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1 .TH MULE 1 "1994 July 28"
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2 .UC 4
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3 .SH NAME
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4 mule \- Multilingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs
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5 .SH SYNOPSIS
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6 .B mule
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7 [
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8 .I command-line switches
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9 ] [
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10 .I files ...
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11 ]
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12 .br
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13 .SH DESCRIPTION
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14 .I Mule
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15 is a multilingual enhancement to GNU Emacs.
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16 .I Mule
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17 provides a facility to display, input, and edit multilingual
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18 characters in addition to all GNU Emacs facilities.
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19 .PP
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20 .I GNU Emacs
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21 is a new version of
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22 .I Emacs,
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23 written by the author of the original (PDP-10)
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24 .I Emacs,
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25 Richard Stallman.
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26 Its user functionality encompasses
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27 everything other
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28 .I Emacs
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29 editors do, and it is easily extensible since its
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30 editing commands are written in Lisp.
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31 .PP
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32 .I Emacs
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33 has an extensive interactive help facility,
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34 but the facility assumes that you know how to manipulate
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35 .I Emacs
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36 windows and buffers.
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37 CTRL-h (backspace
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38 or CTRL-h) enters the Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t)
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39 requests an interactive tutorial which can teach beginners the fundamentals
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40 of
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41 .I Emacs
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42 in a few minutes.
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43 Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you
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44 find a command given its functionality, Help Character (CTRL-h c)
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45 describes a given character's effect, and Help Function (CTRL-h f)
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46 describes a given Lisp function specified by name.
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47 .PP
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48 .I Emacs's
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49 Undo can undo several steps of modification to your buffers, so it is
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50 easy to recover from editing mistakes.
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51 .PP
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52 .I GNU Emacs's
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53 many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail),
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54 outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells
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55 within
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56 .I Emacs
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57 windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop
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58 (Lisp-Interaction-Mode), and automated psychotherapy (Doctor).
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59 .PP
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60 There is an extensive reference manual, but
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61 users of other Emacses
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62 should have little trouble adapting even
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63 without a copy. Users new to
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64 .I Emacs
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65 will be able
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66 to use basic features fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and
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67 using the self-documentation features.
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68 .PP
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69 .SM Emacs Options
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70 .PP
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71 The following options are of general interest:
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72 .TP 8
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73 .I file
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74 Edit
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75 .I file.
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76 .TP
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77 .BI \+ number
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78 Go to the line specified by
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79 .I number
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80 (do not insert a space between the "+" sign and
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81 the number).
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82 .TP
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83 .B \-q
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84 Do not load an init file.
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85 .TP
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86 .BI \-u " user"
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87 Load
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88 .I user's
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89 init file.
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90 .TP
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91 .BI \-t " file"
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92 Use specified
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93 .I file
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94 as the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout.
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95 This must be the first argument specified in the command line.
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96 .PP
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97 The following options are lisp-oriented
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98 (these options are processed in the order encountered):
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99 .TP 8
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100 .BI \-f " function"
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101 Execute the lisp function
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102 .I function.
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103 .TP
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104 .BI \-l " file"
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105 Load the lisp code in the file
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106 .I file.
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107 .PP
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108 The following options are useful when running
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109 .I Emacs
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110 as a batch editor:
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111 .TP 8
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112 .BI \-batch " commandfile"
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113 Edit in batch mode using the commands found in
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114 .I commandfile.
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115 The editor will send messages to stdout.
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116 This option must be the first in the argument list.
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117 .TP
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118 .B \-kill
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119 Exit
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120 .I Emacs
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121 while in batch mode.
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122 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
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123 .PP
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124 .SM Using Emacs with X
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125 .PP
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126 .I Emacs
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127 has been tailored to work well with the X window system.
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128 If you run
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129 .I Emacs
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130 from under X windows, it will create its own X window to
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131 display in. You will probably want to start the editor
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132 as a background process
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133 so that you can continue using your original window.
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134 .PP
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135 .I Emacs
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136 can be started with the following X switches:
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137 .TP 8
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138 .BI \-rn " name"
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139 Specifies the program name which should be used when looking up
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140 defaults in the user's X resources. This must be the first option
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141 specified in the command line.
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142 .TP 8
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143 .BI \-name " name"
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144 Specifies the name which should be assigned to the
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145 .I Emacs
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146 window.
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147 .TP 8
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148 .B \-r
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149 Display the
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150 .I Emacs
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151 window in reverse video.
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152 .TP
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153 .B \-i
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154 Use the "kitchen sink" bitmap icon when iconifying the
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155 .I Emacs
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156 window.
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157 .TP
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158 .BI \-font " fontset, " \-fn " fontset"
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159 Set the
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160 .I Emacs
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161 window's fontset to that specified by
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162 .I fontset.
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163 You can specify a fontset just by the name or a comma separated list of fonts.
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164 In the former case, the actual contents of the fontset should be defined by
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165 X's resource or Emacslisp function
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166 .I new-fontset.
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167 In the latter case, a fontset of no name is created from the list.
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168 .br
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169 You will find the various
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170 .I X
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171 fonts in the
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172 .I /usr/lib/X11/fonts
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173 directory.
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174 Note that
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175 .I Emacs
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176 will only accept fixed width fonts.
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177 Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with the
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178 value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the font name is a fixed
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179 width font. Furthermore, fonts whose name are of the form
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180 .IR width x height
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181 are generally fixed width, as is the font
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182 .IR fixed .
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183 See
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184 .IR xlsfonts (1)
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185 for more information.
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186
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187 When you specify a fontset, be sure to put a space between the
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188 switch and the fontset name.
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189 .TP
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190 .BI \-lsp " linespace"
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191 Set the dot size of u(pper) and l(ower)
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192 .I linespace
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193 in the form
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194 .I u+l.
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195 You can omit
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196 .I u
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197 and/or
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198 .I l.
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199 The default value is
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200 .I 1+1.
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201 .TP
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202 .BI \-b " pixels"
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203 Set the
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204 .I Emacs
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205 window's border width to the number of pixels specified by
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206 .I pixels.
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207 Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window.
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208 .TP
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209 .BI \-ib " pixels"
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210 Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified
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211 by
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212 .I pixels.
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213 Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window.
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214 .PP
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215 .TP 8
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216 .BI \-geometry " geometry"
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217 Set the
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218 .I Emacs
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219 window's width, height, and position as specified. The geometry
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220 specification is in the standard X format; see
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221 .IR X (1)
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222 for more information.
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223 The width and height are specified in characters; the default is 80 by
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224 24.
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225 .PP
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226 .TP 8
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227 .BI \-fg " color"
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228 On color displays, sets the color of the text.
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229
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230 See the file
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231 .I /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt
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232 for a list of valid
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233 color names.
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234 .TP
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235 .BI \-bg " color"
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236 On color displays,
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237 sets the color of the window's background.
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238 .TP
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239 .BI \-bd " color"
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240 On color displays,
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241 sets the color of the window's border.
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242 .TP
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243 .BI \-cr " color"
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244 On color displays,
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245 sets the color of the window's text cursor.
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246 .TP
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247 .BI \-ms " color"
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248 On color displays,
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249 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor.
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250 .TP
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251 .BI \-d " displayname, " \-display " displayname"
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252 Create the
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253 .I Emacs
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254 window on the display specified by
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255 .IR displayname .
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256 Must be the first option specified in the command line.
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257 .TP
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258 .B \-nw
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259 Tells
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260 .I Emacs
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261 not to use its special interface to X. If you use this
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262 switch when invoking
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263 .I Emacs
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264 from an
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265 .IR xterm (1)
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266 window, display is done in that window.
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267 This must be the first option specified in the command line.
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268 .PP
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269 You can set
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270 .I X
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271 default values for your
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272 .I Emacs
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273 windows in your
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274 .I \.Xresources
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275 file (see
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276 .IR xrdb (1)).
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277 Use the following format:
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278 .IP
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279 emacs.keyword:value
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280 .PP
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281 where
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282 .I value
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283 specifies the default value of
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284 .I keyword.
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285 .I Emacs
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286 lets you set default values for the following keywords:
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287 .TP 8
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288 .B font (\fPclass\fB Font)
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289 Sets the window's text font.
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290 .TP
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291 .B fontSetList (\fPclass\fB FontSetList)
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292 List of names of fontsets. The first fontset in the list is used by default.
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293 .TP
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294 .B fontSet-XXX (\fPclass\fB FontSet-XXX)
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295 Definition of fontset XXX. It should be a comma separated
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296 list of font names. Each name should contain at least CHARSET-REGISTRY.
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297 .TP
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298 .B reverseVideo (\fPclass\fB ReverseVideo)
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299 If
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300 .I reverseVideo's
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301 value is set to
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302 .I on,
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303 the window will be displayed in reverse video.
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304 .TP
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305 .B bitmapIcon (\fPclass\fB BitmapIcon)
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306 If
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307 .I bitmapIcon's
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308 value is set to
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309 .I on,
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310 the window will iconify into the "kitchen sink."
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311 .TP
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312 .B borderWidth (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth)
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313 Sets the window's border width in pixels.
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314 .TP
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315 .B internalBorder (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth)
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316 Sets the window's internal border width in pixels.
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317 .TP
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318 .B foreground (\fPclass\fB Foreground)
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319 For color displays,
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320 sets the window's text color.
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321 .TP
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322 .B background (\fPclass\fB Background)
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323 For color displays,
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324 sets the window's background color.
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325 .TP
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326 .B borderColor (\fPclass\fB BorderColor)
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327 For color displays,
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328 sets the color of the window's border.
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329 .TP
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330 .B cursorColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground)
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331 For color displays,
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332 sets the color of the window's text cursor.
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333 .TP
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334 .B pointerColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground)
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335 For color displays,
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336 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor.
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337 .TP
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338 .B geometry (\fPclass\fB Geometry)
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339 Sets the geometry of the
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340 .I Emacs
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341 window (as described above).
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342 .TP
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343 .B title (\fPclass\fB Title)
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344 Sets the title of the
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345 .I Emacs
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346 window.
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347 .TP
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348 .B iconName (\fPclass\fB Title)
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349 Sets the icon name for the
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350 .I Emacs
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351 window icon.
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352 .PP
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353 If you try to set color values while using a black and white display,
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354 the window's characteristics will default as follows:
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355 the foreground color will be set to black,
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356 the background color will be set to white,
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357 the border color will be set to grey,
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358 and the text and mouse cursors will be set to black.
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359 .PP
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360 .SM Using the Mouse
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361 .PP
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362 The following lists the mouse button bindings for the
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363 .I Emacs
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364 window under X11.
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365
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366 .in +\w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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367 .ta \w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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368 .ti -\w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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369 MOUSE BUTTON FUNCTION
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370 .br
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371 .ti -\w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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372 left Set point.
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373 .br
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374 .ti -\w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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375 middle Paste text.
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376 .br
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377 .ti -\w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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378 right Cut text into X cut buffer.
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379 .br
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380 .ti -\w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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381 SHIFT-middle Cut text into X cut buffer.
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382 .br
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383 .ti -\w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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384 SHIFT-right Paste text.
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385 .br
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386 .ti -\w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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387 CTRL-middle Cut text into X cut buffer and kill it.
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388 .br
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389 .ti -\w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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390 CTRL-right Select this window, then split it into
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391 two windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 2.
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392 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS
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393 .br
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394 .ti -\w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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395 CTRL-SHIFT-left X buffer menu--hold the buttons and keys
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396 down, wait for menu to appear, select
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397 buffer, and release. Move mouse out of
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398 menu and release to cancel.
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399 .br
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400 .ti -\w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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401 CTRL-SHIFT-middle X help menu--pop up index card menu for
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402 Emacs help.
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403 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS
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404 .br
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405 .ti -\w'CTRL-SHIFT-middle'u+4n
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406 CTRL-SHIFT-right Select window with mouse, and delete all
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407 other windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 1.
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408 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
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409 .PP
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410 .SH MANUALS
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411 You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual for $20.00/copy
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412 postpaid from the Free Software Foundation, which develops GNU software
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413 (contact them for quantity prices on the manual). Their address is:
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414 .nf
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415 Free Software Foundation
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416 675 Mass Ave.
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417 Cambridge, MA 02139
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418 .fi
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419 Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies available. As
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420 with all software and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted to
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421 make and distribute copies of the Emacs manual. The TeX source to the
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422 manual is also included in the Emacs source distribution.
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423 .PP
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424 .SH FILES
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425 /usr/local/info - files for the Info documentation browser
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426 (a subsystem of Emacs) to refer to. Currently not much of Unix
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427 is documented here, but the complete text of the Emacs reference
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428 manual is included in a convenient tree structured form.
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429
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430 /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/src - C source files and object files
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431
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432 /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/lisp - Lisp source files and compiled files
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433 that define most editing commands. Some are preloaded;
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434 others are autoloaded from this directory when used.
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435
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436 /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/etc - various programs that are used with
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437 GNU Emacs, and some files of information.
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438
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439 /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* - contains the documentation
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440 strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions
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441 of GNU Emacs. They are stored here to reduce the size of
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442 Emacs proper.
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443
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444 /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DIFF discusses GNU Emacs vs. Twenex
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445 Emacs;
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446 .br
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447 /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/etc/CCADIFF discusses GNU Emacs vs. CCA
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448 Emacs;
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449 .br
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450 /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/etc/GOSDIFF discusses GNU Emacs
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451 vs. Gosling Emacs.
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452 .br
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453 /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering
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454 various services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education,
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455 troubleshooting, porting and customization.
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456 .br
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457 These files also have information useful to anyone wishing to write
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458 programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language, which has not yet been fully
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459 documented.
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460
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461 /usr/local/lib/emacs/lock - holds lock files that are made for all
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462 files being modified in Emacs, to prevent simultaneous modification
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463 of one file by two users.
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464
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465 /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/$ARCHITECTURE/cpp - the GNU cpp, needed
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466 for building Emacs on certain versions of Unix where the standard cpp
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467 cannot handle long names for macros.
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468
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469 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
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470 /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt - list of valid X color names.
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471 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
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472 .PP
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473 .SH BUGS
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474 There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu on the internet
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475 (ucbvax!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-emacs on UUCPnet), for reporting Emacs
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476 bugs and fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please try
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477 to be sure that it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a
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478 deliberate feature. We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs
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479 Bugs'' near the end of the reference manual (or Info system) for hints
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480 on how and when to report bugs. Also, include the version number of
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481 the Emacs you are running in \fIevery\fR bug report that you send in.
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482
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483 Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The purpose of reporting
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484 bugs is to get them fixed for everyone in the next release, if possible.
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485 For personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for
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486 a list of people who offer it.
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487
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488 Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list.
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489 Send requests to be added to mailing lists to the special list
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490 info-gnu-emacs-request@prep.ai.mit.edu (or the corresponding UUCP
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491 address). For more information about Emacs mailing lists, see the
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492 file /usr/local/emacs/etc/MAILINGLISTS. Bugs tend actually to be
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493 fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to report
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494 them in such a way that they can be easily reproduced.
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495 .PP
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496 Bugs that I know about are: shell will not work with programs
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497 running in Raw mode on some Unix versions.
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498 .PP
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499 There is a mailing list, mule@etl.go.jp on the internet, for reporting
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500 Mule bugs and fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please
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501 try to check if the bug is Mule oriented or original GNU Emacs oriented.
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502 The mailing list above is to discuss Mule oriented matters.
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503 .SH UNRESTRICTIONS
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504 .PP
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505 .I Emacs
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506 is free; anyone may redistribute copies of
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507 .I Emacs
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508 to
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509 anyone under the terms stated in the
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510 .I Emacs
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511 General Public License,
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512 a copy of which accompanies each copy of
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513 .I Emacs
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514 and which also
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515 appears in the reference manual.
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516 .PP
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517 Copies of
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518 .I Emacs
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519 may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems,
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520 but it is never included in the scope of any license covering those
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521 systems. Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution
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522 is permitted. In fact, the primary purpose of the General Public
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523 License is to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions
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524 to redistribution of
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525 .I Emacs.
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526 .PP
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527 Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend
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528 .I Emacs,
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529 and urges that
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530 you contribute your extensions to the GNU library. Eventually GNU
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531 (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete replacement for Berkeley
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532 Unix.
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533 Everyone will be able to use the GNU system for free.
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534 .PP
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535 .I Mule
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|
536 is also free; anyone may redistribute copies of
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537 .I Mule
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538 to
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539 anyone under the terms stated in the
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|
540 .I GNU
|
|
|
541 General Public License,
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542 a copy of which accompanies each copy of
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543 .I Mule.
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544 .SH SEE ALSO
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545 X(1), xlsfonts(1), xterm(1), xrdb(1), m2ps(1)
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|
546 .SH AUTHORS
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547 .PP
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548 .I Emacs
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549 was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation.
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550 Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X features.
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551 .PP
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552 .I Mule
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553 was written by Ken'ichi HANDA, Satoru TOMURA, and Mikiko NISHIKIMI
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554 of Electrotechnical Laboratory, JAPAN, with a great help by
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555 members Mule mailing list.
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