff changeset
1997 spiritus.</p>
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diff changeset
1998 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 12 arg. 4"><a name="39636"><span class=
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diff changeset
1999 "ref">[39636] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 arg. 4</span></a>
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diff changeset
2000 Praeterea, supra dictum est quod beatitudinibus respondent fructus.
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2001 Sed nihil in fructibus invenitur respondere dono timoris. Ergo
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diff changeset
2002 etiam neque in beatitudinibus aliquid ei respondet.</p>
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diff changeset
2003 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 12 s. c."><a name="39637"><span class=
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diff changeset
2004 "ref">[39637] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
2005 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in Mont.,
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diff changeset
2006 <i>timor Dei congruit humilibus, de quibus dicitur, beati pauperes
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diff changeset
2007 spiritu</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
2008 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 12 co."><a name="39638"><span class=
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diff changeset
2009 "ref">[39638] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
2010 dicendum quod timori proprie respondet paupertas spiritus. Cum enim
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diff changeset
2011 ad timorem filialem pertineat Deo reverentiam exhibere et ei
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diff changeset
2012 subditum esse, id quod ex huiusmodi subiectione consequitur
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diff changeset
2013 pertinet ad donum timoris. Ex hoc autem quod aliquis Deo se
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diff changeset
2014 subiicit, desinit quaerere in seipso vel in aliquo alio magnificari
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diff changeset
2015 nisi in Deo, hoc enim repugnaret perfectae subiectioni ad Deum.
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diff changeset
2016 Unde dicitur in Psalm., <i>hi in curribus et hi in equis, nos autem
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diff changeset
2017 in nomine Dei nostri invocabimus</i>. Et ideo ex hoc quod aliquis
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diff changeset
2018 perfecte timet Deum, consequens est quod non quaerat magnificari in
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2019 seipso per superbiam; neque etiam quaerat magnificari in
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diff changeset
2020 exterioribus bonis, scilicet honoribus et divitiis; quorum utrumque
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diff changeset
2021 pertinet ad paupertatem spiritus, secundum quod paupertas spiritus
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diff changeset
2022 intelligi potest vel exinanitio inflati et superbi spiritus, ut
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diff changeset
2023 Augustinus exponit; vel etiam abiectio temporalium rerum quae fit
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diff changeset
2024 spiritu, idest propria voluntate per instinctum spiritus sancti, ut
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diff changeset
2025 Ambrosius et Hieronymus exponunt.</p>
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diff changeset
2026 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 12 ad 1"><a name="39639"><span class=
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diff changeset
2027 "ref">[39639] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
2028 ergo dicendum quod, cum beatitudo sit actus virtutis perfectae,
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diff changeset
2029 omnes beatitudines ad perfectionem spiritualis vitae pertinent. In
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diff changeset
2030 qua quidem perfectione principium esse videtur ut tendens ad
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2031 perfectam spiritualium bonorum participationem terrena bona
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diff changeset
2032 contemnat, sicut etiam timor primum locum habet in donis. Non autem
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2033 consistit perfectio in ipsa temporalium desertione, sed haec est
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diff changeset
2034 via ad perfectionem. Timor autem filialis, cui respondet beatitudo
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diff changeset
2035 paupertatis, etiam est cum perfectione sapientiae, ut supra dictum
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2036 est.</p>
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diff changeset
2037 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 12 ad 2"><a name="39640"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 "ref">[39640] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 dicendum quod directius opponitur subiectioni ad Deum, quam facit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2040 timor filialis, indebita magnificatio hominis vel in seipso vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 aliis rebus quam delectatio extranea. Quae tamen opponitur timori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 ex consequenti, quia qui Deum reveretur et ei subiicitur, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 delectatur in aliis a Deo. Sed tamen delectatio non pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 rationem ardui, quam respicit timor, sicut magnificatio. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 directe beatitudo paupertatis respondet timori, beatitudo autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 luctus ex consequenti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 12 ad 3"><a name="39641"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 "ref">[39641] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 dicendum quod spes importat motum secundum habitudinem ad terminum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 ad quem tenditur, sed timor importat magis motum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 habitudinem recessus a termino. Et ideo ultima beatitudo, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 spiritualis perfectionis terminus, congrue respondet spei per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 obiecti ultimi, sed prima beatitudo, quae est per recessum a rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 exterioribus impedientibus divinam subiectionem, congrue respondet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 timori.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 <p title="II-II q. 19 a. 12 ad 4"><a name="39642"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 "ref">[39642] II&ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 12 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 dicendum quod in fructibus illa quae pertinent ad moderatum usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 vel abstinentiam a rebus temporalibus, videntur dono timoris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 convenire, sicut modestia, continentia et castitas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 <div class="D">Quaestio 20</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 <p title="II-II q. 20 pr."><a name="39643"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 "ref">[39643] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis. Et primo, de desperatione;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 secundo, de praesumptione. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 utrum desperatio sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum possit esse sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 infidelitate. Tertio, utrum sit maximum peccatorum. Quarto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 oriatur ex acedia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="39644"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 "ref">[39644] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 sic proceditur. Videtur quod desperatio non sit peccatum. Omne enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 peccatum habet conversionem ad commutabile bonum cum aversione ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 incommutabili bono; ut patet per Augustinum, in Lib. de Lib. Arb.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 Sed desperatio non habet conversionem ad commutabile bonum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="39645"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 "ref">[39645] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 illud quod oritur ex bona radice non videtur esse peccatum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 <i>non potest arbor bona fructus malos facere</i>, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 Matth. VII. Sed desperatio videtur procedere ex bona radice,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 scilicet ex timore Dei, vel ex horrore magnitudinis propriorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 peccatorum. Ergo desperatio non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="39646"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 "ref">[39646] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 si desperatio esset peccatum, in damnatis esset peccatum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 desperant. Sed hoc non imputatur eis ad culpam, sed magis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 damnationem. Ergo neque viatoribus imputatur ad culpam. Et ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 desperatio non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 1 s. c."><a name="39647"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 "ref">[39647] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 illud per quod homines in peccata inducuntur videtur esse non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 peccatum, sed principium peccatorum. Sed desperatio est huiusmodi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 dicit enim apostolus de quibusdam, ad Ephes. IV, <i>qui desperantes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 semetipsos tradiderunt impudicitiae in operationem omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 immunditiae et avaritiae</i>. Ergo desperatio non solum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 peccatum, sed aliorum peccatorum principium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 1 co."><a name="39648"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 "ref">[39648] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 dicendum quod secundum philosophum, in VI Ethic., id quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 intellectu affirmatio vel negatio est in appetitu prosecutio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 fuga, et quod est in intellectu verum vel falsum est in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 bonum et malum. Et ideo omnis motus appetitivus conformiter se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 habens intellectui vero, est secundum se bonus, omnis autem motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 appetitivus conformiter se habens intellectui falso, est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 se malus et peccatum. Circa Deum autem vera existimatio intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 est quod ex ipso provenit hominum salus, et venia peccatoribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 datur; secundum illud Ezech. XVIII, <i>nolo mortem peccatoris, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 ut convertatur et vivat</i>. Falsa autem opinio est quod peccatori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 poenitenti veniam deneget, vel quod peccatores ad se non convertat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 per gratiam iustificantem. Et ideo sicut motus spei, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 conformiter se habet ad existimationem veram, est laudabilis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 virtuosus; ita oppositus motus desperationis, qui se habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 conformiter existimationi falsae de Deo, est vitiosus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="39649"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 "ref">[39649] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 ergo dicendum quod in quolibet peccato mortali est quodammodo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 aversio a bono incommutabili et conversio ad bonum commutabile, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 aliter et aliter. Nam principaliter consistunt in aversione a bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 incommutabili peccata quae opponuntur virtutibus theologicis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 odium Dei, desperatio et infidelitas, quia virtutes theologicae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 habent Deum pro obiecto, ex consequenti autem important
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 conversionem ad bonum commutabile, inquantum anima deserens Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 consequenter necesse est quod ad alia convertatur. Peccata vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 alia principaliter consistunt in conversione ad commutabile bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 ex consequenti vero in aversione ab incommutabili bono, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 qui fornicatur intendit a Deo recedere, sed carnali delectatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 frui, ex quo sequitur quod a Deo recedat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="39650"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 "ref">[39650] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 dicendum quod ex radice virtutis potest aliquid procedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 dupliciter. Uno modo, directe ex parte ipsius virtutis, sicut actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 procedit ex habitu, et hoc modo ex virtuosa radice non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 aliquod peccatum procedere; hoc enim sensu Augustinus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 libro de Lib. Arb., quod <i>virtute nemo male utitur</i>. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 procedit aliquid ex virtute indirecte sive occasionaliter. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 nihil prohibet aliquod peccatum ex aliqua virtute procedere, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 interdum de virtutibus aliqui superbiunt, secundum illud Augustini,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 <i>superbia bonis operibus insidiatur ut pereant</i>. Et hoc modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 ex timore Dei vel ex horrore propriorum peccatorum contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 desperatio, inquantum his bonis aliquis male utitur, occasionem ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 eis accipiens desperandi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="39651"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 "ref">[39651] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 dicendum quod damnati non sunt in statu sperandi, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 impossibilitatem reditus ad beatitudinem. Et ideo quod non sperant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 non imputatur eis ad culpam, sed est pars damnationis ipsorum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 Sicut etiam in statu viae si quis desperaret de eo quod non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 natus adipisci, vel quod non est debitum adipisci, non esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 peccatum, puta si medicus desperat de curatione alicuius infirmi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 vel si aliquis desperat se fore divitias adepturum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="39652"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 "ref">[39652] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod desperatio sine infidelitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 esse non possit. Certitudo enim spei a fide derivatur. Sed manente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 causa non tollitur effectus. Ergo non potest aliquis certitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 spei amittere desperando nisi fide sublata.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="39653"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 "ref">[39653] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 praeferre culpam propriam bonitati vel misericordiae divinae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 negare infinitatem divinae misericordiae vel bonitatis, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 infidelitatis. Sed qui desperat culpam suam praefert misericordiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 vel bonitati divinae, secundum illud Gen. IV, <i>maior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 iniquitas mea quam ut veniam merear</i>. Ergo quicumque desperat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 est infidelis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="39654"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 "ref">[39654] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 quicumque incidit in haeresim damnatam est infidelis. Sed desperans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 videtur incidere in haeresim damnatam, scilicet Novatianorum, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 dicunt peccata non remitti post Baptismum. Ergo videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 quicumque desperat sit infidelis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 2 s. c."><a name="39655"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 "ref">[39655] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 est quod remoto posteriori non removetur prius. Sed spes est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 posterior fide, ut supra dictum est. Ergo remota spe potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 remanere fides. Non ergo quicumque desperat est infidelis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 2 co."><a name="39656"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 "ref">[39656] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 dicendum quod infidelitas pertinet ad intellectum, desperatio vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 ad vim appetitivam. Intellectus autem universalium est, sed vis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 appetitiva movetur ad particularia, est enim motus appetitivus ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 anima ad res, quae in seipsis particulares sunt. Contingit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 aliquem habentem rectam existimationem in universali circa motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 appetitivum non recte se habere, corrupta eius aestimatione in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 particulari, quia necesse est quod ab aestimatione in universali ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 appetitum rei particularis perveniatur mediante aestimatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 particulari, ut dicitur in III de anima; sicut a propositione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 universali non infertur conclusio particularis nisi assumendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 particularem. Et inde est quod aliquis habens rectam fidem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 universali deficit in motu appetitivo circa particulare, corrupta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 particulari eius aestimatione per habitum vel per passionem. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 ille qui fornicatur, eligendo fornicationem ut bonum sibi ut nunc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 habet corruptam aestimationem in particulari, cum tamen retineat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 universalem aestimationem veram secundum fidem, scilicet quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 fornicatio sit mortale peccatum. Et similiter aliquis, retinendo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 universali veram aestimationem fidei, scilicet quod est remissio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 peccatorum in Ecclesia, potest pati motum desperationis, quasi sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 in tali statu existenti non sit sperandum de venia, corrupta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 aestimatione eius circa particulare. Et per hunc modum potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 desperatio sine infidelitate, sicut et alia peccata mortalia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="39657"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 "ref">[39657] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 ergo dicendum quod effectus tollitur non solum sublata causa prima,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 sed etiam sublata causa secunda. Unde motus spei auferri potest non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 solum sublata universali aestimatione fidei, quae est sicut causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 prima certitudinis spei; sed etiam sublata aestimatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 particulari, quae est sicut secunda causa.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="39658"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 "ref">[39658] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 dicendum quod si quis in universali aestimaret misericordiam Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 non esse infinitam, esset infidelis. Hoc autem non existimat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 desperans, sed quod sibi in statu illo, propter aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 particularem dispositionem, non sit de divina misericordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 sperandum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="39659"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 "ref">[39659] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 dicendum ad tertium quod Novatiani in universali negant remissionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 peccatorum fieri in Ecclesia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="39660"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 "ref">[39660] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 sic proceditur. Videtur quod desperatio non sit maximum peccatorum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 Potest enim esse desperatio absque infidelitate, sicut dictum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 Sed infidelitas est maximum peccatorum, quia subruit fundamentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 spiritualis aedificii. Ergo desperatio non est maximum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 peccatorum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="39661"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 "ref">[39661] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 maiori bono maius malum opponitur; ut patet per philosophum, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 VIII Ethic. Sed caritas est maior spe, ut dicitur I Cor. XIII. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 odium est maius peccatum quam desperatio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="39662"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 "ref">[39662] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 in peccato desperationis est solum inordinata aversio a Deo. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 aliis peccatis est non solum aversio inordinata, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 inordinata conversio. Ergo peccatum desperationis non est gravius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 sed minus aliis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 3 s. c."><a name="39663"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 "ref">[39663] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 peccatum insanabile videtur esse gravissimum, secundum illud Ierem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 XXX, <i>insanabilis fractura tua, pessima plaga tua</i>. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 peccatum desperationis est insanabile, secundum illud Ierem. XV,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 <i>plaga mea desperabilis renuit curari</i>. Ergo desperatio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 gravissimum peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 3 co."><a name="39664"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 "ref">[39664] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 dicendum quod peccata quae opponuntur virtutibus theologicis sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 secundum suum genus aliis peccatis graviora. Cum enim virtutes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 theologicae habeant Deum pro obiecto, peccata eis opposita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 important directe et principaliter aversionem a Deo. In quolibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 autem peccato mortali principalis ratio mali et gravitas est ex hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 quod avertit a Deo, si enim posset esse conversio ad bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 commutabile sine aversione a Deo, quamvis esset inordinata, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 esset peccatum mortale. Et ideo illud quod primo et per se habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 aversionem a Deo est gravissimum inter peccata mortalia. Virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 autem theologicis opponuntur infidelitas, desperatio et odium Dei.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 Inter quae odium et infidelitas, si desperationi comparentur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 invenientur secundum se quidem, idest secundum rationem propriae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 speciei, graviora. Infidelitas enim provenit ex hoc quod homo ipsam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 Dei veritatem non credit; odium vero Dei provenit ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 voluntas hominis ipsi divinae bonitati contrariatur; desperatio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 autem ex hoc quod homo non sperat se bonitatem Dei participare. Ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 quo patet quod infidelitas et odium Dei sunt contra Deum secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 quod in se est; desperatio autem secundum quod eius bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 participatur a nobis. Unde maius peccatum est, secundum se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 loquendo, non credere Dei veritatem, vel odire Deum, quam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 sperare consequi gloriam ab ipso. Sed si comparetur desperatio ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 alia duo peccata ex parte nostra, sic desperatio est periculosior,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 quia per spem revocamur a malis et introducimur in bona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 prosequenda; et ideo, sublata spe, irrefrenate homines labuntur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 vitia, et a bonis laboribus retrahuntur. Unde super illud Proverb.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 XXIV, <i>si desperaveris lapsus in die angustiae, minuetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 fortitudo tua</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>nihil est execrabilius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 desperatione, quam qui habet et in generalibus huius vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 laboribus, et, quod peius est, in fidei certamine constantiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 perdit</i>. Et Isidorus dicit, in libro de summo bono,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 <i>perpetrare flagitium aliquod mors animae est, sed desperare est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 descendere in Infernum</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="39665"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 "ref">[39665] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="39666"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 "ref">[39666] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 sic proceditur. Videtur quod desperatio ex acedia non oriatur. Idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 enim non procedit ex diversis causis. Desperatio autem futuri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 saeculi procedit ex luxuria; ut dicit Gregorius, XXXI Moral. Non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 ergo procedit ex acedia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="39667"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 "ref">[39667] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 sicut spei opponitur desperatio, ita gaudio spirituali opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 acedia. Sed gaudium spirituale procedit ex spe, secundum illud Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 XII, <i>spe gaudentes</i>. Ergo acedia procedit ex desperatione, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 non e converso.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="39668"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 "ref">[39668] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 contrariorum contrariae sunt causae. Sed spes, cui opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 desperatio, videtur procedere ex consideratione divinorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 beneficiorum, et maxime ex consideratione incarnationis, dicit enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 Augustinus, XII de Trin., <i>nihil tam necessarium fuit ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 erigendum spem nostram quam ut demonstraretur nobis quantum nos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 Deus diligeret. Quid vero huius rei isto indicio manifestius, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 quod Dei filius naturae nostrae dignatus est inire consortium?</i>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 Ergo desperatio magis procedit ex negligentia huius considerationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 quam ex acedia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 4 s. c."><a name="39669"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 "ref">[39669] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., desperationem enumerat inter ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 quae procedunt ex acedia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 4 co."><a name="39670"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 "ref">[39670] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, obiectum spei est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 arduum possibile vel per se vel per alium. Dupliciter ergo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 in aliquo spes deficere de beatitudine obtinenda, uno modo, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 non reputat eam ut bonum arduum; alio modo, quia non reputat eam ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 possibilem adipisci vel per se vel per alium. Ad hoc autem quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 bona spiritualia non sapiunt nobis quasi bona, vel non videantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 nobis magna bona, praecipue perducimur per hoc quod affectus noster
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 est infectus amore delectationum corporalium, inter quas praecipuae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 sunt delectationes venereae, nam ex affectu harum delectationum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 contingit quod homo fastidit bona spiritualia, et non sperat ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 quasi quaedam bona ardua. Et secundum hoc desperatio causatur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 luxuria. Ad hoc autem quod aliquod bonum arduum non aestimet ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 possibile sibi adipisci per se vel per alium, perducitur ex nimia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 deiectione; quae quando in affectu hominis dominatur, videtur ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 quod nunquam possit ad aliquod bonum relevari. Et quia acedia est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 tristitia quaedam deiectiva spiritus, ideo per hunc modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 desperatio ex acedia generatur. Hoc autem est proprium obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 spei, scilicet quod sit possibile, nam bonum et arduum etiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 alias passiones pertinent. Unde specialius oritur ex acedia. Potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 tamen oriri ex luxuria, ratione iam dicta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="39671"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 "ref">[39671] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 responsio ad primum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="39672"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 "ref">[39672] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in II Rhetor., sicut spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 facit delectationem, ita etiam homines in delectationibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 existentes efficiuntur maioris spei. Et per hunc etiam modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 homines in tristitiis existentes facilius in desperationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 incidunt, secundum illud II ad Cor. II, <i>ne maiori tristitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 absorbeatur qui eiusmodi est</i>. Sed tamen quia spei obiectum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 bonum, in quod naturaliter tendit appetitus, non autem refugit ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 eo naturaliter, sed solum propter aliquod impedimentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 superveniens; ideo directius quidem ex spe oritur gaudium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 desperatio autem e converso ex tristitia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 <p title="II-II q. 20 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="39673"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 "ref">[39673] II&ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 dicendum quod ipsa etiam negligentia considerandi divina beneficia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 ex acedia provenit. Homo enim affectus aliqua passione praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 illa cogitat quae ad illam pertinent passionem. Unde homo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 tristitiis constitutus non de facili aliqua magna et iucunda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 cogitat, sed solum tristia, nisi per magnum conatum se avertat a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 tristibus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 <div class="D">Quaestio 21</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 <p title="II-II q. 21 pr."><a name="39674"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 "ref">[39674] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 considerandum est de praesumptione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 quatuor. Primo, quid sit obiectum praesumptionis cui innititur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 Secundo, utrum sit peccatum. Tertio, cui opponatur. Quarto, ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 vitio oriatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="39675"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 "ref">[39675] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 sic proceditur. Videtur quod praesumptio quae est peccatum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 spiritum sanctum non innitatur Deo, sed propriae virtuti. Quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 enim minor est virtus, tanto magis peccat qui ei nimis innititur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 Sed minor est virtus humana quam divina. Ergo gravius peccat qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 praesumit de virtute humana quam qui praesumit de virtute divina.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 Sed peccatum in spiritum sanctum est gravissimum. Ergo praesumptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 quae ponitur species peccati in spiritum sanctum inhaeret virtuti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 humanae magis quam divinae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="39676"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 "ref">[39676] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 ex peccato in spiritum sanctum alia peccata oriuntur, peccatum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 in spiritum sanctum dicitur malitia ex qua quis peccat. Sed magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 videntur alia peccata oriri ex praesumptione qua homo praesumit de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 seipso quam ex praesumptione qua homo praesumit de Deo, quia amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 sui est principium peccandi, ut patet per Augustinum, XIV de Civ.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 Dei. Ergo videtur quod praesumptio quae est peccatum in spiritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 sanctum maxime innitatur virtuti humanae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="39677"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 "ref">[39677] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 peccatum contingit ex conversione inordinata ad bonum commutabile.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 Sed praesumptio est quoddam peccatum. Ergo magis contingit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 conversione ad virtutem humanam, quae est bonum commutabile, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 ex conversione ad virtutem divinam, quae est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 incommutabile.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 1 s. c."><a name="39678"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 "ref">[39678] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 est quod sicut ex desperatione aliquis contemnit divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 misericordiam, cui spes innititur, ita ex praesumptione contemnit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 divinam iustitiam, quae peccatores punit. Sed sicut misericordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 est in Deo, ita etiam et iustitia est in ipso. Ergo sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 desperatio est per aversionem a Deo, ita praesumptio est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 inordinatam conversionem ad ipsum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 1 co."><a name="39679"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 "ref">[39679] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 dicendum quod praesumptio videtur importare quandam immoderantiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 spei. Spei autem obiectum est bonum arduum possibile. Possibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 autem est aliquid homini dupliciter, uno modo, per propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 virtutem; alio modo, non nisi per virtutem divinam. Circa utramque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 autem spem per immoderantiam potest esse praesumptio. Nam circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 spem per quam aliquis de propria virtute confidit, attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 praesumptio ex hoc quod aliquis tendit in aliquid ut sibi possibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 quod suam facultatem excedit, secundum quod dicitur Iudith VI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 <i>praesumentes de se humilias</i>. Et talis praesumptio opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 virtuti magnanimitatis, quae medium tenet in huiusmodi spe. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 spem autem qua aliquis inhaeret divinae potentiae, potest per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 immoderantiam esse praesumptio in hoc quod aliquis tendit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 aliquod bonum ut possibile per virtutem et misericordiam divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 quod possibile non est, sicut cum aliquis sperat se veniam obtinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 sine poenitentia, vel gloriam sine meritis. Haec autem praesumptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 est proprie species peccati in spiritum sanctum, quia scilicet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 huiusmodi praesumptionem tollitur vel contemnitur adiutorium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 spiritus sancti per quod homo revocatur a peccato.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="39680"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 "ref">[39680] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 contra Deum secundum suum genus est gravius ceteris peccatis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 praesumptio qua quis inordinate innititur Deo gravius peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 quam praesumptio qua quis innititur propriae virtuti. Quod enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 aliquis innitatur divinae virtuti ad consequendum id quod Deo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 convenit, hoc est diminuere divinam virtutem. Patet autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 gravius peccat qui diminuit divinam virtutem quam qui propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 virtutem superextollit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="39681"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 "ref">[39681] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 dicendum quod ipsa etiam praesumptio qua quis de Deo inordinate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 praesumit amorem sui includit, quo quis proprium bonum inordinate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 desiderat. Quod enim multum desideramus, aestimamus nobis de facili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 per alios posse provenire, etiam si non possit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="39682"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 "ref">[39682] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 dicendum quod praesumptio de divina misericordia habet et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 conversionem ad bonum commutabile, inquantum procedit ex desiderio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 inordinato proprii boni; et aversionem a bono incommutabili,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 inquantum attribuit divinae virtuti quod ei non convenit; per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 enim avertitur homo a veritate divina.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="39683"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 "ref">[39683] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod praesumptio non sit peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 Nullum enim peccatum est ratio quod homo exaudiatur a Deo. Sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 praesumptionem aliqui exaudiuntur a Deo, dicitur enim Iudith IX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 <i>exaudi me miseram deprecantem et de tua misericordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 praesumentem</i>. Ergo praesumptio de divina misericordia non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="39684"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 "ref">[39684] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 praesumptio importat superexcessum spei. Sed in spe quae habetur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 Deo non potest esse superexcessus, cum eius potentia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 misericordia sint infinita. Ergo videtur quod praesumptio non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="39685"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 "ref">[39685] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 id quod est peccatum non excusat a peccato. Sed praesumptio excusat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 a peccato, dicit enim Magister, XXII dist. II Lib. Sent., quod Adam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 minus peccavit quia sub spe veniae peccavit, quod videtur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 praesumptionem pertinere. Ergo praesumptio non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 2 s. c."><a name="39686"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 "ref">[39686] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 est quod ponitur species peccati in spiritum sanctum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 2 co."><a name="39687"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 "ref">[39687] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est circa desperationem, omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 motus appetitivus qui conformiter se habet ad intellectum falsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 est secundum se malus et peccatum. Praesumptio autem est motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 quidam appetitivus, quia importat quandam spem inordinatam. Habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 autem se conformiter intellectui falso, sicut et desperatio, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 enim falsum est quod Deus poenitentibus non indulgeat, vel quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 peccantes ad poenitentiam non convertat, ita falsum est quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 peccato perseverantibus veniam concedat, et a bono opere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 cessantibus gloriam largiatur; cui existimationi conformiter se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 habet praesumptionis motus. Et ideo praesumptio est peccatum. Minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 tamen quam desperatio, quanto magis proprium est Deo misereri et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 parcere quam punire, propter eius infinitam bonitatem. Illud enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 secundum se Deo convenit, hoc autem propter nostra peccata.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="39688"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 "ref">[39688] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 ergo dicendum quod praesumere aliquando ponitur pro sperare, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 ipsa spes recta quae habetur de Deo praesumptio videtur si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 mensuretur secundum conditionem humanam. Non autem est praesumptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 si attendatur immensitas bonitatis divinae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="39689"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 "ref">[39689] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 dicendum quod praesumptio non importat superexcessum spei ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 quod aliquis nimis speret de Deo, sed ex hoc quod sperat de Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 aliquid quod Deo non convenit. Quod etiam est minus sperare de eo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 quia hoc est eius virtutem quodammodo diminuere, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="39690"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 "ref">[39690] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 dicendum quod peccare cum proposito perseverandi in peccato sub spe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 veniae ad praesumptionem pertinet. Et hoc non diminuit, sed auget
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 peccatum. Peccare autem sub spe veniae quandoque percipiendae cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 proposito abstinendi a peccato et poenitendi de ipso, hoc non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 praesumptionis, sed hoc peccatum diminuit, quia per hoc videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 habere voluntatem minus firmatam ad peccandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="39691"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 "ref">[39691] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 sic proceditur. Videtur quod praesumptio magis opponatur timori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 quam spei. Inordinatio enim timoris opponitur recto timori. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 praesumptio videtur ad inordinationem timoris pertinere, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 enim Sap. XVII, <i>semper praesumit saeva perturbata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 conscientia</i>; et ibidem dicitur quod timor est praesumptionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 adiutorium. Ergo praesumptio opponitur timori magis quam spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="39692"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 "ref">[39692] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 contraria sunt quae maxime distant. Sed praesumptio magis distat a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 timore quam a spe, quia praesumptio importat motum ad rem, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 spes; timor autem motum a re. Ergo praesumptio magis contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 timori quam spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="39693"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 "ref">[39693] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 praesumptio totaliter excludit timorem, non autem totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 excludit spem, sed solum rectitudinem spei. Cum ergo opposita sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 quae se interimunt, videtur quod praesumptio magis opponatur timori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 quam spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 3 s. c."><a name="39694"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 "ref">[39694] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 est quod duo invicem opposita vitia contrariantur uni virtuti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 sicut timiditas et audacia fortitudini. Sed peccatum praesumptionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 contrariatur peccato desperationis, quod directe opponitur spei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 Ergo videtur quod etiam praesumptio directius spei opponatur.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 3 co."><a name="39695"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 "ref">[39695] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in IV contra Iulian.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 <i>omnibus virtutibus non solum sunt vitia manifesta discretione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 contraria, sicut prudentiae temeritas, verum etiam vicina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 quodammodo, nec veritate, sed quadam specie fallente similia, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 prudentiae astutia</i>. Et hoc etiam philosophus dicit, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 Ethic., quod virtus maiorem convenientiam videtur habere cum uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 oppositorum vitiorum quam cum alio, sicut temperantia cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 insensibilitate et fortitudo cum audacia. Praesumptio igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 manifestam oppositionem videtur habere ad timorem, praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 servilem, qui respicit poenam ex Dei iustitia provenientem, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 remissionem praesumptio sperat. Sed secundum quandam falsam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 similitudinem magis contrariatur spei, quia importat quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 inordinatam spem de Deo. Et quia directius aliqua opponuntur quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 sunt unius generis quam quae sunt generum diversorum (nam contraria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 sunt in eodem genere), ideo directius praesumptio opponitur spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 quam timori, utrumque enim respicit idem obiectum cui innititur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 sed spes ordinate, praesumptio inordinate.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="39696"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 "ref">[39696] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 ergo dicendum quod sicut spes abusive dicitur de malo, proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 autem de bono, ita etiam praesumptio. Et secundum hunc modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 inordinatio timoris praesumptio dicitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="39697"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 "ref">[39697] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 dicendum quod contraria sunt quae maxime distant in eodem genere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 Praesumptio autem et spes important motum eiusdem generis, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 potest esse vel ordinatus vel inordinatus. Et ideo praesumptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 directius contrariatur spei quam timori, nam spei contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 ratione propriae differentiae, sicut inordinatum ordinato; timori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 autem contrariatur ratione differentiae sui generis, scilicet motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="39698"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 "ref">[39698] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 dicendum quod quia praesumptio contrariatur timori contrarietate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 generis, virtuti autem spei contrarietate differentiae, ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 praesumptio excludit totaliter timorem etiam secundum genus, spem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 autem non excludit nisi ratione differentiae, excludendo eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 ordinationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="39699"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 "ref">[39699] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 sic proceditur. Videtur quod praesumptio non causetur ex inani
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 gloria. Praesumptio enim maxime videtur inniti divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 misericordiae. Misericordia autem respicit miseriam, quae opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 gloriae. Ergo praesumptio non oritur ex inani gloria.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="39700"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 "ref">[39700] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 praesumptio opponitur desperationi. Sed desperatio oritur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 tristitia, ut dictum est. Cum igitur oppositorum oppositae sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 causae, videtur quod oriatur ex delectatione. Et ita videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 oriatur ex vitiis carnalibus, quorum delectationes sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 vehementiores.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="39701"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 "ref">[39701] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 vitium praesumptionis consistit in hoc quod aliquis tendit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 aliquod bonum quod non est possibile, quasi possibile. Sed quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 aliquis aestimet possibile quod est impossibile, provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 ignorantia. Ergo praesumptio magis provenit ex ignorantia quam ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 inani gloria.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 4 s. c."><a name="39702"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 "ref">[39702] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., quod praesumptio novitatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 est filia inanis gloriae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 4 co."><a name="39703"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 "ref">[39703] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, duplex est praesumptio. Una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 quidem quae innititur propriae virtuti, attentans scilicet aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 ut sibi possibile quod propriam virtutem excedit. Et talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 praesumptio manifeste ex inani gloria procedit, ex hoc enim quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 aliquis multam desiderat gloriam, sequitur quod attentet ad gloriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 quaedam super vires suas. Et huiusmodi praecipue sunt nova, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 maiorem admirationem habent. Et ideo signanter Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 praesumptionem novitatum posuit filiam inanis gloriae. Alia vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 est praesumptio quae innititur inordinate divinae misericordiae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 potentiae, per quam sperat se obtinere gloriam sine meritis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 veniam sine poenitentia. Et talis praesumptio videtur oriri directe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 ex superbia, ac si ipse tanti se aestimet quod etiam eum peccantem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 Deus non puniat vel a gloria excludat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 <p title="II-II q. 21 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="39704"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 "ref">[39704] II&ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 <div class="D">Quaestio 22</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 <p title="II-II q. 22 pr."><a name="39705"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 "ref">[39705] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 considerandum est de praeceptis pertinentibus ad spem et timorem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo, de praeceptis pertinentibus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 spem. Secundo, de praeceptis pertinentibus ad timorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="39706"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 "ref">[39706] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 sic proceditur. Videtur quod nullum praeceptum sit dandum pertinens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 ad virtutem spei. Quod enim potest sufficienter fieri per unum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 oportet quod ad id aliquid aliud inducatur. Sed ad sperandum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 sufficienter homo inducitur ex ipsa naturali inclinatione. Ergo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 oportet quod ad hoc inducatur homo per legis praeceptum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="39707"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 "ref">[39707] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 cum praecepta dentur de actibus virtutum, principalia praecepta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 debent dari de actibus principalium virtutum. Sed inter omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 virtutes principaliores sunt tres virtutes theologicae, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 spes, fides et caritas. Cum igitur principalia legis praecepta sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 praecepta Decalogi, ad quae omnia alia reducuntur, ut supra habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 est; videtur quod, si de spe daretur aliquod praeceptum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 deberet inter praecepta Decalogi contineri. Non autem continetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 Ergo videtur quod nullum praeceptum in lege debeat dari de actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="39708"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 "ref">[39708] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 eiusdem rationis est praecipere actum virtutis et prohibere actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 vitii oppositi. Sed non invenitur aliquod praeceptum datum per quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 prohibeatur desperatio, quae est opposita spei. Ergo videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 nec de spe conveniat aliquod praeceptum dari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 1 s. c."><a name="39709"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 "ref">[39709] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 est quod Augustinus dicit, super illud Ioan. XV, <i>hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 praeceptum meum, ut diligatis invicem, de fide nobis quam multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 mandata sunt; quam multa de spe</i>. Ergo de spe convenit aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 praecepta dari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 1 co."><a name="39710"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 "ref">[39710] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 dicendum quod praeceptorum quae in sacra Scriptura inveniuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 quaedam sunt de substantia legis; quaedam vero sunt praeambula ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 legem. Praeambula quidem sunt ad legem illa quibus non existentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 lex locum habere non potest. Huiusmodi autem sunt praecepta de actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 fidei et de actu spei, quia per actum fidei mens hominis inclinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 ut recognoscat auctorem legis talem cui se subdere debeat; per spem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 vero praemii homo inducitur ad observantiam praeceptorum. Praecepta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 vero de substantia legis sunt quae homini iam subiecto et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 obediendum parato imponuntur, pertinentia ad rectitudinem vitae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 ideo huiusmodi praecepta statim in ipsa legis latione proponuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 per modum praeceptorum. Spei vero et fidei praecepta non erant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 proponenda per modum praeceptorum, quia nisi homo iam crederet et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 speraret, frustra ei lex proponeretur. Sed sicut praeceptum fidei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 proponendum fuit per modum denuntiationis vel commemorationis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 supra dictum est; ita etiam praeceptum spei in prima legis latione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 proponendum fuit per modum promissionis, qui enim obedientibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 praemia promittit, ex hoc ipso incitat ad spem. Unde omnia promissa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 quae in lege continentur sunt spei excitativa. Sed quia, lege iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 posita, pertinet ad sapientes viros ut non solum inducant homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 ad observantiam praeceptorum, sed etiam multo magis ad conservandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 legis fundamentum; ideo post primam legis lationem in sacra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 Scriptura multipliciter inducuntur homines ad sperandum, etiam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 modum admonitionis vel praecepti, et non solum per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 promissionis, sicut in lege, sicut patet in Psalm., <i>sperate in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 eo omnes congregationes populi</i>, et in multis aliis Scripturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 locis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="39711"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 "ref">[39711] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 ergo dicendum quod natura sufficienter inclinat ad sperandum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 naturae humanae proportionatum. Sed ad sperandum supernaturale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 bonum oportuit hominem induci auctoritate legis divinae, partim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 quidem promissis, partim autem admonitionibus vel praeceptis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 tamen ad ea etiam ad quae naturalis ratio inclinat, sicut sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 actus virtutum moralium, necessarium fuit praecepta legis divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 dari, propter maiorem firmitatem; et praecipue quia naturalis ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 hominis obtenebrata erat per concupiscentias peccati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="39712"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 "ref">[39712] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 dicendum quod praecepta Decalogi pertinent ad primam legis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 lationem. Et ideo inter praecepta Decalogi non fuit dandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 praeceptum aliquod de spe, sed suffecit per aliquas promissiones
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diff changeset
2706 positas inducere ad spem, ut patet in primo et quarto
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diff changeset
2707 praecepto.</p>
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diff changeset
2708 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="39713"><span class=
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diff changeset
2709 "ref">[39713] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
2710 dicendum quod in illis ad quorum observationem homo tenetur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 ratione debiti, sufficit praeceptum affirmativum dari de eo quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 faciendum est, in quibus prohibitiones eorum quae sunt vitanda
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2713 intelliguntur. Sicut datur praeceptum de honoratione parentum, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 autem prohibetur quod parentes dehonorentur, nisi per hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 dehonorantibus poena adhibetur in lege. Et quia debitum est ad
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diff changeset
2716 humanam salutem ut speret homo de Deo, fuit ad hoc homo inducendus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 aliquo praedictorum modorum quasi affirmative, in quo
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parents: 26
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2718 intelligeretur prohibitio oppositi.</p>
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2719 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
2721 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="39714"><span class=
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diff changeset
2722 "ref">[39714] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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2723 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod de timore non fuerit dandum
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diff changeset
2724 aliquod praeceptum in lege. Timor enim Dei est de his quae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 praeambula ad legem, cum sit initium sapientiae. Sed ea quae sunt
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diff changeset
2726 praeambula ad legem non cadunt sub praeceptis legis. Ergo de timore
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diff changeset
2727 non est dandum aliquod praeceptum legis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="39715"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 "ref">[39715] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
2730 posita causa ponitur effectus. Sed amor est causa timoris, omnis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 enim timor ex aliquo amore procedit, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 octoginta trium quaest. Ergo, posito praecepto de amore, superfluum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 fuisset praecipere timorem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="39716"><span class=
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diff changeset
2735 "ref">[39716] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
2736 timori aliquo modo opponitur praesumptio. Sed nulla prohibitio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 invenitur in lege de praesumptione data. Ergo videtur quod nec de
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diff changeset
2738 timore aliquod praeceptum dari debuerit.</p>
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diff changeset
2739 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 2 s. c."><a name="39717"><span class=
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diff changeset
2740 "ref">[39717] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
2741 est quod dicitur Deut. X, <i>et nunc, Israel, quid dominus Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 tuus petit a te, nisi ut timeas dominum Deum tuum?</i> Sed illud a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 nobis requirit quod nobis praecipit observandum. Ergo sub praecepto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 cadit quod aliquis timeat Deum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 2 co."><a name="39718"><span class=
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diff changeset
2746 "ref">[39718] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
2747 dicendum quod duplex est timor, scilicet servilis et filialis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 Sicut autem aliquis inducitur ad observantiam praeceptorum legis
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diff changeset
2749 per spem praemiorum, ita etiam inducitur ad legis observantiam per
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diff changeset
2750 timorem poenarum, qui est timor servilis. Et ideo sicut, secundum
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diff changeset
2751 praedicta, in ipsa legis latione non fuit praeceptum dandum de actu
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diff changeset
2752 spei, sed ad hoc fuerunt homines inducendi per promissa; ita nec de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 timore qui respicit poenam fuit praeceptum dandum per modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 praecepti, sed ad hoc fuerunt homines inducendi per comminationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 poenarum. Quod fuit factum et in ipsis praeceptis Decalogi, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 postmodum consequenter in secundariis legis praeceptis. Sed sicut
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diff changeset
2757 sapientes et prophetae consequenter, intendentes homines stabilire
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diff changeset
2758 in obedientia legis, documenta tradiderunt de spe per modum
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diff changeset
2759 admonitionis vel praecepti, ita etiam et de timore. Sed timor
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diff changeset
2760 filialis, qui reverentiam exhibet Deo, est quasi quoddam genus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 dilectionem Dei, et principium quoddam omnium eorum quae in Dei
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diff changeset
2762 reverentiam observantur. Et ideo de timore filiali dantur praecepta
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diff changeset
2763 in lege sicut et de dilectione, quia utrumque est praeambulum ad
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diff changeset
2764 exteriores actus qui praecipiuntur in lege, ad quos pertinent
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diff changeset
2765 praecepta Decalogi. Et ideo in auctoritate legis inducta requiritur
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diff changeset
2766 ab homine timor, et ut ambulet in viis Dei colendo ipsum, et ut
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diff changeset
2767 diligat ipsum.</p>
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diff changeset
2768 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="39719"><span class=
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diff changeset
2769 "ref">[39719] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
2770 ergo dicendum quod timor filialis est quoddam praeambulum ad legem
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diff changeset
2771 non sicut extrinsecum aliquid, sed sicut principium legis, sicut
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diff changeset
2772 etiam dilectio. Et ideo de utroque dantur praecepta, quae sunt
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diff changeset
2773 quasi quaedam principia communia totius legis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="39720"><span class=
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diff changeset
2775 "ref">[39720] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
2776 dicendum quod ex amore sequitur timor filialis, sicut etiam et alia
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diff changeset
2777 bona opera quae ex caritate fiunt. Et ideo sicut post praeceptum
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diff changeset
2778 caritatis dantur praecepta de aliis actibus virtutum, ita etiam
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diff changeset
2779 simul dantur praecepta de timore et amore caritatis. Sicut etiam in
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diff changeset
2780 scientiis demonstrativis non sufficit ponere principia prima, nisi
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diff changeset
2781 etiam ponantur conclusiones quae ex his sequuntur vel proxime vel
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diff changeset
2782 remote.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 <p title="II-II q. 22 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="39721"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 "ref">[39721] II&ordf;-IIae q. 22 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
2785 dicendum quod inductio ad timorem sufficit ad excludendum
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diff changeset
2786 praesumptionem, sicut etiam inductio ad spem sufficit ad
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diff changeset
2787 excludendum desperationem, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 <div class="centro"><br />
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diff changeset
2789 <p><a href="sth3001.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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diff changeset
2790 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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diff changeset
2791 <a href="sth3023.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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diff changeset
2792 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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diff changeset
2793 <br />
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diff changeset
2794 <hr />
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diff changeset
2795 <br />
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diff changeset
2796 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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diff changeset
2797 hanc editionem<br />
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diff changeset
2798 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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diff changeset
2799 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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2800 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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diff changeset
2801 </div>
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diff changeset
2802 </body>
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2803 </html>