annotate etc/TUTORIAL.hr @ 4976:16112448d484

Rename xfree(FOO, TYPE) -> xfree(FOO) -------------------- ChangeLog entries follow: -------------------- src/ChangeLog addition: 2010-02-04 Ben Wing <ben@xemacs.org> * alloc.c (release_breathing_space): * alloc.c (resize_string): * alloc.c (sweep_lcrecords_1): * alloc.c (SWEEP_FIXED_TYPE_BLOCK_1): * alloc.c (ADDITIONAL_FREE_compiled_function): * alloc.c (compact_string_chars): * alloc.c (ADDITIONAL_FREE_string): * alloc.c (sweep_strings): * alloca.c (xemacs_c_alloca): * alsaplay.c (alsa_play_sound_file): * buffer.c (init_initial_directory): * buffer.h: * buffer.h (BUFFER_FREE): * console-stream.c (stream_delete_console): * console-tty.c (free_tty_console_struct): * data.c (Fnumber_to_string): * device-gtk.c (gtk_init_device): * device-gtk.c (free_gtk_device_struct): * device-gtk.c (gtk_delete_device): * device-msw.c (mswindows_delete_device): * device-msw.c (msprinter_delete_device): * device-tty.c (free_tty_device_struct): * device-tty.c (tty_delete_device): * device-x.c (x_init_device): * device-x.c (free_x_device_struct): * device-x.c (x_delete_device): * dialog-msw.c (handle_directory_dialog_box): * dialog-x.c (dbox_descriptor_to_widget_value): * dired-msw.c (Fmswindows_insert_directory): * dired.c (free_user_cache): * dired.c (user_name_completion_unwind): * doc.c (unparesseuxify_doc_string): * doc.c (Fsubstitute_command_keys): * doprnt.c (emacs_doprnt_1): * dumper.c (pdump_load_finish): * dumper.c (pdump_file_free): * dumper.c (pdump_file_unmap): * dynarr.c: * dynarr.c (Dynarr_free): * editfns.c (uncache_home_directory): * editfns.c (Fset_time_zone_rule): * elhash.c: * elhash.c (pdump_reorganize_hash_table): * elhash.c (maphash_unwind): * emacs.c (make_arg_list_1): * emacs.c (free_argc_argv): * emacs.c (sort_args): * emacs.c (Frunning_temacs_p): * emodules.c (attempt_module_delete): * eval.c (free_pointer): * event-Xt.c (unselect_filedesc): * event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_select_process): * event-gtk.c (unselect_filedesc): * event-gtk.c (dragndrop_data_received): * event-msw.c (winsock_closer): * event-msw.c (mswindows_dde_callback): * event-msw.c (mswindows_wnd_proc): * event-stream.c (finalize_command_builder): * event-stream.c (free_command_builder): * extents.c (free_gap_array): * extents.c (free_extent_list): * extents.c (free_soe): * extents.c (extent_fragment_delete): * extents.c (extent_priority_sort_function): * file-coding.c (make_coding_system_1): * file-coding.c (coding_finalizer): * file-coding.c (set_coding_stream_coding_system): * file-coding.c (chain_finalize_coding_stream_1): * file-coding.c (chain_finalize): * file-coding.c (free_detection_state): * file-coding.c (coding_category_symbol_to_id): * fileio.c: * fileio.c (Ffile_name_directory): * fileio.c (if): * fileio.c (Ffile_symlink_p): * filelock.c (FREE_LOCK_INFO): * filelock.c (current_lock_owner): * font-mgr.c (Ffc_name_unparse): * font-mgr.c (Ffc_pattern_duplicate): * frame-gtk.c (gtk_delete_frame): * frame-msw.c (mswindows_delete_frame): * frame-msw.c (msprinter_delete_frame): * frame-x.c (x_cde_destroy_callback): * frame-x.c (Fcde_start_drag_internal): * frame-x.c (x_cde_transfer_callback): * frame-x.c (x_delete_frame): * frame.c (update_frame_title): * frame.c (Fset_frame_pointer): * gc.c (register_for_finalization): * gccache-gtk.c (free_gc_cache): * gccache-gtk.c (gc_cache_lookup): * gccache-x.c (free_gc_cache): * gccache-x.c (gc_cache_lookup): * glyphs-eimage.c: * glyphs-eimage.c (jpeg_instantiate_unwind): * glyphs-eimage.c (gif_instantiate_unwind): * glyphs-eimage.c (png_instantiate_unwind): * glyphs-eimage.c (png_instantiate): * glyphs-eimage.c (tiff_instantiate_unwind): * glyphs-gtk.c (convert_EImage_to_GDKImage): * glyphs-gtk.c (gtk_finalize_image_instance): * glyphs-gtk.c (gtk_init_image_instance_from_eimage): * glyphs-gtk.c (gtk_xpm_instantiate): * glyphs-msw.c (convert_EImage_to_DIBitmap): * glyphs-msw.c (mswindows_init_image_instance_from_eimage): * glyphs-msw.c (mswindows_initialize_image_instance_mask): * glyphs-msw.c (xpm_to_eimage): * glyphs-msw.c (mswindows_xpm_instantiate): * glyphs-msw.c (xbm_create_bitmap_from_data): * glyphs-msw.c (mswindows_finalize_image_instance): * glyphs-x.c (convert_EImage_to_XImage): * glyphs-x.c (x_finalize_image_instance): * glyphs-x.c (x_init_image_instance_from_eimage): * glyphs-x.c (x_xpm_instantiate): * gui-x.c (free_popup_widget_value_tree): * hash.c (free_hash_table): * hash.c (grow_hash_table): * hash.c (pregrow_hash_table_if_necessary): * imgproc.c (build_EImage_quantable): * insdel.c (uninit_buffer_text): * intl-win32.c (convert_multibyte_to_internal_malloc): * intl.c: * intl.c (Fset_current_locale): * keymap.c: * keymap.c (where_is_recursive_mapper): * keymap.c (where_is_internal): * lisp.h: * lisp.h (xfree): * lstream.c (Lstream_close): * lstream.c (resizing_buffer_closer): * mule-coding.c: * mule-coding.c (iso2022_finalize_detection_state): * nt.c: * nt.c (mswindows_get_long_filename): * nt.c (nt_get_resource): * nt.c (init_mswindows_environment): * nt.c (get_cached_volume_information): * nt.c (mswindows_opendir): * nt.c (mswindows_closedir): * nt.c (mswindows_readdir): * nt.c (mswindows_stat): * nt.c (mswindows_getdcwd): * nt.c (Fmswindows_long_file_name): * ntplay.c (nt_play_sound_file): * ntplay.c (play_sound_data_1): * number-gmp.c (gmp_free): * number-gmp.c (init_number_gmp): * number-mp.c (bignum_to_string): * number-mp.c (BIGNUM_TO_TYPE): * number.c (bignum_print): * number.c (bignum_convfree): * number.c (ratio_print): * number.c (bigfloat_print): * number.c (bigfloat_finalize): * objects-gtk.c (gtk_finalize_color_instance): * objects-gtk.c (gtk_finalize_font_instance): * objects-msw.c (mswindows_finalize_color_instance): * objects-msw.c (mswindows_finalize_font_instance): * objects-tty.c (tty_finalize_color_instance): * objects-tty.c (tty_finalize_font_instance): * objects-tty.c (tty_font_list): * objects-x.c (x_finalize_color_instance): * objects-x.c (x_finalize_font_instance): * process.c: * process.c (finalize_process): * realpath.c: * redisplay.c (add_propagation_runes): * regex.c: * regex.c (xfree): * regex.c (REGEX_FREE_STACK): * regex.c (FREE_STACK_RETURN): * regex.c (regex_compile): * regex.c (regexec): * regex.c (regfree): * scrollbar-gtk.c (gtk_free_scrollbar_instance): * scrollbar-gtk.c (gtk_release_scrollbar_instance): * scrollbar-msw.c (mswindows_free_scrollbar_instance): * scrollbar-msw.c (unshow_that_mofo): * scrollbar-x.c (x_free_scrollbar_instance): * scrollbar-x.c (x_release_scrollbar_instance): * select-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_selection_handle): * select-msw.c (mswindows_own_selection): * select-x.c: * select-x.c (x_handle_selection_request): * select-x.c (unexpect_property_change): * select-x.c (x_handle_property_notify): * select-x.c (receive_incremental_selection): * select-x.c (x_get_window_property_as_lisp_data): * select-x.c (Fx_get_cutbuffer_internal): * specifier.c (finalize_specifier): * syntax.c (uninit_buffer_syntax_cache): * sysdep.c (qxe_allocating_getcwd): * sysdep.c (qxe_lstat): * sysdep.c (copy_in_passwd): * sysdep.c (qxe_ctime): * sysdep.c (closedir): * sysdep.c (DIRSIZ): * termcap.c (tgetent): * termcap.c (tprint): * tests.c (Ftest_data_format_conversion): * text.c (new_dfc_convert_copy_data): * text.h (eifree): * text.h (eito_alloca): * text.h (eito_external): * toolbar-msw.c (mswindows_output_toolbar): * ui-gtk.c (CONVERT_RETVAL): * ui-gtk.c (__allocate_object_storage): * unicode.c (free_from_unicode_table): * unicode.c (free_to_unicode_table): * unicode.c (free_charset_unicode_tables): * win32.c (mswindows_read_link_1): Rename: xfree(VAL, TYPE)->xfree(VAL) Command used: gr 'xfree *\((.*),.*\);' 'xfree (\1);' *.[ch] Followed by grepping for 'xfree.*,' and fixing anything left. Rationale: Having to specify the TYPE argument is annoying and error-prone. It was originally put in to work around warnings due to strict aliasing but years and years ago I rewrote it in a way that doesn't use the TYPE argument at all and no one has complained since then. (And anyway, XEmacs is far from ever being in compliance with strict aliasing and would require far-reaching changes to get that way.)
author Ben Wing <ben@xemacs.org>
date Thu, 04 Feb 2010 07:28:14 -0600
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1 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Uvjeti
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2 kopiranja na kraju.
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3
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4 Ovo su osnovne upute za Emacs.
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5
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6 Općenito, Emacsove naredbe sadrže tipku CONTROL (ponekad označenu CTRL
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7 ili CTL) ili tipku META. Na nekim tipkovnicama tipka META je označena
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8 kao ALT ili EDIT, ili nešto treće (na primjer, na Sunovim tipkovnicama
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9 karo znak lijevo od razmaknice je META). Ako nemate tipku META,
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10 umjesto nje možete koristiti ESC. Da ne pišemo META ili CONTROL svaki
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11 put kad mislimo na prefiksnu tipku, koristit ćemo sljedeće skraćenice:
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12
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13 C-<znak> znači držeći tipku CONTROL, stisnite znak <znak>. Tako bi
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14 C-f bilo: Držeći tipku CONTROL, napišite f.
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15 M-<znak> znači držeći tipku META, pritisnite <znak>. Ako nema tipke
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16 META, pritisnite <ESC>, otpustite ga, i napišite znak
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17 <znak>.
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18
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19 Napomena: za izlazak iz Emacsa, utipkajte C-x C-c. (Dva znaka.)
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20 Znakovi ">>" na lijevom rubu naznačuju uputstva da pokušate koristiti
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21 neku naredbu. Na primjer:
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22 <<Sredina stranice namjerno ostavljena prazna. Tekst se nastavlja dolje.>>
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23 >> Sad utipkajte C-v za pomak na sljedeći ekran.
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24 (samo naprijed, učinite to tako da držite tipku control i
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25 pritisnite 'v'). Od sad, ovo trebate napraviti kad god završite
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26 sa čitanjem stranice teksta.
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27
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28 Uočite dva reda koja se preklapaju kad se pomaknete s ekrana na ekran;
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29 preklapanje osigurava kontinuitet koji vam olakšava čitanje teksta.
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30
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31 Prva stvar koju trebate znati jest kako se micati s mjesta na mjesto u
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32 tekstu. Već znate kako se pomaknuti ekran naprijed, pomoću C-v. Da
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33 biste se pomakli ekran natrag, pritisnite M-v (držite tipku META i
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34 pritisnite v, ili upišite <ESC>v ako nemate tipke META, EDIT ili ALT).
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35
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36 >> Pokušajte tipkati M-v, zatim C-v, nekoliko puta.
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37
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38
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39 * SAŽETAK
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40 ---------
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41
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42 Sljedeće naredbe su korisne za pregledavanje stranica teksta:
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43
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44 C-v Pomiče stranicu naprijed
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45 M-v Pomiče stranicu natrag
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46 C-l Briše ekran, i ponovno iscrtava sve, stavljajući tekst
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47 pokraj kursora u sredinu.
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48 (to je control-L, a ne control-1.)
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49
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50 >> Nađite kursor, i pogledajte tekst pokraj njega.
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51 Sada stisnite C-l.
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52 Opet nađite kursor, i uočite da se pokraj kursora nalazi isti
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53 tekst.
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54
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55
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56 * OSNOVE KONTROLE KURSORA
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57 -------------------------
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58
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59 Pomaci s ekrana na ekran su korisni, ali kako se pomaknuti na pojedino
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60 mjesto u tekstu na ekranu?
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61
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62 To možete učiniti na nekoliko načina. Najosnovniji način je
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63 upotrijebiti naredbe C-p, C-b, C-f i C-n. Svaka od ovih naredbi
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64 pomiče kursor jedan redak ili stupac u pojedinom smjeru. Evo tablice
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65 koja pokazuje ove četiri naredbe i smjerove u kojem pomiču.
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66
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67 Prethodni red, C-p
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68 (eng. previous line)
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69 :
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70 :
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71 Natrag, C-b .... Trenutni položaj kursora .... Naprijed, C-f
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72 (eng. backward) : (eng. forward)
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73 :
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74 Sljedeći red, C-n
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75 (eng. next line)
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76
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77 >> Pomaknite kursor do retka u sredini tablice koristeći C-n i C-p.
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78 Tada stisnite C-l da vidite cijelu tablicu u središtu ekrana.
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79
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80 Ove su naredbe temeljene na engleskim mnemonicima: P za previous, N za
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81 next, B za backward i F za forward. Ovo su osnovne naredbe za
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82 pomicanje kursora, i s vremenom ćete ih SVE koristiti, pa bi bilo vrlo
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83 korisno da ih sada naučite.
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84
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85 >> Stisnite C-n nekoliko puta, tako da dovedete kursor do ovog retka.
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86
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87 >> Pomaknite se na red s C-f-ovima, i onda gore do C-p-ova.
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88 Uočite što C-p radi kad je kursor na sredini reda.
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89
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90 Svaki red teksta završava znakom Newline (novi red), čime ga se odvaja
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91 od sljedećeg reda. Zadnji red u datoteci bi trebao imati Newline na
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92 kraju (ali Emacs to ne zahtijeva).
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93
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94 >> Pokušajte stisnuti C-b na početku reda. Trebalo bi vas pomaknuti
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95 na kraj prethodnog reda. To se događa zato što ste se pomakli
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96 unatrag, preko znaka Newline.
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cvs
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diff changeset
97
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cvs
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98 C-f se miče preko Newline-a, baš kao i C-b.
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cvs
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diff changeset
99
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cvs
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100 >> Pritisnite još nekoliko puta C-b, da steknete osjećaj za kursor.
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101 Tad stišćite C-f dok se ne vratite na kraj reda.
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cvs
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102 Zatim se još jednim C-f-om pomaknite na početak sljedećeg reda.
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cvs
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103
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104 Kad se pomaknete preko gornjeg ili donjeg ruba ekrana, tekst iza ruba
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
105 se pomakne na ekran. Ovo se naziva "pomak" (eng. scrolling). Njime
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
106 Emacs može pomaknuti kursor na neko mjesto u tekstu bez uklanjanja
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
107 kursora s ekrana.
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cvs
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diff changeset
108
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109 >> Pokušajte pomaknuti kursor s donjeg ruba sa C-n, i pogledajte što
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cvs
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diff changeset
110 se događa.
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cvs
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diff changeset
111
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cvs
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diff changeset
112 Ako je micanje po znakovima presporo, možete se micati po riječima.
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113 M-f (Meta-f) miče riječ naprijed, a M-b miče riječ natrag.
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114
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115 >> Pritisnite nekoliko puta M-f i M-b.
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116
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117 Kad se nalazite u sredini riječi, M-f pomiče na kraj riječi. Kad se
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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118 nalazite u praznom prostoru između riječi, M-f pomiče na kraj sljedeće
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cvs
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119 riječi. M-b se ponaša na isti način, ali u suprotnom smjeru.
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120
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121 >> Pritisnite M-f i M-b nekoliko puta, izmiješano s C-f i C-b, tako da
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122 možete promotriti kako se M-f i M-b ponašaju na različitim mjestima
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cvs
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123 unutar i između riječi.
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cvs
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124
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cvs
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125 Uočite paralelu između C-f i C-b na jednoj strani, i M-f i M-b na
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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126 drugoj. Meta znakovi se često koriste za operacije vezane uz jedinice
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cvs
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diff changeset
127 definirane jezikom (riječi, rečenice, paragrafi), dok Control znakovi
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cvs
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128 rade na osnovnim jedinicama, neovisno o onome što editirate (znakovi,
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cvs
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129 redovi, itd.)
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cvs
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diff changeset
130
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cvs
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131 Analogija vrijedi i između redova i rečenica: C-a i C-e pomiču na
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132 početak, odnosno na kraj reda, dok M-a i M-e pomiču na početak, odnosno
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cvs
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133 kraj rečenice.
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cvs
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134
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135 >> Iskušajte C-a nekoliko puta, potom C-e nekoliko puta.
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136 >> Iskupajte M-a nekoliko puta, potom M-e nekoliko puta.
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137
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138 Uočite kako ponovljeni C-a ne rade ništa, dok ponovljeni M-a
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cvs
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139 nastavljaju micati po rečenicama. Iako ovo nije sasvim analogno,
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cvs
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140 svaka se naredba doima prirodnom.
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cvs
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141
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142 Položaj kursora u tekstu se također naziva "točka" (eng. point).
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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143 Drugačije rečeno, kursor pokazuje na ekranu gdje se point nalazi u
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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144 tekstu.
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cvs
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145
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146 Evo sažetka jednostavnih operacija za micanje kursora, uključujući i
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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147 naredbe za pomicanje preko riječi i rečenica:
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cvs
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148
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cvs
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149 C-f Znak naprijed
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cvs
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150 C-b Znak natrag
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cvs
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151
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152 M-f Riječ naprijed
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cvs
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153 M-b Riječ natrag
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cvs
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154
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155 C-n Sljedeći red
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cvs
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156 C-p Prethodni red
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cvs
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157
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cvs
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158 C-a Početak reda
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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159 C-e Kraj reda
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160
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161 M-a Početak rečenice
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cvs
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162 M-e Kraj rečenice
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cvs
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163
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164 >> Iskušajte sve ove naredbe još nekoliko puta, za vježbu.
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cvs
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165 To su najčešće rabljene naredbe.
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cvs
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166
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167 Dvije druge važne naredbe za pomicanje kursora su M-< (Meta Manje),
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168 koja pomiče na početak cijelog teksta, i M-> (Meta Veće), koja pomiče
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169 na kraj cijelog teksta.
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cvs
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170
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cvs
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171 Na većini terminala, "<" je iznad zareza, tako da morate koristiti
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cvs
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172 tipku shift da biste ga utipkali. Na tim terminalima morate koristiti
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cvs
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173 tipku shift i da biste utipkali M-<; bez shifta, pisali biste M-zarez.
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174
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175 >> Sada iskušajte M-<, da biste se pomaknuli na početak uputa.
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176 Potom upotrijebite C-v nekoliko puta da se vratite ovamo.
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177
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178 >> Sada iskušajte M->, pomaknuvši se na kraj uputa.
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cvs
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179 Potom upotrijebite M-v nekoliko puta da se vratite ovamo.
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cvs
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180
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cvs
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181 Ako vaš terminal ima kursorske tipke, možete kursor pomicati njima.
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182 Preporučujemo da naučite C-b, C-f, C-n i C-p iz tri razloga. Prvo,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
183 rade na svim vrstama terminala. Drugo, kad steknete rutinu korištenja
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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184 Emacsa, primijetit ćete da je tipkanje ovih CTRL znakova brže od
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
185 uporabe kursorskih tipki (jer ne morate odmicati prste od položaja za
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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186 tipkanje). Treće, jednom kad se naviknete koristiti CTRL znakovne
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
187 naredbe, lako ćete naučiti koristiti druge napredne naredbe za micanje
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
188 kursora.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
189
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
190 Većina Emacsovih naredbi prihvaća numerički argument; za većinu njih
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
191 ovo služi kao brojač ponavljanja. Brojač ponavljanja zadajete tako da
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
192 utipkate C-u i potom znamenke prije nego što utipkate naredbu. Ako
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
193 imate tipku META (ili EDIT ili ALT), postoji još jedan alternativan
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
194 način unošenja numeričkog argumenta: tipkajte znamenke držeći svo vrijeme
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
195 tipku META. Preporučujemo učenje metode pomoću C-u, jer radi na svim
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
196 terminalima.
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cvs
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197
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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198 Primjerice, C-u 8 C-f pomiče osam znakova naprijed.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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199
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
200 >> Pokušajte koristiti C-n ili C-p s numeričkim argumentom, tako da
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
201 pomaknete kursor na liniju blisku ovoj samo jednom naredbom.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
202
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
203 Većina naredbi koristi numerički argument kao brojač ponavljanja.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
204 Neke ga naredbe, izunimno, koriste drugačije. C-v i M-v su među
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
205 iznimkama. Kad im se proslijedi argument, one pomaknu ekran gore ili
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
206 dolje, za toliko redova, a ne stranica. Na primjer, C-u 4 C-v pomiče
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
207 ekran za četiri reda.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
208
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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209 >> Sada pokušajte upisati C-u 8 C-v.
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cvs
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diff changeset
210
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
211 Ovo je trebalo pomaknuti ekran za 8 redova. Ako ga hoćete pomaknuti
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
212 natrag, možete dati isti argument M-v.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
213
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
214 Ako koristite X Window sistem, vjerojatno se na desnoj strani Emacsova
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
215 prozora nalazi pravokutno područje nazvano "vrpca za pomicanje"
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
216 (eng. scroll-bar). Možete pomicati tekst mišem povlačeći klizač
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
217 unutar vrpce.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
218
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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219 >> Pokušajte pritisnuti srednju tipku miša na vrh klizača unutar
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
220 scroll-bara. Ovo bi trebalo pomaknuti tekst do položaja određenog
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
221 visinom točke pritiska.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
222
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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223 >> Pomaknite miša na točku scroll-bara otprilike tri reda od vrha, i
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
224 pritisnite lijevu tipku miša nekoliko puta.
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cvs
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225
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226
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227 * KONTROLA KURSORA NA X TERMINALU
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228 ---------------------------------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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229
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
230 Ako imate X terminal, vjerojatno će vam biti lakše koristiti tipke
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
231 kursorskog bloka. Lijeva, desna, gornja i donja strelica pomiču u
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
232 očekivanom smjeru; one funkcioniraju jednako kao i C-b, C-f, C-p i
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
233 C-n, ali ih je lakše tipkati i zapamtiti. Također možete koristiti
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
234 C-lijevo i C-desno za pomake po riječima, a C-gore i C-dolje za pomake
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
235 po blokovima (npr. paragrafima, ako editirate tekst). Ako imate tipke
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
236 označene s HOME (ili BEGIN) i END, one će vas pomaknuti na početak
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
237 odnosno kraj reda, a C-home i C-end će vas pomaknuti na početak
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
238 odnosno kraj datoteke. Ako vaša tipkovnica ima tipke PgUp i PgDn,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
239 možete ih koristiti za pomicanje gore i dolje po stranicama, kao M-v i
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
240 C-v.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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241
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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242 Sve ove naredbe mogu primiti numeričke argumente, kao što je gore
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
243 opisano. Možete taj argument unijeti kraćim putem: samo držite tipku
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
244 CONTROL ili META, i upišite broj. Na primjer, za pomak 12 riječi
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
245 desno, tipkajte C-1 C-2 C-desno. Uočite da je ovo jako lako utipkati,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
246 jer ne morate otpuštati tipku CONTROL između pritisaka tipki.
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diff changeset
247
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248
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249 * KAD EMACS BLOKIRA
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250 -------------------
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251
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cvs
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252 Ako Emacs prestane odgovarati na vaše naredbe, možete ga zaustaviti
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253 utipkavši C-g. Možete koristiti C-g da zaustavite naredbu koja predugo
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cvs
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254 traje.
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cvs
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255
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cvs
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256 Također s C-g možete odbaciti numerički argument, ili početak naredbe
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cvs
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257 koju ne želite završiti.
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cvs
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258
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259 >> Upišite C-u 100 da napravite numerički argument 100, zatim stisnite C-g.
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260 Sad upišite C-f. Pomaknut će se samo za jedan znak, jer ste
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cvs
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diff changeset
261 argument odbacili s C-g.
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cvs
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262
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cvs
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263 Ako greškom stisnete <ESC>, možete ga se riješiti s C-g.
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cvs
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264
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265
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266 * ONEMOGUĆENE NAREDBE
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267 ---------------------
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268
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269 Neke Emacsove naredbe su "onemogućene", tako da ih početnici ne mogu
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cvs
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270 pokrenuti greškom.
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cvs
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271
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cvs
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272 Ako utipkate jednu od onemogućenih naredbi, Emacs će vas porukom
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cvs
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273 obavijestiti koju ste naredbu pokušali pokrenuti, i pitati vas želite
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cvs
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274 li je ipak izvršiti.
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cvs
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275
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cvs
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276 Ako je zaista želite isprobati, pritisnite razmaknicu kao odgovor na
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cvs
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277 pitanje. Inače, ako ne želite izvršiti onemogućenu naredbu,
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cvs
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278 odgovorite na pitanje s "n".
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cvs
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279
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280 >> Pritisnite `C-x n p' (što je onemogućena naredba),
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cvs
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281 zatim na pitanje odgovorite s "n".
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cvs
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282
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283
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284 * PROZORI
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285 ---------
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cvs
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286
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287 Emacs može imati nekoliko prozora, svaki s vlastitim tekstom. Uočite
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cvs
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288 da se pojam "prozora" kako ga koristi Emacs ne odnosi na odvojene
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cvs
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289 preklapajuće prozore windowing sustava, već na razdvojene dijelove
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cvs
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290 unutar jednog X prozora. (Emacs također može prikazati više X
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cvs
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291 prozora, odnosno "okvira", u Emacsovoj terminologiji. To je opisano
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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292 kasnije.)
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cvs
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293
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cvs
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294 Za sada je bolje ne ulaziti u tehnike korištenja više prozora. Ono
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cvs
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295 što trebate znati jest kako se riješiti dodatnih prozora koji se mogu
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cvs
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296 javiti za prikaz pomoći, ili kao izlaz nekih naredbi.
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cvs
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297 Jednostavno:
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cvs
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298
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cvs
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299 C-x 1 Jedan prozor (tj. ubij sve druge prozore)
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cvs
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300
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cvs
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301 To je Control-x praćen znamenkom 1. C-x 1 proširuje prozor u kojem je
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302 kursor, tako da on zauzme cijeli ekran. Pobriše, također, i ostale
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
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303 prozore.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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304
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305 >> Pomaknite kursor na ovu liniju i upišite C-u 0 C-l.
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cvs
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306
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cvs
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307 (Sjetite se da C-l ponovno iscrtava ekran. Ako ovoj naredbi date
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cvs
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308 numerički argument, on znači "iscrtaj ekran i smjesti trenutni red
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
309 toliko linija od vrha ekrana." Tako C-u 0 C-l znači "iscrtaj ekran, i
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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310 stavi trenutni red na vrh.")
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cvs
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311
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cvs
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312 >> Pritisnite Control-x 2
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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313 Uočite kako se ovaj prozor smanjuje, dok se novi pojavljuje
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cvs
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314 prikazujući sadržaj ovog spremnika (buffera).
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cvs
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315
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316 >> Upišite C-x 1 i gledajte kako novi prozor nestaje.
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317
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318
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319 * UMETANJE I BRISANJE
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320 ---------------------
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321
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322 Želite li umetnuti tekst, samo ga utipkajte. Znakove koje vidite, kao
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323 što su A, 7, *, itd. Emacs shvaća kao tekst i umeće trenutno.
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cvs
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324 Pritisnite <Return> (znak za novi red) da umetnete znak Newline.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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325
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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326 Zadnji znak koji ste umetnuli možete izbrisati pritisnuvši <Delete>.
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327 <Delete> je tipka na tipkovnici koja može biti označena kao "Del". U
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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328 nekim slučajevima, tipka "Backspace" služi kao <Delete>, ali ne
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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329 uvijek!
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cvs
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330
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cvs
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331 Općenitije, <Delete> briše znak neposredno ispred trenutnog položaja
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cvs
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332 kursora.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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333
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334 >> Učinite sljedeće: utipkajte nekoliko znakova, zatim ih izbrišite
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cvs
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335 stisnuvši <Delete> nekoliko puta. Ne brinite o promjeni ove
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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336 datoteke; nećete izmijeniti glavnu verziju uputa. Ovo je vaša
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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337 osobna kopija.
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cvs
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338
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cvs
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339 Kad red teksta postane prevelik za jedan red na ekranu, red se
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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340 "nastavlja" na drugi ekranski red. Obrnuta kosa crta ("\") na desnom
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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341 rubu ukazuje na red koji je nastavljen.
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cvs
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342
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343 >> Upisujte tekst dok ne dođete do desnog ruba, i nastavite pisati.
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344 Vidjet ćete kako se pojavljuje nastavljeni red.
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cvs
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345
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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346 >> Tipkom <Delete> brišite tekst dok red teksta opet ne stane na red
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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347 ekrana. Kontinuacijski red tada nestaje.
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cvs
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348
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cvs
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349 Možete izbrisati znak Newline kao i bilo koji drugi znak. Brisanje
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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350 znaka Newline između dva reda ih spaja u jedan red. Ako je novonastali
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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351 zajednički red prevelik da stane na ekranski red, bit će prikazan
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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352 kontinuacijskim redom.
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cvs
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353
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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354 >> Pomaknite kursor na početak reda i pritisnite <Delete>. Red će se
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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355 spojiti s redom iznad.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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356
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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357 >> Pritisnite <Return> tako da ponovno umetnete Newline koji ste
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
358 izbrisali.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
359
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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360 Upamtite da se većini Emacsovih naredbi može zadati brojač
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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361 ponavljanja; ovo uključuje znakove teksta. Ponavljanje znaka teksta
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
362 unosi ga nekoliko puta.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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363
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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364 >> Iskušajte sad -- upišite C-u 8 * da upišete ********.
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cvs
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365
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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366 Sada ste naučili najosnovnije načine upisivanja u Emacs i ispravljanja
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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367 grešaka. Sada možete i brisati po riječima ili redovima. Evo sažetka
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
368 operacija brisanja:
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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369
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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370 <Delete> briši znak neposredno pred kursorom
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
371 C-d briši znak nakon kursora
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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372
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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373 M-<Delete> ubij riječ prije kursora
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
374 M-d ubij riječ poslije kursora
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
375
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
376 C-k ubij od pozicije kursora do kraja reda
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
377 M-k ubij do kraja trenutne rečenice
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
378
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
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379 Uočite da <Delete> i C-d nasuprot M-<Delete> i M-d proširuju paralelu
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
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diff changeset
380 začetu s C-f i M-f (dobro, <Delete> baš i nije kontrolni znak, ali
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
381 nemojmo brinuti o tome). C-k i M-k su na neki način slični C-e i M-e,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
382 po operaciji na redovima, odnosno rečenicama.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
383
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
384 Kad brišete više od jednog znaka istovremeno, Emacs sprema izbrisani
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
385 tekst, tako da ga možete dobiti natrag. Vraćanje ubijenog teksta zove
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
386 se "dobavljanje" (eng. yanking). Možete dobaviti ubijeni tekst bilo
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
387 na isto mjesto gdje je bio ubijen, bilo na neko drugo mjesto u
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
388 tekstu. Možete dobaviti tekst nekoliko puta, čime ćete dobiti
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
389 višestruke kopije. Komanda za dobavljanje je C-y.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
390
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
391 Uočite da je razlika između "ubijanja" i "brisanja" nečega u tome što
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
392 se ubijeni tekst može dobaviti natrag, a izbrisani ne može. Općenito,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
393 naredbe koje uklanjaju puno teksta spreme izbrisani tekst, dok ga
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
394 naredbe koje brišu samo jedan znak ili samo prazne linije i razmake ne
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
395 spremaju.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
396
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
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397 >> Pomaknite kursor na početak reda koji nije prazan.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
398 Zatim pritisnite C-k da ubijete tekst u tom redu.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
399 >> Stisnite C-k drugi put. Vidjet ćete da ubija Newline koji prati
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
400 taj red.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
401
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
402 Uočite da jedan C-k ubija sadržaj reda, dok drugi C-k ubija sam red, i
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
403 miče sve druge redove prema gore. C-k tretira numerički argument na
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
404 specijalan način: ubija toliko redova, i njihov sadržaj. Ovo nije
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
405 obično ponavljanje. C-u 2 C-k ubija dva reda i njihove newline;
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
406 pritiskanje C-k dvaput ne bi dalo taj rezultat.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
407
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
408 Da povratite zadnji ubijeni tekst i stavite ga gdje je kursor
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
409 trenutno, pritisnite C-y.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
410
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
411 >> Pokušajte; pritisnite C-y da dobavite tekst.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
412
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
413 Gledajte na C-y kao da dobavljate natrag nešto što vam je netko uzeo.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
414 Uočite da ako ponovite C-k nekoliko puta, sav tekst bit će spremljen
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
415 zajedno, tako da će ga C-y dobaviti odjednom.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
416
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
417 >> Učinite to sad, pritisnite C-k nekoliko puta.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
418
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
419 Sad, da bi vratili ubijeni tekst:
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
420
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
421 >> Stisnite C-y. Tad spustite kursor nekoliko linija niže i opet
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
422 stisnite C-y. Sada vidite kako se kopira tekst.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
423
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
424 Što napraviti ako imate tekst koji želite dobaviti, ali onda ubijete
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
425 nešto drugo? C-y bi dobavio zadnji tekst. Ali prethodni tekst nije
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
426 izgubljen. Možete ga povratiti koristeći naredbu M-y. Nakon što
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
427 pritisnete C-y i dobijete zadnje ubijeni tekst, pritiskanje M-y ga
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
428 zamjenjuje s prethodno ubijenim tekstom. Uzastopno pozivanje M-y
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
429 dobavlja sve ranije i ranije tekstove. Kad dođete do teksta koji ste
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
430 tražili, ne morate učiniti ništa posebno da ga zadržite. Samo
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
431 nastavite s editiranjem, ostavivši dobavljeni tekst gdje jest.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
432
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
433 Ako pritisnete M-y dovoljno puta, vratit ćete se na polaznu točku
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
434 (zadnji ubijeni tekst).
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
435
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
436 >> Ubijte jedan red, pomičite se po tekstu, ubijte drugi red.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
437 Zatim pritisnite C-y da biste dobili natrag drugi ubijeni red.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
438 Zatim napravite M-y pa će taj tekst biti zamijenjen prvim ubijenim
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
439 redom. Napravite još par puta M-y i pogledajte što dobivate.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
440 Nastavite s M-y dok ne vratite drugi ubijeni red, a zatim M-y
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
441 pritisnite još par puta. Ako želite, možete pokušati proslijediti
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
442 naredbi M-y pozitivne i negativne argumente.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
443
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
444
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
445 * PONIŠTENJE
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
446 ------------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
447
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
448 Ako napravite izmjenu u tekstu, pa se zatim predomislite, možete
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
449 poništiti (eng. "undo") promjenu naredbom undo, C-x u.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
450
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
451 Obično, C-x u poništava promjene koje su rezultat jedne naredbe; ako
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
452 ponovite C-x u nekoliko puta uzastopce, svako novo ponavljanje
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
453 poništava učinak još jedne naredbe.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
454
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
455 Ali, postoje dva izuzetka: naredbe koje ne mijenjaju tekst se ne
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
456 računaju (ovo uključuje naredbe koje miču kursor i pomiču tekst), a
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
457 samo-umećući znakovi se obično grupiraju u skupine od po 20 (da se
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
458 umanji broj C-x u koje morate stisnuti da biste poništili unos
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
459 teksta).
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
460
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
461 >> Ubijte ovu liniju s C-k, zatim utipkajte C-x u i trebala bi se
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
462 ponovno pojaviti.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
463
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
464 C-_ je alternativna naredba za poništenje; ona radi isto kao C-x u,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
465 ali ju je lakše utipkati nekoliko puta za redom. Mana C-_ je da na
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
466 nekim tipkovnicama nije očigledno kako je utipkati. Zato ostavljamo i
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
467 C-x u. Na nekim terminalima možete dobiti C-_ kombinacijom CTRL i /.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
468
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
469 Numerički argument naredbi C-_ ili C-x u služi kao brojač ponavljanja.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
470
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
471
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
472 * DATOTEKE
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
473 ----------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
474
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
475 Da biste za stalno spremili izmjene na tekstu koji editirate, morate ga
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
476 spremiti u datoteku. Ako to ne učinite, tekst će nestati kada izađete
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
477 iz Emacsa. Svoje izmjene stavljate u datoteku tako što je prvo
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
478 "nađete" (ovo se još naziva i "posjeta" datoteci).
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
479
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
480 Nalaženje datoteke znači da vidite sadržaj datoteke unutar Emacsa. U
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
481 neku ruku, ovo je kao da editirate samu datoteku. Međutim, izmjene
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
482 koje napravite koristeći Emacs ne postaju trajne dok niste "snimili"
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
483 datoteku. Tako možete izbjeći ostavljanje poluzavršene datoteke u
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
484 sustavu, ako to ne želite. Čak i kad snimate, Emacs ostavlja izvornu
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
485 datoteku pod promijenjenim imenom, za slučaj da se kasnije
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
486 predomislite.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
487
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
488 Ako pogledate pri dnu ekrana, vidjet ćete red koji počinje i završava
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
489 s crticama, i sadrži niz "XEmacs: TUTORIAL.hr". Ovaj dio ekrana
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
490 uvijek pokazuje naziv datoteke koju posjećujete. U ovom trenutku vi
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
491 posjećujete datoteku koja se zove "TUTORIAL", a koja je vaša osobna
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
492 kopija Emacsovih uputa. Koju god datoteku našli, njen će se naziv
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
493 pojaviti na tom istom mjestu.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
494
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
495 Naredbe za pronalaženje i spremanje datoteka se razlikuju od drugih
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
496 naredbi koje ste dosad upoznali, po tome što se sastoje od dva znaka.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
497 Obje počinju znakom Control-x; mnoge od njih rade s datotekama,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
498 spremnicima i povezanim stvarima. Ove naredbe su dugačke dva, tri ili
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
499 četiri znaka.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
500
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
501 Još jedna stvar u vezi naredbe za nalaženje datoteke je da morate reći
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
502 koju datoteku želite. Kažemo da naredba "čita argument s terminala"
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
503 (u ovom slučaju, argument je naziv datoteke). Kad utipkate naredbu
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
504
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
505 C-x C-f Nađi datoteku
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
506
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
507 Emacs traži od vas da upišete naziv datoteke. Naziv datoteke koji
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
508 upišete pojavljuje se u donjem redu ekrana. Taj donji red naziva se
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
509 minispremnik (minibuffer) kad se koristi za tu vrstu unosa. Možete
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
510 koristiti uobičajene Emacsove naredbe da editirate naziv datoteke.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
511
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
512 Dok unosite naziv datoteke (ili za bilo kojeg unosa iz minispremnika),
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
513 možete otkazati naredbu pomoću C-g.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
514
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
515 >> Upišite C-x C-f, potom C-g. Ovo otkazuje minispremnik, a također
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
516 otkazuje i naredbu C-x C-f koja je koristila minispremnik. Tako
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
517 nijedna datoteka neće biti pronađena.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
518
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
519 Kad završite s upisom imena datoteke, stisnite <Return> za kraj. Tad
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
520 će naredba C-x C-f otpočeti svoj posao, i naći datoteku koju ste
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
521 izabrali. Minispremnik nestaje kad naredba C-x C-f završi.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
522
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
523 Ubrzo će se sadržaj datoteke pojaviti na ekranu, i moći ćete editirati
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
524 sadržaj. Kad poželite trajno sačuvati svoje izmjene, upišite naredbu
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
525
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
526 C-x C-s Spremi datoteku
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
527
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
528 Ovo kopira tekst unutar Emacsa u datoteku na disku. Prvi put kad ovo
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
529 učinite, Emacs će preimenovati izvornu datoteku u novo ime, tako da je
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
530 ne izgubite. Novo se ime tvori dodavanjem znaka ~ na izvorno ime
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
531 datoteke.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
532
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
533 Kad snimanje završi, Emacs ispiše ime snimljene datoteke. Trebali
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
534 biste snimati relativno često, tako da ne izgubite puno ako sustav
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
535 padne.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
536
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
537 >> Upisavši C-x C-s, spremite svoju kopiju uputa.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
538 Na dnu ekrana bi trebalo pisati "Wrote ...TUTORIAL.hr".
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
539
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
540 Primjedba: Na nekim sustavima, tipkanje C-x C-s će zamrznuti ekran, i
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
541 nećete više vidjeti Emacsov output. To znači da "prednost"
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
542 operativnog sustava zvana "kontrola toka" (eng. flow control) presreće
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
543 C-s i ne da mu da dođe do Emacsa. Odmrznite sustav tipkom C-q. Tada
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
544 pogledajte odjeljak "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search"
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
545 Emacsovog manuala za savjet kako se nositi s ovom "prednošću".
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
546
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
547 Možete naći postojeću datoteku, da je pogledate ili editirate. Možete
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
548 također naći i datoteku koja još ne postoji. Tako se stvaraju nove
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
549 datoteke Emacsom: nađite datoteku, koja će ispočetka biti prazna, i
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
550 počnite unositi tekst u datoteku. Kad zatražite "snimanje" datoteke,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
551 Emacs će zaista stvoriti datoteku s tekstom koji ste unijeli. Od tad
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
552 pa nadalje, možete smatrati da editirate već postojeću datoteku.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
553
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
554
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
555 * SPREMNICI
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
556 -----------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
557
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
558 Ako nađete još jednu datoteku s C-x C-f, ona prva ostaje unutar
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
559 Emacsa. Možete se vratiti natrag na nju nalazeći je opet s C-x C-f.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
560 Ovako možete otvoriti priličan broj datoteka unutar Emacsa.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
561
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
562 >> Stvorite datoteku imena "foo" tipkajući C-x C-f foo <Return>.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
563 Tad unesite neki tekst, editirajte ga, i snimite "foo" utipkavši
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
564 C-x C-s.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
565 Konačno, upišite C-x C-f TUTORIAL.hr <Return> da se vratite na
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
566 upute.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
567
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
568 Emacs pohranjuje tekst svake datoteke u objektu zvanom "spremnik"
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
569 (eng. buffer). Nalaženje datoteke otvara novi spremnik unutar
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
570 Emacsa. Popis spremnika koji se nalaze u trenutnom pozivu Emacsa
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
571 možete dobiti sa
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
572
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
573 C-x C-b Izlistaj spremnike
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
574
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
575 >> Sada iskušajte C-x C-b.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
576
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
577 Uočite kako svaki spremnik ima naziv, a može imati i ime datoteke koje
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
578 se odnosi na datoteku čiji sadržaj je u njemu. Neki spremnici ne
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
579 odgovaraju ni jednoj datoteci. Na primjer, spremnik "*Buffer List*" nema
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
580 ni jednu datoteku. To je spremnik koji sadrži spisak spremnika koji
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
581 je stvorila naredba C-x C-b. BILO KOJI tekst koji vidite u nekom
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
582 Emacsovom prozoru uvijek je dio nekog spremnika.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
583
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
584 >> Pritisnite C-x 1 da se riješite spiska spremnika.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
585
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
586 Ako promijenite tekst jedne datoteke, zatim nađete drugu datoteku, ova
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
587 prva neće biti snimljena. Njene promjene ostaju unutar Emacsa, u
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
588 spremniku te datoteke. Ovo je korisno, ali to i znači da je potreban
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
589 pogodan način snimanja datoteke prvog spremnika. Bilo bi nespretno
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
590 prebacivati se natrag u spremnik s C-x C-f samo zato da ga se snimi s
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
591 C-x C-s. Zato imamo
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
592
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
593 C-x s Snimi neke spremnike.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
594
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
595 C-x s vas pita za svaki spremnik koji sadrži izmjene koje niste
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
596 snimili. Za svaki takav spremnik pita vas da li ga želite snimiti.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
597
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
598 >> Upišite red teksta, potom upišite C-x s.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
599 Pitat će vas želite li snimiti spremnik s nazivom TUTORIAL.hr.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
600 Odgovorite potvrdno na pitanje, tipkajući "y".
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
601
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
602
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
603 * UPORABA IZBORNIKA
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
604 -------------------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
605
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
606 Ako ste na X terminalu, uočit ćete izbornik na vrhu Emacsovog prozora.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
607 Možete koristiti izbornik za pristup svim uobičajenim Emacsovim
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
608 naredbama, kao što su "find file". Ovo će vam u početku biti lakše,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
609 jer nećete morati pamtiti tipke za neku naredbu. Jednom kad vam rad u
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
610 Emacsu postane ugodan, lako ćete početi koristiti naredbe s
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
611 tipkovnice, jer svaka stavka izbornika sadrži i odgovarajuću tipku za
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
612 pokretanje naredbe.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
613
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
614 Uočite da postoji puno stavki koje nemaju ekvivalent na tipkovnici.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
615 Na primjer, izbornik "Buffers" prikazuje sve raspoložive spremnike
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
616 redosljedom posljednje uporabe. Možete se prebaciti na bilo koji
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
617 spremnik tako da jednostavno izaberete njegov naziv u izborniku
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
618 "Buffers".
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
619
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
620
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
621 * UPORABA MIŠA
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
622 --------------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
623
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
624 Kad radite pod X-ima, Emacs je u potpunosti integriran s mišem.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
625 Možete pozicionirati tekstualni kursor pritisnuvši lijevu tipku miša
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
626 na željenom mjestu, možete izabrati tekst povlačeći lijevu tipku miša
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
627 po željenom tekstu. (Ili, na drugi način, pritisnuti lijevu tipku
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
628 miša s jedne strane, zatim se pomaknuti na drugu stranu, i koristiti
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
629 Shift i tipku miša za izbor teksta.)
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
630
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
631 Ako želite ubiti izabrani tekst, možete pritisnuti C-w, ili izabrati
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
632 Cut u izborniku Edit. Uočite da ovo dvoje *nije* isto: C-w samo
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
633 sprema tekst unutar Emacsa (slično C-k, kako je opisano gore), dok Cut
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
634 radi ovo, i još sprema tekst u X clipboard, gdje do njega mogu
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
635 pristupiti ostale aplikacije.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
636
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
637 Tekst s X clipboarda možete dobiti koristeći stavku Paste izbornika
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
638 Edit.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
639
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
640 Srednja tipka miša se obično koristi za izbor stvari koje su vidljive
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
641 na ekranu. Na primjer, ako uđete u Info (Emacsovu on-line
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
642 dokumentaciju) koristeći C-h i ili izbornik Help, možete pratiti
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
643 osvijetljeni link pritisnuvši srednju tipku miša na njemu. Slično,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
644 ako tipkate naziv datoteke (npr. na "Find File" promptu) i pritisnete
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
645 TAB da vidite mogućnosti, možete stisnuti srednju tipku miša na neku
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
646 od mogućnosti, da je izaberete.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
647
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
648 Desna tipka miša poziva "skočni" izbornik. Sadržaj ovog izbornika
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
649 ovisi o modu u kojem se trenutno nalazite, i obično sadrži nekoliko
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
650 često korištenih naredbi, tako da se do njih lakše dođe.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
651
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
652 >> Sada pritisnite desnu tipku miša.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
653
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
654 Morat ćete držati tipku da zadržite izbornik.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
655
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
656
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
657 * PROŠIRENJE SKUPA NAREDBI
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
658 --------------------------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
659
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
660 Emacsovih naredbi ima puno puno više nego što bi ikad moglo stati na
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
661 sve kontrolne i meta znakove. Emacs ovo zaobilazi proširenim
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
662 (eXtended) naredbama. One dolaze u dva oblika:
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
663
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
664 C-x Proširi znak. Praćena jednim znakom.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
665 M-x Proširena naredba s imenom. Praćena dugim imenom.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
666
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
667 Postoje naredbe koje jesu korisne, ali ih se rabi manje nego naredbe o
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
668 kojima smo dosad govorili. Već ste vidjeli dvije: naredbe s
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
669 datotekama C-x C-f za nalaženje i C-x C-s za snimanje. Još jedan
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
670 primjer je naredba kojom se izlazi iz Emacsa -- to je naredba C-x
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
671 C-c. (ne brinite o gubljenju izmjena koje ste napravili; C-x C-c vam
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
672 nudi da snimite svaku izmijenjenu datoteku prije no što izađe iz
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
673 Emacsa).
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
674
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
675 Naredbom C-z *privremeno* izlazite iz Emacsa -- tako da se možete
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
676 nakon nekog vremena opet vratiti u Emacs.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
677
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
678 Na sustavima koji to dozvoljavaju, C-z "suspendira" Emacs; to jest,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
679 vraća se u ljusku, ali ne uništava Emacs. U većini ljuski, možete
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
680 nastaviti rad Emacsa naredbom `fg', ili s `%emacs'.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
681
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
682 Na sustavima koji ne podržavaju suspendiranje, C-z stvara podljusku
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
683 koja radi pod Emacsom, tako da možete pokrenuti druge programe i
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
684 naknadno se vratiti u Emacs; ona neće zaista "izaći" iz Emacsa. U
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
685 ovom slučaju, ljuskina naredba `exit' je uobičajen način povratka iz
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
686 podljuske u Emacs.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
687
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
688 Vrijeme za C-x C-c je onda kad se kanite odlogirati. Također, to je
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
689 ispravna stvar kad je Emacs pozvan iz čitača pošte, ili nekog drugog
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
690 programa, jer se oni ne moraju znati nositi sa suspendiranjem Emacsa.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
691 U normalnim okolnostima, međutim, ako se ne kanite odlogirati, bolje
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
692 je suspendirati Emacs s C-z nego izaći iz njega.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
693
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
694 Postoji puno C-x naredbi. Evo spiska onih koje ste naučili:
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
695
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
696 C-x C-f Nađi datoteku.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
697 C-x C-s Snimi datoteku.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
698 C-x C-b Popis spremnika.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
699 C-x C-c Izađi iz Emacsa.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
700 C-x u Poništi zadnju naredbu.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
701
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
702 Imenovane proširene naredbe su naredbe koje se još rjeđe koriste, ili
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
703 se koriste samo unutar stanovitih modova. Primjer je naredba
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
704 replace-string, koja globalno zamjenjuje jedan niz drugim. Kad
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
705 napišete M-x, Emacs će vam dati prompt na dnu ekrana, a vi trebate
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
706 samo napisati naziv naredbe. U ovom slučaju, "replace-string". Samo
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
707 napišite "repl s<TAB>", i Emacs će dovršiti ime. Završite naziv
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
708 naredbe s <Return>.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
709
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
710 Naredba replace-string traži dva argumenta -- niz koji se zamjenjuje,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
711 i niz kojim će se zamijeniti. Završite svaki argument s <Return>.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
712
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
713 >> Pomaknite kursor na prazan red dva reda ispod ovoga. Zatim
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
714 napišite M-x repl s <Return>promijenio<Return>izmijenio<Return>.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
715
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
716 Primijetite kako se ovaj red promijenio: zamijenili ste riječ
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
717 p-r-o-m-i-j-e-n-i-o s "izmijenio" gdje god se ova pojavila, nakon
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
718 početnog položaja kursora.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
719
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
720
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
721 * AUTOMATSKO SNIMANJE
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
722 ---------------------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
723
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
724 Kada ste promijenili datoteku, ali je još niste snimili, vaše bi
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
725 izmjene mogle biti izgubljene ako računalo padne. Da vas zaštiti od
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
726 ovoga, Emacs povremeno ispisuje "auto save" (automatsko snimanje)
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
727 datoteku za svaku datoteku koju editirate. Auto-save datoteka ima #
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
728 na početku i na kraju imena; na primjer, ako se vaša datoteka zove
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
729 "hello.c", njezina će se auto-save datoteka zvati "#hello.c#". Kad
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
730 snimite datoteku na normalan način, Emacs će izbrisati njezinu
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
731 auto-save datoteku.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
732
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
733 Ako računalo padne, možete obnoviti svoje automatski spremljene
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
734 promjene tako što normalno nađete datoteku, i napišete
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
735 M-x recover file <Return>. Kad vas pita za potvrdu, upišite
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
736 yes<return> za nastavak i vratite automatski snimljene podatke.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
737
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
738
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
739 * PROSTOR ZA PORUKE
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
740 -------------------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
741
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
742 Ako Emacs vidi da pišete naredbe polako, pokazat će vam ih na dnu
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
743 ekrana na mjestu koje se zove "prostor za poruke" (eng. echo area).
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
744 Prostor za poruke je na najnižem redu ekrana.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
745
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
746
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
747 * STATUSNI RED
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
748 --------------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
749
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
750 Red odmah iznad prostora za poruke se zove "statusni red"
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
751 (eng. modeline). Statusni red izgleda otprilike ovako:
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
752
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
753 --**-XEmacs: TUTORIAL.hr (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
754
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
755 Ovaj red pruža korisne informacije o statusu Emacsa i tekstu koji
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
756 editirate.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
757
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
758 Već znate što je ime datoteke -- to je datoteka koju ste našli.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
759 -NN%-- predstavlja vaš trenutni položaj u tekstu; to znači da je NN
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
760 postotaka teksta iznad vrha ekrana. Ako je vrh teksta na ekranu,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
761 pisat će --Top-- umjesto --00%--. Ako je kraj teksta na ekranu, pisat
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
762 će --Bot--. Ako gledate u tako kratak tekst da sav stane na ekran, u
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
763 statusnoj liniji će pisati --All--.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
764
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
765 Zvjezdice na početku znače da ste napravili izmjene na tekstu.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
766 Neposredno po posjeti ili snimanju datoteke, taj dio statusne linije
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
767 nema zvjezdica, već samo crtice.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
768
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
769 Dio statusne linije u zagradama govori u kojem se modu editiranja
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
770 nalazite. Podrazumijeva se Fundamentalni mod, koji trenutno koristite.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
771 On je primjer "glavnog moda".
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
772
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
773 Emacs ima puno različitih glavnih modova. Neki od njih su predviđeni
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
774 za editiranje različitih jezika i/ili vrsta teksta, kao što je Lisp
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
775 mod, tekst mod, itd. U bilo kojem trenutku jedan i samo jedan glavni
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
776 mod je aktivan, i njegovo se ime nalazi na statusnom redu, gdje sada
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
777 stoji "Fundamental".
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
778
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
779 Svaki glavni mod čini da se nekoliko naredbi ponaša različito. Na
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
780 primjer, postoje naredbe za stvaranje komentara u programu, a budući
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
781 da svaki programski jezik ima drugačiju predodžbu o tome kako komentar
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
782 izgleda, svaki glavni mod različito unosi komentare. Svaki glavni mod
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
783 je ime jedne proširene naredbe, što je i način kako se možete
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
784 prebaciti u taj mod. Na primjer, M-x fundamental-mode je naredba koja
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
785 vas prebacuje u Fundamental mod.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
786
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
787 Ako editirate tekst na hrvatskom, kao što je ova datoteka, vjerojatno
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
788 biste trebali koristiti tekstualni mod.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
789 >> Napišite M-x text-mode<Return>.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
790
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
791 Ne brinite, nijedna od naredbi koje ste naučili neće promijeniti Emacs
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
792 na značajan način. Ali možete uočiti da M-f i M-b sad tretiraju
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
793 apostrofe kao dio riječi. U fundamentalnom modu M-f i M-b su
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
794 tretirali apostrofe kao separatore riječi.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
795
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
796 Glavni modovi obično rade suptilne izmjene poput navedene: većina
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
797 naredbi rade "isti posao" u svakom glavnom modu, ali funkcioniraju s
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
798 malom razlikom.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
799
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
800 Da biste vidjeli dokumentaciju trenutnog glavnog moda, pritisnite
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
801 C-h m.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
802
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
803 >> Pritisnite još jednom C-u C-v da dovedete ovu liniju do vrha ekrana.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
804 >> Utipkajte C-h m, da vidite kako se tekstualni mod razlikuje od
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
805 fundamentalnog moda.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
806 >> Pritisnite q da uklonite dokumentaciju s ekrana.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
807
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
808 Glavni modovi se nazivaju glavnima, jer postoje još i sporedni
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
809 modovi. Sporedni su modovi nisu zamjena za glavne modove, već njihova
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
810 usputna modifikacija. Svaki sporedni mod može biti uključen ili
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
811 isključen za sebe, neovisno o ostalim sporednim modovima, i neovisno o
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
812 glavnom modu. Tako možete ne biti niti u jednom sporednom modu, ili u
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
813 jednom sporednom modu, ili u kombinaciji nekoliko sporednih modova.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
814
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
815 Jedan vrlo koristan sporedni mod, naročito za editiranje hrvatskog
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
816 teksta, jest mod za automatsko popunjavanje (Auto Fill mode). Kad je
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
817 ovaj mod uključen, Emacs automatski lomi linije između riječi kad god
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
818 umetanjem teksta stvorite red koji je preširok.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
819
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
820 Možete uključiti Auto Fill mod pisanjem M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
821 Kad je mod uključen, isključujete ga s M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
822 Kad je mod isključen, ova ga naredba uključuje, kad je uključen, ona
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
823 ga isključuje.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
824
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
825 >> Napišite M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> sad. Potom umećite tekst "asdf "
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
826 dok god se red ne razdvoji na dva dijela. Morate stavljati razmake
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
827 između, jer Auto Fill lomi redove samo na razmacima.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
828
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
829 Rub je obično postavljen na 70 znakova, ali ga možete promijeniti
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
830 naredbom C-x f. Rub koji želite postaviti podešavate numeričkim
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
831 argumentom.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
832
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
833 >> Utipkajte C-x f s argumentom 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
834 Potom upišite neki tekst, i gledajte kako Emacs lomi redove dulje
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
835 od 20 znakova. Tad postavite rub natrag na 70 ponovno
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
836 upotrijebivši C-x f.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
837
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
838 Ako napravite promjene u sredini paragrafa, Auto Fill mod ga neće
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
839 cijelog reformatirati.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
840 Za preoblikovanje paragrafa, utipkajte M-q (Meta-q) s kursorom unutar
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
841 paragrafa.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
842
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
843 >> Pomaknite kursor na prethodni paragraf, i stisnite M-q.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
844
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
845
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
846 * TRAŽENJE
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
847 ----------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
848
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
849 Emacs može tražiti nizove (grupe uzastopnih znakova ili riječi) bilo
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
850 prema naprijed ili prema natrag kroz tekst. Traženje niza je naredba
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
851 kojom se pomiče kursor; ona će pomaknuti kursor do sljedećeg mjesta na
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
852 kom se niz pojavljuje.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
853
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
854 Emacsova naredba za traženje se razlikuje od sličnih naredbi većine
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
855 editora po tome što je "postupna" (eng. incremental). To znači da se
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
856 pretraživanje odvija dok upisujete niz koji tražite.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
857
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
858 Naredba kojom počinjete naredbu je C-s za traženje prema naprijed, i
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
859 C-r za traženje unatrag. ALI ČEKAJTE! Nemojte ih odmah isprobati.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
860
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
861 Kad utipkate C-s, primijetit ćete da se tekst "I-search" pojavljuje
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
862 kao prompt u prostoru za poruke. Ovo vam kaže da je Emacs u stanju
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
863 postupnog traženja, i da čeka da upišete što želite tražiti.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
864 <Return> zaustavlja traženje.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
865
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
866 >> Sad stisnite C-s da započnete pretraživanje. POLAKO, znak po znak,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
867 utipkajte riječ `kursor', radeći stanku između znakova da uočite
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
868 što se događa s kursorom.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
869 Sad ste našli "kursor", jednom.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
870 >> Stisnite C-s opet, da nađete sljedeće pojavljivanje "kursora".
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
871 >> Sad stisnite <Delete> četiri puta, i gledajte kako se kursor
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
872 pomiče.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
873 >> Stisnite <RET> da prekinete traženje.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
874
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
875 Jeste li vidjeli što se dogodilo? Za vrijeme inkrementalnog traženja,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
876 Emacs pokušava otići na mjesto gdje se pojavljuje niz kojeg ste do sad
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
877 utipkali, osvjetljavajući ga zbog preglednosti. Za odlazak na
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
878 sljedeće mjesto gdje se "kursor" pojavljuje, samo opet stisnite C-s.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
879 Ako ni jedno takvo mjesto ne postoji, Emacs će se oglasiti zvučnim
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
880 signalom i reći vam da pretraga niju uspjela ("failing"). Pretragu
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
881 možete prekinuti i pomoću C-g.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
882
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
883
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
884 PRIMJEDBA: Na nekim sustavima, tipkanje C-s će smrznuti sustav i više
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
885 nećete vidjeti daljnji Emacsov output. To pokazuje da "prednost"
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
886 operativnog sustava zvana "kontrola toka" (eng. flow control) presreće
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
887 C-s i ne da mu da dođe do Emacsa. Pritisak na C-q će odmrznuti ekran.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
888 Tad pogledajte odjeljak "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search"
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
889 Emacsovog manuala za savjet kako se nositi s ovom "prednošću".
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
890
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
891 Ako za vrijeme postupnog traženja pritisnete <Delete>, uočit ćete
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
892 da je zadnji znak niza izbrisan i da se pretraga vratila na zadnje
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
893 mjesto. Na primjer, pretpostavimo da ste stisnuli "k" ne bi li našli
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
894 prvo pojavljivanje "k". Ako sad stisnete "u", kursor će se pomaknuti
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
895 na mjesto prvog pojavljivanja "ku". Sad stisnite <Delete>. Ovo će
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
896 ukloniti "u" iz traženog niza, i pomaknuti kursor natrag na prvu
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
897 pojavu "k".
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
898
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
899 Ako ste usred traženja i stisnete kontrolni ili meta znak (s nekoliko
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
900 iznimki -- znakova koji imaju posebno značenje pri traženju, kao što
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
901 su C-s i C-r), traženje se zaustavlja.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
902
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
903 C-s započinje pretragu koja traži bilo koju pojavu traženog niza NAKON
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
904 trenutnog položaja kursora. Ako želite tražiti nešto što se
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
905 pojavljuje ranije u tekstu, stisnite C-r. Sve što smo rekli za C-s
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
906 vrijedi i za C-r, jedino što je smjer pretrage suprotan.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
907
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
908
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
909 * VIŠESTRUKI PROZORI
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
910 --------------------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
911
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
912 Jedna od lijepih stvari u Emacsu je što možete prikazati više prozora
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
913 na ekranu istovremeno.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
914
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
915 >> Dovedite kursor do ovog reda i stisnite C-u 0 C-l.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
916
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
917 >> Sad stisnite C-x 2, što razdvaja ekran na dva prozora.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
918 Oba prozora prikazuju ove upute. Kursor ostaje u gornjem prozoru.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
919
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
920 >> Stisnite C-M-v da pomaknete donji prozor.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
921 (Ako nemate pravu tipku Meta, stisnite ESC C-v.)
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
922
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
923 >> Stisnite C-x o ("o" kao eng. "other", drugi) da pomaknete kursor u
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
924 donji prozor.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
925 >> U donjem se prozoru pomičite s C-v i M-v.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
926 Nastavite čitati ove upute u gornjem prozoru.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
927
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
928 >> Opet stisnite C-x o da pomaknete kursor natrag u gornji prozor.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
929 Kursor u gornjem prozoru je upravo gdje je prije bio.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
930
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
931 Možete stalno koristiti C-x o za pomicanje među prozorima. Svaki
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
932 prozor ima vlastiti položaj kursora, ali samo jedan prozor zapravo
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
933 prikazuje kursor. Sve uobičajene naredbe za editiranja djeluju na
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
934 prozoru u kojem je kursor. Taj prozor nazivamo "izabrani prozor"
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
935 (eng. selected window).
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
936
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
937 Naredba C-M-v korisna je kad editirate tekst u jednom prozoru, a drugi
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
938 koristite za referencu. Tada možete držati kursor uvijek u prozoru
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
939 gdje editirate, a napredovati kroz onaj drugi s C-M-v.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
940
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
941 C-M-v je primjer CONTROL-META znaka. Ako imate pravu tipku META,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
942 možete dobiti C-M-v držeći zajedno i CTRL i META, dok tipkate v. Nema
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
943 veze da li je CTRL ili META "prvi", jer obje ove tipke rade
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
944 mijenjajući znakove koji pišete.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
945
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
946 Ako nemate pravu META tipku, a umjesto nje koristite ESC, tad je
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
947 poredak važan: morate stisnuti ESC praćen s CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v neće
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
948 raditi. Razlog za ovo je što je ESC tipka za sebe, a ne modifikator.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
949
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
950 >> Pritisnite C-x 1 (u gornjem prozoru) da se riješite donjeg
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
951 prozora.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
952
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
953 (Da ste stisnuli C-x 1 u donjem prozoru, riješili biste se gornjeg.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
954 Ovu naredbu možete shvatiti kao "Ostavi samo jedan prozor -- onaj u
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
955 kojem već jesam.")
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
956
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
957 Ne morate prikazivati isti spremnik u oba prozora. Ako pritisnete C-x
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
958 C-f da nađete datoteku u jednom prozoru, drugi se prozor ne mijenja.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
959 Možete naći datoteku u svakom prozoru neovisno o drugima.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
960
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
961 Evo još jednog načina da upotrijebite dva prozora za prikaz dvije
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
962 različite stvari:
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
963
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
964 >> Utipkajte C-x 4 C-f, a zatim ime neke od vaših datoteka.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
965 Završite s <Return>. Uočite da se navedena datoteka pojavila u
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
966 donjem prozoru, a također i kursor.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
967
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
968 >> Pritisnite C-x o za povrat u gornji prozor, i C-x 1 da uklonite
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
969 donji.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
970
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
971
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
972 * REKURZIVNE RAZINE EDITIRANJA
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
973 ------------------------------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
974
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
975 Ponekad ćete poželjeti ući u ono što se zove "rekurzivna razina
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
976 editiranja" (eng. recursive editing level). Ovo je naznačeno uglatim
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
977 zagradama u statusnom redu, koje okružuju okrugle zagrade oko naziva
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
978 moda. Na primjer, vidjeli biste [(Fundamental)] umjesto
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
979 (Fundamental).
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
980
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
981 Za izlazak iz rekurzivnog editiranja, pritisnite ESC ESC ESC. To je
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
982 višenamjenska naredba za "izlazak". Možete je koristiti i za
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
983 uklanjanje dodatnih prozora, kao i za izlazak iz minispremnika.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
984
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
985 >> Stisnite M-x za ulazak u minispremnik; potom utipkajte ESC ESC ESC
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
986 za izlaz.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
987
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
988 Iz rekurzivne razine editiranja ne možete izaći s C-g. To je zato što
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
989 se C-g koristi za otkazivanje naredbi i argumenata UNUTAR te razine
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
990 editiranja.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
991
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
992
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
993 * DODATNA POMOĆ
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
994 ---------------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
995
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
996 U ovim smo uputama pokušali dati upravo toliko informacija da možete
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
997 početi koristiti Emacs. Toliko je toga prisutno u Emacsu da bi bilo
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
998 nemoguće sve to ovdje objasniti. Međutim, možda poželite naučiti više
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
999 o Emacsu, jer on ima još puno korisnih prednosti. Emacs ima naredbe
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1000 za čitanje dokumentacije o Emacsovim naredbama. Ove naredbe "pomoći"
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1001 sve počinju sa znakom Control-h, koji se zove "znak za pomoć"
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1002 (eng. the Help character).
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1003
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1004 Za korištenje naredbi pomoći, stisnite znak C-h, praćen znakom koji
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diff changeset
1005 kaže koju vrstu pomoći želite. Ako ste ZAISTA izgubljeni, stisnite
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1006 C-h ? i Emacs će vam reći koje vrste pomoći može dati. Ako stisnete
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diff changeset
1007 C-h, ali se predomislite, samo pritisnite C-g za otkaz pomoći.
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diff changeset
1008
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diff changeset
1009 (Na nekim je sistemima promijenjeno značenje C-h. Ovo se zaista ne bi
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1010 smjelo raditi, pa se požalite sistemskom administratoru. U međuvremenu,
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diff changeset
1011 ako C-h ne prikazuje poruku o pomoći na dnu ekrana, pokušajte upisati
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diff changeset
1012 M-x help RET umjesto toga.)
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diff changeset
1013
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1014 Osnovna naredba pomoći je C-h c. Napišite C-h, potom c, i znak ili
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diff changeset
1015 niz znakova, i Emacs će pokazati vrlo kratak opis naredbe.
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diff changeset
1016
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diff changeset
1017 >> Stisnite C-h c Control-p.
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diff changeset
1018 Poruka bi trebala biti poput:
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diff changeset
1019
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diff changeset
1020 C-p runs the command previous-line
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diff changeset
1021
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diff changeset
1022 (C-p pokreće naredbu previous-line)
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diff changeset
1023
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diff changeset
1024 Ovo vam kaže "ime funkcije". Imena funkcija se koriste uglavnom za
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1025 mijenjanje i proširivanje Emacsa. Ali budući da se imena funkcija
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1026 biraju tako da pokazuju što naredba radi, ona mogu poslužiti i kao
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diff changeset
1027 vrlo kratka dokumentacija -- dovoljna da vas podsjeti na naredbu koju
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1028 već znate.
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diff changeset
1029
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diff changeset
1030 Više-znakovne naredbe kao što su C-x C-s i (ako nemate tipku META,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1031 EDIT ili ALT) <ESC>v su također dozvoljene nakon C-h c.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1032
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diff changeset
1033 Za više podataka o naredbi, pritisnite C-h k umjesto C-h c.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1034
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parents:
diff changeset
1035 >> Stisnite C-h k Control-p.
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diff changeset
1036
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diff changeset
1037 Osim imena, sad vidite i dokumentaciju funkcije u Emacsovom prozoru.
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parents:
diff changeset
1038 Kad završite s čitanjem ispisa, stisnite q da se riješite teksta.
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diff changeset
1039
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diff changeset
1040 Evo nekoliko korisnih mogućnosti C-h:
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diff changeset
1041
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1042 C-h f Opiši funkciju. Upišete ime funkcije.
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diff changeset
1043
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diff changeset
1044 >> Pokušajte stisnuti C-h f previous-line<Return>.
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parents:
diff changeset
1045 Ovo će ispisati sve što Emacs zna o funkciji koja implementira
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1046 naredbu C-p.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1047
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diff changeset
1048 C-h a Hiper Apropos. Upišite riječ, i Emacs će popisati sve
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1049 funkcije i varijable čija imena sadrže riječ. Naredbe
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1050 koje se mogu izvršiti s Meta-x bit će označene
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1051 zvjezdicom slijeva.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1052
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diff changeset
1053 >> Utipkajte C-h a newline<Return>.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1054
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1055 Ovo prikazuje hipertekstualni spisak svih funkcija i varijabli s
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1056 "newline" u imenima. Stisnite <Return>, ili pritisnite srednju tipku
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1057 miša da saznate više o funkciji ili varijabli. Stisnite `q' za izlaz
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1058 iz hiper-aproposa.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1059
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diff changeset
1060
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diff changeset
1061 * ZAKLJUČAK
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parents:
diff changeset
1062 -----------
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diff changeset
1063
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diff changeset
1064 Upamtite, za trajan izlaz iz Emacsa stisnite C-x C-c. Za privremeni
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1065 izlaz u ljusku upotrijebite C-z. (pod X-ima, ovo ikonizira trenutni
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diff changeset
1066 Emacsov okvir.)
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1067
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diff changeset
1068 Ove upute su predviđene da budu razumljive svim novim korisnicima, pa
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1069 ako vam je nešto ovdje nejasno, nemojte sjediti i kriviti sebe -
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1070 žalite se!
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diff changeset
1071
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diff changeset
1072
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parents:
diff changeset
1073 KOPIRANJE
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1074 ---------
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1075
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diff changeset
1076 Ove upute potječu iz duge loze Emacsovih uputa, počevši od onih koje
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parents:
diff changeset
1077 je napisao Stuart Cracraft za izvorni Emacs. Ben Wing je dopisao
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1078 poglavlje o X Windowsima. Martin Buchholz i Hrvoje Nikšić su dodali
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1079 još ispravki vezanih uz XEmacs.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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diff changeset
1080
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diff changeset
1081 Na Hrvatski preveo Hrvoje Nikšić, uz dodatnu lekturu Denisa Pleića.
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parents:
diff changeset
1082
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diff changeset
1083 Ova verzija uputa je, kao i GNU Emacs, pod autorskim pravima, i dolazi
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1084 s dozvolom redistribuiranja uz sljedeće uvjete:
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parents:
diff changeset
1085
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1086 (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation, sva prava zadržana.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1087
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1088 Svakome je dozvoljeno praviti ili distribuirati nepromijenjene
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1089 kopije ovog dokumenta, na bilo kojem mediju, uz uvjet da su
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1090 sačuvane poruka o autorskim pravima i dozvolama, i da distributer
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1091 daje drugima prava za daljnju redistribuciju, kako ovdje piše.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1092
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1093 Dozvoljena je distribucija izmijenjenih verzija ovog dokumenta ili
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1094 njegovih djelova, pod gore navedenim uvjetima, uz dodatni uvjet da
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1095 sadrži obavijest o zadnjoj promjeni.
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parents:
diff changeset
1096
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1097 Uvjeti kopiranja samog Emacsa su složeniji, ali u istom duhu. Molimo
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1098 vas da pročitate datoteku COPYING, i da podijelite kopije GNU Emacsa
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1099 svojim prijateljima. Pomozite nam zgaziti opstrukcionizam
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1100 ("vlasništvo") nad softverom koristeći, pišući i dijeleći slobodan
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1101 softver!
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1102
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1103
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1104 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1105 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1106 Ben Wing updated the tutorial for X Windows. Martin Buchholz and
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1107 Hrvoje Niksic added more corrections for XEmacs.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1108
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1109 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1110 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1111
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1112 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
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parents:
diff changeset
1113
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1114 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1115 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1116 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1117 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1118 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1119
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1120 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1121 of this document, or of portions of it,
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1122 under the above conditions, provided also that they
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1123 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1124
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1125 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1126 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1127 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
3ecd8885ac67 Import from CVS: tag r21-2-22
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1128 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!