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1 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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2 @node Other Customizations, Select and Move, Files, Top
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3 @chapter Other Customizations
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4 @cindex customize
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5 @cindex hook
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6 @cindex font-lock-mode
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7
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8 You can modify the behavior of Emacs in minor ways permanently by
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9 putting your changes in your @file{.emacs} file. This file contains Lisp
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10 function call expressions. Each of these expressions will consist of a
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11 function name followed by arguments, all surrounded by parentheses. For
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12 example, to turn on the auto-fill-mode (i.e. break lines automatically
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13 when they become too long) , put the following line in your
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14 @file{.emacs} file:
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15
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16 @example
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17 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook
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18 '(lambda() (auto-fill-mode 1)))
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19 @end example
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20
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21 @noindent
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22 Emacs has a function named "turn-on-auto-fill" which is defined as
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23 "(lambda() (auto-fill-mode 1))". Therefore you can also write the above
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24 as:
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25
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26 @example
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27 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill)
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28 @end example
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29
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30 @noindent
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31 Emacs provides a number of hooks for the sake of customization. The hook
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32 variables contain list of functions to be called with no arguments. To
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33 turn on the auto-fill-mode, add the appropriate hook as shown in the
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34 example above.
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35
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36 Similarly, to enable the "font-lock mode" which displays your program in
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37 different fonts and colors(@pxref{Modes}), put the following in your
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38 @file{.emacs} file. The comments above the statement explain what the
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39 statements do.
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40
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41 @example
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42 ;;; enables the font-lock-mode in Lisp Mode
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43 (add-hook 'lisp-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)
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44
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45 ;;; enables the font-lock-mode in Texinfo Mode
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46 (add-hook 'texinfo-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)
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47
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48 ;;; enables the font-lock mode in C Mode
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49 (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)
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50 @end example
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51
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52 To turn on the font-lock mode in other Major Modes like emacs-lisp, just
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53 put the name of the mode with "-hook" appended to it as the middle
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54 parameter in the above examples. You can also select the color that the
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55 functions, comments or other keywords should be displayed in :
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56
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57 @example
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58 ;;; the function names will now be displayed in blue color
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59 (set-face-foreground 'font-lock-function-name-face "blue")
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60
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61 ;;; the comments will be displayed in forest green
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62 (set-face-foreground 'font-lock-comment-face "forest green")
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63 @end example
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64
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65 @noindent
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66 For other customizations regarding the font-lock face, look at the file
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67 @file{/usr/local/lib/xemacs-19.11/etc/sample.emacs}.
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68
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69
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70
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71 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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72 @menu
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73 * Setting Variables:: Customizing Emacs variables
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74 * Init File:: Some examples of Lisp expressions in
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75 .emacs file
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76 @end menu
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77
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78 @node Setting Variables, Init File, Other Customizations, Other Customizations
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79 @section Other Customizations
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80 @cindex setting variables
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81 @findex describe-variable
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82
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83 In XEmacs, @dfn{variables} are used for internal record-keeping and
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84 customizations. There are some variables called "options" which you can
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85 use for customizations. To examine a variable use:
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86
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87 @example
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88 ;;; print the value and documentation of the variable, use either of the
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89 ;;; following commands
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90 C-h v
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91 M-x describe variable
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92 @end example
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93
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94 After you type any of the above commands, you will be prompted for a
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95 variable name in the @dfn{echo area}. Type in the name of the variable,
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96 for example, type @var{case-fold-search} @key{RET}
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97 Your window will split into two and you will see the following message
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98 in that window:
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99
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100 @example
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101 case-fold-search's value is t
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102 This value is specific to the current buffer.
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103
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104 Documentation:
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105 *Non-nil if searches should ignore case.
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106 Automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any fashion.
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107
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108 @end example
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109
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110 @noindent
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111 Since this variable's value is 't' searches will ignore case. If you
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112 want case-sensitive-search (i.e. if you are searching for "Foo" and you do
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113 not want "foo" to be included in the search, you need to set this
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114 variable to "nil". In order to do that, use:
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115
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116 @findex set-variable
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117 @example
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118 M-x set-variable
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119 @end example
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120
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121 @noindent
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122 Emacs will prompt you for the variable which you wish to set. Type in
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123 "case-fold-search" and hit @key{RET}. You will see the following
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124 message:
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125
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126 @example
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127 Set case-fold-search to value:
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128 @end example
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129
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130 @noindent
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131 Type "nil" and hit @key{RET}. Now if you again use @kbd{M-x describe
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132 variable} , you will see that the new value of case-fold-search will be
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133 "nil" and your searches will be case-sensitive. This will be effective
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134 only for that Emacs session. If you want to change the value of a
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135 variable permanently put the following statement in your @file{.emacs}
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136 file :
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137
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138 @example
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139 (setq case-fold-search nil)
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140 @end example
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141
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142 @noindent
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143 This statement will make searches case-sensitive only in the current
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144 buffer which is the @file{.emacs} file. This will not be very useful. To
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145 make searches case-sensitive globally in all buffers, use:
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146
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147 @example
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148 (setq-default case-fold-search nil)
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149 @end example
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150
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151 If you want to change the value of any other variable, use :
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152
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153 @example
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154 (setq <variable-name> <new value>)
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155 @end example
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156
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157 @noindent
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158 "setq" will assign the "new value" to the "variable-name" .
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159
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160
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161 If you want a list of the "options" i.e. the variables available for
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162 customization type:
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163
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164 @findex list-options
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165 @findex edit-options
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166 @example
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167
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168 ;;; displays a buffer listing names, values and documentation of options
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169 M-x list-options
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170
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171 ;;; displays options and allows you to edit those list of options
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172 M-x edit-options
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173
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174 @end example
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175
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176 @noindent
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177 Try these options. If you are using edit-options to edit a variable,
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178 just point at the variable you wish to edit and use one of the following
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179 commands:
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180
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181 @table @b
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182 @item 1
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183 Set the value of the variable to t (non-nil).
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184 @item 0
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185 Set the value of the variable to nil.
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186 @item n
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187 Move to the next variable.
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188 @item p
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189 Move to the previous variable.
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190 @end table
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191
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192
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193 There are some other options available to make the value of a variable
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194 local to a buffer and then to switch to its global value. You can also
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195 have a @dfn{local variables list} in a file which specifies the values
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196 to use for certain Emacs variables when you edit that
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197 file. @xref{Variables,,,xemacs,XEmacs User's Manual}, for information on
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198 these options.
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199
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200
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201 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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202 @node Init File, , Setting Variables, Other Customizations
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203 @section Init File Examples
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204 @cindex init file examples
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205
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206 For customizing Emacs, you need to put Lisp expressions in your
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207 @file{.emacs} file. The following are some useful Lisp expressions. If
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208 you find any of them useful, just type them in your @file{.emacs} file:
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209
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210 @itemize @bullet
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211 @item
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212 The following expression will make @key{TAB} in C mode insert a real tab
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213 character if the cursor or point is in the middle of the line. Now
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214 hitting the @key{TAB} key will indent a line only if the cursor is at
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215 the left margin or in the line's indentation:
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216
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217 @example
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218 (setq c-tab-always-indent nil)
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219 @end example
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220
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221 @noindent
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222 The value of the variable @var{c-tab-always-indent} is usually @samp{t}
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223 for @samp{true}. When this variable is true, then hitting the @key{TAB}
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224 key always indents the current line.
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225
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226 @item
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227 This expression will turn on the @var{auto-fill-mode} when you are in
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228 text mode:
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229
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230 @example
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231 (setq text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill)
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232 @end example
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233
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234 This mode will automatically break lines when you type a space so that
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235 the lines don't become too long. The length of the lines is controlled
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236 by the variable @var{fill-column}. You can set this variable to a value
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237 you wish. Look at the documentation for this variable to see its default
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238 value. To change the value to 75 for example, use:
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239
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240 @vindex fill-column
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241 @example
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242 (setq-default fill-column 75)
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243 @end example
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244
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245 @noindent
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246 This will change the value of this variable globally.
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247
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248 @item
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249 @findex eval-expression
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250 The following expression will enable the use of @var{eval-expression}
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251 without confirmation:
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252
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253 @example
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254 (put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil)
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255 @end example
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256
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257 @noindent
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258 Now when you use @var{eval-expression}, it will print the value of the
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259 expression you specify in the @dfn{echo area} without confirming with
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260 you.
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261
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262 @item
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263 This expression will remove the binding of @kbd{C-x C-c}, because its
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264 easy to hit this key by mistake and you will exit Emacs
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265 unintentionally. You can use the @b{Exit Emacs} option from the @b{File}
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266 menu to exit Emacs.
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267
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268 @example
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269 (global-set-key "\C-x\C-c" nil)
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270 @end example
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271
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272 @noindent
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273 Now if you type @kbd{C-x C-c}, you won't exit Emacs.
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274
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275 @item
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276 The following expression will make the @key{BACKSPACE} and the @key{DEL}
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277 key work in the same manner:
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278
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279 @example
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280 (global-set-key 'backspace [delete])
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281 @end example
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282
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283 @item
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284 This expression will make searches case sensitive:
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285
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286 @example
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287 (setq-default case-fold-search nil)
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288 @end example
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289
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290 @noindent
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291 If we use "setq" instead of "setq-default" then searches will be
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292 case-sensitive only in the current buffer's local value. In this case the
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293 buffer would be the @file{.emacs} file. Since this would not be too
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294 helpful and we want to have case-sensitive searches in all buffers, we
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295 have to use "setq-default".
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296
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297 @item
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298 This expression will enable the font-lock mode when you are using
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299 texinfo mode:
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300
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301 @example
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302 (add-hook 'texinfo-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)
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303 @end example
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304
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305 @noindent
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306 @xref{Minor Modes}, for information on font-lock mode.
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307
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308 @item
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309 Rebinds the key @kbd{C-x l} to run the function
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310 @code{make-symbolic-link}:
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311
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312 @example
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313 (global-set-key "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link)
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314 @end example
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315
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316 @noindent
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317 We use the single quote before "make-symbolic-link" because its a
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318 function name. You can also use the following expression which does the
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319 same thing:
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320
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321 @example
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322 (define-key global-map "C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link)
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323 @end example
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324
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325 @item
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326 The following expression will bind @kbd{C-x l} to run the function
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327 @code{make-symbolic-link} in C mode only:
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328
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329 @example
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330 (define-key c-mode-map "C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link)
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331 @end example
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332
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333 @noindent
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334 Instead of binding @kbd{C-xl} to run @code{make-symbolic-link}, you can
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335 bind the @key{F1} key to run this function:
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336
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337 @example
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338 (define-key c-mode-map 'f1 'make-symbolic-link)
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339 @end example
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340
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341 @noindent
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342 Here, you have to use lower case for naming function keys like @key{F1}.
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343
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344 @item
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345 You can bind the function @code{undo} i.e. @kbd{C-x u} to any key, for
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346 example to @key{F2}:
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347
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348 @example
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349 (global-set-key 'f2 'undo)
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350 @end example
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351
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352 @item
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353 The following statement will display the current time in the modeline of
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354 the buffer:
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355
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356 @vindex display-time
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357 @cindex displaying time
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358 @example
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359 (display-time)
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360 @end example
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361
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362 @item
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363 This displays the current line number on which the cursor is present in
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364 the modeline:
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365
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366 @example
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367 (setq line-number-mode t)
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368 @end example
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369
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370 @item
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371 If you don't want the text to be highlighted when you use commands for
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372 marking regions so as to use the @dfn{kill} and @dfn{yank} commands
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373 later, you can use the following expression in your @file{.emacs} file:
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374
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375 @vindex zmacs-regions
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376 @example
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377 (setq zmacs-regions nil)
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378 @end example
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379
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380 @noindent
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381 Now if you use a command like @kbd{C-x C-p} (@code{mark-page}), the text
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382 will not be highlighted.
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383
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384 @item
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385 To control the number of buffers listed when you select the @b{Buffers}
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386 menu, you need to set the variable @var{buffers-menu-max-size} to
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387 whatever value you wish. For example, if you want 20 buffers to be listed
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388 when you select @b{Buffers} use:
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389
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390 @vindex buffers-menu-max-size
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391 @example
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392 (setq buffers-menu-max-size 20)
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393 @end example
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394
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395 @item
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396 If you want the window title area to display the full directory/name of
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397 the current buffer's file, and not just the name, use:
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398
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399 @vindex frame-title-format
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400 @example
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401 (setq frame-title-format "%S: %f")
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402 @end example
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403
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404 @item
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405 To get rid of the menu, use :
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406
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407 @example
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408 (set-menubar nil)
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409 @end example
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410
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411 @item
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412 If you want an extensive menu-bar use the following expression in your
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413 @file{.emacs} file.
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414
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415 @example
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416 (load "big-menubar")
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417 @end example
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418
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419 @noindent
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420 If you want to write your own menus, you can look at some of the
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421 examples in
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422 @file{/usr/local/lib/xemacs-20.0/lisp/packages/big-menubar.el} file.
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423
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424 @end itemize
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425
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426 For more information on initializing your @file{.emacs} file,
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290
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427 @xref{Init File,,,xemacs,XEmacs User's Manual}. You should also look at
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96
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428 @file{/usr/local/lib/xemacs-20.0/etc/sample.emacs}, which is a sample
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0
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429 @file{.emacs} file. It contains some of the commonly desired
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430 customizations in Emacs.
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431
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432
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433
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434
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435
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436
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437
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438
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439
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440
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441
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