annotate john/latin/cih06.html @ 36:495930650732

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36
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Cygwin (vers 25 March 2009), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Super Evangelium S. Ioannis lectura, cap.
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23 6</title>
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24 </head>
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25 <body>
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26 <div class="tres"><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</a></div>
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27 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Super Evangelium S. Ioannis lectura</div>
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29 <div class="dos">caput VI</div>
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30 <br />
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31 <div class="centro">
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32 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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33 <tr>
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34 <th><img src="icons/crux190.jpg" width="164" height="190" border=
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35 "0" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Beato Angelico depictus" align=
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36 "middle" /></th>
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37 </tr>
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38 </table>
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39 <br />
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40 <span class="tres">Textum Taurini 1952 editum<br />
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41 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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42 magneticas<br />
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43 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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44 <br /></span><br />
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45 <hr />
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46 <br />
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47 <p><a href="cih05.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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48 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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49 <a href="cih07.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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50 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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51 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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52 //<![CDATA[
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53 <!--
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54 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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55 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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56 document.write('<FORM NAME="selecter"><SELECT NAME="select1">');
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57 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">INDEX');
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58 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
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59 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="index.html">Corpus Thomisticum');
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60 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="iopera.html">Opera omnia');
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61 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="zbiblia.html">Bibliographia Thomistica');
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62 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">-------------------------------------------');
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63 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87458">Super Io., cap. 6 l. 1');
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64 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87459">Super Io., cap. 6 l. 2');
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65 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87460">Super Io., cap. 6 l. 3');
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66 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87461">Super Io., cap. 6 l. 4');
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67 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87462">Super Io., cap. 6 l. 5');
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68 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87463">Super Io., cap. 6 l. 6');
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69 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87464">Super Io., cap. 6 l. 7');
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70 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#87465">Super Io., cap. 6 l. 8');
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71 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
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72 document.write('<BR><BR>');
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73 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
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74 document.write('<\/FORM>');
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75 // -->
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76 //]]>
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77 </script><br />
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78 <hr />
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79 <br /></div>
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80 <div class="C">Caput 6</div>
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81 <div class="D">Lectio 1</div>
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82 <p title="Super Io., cap. 6 l. 1"><a name="87458"><span class=
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83 "ref">[87458] Super Io., cap. 6 l. 1</span></a> Posita doctrina de
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84 vita spirituali qua Christus regeneratos vivificat, consequenter
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85 Evangelista agit de spirituali nutrimento quo Christus vivificatos
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86 sustentat, et primo ponit visibile miraculum, quod fecit Christus
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87 exhibendo nutrimentum corporale; secundo agit de nutrimento
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88 spirituali, ibi <i>respondit eis Iesus, et dixit: amen, amen dico
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89 vobis, quaeritis me, non quia</i> et cetera. Circa primum duo
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90 facit. Primo ponit miraculum visibile de nutrimento corporali;
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91 secundo ostendit effectum miraculi, ibi <i>illi ergo homines cum
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92 vidissent</i> et cetera. Circa miraculum duo ponit: scilicet eius
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93 circumstantias, et eius patrationem, ibi <i>et cum sublevasset
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94 oculos Iesus</i>. Circa primum tria facit. Primo describit
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95 multitudinem quam pavit; secundo determinat locum ubi pavit, ibi
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96 <i>subiit ergo in montem Iesus</i>; tertio tempus quando pavit, ibi
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97 <i>erat autem proximum Pascha</i> et cetera. Circa primum tria
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98 facit. Primo determinat locum quo multitudo eum sequitur; secundo
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99 turbam sequentem; tertio causam sequelae assignat. Quo autem turba
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100 dominum sequeretur, insinuat Evangelista cum dicit <i>post haec
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101 abiit Iesus trans mare Galilaeae</i>; idest, post mystica verba
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102 quae dominus de sua potestate dixerat. Mare autem istud Galilaeae
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103 frequenter in Scriptura et in diversis locis nominatur. Quia autem
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104 istud mare non est salsum, sed est quaedam congregatio aquarum ex
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105 influxu Iordanis, ideo a Luca dicitur stagnum, ut habetur Lc. V, 1;
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106 quia vero secundum proprietatem Hebraici idiomatis, omnes
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107 congregationes aquarum vocantur maria, secundum illud Gen. I, 10:
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108 <i>congregationesque aquarum appellavit maria</i>, ideo dicitur
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109 mare. Sed Genesareth cognominatur a natura loci: nam multum
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110 fluctuat ex reverberatione ventorum, qui ex ipsis aquae
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111 resolutionibus generantur: unde Genesareth in Graeco, idem est quod
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112 auram generans. Denominatur etiam Galilaeae a Galilaea provincia,
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113 in qua est. Tiberiadis vero a civitate sic dicta, quae erat ex una
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114 parte ipsius maris, ex opposito habens civitatem Capharnaum ex alia
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115 parte, quae prius vocabatur Zenereth, sed postea ab Herode
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116 tetrarcha instaurata in honorem Tiberii Caesaris, Tiberias
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117 appellata fuit. Ratio autem litteralis quare Iesus abiit trans
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118 mare, assignatur a Chrysostomo, ut Christus cederet furori et
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119 turbationi Iudaeorum, quam conceperant contra Christum propter ea
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120 quae de se supra dixerat. Unde, ut ipse dicit, sicut iacula cum in
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121 durum aliquod incidunt gravius feriunt, quae autem non habuerint
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122 aliquod obvians, dissolvuntur cito immissa, et quiescunt; ita et
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123 cum audacibus hominibus impetuose et resistendo incesserimus,
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124 saeviunt magis; si autem eis cesserimus, facile mollimus eorum
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125 insaniam. Propterea Christus furorem Iudaeorum ex praemissis
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126 sermonibus natum, secedendo trans mare, mitigavit; dans nobis in
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127 hoc exemplum simile faciendi. Eccli. VIII, 14: <i>ne stes contra
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128 faciem contumeliosi</i>. Mystice autem per mare, praesens saeculum
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129 turbidum designatur; Ps. CIII, v. 25: <i>hoc mare magnum et
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130 spatiosum manibus</i>. Hoc mare transiit dominus quando mare
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131 mortalitatis et poenalitatis assumpsit nascendo, calcavit moriendo
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132 et transiens resurgendo, in gloriam resurrectionis pervenit. De
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133 isto transitu dicitur infra XIII, 1: <i>sciens Iesus quia venit
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134 hora eius ut transeat ex hoc mundo ad patrem</i>. Eum transeuntem
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135 secutae sunt, credendo et imitando, turbae multae, ex utroque
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136 populo collectae; Is. LX, 5: <i>tunc mirabitur et dilatabitur cor
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137 tuum, quando conversa fuerit ad te multitudo maris</i>; Ps. VII, 7:
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138 <i>exsurge, domine in praecepto quod mandasti, et synagoga
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139 populorum circumdabit te</i>. Describitur ergo turba sequens
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140 copiosa, <i>quia sequebatur eum multitudo magna</i>. Causa autem
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141 propter quam sequebatur, est operatio miraculorum; unde dicit
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142 <i>quia videbant signa quae faciebat super his qui
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143 infirmabantur</i>. Sciendum est, quod quidam sequebantur eum
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144 propter doctrinam eius, qui scilicet melius erant dispositi; alii
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145 vero imperfectiores sequebantur eum propter admirationem signorum
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146 visibilium, grossioris mentis existentes. <i>Signa enim</i>, ut
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147 dicitur I Cor. XIV, 22, <i>non sunt data fidelibus, sed
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148 infidelibus</i>. Aliqui etiam propter devotionem et fidem eum
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149 sequebantur, scilicet illi quos corpore sanaverat: sic enim a
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150 domino sanabantur in corpore ut etiam perfecte sanarentur in anima;
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151 Deut. XXXII, 4: <i>Dei perfecta sunt opera</i>. Et hoc patet, quia
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152 paralytico (supra VIII, 11), signanter dixit: <i>vade, et amplius
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153 noli peccare</i>; et Matth. IX, 2: <i>fili, remittuntur tibi
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154 peccata</i>; quae magis ad sanitatem animae pertinent quam
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155 corporis. Notandum autem quod cum Evangelista non fecerit
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156 mentionem, nisi de tribus miraculis, scilicet de nuptiis, de filio
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157 reguli, et paralytico, hic tamen indeterminate dicit <i>signa quae
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158 faciebat</i>, ut det intelligere, quia Christus multa alia signa
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159 fecit, ut dicitur infra ult., 25, de quibus in hoc libro mentionem
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160 non facit. Intendebat enim specialiter ad manifestandum Christi
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161 doctrinam. Consequenter determinat locum miraculi, qui est mons;
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162 unde dicit <i>subiit ergo in montem</i>, idest latenter ascendit
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163 <i>Iesus, et ibi sedebat cum discipulis suis</i>. Et quidem mons
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164 satis est congruus locus refectioni: per montem enim signatur
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165 perfectio iustitiae, secundum illud Ps. XXXV, 7: <i>iustitia tua
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166 sicut montes Dei</i>. Quia ergo haec terrena non satiant, immo
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167 <i>qui biberit ex aqua hac sitiet iterum</i>, ut dicitur supra II,
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168 13, spiritualia vero satiat; ideo dominus ad altiora cum discipulis
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169 ascendit, ut ostendat in spiritualibus satietatem et perfectionem
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170 iustitiae inveniri: de quo monte dicitur in Ps. LXVII, 16: <i>mons
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171 Dei, mons pinguis</i>. Unde et ibi doctoris exercebat officium,
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172 sedens cum discipulis suis: ipse enim est qui docet omnem hominem
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173 scientiam. Consequenter describitur tempus, cum dicit <i>erat autem
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174 proximum Pascha</i>, quod quidem tempus congruit refectioni. Pascha
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175 enim interpretatur transitus: Ex. XII, 11: <i>est enim phase, idest
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176 transitus domini</i>, ut det intelligere quod quisquis pane divini
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177 verbi et corpore et sanguine domini desiderat refici, debet
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178 transire de vitiis ad virtutes. I Cor. V, v. 7: <i>Pascha nostrum
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179 immolatus est Christus, itaque epulemur in azymis sinceritatis et
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180 veritatis</i>. Eccli. XXIV, 26, dicit divina sapientia: <i>transite
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181 ad me, omnes, qui concupiscitis me</i>. Hoc autem est secundum
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182 Pascha, de quo Evangelista mentionem facit: ad quod quidem, iuxta
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183 legis praeceptum, quod habetur Ex. XXIII, 17, dominus non ascendit
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184 in Ierusalem. Cuius ratio est, quia Christus Deus erat et homo: et
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185 inquantum homo suberat quidem legi; inquantum Deus supra legem
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186 erat. Ut ergo se hominem ostenderet, servabat aliquando legem; ut
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187 vero Deum, legem solvebat. Unde et per hoc quod non ivit, dedit
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188 intelligere quod paulatim et in brevi legalia cessarent.
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189 Consequenter agit de patratione miraculi, cum dicit <i>cum
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190 sublevasset ergo oculos Iesus, et vidisset</i> etc., et primo
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191 ostenditur necessitas patrandi miraculi; secundo subditur ipsa
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192 patratio, ibi <i>dicit ergo Iesus: facite homines discumbere</i> et
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193 cetera. Necessitas autem miraculi fiendi sumitur ex interrogatione
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194 domini, et responsione discipulorum, et ideo primo ponitur domini
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195 interrogatio; secundo discipulorum responsio, ibi <i>respondit ei
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196 Philippus</i> et cetera. Circa primum tria facit. Primo ponitur
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197 interrogandi occasio; secundo subditur Christi interrogatio; et
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198 tertio aperitur interrogantis intentio. Occasio autem interrogandi
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199 fuit visio multitudinis ad Christum venientis. Et ideo dicit <i>cum
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200 sublevasset oculos Iesus</i>, existens in monte cum discipulis
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201 quasi perfectioribus, <i>et vidisset</i> et cetera. In quo duo
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202 circa dominum sunt consideranda. Unum, ut discamus Christi
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203 maturitatem oculos non erigentis huc atque illuc, sed pudice
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204 sedentis et attente cum discipulis suis: contra quod dicitur Prov.
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205 XXX, 13: <i>generatio cuius sublimes sunt oculi, et palpebrae eius
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206 in alta surrectae</i>; et Eccli. XIX, 26: <i>ex visu cognoscitur
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207 vir</i>. Secundum, ut discamus, quod neque otiose sedebat cum
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208 discipulis suis; sed attente eos docens, et ad seipsum corda eorum
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209 convertens, discipulos quos docebat intuebatur; Lc. c. VI, 20:
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210 <i>et ipse elevatis oculis in discipulos suos, dicebat</i> et
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211 cetera. Et ideo dicitur <i>cum sublevasset oculos Iesus</i> et
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212 cetera. Mystice autem oculi domini sunt dona spiritualia, quae cum
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213 electis suis misericorditer concedit, tunc in eos oculos suos
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214 sublevat, idest respectum pietatis impendit. Hoc petebat Ps. LXXXV,
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215 16, dicens: <i>respice in me, domine, et miserere mei</i>.
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216 Interrogatio vero est de refectione multitudinis; unde <i>dixit ad
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217 Philippum: unde ememus panes, ut manducent hi?</i> Unum supponit,
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218 et aliud quaerit. Supponit quidem penuriam, quia non habebant unde
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219 tantae multitudini cibum praeberent; quaerit autem modum
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220 inveniendi, cum dicit <i>unde ememus panes, ut manducent hi?</i>
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221 Ubi notandum, quod omnis doctor necesse habet spiritualiter pascere
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222 turbam ad se venientem. Et quia nullus homo habet ex se unde pascat
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223 eam, ideo oportet quod aliunde emat labore, studio, assiduitate
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224 orationum; Is. LV, 1: <i>qui non habetis argentum, properate, et
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225 emite absque ulla commutatione vinum et lac</i>. Et iterum:
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226 <i>quare appenditis argentum vestrum</i>, idest eloquentiam, <i>et
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227 non in panibus</i>, idest, non in vera sapientia, quae reficit
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228 (Eccli. XV, 5: <i>cibavit illum pane vitae et intellectus, et
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229 laborem vestrum non in saturitate</i>) addiscendo ea quae non
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230 satiant, sed magis evacuant? Intentio autem interrogantis aperitur
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231 cum dicit <i>hoc autem dicebat tentans eum</i> et cetera. Ubi
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232 Evangelista unam dubitationem excludens, ducit in aliam. Potuisset
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233 enim dubitari quod dominus Philippum quasi ignorans interrogasset;
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234 sed hoc excludit dicens <i>ipse enim sciebat quid esset
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235 facturus</i>. Sed cum tentare videatur etiam ignorantis esse, cum
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236 idem sit quod experimentum sumere, videtur quod Evangelista in
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237 aliam dubitationem inducat cum dicit <i>tentans eum</i>. Sed
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238 dicendum, quod diversimode aliquis tentat aliquem, ut experimentum
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239 de eo sumat: aliter enim tentat homo, quia ut addiscat; aliter
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240 Diabolus, quia ut decipiat; I Petr. V, v. 8: <i>adversarius vester
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241 Diabolus tamquam leo rugiens, circuit quaerens quem devoret</i>.
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242 Deus vero et Christus tentat quidem non ut addiscat, quia ipse est
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243 qui scrutatur corda et renes; non ut decipiat, <i>quia ipse neminem
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244 tentat</i>, ut dicitur Iac. I, 13; sed tentat ut aliis experimentum
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245 de tentato tribuat. Sic tentavit Deus Abraham; Gen. XXII, 1:
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246 <i>tentavit Deus Abraham</i> etc., et sequitur: <i>nunc cognovi
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247 quod timeas dominum</i>: idest, cognoscere feci quod timeas
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248 dominum. Ita ex hoc Philippum tentat ut insinuaret aliis suam
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249 responsionem, inducens per hoc eos in certissimam futuri signi
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250 cognitionem. Consequenter ponitur responsio discipulorum, cum dicit
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251 <i>respondit ei Philippus</i>, et primo responsio Philippi; secundo
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252 responsio Andreae, ibi <i>dicit ei unus ex discipulis eius</i> et
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253 cetera. Sciendum est autem circa primum, quod Philippus inter alios
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254 magis tardus et rudis erat, et ideo inter alios frequentius dominum
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255 interrogabat; infra XIV, 8: <i>domine, ostende nobis patrem, et
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256 sufficit nobis</i>. Sed in interrogatione istorum duorum, quantum
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257 ad litteram pertinet, Andreas melius dispositus erat quam
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258 Philippus, quia nullam intentionem et dispositionem habere videtur
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259 ad miraculum fiendum. Et ideo illum modum inducit quo omnes homines
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260 illos pascere possent, scilicet per pecuniam, dicens <i>ducentorum
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261 denariorum panes non sufficiunt eis</i>: quos nos non habemus, et
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262 ideo non possumus eis dare ad manducandum. In quo Christi paupertas
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263 insinuatur, qui nec ducentos denarios habebat. Andreas vero videtur
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264 habere respectum ad miraculum fiendum. Fortassis enim in memoria
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265 habebat signum quod Eliseus de panibus hordeaceis fecerat, quando
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266 pavit de viginti panibus centum viros, ut legitur IV Reg. IV, 42
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267 ss., et ideo dicit <i>est puer unus hic qui habet quinque panes
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268 hordeaceos</i>. Sed tamen opinatus est quod Christus non esset
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269 facturus maius miraculum quam Eliseus. Aestimabat enim quod de
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270 paucioribus panibus pauciora, et de pluribus plura miraculose
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271 fierent (quamvis ei qui subiecta materia non indiget, similiter
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272 facile sit de pluribus et de paucioribus pascere turbas), et ideo
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273 subdit <i>sed haec quid sunt inter tantos?</i> Quasi dicat: si
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274 etiam multiplicentur sicut Eliseus multiplicavit, non sufficit.
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275 Mystice refectio spiritualis per sapientiam significatur. Una autem
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276 sapientia est quam docuit Christus, qui est vera sapientia; I Cor.
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277 I, 24: <i>Christum Dei virtutem et Dei sapientiam</i>. Sed ante
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278 adventum Christi duplex doctrina erat. Una humana quam habebant
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279 philosophi, alia legis scriptae. De prima ergo mentionem facit
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280 Philippus et ideo utitur nomine emptionis, dicens <i>ducentorum
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281 denariorum panes non sufficiunt eis</i>. Nam sapientia humana per
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282 acquisitionem habetur. Centenarius numerus perfectionem importat.
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283 Unde ducenti duplicem perfectionem insinuant necessarium huic
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284 sapientiae; nam ad eius perfectionem duplici via pervenitur:
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285 scilicet per experimentum et per contemplationem. Dicit ergo
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286 <i>ducentorum denariorum panes non sufficiunt eis</i>, quia
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287 quidquid humana ratio potest experiri et cogitare de veritate, non
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288 sufficit ad perfectam satietatem sapientiae; Ier. IX, 23: <i>non
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289 glorietur sapiens in sapientia sua, et non glorietur fortis in
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290 fortitudine sua, et non glorietur dives in divitiis suis; sed in
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291 hoc glorietur qui gloriatur, scire et nosse me</i>. Nam nullius
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292 philosophi tanta fuit sapientia ut per eam homines ab errore
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293 revocari possent, quin potius multos ad errorem inducunt. De
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294 secunda vero mentionem facit Andreas; et ideo noluit quod alii
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295 panes emerentur, sed de habitis turba reficeretur, scilicet de his
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296 quae lex continebat; unde melius dispositus erat quam Philippus; et
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297 ideo dicit <i>est puer unus hic qui habet quinque panes
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298 hordeaceos</i>. Puer iste potest dici Moyses propter imperfectionem
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299 status legis: Hebr. VII, 19: <i>neminem ad perfectum adduxit
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300 lex</i>: vel populus Iudaeorum, qui sub elementis mundi serviebat,
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301 ut dicitur Gal. IV, 3. Puer ergo iste quinque panes habet, idest
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302 doctrinam legis: vel quia in quinque libris Moysi contenta est,
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303 supra I, 17: <i>lex per Moysen data est</i>: vel quia data est
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304 hominibus vacantibus sensibilibus, quae per quinque sensus
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305 exprimuntur: qui sunt hordeacei: quia lex ipsa data erat ut in ea
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306 vitale alimentum corporalibus sacramentis obtegeretur: hordei enim
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307 medulla, tenacissima palea tegitur: vel quia populus Iudaeorum
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308 nondum expoliatus erat carnali desiderio, sed tamquam palea cordi
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309 eius inhaerebat: nam in veteri testamento exterius duritiam
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310 experiebantur, propter caeremoniales observantias; Actor. XV, 10:
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311 <i>hoc est onus quod nec nos, nec patres nostri portare
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312 potuerunt</i>. Et ipsi Iudaei corporalibus dediti, spiritualem
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313 sensum legis non capiebant; II ad Cor. III, 15: <i>velamen positum
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314 est supra corda ipsorum</i>. Per pisces autem duos qui saporem
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315 suavem pani dabant, intelligitur doctrina Psalmorum et prophetarum:
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316 et sic vetus lex non solum habebat panes, scilicet libros quinque
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317 Moysi; sed etiam duos pisces, scilicet prophetas et Psalmos. Unde
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318 Scriptura veteris testamenti per haec tria dividitur, Lc. ult., 44:
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319 <i>quae scripta sunt in lege et prophetis et Psalmis de me</i>. Vel
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320 per duos pisces, secundum Augustinum, duae personae significantur:
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321 scilicet regia et sacerdotalis, quibus populus ille regebatur; quae
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322 tamen duae personae Christum praefigurabant, qui fuit verus rex et
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323 sacerdos. <i>Sed haec quid sunt inter tantos?</i> Quia per ea non
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324 potuit humanum genus ad cognitionem veritatis perfecte duci: licet
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325 enim Deus in Iudaea notus esset, gentes tamen eum ignorabant.
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326 Consequenter cum dicitur <i>dixit ergo Iesus</i>, agitur de
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327 patratione miraculi, et primo ponitur hominum dispositio; secundo
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328 eorum refectio, ibi <i>accepit ergo Iesus panes</i> etc.; tertio
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329 fragmentorum collectio, ibi <i>ut autem impleti sunt</i> et cetera.
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330 Circa primum duo facit. Primo ponitur mandatum de dispositione
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331 turbarum; secundo opportunitas dispositionis; et tertio numerus
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332 dispositorum. Mandatum autem fuit domini ad discipulos, ut
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333 disponerent turbam ad comedendum; unde dicit Iesus <i>facite
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334 homines discumbere</i>, idest sedere ad comedendum. Nam, sicut
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335 dictum est supra II, antiquitus homines lectis accumbentes
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336 prandebant, unde inolevit consuetudo, ut qui sedent ad manducandum,
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337 dicantur discumbere. Per quod mystice significatur quies, quae
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338 necessaria est ad perfectionem sapientiae; Eccli. XXXVIII, 25:
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339 <i>qui minoratur actu, perficiet sapientiam</i>. Quae dispositio
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340 fit per discipulos, quia per eos ad nos cognitio veritatis derivata
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341 est; Ps. LXXI, 3: <i>suscipiant montes pacem populo</i>.
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342 Opportunitas autem dispositionis captatur ex loco <i>erat autem
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343 foenum multum in loco</i>, quod, ad litteram, commodum est
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344 discumbentibus. Mystice autem per foenum caro significatur, Is. XL,
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345 6: <i>omnis caro foenum</i>, et secundum hoc potest ad duo referri.
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346 Competit doctrinae veteris testamenti, quae dabatur quiescenti in
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347 carnalibus, et populo carnaliter sapienti; Is. I, 19: <i>si
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348 volueritis et audieritis me, bona terrae comedetis</i>; Deut.
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349 XXXIII, 28: <i>oculus Iacob in terra frumenti, vini et olei</i>.
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350 Vel competit percipienti veram sapientiam, ad quam veniri non
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351 potest nisi calcatis carnalibus; Rom. XII, 2: <i>nolite conformari
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352 huic saeculo</i>. Numerus autem erat magnus; unde dicit
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353 <i>discubuerunt ergo viri, numero quasi quinque millia</i>. Viros
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354 tantum Evangelista enumerat, legalem consuetudinem sequens, in qua
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355 Moyses a viginti annis et supra, populum numeravit, nulla mentione
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356 de mulieribus facta, ut dicitur Num. I. Quod ideo Evangelista
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357 fecit, quia isti soli sunt capaces doctrinae perfectae; I Cor. II,
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358 6: <i>sapientiam loquimur inter perfectos</i>; Hebr. V, 14:
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359 <i>perfectorum est solidus cibus</i>. Consequenter cum dicit
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360 <i>accepit ergo Iesus panes</i>, agit de refectione, et primo
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361 insinuatur reficientis affectus; secundo materia refectionis; et
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362 tertio perfecta satietas. In affectu autem Iesu reficientis primo
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363 quidem attenditur humilitas; secundo vero gratiarum actio.
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364 Humilitas quidem, quia accepit panes, et distribuit. Et quidem
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365 Christus facturus miraculum poterat panibus ex nihilo creatis
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366 pascere turbas. Sed dispensatione panes praeexistentes
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367 multiplicavit ad refectionem turbarum. Primo quidem ut ostenderet
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368 sensibilia a Diabolo non esse, sicut Manichaei errantes dicunt. Nam
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369 si hoc verum esset, dominus non uteretur rebus sensibilibus ad opus
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370 divinae laudis, et praecipue cum <i>ipse venerit, ut dissolvat
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371 opera Diaboli</i>, ut dicitur I Io. III, 8. Secundo ut ostendat
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372 falsum esse quod ipsi dicunt, scilicet doctrinam veteris testamenti
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373 non esse a Deo, sed a Diabolo. Ut ergo ostenderet non esse
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374 doctrinam aliam novi testamenti quam quae praefigurabatur et
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375 continebatur in doctrina veteris testamenti, praeexistentes panes
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376 multiplicavit, innuens quod ipse est qui legem perfecit et
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377 implevit; Matth. V, 17: <i>non veni solvere legem</i>. Gratiarum
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378 autem actio, quia gratias egit, ut ostendat se ab alio habere,
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379 scilicet a patre, quidquid habet: in quo ostendit nobis exemplum
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380 simile faciendi. Specialiter tamen gratias egit, ut det nobis
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381 exemplum, cum comestionem incipimus, gratias debere agere Deo; I
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382 Tim. IV, 4: <i>nihil reiiciendum quod cum gratiarum actione
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383 percipitur</i>; Ps. XXI, 27: <i>edent pauperes, et saturabuntur, et
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384 laudabunt dominum</i>. Item ut ostendat quod non propter se orabat,
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385 sed propter turbam, quae praesens erat, et oportebat ei suadere
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386 quod a Deo venerat. Et ideo cum coram multis miraculum facit, orat,
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387 ut ostendat se Deo non esse contrarium, sed secundum voluntatem
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388 eius operari. Dicitur tamen in Marco, quod Christus per apostolos
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389 distribuit panes turbis. Sed hic dicitur quod ipse distribuit, quia
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390 ipse videtur fecisse quod per alios fecit. Sed utrumque, secundum
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391 mysterium, verum est, quia ipse solus interius reficit, et alii
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392 exterius et ut ministri reficiunt. Materia autem refectionis fuit
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393 panis et piscis, de quibus satis dictum est supra. Satietas vero
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394 refectionis perfecta fuit, quia <i>quantum volebant</i>. Solus enim
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395 Christus est qui pascit animam inanem, et animam esurientem replet
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396 bonis; Ps. XVI, 15: <i>satiabor cum apparuerit gloria tua</i>. Alii
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397 vero, quasi ex mensura habentes gratiam, miracula faciunt; Christus
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398 vero absoluta virtute, cum multa superabundantia omnia operabatur:
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399 unde dicitur quod <i>impleti sunt</i>. Consequenter cum dicit <i>ut
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400 autem impleti sunt, dixit discipulis suis</i> etc., agitur de
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401 fragmentorum collectione, et primo ponitur mandatum domini; secundo
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402 executio discipulorum, ibi <i>collegerunt</i> et cetera. Dicit ergo
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403 <i>ut autem impleti sunt, dixit discipulis suis: colligite quae
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404 superaverunt fragmenta</i>. Quod quidem dominus non ad superfluam
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405 ostentationem fecit; sed ut ostenderet factum miraculum non esse
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406 phantasticum, per hoc quod collectae reliquiae diu servatae sunt,
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407 et aliis in cibum fuerunt. Voluit etiam per hoc, miraculum illud
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408 firmius discipulorum cordibus inhaerere, quibus et fragmenta
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409 portanda praecepit; quoniam eos maxime erudire volebat qui orbis
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410 terrarum debebant esse magistri. Sed discipuli fideliter
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411 exequuntur; unde sequitur <i>collegerunt ergo</i> et cetera. Ubi
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412 notandum est, quod non quantaecumque reliquiae supersunt, neque ad
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413 casum, sed secundum certitudinem: quia neque plus neque minus, sed
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414 quantum voluit fecit superfluum esse. Cuius signum est quod
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415 cophinus cuiuslibet apostoli plenus fuit. Cophinus autem vas est
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416 rusticano officio deputatum. Duodecim ergo cophini significant
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417 duodecim apostolos et eorum imitatores, qui licet in praesenti sint
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418 contemptibiles, spiritualium tamen sacramentorum divitiis sunt
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419 interius referti: qui duodecim esse dicuntur, quia fides sanctae
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420 Trinitatis per eos praedicanda erat in quatuor partibus mundi.</p>
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421 <br />
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422 <div class="D">Lectio 2</div>
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423 <p title="Super Io., cap. 6 l. 2"><a name="87459"><span class=
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424 "ref">[87459] Super Io., cap. 6 l. 2</span></a> Posito signo
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425 visibili de nutrimento corporali, hic ponitur effectus signi in
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426 turbis triplex. Primo quantum ad fidei confessionem; secundo
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427 quantum ad intentatam honoris exhibitionem, ibi <i>Iesus ergo cum
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428 cognovisset</i> etc.; tertio quantum ad diligentem inquisitionem,
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429 ibi <i>ut autem sero factum est</i> et cetera. Sciendum est circa
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430 primum, quod quasi ex ore Iudaeorum dictum est in Ps. LXXIII, 9:
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431 <i>signa nostra non vidimus, iam non est propheta</i>. Erat autem
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432 olim consuetudo ut prophetae multa signa facerent, unde,
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433 deficientibus signis, videbatur prophetia cessasse. Cum vero signa
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434 vident, redditam sibi prophetiam confitentur. Unde iam tantum de
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435 viso miraculo profecerant, quod dominum prophetam dicebant. Dicitur
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436 ergo <i>illi homines</i>, qui satiati fuerant ex quinque panibus,
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437 <i>cum vidissent quod Iesus fecerat signum, dicebant, quia hic est
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438 vere propheta</i>. Sed tamen nondum ad perfectam fidem pervenerant,
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439 quia eum prophetam credebant qui etiam est dominus prophetarum. Nec
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440 tamen ex toto falluntur, quia etiam ipse dominus se prophetam
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441 nominat. Sciendum est autem, quod propheta dicitur videns. I Reg.
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442 IX, 9: <i>qui nunc dicitur propheta, olim vocabatur videns</i>.
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443 Visio autem ad vim cognoscitivam pertinet. In Christo autem fuit
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444 triplex cognitio. Scilicet sensitiva: et secundum hanc habuit
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445 aliquam similitudinem cum prophetis, inquantum in imaginatione
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446 Christi formari poterant aliquae species sensibiles, quibus futura
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447 vel occulta praesentarentur, praecipue propter passibilitatem, quae
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448 sibi conveniebat propter statum viatoris. Item cognitio
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449 intellectiva: et quantum ad hanc non habet similitudinem cum
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450 prophetis; sed etiam est supra Angelos, quia erat comprehensor
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451 excellentius quam aliqua creatura. Item cognitio divina: et quantum
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452 ad hanc fuit prophetarum et Angelorum inspirator, cum omnis
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453 cognitio causetur per participationem verbi divini. Videntur tamen
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454 in Christo excellentiam prophetiae cognoscere in hoc quod dicunt
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455 <i>vere propheta</i>. Licet enim multi prophetae inter Iudaeos
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456 fuerint, unus tamen expectabatur, in eis praecipuus, secundum illud
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457 Deut. XVIII, v. 15: <i>prophetam suscitabit vobis dominus</i>: et
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458 de hoc loquuntur; unde signanter dicit <i>qui venturus est in
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459 mundum</i>. Deinde cum dicit <i>Iesus ergo cum cognovisset</i>,
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460 etc., ponitur secundus effectus quantum ad intentatam honoris
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461 exhibitionem, quam tamen Christus refugit. Et ideo primo ponitur
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462 conatus plebis; secundo fuga Christi. Conatus quidem, cum dicitur
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463 <i>ut raperent eum, et facerent eum regem</i>. Illud enim rapi
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464 dicitur quod praeter voluntatem et opportunitatem accipitur. Verum
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465 autem erat quod dispositio Dei patris ab aeterno fuerat de regno
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466 Christi manifestando, sed manifestatio haec nondum opportuna erat
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467 secundum tempus; nam venerat tunc, sed non regnare, quomodo regnans
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468 est in eo quod dicimus Matth. VI, 10: <i>adveniat regnum tuum</i>,
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469 ubi regnabit etiam secundum illud quod homo factus est. Et ideo
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470 huic manifestationi aliud tempus est ordinatum, quando scilicet
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471 erit aperta claritas sanctorum eius, post iudicium ab eo factum. De
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diff changeset
472 ista manifestatione quaerebant discipuli, Act. I, 6: <i>domine, si
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diff changeset
473 in tempore hoc restitues regnum Israel?</i> Credentes ergo turbae
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474 eum regnaturum venisse, volebant eum facere regem. Cuius ratio est,
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475 quia homines frequenter talem in dominum volunt qui eos in
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476 temporalibus pascat. Unde quia Christus paverat eos, eum regem
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477 facere voluerunt; Is. III, 6: <i>vestimentum tibi est: esto
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478 princeps noster</i>. Unde Chrysostomus dicit: vide quanta est gulae
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479 virtus. Non eis ultra cura est sabbati transgressionis, nec ultra
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480 zelant pro Deo, sed omnia remota sunt, ventre repleto: sed et
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481 propheta iam erat apud eos, et regem eum inthronizare volebant.
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482 Fuga autem Christi ponitur, cum dicit <i>fugit iterum in montem
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483 ipse solus</i>. Ubi datur intelligi, quod dominus videns turbas, de
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484 monte descenderat, et circa inferiora loca paverat turbas: nisi
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485 enim de monte descendisset, non diceretur iterum fugere in montem.
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486 Sed cum ipse sit vere rex, quare fugit? Ad quod triplex ratio
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487 assignatur. Una, quia derogasset dignitati eius, si regnum ab
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488 homine recepisset, qui sic rex erat ut eius participatione reges
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489 omnes essent; Prov. VIII, 15: <i>per me reges regnant</i>. Alia
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diff changeset
490 ratio, quia praeiudicasset suae doctrinae, si claritatem aut robur
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491 ab hominibus accepisset. Sic enim operabatur et docebat ut totum
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492 virtuti divinae ascriberetur, et non favori humano; supra V, 41:
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diff changeset
493 <i>claritatem ab hominibus non accipio</i>. Tertia ratio est, ut
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494 erudiret nos mundanas dignitates contemnere; infra XIII, 15:
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495 <i>exemplum enim dedi vobis, ut quemadmodum ego feci vobis, ita et
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496 vos faciatis</i>; Eccli. VII, 4: <i>noli quaerere ab homine
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497 ducatum</i>. Sic ergo gloriam mundi recusavit, ut tamen poenam
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498 sponte subiret, secundum illud Hebr. XII, 2: <i>proposito sibi
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499 gaudio sustinuit crucem, confusione contempta</i>. Sed huic videtur
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500 contrarium quod dicitur Mt. XIV, 23, scilicet quod <i>ascendit
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501 solus in montem orare</i>. Sed, secundum Augustinum, haec non sunt
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diff changeset
502 contraria, quia causa fugiendi coniuncta est causae orandi. Tunc
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503 enim docet nos dominus magnam causam esse orandi, cum imminet causa
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504 fugiendi. Mystice autem tunc ascendit in montem quando turbae
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505 refectae paratae erant ei subiici, quia tunc ascendit in caelum
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506 quando populi parati erant se veritati fidei subiicere, secundum
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507 illud Ps. VII, 8: <i>synagoga populorum circumdabit te; et propter
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508 hanc in altum regredere</i>; idest, ut circumdet te synagoga
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509 populorum, regredere in altum. Sed dictum est <i>fugit</i>, ut
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510 signaret quod non potuit intelligi altitudo eius: quod enim non
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diff changeset
511 intelligimus, dicimus a nobis fugere. Hic agitur de tertio effectu,
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512 scilicet de diligenti inquisitione, et primo quantum ad discipulos;
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513 secundo vero quantum ad turbas, ibi <i>altera autem die</i> et
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514 cetera. Circa primum duo facit. Primo ponit studium discipulorum;
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515 secundo explicat, ibi <i>et tenebrae iam factae erant</i> et
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516 cetera. Circa primum duo facit. Primo describit descensum
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517 discipulorum ad mare; secundo transitum maris, ibi <i>et cum
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518 ascendissent navim</i>, et cetera. Sciendum ergo circa primum, quod
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519 Christus ascendit montem nescientibus discipulis, unde
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520 expectaverunt usque ad vesperam, eum venturum esse putantes ad se.
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521 Facta autem vespera, non ultra sustinent eum non inquirere: tantus
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522 eos detinebat amor. Et ideo dicit <i>ut autem sero factum est,
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523 descenderunt discipuli eius ad mare, requirentes eum</i>. Mystice
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524 autem per sero, dominica passio, seu ascensio designatur: quamdiu
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525 enim Christus praesentia corporali cum discipulis fuit, nulla eos
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526 deprimebat turbatio, amaritudo nulla vexabat; Mt. IX, 15: <i>non
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527 possunt filii sponsi lugere quamdiu sponsus est cum illis</i>. Sed
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528 Christo recedente ab eis, descendunt ad mare, idest ad turbationes
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529 saeculi; Ps. CIII, 25: <i>hoc mare magnum</i>. Sed quia amor quo
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530 igniti erant, non sinebat eos diutius domini praesentia carere,
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diff changeset
531 ideo subdit eorum transitum, cum dicit <i>et cum ascendissent
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532 navim, venerunt trans mare in Capharnaum</i>. Consequenter cum
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533 dicit <i>et tenebrae iam factae erant</i> etc., explicat quod
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534 summatim posuerat, et primo de perventione ad mare; secundo de
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535 transitu, ibi <i>mare autem, vento magno flante, exurgebat</i>.
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536 Quantum ad primum dicit <i>tenebrae iam factae erant, et non
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diff changeset
537 venerat ad eos Iesus</i>: quod non sine causa Evangelista exprimit,
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538 ut per hoc ferventem eorum ostendat amorem. Non enim vespera nec
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539 nox eos detinuit. Mystice autem tenebrae, caritatis defectum
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540 designant; lux enim caritas est, secundum illud I Io. II, 10:
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541 <i>qui diligit fratrem suum, in lumine est</i>. Tenebrae ergo in
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542 nobis sunt quando non venit ad nos Iesus lux vera, ut dicitur supra
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543 I, in cuius praesentia omnes tenebrae propulsantur. Subtraxit autem
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544 Christus se tamdiu discipulis, primo quidem ut sentirent quid esset
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545 eius absentia; quod quidem experti sunt in tempestate maris. Ier.
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546 II, 19: <i>scito, et vide quia malum et amarum est dereliquisse te
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547 dominum</i>. Secundo ut diligentius quaererent; Cant. V, 17: <i>quo
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548 abiit dilectus tuus, o pulcherrima mulierum? (...). Et quaeremus
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549 eum tecum</i>. Quantum ad transitum dicit <i>mare autem, vento
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550 magno flante, exurgebat</i>. Et primo ponitur maris tempestas;
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551 secundo Christi apparitio et tempus apparitionis, ibi <i>et cum
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552 remigassent</i> etc.; tertio apparitionis effectus, ibi <i>et
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553 timuerunt</i> et cetera. Tempestas autem in mari causabatur a flatu
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554 exorti venti; et ideo dicit <i>mare autem, vento magno flante,
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555 exurgebat</i>, in altum. Per ventum illum figuratur tentatio et
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556 persecutio quae futura est Ecclesiae propter defectum caritatis.
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557 Nam, sicut Augustinus dicit, unde caritas refrigescit, inde fluctus
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558 augentur, et turbatur navis. Nec tamen venti illi et tempestas et
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diff changeset
559 fluctus et tenebrae id agebant ut vel navis non promoveretur, vel
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560 soluta frangeretur, quia <i>qui perseveraverit usque in finem, hic
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561 salvus erit</i>, Mt. XXIV, 13; et ibid. c. VII, 27: <i>flaverunt
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562 venti, et irruerunt flumina et non cecidit domus</i>. Apparitio
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563 autem Christi non fuit statim a principio tempestatis, sed post
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564 aliquod spatium; et ideo dicit <i>cum remigassent ergo quasi stadia
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565 vigintiquinque aut triginta, vident Iesum</i>. Et hoc ideo ut
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566 daretur intelligi, quia dominus patitur nos ad tempus tribulari, ut
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567 virtus nostra probetur; finaliter tamen in necessitate non deserit,
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568 sed nobis proximus fit; I Cor. X, 13: <i>fidelis Deus, qui non
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diff changeset
569 patietur vos tentari supra id quod potestis; sed faciet etiam cum
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570 tentatione proventum, ut possitis sustinere</i>. Secundum
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571 Augustinum vigintiquinque stadia, quae remigant, sunt quinque libri
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572 Moysi. Nam huiusmodi numerus est quadratus, de hoc numero quinque
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573 consurgens in multiplicatione sui in seipsum: quinquies enim
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574 quinque sunt vigintiquinque; numerus autem multiplicatus retinet
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diff changeset
575 significationem suae radicis: unde sicut per quinque signatur vetus
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576 lex, ita per vigintiquinque signatur perfectio novi testamenti. Per
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577 triginta autem signatur perfectio novi testamenti, quae deerat
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578 legi: nam si ipsa quinque multiplicentur per sex, qui est numerus
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579 perfectus, consurgit numerus terdenarius. Ad eos ergo qui remigant
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580 vigintiquinque aut triginta stadia, idest qui implent legem, vel
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diff changeset
581 perfectionem evangelicam, venit Iesus, calcans omnes tumores mundi,
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diff changeset
582 altitudines saeculi praesentis. Ps. LXXXVIII, 10: <i>tu dominaris
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diff changeset
583 potestati maris, motum autem fluctuum eius tu mitigas</i>. Et tunc
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diff changeset
584 videbimus Christum proximum navi, quia divinum auxilium approximat.
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diff changeset
585 Ps. CXLIV, 18: <i>prope est dominus omnibus timentibus eum</i>.
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586 Apparet ergo quod qui recte Christum quaerunt, eum habent
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587 praesentem. Isti autem ferventissime Christum desiderabant: quod
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588 patet ex temporis tenebrositate, ex maris tempestate et ex
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589 distantia portus, quibus non obstantibus ad eum ire conabantur. Et
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590 ideo Christus adfuit eis. Effectus autem apparitionis ponitur cum
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591 dicit <i>et timuerunt. Ille autem dixit eis: ego sum, nolite
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592 timere</i>, et primo ponitur effectus interior; secundo exterior,
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593 ibi <i>et statim navis fuit ad terram</i>. Effectus autem interior
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594 fuit timor; et ideo ponitur discipulorum timor conceptus ex subita
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diff changeset
595 Christi apparitione, cum dicit <i>et timuerunt</i>, bono timore,
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596 quia causatum ex humilitate; Rom. XI, 20: <i>noli altum sapere, sed
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597 time</i>. Vel malo timore, quia, ut dicitur Mt. c. XIV, 26,
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598 <i>aestimabant eum phantasma esse</i>. Ps. XIII, 5:
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599 <i>trepidaverunt timore ubi non erat timor</i>. Quoniam timor
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600 praecipue carnalibus competit, qui spiritualia expavescunt. Secundo
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601 ponitur Christi confortatio contra duplex periculum. Scilicet
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602 contra periculum fidei in intellectu, et quantum ad hoc dicit
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603 <i>ego sum</i>, quasi dubitationem omnem repellens; Lc. ult., 39:
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604 <i>videte manus meas et pedes meos, quia ego ipse sum</i>. Secundo
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diff changeset
605 contra periculum timoris in affectu; et quantum ad hoc dicit
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606 <i>nolite timere</i>; Ier. I, 8: <i>ne timeas a facie eorum</i>;
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diff changeset
607 Ps. XXVI, 1: <i>dominus illuminatio mea et salus mea, quem
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608 timebo?</i> Tertio ponitur discipulorum assecutio, quia
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609 <i>voluerunt eum accipere in navim</i>: quo significatur quod
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610 quando timor servilis excluditur a cordibus nostris, tunc recipimus
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611 Christum, amando et contemplando. Apoc. III, 20: <i>ego sto ad
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612 ostium et pulso: si quis aperuerit mihi, intrabo</i>. Effectus
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613 autem exterior fuit quantum ad duo. Primo, quia sedata est
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614 tempestas; secundo, quia statim navis fuit ad terram, cum multum ab
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615 ea distaret: non enim fallacem, sed tranquillam praebuit eis
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616 navigationem; et volens maius miraculum operari, navem non
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617 ascendit. Sic ergo triplex hic concurrit miraculum: scilicet
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618 ambulatio supra mare, subita tempestatis cessatio, et distantis
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619 navis ad portum deductio: ut discamus, quod fideles in quibus est
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620 Christus, tumorem mundi premunt, fluctus tribulationum calcant, et
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diff changeset
621 velociter ad terram viventium transeunt, secundum illud Ps. c.
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622 CXLII, 10: <i>spiritus tuus bonus deducet me in terram</i>. Sed hic
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623 est multiplex quaestio. Una est circa litteram, in qua videtur
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624 Matthaei contrarium dicere: nam, Mt. XIV, 22, dicitur quod
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625 discipuli venerunt ad mare de mandato domini; hic autem, quod
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626 descenderunt quaerentes eum. Alia quaestio est, quod Matthaeus
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627 ibidem dicit, quod discipuli mare transfretantes venerunt in terram
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628 Genesareth; hic autem dicitur, quod venerunt Capharnaum. Tertia
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629 quaestio est, quod Matthaeus dicit quod Christus intravit navem;
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630 hic autem, quod non. Sed de his tribus breviter expediens se
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diff changeset
631 Chrysostomus dicit, istud non fuisse idem miraculum cum illo
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632 Matthaei. Nam, ut ipse dicit, Christus frequenter huiusmodi
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633 miraculum fecit ambulans supra mare, non tamen coram turbis, sed
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634 coram discipulis suis, ne turbae crederent eum non verum corpus
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635 habere. Secundum Augustinum autem dicitur, et verius, idem
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636 miraculum fuisse quod hic Ioannes narrat, et ibi Matthaeus. Et ideo
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637 ad primam quaestionem respondens dicit, quod non refert quod dicit
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638 Matthaeus eos praecepto Christi ad mare descendisse. Potuit enim
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639 esse quod dominus hoc eis mandasset, et ipsi descenderint credentes
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640 Christum cum eis navigaturum: unde expectarent eum usque ad noctem.
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641 Et quia Christus non venit, tunc ipsi transierunt mare. Ad secundam
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642 quaestionem est duplex responsio. Una est, quia Capharnaum et
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643 Genesareth ex eodem littore sunt, et vicinae. Et forte discipuli
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644 pervenerunt trans mare in confinio utriusque, ideo Matthaeus
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645 nominat unam, et Ioannes aliam. Vel potest dici, quod Matthaeus non
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646 dicit quod statim venerunt in Genesareth, et ideo forte primo
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647 venerunt Capharnaum, et postea in Genesareth et cetera.</p>
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648 <br />
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649 <div class="D">Lectio 3</div>
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650 <p title="Super Io., cap. 6 l. 3"><a name="87460"><span class=
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651 "ref">[87460] Super Io., cap. 6 l. 3</span></a> Postquam
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652 Evangelista posuit quomodo discipuli inquisierunt Christum hic
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653 consequenter agit de turbis eum quaerentibus, et primo ponitur
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654 motivum ad inquirendum; secundo inquirendi opportunitas, ibi
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655 <i>aliae vero supervenerunt naves</i> etc.; tertio ponitur ipsa
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656 inquisitio, ibi <i>cum ergo vidisset turba</i> et cetera. Movit
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657 autem ad inquirendum Christum turbas miraculum praecedens, scilicet
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658 quod absque vehiculo mare transierit. Quod quidem innotuit eis, eo
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659 quod de sero non erat in littore, quod erat iuxta locum ubi fecerat
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660 miraculum de panibus, ubi una navis tantum erat, quae quidem navis
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661 cum discipulis ad aliam partem transfretavit absque Christo. Unde
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662 cum de mane non invenissent Christum ex eadem parte ex qua fuerat
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663 praecedenti die, sed iam erat ex alia parte, nec habuisset aliquam
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diff changeset
664 aliam navem in qua transiret, suspicati sunt quod supra mare
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665 ambulans transivisset. Et hoc est quod dicit <i>altera die</i>, ab
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666 ea qua fecerat miraculum de panibus, <i>turba quae stabat trans
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667 mare</i>, ubi miraculum fecerat <i>vidit quod navicula alia non
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668 erat ibi nisi una</i>, quia in praecedenti die non fuerat nisi illa
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669 tantum, et vidit <i>quia non introisset cum discipulis suis Iesus
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670 in navim</i> et cetera. Per hanc unam navem significatur Ecclesia,
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671 quae est una, unitate fidei et sacramentorum; Ephes. IV, 5: <i>una
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672 fides, unum Baptisma</i>. Per hoc autem quod Iesus non est cum
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673 discipulis, significatur corporalis separatio Christi ab eis in
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674 ascensione; Mc. ult., 19: <i>dominus quidem Iesus postquam locutus
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675 est eis, assumptus est in caelum</i>. Opportunitas autem inquirendi
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676 datur ex adventu aliarum navium ab alia parte maris, cum quibus
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677 poterant transire ad quaerendum Christum; et ideo dicit <i>aliae
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678 vero naves supervenerunt</i>, ex alia parte, scilicet <i>a
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679 Tiberiade, iuxta locum ubi manducaverunt panes</i> et cetera. Per
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680 istas alias naves quae supervenerunt, significantur conventicula
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681 haereticorum et eorum qui quae sua sunt, quaerunt, et non quae Iesu
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682 Christi; infra: <i>quaeritis me, quia manducastis ex panibus
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683 meis</i>; et quae sunt separatae vel fide quantum ad haereticos,
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684 vel caritate carentes quantum ad carnales, qui non sunt proprie in
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685 Ecclesia, sed tamen sunt iuxta eam, inquantum simulatam fidem
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686 praetendunt, et speciem sanctitatis habent; secundum illud II Tim.
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687 III, 5: <i>habentes quidem speciem pietatis, virtutem autem eius
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688 abnegantes</i>. Et II Cor. XI, 14: <i>non est mirum si ministri
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689 Satanae transformant se</i>. Sed inquisitio fuit studiosa; unde
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690 dicit <i>cum ergo vidisset turba</i> etc., et primo ostendit
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691 quomodo inquirit turba Christum; secundo quomodo inventum
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692 interrogat. Dicit ergo primo, quod <i>cum vidisset turba quod Iesus
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693 non erat ibi, nec discipuli eius, ascenderunt in naviculas</i>,
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694 quae venerant a Tiberiade, <i>quaerentes eum</i>: quod est
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695 laudabile; Is. LV, 6: <i>quaerite dominum dum inveniri potest</i>;
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696 et Ps. LXVIII, 33: <i>quaerite dominum, et vivet anima vestra</i>.
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697 Sed inventum interrogant, unde dixit <i>et cum</i> turbae
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698 <i>invenissent eum</i>, scilicet Christum, <i>trans mare, dixerunt
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699 ei: Rabbi, quando huc venisti?</i> Sed haec quaestio dupliciter
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700 potest intelligi. Uno modo ut quaerant tantum de tempore; et tunc,
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701 secundum Chrysostomum exprobranda est eorum ruditas, quia post
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702 tantum miraculum non quaerunt de modo transeundi, qualiter scilicet
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703 sine navi transisset; sed tantum de tempore transitus. Vel potest
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704 dici, quod per hoc quod dicunt <i>quando</i>, non solum quaerunt de
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705 tempore, sed etiam de aliis circumstantiis quae concurrerunt ad
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706 transitum miraculosum. Sed attende, quod supra post refectionem
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707 volebant eum facere regem; nunc vero eum praesentem habent, nec eum
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708 regem facere volunt. Cuius ratio est, quia ipsi volebant eum facere
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709 regem concitati a passione laetitiae causatae a refectione.
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710 Passiones autem huiusmodi cito transeunt, et ideo ea quae secundum
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711 ipsas passiones disponuntur, transitoria sunt: quae vero ratione
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712 disponuntur, magis permanent; Eccli. XXVII, 12: <i>homo sapiens in
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713 sapientia sua permanet sicut sol; stultus autem ut luna
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714 mutatur</i>; Prov. XI, 18: <i>impius facit opus instabile</i>.
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715 Consequenter cum dicit <i>respondit eis Iesus</i> etc., agit
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716 dominus de cibo spirituali; et primo proponit veritatem de
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717 spirituali; secundo contradictionem excludit, ibi <i>murmurabant
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718 ergo Iudaei de illo</i>. Circa primum tria facit. Primo proponit
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719 veritatem spiritualis cibi; secundo insinuat eius originem, ibi
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720 <i>dixerunt ergo ei: quod ergo tu facis signum?</i> etc.; tertio
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721 docet modum capiendi ipsum cibum, ibi <i>dixerunt ergo ad eum:
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722 domine, semper da nobis panem hunc</i>. Circa primum duo facit.
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723 Primo ostendit cibum spiritualem, et eius virtutem; secundo
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724 manifestat eum quis sit, ibi <i>dixerunt ergo ad eum: quid faciemus
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725 ut operemur opera Dei?</i> Circa primum duo facit. Primo arguit
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726 perversam eorum cupiditatem; secundo hortatur ad veritatem, ibi
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727 <i>operamini</i> et cetera. Dicit ergo <i>amen, amen dico
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728 vobis</i>, licet ostendatis vos quasi devotos, tamen <i>quaeritis
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729 me, non quia vidistis signa, sed quia manducastis ex panibus, et
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730 saturati estis</i>; quasi dicat: propter carnem me quaeritis, non
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731 propter spiritum, quia scilicet ut iterum pascamini. Et, sicut
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732 Augustinus dicit, locum istorum tenent qui quaerunt Iesum, non
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733 propter seipsum, sed ut aliqua commoda saecularia consequantur;
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734 sicut sunt illi qui negotia habentes, ad praelatos et clericos
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735 accedunt, non propter Christum, sed ut eorum intercessione
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736 promoveantur apud magnates; sicut sunt illi qui ad Ecclesias
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737 confugiunt, non propter Iesum, sed quia a potentioribus premuntur;
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738 sicut etiam sunt illi qui ad sacros ordines ad dominum
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739 appropinquantes, non eisdem merita virtutum, sed subsidia vitae
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740 praesentis inquirunt, scilicet divitias et honores, ut Gregorius
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741 dicit XXIII Moral. Et hoc patet: nam facere signa, virtutis divinae
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742 est; sed manducare panem multiplicatum, est temporale. Quia ergo
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743 non veniunt ad Christum propter virtutem quam in eo vident, sed
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744 propter hoc quod ex panibus manducant, non Christo serviunt, sed
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745 suo ventri, ut dicitur Phil. III et Ps. XLVIII, v. 19:
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746 <i>confitebitur tibi cum benefeceris ei</i>. Ad veritatem eos
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747 reducit proponendo eis spiritualem cibum, dicens <i>operamini non
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748 cibum qui perit, sed qui manet in vitam aeternam</i>, et primo
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749 proponit eius virtutem; secundo eius auctoritatem, ibi <i>quem
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750 filius hominis dedit vobis</i>. Virtus illius cibi consideratur in
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751 hoc quod non perit. Unde sciendum est circa hoc, quod corporalia
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752 sunt quaedam similitudines spiritualium, utpote ab eis causata et
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753 derivata, et ideo imitantur ipsa spiritualia aliquo modo. Unde
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754 sicut corpus sustentatur cibo, ita illud quo sustentatur spiritus,
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755 dicitur eius cibus, quidquid sit illud. Illud autem quo sustentatur
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756 corpus, cum transeat in corporis naturam, corruptibile est; sed
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757 cibus quo sustentatur spiritus, est incorruptibilis, quia non
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758 mutatur in ipsum spiritum, sed potius e converso spiritus in cibum.
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759 Unde dictum est, Augustini: cibus sum grandium: cresce, et
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760 manducabis me. Nec tu me mutabis in te, ut cibum carnis tuae, sed
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761 mutaberis in me: ut dicitur Lib. confessionum. Et ideo dicit
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762 dominus <i>operamini</i>; idest, operando quaerite, seu operibus
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763 mereamini non cibum qui perit, scilicet corporalem; I Cor. c. VI,
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764 13: <i>esca ventri, et venter escis, Deus autem et hunc et hanc
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765 destruet</i> quia non semper erit usus ciborum; <i>sed</i> illum
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766 cibum <i>operamini</i>, scilicet spiritualem, <i>qui manet in vitam
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767 aeternam</i>; qui quidem cibus est ipse Deus, inquantum est veritas
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768 contemplanda, et bonitas amanda, quibus reficitur spiritus; Prov.
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769 c. IX, 5: <i>comedite panem meum</i>; Eccli. XV, v. 3: <i>cibavit
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770 illum pane vitae et intellectus</i>. Item ipsa obedientia divinorum
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771 mandatorum; supra IV, 34: <i>meus cibus est ut faciam voluntatem
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772 eius qui misit me</i>. Item ipse etiam Christus. Infra eodem:
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773 <i>ego sum panis vitae</i>; item: <i>caro mea vere est cibus, et
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774 sanguis meus vere est potus</i>. Et hoc inquantum est coniuncta
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775 verbo Dei, quod est cibus quo Angeli vivunt. Similem autem
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776 differentiam assignavit supra c. IV, 13, de potu corporali et potu
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777 spirituali, cum dixit: <i>qui biberit ex aqua hac, sitiet iterum:
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778 qui autem biberit ex aqua quam ego dabo ei, non sitiet in
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diff changeset
779 aeternum</i>, quam hic assignat inter cibum corporalem et
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diff changeset
780 spiritualem. Cuius ratio est, quia corporalia sunt corruptibilia,
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diff changeset
781 spiritualia vero, et maxime Deus, sunt aeterna. Sed sciendum est,
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diff changeset
782 secundum Augustinum in libro de operibus monachorum, quod ex hoc
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783 verbo, scilicet <i>operamini non cibum qui perit</i>, quidam
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diff changeset
784 monachi erroris causam sumpserunt, dicentes, spirituales viros non
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785 debere aliquid corporaliter operari. Sed hic intellectus est
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diff changeset
786 falsus, quia Paulus, qui maxime spiritualis fuit, propriis manibus
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diff changeset
787 laboravit, ut habetur Ephes. IV, 28, ubi ipse dicit: <i>qui
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diff changeset
788 furabatur, iam non furetur; magis autem laboret manibus suis</i>.
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diff changeset
789 Ergo est verus intellectus, ut opus nostrum, idest principale
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diff changeset
790 studium et intentionem nostram dirigamus ad quaerendum cibum qui
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791 ducit ad vitam aeternam, scilicet bona spiritualia. Ad temporalia
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792 autem non debemus principaliter attendere, sed accessorie, idest
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793 solum ea procurare ratione corporis corruptibilis, quod sustentari
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794 oportet quamdiu in hac vita vivimus. Unde contra hoc signanter
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diff changeset
795 dicit apostolus, II Thess. III, 10: <i>qui non laborat non
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796 manducet</i>; quasi diceret: qui dicunt quod nihil corporale est
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797 operandum, quia comestio est quid corporale, tales non debent
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798 comedere. Consequenter cum dicit <i>quem filius hominis dabit
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diff changeset
799 vobis</i>, ponit spiritualis cibi datorem: et primo ponit auctorem
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800 huius cibi; secundo manifestat unde habeat auctoritatem cibandi.
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801 Auctor autem et dator cibi spiritualis est Christus; et ideo dicit
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802 <i>quem</i>, scilicet cibum qui non perit, <i>filius hominis dabit
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803 vobis</i>. Si dixisset filius Dei, non fuisset visum mirum; sed hoc
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804 quod filius hominis dat eum, magis elevat ad attentionem.
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805 Spiritualiter tamen ideo filius hominis dat, quia natura humana
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806 infirma per peccatum fastidiebat spiritualem cibum, nec poterat
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807 ipsum in sua spiritualitate sumere: unde oportuit quod filius Dei
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diff changeset
808 carnem sumeret, et per eam nos reficeret; Ps. XXII, 5: <i>parasti
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809 in conspectu meo mensam</i>. Unde autem habeat auctoritatem dandi,
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diff changeset
810 subdit cum dicit <i>hunc enim pater signavit Deus</i>; quasi dicat:
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diff changeset
811 quod filius hominis dabit, hoc non habet nisi inquantum
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812 singularitate et eminentia plenitudinis gratiae praecellit omnes
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diff changeset
813 filios hominum; unde dicit <i>hunc</i>, scilicet filium hominis,
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814 <i>pater signavit</i>: idest, signanter distinxit a ceteris; Ps.
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815 XLIV, 8: <i>unxit te Deus Deus tuus oleo laetitiae prae consortibus
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816 tuis</i>. Vel, secundum Hilarium <i>signavit</i>, idest sigillavit.
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817 Quando autem sigillum in cera imprimitur, cera retinet totam
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818 figuram sigilli, sicut et filius totam figuram patris accepit. Est
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819 autem duplex receptio quam filius recepit a patre. Una aeterna; et
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820 de hac non intelligitur quod hic dicitur <i>signavit</i>, quia in
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diff changeset
821 sigillatione aliud est natura recipiens, et aliud imprimens. Sed
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822 hoc intelligitur de mysterio incarnationis, quia in natura humana
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823 Deus pater impressit verbum, qui <i>est splendor et figura
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824 substantiae eius</i>: ut dicitur Hebr. I, 3. Vel secundum
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825 Chrysostomum <i>signavit</i>, idest, ad hoc specialiter eum Deus
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826 pater instruit ut daret vitam aeternam mundo; infra X, 10: <i>ego
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827 veni ut vitam habeant</i> et cetera. Sic enim quando aliquis
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828 eligitur ad aliquod magnum officium peragendum, dicitur signari ad
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829 illud officium; Lc. X, 1: <i>post haec designavit dominus et alios
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830 septuaginta discipulos</i> et cetera. Vel <i>signavit</i>, idest
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831 manifestavit per vocem in Baptismo, et per opera, ut dictum est
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832 supra, V. Consequenter cum dicit <i>dixerunt ergo ad eum: quid
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833 faciemus ut operemur opera Dei?</i> Manifestat quid sit cibus
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834 spiritualis, et primo ponitur quaestio Iudaeorum; secundo subditur
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835 responsio Iesu Christi, ibi <i>respondit Iesus</i> et cetera. Circa
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836 primum sciendum est, quod Iudaei instructi ex lege, credebant nihil
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837 aeternum esse nisi Deum. Unde, cum dixisset quod cibus spiritualis
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838 permaneat in vitam aeternam, intellexerunt cibum illum esse aliquid
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839 divinum. Et ideo quaerentes, non de cibo, sed de opere Dei
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840 mentionem faciunt, cum dicunt <i>quid faciemus ut operemur opera
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841 Dei?</i> In quo non longe erant a veritate, cum nihil aliud sit
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842 cibus spiritualis quam operari opera Dei; Lc. c. XVIII, 18: <i>quid
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843 faciendo vitam aeternam possidebo?</i> Responsio domini ponitur,
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844 cum dicit <i>hoc est opus Dei ut credatis in illum</i> et cetera.
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845 Ubi considerandum est, quod apostolus, Rom. IV, distinguit fidem ab
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846 operibus, dicens, quod Abraham non est iustificatus ex operibus,
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847 sed ex fide. Quid est ergo quod hic dominus dicit, ipsam fidem, seu
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diff changeset
848 credere, esse opus Dei? Sed ad hoc est duplex responsio. Una, quod
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849 apostolus non distinguit fidem ab operibus simpliciter, sed ab
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850 exterioribus. Sunt enim quaedam opera exteriora, quae exercentur
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851 corporalibus membris, quae quia magis nota sunt, secundum communem
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852 usum opera dicuntur; alia vero sunt interiora, quae exercentur in
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853 ipsa anima, quae non sunt nota nisi sapientibus, et quae
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854 convertuntur ad cor. Alio modo dicitur, quod ipsum credere potest
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855 computari inter opera exteriora, non quod fides sit ipsa opera, sed
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856 eorum principium; unde et signanter dicit <i>ut credatis in
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857 illum</i>. Differt enim dicere credere Deum, sic enim designo
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858 obiectum; et credere Deo, quia sic designo testem; et credere in
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859 Deum, quia sic designo finem: ut sic Deus possit haberi ut obiectum
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860 fidei, ut testis, et ut finis; sed aliter et aliter. Quia obiectum
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861 fidei potest esse creatura, credo enim caelum esse creatum;
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862 similiter et creatura potest esse testis fidei, credo enim Paulo,
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863 seu cuicumque sanctorum; sed fidei finis non potest esse nisi Deus:
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864 nam mens nostra solum in Deum fertur sicut in finem. Finis autem
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865 cum habeat rationem boni, est obiectum amoris; et ideo credere in
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866 Deum ut in finem, est proprium fidei formatae per caritatem: quae
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867 quidem fides sic formata, est principium omnium bonorum operum; et
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868 intantum ipsum credere dicitur opus Dei. Sed si fides est opus Dei,
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869 quomodo homines faciunt opera Dei? Sed hoc solvitur per Is. XXVI,
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870 12, cum dicit: <i>omnia opera nostra operatus est in nobis</i>. Nam
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871 hoc idem quod credimus, et quidquid operamur boni, est in nobis a
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872 Deo; Phil. II, v. 13: <i>ipse est qui operatur in nobis et velle,
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873 et perficere</i>. Et ideo signanter dicit, credere esse opus Dei,
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874 ut ostendat fidem esse donum Dei, ut dicitur Eph. II, 8.
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875 Consequenter cum dicit <i>dixerunt ergo ei: quod ergo tu facis
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876 signum?</i> Agitur de origine cibi, et primo ponitur quaestio
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877 Iudaeorum; secundo responsio Christi, ibi <i>amen, amen dico vobis,
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878 non Moyses dedit vobis panem de caelo</i>. Circa primum tria
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879 faciunt. Primo petunt signum; secundo determinant ipsum; tertio
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880 inducunt Scripturae testimonium. Signum autem petunt proponendo
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diff changeset
881 quaestionem; unde <i>dixerunt illi: quod tu facis signum, ut
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882 videamus, et credamus tibi?</i> Haec autem quaestio aliter
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883 inducitur ab Augustino, et aliter a Chrysostomo. Chrysostomus enim
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884 dicit, quod dominus invitaverat eos ad fidem. Argumenta autem ad
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885 fidem inducentia sunt miracula; I Cor. XIV, 22: <i>signa data sunt
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886 infidelibus</i>. Et ideo ad hoc quaerunt signum quo credant: mos
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887 enim est Iudaeis signa petere; I Cor. I, 22: <i>quoniam Iudaei
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888 signa quaerunt</i>. Unde dicit <i>quod ergo signum tu facis?</i>
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889 Sed hoc ridiculosum videtur, quod propter hoc quaerant aliqua
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890 miracula, quia statim fecerat aliqua multiplicando panes, et
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891 ambulando supra mare, quae in praesentia extiterant, quibus credere
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892 possent. Sed hoc ideo dicunt, ut provocent dominum, et inducant ut
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893 semper eos pasceret. Quod patet, quia nullam mentionem faciunt de
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894 alio signo, nisi de eo quod factum est in eorum parentibus per
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895 Moysen quadraginta annis, ut quasi per hoc petant quod semper eos
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896 pascat; unde dicunt <i>patres nostri manducaverunt manna in
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897 deserto</i>. Nec dicunt: Deus pavit patres nostros manna, ne
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898 videantur velle aequare eum Deo. Similiter non dicunt, Moyses pavit
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899 eos, ne videantur Moysen praeferre Christo, quasi in hoc eum
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900 allicere volentes, ut continue eos pascat. De cibo illo dicitur Ex.
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901 XVI, et in Ps. c. LXXVII, 25: <i>panem Angelorum manducavit
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902 homo</i>. Augustinus autem dicit, quod dominus dixit se daturum eis
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903 cibum qui permanet in vitam aeternam; unde quasi videtur se Moysi
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904 praeferre. Iudaei autem Moysen reputabant maiorem Christo; unde
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diff changeset
905 dicebant, infra c. IX, 29: <i>nos scimus quia Moysi locutus est
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906 Deus; hunc autem nescimus unde sit</i>. Unde requirebant quod
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907 Christus faceret aliqua maiora quam Moyses fecerit; et ideo
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908 reducunt in memoriam ea quae Moyses fecit, dicentes: <i>patres
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909 nostri manducaverunt manna in deserto</i>; quasi diceret: hoc quod
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910 dicis de te, maius est quam illud quod fecit Moyses: quia promittis
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911 cibum qui non perit; sed manna quod dabat Moyses si servabatur in
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912 alium diem, vermibus scaturiebat. Si ergo vis ut credamus tibi,
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913 facias aliquid maius Moyse: nam quod fecisti non est maius, quia
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914 satiasti quinque millia hominum, sed quinque panibus hordeaceis, et
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915 semel tantum; ille vero totum populum satiavit manna de caelo annis
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916 quadraginta, et hoc in deserto, sicut scriptum est in Ps. LXXVII,
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917 24: <i>panem de caelo dedit eis manducare</i>.</p>
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918 <br />
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919 <div class="D">Lectio 4</div>
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920 <p title="Super Io., cap. 6 l. 4"><a name="87461"><span class=
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921 "ref">[87461] Super Io., cap. 6 l. 4</span></a> Posita Iudaeorum
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922 interrogatione, hic ponitur responsio Christi. Et primo ostendit
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923 originem cibi spiritualis; secundo probat eam, ibi <i>panis enim
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924 verus est qui de caelo descendit</i>. Circa primum sciendum est,
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925 quod Iudaei duo proposuerant Christo circa originem cibi
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926 corporalis, quem patres eorum habuerunt; scilicet datorem, qui fuit
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927 Moyses, et locum, quia de caelo; et ideo dominus circa originem
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928 cibi spiritualis haec duo removens, ponit alium esse datorem cibi
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929 spiritualis, et alium locum. Unde dicit, removendo praedicta,
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930 <i>amen, amen dico vobis, non Moyses dedit vobis panem de
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diff changeset
931 caelo</i>. Alius est qui dat, quia pater meus, non panem
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diff changeset
932 corporalem, sed panem verum de caelo. Sed contra. Numquid non vere
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diff changeset
933 panis fuit quem habuerunt patres in deserto? Respondeo. Si
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diff changeset
934 accipiatur verum secundum quod dividitur contra falsum, sic panis
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diff changeset
935 ille verus fuit, non enim falsum erat miraculum de manna; si autem
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diff changeset
936 accipiatur verum, prout veritas dividitur contra figuram, sic panis
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diff changeset
937 ille non fuit verus, sed figura panis spiritualis, scilicet domini
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diff changeset
938 nostri Iesu Christi, quem ipsum manna significabat, ut dicit
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diff changeset
939 apostolus, I Cor. c. X, 3: <i>omnes eamdem escam spiritualem
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diff changeset
940 manducaverunt</i>. Item contra hoc quod dicit <i>non dedit vobis
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diff changeset
941 panem de caelo</i>, est quod dicitur in Ps. LXXVII, 24: <i>panem
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diff changeset
942 caeli dedit eis</i>. Respondeo. Caelum accipitur tripliciter.
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diff changeset
943 Quandoque pro aere; Mt. XIII, 4: <i>volucres caeli comederunt
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diff changeset
944 illud</i>; et in Ps. XVII, 14: <i>intonuit de caelo dominus</i>.
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diff changeset
945 Quandoque pro caelo sidereo, secundum illud Ps. CXIII, 16:
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diff changeset
946 <i>caelum caeli domino</i>; et Mt. XXIV, 29: <i>stellae cadent de
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diff changeset
947 caelo</i>. Quandoque vero pro ipsis spiritualibus bonis; Mt. V, 12:
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diff changeset
948 <i>gaudete et exultate, quia merces vestra multa est in caelo</i>.
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diff changeset
949 Manna ergo de caelo fuit non sidereo seu spirituali, sed aereo. Vel
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diff changeset
950 dicitur de caelo inquantum erat figura veri panis caelestis domini
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951 nostri Iesu Christi. Consequenter cum dicit <i>panis enim verus est
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diff changeset
952 qui de caelo descendit, et dat vitam mundo</i>, probat quod sit de
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diff changeset
953 caelo et per effectum eius. Verum enim caelum est spiritualis
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diff changeset
954 naturae, cui per se convenit vita, et ideo per se vivificat; infra:
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955 <i>spiritus est qui vivificat</i>. Ipse autem Deus est auctor
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956 vitae. Ex hoc ergo cognoscitur quod panis iste spiritualis est de
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diff changeset
957 caelo, cum faciat proprium effectum, si dat vitam. Nam panis ille
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958 corporalis vitam non dabat, quia omnes qui manna manducaverunt,
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959 mortui sunt; iste autem dat vitam, et ideo dicit <i>panis verus
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960 est</i>, et non figuralis, <i>qui de caelo descendit</i>. Et hoc
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961 patet, quia <i>dat vitam mundo</i>. Nam Christus, qui est verus
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diff changeset
962 panis, quos vult vivificat; infra X, 10: <i>ego veni ut vitam
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963 habeant</i> et cetera. Ipse etiam de caelo descendit; supra III,
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964 13: <i>nemo ascendit in caelum nisi qui descendit de caelo, filius
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965 hominis qui est in caelo</i>. Sic ergo Christus verus panis, vitam
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diff changeset
966 dat mundo ratione suae divinitatis, et descendit de caelo ratione
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967 humanae naturae. Nam, ut supra III dictum est, descendisse de caelo
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968 dicitur assumendo humanam naturam; Phil. II, 7: <i>exinanivit
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969 semetipsum, formam servi accipiens. Dixerunt ergo</i>, et cetera.
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970 Hic agitur de adeptione cibi spiritualis, et primo ponitur petitio
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971 ipsius cibi; secundo ponitur expositio, ibi <i>dixit autem eis
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972 Iesus: ego sum panis vitae</i>, ubi ostendit modum adeptionis.
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973 Sciendum est autem circa primum, quod Iudaei verba domini
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974 carnaliter intelligebant; et ideo quia in desiderio carnalium
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975 erant, cibum carnalem petunt a Christo; unde dixerunt ad eum
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976 <i>domine, semper da nobis hunc panem</i>, qui reficiat hoc modo.
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977 Et Samaritana verbum de aqua spirituali carnaliter intelligebat, et
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978 indigentia carere volens dixit: <i>domine, da mihi hanc aquam</i>.
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979 Et licet isti verba domini carnaliter de cibo intelligant, et
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980 carnaliter petant; tamen eorum petitio spiritualiter intellecta,
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diff changeset
981 nobis competit; Mt. VI, 11: <i>panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis
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982 hodie</i>: quia non possumus sine hoc pane vivere. Consequenter cum
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983 dicit <i>dixit autem eis Iesus: ego sum panis vitae</i>, ostendit
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diff changeset
984 modum adeptionis, ostendens primo quid sit iste panis; secundo
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985 quomodo acquiratur, ibi <i>omne quod dat mihi pater, ad me
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986 veniet</i>. Circa primum tria facit. Primo ponit expositionem panis
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987 praedicti; secundo expositionis rationem assignat, ibi <i>qui venit
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988 ad me, non esuriet</i>; tertio exponendi necessitatem manifestat,
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989 ibi <i>sed dixi vobis</i> et cetera. Dixit ergo eis Iesus <i>ego
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990 sum panis vitae</i>: nam, sicut supra dictum est, verbum sapientiae
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991 est specialis cibus mentis, quia eo mens sustentatur; Eccli. XV, 3:
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992 <i>cibavit illum pane vitae et intellectus</i>. Dicitur autem panis
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993 sapientiae esse panis vitae, ad differentiam panis corporalis, qui
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994 est panis mortis, qui non competit nisi ad restaurandum defectum
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995 mortalitatis, unde et solum in hac vita mortali necessarius est.
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996 Sed panis sapientiae divinae est per se vivificativus, nec habet
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997 mortem contrariam. Item panis corporalis non dat vitam, sed tantum
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998 praeexistentem sustentat ad tempus; sed panis spiritualis ita
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999 vivificat quod dat vitam, nam anima incipit vivere per hoc quod
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1000 adhaeret verbo Dei; Ps. XXXV, 10: <i>apud te est fons vitae</i>.
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1001 Quia ergo omne verbum sapientiae derivatur a verbo Dei unigenito,
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1002 Eccli. I, 5: <i>fons sapientiae unigenitus Dei, residens in
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1003 excelso</i>, ideo ipsum Dei verbum principaliter dicitur panis
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1004 vitae; et ideo Christus dicit <i>ego sum panis vitae</i>. Et quia
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1005 caro Christi ipsi verbo Dei unita est, habet etiam quod sit
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1006 vivificativa, unde et corpus, sacramentaliter sumptum,
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1007 vivificativum est: nam per mysteria quae Christus in carne sua
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1008 complevit, dat vitam mundo; et sic caro Christi, propter domini
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1009 verbum, panis est, non consuetae vitae, sed illius quae morte non
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1010 reseratur. Et ideo caro Christi dicitur panis; Gen. penult., 20:
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1011 <i>Aser, pinguis panis eius</i>. Significatur etiam per manna, I
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1012 Cor. X, 1 ss. Manna interpretatur quid est hoc? Quia Iudaei illud
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1013 videntes admirabantur, dicentes unus ad alium quid est hoc? Sed
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1014 nihil est admirabilius quam filius Dei homo factus, ita ut cuilibet
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1015 contingat quaerere quid est hoc? Idest, quomodo filius Dei, filius
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1016 hominis est; quomodo ex duabus naturis fit una persona Christi? Is.
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1017 IX, 6: <i>vocabitur nomen eius admirabilis</i>. Est etiam mirabile
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1018 quomodo Christus sit sub sacramento. Consequenter cum dicit <i>qui
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1019 venit ad me, non esuriet</i>, assignat rationem expositionis, et
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1020 hoc ex effectu istius panis. Panis enim corporalis comestus non in
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1021 perpetuum famem aufert, cum corrumpatur et deficiat; et ideo
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1022 exigitur ad nutrimentum; panis autem spiritualis dans per se vitam,
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1023 numquam corrumpitur; et ideo homo semel comedens, numquam esurit.
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1024 Et ideo dicit <i>qui venit ad me, non esuriet; et qui credit in me,
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1025 non sitiet in aeternum</i>. Hoc autem quod dicit, scilicet <i>qui
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1026 venit et qui credit, non esuriet nec sitiet</i>, non differunt,
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1027 secundum Augustinum, quia idem est venire ad eum, et credere in
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1028 eum: quia ad Deum venimus non passibus corporis, sed mentis, quorum
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1029 primus est fides. Idem est etiam comedere et bibere: utroque enim
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1030 significatur aeterna satietas, ubi nulla est egestas. Mt. V, 6:
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1031 <i>beati qui esuriunt et sitiunt iustitiam, quoniam ipsi
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1032 saturabuntur</i>: ut sit idem cibus sustentans, et potus
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1033 refrigerans. Causa autem quare temporalia non auferunt sitim in
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1034 perpetuum, una quidem est, quia non simul sumuntur, sed paulatim,
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1035 et quasi cum motu, et ideo semper restat aliquid sumendum; et
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1036 propter hoc, sicut consurgit delectatio et satietas ex iam sumpto,
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1037 ita et desiderium restat ex sumendo. Alia vero est, quia
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1038 corrumpuntur, unde remanet memoria ex corrupto, et generatur
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1039 iterato desiderium eorum. Spiritualia vero et simul sumuntur, et
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1040 non corrumpuntur nec deficiunt; et ideo eorum satietas manet in
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1041 perpetuum. Apoc. VII, 16: <i>non esurient neque sitient</i>. Ps.
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1042 XV, 10: <i>adimplebis me laetitia cum vultu tuo, delectationes in
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1043 dextera tua</i>, idest in spiritualibus bonis, <i>usque in
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1044 finem</i>. Consequenter cum dicit <i>sed dixi vobis</i> etc.,
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1045 ponitur exponendi necessitas. Posset enim aliquis dicere: nos
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1046 quaesivimus panem; sed tu non respondes: dabo vobis illum vel non
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1047 dabo; sed potius dicis: <i>ego sum panis vitae</i>; et ideo non
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1048 videtur bona responsio tua. Sed quod bona sit, ostendit dominus
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1049 dicens <i>dixi vobis quia et vidistis me, et non credidistis</i>:
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1050 quod idem est ac si aliquis haberet panem coram se, ignorans illum
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1051 et dicatur ei: ecce panis coram te est. Et ideo dicit <i>dixi vobis
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1052 (ego sum panis vivus) et vidistis me, et non credidistis</i>;
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1053 idest, desideratis panem, et habetis illum coram vobis; et tamen
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1054 non sumitis, quia non creditis. In quo eorum incredulitatem
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1055 improperat eis; infra XV, 24: <i>sed viderunt, et oderunt me et
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1056 patrem meum</i>. Consequenter cum dicit <i>omne quod dat mihi
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1057 pater, ad me veniet</i>, ostendit quomodo acquiratur, et primo
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1058 ponit modum acquirendi; secundo fidem perventionis, ibi <i>et eum
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1059 qui venit ad me, non eiiciam foras</i>; tertio manifestat quod
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1060 dicit, ibi <i>quia descendi de caelo</i> et cetera. Sciendum est
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1061 circa primum, quod ipsum credere nostrum est nobis ex dono Dei.
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1062 Eph. II, 8: <i>gratia salvati estis, et non ex vobis, Dei enim
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1063 donum est</i>; Phil. I, 29: <i>vobis datum est ut non solum in
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1064 illum credatis, sed ut etiam pro illo patiamini</i>. Dicitur autem
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1065 quandoque Deus pater dare filio homines credentes, sicut hic
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1066 <i>omne quod dat mihi pater, ad me veniet</i>. Quandoque filius dat
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1067 patri, sicut illud I Cor. XV, 24: <i>cum tradiderit regnum Deo et
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1068 patri</i>. Ex quo intelligimus quod sicut pater dans non adimit
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1069 sibi regnum, ita nec filius. Pater autem filio dat, inquantum facit
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1070 hominem verbo suo adhaerere. I Cor. I, v. 9: <i>per quem</i>,
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1071 scilicet patrem, <i>vocati estis in societatem filii eius</i>.
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1072 Filius vero tradit patri, inquantum verbum est manifestativum
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1073 ipsius patris. Infra XVII, 6: <i>pater, manifestavi nomen tuum
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1074 hominibus</i>. Sic ergo dicit <i>omne quod dat mihi pater, ad me
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1075 veniet</i>; idest, qui in me credunt, quos pater mihi facit
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1076 adhaerere ex dono suo. Sed diceret forte aliquis, quod non
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1077 necessarium est quod aliquis dono Dei utatur: multi enim recipiunt
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1078 donum Dei, qui non utuntur eo. Quomodo ergo dicit <i>omne quod dat
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diff changeset
1079 mihi pater, ad me veniet?</i> Ad quod dicendum est, quod in datione
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diff changeset
1080 ista non solum intelligitur habitus, qui est fides et huiusmodi,
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diff changeset
1081 sed etiam interior instinctus ad credendum. Quidquid autem facit ad
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diff changeset
1082 salutem, totum est ex dono Dei. Sed restat quaestio: quia si omne
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diff changeset
1083 quod dat pater Christo, ad eum vadit, ut ipse dicit, illi soli ad
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diff changeset
1084 Deum vadunt quos pater dat ei; non ergo debet imputari illis qui
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diff changeset
1085 non vadunt, cum non dentur ei. Ad quod dicendum, quod non imputatur
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diff changeset
1086 eis, si absque auxilio Dei ad fidem venire non possunt, sed hoc ei
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1087 imputatur qui non venit, quia impedimentum praestat quod non
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diff changeset
1088 veniat, avertens se a salute, cuius via quantum in se est, omnibus
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1089 est aperta. Finis autem perventionis ponitur cum dicit <i>et eum
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diff changeset
1090 qui venit ad me non eiiciam foras</i>. Posset enim aliquis dicere:
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diff changeset
1091 veniemus ad te; sed tu non recipies nos. Et ideo dicit, hoc
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1092 excludens, <i>eum qui venit ad me</i>, passibus fidei et bonis
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diff changeset
1093 operationibus, <i>non eiiciam foras</i>, in quo dat intelligere,
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1094 esse se intus: illud est enim intus unde exitur foras. Attendamus
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1095 ergo quid sit istud intrinsecum, et quomodo inde eiiciantur.
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diff changeset
1096 Sciendum quidem igitur est, quod omnia visibilia cum dicantur esse
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1097 quasi quaedam exteriora respectu spiritualium, quanto aliquid est
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diff changeset
1098 magis spirituale, tanto magis est intrinsecum. Ergo duplex est
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diff changeset
1099 intrinsecum. Unum est profundissimum, scilicet gaudium vitae
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1100 aeternae, quod, secundum Augustinum, est magis penetrale et dulce
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1101 secretum sine taedio, sine amaritudine malarum cogitationum, sine
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diff changeset
1102 interpellatione tentationum et dolorum; de quo dicitur Matth. XXV,
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1103 21: <i>intra in gaudium domini tui</i>. Et Ps. XXX, 21:
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diff changeset
1104 <i>abscondes eos in abscondito faciei tuae</i>; idest, in plena
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diff changeset
1105 visione tuae essentiae. Et ab hoc intrinseco nullus eiicietur.
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diff changeset
1106 Apoc. III, 12: <i>qui vicerit faciam illum columnam in templo Dei
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diff changeset
1107 vivi, et foras non egredietur amplius</i>, quia ut dicitur Matth.
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1108 c. XXV, 46, <i>ibunt iusti in vitam aeternam</i>. Aliud intrinsecum
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diff changeset
1109 est rectitudo conscientiae, quae est spirituale gaudium; et de hoc
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diff changeset
1110 dicitur Sap. VIII, 16: <i>intrans in domum meam, conquiescam</i>.
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1111 Et Cant. I, 3: <i>introduxit me rex in cellaria sua</i>. Et de isto
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diff changeset
1112 aliqui eiiciuntur. Et ideo quod dominus dicit <i>non eiiciam
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diff changeset
1113 foras</i>, potest dupliciter intelligi. Uno modo, ut illi dicantur
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diff changeset
1114 ad ipsum venire qui sunt dati ei a patre per aeternam
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diff changeset
1115 praedestinationem; et de illis dicit <i>eum qui venit ad me</i>,
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diff changeset
1116 praedestinatus a patre, <i>non eiiciam foras</i>; Rom. XI, v. 2:
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1117 <i>non repulit Deus plebem suam quam elegit</i>. Alio modo, quia
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1118 illi qui egrediuntur, non tamquam a Christo eiecti egrediantur, sed
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1119 causa eiectionis sit ex parte ipsorum, qui per infidelitatem et
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1120 peccata, a secreto rectae conscientiae recedunt. Et sic dicitur
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1121 <i>non eiiciam</i> ego <i>foras</i>, sed ipsi se eiiciunt; Ier.
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1122 XXIII, 33: <i>vos estis onus, proiiciam vos, dicit dominus</i>. Et
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diff changeset
1123 hoc modo eiectus est foras qui ad nuptias intraverat non habens
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1124 vestem nuptialem, ut dicitur Matth. XXII, 11 ss. Rationem autem
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diff changeset
1125 praemissorum assignat, cum dicit <i>quia descendi de caelo</i>
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1126 etc., et primo ponit propositum de implenda voluntate patris;
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1127 secundo manifestat quae sit voluntas patris, ibi <i>haec est
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diff changeset
1128 voluntas eius qui misit me patris</i>; tertio ostendit finalem
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diff changeset
1129 voluntatis impletionem, ibi <i>et ego resuscitabo eum in novissimo
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1130 die</i>. Circa primum sciendum est, quod littera ista potest legi
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diff changeset
1131 dupliciter. Uno modo secundum Augustinum, alio modo secundum
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diff changeset
1132 Chrysostomum. Secundum Augustinum quidem sic: <i>eum qui venit ad
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diff changeset
1133 me, non eiiciam foras</i>, et hoc ideo, quia ille venit ad me qui
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1134 meam humilitatem imitatur. Matth. XI, 28, cum diceret dominus:
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1135 <i>venite ad me, omnes, qui laboratis</i>, consequenter subdit:
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1136 <i>discite a me, quia mitis sum et humilis corde</i>. Vera autem
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1137 filii Dei mititas in hoc est, quia voluntatem suam supposuit
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1138 voluntati patris. Et ideo dicit <i>non eiiciam, quia descendi de
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1139 caelo non ut faciam voluntatem meam, sed voluntatem eius qui misit
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1140 me</i>. Propterea anima a Deo exiit, quia superba erat; et ideo
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diff changeset
1141 necesse est humilitate regredi veniendo ad Christum per imitationem
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diff changeset
1142 suae humilitatis, quae in hoc est quod non facit voluntatem suam
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1143 solum, sed Dei patris. Sciendum est autem, quod in Christo fuit
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diff changeset
1144 duplex voluntas. Una secundum humanam naturam, quae est sibi
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1145 propria, et natura, et voluntate patris; alia secundum naturam
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1146 divinam, quae est eadem cum voluntate patris. Voluntatem ergo suam,
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1147 scilicet humanam, ordinavit sub voluntate divina, quia obedientiam
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1148 suam sub effectu paternae voluntatis ostendit ipse, volens
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1149 voluntatem patris explere. Ps. XXXIX, 9: <i>ut faciam voluntatem
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1150 tuam, Deus meus, volui</i>. Hanc voluntatem fieri in nobis petimus
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diff changeset
1151 cum dicimus, Matth. VI, 10: <i>fiat voluntas tua</i>. Illi ergo non
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1152 eiiciuntur foras, qui non faciunt voluntatem suam, sed voluntatem
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1153 Dei. Nam Diabolus volens facere voluntatem suam, quod est
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1154 superbiae, eiectus est de caelo, et primus homo de Paradiso.
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1155 Secundum Chrysostomum vero sic. Ideo non eiicio foras eum qui venit
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1156 ad me, quia ad hoc veni, ut impleam voluntatem patris de salute
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1157 hominum. Si ergo pro salute hominum incarnatus sum, quomodo debeo
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1158 eos eiicere? Et hoc est quod dicit: ideo non eiicio, <i>quia
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1159 descendi de caelo non ut faciam voluntatem meam</i>, scilicet
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1160 humanam, ut proprium mihi acquiram; <i>sed voluntatem eius qui
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1161 misit me</i>, patris, <i>qui vult omnes homines salvos fieri</i>,
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1162 ut dicitur I Tim. II, 4. Et ideo, quantum est ex me, nullum eiicio.
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1163 Rom. V, 10: <i>si enim, cum inimici essemus, reconciliati sumus Deo
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1164 per mortem filii eius, multo magis, reconciliati, salvi erimus in
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1165 vita ipsius</i>. Quae autem sit voluntas patris, exponit primo, cum
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1166 dicit <i>haec est enim voluntas eius qui misit me patris</i> etc.;
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1167 secundo rationem assignat, ibi <i>haec est enim voluntas patris
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1168 mei</i> et cetera. Dixit ergo: non eiiciam foras eos qui ad me
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1169 veniunt, quia carnem assumpsi ut faciam voluntatem patris.
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1170 <i>Voluntas autem eius qui misit me patris, haec est</i>, scilicet
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1171 <i>ut non eiiciam foras</i>; et ideo non eiiciam. I Thess. c. IV,
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1172 3: <i>haec est voluntas Dei, sanctificatio vestra</i>. Et ideo
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1173 dicit <i>ut omne quod dedit mihi, pater non perdam ex eo</i>;
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1174 idest, ut nihil perdam, quousque perveniat ad resurrectionem
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1175 futuram, in qua aliqui perdentur, non tamen de illis qui dati sunt
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1176 ei per aeternam praedestinationem, sed impii; Ps. I, 6: <i>iter
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1177 impiorum peribit</i>. Illi vero qui usque tunc conservantur, non
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1178 perdentur. Per hoc autem quod dicit <i>non perdam</i>, non est
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1179 intelligendum quod indigeat eorum, aut quod detrimentum sit ei, si
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1180 pereunt. Sed dicit hoc propter affectum suum ad salutem illorum, et
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1181 bonum illorum, quod reputat suum. Sed contra est quod dicitur infra
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1182 c. XVII, 12: <i>nemo ex eis</i>, scilicet quos dedisti mihi,
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1183 <i>periit, nisi filius perditionis</i>. Ergo aliqui eorum qui dati
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1184 sunt ei per aeternam praedestinationem, perduntur. Non est ergo
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1185 verum hoc quod dicit <i>non perdam ex eo</i>. Sed dicendum est,
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diff changeset
1186 quod ex illis qui dati sunt ei per praesentem iustitiam perduntur;
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1187 non autem de illis qui dati sunt per aeternam praedestinationem.
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1188 Rationem autem divinae voluntatis ponit cum dicit <i>haec est autem
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1189 voluntas patris mei</i> et cetera. Ratio quare pater vult quod non
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1190 perdam ex eo quod dedit mihi, est quia voluntas patris est
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1191 vivificare spiritualiter homines, quia ipse est fons vitae. Et quia
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1192 aeternus est, quantum est de se, voluntatis eius est, ut omnis qui
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1193 venit ad me habeat vitam aeternam. Et hoc est quod dicit <i>haec
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1194 est voluntas patris qui misit me, ut omnis qui videt filium, et
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1195 credit in eum, habeat vitam aeternam</i>. Sed attendendum est quod
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1196 supra V, 24, dixit: <i>qui videt filium, et credit ei qui misit me,
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1197 habet vitam aeternam</i>, hic vero dicit <i>qui credit in eum</i>:
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1198 ut det intelligere eamdem divinitatem patris et filii, cuius visio
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1199 per essentiam est ultimus finis noster, et obiectum fidei. Quod
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1200 vero dicit <i>videt</i>, non intelligitur de visione per essentiam,
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1201 quam praecedit fides, sed de visione corporali Christi, quae
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1202 inducit ad fidem. Et ideo signanter dicit <i>qui videt filium, et
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1203 credit in eum</i>; supra V, 24: <i>qui credit in eum (...) non
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1204 iudicatur, sed transiet a morte in vitam</i>; infra XX, 31: <i>haec
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1205 autem scripta sunt, ut credatis quoniam Iesus Christus est filius
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1206 Dei, ut credentes vitam habeatis in nomine eius</i>. Haec autem
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1207 patris voluntas similiter implebitur, et ideo subdit, <i>et ego
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1208 resuscitabo eum in novissimo die</i>: quia ita vult ut non solum in
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1209 anima, sed etiam in corpore habeat vitam aeternam (Dan. XII, 2:
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1210 <i>de his qui in pulvere dormiunt evigilabunt alii in vitam
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1211 aeternam, alii vero in opprobrium sempiternum</i>) sicut et
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1212 Christus resurrexit; Rom. c. VI, 9: <i>Christus resurgens ex
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1213 mortuis, iam non moritur</i> et cetera.</p>
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1214 <br />
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1215 <div class="D">Lectio 5</div>
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1216 <p title="Super Io., cap. 6 l. 5"><a name="87462"><span class=
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1217 "ref">[87462] Super Io., cap. 6 l. 5</span></a> Posita doctrina
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1218 Christi, hic excluditur contradictio praedictae doctrinae, et primo
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1219 quantum ad turbas murmurantes; secundo quantum ad discipulos
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1220 dubitantes, ibi <i>multi ergo audientes ex discipulis eius
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1221 dixerunt</i> et cetera. Circa primum duo facit. Primo exprimit
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1222 murmur turbarum de origine spiritualis cibi; secundo mitigat eorum
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1223 litigium de cibi spiritualis manducatione, ibi <i>litigabant ergo
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1224 Iudaei</i>. Circa primum duo facit. Primo ponitur murmur turbarum;
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1225 secundo repressio murmuris, ibi <i>respondit ergo Iesus, et dixit
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1226 eis</i>. Circa primum duo facit. Primo ponitur occasio murmuris;
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1227 secundo ponuntur murmurantium verba, ibi <i>nonne iste est filius
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1228 Ioseph?</i> Concludit ergo ex praemissis verbis Christi, quod
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diff changeset
1229 quidam de quodam dictorum verborum murmurabant, quia scilicet
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diff changeset
1230 dixerat: <i>ego sum panis vivus, qui de caelo descendi</i>; quem
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diff changeset
1231 quidem spiritualem panem non capiebant nec desiderabant. Et ideo
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diff changeset
1232 murmurabant, quia in spiritualibus mentem fundatam non habebant, et
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diff changeset
1233 huius rei antiquam consuetudinem habebant, secundum illud Ps. CV,
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diff changeset
1234 25: <i>murmuraverunt in tabernaculis</i>; et I Cor. X, 10: <i>neque
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diff changeset
1235 murmuraveritis, sicut quidam eorum murmuraverunt</i>. Ideo autem,
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diff changeset
1236 ut Chrysostomus dicit, usque huc non murmurabant, quia semper
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diff changeset
1237 sperabant se consecuturos corporalem escam: qua spe subtracta,
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diff changeset
1238 statim murmurare incipiunt, licet aliam causam praetendant. Non
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diff changeset
1239 autem manifeste contradicunt propter reverentiam quam adhuc
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diff changeset
1240 habebant ad ipsum, ex memoria praecedentis miraculi. Verba autem
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diff changeset
1241 murmurantium ponit cum dicit <i>nonne hic est filius Ioseph?</i>
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diff changeset
1242 Quia enim carnales erant, carnalem Christi generationem solam
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diff changeset
1243 considerabant, ex qua impediebantur ne cognoscerent spiritualem et
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diff changeset
1244 aeternam; et ideo de sola carnali loquuntur, secundum illud supra
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diff changeset
1245 III, 31: <i>qui de terra est, de terra loquitur</i>, et spiritualem
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diff changeset
1246 non capiunt; unde subdunt <i>quomodo ergo dicit hic, quia de caelo
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diff changeset
1247 descendi?</i> Vocant autem eum filium Ioseph propter reputationem:
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diff changeset
1248 quia nutritius eius erat, secundum illud Lc. III, 23: <i>ut
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diff changeset
1249 putabatur filius Ioseph</i>. Murmurationis autem repressio ponitur
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diff changeset
1250 cum dicit <i>respondit ergo Iesus, et dixit eis</i>, et primo
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diff changeset
1251 reprimit ipsorum murmur; secundo satisfacit dubitationi, ibi
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diff changeset
1252 <i>amen, amen dico vobis: qui credit in me, habet vitam
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diff changeset
1253 aeternam</i>. Circa primum duo facit. Primo cohibet eorum murmur;
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diff changeset
1254 secundo assignat causam murmuris eorum, ibi <i>nemo potest venire
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diff changeset
1255 ad me</i> et cetera. Cognoscens ergo Iesus eorum murmur, respondit;
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diff changeset
1256 et comprimens ipsum murmur eorum, dixit eis <i>nolite murmurare</i>
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diff changeset
1257 et cetera. Hoc namque est salubre documentum: qui enim murmurat,
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diff changeset
1258 ostendit mentem suam in Deo non esse firmatam, et ideo dicitur Sap.
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diff changeset
1259 c. I, 11: <i>custodite vos a murmuratione, quia nihil prodest</i>.
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diff changeset
1260 Causa autem murmuris est infidelitas eorum; et ideo hanc ostendit
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diff changeset
1261 dicens <i>nemo potest venire ad me</i> etc., ubi primo ostendit
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diff changeset
1262 necessariam esse patris attractionem ad hoc ut veniatur ad
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diff changeset
1263 Christum; secundo ostendit modum attrahendi, ibi <i>est scriptum in
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diff changeset
1264 prophetis</i> et cetera. Circa primum tria facit. Primo ponit
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diff changeset
1265 humanae facultatis defectum; secundo divini auxilii subsidium;
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diff changeset
1266 tertio auxilii finem, seu fructum. Est ergo humana facultas
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diff changeset
1267 deficiens ad veniendum ad Christum per fidem; et ideo dicit <i>nemo
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diff changeset
1268 potest venire ad me</i>. Secundo divinum auxilium est efficax ad
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diff changeset
1269 subveniendum, unde subdit <i>nisi pater, qui misit me, traxerit
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diff changeset
1270 eum</i>. Sed finis, seu fructus est optimus; unde sequitur <i>et
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diff changeset
1271 ego resuscitabo eum in novissimo die</i>. Dicit ergo primo: non est
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diff changeset
1272 mirum si murmuratis, quia nondum estis tracti a patre ad me. Nam
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diff changeset
1273 <i>nemo potest ad me venire</i>, in me credendo, <i>nisi pater, qui
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diff changeset
1274 misit me, traxerit eum</i>. Sed hic est triplex quaestio. Prima est
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diff changeset
1275 de hoc quod dicit <i>nisi pater traxerit eum</i>. Cum enim ad
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diff changeset
1276 Christum veniamus credendo, sicut supra eodem dictum est, venire ad
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diff changeset
1277 Christum est credere in eum; credere autem nullus potest nisi
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diff changeset
1278 volens. Cum ergo tractio importet violentiam quamdam, ergo qui
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diff changeset
1279 tractus venit ad Christum, cogitur. Respondeo dicendum, quod hoc
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diff changeset
1280 quod hic dicitur de hac tractione patris, non importat coactionem,
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diff changeset
1281 cum non omne trahens faciat violentiam. Sic ergo multipliciter
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diff changeset
1282 pater trahit ad filium, secundum multiplicem modum trahendi absque
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diff changeset
1283 violentia in hominibus. Nam aliquis homo trahit aliquem persuadendo
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diff changeset
1284 ratione; et hoc modo pater trahit homines ad filium, demonstrando
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diff changeset
1285 eum esse filium suum; et hoc dupliciter: vel per internam
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diff changeset
1286 revelationem; Matth. XVI, 17: <i>beatus es, Simon Bariona, quia
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diff changeset
1287 caro et sanguis non revelavit tibi</i>, scilicet Christum esse
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diff changeset
1288 filium Dei vivi, <i>sed pater meus</i>; vel per miraculorum
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diff changeset
1289 operationem, quam habet a patre; supra V, 36: <i>opera quae dedit
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diff changeset
1290 mihi pater, ipsa testimonium perhibent de me</i>. Item aliquis
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diff changeset
1291 trahit alium alliciendo; Prov. VII, 21: <i>blanditiis labiorum
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diff changeset
1292 suorum protraxit eum</i>. Et hoc modo illi qui attendunt ad Iesum
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diff changeset
1293 propter auctoritatem paternae maiestatis, trahuntur a patre.
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diff changeset
1294 Quicumque enim credit in Christum propter hoc quod credit eum
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diff changeset
1295 filium Dei, hunc pater trahit ad filium, idest paterna maiestas.
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diff changeset
1296 Hoc modo non trahitur Arius qui Christum non verum Dei filium, nec
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diff changeset
1297 de substantia patris genitum credebat. Non sic tractus est
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diff changeset
1298 Photinus, Christum purum hominem dogmatizans. Sic ergo trahuntur a
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diff changeset
1299 patre, sua maiestate allecti; sed trahuntur etiam a filio,
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diff changeset
1300 admirabili delectatione et amore veritatis, quae est ipse filius
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1301 Dei. Si enim, ut dicit Augustinus, <i>trahit sua quemque
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1302 voluptas</i>, quanto fortius debet homo trahi ad Christum, si
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1303 delectatur veritate, beatitudine, iustitia, sempiterna vita, quod
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diff changeset
1304 totum est Christus? Ab isto ergo si trahendi sumus, trahamur per
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diff changeset
1305 dilectionem veritatis; secundum illud Ps. XXXVI, 4: <i>delectare in
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1306 domino, et dabit tibi petitiones cordis tui</i>. Hinc sponsa
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1307 dicebat, Cant. I, 3: <i>trahe me post te; curremus in odorem
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1308 unguentorum tuorum</i>. Sed quia non solum revelatio exterior, vel
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1309 obiectum, virtutem attrahendi habet, sed etiam interior instinctus
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1310 impellens et movens ad credendum, ideo trahit multos pater ad
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diff changeset
1311 filium per instinctum divinae operationis moventis interius cor
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diff changeset
1312 hominis ad credendum; Phil. II, 13: <i>Deus est qui operatur in
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diff changeset
1313 nobis velle et perficere</i>; Oseae XI, 4: <i>in funiculis Adam
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diff changeset
1314 traham eos in vinculis caritatis</i>; Prov. c. XXI, 1: <i>cor regis
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diff changeset
1315 in manu domini: quocumque voluerit inclinabit illud</i>. Secunda
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1316 quaestio est: quia cum dicatur quod filius trahit ad patrem, Matth.
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1317 c. XI, 27: <i>nemo novit patrem nisi filius, et cui voluerit filius
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1318 revelare</i>; et infra XVII, 6: <i>pater, manifestavi nomen tuum
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1319 hominibus quos dedisti mihi</i>: quomodo hic dicitur, quod pater
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1320 trahit ad filium? Sed dicendum, quod ad hoc potest dupliciter
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1321 responderi: nam de Christo possumus loqui aut secundum quod est
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1322 homo aut secundum quod est Deus. Secundum autem quod homo, Christus
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1323 est via; infra XIV, 6: <i>ego sum via</i>: et secundum quod est
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1324 Christus, ducit ad patrem, sicut via ad terminum seu finem. Pater
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1325 vero trahit ad Christum hominem inquantum dat nobis suam virtutem,
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1326 ut credamus in Christum; Eph. II, 8: <i>gratia salvati estis, et
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1327 hoc non ex vobis, Dei enim donum est</i>. Inquantum est Christus,
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1328 est verbum Dei, et manifestativum patris. Sic filius trahit ad
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1329 patrem. Pater autem trahit ad filium inquantum manifestat ipsum.
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1330 Tertia quaestio est de hoc quod dicit, quod nemo venire potest nisi
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diff changeset
1331 tractus a patre: quia secundum hoc, si nullus veniat ad Christum,
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1332 non imputatur ei, sed ei qui non trahit eos. Respondeo dicendum,
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diff changeset
1333 quod vere nullus venire potest nisi tractus a patre: nam sicut
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diff changeset
1334 grave per naturam non potest per se sursum ferri nisi trahatur ab
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1335 alio, ita cor humanum ex se ad inferiora tendens, non potest sursum
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diff changeset
1336 elevari nisi tractus. Si vero non elevatur, non est defectus ex
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diff changeset
1337 parte trahentis, qui quantum in se est, nulli deficit; sed est
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diff changeset
1338 propter impedimentum eius qui non trahitur. Aliter autem, quantum
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diff changeset
1339 ad hoc pertinet, possumus loqui de hominibus in statu naturae
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diff changeset
1340 integrae, et aliter in statu naturae corruptae; nam in natura
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diff changeset
1341 integra non erat aliquod impedimentum prohibens ab hac tractione,
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diff changeset
1342 unde tunc omnes homines huius tractionis poterant esse participes.
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1343 Sed in natura corrupta omnes per impedimentum peccati aequaliter
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1344 prohibentur ab hac tractione; et ideo omnes indigent trahi. Deus
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diff changeset
1345 autem omnibus ad trahendum manum porrigit quantum in se est, et,
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1346 quod plus est, non solum attrahit manum recipientis, sed etiam
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diff changeset
1347 aversos a se convertit, secundum illud Thren. ult., 21: <i>converte
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diff changeset
1348 nos, domine, et convertemur</i>: et in Ps. LXXXIV, 7, secundum
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1349 aliam litteram: <i>Deus, tu convertens vivificabis nos</i>. Ex quo
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1350 ergo Deus paratus est dare omnibus gratiam, et ad se trahere, non
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1351 imputatur ei, si aliquis non accipiat, sed ei qui non accipit.
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1352 Quare autem non omnes aversos trahit, sed aliquos, licet sint omnes
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diff changeset
1353 aequaliter aversi: ratio quidem in generali potest assignari, ut
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1354 scilicet in illis qui non trahuntur, appareat et refulgeat ordo
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1355 divinae iustitiae; in illis autem qui trahuntur, immensitas divinae
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1356 misericordiae. Quare autem in speciali trahat hunc, et illum non
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diff changeset
1357 trahat, non est ratio aliqua, nisi beneplacitum voluntatis divinae.
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1358 Unde dicit Augustinus: quem trahat et quem non trahat, quare illum
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1359 trahat et illum non trahat, noli velle iudicare, si non vis errare.
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1360 Sed accipe, et intellige: nondum traheris, ora ut traharis. Hoc
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diff changeset
1361 etiam ostendi potest per exemplum. Nam assignari potest ratio quare
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diff changeset
1362 artifex ponit aliquos lapides inferius, et aliquos superius, et
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diff changeset
1363 aliquos ex lateribus, ex dispositione domus, cuius complementum hoc
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diff changeset
1364 exigit. Sed quare hos lapides hic ponat et hos ibi, dependet a sua
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diff changeset
1365 simplici voluntate. Et inde est quod prima ratio dispositionis
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diff changeset
1366 refertur ad voluntatem artificis. Sic ergo Deus ad complementum
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diff changeset
1367 universi quosdam quidem trahit, ut in eis appareat sua
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1368 misericordia; quosdam vero non trahit, ut ostendatur in eis sua
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1369 iustitia. Sed hos trahit, illos non trahit secundum suum
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diff changeset
1370 beneplacitum voluntatis. Similiter etiam quare in Ecclesia aliquos
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1371 fecit apostolos, alios confessores, alios martyres, ratio est
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diff changeset
1372 propter Ecclesiae decorem et complementum. Sed quare Petrum fecit
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diff changeset
1373 apostolum, Stephanum martyrem et Nicolaum confessorem, non est alia
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diff changeset
1374 ratio nisi voluntas sua. Sic ergo patet humanae facultatis
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diff changeset
1375 defectus, et auxilii divini subsidium. Sequitur auxilii finis et
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diff changeset
1376 fructus, cum dicit <i>et ego resuscitabo eum in novissimo die</i>,
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diff changeset
1377 etiam inquantum homo: nam per ea quae Christus in carne sua gessit,
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diff changeset
1378 consequimur resurrectionis fructum; I Cor. XV, 21: <i>sicut per
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1379 hominem mors, ita et per hominem resurrectio mortuorum. Ego</i>,
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diff changeset
1380 ergo, secundum quod homo, <i>resuscitabo eum</i>, non solum ad
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diff changeset
1381 vitam naturae, sed etiam ad vitam gloriae, et hoc <i>in novissimo
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diff changeset
1382 die</i>. Tenet enim fides Catholica, quod status mundi innovabitur;
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diff changeset
1383 Apoc. XXI, 1: <i>vidi caelum novum et terram novam</i>. Et inter
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diff changeset
1384 alia quae ad hanc innovationem concurrent, credimus caeli motum
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diff changeset
1385 cessare, et per consequens tempus; Apoc. X, 5: <i>et Angelus quem
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diff changeset
1386 vidi stantem super mare et super terram, levavit manum suam ad
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diff changeset
1387 caelum</i>. Et infra: <i>quia tempus non erit amplius</i>. Quia
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diff changeset
1388 ergo cessante tempore in resurrectione, cessabit etiam nox et dies,
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diff changeset
1389 secundum illud Zac. XIV, 7: <i>erit dies una, quae nota est domino,
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diff changeset
1390 non dies neque nox</i>; ideo dicit <i>resuscitabo eum in novissimo
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diff changeset
1391 die</i>. Quare autem usque tunc caeli motus duret, et tempus, non
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diff changeset
1392 minus vel amplius, sciendum est, quia illud quod est propter aliud,
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diff changeset
1393 diversimode disponitur secundum diversam dispositionem eius propter
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diff changeset
1394 quod est. Omnia autem corporalia propter hominem facta sunt; et
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diff changeset
1395 ideo secundum diversam dispositionem hominis diversimode ea disponi
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diff changeset
1396 oportet. Quia ergo in hominibus quando resurgent, inchoabitur
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diff changeset
1397 status incorruptionis, secundum illud I Cor. XV, 54: <i>mortale hoc
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diff changeset
1398 induet incorruptionem</i>, ideo cessabit tunc etiam corruptio in
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diff changeset
1399 rebus; unde cessabit motus caeli, qui est causa generationis et
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diff changeset
1400 corruptionis in rebus corporalibus; Rom. VIII, 21: <i>ipsa creatura
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diff changeset
1401 liberabitur a servitute corruptionis in libertatem filiorum
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diff changeset
1402 Dei</i>. Sic ergo patet quod ad fidem necessaria est nobis
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diff changeset
1403 attractio patris. Consequenter cum dicit <i>est scriptum in
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diff changeset
1404 prophetis</i> etc., determinat modum attrahendi, et primo ponit
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diff changeset
1405 attrahendi modum; secundo attractionis efficaciam, ibi <i>omnis qui
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diff changeset
1406 audivit a patre, et didicit, venit ad me</i>; tertio excludit
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diff changeset
1407 opinatum modum attractionis, ibi <i>non quia patrem vidit
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diff changeset
1408 quisquam</i>. Modus autem attrahendi est congruus, quia trahit
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diff changeset
1409 revelando et docendo; et hoc est quod dicit <i>scriptum est in
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diff changeset
1410 prophetis: erunt omnes docibiles Dei</i> et cetera. Beda dicit hoc
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diff changeset
1411 esse scriptum in Ioel; sed non videtur expresse ibi esse, licet
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diff changeset
1412 aliquid consonum dicitur; et Ioel. II, 22: <i>filii Sion, exultate
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diff changeset
1413 in domino Deo vestro, quia dabit vobis doctorem iustitiae</i>. Ideo
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diff changeset
1414 autem, secundum Bedam, dicit <i>in prophetis</i>, ut det
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diff changeset
1415 intelligere quod sensus iste potest colligi ex diversis dictis
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diff changeset
1416 prophetarum. Sed expressius videtur hoc dici Is. LIV, 13: <i>ponam
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diff changeset
1417 filios tuos universos doctos a domino</i>. Dicitur etiam Ier. III,
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diff changeset
1418 15: <i>dabo vobis pastores iuxta cor meum, qui pascent vos scientia
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diff changeset
1419 et doctrina</i>. Hoc autem quod dicit <i>erunt omnes</i>, potest
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diff changeset
1420 tripliciter intelligi. Uno modo ut ly <i>omnes</i> supponat pro
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diff changeset
1421 omnibus hominibus mundi; alio modo ut supponat pro omnibus qui sunt
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diff changeset
1422 in Ecclesia Christi; tertio modo pro omnibus qui erunt in regno
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diff changeset
1423 caelorum. Si autem dicatur primo modo, videtur non esse verum; nam
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diff changeset
1424 statim subdit <i>omnis qui audivit a patre et didicit, venit ad
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diff changeset
1425 me</i>. Si ergo omnes de mundo erunt docibiles, ergo omnes venient
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diff changeset
1426 ad Christum. Sed hoc est falsum, quia non omnium est fides. Sed ad
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diff changeset
1427 hoc tripliciter respondetur. Nam, secundum Chrysostomum, primo modo
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diff changeset
1428 dicendum, hoc dictum esse de pluribus <i>erunt</i>, inquit,
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diff changeset
1429 <i>omnes</i>, idest plurimi; secundum quem modum dicitur Matth.
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diff changeset
1430 VIII, 11: <i>multi venient ab oriente et occidente</i>, et cetera.
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diff changeset
1431 Secundo, quod <i>omnes</i>, quantum est ex Deo, <i>erunt
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diff changeset
1432 docibiles</i>; sed quod aliqui non doceantur, est ex parte eorum.
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diff changeset
1433 Sol enim quantum est de se, omnes illuminat; potest autem ab
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diff changeset
1434 aliquibus non videri, si claudant oculos, vel si sint caeci. Et hoc
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diff changeset
1435 modo dicit apostolus, I Tim. II, 4: <i>vult omnes homines salvos
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diff changeset
1436 fieri, et ad agnitionem veritatis venire</i>. Tertio modo, secundum
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diff changeset
1437 Augustinum, quod haec est accommoda distributio, ut dicatur
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diff changeset
1438 <i>omnes erunt docibiles Dei</i>; idest omnes qui docentur, a Deo
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diff changeset
1439 docentur, sicut loquimur de aliquo litterarum magistro. Dicimus
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diff changeset
1440 enim, si est in civitate: solus iste docet omnes pueros de
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diff changeset
1441 civitate, quia nullus docetur in ea nisi ab illo. Et hoc modo
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diff changeset
1442 dicitur supra I, 9: <i>erat lux vera, quae illuminat omnem hominem
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diff changeset
1443 venientem in hunc mundum</i>. Si autem exponatur de illis qui sunt
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diff changeset
1444 in Ecclesia congregati, dicitur <i>erunt omnes</i>, scilicet qui
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diff changeset
1445 sunt in Ecclesia, <i>docibiles Deo</i>; nam Is. LIV, 13, dicitur:
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diff changeset
1446 <i>ponam universos filios doctos a domino</i> in quo quidem
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diff changeset
1447 ostenditur sublimitas fidei Christianae, quae non inhaeret
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diff changeset
1448 doctrinae humanae, sed doctrinae Dei. Doctrina enim veteris
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diff changeset
1449 testamenti data fuit per prophetas; sed doctrina novi testamenti
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diff changeset
1450 est per ipsum filium Dei; Hebr. I, 1: <i>multifarie multisque
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diff changeset
1451 modis</i>, idest in veteri testamento, <i>Deus loquens patribus in
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diff changeset
1452 prophetis, novissime diebus istis locutus est nobis in filio</i>;
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diff changeset
1453 et ibid. II, 3: <i>quae cum initium accepisset enarrari per
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diff changeset
1454 dominum, ab eis qui audierunt, in nos confirmata est</i>. Sic ergo
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diff changeset
1455 omnes qui sunt in Ecclesia, sunt docti non ab apostolis, non a
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diff changeset
1456 prophetis, sed ab ipso Deo. Et, secundum Augustinum, hoc ipsum quod
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diff changeset
1457 ab homine docemur, est ex Deo, qui docet interius; Matth. c. XXIII,
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1458 10: <i>unus est magister vester Christus</i>. Nam intelligentia,
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diff changeset
1459 quae necessaria est praecipue ad doctrinam, est nobis a Deo. Si
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diff changeset
1460 autem exponatur de his qui sunt in regno caelorum etc., tunc
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diff changeset
1461 <i>omnes erunt docibiles Deo</i>, quia eius essentiam immediate
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diff changeset
1462 videbunt; I Io. III, 2: <i>videbimus eum sicuti est</i>. Attractio
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diff changeset
1463 autem patris efficacissima est: quia <i>omnis qui audivit a patre,
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diff changeset
1464 et didicit, venit ad me</i>. Ubi duo ponit: unum scilicet quod
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diff changeset
1465 pertinet ad donum Dei, cum dicit <i>audivit</i>, scilicet Deo
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diff changeset
1466 revelante; aliud quod pertinet ad liberum arbitrium, cum dicit
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1467 <i>et didicit</i>, scilicet per assensum; et ista duo necessaria
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1468 sunt in omni doctrina fidei. <i>Omnis qui audivit a patre</i>,
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diff changeset
1469 docente et manifestante, <i>et didicit</i>, praebendo assensum,
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diff changeset
1470 <i>venit ad me</i>; venit, inquam, tripliciter: per cognitionem
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1471 veritatis, per amoris affectum et per operis imitationem. Et in
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diff changeset
1472 quolibet oportet quod audiat et discat. Nam qui venit per
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diff changeset
1473 cognitionem veritatis, oportet eum audire, Deo inspirante, secundum
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diff changeset
1474 illud Ps. LXXXIV, 9: <i>audiam quid loquatur in me dominus
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diff changeset
1475 Deus</i>, et addiscere per affectum, ut dictum est. Qui vero venit
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diff changeset
1476 per amorem et desiderium, ut dicitur infra VII, 37: <i>si quis
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diff changeset
1477 sitit, veniat ad me, et bibat</i>, et hunc oportet audire verbum
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diff changeset
1478 patris, et capere illud, ad hoc ut addiscat, et afficiatur. Ille
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diff changeset
1479 enim discit verbum qui capit illud secundum rationem dicentis;
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diff changeset
1480 verbum autem Dei patris est spirans amorem: qui ergo capit illud
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diff changeset
1481 cum fervore amoris, discit; Sap. VII, 27: <i>in animas sanctas se
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diff changeset
1482 transfert, prophetas et amicos Dei constituit</i>. Per operis autem
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diff changeset
1483 imitationem itur ad Christum, secundum illud Matth. XI, 28:
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diff changeset
1484 <i>venite ad me, omnes qui laboratis et onerati estis, et ego
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diff changeset
1485 reficiam vos</i>. Et hoc etiam modo quicumque discit, venit ad
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diff changeset
1486 Christum: nam sicut conclusio se habet in scibilibus, ita et
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diff changeset
1487 operatio in operabilibus. In scientiis autem quicumque perfecte
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diff changeset
1488 discit, venit ad conclusionem: ergo in operabilibus qui perfecte
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diff changeset
1489 verba discit, venit ad rectam operationem; Is. l, 5: <i>dominus
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diff changeset
1490 aperuit mihi aurem; ego autem non contradico</i>. Sed quia aliqui
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diff changeset
1491 possent opinari quod omnes homines visibiliter a patre audirent et
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diff changeset
1492 addiscerent, ideo ut hoc dominus excludat, subdit <i>non quia
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diff changeset
1493 patrem vidit quisquam</i>, idest, aliquis homo vivens in hac vita
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diff changeset
1494 non vidit patrem in sua essentia, secundum illud Ex. XXXIII, 20:
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1495 <i>non videbit me homo, et vivet, nisi is</i>, scilicet filius,
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diff changeset
1496 <i>qui est a Deo, hic vidit patrem</i>, suum per essentiam. Vel
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diff changeset
1497 <i>quisquam</i> non vidit patrem, visione comprehensionis, qua
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diff changeset
1498 visione nec homo nec Angelus eum vidit unquam, nec videre potest,
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1499 <i>nisi is qui est ex Deo</i>, idest filius; Matth. XI, v. 27:
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1500 <i>nemo novit patrem nisi filius</i>. Cuius quidem ratio est, quia
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diff changeset
1501 cum omnis visio sive cognitio fiat per aliquam similitudinem,
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diff changeset
1502 secundum modum similitudinis, quem habent creaturae ad Deum,
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diff changeset
1503 secundum hoc habent cognitionem ipsius. Unde et philosophi dicunt,
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diff changeset
1504 quod intelligentiae cognoscunt primam causam, secundum hanc quam
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diff changeset
1505 habent similitudinem eius. Omnis autem creatura participat quidem
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diff changeset
1506 aliquam similitudinem Dei, sed in infinitum distantem a
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1507 similitudine suae naturae et ideo nulla creatura potest ipsum
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1508 cognoscere perfecte et totaliter, prout est in sua natura. Filius
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diff changeset
1509 autem, quia perfecte totam naturam patris accepit per aeternam
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diff changeset
1510 generationem, ideo totaliter videt et comprehendit. Sed attendendum
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diff changeset
1511 ad congruum ordinem loquendi. Nam supra cum loqueretur de
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diff changeset
1512 cognitione aliorum, usus est verbo auditus; hic vero cum loquitur
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diff changeset
1513 de cognitione filii, utitur verbo visionis: nam cognitio quae est
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1514 per visum, est immediata et aperta; ea vero quae est per auditum,
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1515 fit mediante eo qui vidit. Sic et nos cognitionem quam habemus de
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1516 patre, accepimus a filio, qui vidit: ut sic nullus patrem cognoscat
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1517 nisi per Christum, qui eum manifestat, et nullus ad filium veniat,
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diff changeset
1518 nisi a patre manifestante audierit.</p>
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1519 <br />
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1520 <div class="D">Lectio 6</div>
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1521 <p title="Super Io., cap. 6 l. 6"><a name="87463"><span class=
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diff changeset
1522 "ref">[87463] Super Io., cap. 6 l. 6</span></a> Represso Iudaeorum
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1523 murmure, consequenter dominus satisfacit dubitationi quae orta erat
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1524 in cordibus Iudaeorum de verbo quod dixerat, scilicet <i>ego sum
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1525 panis, qui de caelo descendi</i>, ubi intendit probare hoc verum
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1526 esse de se: et argumentatur sic. Ille panis descendit de caelo qui
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1527 dat vitam mundo; sed ego sum panis dans vitam mundo: ergo ego sum
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diff changeset
1528 panis qui de caelo descendi et cetera. Circa hoc tria facit. Primo
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1529 ponit quasi minorem suae rationis, scilicet <i>ego sum panis
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diff changeset
1530 vitae</i>; secundo ponit maiorem, scilicet quod panis qui de caelo
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diff changeset
1531 descendit, debet dare vitam, ibi <i>patres vestri manducaverunt
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diff changeset
1532 manna in deserto, et mortui sunt</i>; tertio ponit conclusionem,
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diff changeset
1533 ibi <i>ego sum panis vivus</i>. Circa primum duo facit. Primo
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diff changeset
1534 manifestat suum propositum; secundo intentum quasi probatum
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diff changeset
1535 inducit, ibi <i>ego sum panis vitae</i>. Propositum suum est
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diff changeset
1536 ostendere quod sit panis vitae. Panis autem vivificat inquantum
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diff changeset
1537 sumitur. Constat autem quod qui credit in Christum, sumit eum intra
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diff changeset
1538 seipsum, secundum illud Eph. III, 17: <i>habitare Christum per
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diff changeset
1539 fidem in cordibus nostris</i>. Si ergo ille qui credit in Christum
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diff changeset
1540 habet vitam, manifestum est quod manducando hunc panem vivificatur:
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diff changeset
1541 ergo iste panis est panis vitae. Et hoc est quod dicit <i>amen,
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diff changeset
1542 amen dico vobis, qui credit in me</i>, fide scilicet formata, quae
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diff changeset
1543 non solum perficit intellectum, sed etiam affectum (non enim
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diff changeset
1544 tenditur in rem creditam nisi ametur) <i>habet vitam aeternam</i>.
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diff changeset
1545 Christus autem est in nobis dupliciter: scilicet in intellectu per
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diff changeset
1546 fidem, inquantum fides est; et in affectu per caritatem, quae
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diff changeset
1547 informat fidem: I Io. IV, 16: <i>qui manet in caritate, in Deo
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diff changeset
1548 manet, et Deus in eo</i>. Qui ergo credit sic in Christum ut in eum
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diff changeset
1549 tendat, habet ipsum in affectu et in intellectu: et si addamus,
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diff changeset
1550 quod Christus est vita aeterna, ut dicitur I Io. ult., c. 20: <i>ut
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diff changeset
1551 simus in vero filio eius Iesu Christo: hic est verus Deus et vita
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diff changeset
1552 aeterna</i>; et supra I, 4: <i>in ipso vita erat</i>, possumus
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diff changeset
1553 inferre, quod quicumque credit in Christum, habet vitam aeternam.
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diff changeset
1554 Habet, inquam, in causa et in spe, quandoque habiturus in re.
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diff changeset
1555 Manifestato proposito, inducit intentum, cum dicit <i>ego sum panis
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diff changeset
1556 vitae</i> idest dans vitam, ut evidenter sequitur ex praemissis. De
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diff changeset
1557 isto pane Gen. penult., v. 20: <i>Aser, pinguis panis eius,
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diff changeset
1558 praebebit delicias</i>, scilicet vitae aeternae, <i>regibus</i>.
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diff changeset
1559 Consequenter cum dicit <i>patres vestri manducaverunt manna in
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diff changeset
1560 deserto, et mortui sunt</i>, ponit maiorem: scilicet quod dare
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diff changeset
1561 vitam sit effectus panis de caelo descendentis. Et primo praemittit
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diff changeset
1562 manifestationem propositi; secundo ponit intentum, ibi <i>hic est
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diff changeset
1563 panis de caelo descendens</i>. Propositum autem suum manifestat per
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diff changeset
1564 contrarium. Dictum est enim supra, quod Moyses non dedit Iudaeis
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diff changeset
1565 panem de caelo nisi aereo; omnis autem panis qui non est de vero
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diff changeset
1566 caelo, non potest vitam sufficientem dare: ergo hoc est proprium
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diff changeset
1567 panis caelestis quod det vitam. Et ideo panis Moysi, unde vos
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diff changeset
1568 superbitis, non dat vitam: et hoc probat cum dicit <i>patres vestri
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diff changeset
1569 manducaverunt manna in deserto, et mortui sunt</i>. Ubi primo
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diff changeset
1570 exprobrat eorum vitium, cum dicit <i>patres vestri</i> etc., quorum
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diff changeset
1571 scilicet estis filii non solum secundum carnis originem, sed etiam
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diff changeset
1572 secundum operum imitationem, quia estis murmuratores, sicut et ipsi
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diff changeset
1573 <i>murmuraverunt in tabernaculis suis</i>, ut dicitur in Ps. CV, v.
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diff changeset
1574 25: et ideo dicebat eis, Matth. XXIII, 32: <i>implete mensuram
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diff changeset
1575 patrum vestrorum</i>. Unde sicut Augustinus dicit, de nulla re
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diff changeset
1576 magis Deum offendisse populus dictus est, quam contra Deum
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diff changeset
1577 murmurando. Secundo insinuat breve temporis spatium, cum dicit
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diff changeset
1578 <i>in deserto</i>: non enim longum tempus fuit quo manna eis datum
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diff changeset
1579 fuit, neque simul cum eis venit in terram promissionis, sed tantum
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diff changeset
1580 in deserto, ut dicitur Iosue V, 12. Iste autem panis in perpetuum
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diff changeset
1581 conservat et reficit. Tertio manifestat cibi defectum, quia non
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diff changeset
1582 conservabat vitam indeficientem; unde dicit <i>et mortui sunt</i>.
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diff changeset
1583 Nam, sicut habetur Iosue V, omnes qui murmuraverunt, praeter Iosue
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diff changeset
1584 et Caleb, mortui sunt in deserto. Unde, et haec fuit causa secundae
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diff changeset
1585 circumcisionis, scilicet quod omnis populus qui egressus est ex
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diff changeset
1586 Aegypto mortui sunt in deserto, ut ibidem dicitur. Sed quaeritur de
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diff changeset
1587 qua morte Deus hic loquitur. Nam si loquitur de morte corporali,
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diff changeset
1588 nulla differentia erit inter panem illum qui fuit in deserto, et
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diff changeset
1589 panem nostrum qui de caelo descendit: quia, etiam Christiani qui
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diff changeset
1590 sumunt istum, corporaliter moriuntur. Si vero loquitur de morte
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diff changeset
1591 spirituali, manifestum est quod hic et ibi quidam spiritualiter
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diff changeset
1592 moriuntur, et quidam non. Nam Moyses, et multi qui Deo placuerunt,
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diff changeset
1593 mortui non sunt, licet alii mortui sint. Similiter et qui istum
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diff changeset
1594 panem indigne sumunt, moriuntur spiritualiter; I Cor. c. XI, 29:
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diff changeset
1595 <i>qui enim manducat et bibit indigne, iudicium sibi manducat et
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diff changeset
1596 bibit</i>. Ad quod dicendum est, quod cibus ille cum cibo nostro
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diff changeset
1597 spirituali convenit. Conveniunt quidem quantum ad hoc quod uterque
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diff changeset
1598 idem significat: nam et ille et iste Christum signat, propter quod
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diff changeset
1599 dicitur idem cibus; I Cor. X, 3: <i>omnes eamdem escam
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diff changeset
1600 manducaverunt</i>. Eamdem dicit, quia utraque est figura
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diff changeset
1601 spiritualis escae. Sed differunt, quia ille figurabat tantum, sed
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diff changeset
1602 panis iste continet quod figurat, scilicet ipsum Christum. Dicendum
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diff changeset
1603 ergo, quod uterque ciborum istorum potest dupliciter sumi: vel
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diff changeset
1604 quantum ad signum tantum, idest quod sumatur ut cibus tantum, non
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diff changeset
1605 intellecto significato; et per hoc non tollitur mors spiritualis,
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diff changeset
1606 seu corporalis. Vel quod sumatur quantum ad utrumque, idest quod
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diff changeset
1607 ita sumatur cibus visibilis ut intelligatur cibus spiritualis, et
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diff changeset
1608 spiritualiter gustetur, ut spiritualiter satiet: et hoc modo illi
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diff changeset
1609 qui spiritualiter manducaverunt manna, mortui non sunt
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diff changeset
1610 spiritualiter. Sed et qui Eucharistiam spiritualiter manducant, et
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diff changeset
1611 absque peccato spiritualiter vivunt nunc, et corporaliter vivent in
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1612 aeternum. Habet ergo plus cibus noster cibo illorum, quia in se
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diff changeset
1613 continet quod figurat. Manifestato ergo proposito, inducit
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diff changeset
1614 intentum; unde dicit <i>hic est panis de caelo descendens</i>. Et
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diff changeset
1615 secundum Glossam <i>hic</i> dicit demonstrando seipsum. Sed hic non
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1616 est intellectus domini, quia cum statim subdat <i>ego sum panis
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1617 vivus qui de caelo descendi</i>, esset verborum inculcatio.
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1618 Dicendum est ergo, quod dominus hoc intendit, ut scilicet dicat
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diff changeset
1619 illum panem de caelo descendere qui hoc potest facere, scilicet
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diff changeset
1620 dare vitam; sed ego sum talis: ergo ego sum panis de caelo
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diff changeset
1621 descendens. Ideo autem de caelo descendens dat vitam indeficientem,
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diff changeset
1622 quia omnis cibus nutrit secundum proprietatem suae naturae;
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1623 caelestia autem incorruptibilia sunt: et ideo quia cibus ille
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1624 caelestis est, non corrumpitur, quod quamdiu manet vivificat. Qui
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diff changeset
1625 ergo manducaverit ex ipso, non morietur. Sicut si aliquis cibus
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diff changeset
1626 corporalis numquam corrumperetur, dans nutrimentum, semper
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1627 vivificaret. Et ideo panis iste significatus est per lignum vitae
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diff changeset
1628 quod erat in medio Paradisi, quodammodo dans vitam in perpetuum,
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1629 secundum illud Gen. III, 22: <i>nunc ergo ne forte mittat manum
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diff changeset
1630 suam, et sumat de ligno vitae, et comedat, et vivat in
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diff changeset
1631 aeternum</i>. Si ergo iste sit effectus huius panis, ut scilicet
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diff changeset
1632 qui manducat ex eo non moriatur; et ego sum talis: ergo et cetera.
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diff changeset
1633 <i>Ego sum panis vivus</i> et cetera. Circa hoc ergo duo facit.
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diff changeset
1634 Primo loquitur de seipso communiter; secundo specialiter, ibi <i>et
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diff changeset
1635 panis quem ego dabo, caro mea est</i>. Circa primum duo facit.
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diff changeset
1636 Primo concludit originem sui ipsius. Secundo ostendit eius
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diff changeset
1637 virtutem, ibi <i>si quis manducaverit ex hoc pane, vivet in
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diff changeset
1638 aeternum</i>. Dixit ergo <i>ego sum panis vivus</i>, et ideo possum
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diff changeset
1639 vitam dare. Panis enim corporalis non in perpetuum vivificat, quia
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diff changeset
1640 non habet in se vitam; sed vivificat alteratus et conversus in
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diff changeset
1641 nutrimentum virtute viventis. <i>Qui de caelo descendi</i>: hoc
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diff changeset
1642 expositum est supra c. III, quomodo scilicet descenderit. Et per
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diff changeset
1643 hoc excluduntur haereses dicentium Christum purum hominem, quia
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diff changeset
1644 secundum hoc non descendisset de caelo. Virtus autem eius est dare
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diff changeset
1645 vitam aeternam; et ideo dicit <i>si quis manducaverit ex hoc
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diff changeset
1646 pane</i>, spiritualiter scilicet, <i>vivet</i>, non tantum in
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diff changeset
1647 praesenti per fidem et iustitiam, sed <i>in aeternum</i>; infra LI,
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1648 26: <i>omnis qui vivit et credit in me, non morietur in
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diff changeset
1649 aeternum</i>. Consequenter loquitur de corpore, cum dicit <i>et
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diff changeset
1650 panis quem ego dabo, caro mea est</i>. Dixerat enim, quod erat
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diff changeset
1651 panis vivus, et ne intelligatur quod hoc ei esset inquantum est
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diff changeset
1652 verbum, vel secundum animam tantum; ideo ostendit quod etiam caro
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diff changeset
1653 sua vivificativa est: est enim organum divinitatis suae; unde, cum
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diff changeset
1654 instrumentum agat virtute agentis, sicut divinitas Christi
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1655 vivificativa est, ita ut Damascenus dicit et caro virtute verbi
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1656 adiuncti vivificat: unde Christus tactu suo sanabat infirmos. Sic
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diff changeset
1657 ergo quod dixit supra, <i>ego sum panis vivus</i>, pertinet ad
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1658 virtutem verbi; hic vero quod subdit pertinet ad communionem sui
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diff changeset
1659 corporis, scilicet ad Eucharistiae sacramentum. Ubi possumus
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diff changeset
1660 quatuor considerare circa ipsum sacramentum: scilicet speciem,
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diff changeset
1661 instituentis auctoritatem, sacramenti veritatem, et eius
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diff changeset
1662 utilitatem. Species quidem sacramenti: <i>hic est panis</i>; Prov.
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diff changeset
1663 IX, 5: <i>venite, et comedite panem meum</i>. Cuius ratio est, quia
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1664 hoc est sacramentum corporis Christi; corpus autem Christi est
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diff changeset
1665 Ecclesia, quae consurgit in unitatem corporis ex multis fidelibus:
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diff changeset
1666 unde istud est sacramentum unitatis Ecclesiae; Rom. XII, 5:
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diff changeset
1667 <i>omnes unum corpus sumus</i>. Quia ergo panis ex diversis granis
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1668 conficitur, ideo est conveniens species sacramenti huius; ideo
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diff changeset
1669 dicit <i>et panis quem ego dabo, caro mea est</i>. Auctor huius
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diff changeset
1670 sacramenti Christus est: nam licet sacerdos consecret, tamen ipse
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1671 Christus dat virtutem sacramento, quia etiam ipse sacerdos
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diff changeset
1672 consecrat in persona Christi. Unde in aliis sacramentis utitur
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diff changeset
1673 sacerdos verbis suis, seu Ecclesiae, sed in isto utitur verbis
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diff changeset
1674 Christi: quia sicut Christus corpus suum propria voluntate dedit in
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1675 mortem, ita sua virtute dat se in cibum; Matth. XXVI, 26:
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diff changeset
1676 <i>accipiens panem, benedixit, ac fregit deditque discipulis suis,
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diff changeset
1677 et ait: accipite et comedite: hoc est corpus meum</i>. Et ideo
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diff changeset
1678 dicit <i>quem ego dabo</i>: et dicit <i>dabo</i>, quia nondum
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1679 institutum erat hoc sacramentum. Veritas autem huius sacramenti
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1680 insinuatur cum dicit <i>caro mea est</i>. Non dicit autem carnem
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1681 meam significat sed <i>caro mea est</i>; quia secundum rei
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diff changeset
1682 veritatem hoc quod sumitur, vere est corpus Christi; Iob c. XXXI,
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diff changeset
1683 31: <i>si non dixerunt viri tabernaculi mei: quis det de carnibus
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diff changeset
1684 eius ut saturemur?</i> Sed cum in isto sacramento contineatur totus
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diff changeset
1685 Christus, quare dixit tantum <i>caro mea est?</i> Ad quod
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diff changeset
1686 respondendo, sciendum est, quod in illo mystico sacramento totus
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diff changeset
1687 Christus continetur secundum veritatem, sed corpus est ibi ex vi
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diff changeset
1688 conversionis, divinitas vero et anima per naturalem concomitantiam.
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diff changeset
1689 Dato enim per impossibile, quod divinitas separaretur a corpore
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diff changeset
1690 Christi, iam non esset in sacramento divinitas. Similiter etiam si
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diff changeset
1691 in triduo mortis suae aliquis consecrasset, non fuisset ibi anima
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diff changeset
1692 Christi, sed tale corpus quale erat in cruce, seu in sepulcro. Ideo
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diff changeset
1693 autem potius dicit <i>caro</i>, quia cum hoc sacramentum sit
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diff changeset
1694 dominicae passionis rememorativum, secundum illud I Cor. XI, 26:
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diff changeset
1695 <i>quotiescumque manducabitis panem hunc, et calicem bibetis,
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diff changeset
1696 mortem domini annuntiabitis</i>, passio autem Christi fuit ex
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diff changeset
1697 infirmitate, secundum illud II Cor. ult., v. 4: <i>mortuus est ex
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diff changeset
1698 infirmitate</i> etc.: ut ergo insinuetur infirmitas ex qua mortuus
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diff changeset
1699 est, potius dicit <i>caro mea est</i>: nam hoc nomen infirmitatem
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diff changeset
1700 significat. Utilitas autem huius sacramenti magna est, et
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diff changeset
1701 universalis. Magna quidem, quia efficit in nobis nunc vitam
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diff changeset
1702 spiritualem, tandem aeternam, ut dictum est. Nam, ut ex supradictis
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diff changeset
1703 apparet, cum hoc sacramentum sit dominicae passionis, continet in
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diff changeset
1704 se Christum passum: unde quidquid est effectus dominicae passionis,
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diff changeset
1705 totum etiam est effectus huius sacramenti. Nihil enim aliud est hoc
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diff changeset
1706 sacramentum quam applicatio dominicae passionis ad nos. Non enim
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diff changeset
1707 decebat Christum secundum praesentiam suam semper esse nobiscum; et
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diff changeset
1708 ideo voluit hoc supplere per hoc sacramentum. Unde manifestum est
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diff changeset
1709 quod destructio mortis, quam Christus moriendo destruxit, et
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diff changeset
1710 reparatio vitae, quam resurgendo effecit, est effectus huius
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diff changeset
1711 sacramenti. Universalis autem, quia vita quam confert, non solum
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diff changeset
1712 est vita unius hominis, sed quantum in se est, totius mundi: ad
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diff changeset
1713 quam sufficiens est mors Christi; I Io. II, 2: <i>ipse est
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diff changeset
1714 propitiatio pro peccatis nostris, et non pro nostris tantum, sed
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diff changeset
1715 etiam totius mundi</i>. Notandum autem est, quod aliter est in isto
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diff changeset
1716 sacramento, et aliter in aliis: nam alia sacramenta habent
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diff changeset
1717 singulares effectus, sicut in Baptismo solus baptizatus suscipit
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diff changeset
1718 gratiam; sed in immolatione huius sacramenti est universalis
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diff changeset
1719 effectus, quia non solum sacerdos effectum consequitur, sed etiam
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diff changeset
1720 illi pro quibus orat, et Ecclesia tota, tam vivorum, quam
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diff changeset
1721 mortuorum. Cuius ratio est, quia continetur in ipso ipsa causa
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diff changeset
1722 universalis omnium sacramentorum, scilicet Christus. Nec tamen si
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diff changeset
1723 laicus sumat hoc sacramentum, prodest aliis quantum est ex opere
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diff changeset
1724 operato, inquantum consideratur ut perceptio, quamvis ex intentione
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diff changeset
1725 operantis et percipientis, possit communicari omnibus ad quos
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diff changeset
1726 dirigit suam intentionem. Ex quo patet quod laici sumentes
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diff changeset
1727 Eucharistiam pro his qui sunt in Purgatorio, errant.</p>
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diff changeset
1728 <br />
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diff changeset
1729 <div class="D">Lectio 7</div>
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diff changeset
1730 <p title="Super Io., cap. 6 l. 7"><a name="87464"><span class=
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diff changeset
1731 "ref">[87464] Super Io., cap. 6 l. 7</span></a> Supra repressit
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diff changeset
1732 dominus murmur Iudaeorum, quod ortum habuit de origine cibi
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diff changeset
1733 spiritualis; hic reprimit eorum litigium, quod erat inter eos de
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diff changeset
1734 sumptione huius cibi, et primo ponit eorum litigium; secundo
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diff changeset
1735 dominus comprimit illud, ibi <i>dixit ergo eis Iesus</i> etc.;
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diff changeset
1736 tertio Evangelista designat locum, ibi <i>haec dixit in synagoga,
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diff changeset
1737 docens in Capharnaum</i>. Circa primum sciendum est, quod
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diff changeset
1738 Evangelista Iudaeorum litigium inducit per modum conclusionis, cum
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diff changeset
1739 dicit <i>litigabant ergo Iudaei</i> et cetera. Et quidem satis
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diff changeset
1740 congrue: nam, secundum Augustinum, dominus locutus fuerat eis de
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diff changeset
1741 cibo unitatis, quo qui reficiuntur, efficiuntur unanimes, secundum
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diff changeset
1742 illud Ps. LXVII, v. 4: <i>iusti epulentur, et exultent in conspectu
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diff changeset
1743 Dei, et laetentur in laetitia</i>, et sequitur, secundum aliam
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diff changeset
1744 litteram: <i>qui habitare facit unanimes in domo</i>. Quia igitur
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diff changeset
1745 Iudaei cibum concordiae non sumpserant, ideo ad invicem litigabant;
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diff changeset
1746 Is. LVIII, 4: <i>ecce ad lites et contentiones ieiunatis</i>. Ex
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diff changeset
1747 hoc autem quod litigabant cum aliis, se esse carnales ostendebant;
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diff changeset
1748 I Cor. III, 3: <i>cum sit inter vos zelus et contentio, nonne
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diff changeset
1749 carnales estis?</i> Et ideo haec verba domini carnaliter
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diff changeset
1750 intelligebant; scilicet quod caro Christi manducaretur sicut cibus
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diff changeset
1751 carnalis; unde dicunt <i>quomodo potest hic carnem suam dare ad
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diff changeset
1752 manducandum?</i> Quasi dicant: hoc est impossibile, sicut et patres
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diff changeset
1753 eorum locuti sunt contra dominum, Num. c. XXI, 5: <i>anima nostra
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diff changeset
1754 nauseat super cibo isto levissimo</i>. Sed hoc eorum litigium
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diff changeset
1755 comprimitur a domino; unde <i>dixit ergo eis Iesus</i> et cetera.
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diff changeset
1756 Ubi primo ponit virtutem sumptionis huius cibi; secundo manifestat
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diff changeset
1757 eam, ibi <i>qui manducat meam carnem, et bibit meum sanguinem,
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diff changeset
1758 habet vitam aeternam</i>. Circa primum tria facit. Primo ponit
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diff changeset
1759 carnis manducandae necessitatem; secundo eius utilitatem, ibi
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diff changeset
1760 <i>qui manducat carnem meam, et bibit meum sanguinem, habet vitam
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diff changeset
1761 aeternam</i>; tertio subdit eius veritatem, ibi <i>caro enim mea
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diff changeset
1762 vere est cibus. Dixit ergo Iesus amen, amen dico vobis: nisi
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diff changeset
1763 manducaveritis carnem filii hominis, et biberitis eius sanguinem,
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diff changeset
1764 non habebitis vitam in vobis</i>, quasi dicat: vos reputatis
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diff changeset
1765 impossibile et incongruum quod carnem meam manducetis; sed non
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diff changeset
1766 solum non est impossibile, sed etiam est valde necessarium,
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diff changeset
1767 intantum quod <i>nisi manducaveritis carnem filii hominis, et
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diff changeset
1768 biberitis eius sanguinem, non habebitis</i>, idest non poteritis
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diff changeset
1769 habere, <i>in vobis vitam</i>, scilicet spiritualem. Nam sicut
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diff changeset
1770 cibus corporalis ita est necessarius ad vitam corporalem, quod sine
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1771 eo esse non possit Thren. I, v. 11: <i>dederunt pretiosa quaeque
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diff changeset
1772 pro cibo</i>; et in Ps. CIII, 15: <i>panis cor hominis
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diff changeset
1773 confirmet</i>: ita cibus spiritualis necessarius est ad vitam
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diff changeset
1774 spiritualem, adeo quod sine ipso vita spiritualis sustentari non
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diff changeset
1775 possit; Deut. VIII, 3: <i>non in solo pane vivit homo, sed in omni
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diff changeset
1776 verbo quod egreditur de ore Dei</i>. Notandum autem, quod haec
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diff changeset
1777 sententia potest referri vel ad spiritualem manducationem, vel ad
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diff changeset
1778 sacramentalem. Sed si referatur ad spiritualem, nullam dubitationem
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diff changeset
1779 habet sententia. Ille enim spiritualiter carnem Christi manducat et
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diff changeset
1780 sanguinem bibit qui particeps fit ecclesiasticae unitatis, quae fit
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diff changeset
1781 per caritatem; Rom. XII, 5: <i>omnes unum corpus estis in
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diff changeset
1782 Christo</i>. Qui ergo non sic manducat, est extra Ecclesiam, et per
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diff changeset
1783 consequens extra caritatem; ideo non habet vitam in semetipso; I
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diff changeset
1784 Io. III, 14: <i>qui non diligit, manet in morte</i>. Si vero
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diff changeset
1785 referatur ad sacramentalem, dubium habet quod dicitur; nam supra
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diff changeset
1786 III, 5, dicitur: <i>nisi quis renatus fuerit ex aqua et spiritu,
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diff changeset
1787 non potest introire in regnum caelorum</i>. Sed sicut proposita
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1788 fuit illa sententia, ita est ista: <i>nisi manducaveritis carnem
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diff changeset
1789 filii hominis</i> et cetera. Cum ergo Baptismus sit sacramentum
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diff changeset
1790 necessitatis, videtur etiam quod Eucharistia. Sed hoc quidem Graeci
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diff changeset
1791 concedunt, unde et pueris baptizatis dant Eucharistiam: et in hoc
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diff changeset
1792 habent pro eis ritum Dionysii, qui dicit, quod perceptio cuiuslibet
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diff changeset
1793 sacramenti debet consummari in communione Eucharistiae, quae est
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1794 consummatio omnium sacramentorum. Sed hoc verum est in adultis, non
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1795 autem in pueris: cum in sumente Eucharistiam exigatur actualis
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diff changeset
1796 reverentia et devotio, quam illi qui non habent usum liberi
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diff changeset
1797 arbitrii, sicut sunt pueri et amentes, habere non possunt; et ideo
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diff changeset
1798 nullo modo eis est danda. Dicendum ergo, quod sacramentum
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diff changeset
1799 Baptismatis est necessarium quantum ad omnes, ut realiter
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1800 accipiatur, quia sine eo nullus regeneratur ad vitam: et ideo
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diff changeset
1801 oportet quod ipsum habeatur in re vel in voto, quantum ad
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1802 praeoccupatos; nam si contemptus in aliquo Baptismum aquae
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1803 excludat, neque Baptismus flaminis nec sanguinis prodest ei ad
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1804 vitam aeternam. Sacramentum vero Eucharistiae est necessitatis
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1805 quantum ad adultos tantum, ita quod recipiatur re vel voto secundum
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diff changeset
1806 Ecclesiae instituta. Sed secundum hoc etiam dubitatur: quia per
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diff changeset
1807 haec verba domini, non solum manducatio corporis, sed etiam sumptio
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1808 sanguinis est de necessitate salutis, praesertim cum perfecta
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1809 refectio cibi non sit sine potu. Cum ergo consuetudo aliquarum
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1810 Ecclesiarum sit quod solus sacerdos communicet de sanguine, alii
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1811 vero communicant corpori tantum, videtur huic sententiae
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1812 contrariari. Respondeo dicendum, quod, secundum antiquae Ecclesiae
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1813 consuetudinem, omnes sicut communicabant corpori, ita communicabant
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1814 et sanguini; quod etiam adhuc in quibusdam Ecclesiis servatur, ubi
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1815 etiam ministri altaris continue et corpori et sanguini communicant.
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1816 Sed propter periculum effusionis, in aliquibus Ecclesiis servatur
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1817 ut solus sacerdos communicet sanguini, reliqui vero corpori. Nec
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1818 tamen est contra sententiam domini, quia qui communicat corpori,
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1819 communicat etiam sanguini, cum sub utraque specie totus Christus
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1820 contineatur, etiam quantum ad corpus et sanguinem. Sed sub
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1821 speciebus panis continetur corpus Christi ex vi conversionis,
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1822 sanguis vero ex naturali concomitantia: sub speciebus vero vini
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1823 continetur sanguis Christi ex vi conversionis, corpus vero ex
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1824 concomitantia naturali. Sic ergo apparet necessitas sumendi hunc
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1825 cibum spiritualem. Utilitas eius ostenditur cum dicit <i>qui
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1826 manducat meam carnem, et bibit meum sanguinem, habet vitam
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1827 aeternam</i>, et primo quantum ad spiritum seu animam; secundo
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1828 quantum ad corpus, ibi <i>et ego resuscitabo eum in novissimo
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1829 die</i>. Est ergo utilitas huius manducationis magna, quia dat
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1830 vitam aeternam; unde dicit <i>qui manducat meam carnem, et bibit
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1831 meum sanguinem, habet vitam aeternam</i>. Nam cibus iste
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1832 spiritualis est similis quidem corporali in hoc quod sine ipso vita
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1833 spiritualis esse non potest, sicut nec sine corporali cibo vita
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1834 corporalis, ut dictum est supra. Sed amplius habet ab eo, quia
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1835 causat indeficientem vitam in sumente, quam cibus corporalis non
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1836 efficit: non enim qui eum sumpserit, vivet; potest enim fieri, ut
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diff changeset
1837 Augustinus dicit, ut senio vel morbo, et aliquo casu plurimi qui
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diff changeset
1838 eum sumpserunt, moriantur. Qui vero hunc cibum et potum corporis et
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diff changeset
1839 sanguinis domini sumpserit, <i>habet vitam aeternam</i>: et ideo
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diff changeset
1840 comparatur ligno vitae; Prov. III, 8: <i>lignum vitae est his qui
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diff changeset
1841 apprehenderint eam</i>; unde dicitur panis vitae; Eccli. XV, 3:
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diff changeset
1842 <i>cibavit illum pane vitae et intellectus</i>. Et ideo dicit
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1843 <i>vitam aeternam</i>: et hoc, quia qui manducat hunc panem, habet
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diff changeset
1844 in se Christum, <i>qui est verus Deus, et vita aeterna</i>: ut
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diff changeset
1845 dicitur I Io. ult., 20. Sed ille habet vitam aeternam, qui manducat
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diff changeset
1846 et bibit, ut dicitur, non solum sacramentaliter, sed etiam
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diff changeset
1847 spiritualiter. Ille vero sacramentaliter manducat et bibit, qui
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diff changeset
1848 sumit ipsum sacramentum; spiritualiter vero, qui pertingit ad rem
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diff changeset
1849 sacramenti; quae est duplex: una contenta et signata, quae est
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diff changeset
1850 Christus integer, qui continetur sub speciebus panis et vini; alia
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diff changeset
1851 res est signata et non contenta, et hoc est corpus Christi
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diff changeset
1852 mysticum, quod est in praedestinatis, vocatis et iustificatis. Sic
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diff changeset
1853 ergo spiritualiter manducat carnem et bibit sanguinem per
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diff changeset
1854 comparationem ad Christum contentum et signatum, qui coniungitur ei
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diff changeset
1855 per fidem et caritatem, ita quod transformatur in ipsum, et
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diff changeset
1856 efficitur eius membrum: non enim cibus iste convertitur in eum qui
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diff changeset
1857 sumit, sed manducantem convertit in se, secundum Augustinum, cum
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diff changeset
1858 dicit: cibus sum grandium: cresce, et manducabis me; nec tu me
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diff changeset
1859 mutabis in te, sed tu mutaberis in me. Et ideo est cibus hominem
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diff changeset
1860 divinum facere valens, et divinitate inebrians. Item per
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diff changeset
1861 comparationem ad corpus mysticum signatum tantum, si fiat particeps
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diff changeset
1862 unitatis ecclesiasticae. Qui ergo sic manducat, <i>habet vitam
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diff changeset
1863 aeternam</i>. Et de primo per comparationem ad Christum iam satis
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1864 patet. Similiter per comparationem ad corpus mysticum de
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diff changeset
1865 necessitate habebit vitam aeternam, si perseveret. Nam unitas
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diff changeset
1866 Ecclesiae fit per spiritum sanctum, Eph. IV, 4: <i>unus spiritus et
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diff changeset
1867 unum corpus, qui est pignus hereditatis aeternae</i>, ut dicitur
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diff changeset
1868 Eph. c. I, 14. Est ergo magna utilitas huius cibi, quia dat vitam
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diff changeset
1869 aeternam animae; sed etiam magna est, quia dat vitam aeternam etiam
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diff changeset
1870 corpori. Et ideo subdit <i>et ego resuscitabo eum in novissimo
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diff changeset
1871 die</i>. Sicut enim dictum est, ille qui spiritualiter manducat et
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diff changeset
1872 bibit, fit particeps spiritus sancti, per quem unimur Christo
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diff changeset
1873 unione fidei et caritatis, et per quem efficimur membra Ecclesiae.
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diff changeset
1874 Resurrectionem autem facit mereri spiritus sanctus; Rom. IV, 24:
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diff changeset
1875 <i>qui suscitavit Iesum Christum dominum nostrum a mortuis,
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diff changeset
1876 resuscitabit et mortalia corpora nostra propter inhabitantem
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diff changeset
1877 spiritum eius in nobis</i>. Et ideo dicit dominus, quod eum qui
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diff changeset
1878 manducat et bibit, resuscitabit ad gloriam, non ad condemnationem:
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diff changeset
1879 quia haec resuscitatio non prodesset. Et quidem satis congrue
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diff changeset
1880 huiusmodi effectus sacramento Eucharistiae attribuitur, quia, ut
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diff changeset
1881 dicit Augustinus, et dictum est supra, verbum resuscitat animas,
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diff changeset
1882 sed verbum caro factum vivificat corpora. In hoc autem sacramento
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diff changeset
1883 non solum est verbum, secundum suam divinitatem, sed etiam secundum
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diff changeset
1884 veritatem carnis: et ideo non est solum causa resurrectionis
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diff changeset
1885 animarum, sed etiam corporum; I Cor. XV, 21: <i>per hominem mors,
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diff changeset
1886 et per hominem resurrectio mortuorum</i>. Patet ergo utilitas huius
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diff changeset
1887 manducationis. Veritas autem eius ostenditur cum dicit <i>caro enim
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diff changeset
1888 mea vere est cibus</i>. Posset enim aliquis credere, quod ea quae
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diff changeset
1889 de carne dicta sunt et sanguine aenigma et parabola esset; et ideo
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diff changeset
1890 hoc dominus excludens, dicit <i>caro mea vere est cibus</i>; quasi
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diff changeset
1891 dicat: non intelligatis quod figuraliter loquar; sed secundum
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diff changeset
1892 veritatem caro mea continetur in cibo fidelium, et sanguis meus
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diff changeset
1893 vere continetur in sacramento altaris; Matth. XXVI, 26: <i>hoc est
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diff changeset
1894 corpus meum (...) et hic est sanguis meus novi testamenti</i>. Vel
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diff changeset
1895 aliter, secundum Chrysostomum, quia cibus et potus sumitur ad
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diff changeset
1896 refectionem hominis. In homine autem sunt duae partes; principalis
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diff changeset
1897 quae est anima, et secundaria quae est corpus. Illud autem quod est
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diff changeset
1898 homo, est per animam, non per corpus: illud ergo est vere cibus
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diff changeset
1899 hominis, qui est cibus animae; et hoc est quod dominus dicit
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diff changeset
1900 <i>caro enim mea vere est cibus</i>: quia non solum est cibus
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diff changeset
1901 corporis, sed etiam animae. Similiter et sanguis. Ps. XXII, 2:
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diff changeset
1902 <i>super aquam refectionis educavit me, animam meam convertit</i>.
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1903 Quasi diceret: haec refectio specialiter ad animam ordinatur. Vel
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1904 aliter, secundum Augustinum. Illud vere dicitur esse aliquid quod
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1905 facit effectum eius; effectus autem cibi est ut satiet: quod ergo
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1906 vere facit satietatem, vere est cibus et potus. Hoc autem facit
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1907 caro et sanguis Christi, qui ducit ad statum gloriae, ubi non est
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1908 esuries neque sitis: Apoc. VII, 16: <i>non esurient nec sitient
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diff changeset
1909 amplius</i>; et ideo dicit <i>caro mea vere est cibus, et sanguis
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1910 meus vere est potus. Qui manducat</i>, et cetera. Hic probat
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1911 dominus cibi spiritualis virtutem supra positam, scilicet quod det
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1912 vitam aeternam: et utitur tali argumento. Quicumque manducat meam
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diff changeset
1913 carnem et bibit meum sanguinem, coniungitur mihi; sed qui
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diff changeset
1914 coniungitur mihi, habet vitam aeternam: ergo qui manducat meam
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diff changeset
1915 carnem et bibit meum sanguinem, habet vitam aeternam. Secundum hoc
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1916 ergo tria facit. Primo ponit maiorem; secundo minorem, et probat
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1917 eam, ibi <i>sicut misit me vivens pater, et ego vivo propter
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1918 patrem</i>; tertio infert conclusionem, ibi <i>hic est panis qui de
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1919 caelo descendit</i>. Sciendum est ergo quantum ad primum, quod si
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1920 hoc quod dicit <i>qui manducat carnem meam</i> etc., referatur ad
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diff changeset
1921 carnem et sanguinem mystice; nulla dubitatio est in verbo. Nam,
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1922 sicut dictum est, ille manducat spiritualiter per comparationem ad
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1923 rem signatam tantum, qui corpori mystico incorporatur per unionem
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1924 fidei et caritatis: caritas autem facit Deum esse in homine, et e
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1925 converso; I Io. IV, 16: <i>qui manet in caritate, in Deo manet, et
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1926 Deus in eo</i>. Et hoc est quod facit spiritus sanctus; unde ibid.
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1927 13: <i>in hoc cognoscimus quoniam in Deo manemus, et Deus in nobis,
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1928 quia de spiritu suo dedit nobis</i>. Si vero referatur ad
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1929 sumptionem sacramentalem; tunc quicumque manducat carnem et bibit
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1930 sanguinem, manet in Deo: quia, sicut dicit Augustinus, est quidam
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1931 modus manducandi illam carnem et bibendi illum sanguinem, quo qui
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1932 manducat et bibit, in Christo manet, et Christus in eo. Sed hic est
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1933 ille qui non sacramentaliter tantum, sed revera corpus Christi
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1934 manducat, et sanguinem bibit. Est et alius modus quo qui manducant,
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1935 non manent in Christo, nec Christus in eis; hoc est qui in corde
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1936 ficto ad illud accedunt: nullum enim effectum habet sacramentum in
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1937 ficto. Fictus enim est, cum non respondet interius quod signatur
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1938 exterius. In sacramento autem Eucharistiae exterius quidem signatur
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1939 quod Christus incorporetur in eo qui percipit illud, et ipse in
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1940 Christo. Qui ergo non habet in corde desiderium huius unionis, nec
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1941 conatur ad removendum omne impedimentum ad hoc, est fictus. Et ideo
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1942 Christus in eo non manet, nec ipse in Christo. Hic ponit minorem:
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1943 scilicet quod qui coniungitur Christo, habet vitam; et inducit hoc
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1944 in manifestatione cuiusdam similitudinis, quae talis est. Filius
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1945 propter unitatem quam habet ad patrem recipit vitam a patre: ergo
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1946 qui unitur Christo, recipit vitam a Christo; et hoc est quod dicit
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1947 <i>sicut misit me vivens pater, et ego vivo propter patrem</i>.
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1948 Quae quidem verba possunt dupliciter exponi de Christo, scilicet
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1949 secundum humanam naturam, et secundum divinam. Si enim exponantur
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1950 de Christo filio Dei, tunc ly <i>sicut</i> importat similitudinem
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1951 Christi ad creaturam quantum ad aliquid, sed non quantum ad omnia,
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1952 sed quantum ad hoc quod est esse ab alio. Nam hoc est commune
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1953 Christo filio Dei, et creaturae, quod sunt ab alio: sed quantum ad
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1954 alium est dissimile. Quia filius habet aliquid proprium, quia
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1955 scilicet sic est a patre quod tamen recipit totam plenitudinem
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1956 divinae naturae, intantum quod quidquid est naturale patri, sit
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1957 etiam naturale filio. Creatura vero accipit aliquam perfectionem et
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1958 naturam particularem; supra V, 26: <i>sicut pater habet vitam in
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1959 semetipso, sic dedit et filio vitam habere in semetipso</i>. Et hoc
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1960 ostendit, quia non ait: sicut manduco patrem, et ego vivo propter
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1961 patrem, cum loquatur de processione sua a patre, sicut dixit <i>qui
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1962 manducat me, et ipse vivet propter me</i>, cum loquitur de
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1963 participatione corporis et sanguinis eius, qua nos efficimur
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1964 meliores: nam manducatio quamdam participationem dicit. Sed
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1965 Christus dicit se vivere propter patrem, non quidem manducatum, sed
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1966 generantem, sine aequalitatis detrimento. Si vero exponatur de
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1967 Christo homine, sic quantum ad aliquid ly <i>sicut</i> importat
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1968 similitudinem inter Christum hominem et nos: in hoc scilicet quod
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1969 sicut Christus homo accipit spiritualem vitam per unionem ad Deum,
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1970 ita et nos accipimus spiritualem vitam in communione sacramenti.
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1971 Sed tamen est dissimile: quia Christus homo accepit vitam per
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1972 unionem verbi, cui in persona unitur; sed nos unimur Christo per
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1973 sacramentum fidei. Et ideo duo dicit <i>misit me</i> et
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1974 <i>pater</i>. Si ergo referatur ad filium Dei, tunc dicit <i>vivo
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1975 ego propter patrem</i>: quia ipse pater vivens est. Si vero
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1976 referatur ad filium hominis; tunc dicit <i>vivo ego propter
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1977 patrem</i>, quia <i>misit me</i>: idest, fecit me incarnari: missio
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1978 enim filii Dei est eius incarnatio; Gal. IV, 4: <i>misit Deus
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1979 filium suum factum ex muliere, factum sub lege</i>. Per hoc ergo,
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diff changeset
1980 secundum Hilarium, excluditur error Arii; nam si nos propter
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1981 Christum vivimus, quia aliquid de natura sua habemus, ut ipse
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1982 dicit: <i>qui manducat meam carnem, et bibit meum sanguinem, habet
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1983 vitam aeternam</i>; ergo et Christus vivit propter patrem, quia
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1984 habet in se naturam patris: non autem partem, quia simplex est et
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1985 indivisibilis, ergo habet totam naturam patris. Propter patrem ergo
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1986 vivit filius, dum nativitas non alienam ei intulit diversamque
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1987 naturam. Consequenter cum dicit <i>hic est panis, qui de caelo
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1988 descendit</i>, ponit duas conclusiones: nam de duobus litigabant,
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diff changeset
1989 scilicet de origine spiritualis cibi, et de eius virtute. Prima
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diff changeset
1990 ergo conclusio est de origine; secunda est de virtute; et hanc
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diff changeset
1991 principaliter intendit, ibi <i>qui manducat hunc panem, vivet in
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diff changeset
1992 aeternum</i>. Sciendum est circa primum, quod Iudaei turbati
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diff changeset
1993 fuerant, quia dixerat: <i>ego sum panis vivus qui de caelo
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diff changeset
1994 descendit</i>, et ideo contra eos hoc iterum concludit ex hoc quod
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diff changeset
1995 dicit <i>vivo propter patrem</i>, cum dicit <i>hic est panis</i>.
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diff changeset
1996 Nam descendere de caelo, est de caelo originem habere; sed filius
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diff changeset
1997 habet originem de caelo, quia vivit propter patrem: ergo Christus
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diff changeset
1998 est qui de caelo descendit. Et ideo dicit <i>hic est panis qui de
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diff changeset
1999 caelo</i>, idest de vita paterna, <i>descendit</i>, et hoc quantum
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diff changeset
2000 ad divinitatem; vel <i>descendit</i> etiam quantum ad corpus:
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diff changeset
2001 inquantum scilicet virtus formativa eius, quae fuit spiritus
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diff changeset
2002 sanctus, de caelo fuit, ut virtus caelestis. Unde qui manducant
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diff changeset
2003 hunc panem non moriuntur, quo modo mortui sunt patres nostri, qui
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diff changeset
2004 manducaverunt manna non de caelo: nec erat panis vivus, ut dictum
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diff changeset
2005 est supra. Quomodo autem mortui sunt qui manna manducaverunt, ex
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2006 praemissis manifestum est. Secunda conclusio de virtute panis
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diff changeset
2007 ponitur cum dicit <i>qui manducat hunc panem, vivet in
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diff changeset
2008 aeternum</i>: quae sequitur ex hoc <i>qui manducat meam carnem</i>.
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diff changeset
2009 Qui enim manducat hunc panem manet in me, et ego in illo; sed ego
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diff changeset
2010 sum vita aeterna: ergo <i>qui manducat hunc panem</i>, ut debet,
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diff changeset
2011 <i>vivet in aeternum</i>. Locus autem ubi hoc dixit Iesus, fuit in
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diff changeset
2012 synagoga, in qua Christus docebat in Capharnaum. Volens enim
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diff changeset
2013 multitudinem attrahere, in templo et synagoga docebat, et ut ex
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diff changeset
2014 multis saltem proficiant aliqui; Ps. XXXIX, 10: <i>annuntiavi
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diff changeset
2015 iustitiam tuam in Ecclesia magna</i>.</p>
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2016 <br />
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diff changeset
2017 <div class="D">Lectio 8</div>
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diff changeset
2018 <p title="Super Io., cap. 6 l. 8"><a name="87465"><span class=
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diff changeset
2019 "ref">[87465] Super Io., cap. 6 l. 8</span></a> Postquam compressit
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2020 litigium Iudaeorum, et murmur, consequenter dominus sedat scandalum
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diff changeset
2021 discipulorum, et primo agitur de scandalo discipulorum recedentium;
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diff changeset
2022 secundo examinatur devotio remanentium, ibi <i>dixit ergo Iesus ad
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diff changeset
2023 duodecim</i>. Circa primum tria facit. Primo ponitur scandalum
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diff changeset
2024 discipulorum; secundo benignitas Christi ad reprimendum ipsum, ibi
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diff changeset
2025 <i>sciens autem Iesus</i> etc.; tertio ponitur pertinacia et
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diff changeset
2026 incredulitas recedentium, ibi <i>ex hoc multi discipulorum eius
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diff changeset
2027 abierunt retro</i>. Sciendum est ergo circa primum, quod multi
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diff changeset
2028 erant in populo Iudaeorum qui adhaerebant Christo, credentes ei, et
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diff changeset
2029 sequebantur eum non tamen relictis omnibus, sicut duodecim, qui
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diff changeset
2030 omnes dicebantur discipuli. Et de istis dicit, quod <i>multi</i>,
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diff changeset
2031 scilicet in populo, qui ei credebant, <i>audientes</i>, quae supra
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2032 dixit, <i>dixerunt: durus est hic sermo</i>. De istis dicitur Lc.
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diff changeset
2033 VIII, 13: <i>ad tempus credunt, et in tempore tentationis
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diff changeset
2034 recedunt</i>. Dicitur autem <i>multi</i>, quia, ut dicitur Eccle.
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diff changeset
2035 I, v. 15, <i>stultorum infinitus est numerus</i>. Et Matth. XX, 16:
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diff changeset
2036 <i>multi sunt vocati, pauci vero electi</i>. Isti ergo dixerunt
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diff changeset
2037 <i>durus est hic sermo</i>. Durum dicitur quod non facile
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diff changeset
2038 dividitur, et resistentiam habet. Est ergo aliquis sermo durus, aut
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diff changeset
2039 quia resistit intellectui, aut quia resistit voluntati; cum
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diff changeset
2040 scilicet illum intellectu capere non possumus, aut voluntati non
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diff changeset
2041 placet; et utroque modo erat istis durus sermo. Durus quidem
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diff changeset
2042 intellectu, quia superexcedebat imbecillitatem intellectus eorum;
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diff changeset
2043 cum enim carnales essent, non poterant capere quod dicebat, se
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diff changeset
2044 carnem suam daturum eis ad manducandum. Voluntati autem, quia multa
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diff changeset
2045 dixit de potentia suae divinitatis. Et licet isti crederent ei
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diff changeset
2046 sicut prophetae, non tamen credebant eum Deum: et ideo videbatur
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diff changeset
2047 eis quod loqueretur maiora seipso. II Cor. X, 10: <i>epistolae
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diff changeset
2048 graves sunt</i>. Eccli. VI, 21: <i>aspera est nimium indoctis
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diff changeset
2049 hominibus sapientia</i>. Et ideo sequitur <i>quis potest eum
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diff changeset
2050 audire?</i> Haec dicunt ad excusationem suam. Nam ex quo dederant
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diff changeset
2051 se ei, debebant eum audire: sed quia non docebat eos placentia,
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diff changeset
2052 vellent aliquam occasionem quaerere recedendi; Prov. c. XVIII, 2:
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diff changeset
2053 <i>non recipit stultus verba prudentiae, nisi ea dixeris quae
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diff changeset
2054 versantur in corde suo</i>. Consequenter cum dicit <i>sciens autem
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diff changeset
2055 Iesus apud semetipsum quia murmurarent de hoc discipuli eius, dicit
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diff changeset
2056 eis: hoc vos scandalizat?</i> Ponitur benignitas Christi ad
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diff changeset
2057 sedandum scandalum, et primo denuntiat et manifestat scandalum;
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diff changeset
2058 secundo removet causam scandali, ibi <i>si ergo videritis filium
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diff changeset
2059 hominis ascendentem ubi erat prius?</i> Tertio innuit ipsam causam,
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diff changeset
2060 ibi <i>sed sunt quidam ex vobis qui non credunt</i>. Scandalum
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diff changeset
2061 autem denuntiat, quia dixerant occulte <i>durus est hic sermo</i>
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diff changeset
2062 ut ab illo non audirentur. Sed ille qui virtute suae divinitatis
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diff changeset
2063 noverat quid dicebant, hoc manifestat; et hoc est quod dicit
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diff changeset
2064 <i>sciens autem Iesus apud semetipsum</i>, quod ipsi in semetipsis
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diff changeset
2065 dicebant, scilicet <i>quia murmurarent de hoc discipuli eius</i>
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diff changeset
2066 (supra II, 25: <i>non erat ei opus ut quis testimonium perhiberet
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diff changeset
2067 de homine; ipse enim sciebat quid esset in homine</i>; Ps. VII, 10:
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diff changeset
2068 <i>scrutans corda et renes Deus); dixit eis: hoc vos
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diff changeset
2069 scandalizat?</i> Quasi dicat: de hoc non debetis scandalizari. Vel
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diff changeset
2070 potest legi remissive; quasi dicat: scio quod de hoc
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diff changeset
2071 scandalizamini; Is. VIII, 4: <i>erit nobis</i>, scilicet in Christo
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diff changeset
2072 credentibus, <i>quidem in sanctificationem; in lapidem autem
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diff changeset
2073 offensionis duabus domibus Israel</i>, idest discipulis
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diff changeset
2074 murmurantibus et turbis. Sed cum doctores debeant vitare scandalum
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diff changeset
2075 audientium, quare eis dominus talia dogmata proponit, ut
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diff changeset
2076 scandalizarentur et recederent? Respondeo. Dicendum quod necessitas
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diff changeset
2077 doctrinae exigebat ut dominus eis talia proponeret. Institerant
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diff changeset
2078 enim apud eum pro cibo corporali qui venerat ut duceret in
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diff changeset
2079 appetitum cibi spiritualis; et ideo necesse erat ut eis proponeret
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diff changeset
2080 doctrinam de cibo spirituali. Nec tamen scandalum eorum causabatur
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diff changeset
2081 ex vitio doctrinae Christi, sed ex eorum infidelitate. Si enim
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diff changeset
2082 verba domini non intelligebant propter eorum carnalitatem, poterant
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diff changeset
2083 dominum interrogare, sicut apostoli alias fecerunt. Hoc autem,
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diff changeset
2084 secundum Augustinum, dominus dispensative permisit, ut bene
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diff changeset
2085 docentibus causam patientiae et consolationis contra malignantes
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diff changeset
2086 eorum dicta praeberet, cum discipuli etiam verbis Christi detrahere
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diff changeset
2087 praesumerent. Consequenter cum dicit <i>si ergo videritis filium
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diff changeset
2088 hominis ascendentem ubi erat prius?</i> Tollit occasionem scandali,
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diff changeset
2089 quae quidem erat et de persona dicentis, et de verbis dictis, ut
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diff changeset
2090 dicit Chrysostomus, et ideo primo removet occasionem scandali
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diff changeset
2091 quantum ad personam dicentis; secundo quantum ad verba dicta, ibi
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diff changeset
2092 <i>spiritus est qui vivificat</i>. Occasio autem istorum fuit, quia
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diff changeset
2093 audierant dominum loqui de se divina: unde, quia ipsi credebant eum
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diff changeset
2094 esse filium Ioseph, scandalizabantur ex hoc quod de se dicit. Et
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diff changeset
2095 ideo hanc occasionem removens, ostendit eis Deus apertius suam
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diff changeset
2096 divinitatem; unde dicit: vos turbamini de his quae de me dixi <i>si
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diff changeset
2097 ergo videritis filium hominis ascendentem ubi erat prius</i>;
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diff changeset
2098 supple, quid dicetis? Quasi dicat: numquam potestis negare quin de
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diff changeset
2099 caelo descenderim, quin sim dator vel doctor vitae aeternae. Simile
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2100 fecit in Nathanaele: cum enim diceret: <i>tu es rex Israel</i>,
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2101 voluit eum ad perfectiorem cognitionem elevare; unde dixit ei:
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diff changeset
2102 <i>maiora his videbis</i>. Et ideo istis aliquid maius futurum de
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diff changeset
2103 se manifestat, dicens <i>si ergo videritis filium hominis
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diff changeset
2104 ascendentem ubi erat prius?</i> Ascendit autem in caelum videntibus
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diff changeset
2105 discipulis, ut dicitur Act. I, 9. Si ergo ascendit ubi prius fuit,
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diff changeset
2106 ergo prius fuit in caelo; supra III, 13: <i>nemo ascendit in caelum
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diff changeset
2107 nisi qui de caelo descendit</i>. Sed attende quod etsi sit eadem
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diff changeset
2108 persona filii Dei et filii hominis in Christo, quia tamen natura
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diff changeset
2109 est alia, ideo aliquid convenit ratione humanitatis, scilicet
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2110 ascendere, quod non convenit ei ratione divinitatis, secundum quam
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2111 non habet quo ascendat, cum aeternaliter sit in summo rerum
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diff changeset
2112 vertice, scilicet in patre; sed secundum eam convenit ei ascendere
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2113 <i>ubi erat prius</i>, scilicet in caelo, ubi non fuit secundum
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diff changeset
2114 humanam naturam; quod est contra errorem Valentini dicentis,
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diff changeset
2115 Christum attulisse corpus caeleste. Sic ergo ubi prius fuit
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diff changeset
2116 secundum divinitatem, ascendit videntibus apostolis et propria
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diff changeset
2117 virtute secundum humanitatem; infra XVI, 28: <i>exivi a patre, et
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diff changeset
2118 veni in mundum: iterum relinquo mundum, et vado ad patrem</i>. Sed,
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2119 secundum Augustinum, aliter haec verba introducuntur: dicit enim,
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diff changeset
2120 quod isti scandalizati sunt de hoc quod dominus dixit quod daret
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2121 eis carnem suam ad manducandum, quod intelligentes carnaliter, ac
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diff changeset
2122 si eam ad litteram deberent comedere, ut carnes animalium,
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diff changeset
2123 scandalizati sunt. Et hunc intellectum removens, dicit <i>si ergo
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diff changeset
2124 videritis filium hominis ascendentem</i>, integro corpore, <i>ubi
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2125 erat prius</i>; supple: numquid dicetis quod sic daturus eram vobis
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diff changeset
2126 carnem meam ad manducandum ut carnes animalium? Consequenter cum
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diff changeset
2127 dicit <i>spiritus est qui vivificat</i>, removet occasionem
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diff changeset
2128 scandali ex parte verborum prolatorum, et, secundum Chrysostomum,
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diff changeset
2129 primo distinguit duplicem intellectum ipsorum verborum; secundo
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2130 ostendit quis eorum congruat ipsis verbis, ibi <i>verba quae ego
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diff changeset
2131 loquor, spiritus et vita sunt</i>. Sciendum est ergo quantum ad
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diff changeset
2132 primum, quod verba Christi secundum duplicem sensum intelligi
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2133 possunt, scilicet secundum spiritualem et secundum corporalem. Et
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2134 ideo dicit <i>spiritus est qui vivificat</i> idest, si ea verba
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2135 quae dixi, intelligatis secundum spiritum, idest secundum
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2136 spiritualem sensum, vivificabunt; <i>caro non prodest quidquam</i>
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2137 idest, si secundum carnalem sensum ea intelligatis, nihil vobis
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2138 prosunt, immo nocent: quia, ut dicitur Rom. VIII, 13, <i>si
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diff changeset
2139 secundum carnem vixeritis, moriemini</i>. Tunc autem verba domini
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diff changeset
2140 de carne sua manducanda, carnaliter intelliguntur, quando
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diff changeset
2141 accipiuntur secundum quod verba exterius sonant, et ut natura
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diff changeset
2142 carnis habet; et hoc modo ipsi intelligebant, ut dictum est. Sed
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diff changeset
2143 dominus dicebat daturum se eis sicut spiritualem cibum, non quin
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diff changeset
2144 sit in sacramento altaris vera caro Christi, sed quia quodam
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diff changeset
2145 spirituali et divino modo manducatur. Sic ergo dictorum verborum
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diff changeset
2146 congruus sensus est non carnalis, sed spiritualis. Unde subdit
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diff changeset
2147 <i>verba quae ego locutus sum vobis</i>, scilicet de carne mea
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diff changeset
2148 manducanda, <i>spiritus et vita sunt</i>; idest, spiritualem sensum
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diff changeset
2149 habent, et sic intellecta vitam dant. Nec mirum si habent
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diff changeset
2150 spiritualem sensum, quia sunt a spiritu sancto; I Cor. XIV, 2:
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diff changeset
2151 <i>spiritus est qui loquitur mysteria</i>. Et ideo mysteria Christi
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diff changeset
2152 vivificant; Ps. CXVIII, 93: <i>in aeternum non obliviscar
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diff changeset
2153 iustificationes tuas, quia in ipsis vivificasti me</i>. Secundum
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diff changeset
2154 Augustinum vero aliter exponitur: nam hoc quod dixit <i>caro non
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diff changeset
2155 prodest quidquam</i>, intelligitur de carne Christi. Manifestum est
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diff changeset
2156 enim quod caro Christi, ut coniuncta verbo et spiritui, multum
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diff changeset
2157 prodest per omnem modum: alioquin frustra verbum caro factum esset,
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diff changeset
2158 frustra ipsum pater manifestasset in carne, ut dicitur I Tim. c.
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diff changeset
2159 IV. Et ideo dicendum est quod caro Christi in se considerata non
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diff changeset
2160 prodest quidquam, et non habet effectum proficuum, nisi sicut alia
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diff changeset
2161 caro. Si enim per intellectum separetur a divinitate et spiritu
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diff changeset
2162 sancto, non habet aliam virtutem quam alia caro; sed si adveniat
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diff changeset
2163 spiritus et divinitas, multis prodest, quia facit sumentes manere
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diff changeset
2164 in Christo: est enim spiritus caritatis per quem homo in Deo manet;
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diff changeset
2165 I Io. IV, 13: <i>in hoc cognoscimus quia in Deo manemus et ipse in
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diff changeset
2166 nobis, quoniam de spiritu suo dedit nobis</i>. Et ideo dicit
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2167 dominus: hunc effectum, scilicet vitae aeternae quem ego promitto
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diff changeset
2168 vobis, non debetis attribuere carni in se consideratae, quia
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diff changeset
2169 <i>caro</i> sic <i>non prodest quidquam</i>; sed si spiritui
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diff changeset
2170 attribuatis, et divinitati coniunctae carni, sic praestat vitam
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diff changeset
2171 aeternam; Gal. V, 25: <i>si spiritu vivimus, spiritu et
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diff changeset
2172 ambulemus</i>. Et ideo subdit <i>verba quae locutus sum vobis,
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diff changeset
2173 spiritus et vita sunt</i>; idest, referenda sunt ad spiritum carni
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2174 coniunctum; et sic intellecta, vita sunt, scilicet animae. Nam
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diff changeset
2175 sicut corpus vivit vita corporali per spiritum corporalem, ita et
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diff changeset
2176 anima vivit vita spirituali per spiritum sanctum; Ps. CIII, 30:
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2177 <i>emitte spiritum tuum, et creabuntur</i>. Consequenter cum dicit
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2178 <i>sed sunt quidam ex vobis qui non credunt</i>, demonstrat causam
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diff changeset
2179 scandali, quae erat infidelitas eorum, quasi dicat: causa scandali
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diff changeset
2180 vestri non est duritia sermonis quem ego locutus sum vobis, sed
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diff changeset
2181 infidelitas vestra. Et ideo primo ostendit eorum infidelitatem;
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diff changeset
2182 secundo excludit falsam opinionem; tertio manifestat causam
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diff changeset
2183 infidelitatis eorum. Infidelitatem quidem eorum ostendit dominus
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diff changeset
2184 cum dicit <i>sunt quidam ex vobis qui non credunt</i>. Non autem
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diff changeset
2185 dixit qui non intelligunt sed, quod plus est, causam quare non
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diff changeset
2186 intelligunt insinuat: ex hoc enim non intelligebant, quia non
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diff changeset
2187 credebant; Is. VII, 9, secundum aliam litteram: <i>nisi
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diff changeset
2188 credideritis, non intelligetis</i>. Et dixit <i>quidam</i>, ut
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diff changeset
2189 excipiat discipulos; II ad Thess. III, 2: <i>non omnium est
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diff changeset
2190 fides</i>; ad Rom. X, 16: <i>non omnes obediunt Evangelio</i>; Ps.
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diff changeset
2191 CV, 25: <i>non crediderunt verbis eius</i>. Falsam suspicionem
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diff changeset
2192 excludit Evangelista, cum subdit <i>sciebat enim</i>, quasi dicat:
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diff changeset
2193 non ideo dixit Iesus <i>sunt quidam ex vobis qui non credunt</i>,
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diff changeset
2194 quasi de novo hoc ei innotuisset; sed quia sciebat ab initio, mundi
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diff changeset
2195 scilicet, <i>qui essent credentes et quis esset traditurus eum</i>;
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diff changeset
2196 Hebr. IV, 13: <i>omnia nuda et aperta sunt oculis eius</i>; et
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diff changeset
2197 Eccli. XXIII, 29: <i>domino Deo nostro nota sunt omnia antequam
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diff changeset
2198 fiant</i>. Causam autem infidelitatis eorum assignat dominus
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diff changeset
2199 consequenter, quae est ex remotione gratiae attrahentis; unde
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diff changeset
2200 dicebat <i>propterea ego dixi vobis</i>; quasi dicat: ideo
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diff changeset
2201 necessarium fuit ut vobis praedicta dicerem, <i>quia nemo potest
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2202 venire ad me</i>, scilicet per fidem, <i>nisi fuerit ei datum a
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2203 patre meo</i>. Ex quo sequitur, secundum Augustinum, quod etiam
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2204 ipsum credere datur nobis a Deo. Cur autem non omnibus detur,
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diff changeset
2205 ostensum est supra, eodem ubi quasi eadem verba dominus dixit.
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2206 Repetit tamen ea hic propter duo: ut ostendat quod hoc quod recepit
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2207 eos ad fidem, magis erat eis ad beneficium et utilitatem quam
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diff changeset
2208 Christo; Phil. I, 29: <i>vobis datum est ut in ipsum credatis</i>;
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diff changeset
2209 quasi dicat: bonum vestrum est quod credatis; et ideo dicit
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diff changeset
2210 Augustinus: magnum quidem est credere: gaude quia credidisti.
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2211 Secundo, ut ostendat se non esse filium Ioseph, ut ipsi putabant,
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2212 sed Dei: nam Deus pater est qui attrahit homines ad filium, sicut
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diff changeset
2213 ex praemissis apparet. Consequenter cum dicit <i>ex hoc multi,
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diff changeset
2214 discipulorum eius abierunt retro</i>, ponitur ipsorum discipulorum
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diff changeset
2215 pertinacia. Nam licet dominus reprehenderit eos, et causam
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diff changeset
2216 scandali, quantum est ex parte sua, removerit, nihilominus tamen
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diff changeset
2217 perseverant in infidelitate: et ideo dicit, quod <i>multi discipuli
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diff changeset
2218 eius abierunt retro</i>. Non dixit recesserunt sed, <i>abierunt
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diff changeset
2219 retro</i>, a fide, quam secundum virtutem habebant, et praecisi a
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diff changeset
2220 corpore Christi, vitam perdiderunt, quia forte nec in corpore
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2221 fuerunt, ut dicit Augustinus. Sunt enim aliqui qui simpliciter
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2222 vadunt retro: illi scilicet qui sequuntur Diabolum, cui dictum est,
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diff changeset
2223 Matth. IV, 10: <i>vade retro, Satana</i>. Et de quibusdam feminis
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diff changeset
2224 dicitur I Tim. V, 15: <i>quaedam conversae sunt retro post
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2225 Satanam</i>. Non sic vadit retro Petrus, sed post Christum; Matth.
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diff changeset
2226 XVI, 23: <i>vade retro me, Satana</i>. Isti autem abierunt post
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2227 Satanam. Unde sequitur <i>et iam non cum illo ambulabant</i>:
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2228 scilicet quamvis a nobis requiratur ut cum Iesu ambulemus; Mich.
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diff changeset
2229 VI, 8: <i>iudicabo tibi, homo, quid sit bonum</i>, et sequitur:
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diff changeset
2230 <i>sollicite ambulare cum Deo tuo</i>. Consequenter cum subditur
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diff changeset
2231 <i>dixit ergo Iesus ad duodecim: numquid et vos vultis abire?</i>
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diff changeset
2232 Examinat dominus discipulos remanentes, et primo ponitur examinatio
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diff changeset
2233 discipulorum ex interrogatione Christi; secundo subditur devotio
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diff changeset
2234 remanentium ex responsione Petri, ibi <i>respondit ergo Simon
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diff changeset
2235 Petrus</i>; tertio corrigitur Petri responsio, ibi <i>respondit ei
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diff changeset
2236 Iesus</i>. Examinat autem dominus duodecim qui remanserant an
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2237 velint persistere; et ideo <i>dixit ad duodecim</i>, scilicet
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diff changeset
2238 apostolos: <i>numquid et vos vultis abire?</i> Et hoc propter duo.
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2239 Primo ne hoc quod isti, aliis recedentibus, remanserant, propriae
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diff changeset
2240 iustitiae ascribentes, superbirent, existimantes se gratiam fecisse
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diff changeset
2241 Christo, eum non relinquendo: et ideo, ostendens se non indigere
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2242 eorum sequela, magis eos detinet et confirmat. Iob XXXV, 7:
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2243 <i>porro, si iuste egeris, quid donabis ei, aut quid de manu tua
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2244 accipiet?</i> Secundo, quia contingit quod aliquando aliquis habet
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2245 voluntatem recedendi ab aliquo, et tamen verecundia retinetur; et
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diff changeset
2246 ideo nolens eos verecundia coarctari apud eum remanere (quia idem
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2247 est invite servire quod penitus non servire), aufert etiam
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2248 verecundiam et necessitatem remanendi, ponens in eorum arbitrio, an
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2249 vellent remanere, an abire, quia <i>hilarem datorem diligit
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diff changeset
2250 Deus</i>, ut dicitur II Cor. IX, 7. Sequitur devotio remanentium ex
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diff changeset
2251 responsione Petri: nam ipse fratrum amator, et amici conservator,
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diff changeset
2252 et specialem affectum gerens ad Christum, respondet pro toto
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diff changeset
2253 collegio, dicens <i>domine, ad quem ibimus? Verba vitae aeternae
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2254 habes, et nos credimus</i>. Ubi tria facit. Primo extollit Christi
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diff changeset
2255 excellentiam; secundo commendat eius doctrinam; et tertio
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diff changeset
2256 profitetur fidem. Excellentiam quidem extollit cum dicit <i>domine,
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diff changeset
2257 ad quem ibimus?</i> Quasi dicat: repellis nos a te; da nobis alium
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2258 meliorem te, ad quem eamus. Sed certe <i>nullus similis tui in
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diff changeset
2259 fortibus, domine</i>: Ex. XV, 11, et in Ps. LXXXVIII, 7: <i>quis
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diff changeset
2260 similis Deo?</i> Et ideo non dimittemus te; Ps. CXXXVIII, 7: <i>quo
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diff changeset
2261 ibo a spiritu tuo?</i> Et, secundum Chrysostomum, verbum Petri
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diff changeset
2262 multum amicitiae est ostensivum: iam enim Christus eis erat
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diff changeset
2263 honorabilior quam patres et matres. Doctrinam vero commendat cum
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2264 dicit <i>verba vitae aeternae habes</i>. Moyses autem habuit verba
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diff changeset
2265 Dei, similiter et prophetae, sed raro verba vitae aeternae; tu vero
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diff changeset
2266 promittis vitam aeternam, quid ergo aliud maius quaerimus? Supra:
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diff changeset
2267 <i>qui credit in me, habet vitam aeternam</i>; et Sup. III, 39:
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2268 <i>qui credit in filium Dei, habet vitam aeternam</i>. Fidem autem
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diff changeset
2269 confitetur cum subdit <i>et nos credimus e cognovimus quia tu es
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diff changeset
2270 Christus filius Dei</i>. In fide enim nostra duo principaliter
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diff changeset
2271 credenda sunt, scilicet mysterium Trinitatis et incarnationis: quae
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diff changeset
2272 duo hic Petrus confitetur. Mysterium quidem Trinitatis, cum dicit
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diff changeset
2273 <i>tu es filius Dei</i>. In hoc enim quod dicit eum filium Dei,
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diff changeset
2274 facit mentionem de persona patris et filii, simul etiam et spiritus
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diff changeset
2275 sancti, qui est amor patris et filii, et nexus utriusque. Mysterium
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diff changeset
2276 vero incarnationis, cum dicit <i>tu es Christus</i>, Christus enim
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diff changeset
2277 Graece, Latine unctus dicitur, oleo scilicet invisibili spiritus
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diff changeset
2278 sancti; sed non secundum divinam naturam, quia qui ungitur spiritu
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2279 sancto ipsa unctione melior efficitur, sed, secundum quod Deus,
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diff changeset
2280 Christus non efficitur melior: ergo est unctus secundum quod homo.
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diff changeset
2281 Dicit autem <i>credimus et cognovimus</i>, quia prius est credere
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diff changeset
2282 quam cognoscere: et ideo si prius cognoscere quam credere vellemus,
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diff changeset
2283 non cognosceremus, nec credere valeremus, ut dicit Augustinus. Is.
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diff changeset
2284 VII, 9, secundum aliam litteram: <i>nisi credideritis, non
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diff changeset
2285 intelligetis</i>. Responsionem autem Petri dominus corrigit cum
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diff changeset
2286 dicit <i>nonne ego vos duodecim elegi, et ex vobis unus Diabolus
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2287 est?</i> Et primo ponitur responsio domini; secundo expositio
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2288 Evangelistae, ibi <i>dicebat autem de Iuda</i>. Quia Petrus largus
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2289 fuit in responsione sua omnes includendo, sic dicens <i>et nos
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2290 credimus, et cognovimus quia tu es Christus filius Dei</i>, per
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2291 quod videbatur quod omnes perventuri essent ad vitam aeternam, ideo
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2292 dominus de collegio credentium excepit Iudam. Sed haec quidem in
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2293 Petro commendabilis erat confidentia, quod nullum de socio malum
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2294 suspicabatur: sed in domino admiranda est sapientia, qui occulta
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2295 videbat. Et ideo dicit <i>nonne ego vos duodecim elegi, et unus ex
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2296 vobis Diabolus est?</i> Non per naturam, sed per imitationem
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2297 diabolicae malitiae. Sap. II, 24: <i>invidia Diaboli mors introivit
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2298 in orbem terrarum: imitantur autem illum qui sunt ex parte
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2299 illius</i>; infra XIII, 27: <i>post buccellam introivit in eum
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2300 Satanas</i>, quia scilicet factus est conformis malitiae eius. Sed
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2301 si Christus elegit Iudam, et ipse factus est malus, videtur quod
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2302 erraverit in electione. Ad quod respondetur primo, secundum
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2303 Chrysostomum, quia hoc non dicitur de electione praedestinationis,
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2304 sed ad aliquod officium, et ad statum praesentis iustitiae, ad quem
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2305 aliquando aliquis eligitur non secundum futurum, sed secundum quod
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2306 nunc est in re: quia per hanc electionem non aufert arbitrii
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2307 libertatem, nec aufert possibilitatem peccandi; unde, dicitur I
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2308 Cor. X, 12: <i>qui existimat stare, videat ne cadat</i>. Sic ergo
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2309 dominus elegit Iudam non tamquam malum tunc, nec tamen per
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2310 electionem ablata est ei possibilitas peccandi. Secundo
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2311 respondetur, secundum Augustinum, quod dominus elegit Iudam malum:
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2312 et quia boni est ut malo utatur in bonum, licet sciret eum malum,
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2313 malo eius bene est usus Deus, dum tradi se pertulit ut nos
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2314 redimeret. Vel dicendum quod electio duodecim apostolorum non
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2315 refertur hic ad personas, sed ad numerum; quasi dicat: ego elegi in
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2316 vobis duodenarium numerum. Hic enim numerus congrue consecratur eis
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2317 qui fidem sanctae Trinitatis per quatuor mundi cardines
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2318 praedicaturi erant; qui quidem numerus non periit, quia in locum
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2319 pereuntis proditoris surrogatus est Mathias. Vel, secundum
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2320 Ambrosium, ideo elegit Iudam malum, ut consolaretur infirmitatem
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2321 nostram, si aliquando contigerit nos ab amicis prodi, cum legimus a
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2322 discipulo proditum dominum et magistrum. Sed quaeritur hic, quare
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2323 cum dicit dominus <i>unus ex vobis Diabolus est</i>, nihil dicunt
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2324 discipuli; et postea cum dicit, infra XIII, 21, <i>unus ex vobis me
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2325 tradet</i>, dixerunt, <i>numquid ego sum, domine?</i> Respondeo
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2326 dicendum, quod huius ratio est, quia hic dominus generaliter
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2327 locutus est, dicens, unum ex eis esse Diabolum, quod potest referri
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2328 ad quamcumque malitiam, et ideo non sunt commoti: ibi vero tantum
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2329 facimus audientes, proditionem scilicet magistri, se continere non
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2330 valent. Vel dicendum ad hoc, quod cum dominus haec verba dixit,
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2331 quilibet eorum de sua virtute confidebat, et ideo non timebant de
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2332 se. Sed quando Petrus audivit: <i>vade post me, Satana</i>, territi
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2333 sunt, et infirmiora de se senserunt: et ideo vacillantes dicebant:
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2334 <i>numquid ego sum, domine?</i> Hanc autem responsionem, quam
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2335 dominus occulte fecerat, Evangelista exponit, dicens <i>dicebat
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2336 autem de Iuda</i>, ut rei probavit eventus, ut patet infra,
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2337 XIII.</p>
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2338 <div class="centro"><br />
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2339 <p><a href="cih05.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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2340 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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2341 <a href="cih07.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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2342 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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2343 <br />
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2344 <hr />
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2345 <br />
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2346 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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2347 hanc editionem<br />
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2348 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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2349 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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2350 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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2351 </div>
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2352 </body>
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2353 </html>