annotate src/lisp-disunion.h @ 380:8626e4521993 r21-2-5

Import from CVS: tag r21-2-5
author cvs
date Mon, 13 Aug 2007 11:07:10 +0200
parents 5a79be0ef6a8
children 74fd4e045ea6
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
0
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1 /* Fundamental definitions for XEmacs Lisp interpreter -- non-union objects.
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
2 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
3
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
4 This file is part of XEmacs.
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
5
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
6 XEmacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
7 under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
8 Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
9 later version.
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
10
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
11 XEmacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
12 ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
13 FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
14 for more details.
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
15
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
16 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
17 along with XEmacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
18 the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
19 Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
20
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
21 /* Synched up with: FSF 19.30. Split out from lisp.h. */
207
e45d5e7c476e Import from CVS: tag r20-4b2
cvs
parents: 201
diff changeset
22 /* This file has diverged greatly from FSF Emacs. Syncing is no
272
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
23 longer desirable or possible */
0
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
24
207
e45d5e7c476e Import from CVS: tag r20-4b2
cvs
parents: 201
diff changeset
25 /*
272
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
26 Format of a non-union-type Lisp Object
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
27
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
28 For the USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS implementation:
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
29
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
30 3 2 1 0
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
31 bit 10987654321098765432109876543210
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
32 --------------------------------
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
33 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVTT
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
34
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
35 Integers are treated specially, and look like this:
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
36
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
37 3 2 1 0
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
38 bit 10987654321098765432109876543210
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
39 --------------------------------
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
40 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVT
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
41
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
42 For the non-USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS implementation:
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
43
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
44 3 2 1 0
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
45 bit 10987654321098765432109876543210
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
46 --------------------------------
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
47 TTTMVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
48
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
49 V = value bits
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
50 T = type bits
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
51 M = mark bits
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
52
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
53 For integral Lisp types, i.e. integers and characters, the value
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
54 bits are the Lisp object.
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
55
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
56 The object is obtained by masking off the type and mark
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
57 bits. In the USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS implementation, bit 1 is
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
58 used as a value bit by splitting the Lisp integer type into
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
59 two subtypes, Lisp_Type_Int_Even and Lisp_Type_Int_Odd. By
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
60 this trickery we get 31 bits for integers instead of 30.
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
61
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
62 In the non-USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS world, Lisp integers are 28 bits,
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
63 or more properly (BITS_PER_EMACS_INT - GCTYPEBITS - 1) bits.
0
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
64
272
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
65 For non-integral types, the value bits of a Lisp_Object contain
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
66 a pointer to a structure containing the object. The pointer is
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
67 obtained by masking off the type and mark bits.
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
68
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
69 In the USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS implementation, all
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
70 pointer-based types are coalesced under a single type called
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
71 Lisp_Type_Record. The type bits for this type are required
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
72 by the implementation to be 00, just like the least
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
73 significant bits of word-aligned struct pointers on 32-bit
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
74 hardware. Because of this, Lisp_Object pointers don't have
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
75 to be masked and are full-sized.
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
76
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
77 In the non-USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS implementation, the type and
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
78 mark bits must be masked off and pointers are limited to 28
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
79 bits (really BITS_PER_EMACS_INT - GCTYPEBITS - 1 bits).
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
80
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
81 There are no mark bits in the USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS implementation.
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
82 Integers and characters don't need to be marked. All other types
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
83 are lrecord-based, which means they get marked by incrementing
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
84 their ->implementation pointer.
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
85
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
86 In the non-USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS implementation, the markbit is stored
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
87 in the Lisp_Object itself. It is stored in the middle so that the
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
88 type bits can be obtained by simply shifting them.
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
89
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
90 Outside of garbage collection, all mark bits are always zero.
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
91
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
92 Here is a brief description of the following macros:
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
93
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
94 XMARKBIT Extract the mark bit (non-USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
95 XMARK Set the mark bit of this Lisp_Object (non-USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
96 XUNMARK Clear the mark bit of this Lisp_Object (non-USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
97 XTYPE The type bits of a Lisp_Object
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
98 XPNTRVAL The value bits of a Lisp_Object storing a pointer
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
99 XCHARVAL The value bits of a Lisp_Object storing a Emchar
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
100 XREALINT The value bits of a Lisp_Object storing an integer, signed
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
101 XUINT The value bits of a Lisp_Object storing an integer, unsigned
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
102 INTP Non-zero if this Lisp_Object an integer?
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
103 Qzero Lisp Integer 0
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
104 EQ Non-zero if two Lisp_Objects are identical
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
105 GC_EQ Version of EQ used during garbage collection
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
106 */
0
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
107
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
108 typedef EMACS_INT Lisp_Object;
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
109
207
e45d5e7c476e Import from CVS: tag r20-4b2
cvs
parents: 201
diff changeset
110 #ifdef USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS
0
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
111
380
8626e4521993 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-5
cvs
parents: 296
diff changeset
112 # define Lisp_Type_Int_Bit (Lisp_Type_Int_Even & Lisp_Type_Int_Odd)
272
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
113 # define XUNMARK(x) DO_NOTHING
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
114 # define make_obj(vartype, x) ((Lisp_Object) (x))
380
8626e4521993 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-5
cvs
parents: 296
diff changeset
115 # define make_int(x) ((Lisp_Object) (((x) << INT_GCBITS) | Lisp_Type_Int_Bit))
8626e4521993 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-5
cvs
parents: 296
diff changeset
116 # define make_char(x) ((Lisp_Object) (((x) << GCBITS) | Lisp_Type_Char))
272
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
117 # define VALMASK (((1UL << VALBITS) - 1UL) << GCTYPEBITS)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
118 # define XTYPE(x) ((enum Lisp_Type) (((EMACS_UINT)(x)) & ~VALMASK))
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
119 # define XPNTRVAL(x) (x) /* This depends on Lisp_Type_Record == 0 */
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
120 # define XCHARVAL(x) ((x) >> GCBITS)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
121 # define GC_EQ(x,y) EQ (x,y)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
122 # define XREALINT(x) ((x) >> INT_GCBITS)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
123 # define XUINT(x) ((EMACS_UINT)(x) >> INT_GCBITS)
380
8626e4521993 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-5
cvs
parents: 296
diff changeset
124 # define INTP(x) ((EMACS_UINT)(x) & Lisp_Type_Int_Bit)
0
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
125
272
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
126 #else /* !USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS */
0
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
127
272
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
128 # define MARKBIT (1UL << VALBITS)
296
5a79be0ef6a8 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b46
cvs
parents: 272
diff changeset
129 # define XMARKBIT(x) (((x) & MARKBIT) != 0)
272
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
130 # define XMARK(x) ((void) ((x) |= MARKBIT))
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
131 # define XUNMARK(x) ((void) ((x) &= ~MARKBIT))
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
132 # define make_obj(vartype, value) \
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
133 ((Lisp_Object) (((EMACS_UINT) (vartype) << (VALBITS + GCMARKBITS)) \
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
134 + ((EMACS_UINT) (value) & VALMASK)))
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
135 # define make_int(value) make_obj (Lisp_Type_Int, value)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
136 # define make_char(value) make_obj (Lisp_Type_Char, value)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
137 # define VALMASK ((1UL << VALBITS) - 1UL)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
138 # define XTYPE(x) ((enum Lisp_Type) (((EMACS_UINT)(x)) >> (VALBITS + GCMARKBITS)))
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
139 # define XPNTRVAL(x) ((x) & VALMASK)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
140 # define XCHARVAL(x) XPNTRVAL(x)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
141 # define GC_EQ(x,y) (((x) & ~MARKBIT) == ((y) & ~MARKBIT))
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
142 # define XREALINT(x) (((x) << INT_GCBITS) >> INT_GCBITS)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
143 # define XUINT(x) ((EMACS_UINT) ((x) & VALMASK))
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
144 # define INTP(x) (XTYPE (x) == Lisp_Type_Int)
0
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
145
272
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
146 #endif /* !USE_MINIMAL_TAGBITS */
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
147
380
8626e4521993 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-5
cvs
parents: 296
diff changeset
148 #define Qzero make_int (0)
8626e4521993 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-5
cvs
parents: 296
diff changeset
149 #define Qnull_pointer ((Lisp_Object) 0)
272
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
150 #define XGCTYPE(x) XTYPE(x)
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
151 #define EQ(x,y) ((x) == (y))
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
152 #define XSETINT(var, value) ((void) ((var) = make_int (value)))
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
153 #define XSETCHAR(var, value) ((void) ((var) = make_char (value)))
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
154 #define XSETOBJ(var, vartype, value) ((void) ((var) = make_obj (vartype, value)))
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
155
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
156 /* Convert between a (void *) and a Lisp_Object, as when the
c5d627a313b1 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b34
cvs
parents: 259
diff changeset
157 Lisp_Object is passed to a toolkit callback function */
185
3d6bfa290dbd Import from CVS: tag r20-3b19
cvs
parents: 0
diff changeset
158 #define VOID_TO_LISP(larg,varg) ((void) ((larg) = ((Lisp_Object) (varg))))
0
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
159 #define CVOID_TO_LISP VOID_TO_LISP
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
160 #define LISP_TO_VOID(larg) ((void *) (larg))
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
161 #define LISP_TO_CVOID(varg) ((CONST void *) (larg))
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
162
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
163 /* Convert a Lisp_Object into something that can't be used as an
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
164 lvalue. Useful for type-checking. */
376386a54a3c Import from CVS: tag r19-14
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
165 #define NON_LVALUE(larg) ((larg) + 0)