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annotate summa/latin/sth1015.html @ 100:eea25317dfad

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clarify order of messages
author ht
date Fri, 13 Feb 2015 14:54:33 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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6 <meta content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" name="generator"/>
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9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª q. 15-27</title>
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19 </head>
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20 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars a quaestione XV ad quaestionem
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21 XXVII</div><div class="centro">
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22 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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23 <tr>
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24 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Justo Ghent depictus" border="0" height="190" width="120" src="icons/ghent190.jpg"/></th>
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25 </tr>
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26 </table>
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27 <br/>
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28 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1888 editum<br/>
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29 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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30 magneticas<br/>
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31 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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32 <br/></span><br/>
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33 <hr/>
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34 <br/>
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35 <p><a href="sth1003.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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36 <a href="sth1028.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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37 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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38 //
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39 &lt;!--
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4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
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40 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29108"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 16 a. 8 ad 1');
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diff changeset
139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29109"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 16 a. 8 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29110"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 16 a. 8 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29111"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 16 a. 8 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29112"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29113"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29114"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29115"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 1 arg. 3');
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diff changeset
146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29116"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29117"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29118"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29119"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29120"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29121"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29122"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29123"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29124"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 2 arg. 3');
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diff changeset
155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29125"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29126"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29127"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29128"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29129"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29130"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29131"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29132"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29133"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29134"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29135"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29136"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29137"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29138"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29139"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29140"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29141"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29142"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29143"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 17 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29144"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29145"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29146"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29147"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29148"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29149"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29150"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29151"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29152"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29153"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29154"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29155"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29156"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29157"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29158"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29159"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29160"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29161"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29162"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29163"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29164"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29165"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29166"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29167"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29168"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29169"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29170"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29171"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29172"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 4 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29173"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29174"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29175"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29176"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29177"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29178"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 18 a. 4 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29179"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29180"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29181"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29182"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29183"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29184"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29185"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29186"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29187"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29188"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29189"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29190"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29191"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29192"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29193"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29194"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29195"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29196"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29197"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29198"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29199"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29200"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29201"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29202"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29203"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 arg. 6');
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parents: 28
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234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29204"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29205"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29206"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29207"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29208"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29209"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29210"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 ad 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29211"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 3 ad 6');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29212"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29213"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29214"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29215"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 4 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29216"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29217"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29218"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29219"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29220"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29221"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 4 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29222"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29223"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29224"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29225"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29226"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29227"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29228"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29229"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29230"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29231"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29232"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29233"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29234"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29235"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29236"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 6 ad 2');
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diff changeset
267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29237"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29238"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 7 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29239"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29240"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 7 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29241"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 7 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29242"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 7 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29243"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 7 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29244"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 7 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29245"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 7 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29246"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29247"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 7 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29248"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 8 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29249"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 8 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29250"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 8 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29251"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 8 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29252"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 8 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29253"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 8 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29254"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 8 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29255"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 8 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29256"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 9 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29257"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 9 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29258"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 9 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29259"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 9 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29260"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 9 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29261"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 9 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29262"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 9 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29263"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 9 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29264"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 10 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29265"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 10 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29266"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 10 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29267"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 10 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29268"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 10 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29269"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 10 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29270"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 11 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29271"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 11 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29272"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 11 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29273"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 11 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29274"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 11 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29275"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 11 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29276"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 12 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29277"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 12 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29278"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 12 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29279"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 12 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29280"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 12 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29281"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 12 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29282"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 12 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29283"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 12 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29284"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 19 a. 12 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29285"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29286"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29287"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29288"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29289"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29290"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29291"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29292"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29293"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29294"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29295"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29296"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29297"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29298"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29299"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29300"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29301"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29302"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29303"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29304"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29305"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29306"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29307"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29308"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29309"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29310"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29311"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29312"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29313"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29314"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29315"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 4 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29316"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 4 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29317"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29318"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29319"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29320"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29321"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29322"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 4 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29323"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 20 a. 4 ad 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29324"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29325"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29326"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29327"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29328"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
359 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29329"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
360 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29330"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29331"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29332"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29333"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29334"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
365 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29335"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29336"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29337"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
368 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29338"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29339"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29340"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29341"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29342"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29343"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29344"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29345"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29346"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29347"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
378 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29348"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
379 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29349"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
380 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29350"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 4 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
381 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29351"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
382 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29352"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
383 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29353"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
384 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29354"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
385 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29355"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
386 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29356"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 21 a. 4 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
387 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29357"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
388 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29358"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
389 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29359"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
390 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29360"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
391 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29361"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
392 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29362"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
393 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29363"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29364"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
395 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29365"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
396 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29366"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
397 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29367"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
398 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29368"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
399 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29369"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
400 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29370"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 2 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
401 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29371"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
402 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29372"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
403 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29373"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
404 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29374"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
405 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29375"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
406 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29376"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
407 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29377"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 2 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
408 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29378"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
409 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29379"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
410 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29380"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
411 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29381"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
412 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29382"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
413 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29383"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
414 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29384"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
415 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29385"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
416 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29386"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
417 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29387"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
418 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29388"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
419 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29389"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
420 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29390"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
421 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29391"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
422 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29392"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
423 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29393"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 22 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
424 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29394"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
425 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29395"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
426 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29396"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
427 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29397"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
428 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29398"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
429 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29399"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
430 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29400"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
431 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29401"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
432 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29402"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
433 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29403"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
434 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29404"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
435 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29405"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
436 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29406"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
437 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29407"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
438 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29408"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
439 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29409"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
440 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29410"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
441 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29411"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
442 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29412"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
443 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29413"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
444 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29414"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
445 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29415"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
446 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29416"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
447 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29417"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
448 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29418"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
449 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29419"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
450 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29420"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
451 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29421"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
452 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29422"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
453 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29423"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
454 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29424"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
455 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29425"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
456 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29426"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
457 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29427"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
458 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29428"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
459 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29429"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
460 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29430"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
461 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29431"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
462 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29432"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
463 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29433"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
464 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29434"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
465 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29435"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
466 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29436"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
467 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29437"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
468 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29438"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
469 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29439"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
470 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29440"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
471 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29441"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
472 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29442"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
473 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29443"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
474 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29444"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
475 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29445"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
476 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29446"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
477 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29447"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
478 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29448"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
479 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29449"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
480 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29450"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
481 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29451"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
482 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29452"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
483 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29453"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
484 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29454"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
485 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29455"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
486 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29456"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
487 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29457"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
488 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29458"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
489 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29459"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
490 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29460"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
491 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29461"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
492 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29462"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 23 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
493 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29463"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
494 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29464"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
495 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29465"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
496 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29466"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
497 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29467"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
498 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29468"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
499 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29469"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
500 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29470"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
501 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29471"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
502 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29472"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
503 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29473"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
504 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29474"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
505 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29475"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
506 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29476"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
507 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29477"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
508 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29478"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
509 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29479"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
510 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29480"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
511 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29481"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
512 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29482"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
513 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29483"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
514 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29484"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
515 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29485"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
516 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29486"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
517 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29487"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
518 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29488"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 24 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
519 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29489"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
520 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29490"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
521 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29491"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
522 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29492"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
523 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29493"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
524 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29494"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
525 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29495"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
526 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29496"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
527 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29497"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
528 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29498"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
529 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29499"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
530 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29500"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
531 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29501"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
532 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29502"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
533 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29503"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
534 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29504"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
535 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29505"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
536 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29506"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
537 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29507"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
538 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29508"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
539 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29509"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
540 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29510"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
541 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29511"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
542 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29512"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
543 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29513"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
544 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29514"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
545 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29515"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
546 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29516"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
547 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29517"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
548 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29518"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
549 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29519"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
550 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29520"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
551 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29521"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
552 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29522"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
553 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29523"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
554 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29524"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
555 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29525"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
556 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29526"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
557 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29527"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
558 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29528"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
559 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29529"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
560 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29530"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
561 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29531"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
562 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29532"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
563 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29533"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
564 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29534"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
565 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29535"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
566 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29536"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
567 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29537"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 6 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
568 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29538"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
569 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29539"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
570 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29540"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
571 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29541"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
572 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29542"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
573 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29543"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 25 a. 6 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
574 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29544"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
575 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29545"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
576 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29546"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
577 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29547"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
578 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29548"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
579 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29549"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
580 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29550"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
581 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29551"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
582 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29552"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
583 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29553"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
584 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29554"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
585 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29555"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
586 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29556"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
587 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29557"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
588 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29558"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
589 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29559"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
590 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29560"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
591 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29561"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
592 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29562"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
593 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29563"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
594 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29564"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
595 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29565"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
596 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29566"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
597 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29567"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
598 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29568"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 26 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
599 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29569"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
600 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29570"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
601 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29571"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
602 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29572"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
603 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29573"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
604 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29574"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
605 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29575"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
606 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29576"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
607 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29577"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
608 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29578"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
609 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29579"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
610 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29580"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
611 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29581"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
612 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29582"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
613 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29583"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
614 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29584"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
615 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29585"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
616 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29586"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
617 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29587"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
618 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29588"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
619 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29589"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
620 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29590"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
621 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29591"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
622 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29592"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
623 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29593"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
624 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29594"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
625 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29595"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
626 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29596"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
627 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29597"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
628 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29598"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
629 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29599"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
630 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29600"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
631 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29601"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
632 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29602"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
633 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29603"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
634 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29604"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
635 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29605"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
636 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29606"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
637 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29607"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
638 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29608"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
639 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#29609"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 27 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
640 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
641 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
642 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
643 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
644 // --&gt;
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parents: 28
diff changeset
645 //
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parents: 28
diff changeset
646 </script><br/>
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parents: 28
diff changeset
647 <hr/>
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diff changeset
648 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q15"><h2>Quaestio 15</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 15 pr."><a name="29019"><span class="ref">[29019]
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diff changeset
649 Iª q. 15 pr.</span></a> Post considerationem de scientia Dei,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
650 restat considerare de ideis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur tria. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
651 an sint ideae. Secundo, utrum sint plures, vel una tantum. Tertio,
53
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diff changeset
652 utrum sint omnium quae cognoscuntur a Deo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 15 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29020"><span class="ref">[29020] Iª q. 15 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
653 proceditur. Videtur quod ideae non sint. Dicit enim Dionysius, VII
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diff changeset
654 cap. de Div. Nom., quod Deus non cognoscit res secundum ideam. Sed
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diff changeset
655 ideae non ponuntur ad aliud, nisi ut per eas cognoscantur res. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
656 ideae non sunt.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29021"><span class="ref">[29021] Iª q. 15 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
657 in seipso cognoscit omnia, ut supra dictum est. Sed seipsum non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
658 cognoscit per ideam. Ergo nec alia.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="29022"><span class="ref">[29022] Iª q. 15 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, idea
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
659 ponitur ut principium cognoscendi et operandi. Sed essentia divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
660 est sufficiens principium cognoscendi et operandi omnia. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
661 necesse est ponere ideas.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29023"><span class="ref">[29023] Iª q. 15 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
662 quod dicit Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>tanta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
663 vis in ideis constituitur, ut, nisi his intellectis, sapiens esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
664 nemo possit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 1 co."><a name="29024"><span class="ref">[29024] Iª q. 15 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
665 quod necesse est ponere in mente divina ideas. Idea enim Graece,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
666 Latine forma dicitur, unde per ideas intelliguntur formae aliarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
667 rerum, praeter ipsas res existentes. Forma autem alicuius rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
668 praeter ipsam existens, ad duo esse potest, vel ut sit exemplar
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
669 eius cuius dicitur forma; vel ut sit principium cognitionis ipsius,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
670 secundum quod formae cognoscibilium dicuntur esse in cognoscente.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
671 Et quantum ad utrumque est necesse ponere ideas. Quod sic patet. In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
672 omnibus enim quae non a casu generantur, necesse est formam esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
673 finem generationis cuiuscumque. Agens autem non ageret propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
674 formam, nisi inquantum similitudo formae est in ipso. Quod quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
675 contingit dupliciter. In quibusdam enim agentibus praeexistit forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
676 rei fiendae secundum esse naturale, sicut in his quae agunt per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
677 naturam; sicut homo generat hominem, et ignis ignem. In quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
678 vero secundum esse intelligibile, ut in his quae agunt per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
679 intellectum; sicut similitudo domus praeexistit in mente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
680 aedificatoris. Et haec potest dici idea domus, quia artifex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
681 intendit domum assimilare formae quam mente concepit. Quia igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
682 mundus non est casu factus, sed est factus a Deo per intellectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
683 agente, ut infra patebit, necesse est quod in mente divina sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
684 forma, ad similitudinem cuius mundus est factus. Et in hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
685 consistit ratio ideae.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29025"><span class="ref">[29025] Iª q. 15 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
686 dicendum quod Deus non intelligit res secundum ideam extra se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
687 existentem. Et sic etiam Aristoteles improbat opinionem Platonis de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
688 ideis, secundum quod ponebat eas per se existentes, non in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
689 intellectu.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29026"><span class="ref">[29026] Iª q. 15 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
690 dicendum quod, licet Deus per essentiam suam se et alia cognoscat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
691 tamen essentia sua est principium operativum aliorum, non autem sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
692 ipsius, et ideo habet rationem ideae secundum quod ad alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
693 comparatur, non autem secundum quod comparatur ad ipsum Deum.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="29027"><span class="ref">[29027] Iª q. 15 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
694 dicendum quod Deus secundum essentiam suam est similitudo omnium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
695 rerum. Unde idea in Deo nihil est aliud quam Dei essentia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 15 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29028"><span class="ref">[29028] Iª q. 15 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 proceditur. Videtur quod non sint plures ideae. Idea enim in Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 est eius essentia. Sed essentia Dei est una tantum. Ergo et idea
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
698 est una.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29029"><span class="ref">[29029] Iª q. 15 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
699 idea est principium cognoscendi et operandi, ita ars et sapientia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
700 Sed in Deo non sunt plures artes et sapientiae. Ergo nec plures
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
701 ideae.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="29030"><span class="ref">[29030] Iª q. 15 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Si dicatur quod
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 ideae multiplicantur secundum respectus ad diversas creaturas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
703 contra, pluralitas idearum est ab aeterno. Si ergo ideae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
704 plures, creaturae autem sunt temporales, ergo temporale erit causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
705 aeterni.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="29031"><span class="ref">[29031] Iª q. 15 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 respectus isti aut sunt secundum rem in creaturis tantum, aut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
707 in Deo. Si in creaturis tantum, cum creaturae non sint ab aeterno,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 pluralitas idearum non erit ab aeterno, si multiplicentur solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
709 secundum huiusmodi respectus. Si autem realiter sunt in Deo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
710 sequitur quod alia pluralitas realis sit in Deo quam pluralitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 personarum, quod est contra Damascenum, dicentem quod in divinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
712 omnia unum sunt, praeter ingenerationem, generationem et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
713 processionem. Sic igitur non sunt plures ideae.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29032"><span class="ref">[29032] Iª q. 15 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 quod dicit Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>ideae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 sunt principales quaedam formae vel rationes rerum stabiles atque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
716 incommutabiles, quia ipsae formatae non sunt, ac per hoc aeternae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
717 ac semper eodem modo se habentes, quae divina intelligentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 continentur. Sed cum ipsae neque oriantur neque intereant, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
719 eas tamen formari dicitur omne quod oriri et interire potest, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
720 omne quod oritur et interit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 2 co."><a name="29033"><span class="ref">[29033] Iª q. 15 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
721 quod necesse est ponere plures ideas. Ad cuius evidentiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
722 considerandum est quod in quolibet effectu illud quod est ultimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
723 finis, proprie est intentum a principali agente; sicut ordo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
724 exercitus a duce. Illud autem quod est optimum in rebus existens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
725 est bonum ordinis universi, ut patet per philosophum in XII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
726 Metaphys. Ordo igitur universi est proprie a Deo intentus, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
727 per accidens proveniens secundum successionem agentium, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
728 quidam dixerunt quod Deus creavit primum creatum tantum, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 creatum creavit secundum creatum, et sic inde quousque producta est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 tanta rerum multitudo, secundum quam opinionem, Deus non haberet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 nisi ideam primi creati. Sed si ipse ordo universi est per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
732 creatus ab eo, et intentus ab ipso, necesse est quod habeat ideam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
733 ordinis universi. Ratio autem alicuius totius haberi non potest,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 nisi habeantur propriae rationes eorum ex quibus totum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
735 constituitur, sicut aedificator speciem domus concipere non posset,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
736 nisi apud ipsum esset propria ratio cuiuslibet partium eius. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 igitur oportet quod in mente divina sint propriae rationes omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 rerum. Unde dicit Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
739 quod <i>singula propriis rationibus a Deo creata sunt</i>. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
740 sequitur quod in mente divina sint plures ideae. Hoc autem quomodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
741 divinae simplicitati non repugnet, facile est videre, si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
742 consideret ideam operati esse in mente operantis sicut quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
743 intelligitur; non autem sicut species qua intelligitur, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
744 forma faciens intellectum in actu. Forma enim domus in mente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
745 aedificatoris est aliquid ab eo intellectum, ad cuius similitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
746 domum in materia format. Non est autem contra simplicitatem divini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
747 intellectus, quod multa intelligat, sed contra simplicitatem eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
748 esset, si per plures species eius intellectus formaretur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
749 plures ideae sunt in mente divina ut intellectae ab ipso. Quod hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
750 modo potest videri. Ipse enim essentiam suam perfecte cognoscit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
751 unde cognoscit eam secundum omnem modum quo cognoscibilis est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
752 Potest autem cognosci non solum secundum quod in se est, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
753 secundum quod est participabilis secundum aliquem modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
754 similitudinis a creaturis. Unaquaeque autem creatura habet propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
755 speciem, secundum quod aliquo modo participat divinae essentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
756 similitudinem. Sic igitur inquantum Deus cognoscit suam essentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
757 ut sic imitabilem a tali creatura, cognoscit eam ut propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
758 rationem et ideam huius creaturae. Et similiter de aliis. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 patet quod Deus intelligit plures rationes proprias plurium rerum;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
760 quae sunt plures ideae.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="29034"><span class="ref">[29034] Iª q. 15 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 dicendum quod idea non nominat divinam essentiam inquantum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
762 essentia, sed inquantum est similitudo vel ratio huius vel illius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
763 rei. Unde secundum quod sunt plures rationes intellectae ex una
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
764 essentia, secundum hoc dicuntur plures ideae.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="29035"><span class="ref">[29035] Iª q. 15 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
765 dicendum quod sapientia et ars significantur ut quo Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
766 intelligit, sed idea ut quod Deus intelligit. Deus autem uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
767 intelligit multa; et non solum secundum quod in seipsis sunt, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 etiam secundum quod intellecta sunt; quod est intelligere plures
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
769 rationes rerum. Sicut artifex, dum intelligit formam domus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
770 materia, dicitur intelligere domum, dum autem intelligit formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 domus ut a se speculatam, ex eo quod intelligit se intelligere eam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
772 intelligit ideam vel rationem domus. Deus autem non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 intelligit multas res per essentiam suam, sed etiam intelligit se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
774 intelligere multa per essentiam suam. Sed hoc est intelligere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
775 plures rationes rerum; vel, plures ideas esse in intellectu eius ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
776 intellectas.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="29036"><span class="ref">[29036] Iª q. 15 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 dicendum quod huiusmodi respectus, quibus multiplicantur ideae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
778 causantur a rebus, sed ab intellectu divino, comparante essentiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
779 suam ad res.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="29037"><span class="ref">[29037] Iª q. 15 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 dicendum quod respectus multiplicantes ideas, non sunt in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
781 creatis, sed in Deo. Non tamen sunt reales respectus, sicut illi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
782 quibus distinguuntur personae, sed respectus intellecti a Deo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 15 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29038"><span class="ref">[29038] Iª q. 15 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 proceditur. Videtur quod non omnium quae cognoscit Deus, sint ideae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 in ipso. Mali enim idea non est in Deo, quia sequeretur malum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 in Deo. Sed mala cognoscuntur a Deo. Ergo non omnium quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
786 cognoscuntur a Deo, sunt ideae.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29039"><span class="ref">[29039] Iª q. 15 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 cognoscit ea quae nec sunt nec erunt nec fuerunt, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
788 est. Sed horum non sunt ideae, quia dicit Dionysius, V cap. de Div.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
789 Nom., quod <i>exemplaria sunt divinae voluntates, determinativae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
790 effectivae rerum</i>. Ergo non omnium quae a Deo cognoscuntur, sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
791 ideae in ipso.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="29040"><span class="ref">[29040] Iª q. 15 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 cognoscit materiam primam, quae non potest habere ideam, cum nullam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
793 habeat formam. Ergo idem quod prius.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="29041"><span class="ref">[29041] Iª q. 15 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 constat quod Deus scit non solum species, sed etiam genera et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
795 singularia et accidentia. Sed horum non sunt ideae, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 positionem Platonis, qui primus ideas introduxit, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 Augustinus. Non ergo omnium cognitorum a Deo sunt ideae in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
798 ipso.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29042"><span class="ref">[29042] Iª q. 15 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, ideae
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
799 sunt rationes in mente divina existentes, ut per Augustinum patet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 Sed omnium quae cognoscit, Deus habet proprias rationes. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
801 omnium quae cognoscit, habet ideam.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 3 co."><a name="29043"><span class="ref">[29043] Iª q. 15 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 quod, cum ideae a Platone ponerentur principia cognitionis rerum et
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diff changeset
803 generationis ipsarum, ad utrumque se habet idea, prout in mente
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diff changeset
804 divina ponitur. Et secundum quod est principium factionis rerum,
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diff changeset
805 exemplar dici potest, et ad practicam cognitionem pertinet.
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diff changeset
806 Secundum autem quod principium cognoscitivum est, proprie dicitur
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diff changeset
807 ratio; et potest etiam ad scientiam speculativam pertinere.
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diff changeset
808 Secundum ergo quod exemplar est, secundum hoc se habet ad omnia
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diff changeset
809 quae a Deo fiunt secundum aliquod tempus. Secundum vero quod
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diff changeset
810 principium cognoscitivum est, se habet ad omnia quae cognoscuntur a
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diff changeset
811 Deo, etiam si nullo tempore fiant; et ad omnia quae a Deo
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812 cognoscuntur secundum propriam rationem, et secundum quod
53
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813 cognoscuntur ab ipso per modum speculationis.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29044"><span class="ref">[29044] Iª q. 15 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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814 dicendum quod malum cognoscitur a Deo non per propriam rationem,
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815 sed per rationem boni. Et ideo malum non habet in Deo ideam, neque
53
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816 secundum quod idea est exemplar, neque secundum quod est ratio.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29045"><span class="ref">[29045] Iª q. 15 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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817 dicendum quod eorum quae neque sunt neque erunt neque fuerunt, Deus
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818 non habet practicam cognitionem, nisi virtute tantum. Unde respectu
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819 eorum non est idea in Deo, secundum quod idea significat exemplar,
53
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820 sed solum secundum quod significat rationem.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="29046"><span class="ref">[29046] Iª q. 15 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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821 dicendum quod Plato, secundum quosdam, posuit materiam non creatam,
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822 et ideo non posuit ideam esse materiae, sed materiae concausam. Sed
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823 quia nos ponimus materiam creatam a Deo, non tamen sine forma,
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824 habet quidem materia ideam in Deo, non tamen aliam ab idea
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825 compositi. Nam materia secundum se neque esse habet, neque
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826 cognoscibilis est.</p><p title="I q. 15 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="29047"><span class="ref">[29047] Iª q. 15 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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827 dicendum quod genera non possunt habere ideam aliam ab idea
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diff changeset
828 speciei, secundum quod idea significat exemplar, quia nunquam genus
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diff changeset
829 fit nisi in aliqua specie. Similiter etiam est de accidentibus quae
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diff changeset
830 inseparabiliter concomitantur subiectum, quia haec simul fiunt cum
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diff changeset
831 subiecto. Accidentia autem quae superveniunt subiecto, specialem
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diff changeset
832 ideam habent. Artifex enim per formam domus facit omnia accidentia
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diff changeset
833 quae a principio concomitantur domum, sed ea quae superveniunt
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diff changeset
834 domui iam factae, ut picturae vel aliquid aliud, facit per aliquam
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diff changeset
835 aliam formam. Individua vero, secundum Platonem, non habebant aliam
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diff changeset
836 ideam quam ideam speciei, tum quia singularia individuantur per
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diff changeset
837 materiam, quam ponebat esse increatam, ut quidam dicunt, et
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diff changeset
838 concausam ideae; tum quia intentio naturae consistit in speciebus,
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839 nec particularia producit, nisi ut in eis species salventur. Sed
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840 providentia divina non solum se extendit ad species, sed ad
53
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841 singularia, ut infra dicetur.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q16"><h2>Quaestio 16</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 16 pr."><a name="29048"><span class="ref">[29048]
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842 Iª q. 16 pr.</span></a> Quoniam autem scientia verorum est,
28
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843 post considerationem scientiae Dei, de veritate inquirendum est.
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844 Circa quam quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum veritas sit in re, vel
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845 tantum in intellectu. Secundo, utrum sit tantum in intellectu
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846 componente et dividente. Tertio, de comparatione veri ad ens.
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847 Quarto, de comparatione veri ad bonum. Quinto, utrum Deus sit
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848 veritas. Sexto, utrum omnia sint vera veritate una, vel pluribus.
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849 Septimo, de aeternitate veritatis. Octavo, de incommutabilitate
53
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850 ipsius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 16 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29049"><span class="ref">[29049] Iª q. 16 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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851 proceditur. Videtur quod veritas non sit tantum in intellectu, sed
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diff changeset
852 magis in rebus. Augustinus enim, in libro Soliloq., reprobat hanc
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diff changeset
853 notificationem veri, verum est id quod videtur, quia secundum hoc,
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diff changeset
854 lapides qui sunt in abditissimo terrae sinu, non essent veri
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diff changeset
855 lapides, quia non videntur. Reprobat etiam istam, verum est quod
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diff changeset
856 ita se habet ut videtur cognitori, si velit et possit cognoscere,
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diff changeset
857 quia secundum hoc sequeretur quod nihil esset verum, si nullus
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858 posset cognoscere. Et definit sic verum, verum est id quod est. Et
53
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859 sic videtur quod veritas sit in rebus, et non in intellectu.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29050"><span class="ref">[29050] Iª q. 16 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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860 quidquid est verum, veritate verum est. Si igitur veritas est in
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861 intellectu solo, nihil erit verum nisi secundum quod intelligitur,
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862 quod est error antiquorum philosophorum, qui dicebant omne quod
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863 videtur, esse verum. Ad quod sequitur contradictoria simul esse
53
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864 vera, cum contradictoria simul a diversis vera esse videantur.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="29051"><span class="ref">[29051] Iª q. 16 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> <i>Praeterea,
28
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865 propter quod unumquodque, et illud magis</i>, ut patet I Poster.
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866 <i>Sed ex eo quod res est vel non est, est opinio vel oratio vera
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867 vel falsa</i>, secundum philosophum in praedicamentis. Ergo veritas
53
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868 magis est in rebus quam in intellectu.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29052"><span class="ref">[29052] Iª q. 16 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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869 quod philosophus dicit, VI Metaphys., quod <i>verum et falsum non
53
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diff changeset
870 sunt in rebus, sed in intellectu</i>.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 1 co."><a name="29053"><span class="ref">[29053] Iª q. 16 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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871 quod, sicut bonum nominat id in quod tendit appetitus, ita verum
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diff changeset
872 nominat id in quod tendit intellectus. Hoc autem distat inter
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diff changeset
873 appetitum et intellectum, sive quamcumque cognitionem, quia
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diff changeset
874 cognitio est secundum quod cognitum est in cognoscente, appetitus
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diff changeset
875 autem est secundum quod appetens inclinatur in ipsam rem appetitam.
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876 Et sic terminus appetitus, quod est bonum, est in re appetibili,
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diff changeset
877 sed terminus cognitionis, quod est verum, est in ipso intellectu.
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878 Sicut autem bonum est in re, inquantum habet ordinem ad appetitum;
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879 et propter hoc ratio bonitatis derivatur a re appetibili in
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diff changeset
880 appetitum, secundum quod appetitus dicitur bonus, prout est boni,
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diff changeset
881 ita, cum verum sit in intellectu secundum quod conformatur rei
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diff changeset
882 intellectae, necesse est quod ratio veri ab intellectu ad rem
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diff changeset
883 intellectam derivetur, ut res etiam intellecta vera dicatur,
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diff changeset
884 secundum quod habet aliquem ordinem ad intellectum. Res autem
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diff changeset
885 intellecta ad intellectum aliquem potest habere ordinem vel per se,
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diff changeset
886 vel per accidens. Per se quidem habet ordinem ad intellectum a quo
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diff changeset
887 dependet secundum suum esse, per accidens autem ad intellectum a
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diff changeset
888 quo cognoscibilis est. Sicut si dicamus quod domus comparatur ad
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diff changeset
889 intellectum artificis per se, per accidens autem comparatur ad
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diff changeset
890 intellectum a quo non dependet. Iudicium autem de re non sumitur
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diff changeset
891 secundum id quod inest ei per accidens, sed secundum id quod inest
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diff changeset
892 ei per se. Unde unaquaeque res dicitur vera absolute, secundum
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diff changeset
893 ordinem ad intellectum a quo dependet. Et inde est quod res
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diff changeset
894 artificiales dicuntur verae per ordinem ad intellectum nostrum,
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diff changeset
895 dicitur enim domus vera, quae assequitur similitudinem formae quae
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diff changeset
896 est in mente artificis; et dicitur oratio vera, inquantum est
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diff changeset
897 signum intellectus veri. Et similiter res naturales dicuntur esse
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diff changeset
898 verae, secundum quod assequuntur similitudinem specierum quae sunt
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diff changeset
899 in mente divina, dicitur enim verus lapis, qui assequitur propriam
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diff changeset
900 lapidis naturam, secundum praeconceptionem intellectus divini. Sic
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diff changeset
901 ergo veritas principaliter est in intellectu; secundario vero in
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diff changeset
902 rebus, secundum quod comparantur ad intellectum ut ad principium.
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diff changeset
903 Et secundum hoc, veritas diversimode notificatur. Nam Augustinus,
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diff changeset
904 in libro de vera Relig., dicit quod <i>veritas est, qua ostenditur
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diff changeset
905 id quod est</i>. Et Hilarius dicit quod <i>verum est declarativum
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diff changeset
906 aut manifestativum esse</i>. Et hoc pertinet ad veritatem secundum
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diff changeset
907 quod est in intellectu. Ad veritatem autem rei secundum ordinem ad
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diff changeset
908 intellectum, pertinet definitio Augustini in libro de vera Relig.,
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diff changeset
909 <i>veritas est summa similitudo principii, quae sine ulla
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diff changeset
910 dissimilitudine est</i>. Et quaedam definitio Anselmi, <i>veritas
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diff changeset
911 est rectitudo sola mente perceptibilis</i>; nam rectum est, quod
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diff changeset
912 principio concordat. Et quaedam definitio Avicennae, <i>veritas
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diff changeset
913 uniuscuiusque rei est proprietas sui esse quod stabilitum est
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diff changeset
914 ei</i>. Quod autem dicitur quod veritas est adaequatio rei et
53
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diff changeset
915 intellectus potest ad utrumque pertinere.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29054"><span class="ref">[29054] Iª q. 16 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
916 dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de veritate rei; et excludit a
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diff changeset
917 ratione huius veritatis, comparationem ad intellectum nostrum. Nam
53
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918 id quod est per accidens, ab unaquaque definitione excluditur.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29055"><span class="ref">[29055] Iª q. 16 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
919 dicendum quod antiqui philosophi species rerum naturalium non
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diff changeset
920 dicebant procedere ab aliquo intellectu, sed eas provenire a casu,
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diff changeset
921 et quia considerabant quod verum importat comparationem ad
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diff changeset
922 intellectum, cogebantur veritatem rerum constituere in ordine ad
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diff changeset
923 intellectum nostrum. Ex quo inconvenientia sequebantur quae
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diff changeset
924 philosophus prosequitur in IV Metaphys. Quae quidem inconvenientia
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925 non accidunt, si ponamus veritatem rerum consistere in comparatione
53
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926 ad intellectum divinum.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="29056"><span class="ref">[29056] Iª q. 16 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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927 dicendum quod, licet veritas intellectus nostri a re causetur, non
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diff changeset
928 tamen oportet quod in re per prius inveniatur ratio veritatis,
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diff changeset
929 sicut neque in medicina per prius invenitur ratio sanitatis quam in
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diff changeset
930 animali; virtus enim medicinae, non sanitas eius, causat sanitatem,
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diff changeset
931 cum non sit agens univocum. Et similiter esse rei, non veritas
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diff changeset
932 eius, causat veritatem intellectus. Unde philosophus dicit quod
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933 opinio et oratio vera est <i>ex eo quod res est, non ex eo quod res
53
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934 vera est</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 16 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29057"><span class="ref">[29057] Iª q. 16 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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935 proceditur. Videtur quod veritas non sit solum in intellectu
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diff changeset
936 componente et dividente. Dicit enim philosophus, in III de anima,
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diff changeset
937 quod sicut sensus propriorum sensibilium semper veri sunt, ita et
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diff changeset
938 intellectus eius quod quid est. Sed compositio et divisio non est
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939 neque in sensu, neque in intellectu cognoscente quod quid est. Ergo
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940 veritas non solum est in compositione et divisione intellectus.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29058"><span class="ref">[29058] Iª q. 16 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Isaac
28
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941 dicit, in libro de definitionibus, quod veritas est adaequatio rei
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diff changeset
942 et intellectus. Sed sicut intellectus complexorum potest adaequari
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943 rebus, ita intellectus incomplexorum, et etiam sensus sentiens rem
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944 ut est. Ergo veritas non est solum in compositione et divisione
53
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945 intellectus.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29059"><span class="ref">[29059] Iª q. 16 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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946 quod dicit philosophus, in VI Metaphys., quod circa simplicia et
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947 quod quid est non est veritas, nec in intellectu neque in
53
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948 rebus.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 2 co."><a name="29060"><span class="ref">[29060] Iª q. 16 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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949 quod verum, sicut dictum est, secundum sui primam rationem est in
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950 intellectu. Cum autem omnis res sit vera secundum quod habet
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951 propriam formam naturae suae, necesse est quod intellectus,
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952 inquantum est cognoscens, sit verus inquantum habet similitudinem
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953 rei cognitae, quae est forma eius inquantum est cognoscens. Et
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954 propter hoc per conformitatem intellectus et rei veritas definitur.
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diff changeset
955 Unde conformitatem istam cognoscere, est cognoscere veritatem. Hanc
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diff changeset
956 autem nullo modo sensus cognoscit, licet enim visus habeat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 similitudinem visibilis, non tamen cognoscit comparationem quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
958 inter rem visam et id quod ipse apprehendit de ea. Intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
959 autem conformitatem sui ad rem intelligibilem cognoscere potest,
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diff changeset
960 sed tamen non apprehendit eam secundum quod cognoscit de aliquo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 quod quid est; sed quando iudicat rem ita se habere sicut est forma
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 quam de re apprehendit, tunc primo cognoscit et dicit verum. Et hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
963 facit componendo et dividendo, nam in omni propositione aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
964 formam significatam per praedicatum, vel applicat alicui rei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
965 significatae per subiectum, vel removet ab ea. Et ideo bene
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parents: 26
diff changeset
966 invenitur quod sensus est verus de aliqua re, vel intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
967 cognoscendo quod quid est, sed non quod cognoscat aut dicat verum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 Et similiter est de vocibus complexis aut incomplexis. Veritas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 quidem igitur potest esse in sensu, vel in intellectu cognoscente
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 quod quid est, ut in quadam re vera, non autem ut cognitum in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 cognoscente, quod importat nomen veri; perfectio enim intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
972 est verum ut cognitum. Et ideo, proprie loquendo, veritas est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
973 intellectu componente et dividente, non autem in sensu, neque in
53
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diff changeset
974 intellectu cognoscente quod quid est.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="29061"><span class="ref">[29061] Iª q. 16 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
975 patet solutio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 16 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29062"><span class="ref">[29062] Iª q. 16 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
976 proceditur. Videtur quod verum et ens non convertantur. Verum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
977 est proprie in intellectu, ut dictum est. Ens autem proprie est in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
978 rebus. Ergo non convertuntur.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29063"><span class="ref">[29063] Iª q. 16 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, id
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 quod se extendit ad ens et non ens, non convertitur cum ente. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
980 verum se extendit ad ens et non ens, nam verum est quod est esse,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
981 et quod non est non esse. Ergo verum et ens non convertuntur.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="29064"><span class="ref">[29064] Iª q. 16 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, quae
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
982 se habent secundum prius et posterius, non videntur converti. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 verum videtur prius esse quam ens, nam ens non intelligitur nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
984 sub ratione veri. Ergo videtur quod non sint convertibilia.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29065"><span class="ref">[29065] Iª q. 16 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
985 quod dicit philosophus, II Metaphys., quod eadem est dispositio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
986 rerum in esse et veritate.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 3 co."><a name="29066"><span class="ref">[29066] Iª q. 16 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 quod, sicut bonum habet rationem appetibilis, ita verum habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
988 ordinem ad cognitionem. Unumquodque autem inquantum habet de esse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
989 intantum est cognoscibile. Et propter hoc dicitur in III de anima,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
990 quod anima est quodammodo omnia secundum sensum et intellectum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
991 ideo, sicut bonum convertitur cum ente, ita et verum. Sed tamen,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 sicut bonum addit rationem appetibilis supra ens, ita et verum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
993 comparationem ad intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29067"><span class="ref">[29067] Iª q. 16 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 dicendum quod verum est in rebus et in intellectu, ut dictum est.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
995 Verum autem quod est in rebus, convertitur cum ente secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
996 substantiam. Sed verum quod est in intellectu, convertitur cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
997 ente, ut manifestativum cum manifestato. Hoc enim est de ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
998 veri, ut dictum est. Quamvis posset dici quod etiam ens est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
999 rebus et in intellectu, sicut et verum; licet verum principaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 in intellectu, ens vero principaliter in rebus. Et hoc accidit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1001 propter hoc, quod verum et ens differunt ratione.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29068"><span class="ref">[29068] Iª q. 16 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 dicendum quod non ens non habet in se unde cognoscatur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 cognoscitur inquantum intellectus facit illud cognoscibile. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 verum fundatur in ente, inquantum non ens est quoddam ens rationis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1005 apprehensum scilicet a ratione.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="29069"><span class="ref">[29069] Iª q. 16 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 dicendum quod, cum dicitur quod ens non potest apprehendi sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 ratione veri, hoc potest dupliciter intelligi. Uno modo, ita quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 non apprehendatur ens, nisi ratio veri assequatur apprehensionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 entis. Et sic locutio habet veritatem. Alio modo posset sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 intelligi, quod ens non posset apprehendi, nisi apprehenderetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 ratio veri. Et hoc falsum est. Sed verum non potest apprehendi,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 nisi apprehendatur ratio entis, quia ens cadit in ratione veri. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 est simile sicut si comparemus intelligibile ad ens. Non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 potest intelligi ens, quin ens sit intelligibile, sed tamen potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 intelligi ens, ita quod non intelligatur eius intelligibilitas. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 similiter ens intellectum est verum, non tamen intelligendo ens,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1017 intelligitur verum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 16 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="29070"><span class="ref">[29070] Iª q. 16 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1018 proceditur. Videtur quod bonum secundum rationem sit prius quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 verum. Quod enim est universalius, secundum rationem prius est, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 patet ex I Physic. Sed bonum est universalius quam verum, nam verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 est quoddam bonum, scilicet intellectus. Ergo bonum prius est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1022 secundum rationem quam verum.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="29071"><span class="ref">[29071] Iª q. 16 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, bonum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 est in rebus, verum autem in compositione et divisione intellectus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 ut dictum est. Sed ea quae sunt in re, sunt priora his quae sunt in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1025 intellectu. Ergo prius est secundum rationem bonum quam verum.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="29072"><span class="ref">[29072] Iª q. 16 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 veritas est quaedam species virtutis, ut patet in IV Ethic. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 virtus continetur sub bono, est enim bona qualitas mentis, ut dicit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1028 Augustinus. Ergo bonum est prius quam verum.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 4 s. c."><a name="29073"><span class="ref">[29073] Iª q. 16 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, quod
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 est in pluribus, est prius secundum rationem. Sed verum est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 quibusdam in quibus non est bonum, scilicet in mathematicis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1031 verum est prius quam bonum.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 4 co."><a name="29074"><span class="ref">[29074] Iª q. 16 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1032 quod, licet bonum et verum supposito convertantur cum ente, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1033 ratione differunt. Et secundum hoc verum, absolute loquendo, prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 est quam bonum. Quod ex duobus apparet. Primo quidem ex hoc, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1035 verum propinquius se habet ad ens, quod est prius, quam bonum. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 verum respicit ipsum esse simpliciter et immediate, ratio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 boni consequitur esse, secundum quod est aliquo modo perfectum; sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 enim appetibile est. Secundo apparet ex hoc, quod cognitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 naturaliter praecedit appetitum. Unde, cum verum respiciat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 cognitionem, bonum autem appetitum, prius erit verum quam bonum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1041 secundum rationem.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="29075"><span class="ref">[29075] Iª q. 16 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 dicendum quod voluntas et intellectus mutuo se includunt, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 intellectus intelligit voluntatem, et voluntas vult intellectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 intelligere. Sic ergo inter illa quae ordinantur ad obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 voluntatis, continentur etiam ea quae sunt intellectus; et e
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1046 converso. Unde in ordine appetibilium, bonum se habet ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 universale, et verum ut particulare, in ordine autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 intelligibilium est e converso. Ex hoc ergo quod verum est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 bonum, sequitur quod bonum sit prius in ordine appetibilium, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1050 autem quod sit prius simpliciter.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="29076"><span class="ref">[29076] Iª q. 16 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1051 dicendum quod secundum hoc est aliquid prius ratione, quod prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 cadit in intellectu. Intellectus autem per prius apprehendit ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 ens; et secundario apprehendit se intelligere ens; et tertio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 apprehendit se appetere ens. Unde primo est ratio entis, secundo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1055 ratio veri, tertio ratio boni, licet bonum sit in rebus.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="29077"><span class="ref">[29077] Iª q. 16 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1056 dicendum quod virtus quae dicitur veritas, non est veritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 communis, sed quaedam veritas secundum quam homo in dictis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 factis ostendit se ut est. Veritas autem vitae dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 particulariter, secundum quod homo in vita sua implet illud ad quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 ordinatur per intellectum divinum, sicut etiam dictum est veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 esse in ceteris rebus. Veritas autem iustitiae est secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 homo servat id quod debet alteri secundum ordinem legum. Unde ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 his particularibus veritatibus non est procedendum ad veritatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1064 communem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 16 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="29078"><span class="ref">[29078] Iª q. 16 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non sit veritas. Veritas enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 consistit in compositione et divisione intellectus. Sed in Deo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1067 est compositio et divisio. Ergo non est ibi veritas.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="29079"><span class="ref">[29079] Iª q. 16 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 veritas, secundum Augustinum, in libro de vera Relig., est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 similitudo principii. Sed Dei non est similitudo ad principium.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1070 Ergo in Deo non est veritas.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="29080"><span class="ref">[29080] Iª q. 16 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 quidquid dicitur de Deo, dicitur de eo ut de prima causa omnium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 sicut esse Dei est causa omnis esse, et bonitas eius est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 omnis boni. Si ergo in Deo sit veritas, ergo omne verum erit ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 ipso. Sed aliquem peccare est verum. Ergo hoc erit a Deo. Quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1075 patet esse falsum.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 5 s. c."><a name="29081"><span class="ref">[29081] Iª q. 16 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 quod dicit dominus, Ioan. XIV, <i>ego sum via, veritas et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1077 vita</i>.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 5 co."><a name="29082"><span class="ref">[29082] Iª q. 16 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 quod, sicut dictum est, veritas invenitur in intellectu secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 quod apprehendit rem ut est, et in re secundum quod habet esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 conformabile intellectui. Hoc autem maxime invenitur in Deo. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 esse suum non solum est conforme suo intellectui, sed etiam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 ipsum suum intelligere; et suum intelligere est mensura et causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1083 omnis alterius esse, et omnis alterius intellectus; et ipse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 suum esse et intelligere. Unde sequitur quod non solum in ipso sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1085 veritas, sed quod ipse sit ipsa summa et prima veritas.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="29083"><span class="ref">[29083] Iª q. 16 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 dicendum quod, licet in intellectu divino non sit compositio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 divisio, tamen secundum suam simplicem intelligentiam iudicat de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1088 omnibus, et cognoscit omnia complexa. Et sic in intellectu eius est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1089 veritas.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="29084"><span class="ref">[29084] Iª q. 16 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 dicendum quod verum intellectus nostri est secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 conformatur suo principio, scilicet rebus, a quibus cognitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 accipit. Veritas etiam rerum est secundum quod conformantur suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 principio, scilicet intellectui divino. Sed hoc, proprie loquendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 non potest dici in veritate divina, nisi forte secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 veritas appropriatur filio, qui habet principium. Sed si de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 veritate essentialiter dicta loquamur, non potest intelligi, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 resolvatur affirmativa in negativam, sicut cum dicitur, pater est a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 se, quia non est ab alio. Et similiter dici potest similitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 principii veritas divina, inquantum esse suum non est suo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1100 intellectui dissimile.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="29085"><span class="ref">[29085] Iª q. 16 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1101 dicendum quod non ens et privationes non habent ex seipsis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 veritatem, sed solum ex apprehensione intellectus. Omnis autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 apprehensio intellectus a Deo est, unde quidquid est veritatis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 hoc quod dico, istum fornicari est verum, totum est a Deo. Sed si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1105 arguatur, ergo istum fornicari est a Deo, est fallacia
53
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diff changeset
1106 accidentis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 16 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="29086"><span class="ref">[29086] Iª q. 16 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 proceditur. Videtur quod una sola sit veritas, secundum quam omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1108 sunt vera. Quia, secundum Augustinum, nihil est maius mente humana,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 nisi Deus. Sed veritas est maior mente humana, alioquin mens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 iudicaret de veritate; nunc autem omnia iudicat secundum veritatem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 et non secundum seipsam. Ergo solus Deus est veritas. Ergo non est
53
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diff changeset
1112 alia veritas quam Deus.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="29087"><span class="ref">[29087] Iª q. 16 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 Anselmus dicit, in libro de veritate, quod sicut tempus se habet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 temporalia, ita veritas ad res veras. Sed unum est tempus omnium
53
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diff changeset
1115 temporalium. Ergo una est veritas, qua omnia vera sunt.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 6 s. c."><a name="29088"><span class="ref">[29088] Iª q. 16 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 quod in Psalmo XI dicitur, <i>diminutae sunt veritates a filiis
53
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diff changeset
1117 hominum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 6 co."><a name="29089"><span class="ref">[29089] Iª q. 16 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 quod quodammodo una est veritas, qua omnia sunt vera, et quodammodo
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diff changeset
1119 non. Ad cuius evidentiam, sciendum est quod, quando aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 praedicatur univoce de multis, illud in quolibet eorum secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 propriam rationem invenitur, sicut animal in qualibet specie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 animalis. Sed quando aliquid dicitur analogice de multis, illud
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 invenitur secundum propriam rationem in uno eorum tantum, a quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1124 alia denominantur. Sicut sanum dicitur de animali et urina et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 medicina, non quod sanitas sit nisi in animali tantum, sed a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 sanitate animalis denominatur medicina sana, inquantum est illius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 sanitatis effectiva, et urina, inquantum est illius sanitatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1128 significativa. Et quamvis sanitas non sit in medicina neque in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 urina, tamen in utroque est aliquid per quod hoc quidem facit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 illud autem significat sanitatem. Dictum est autem quod veritas per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 prius est in intellectu, et per posterius in rebus, secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 ordinantur ad intellectum divinum. Si ergo loquamur de veritate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 prout existit in intellectu, secundum propriam rationem, sic in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 multis intellectibus creatis sunt multae veritates; etiam in uno et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 eodem intellectu, secundum plura cognita. Unde dicit Glossa super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 illud Psalmi XI, <i>diminutae sunt veritates a filiis hominum</i>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 etc., quod sicut ab una facie hominis resultant plures
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 similitudines in speculo, sic ab una veritate divina resultant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 plures veritates. Si vero loquamur de veritate secundum quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 rebus, sic omnes sunt verae una prima veritate, cui unumquodque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 assimilatur secundum suam entitatem. Et sic, licet plures sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 essentiae vel formae rerum, tamen una est veritas divini
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1143 intellectus, secundum quam omnes res denominantur verae.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="29090"><span class="ref">[29090] Iª q. 16 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 dicendum quod anima non secundum quamcumque veritatem iudicat de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 rebus omnibus; sed secundum veritatem primam, inquantum resultat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 ea sicut in speculo, secundum prima intelligibilia. Unde sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 quod veritas prima sit maior anima. Et tamen etiam veritas creata,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 quae est in intellectu nostro, est maior anima, non simpliciter,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 sed secundum quid, inquantum est perfectio eius; sicut etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 scientia posset dici maior anima. Sed verum est quod nihil
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1151 subsistens est maius mente rationali, nisi Deus.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="29091"><span class="ref">[29091] Iª q. 16 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 dicendum quod dictum Anselmi veritatem habet, secundum quod res
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1153 dicuntur verae per comparationem ad intellectum divinum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 16 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="29092"><span class="ref">[29092] Iª q. 16 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 proceditur. Videtur quod veritas creata sit aeterna. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 Augustinus, in libro de libero arbitrio, quod nihil est magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 aeternum quam ratio circuli, et duo et tria esse quinque. Sed horum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1157 veritas est veritas creata. Ergo veritas creata est aeterna.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="29093"><span class="ref">[29093] Iª q. 16 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 quod est semper, est aeternum. Sed universalia sunt ubique et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 semper. Ergo sunt aeterna. Ergo et verum, quod est maxime
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1160 universale.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="29094"><span class="ref">[29094] Iª q. 16 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, id
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 quod est verum in praesenti, semper fuit verum esse futurum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 sicut veritas propositionis de praesenti est veritas creata, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 veritas propositionis de futuro. Ergo aliqua veritas creata est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1164 aeterna.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="29095"><span class="ref">[29095] Iª q. 16 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 quod caret principio et fine, est aeternum. Sed veritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 enuntiabilium caret principio et fine. Quia, si veritas incoepit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 cum ante non esset, verum erat veritatem non esse, et utique aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 veritate verum erat, et sic veritas erat antequam inciperet. Et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 similiter si ponatur veritatem habere finem, sequitur quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 postquam desierit, verum enim erit veritatem non esse. Ergo veritas
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1171 est aeterna.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 7 s. c."><a name="29096"><span class="ref">[29096] Iª q. 16 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1172 quod solus Deus est aeternus, ut supra habitum est.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 7 co."><a name="29097"><span class="ref">[29097] Iª q. 16 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 quod veritas enuntiabilium non est aliud quam veritas intellectus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 Enuntiabile enim et est in intellectu, et est in voce. Secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 autem quod est in intellectu, habet per se veritatem. Sed secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 quod est in voce, dicitur verum enuntiabile, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 significat aliquam veritatem intellectus; non propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 veritatem in enuntiabili existentem sicut in subiecto. Sicut urina
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 dicitur sana, non a sanitate quae in ipsa sit, sed a sanitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 animalis, quam significat. Similiter etiam supra dictum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 res denominantur verae a veritate intellectus. Unde si nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 intellectus esset aeternus, nulla veritas esset aeterna. Sed quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 solus intellectus divinus est aeternus, in ipso solo veritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 aeternitatem habet. Nec propter hoc sequitur quod aliquid aliud sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 aeternum quam Deus, quia veritas intellectus divini est ipse Deus,
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1186 ut supra ostensum est.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="29098"><span class="ref">[29098] Iª q. 16 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 dicendum quod ratio circuli, et duo et tria esse quinque, habent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1188 aeternitatem in mente divina.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="29099"><span class="ref">[29099] Iª q. 16 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 dicendum quod aliquid esse semper et ubique, potest intelligi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 dupliciter. Uno modo, quia habet in se unde se extendat ad omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 tempus et ad omnem locum, sicut Deo competit esse ubique et semper.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 Alio modo, quia non habet in se quo determinetur ad aliquem locum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 vel tempus, sicut materia prima dicitur esse una, non quia habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 unam formam, sicut homo est unus ab unitate unius formae, sed per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 remotionem omnium formarum distinguentium. Et per hunc modum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 quodlibet universale dicitur esse ubique et semper, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 universalia abstrahunt ab hic et nunc. Sed ex hoc non sequitur ea
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1198 esse aeterna, nisi in intellectu, si quis sit aeternus.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="29100"><span class="ref">[29100] Iª q. 16 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 dicendum quod illud quod nunc est, ex eo futurum fuit antequam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 esset, quia in causa sua erat ut fieret. Unde, sublata causa, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 esset futurum illud fieri. Sola autem causa prima est aeterna. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 ex hoc non sequitur quod ea quae sunt, semper fuerit verum ea esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 futura, nisi quatenus in causa sempiterna fuit ut essent futura.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1204 Quae quidem causa solus Deus est.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="29101"><span class="ref">[29101] Iª q. 16 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 dicendum quod, quia intellectus noster non est aeternus, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 veritas enuntiabilium quae a nobis formantur, est aeterna, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 quandoque incoepit. Et antequam huiusmodi veritas esset, non erat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 verum dicere veritatem talem non esse, nisi ab intellectu divino,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 in quo solum veritas est aeterna. Sed nunc verum est dicere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 veritatem tunc non fuisse. Quod quidem non est verum nisi veritate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 quae nunc est in intellectu nostro, non autem per aliquam veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 ex parte rei. Quia ista est veritas de non ente; non ens autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 habet ex se ut sit verum, sed solummodo ex intellectu apprehendente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 ipsum. Unde intantum est verum dicere veritatem non fuisse,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 inquantum apprehendimus non esse ipsius ut praecedens esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1216 eius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 16 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="29102"><span class="ref">[29102] Iª q. 16 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 proceditur. Videtur quod veritas sit immutabilis. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 Augustinus, in libro II de libero arbitrio, quod veritas non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1219 aequalis menti, quia esset mutabilis, sicut et mens.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="29103"><span class="ref">[29103] Iª q. 16 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, id
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 quod remanet post omnem mutationem, est immutabile, sicut prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 materia est ingenita et incorruptibilis, quia remanet post omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 generationem et corruptionem. Sed veritas remanet post omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 mutationem, quia post omnem mutationem verum est dicere esse vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1224 non esse. Ergo veritas est immutabilis.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="29104"><span class="ref">[29104] Iª q. 16 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 veritas enuntiationis mutatur, maxime mutatur ad mutationem rei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 Sed sic non mutatur. Veritas enim, secundum Anselmum, est rectitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 quaedam, inquantum aliquid implet id quod est de ipso in mente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 divina. Haec autem propositio, Socrates sedet, accipit a mente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 divina ut significet Socratem sedere, quod significat etiam eo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1230 sedente. Ergo veritas propositionis nullo modo mutatur.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="29105"><span class="ref">[29105] Iª q. 16 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, ubi
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 est eadem causa, et idem effectus. Sed eadem res est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 veritatis harum trium propositionum Socrates sedet, sedebit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 sedit. Ergo eadem est harum veritas. Sed oportet quod alterum horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 sit verum. Ergo veritas harum propositionum immutabiliter manet. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1235 eadem ratione cuiuslibet alterius propositionis.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 8 s. c."><a name="29106"><span class="ref">[29106] Iª q. 16 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 quod dicitur in Psalmo XI, <i>diminutae sunt veritates a filiis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1237 hominum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 8 co."><a name="29107"><span class="ref">[29107] Iª q. 16 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 quod, sicut supra dictum est, veritas proprie est in solo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 intellectu, res autem dicuntur verae a veritate quae est in aliquo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 intellectu. Unde mutabilitas veritatis consideranda est circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 intellectum. Cuius quidem veritas in hoc consistit, quod habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 conformitatem ad res intellectas. Quae quidem conformitas variari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 potest dupliciter, sicut et quaelibet alia similitudo, ex mutatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 alterius extremi. Unde uno modo variatur veritas ex parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 intellectus, ex eo quod de re eodem modo se habente aliquis aliam
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diff changeset
1246 opinionem accipit, alio modo si, opinione eadem manente, res
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 mutetur. Et utroque modo fit mutatio de vero in falsum. Si ergo sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 aliquis intellectus in quo non possit esse alternatio opinionum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 vel cuius acceptionem non potest subterfugere res aliqua, in eo est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 immutabilis veritas. Talis autem est intellectus divinus, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 superioribus patet. Unde veritas divini intellectus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 immutabilis. Veritas autem intellectus nostri mutabilis est. Non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 quod ipsa sit subiectum mutationis, sed inquantum intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 noster mutatur de veritate in falsitatem; sic enim formae mutabiles
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 dici possunt. Veritas autem intellectus divini est secundum quam
53
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diff changeset
1256 res naturales dicuntur verae, quae est omnino immutabilis.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="29108"><span class="ref">[29108] Iª q. 16 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
1257 dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de veritate divina.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="29109"><span class="ref">[29109] Iª q. 16 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 dicendum quod verum et ens sunt convertibilia. Unde, sicut ens non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 generatur neque corrumpitur per se, sed per accidens, inquantum hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 vel illud ens corrumpitur vel generatur, ut dicitur in I Physic.;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 ita veritas mutatur, non quod nulla veritas remaneat, sed quia non
53
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diff changeset
1262 remanet illa veritas quae prius erat.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="29110"><span class="ref">[29110] Iª q. 16 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1263 dicendum quod propositio non solum habet veritatem sicut res aliae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 veritatem habere dicuntur, inquantum implent id quod de eis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 ordinatum ab intellectu divino; sed dicitur habere veritatem quodam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 speciali modo, inquantum significat veritatem intellectus. Quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 quidem consistit in conformitate intellectus et rei. Qua quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 subtracta, mutatur veritas opinionis, et per consequens veritas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 propositionis. Sic igitur haec propositio, Socrates sedet, eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 sedente vera est et veritate rei, inquantum est quaedam vox
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 significativa; et veritate significationis, inquantum significat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 opinionem veram. Socrate vero surgente, remanet prima veritas, sed
53
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diff changeset
1273 mutatur secunda.</p><p title="I q. 16 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="29111"><span class="ref">[29111] Iª q. 16 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 dicendum quod sessio Socratis, quae est causa veritatis huius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 propositionis, Socrates sedet, non eodem modo se habet dum Socrates
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 sedet, et postquam sederit, et antequam sederet. Unde et veritas ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 hoc causata, diversimode se habet; et diversimode significatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 propositionibus de praesenti, praeterito et futuro. Unde non
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diff changeset
1279 sequitur quod, licet altera trium propositionum sit vera, quod
53
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diff changeset
1280 eadem veritas invariabilis maneat.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q17"><h2>Quaestio 17</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 17 pr."><a name="29112"><span class="ref">[29112]
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diff changeset
1281 Iª q. 17 pr.</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de falsitate. Et
28
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diff changeset
1282 circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum falsitas sit in rebus.
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diff changeset
1283 Secundo, utrum sit in sensu. Tertio, utrum sit in intellectu.
53
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diff changeset
1284 Quarto, de oppositione veri et falsi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 17 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29113"><span class="ref">[29113] Iª q. 17 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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diff changeset
1285 proceditur. Videtur quod falsitas non sit in rebus. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 Augustinus, in libro Soliloq., <i>si verum est id quod est, falsum
53
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diff changeset
1287 non esse uspiam concludetur, quovis repugnante</i>.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29114"><span class="ref">[29114] Iª q. 17 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1288 falsum dicitur a fallendo. Sed res non fallunt, ut dicit Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 in libro de vera Relig., <i>quia non ostendunt aliud quam suam
53
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diff changeset
1290 speciem</i>. Ergo falsum in rebus non invenitur.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="29115"><span class="ref">[29115] Iª q. 17 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, verum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 dicitur in rebus per comparationem ad intellectum divinum, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 dictum est. Sed quaelibet res, inquantum est, imitatur Deum. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 quaelibet res vera est, absque falsitate. Et sic nulla res est
53
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diff changeset
1294 falsa.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29116"><span class="ref">[29116] Iª q. 17 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 quod dicit Augustinus, in libro de vera Relig., quod <i>omne corpus
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diff changeset
1296 est verum corpus et falsa unitas</i>; quia imitatur unitatem, et
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diff changeset
1297 non est unitas. Sed quaelibet res imitatur divinam bonitatem, et ab
53
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diff changeset
1298 ea deficit. Ergo in omnibus rebus est falsitas.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 1 co."><a name="29117"><span class="ref">[29117] Iª q. 17 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1299 quod, cum verum et falsum opponantur; opposita autem sunt circa
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diff changeset
1300 idem; necesse est ut ibi prius quaeratur falsitas, ubi primo
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diff changeset
1301 veritas invenitur, hoc est in intellectu. In rebus autem neque
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diff changeset
1302 veritas neque falsitas est, nisi per ordinem ad intellectum. Et
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diff changeset
1303 quia unumquodque secundum id quod convenit ei per se, simpliciter
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diff changeset
1304 nominatur; secundum autem id quod convenit ei per accidens, non
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diff changeset
1305 nominatur nisi secundum quid; res quidem simpliciter falsa dici
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diff changeset
1306 posset per comparationem ad intellectum a quo dependet, cui
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diff changeset
1307 comparatur per se; in ordine autem ad alium intellectum, cui
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diff changeset
1308 comparatur per accidens, non posset dici falsa nisi secundum quid.
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diff changeset
1309 Dependent autem ab intellectu divino res naturales, sicut ab
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diff changeset
1310 intellectu humano res artificiales. Dicuntur igitur res
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 artificiales falsae simpliciter et secundum se, inquantum deficiunt
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diff changeset
1312 a forma artis, unde dicitur aliquis artifex opus falsum facere,
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diff changeset
1313 quando deficit ab operatione artis. Sic autem in rebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 dependentibus a Deo, falsitas inveniri non potest per comparationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 ad intellectum divinum, cum quidquid in rebus accidit, ex
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diff changeset
1316 ordinatione divini intellectus procedat, nisi forte in voluntariis
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diff changeset
1317 agentibus tantum, in quorum potestate est subducere se ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1318 ordinatione divini intellectus; in quo malum culpae consistit,
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diff changeset
1319 secundum quod ipsa peccata falsitates et mendacia dicuntur in
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diff changeset
1320 Scripturis, secundum illud Psalmi IV, <i>ut quid diligitis
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diff changeset
1321 vanitatem et quaeritis mendacium?</i> Sicut per oppositum operatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 virtuosa veritas vitae nominatur, inquantum subditur ordini divini
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diff changeset
1323 intellectus; sicut dicitur Ioan. III, <i>qui facit veritatem, venit
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diff changeset
1324 ad lucem</i>. Sed per ordinem ad intellectum nostrum, ad quem
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diff changeset
1325 comparantur res naturales per accidens, possunt dici falsae, non
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diff changeset
1326 simpliciter, sed secundum quid. Et hoc dupliciter. Uno modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 secundum rationem significati, ut dicatur illud esse falsum in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 rebus, quod significatur vel repraesentatur oratione vel intellectu
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diff changeset
1329 falso. Secundum quem modum quaelibet res potest dici esse falsa,
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diff changeset
1330 quantum ad id quod ei non inest, sicut si dicamus diametrum esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 falsum commensurabile, ut dicit philosophus in V Metaphys.; et
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diff changeset
1332 sicut dicit Augustinus, in libro Soliloq., quod <i>tragoedus est
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diff changeset
1333 falsus Hector</i>. Sicut e contrario potest unumquodque dici verum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 secundum id quod competit ei. Alio modo, per modum causae. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 dicitur res esse falsa, quae nata est facere de se opinionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 falsam. Et quia innatum est nobis per ea quae exterius apparent de
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diff changeset
1337 rebus iudicare, eo quod nostra cognitio a sensu ortum habet, qui
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diff changeset
1338 primo et per se est exteriorum accidentium; ideo ea quae in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1339 exterioribus accidentibus habent similitudinem aliarum rerum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 dicuntur esse falsa secundum illas res; sicut fel est falsum mel,
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diff changeset
1341 et stannum est falsum argentum. Et secundum hoc dicit Augustinus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 in libro Soliloq., quod <i>eas res falsas nominamus, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 verisimilia apprehendimus</i>. Et philosophus dicit, in V
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1344 Metaphys., quod <i>falsa dicuntur quaecumque apta nata sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 apparere aut qualia non sunt, aut quae non sunt</i>. Et per hunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 modum etiam dicitur homo falsus, inquantum est amativus falsarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 opinionum vel locutionum. Non autem ex hoc quod potest eas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 confingere, quia sic etiam sapientes et scientes falsi dicerentur,
53
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diff changeset
1349 ut dicitur in V Metaphys.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29118"><span class="ref">[29118] Iª q. 17 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 dicendum quod res comparata ad intellectum, secundum id quod est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 dicitur vera, secundum id quod non est, dicitur falsa. <i>Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 verus tragoedus est falsus Hector</i>, ut dicitur in II Soliloq.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 Sicut igitur in his quae sunt, invenitur quoddam non esse; ita in
53
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diff changeset
1354 his quae sunt, invenitur quaedam ratio falsitatis.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29119"><span class="ref">[29119] Iª q. 17 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1355 dicendum quod res per se non fallunt, sed per accidens. Dant enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 occasionem falsitatis, eo quod similitudinem eorum gerunt, quorum
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1357 non habent existentiam.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="29120"><span class="ref">[29120] Iª q. 17 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 dicendum quod per comparationem ad intellectum divinum non dicuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 res falsae, quod esset eas esse falsas simpliciter, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 comparationem ad intellectum nostrum, quod est eas esse falsas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1361 secundum quid.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="29121"><span class="ref">[29121] Iª q. 17 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum, quod
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 in oppositum obiicitur, dicendum quod similitudo vel repraesentatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 deficiens non inducit rationem falsitatis, nisi inquantum praestat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 occasionem falsae opinionis. Unde non ubicumque est similitudo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 dicitur res falsa, sed ubicumque est talis similitudo, quae nata
53
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diff changeset
1366 est facere opinionem falsam, non cuicumque, sed ut in pluribus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 17 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29122"><span class="ref">[29122] Iª q. 17 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 proceditur. Videtur quod in sensu non sit falsitas. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 Augustinus, in libro de vera Relig., <i>si omnes corporis sensus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 ita nuntiant ut afficiuntur, quid ab eis amplius exigere debemus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 ignoro</i>. Et sic videtur quod ex sensibus non fallamur. Et sic
53
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diff changeset
1371 falsitas in sensu non est.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29123"><span class="ref">[29123] Iª q. 17 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 philosophus dicit, in IV Metaphys., quod <i>falsitas non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1373 propria sensui, sed phantasiae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="29124"><span class="ref">[29124] Iª q. 17 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 incomplexis non est verum nec falsum, sed solum in complexis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 componere et dividere non pertinet ad sensum. Ergo in sensu non est
53
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diff changeset
1376 falsitas.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29125"><span class="ref">[29125] Iª q. 17 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 quod dicit Augustinus, in libro Soliloq., <i>apparet nos in omnibus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1378 sensibus similitudine lenocinante falli</i>.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 2 co."><a name="29126"><span class="ref">[29126] Iª q. 17 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 quod falsitas non est quaerenda in sensu, nisi sicut ibi est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 veritas. Veritas autem non sic est in sensu, ut sensus cognoscat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 veritatem; sed inquantum veram apprehensionem habet de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 sensibilibus, ut supra dictum est. Quod quidem contingit eo quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 apprehendit res ut sunt. Unde contingit falsitatem esse in sensu,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 ex hoc quod apprehendit vel iudicat res aliter quam sint. Sic autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 se habet ad cognoscendum res, inquantum similitudo rerum est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 sensu. Similitudo autem alicuius rei est in sensu tripliciter. Uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 modo, primo et per se; sicut in visu est similitudo colorum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 aliorum propriorum sensibilium. Alio modo, per se, sed non primo;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 sicut in visu est similitudo figurae vel magnitudinis, et aliorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 communium sensibilium. Tertio modo, nec primo nec per se, sed per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 accidens; sicut in visu est similitudo hominis, non inquantum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 homo, sed inquantum huic colorato accidit esse hominem. Et circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 propria sensibilia sensus non habet falsam cognitionem, nisi per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 accidens, et ut in paucioribus, ex eo scilicet quod, propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 indispositionem organi, non convenienter recipit formam sensibilem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 sicut et alia passiva, propter suam indispositionem, deficienter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 recipiunt impressionem agentium. Et inde est quod, propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 corruptionem linguae, infirmis dulcia amara esse videntur. De
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 sensibilibus vero communibus et per accidens, potest esse falsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 iudicium etiam in sensu recte disposito, quia sensus non directe
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diff changeset
1401 refertur ad illa, sed per accidens, vel ex consequenti, inquantum
53
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diff changeset
1402 refertur ad alia.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="29127"><span class="ref">[29127] Iª q. 17 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1403 dicendum quod sensum affici, est ipsum eius sentire. Unde per hoc
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diff changeset
1404 quod sensus ita nuntiant sicut afficiuntur, sequitur quod non
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diff changeset
1405 decipiamur in iudicio quo iudicamus nos sentire aliquid. Sed ex eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 quod sensus aliter afficitur interdum quam res sit, sequitur quod
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diff changeset
1407 nuntiet nobis aliquando rem aliter quam sit. Et ex hoc fallimur per
53
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diff changeset
1408 sensum circa rem, non circa ipsum sentire.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="29128"><span class="ref">[29128] Iª q. 17 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1409 dicendum quod falsitas dicitur non esse propria sensui, quia non
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diff changeset
1410 decipitur circa proprium obiectum. Unde in alia translatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 planius dicitur, quod <i>sensus proprii sensibilis falsus non
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diff changeset
1412 est</i>. Phantasiae autem attribuitur falsitas, quia repraesentat
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diff changeset
1413 similitudinem rei etiam absentis; unde quando aliquis convertitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 ad similitudinem rei tanquam ad rem ipsam, provenit ex tali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 apprehensione falsitas. Unde etiam philosophus, in V Metaphys.,
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diff changeset
1416 dicit quod umbrae et picturae et somnia dicuntur falsa, inquantum
53
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diff changeset
1417 non subsunt res quarum habent similitudinem.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="29129"><span class="ref">[29129] Iª q. 17 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1418 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit, quod falsitas non sit in sensu
53
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diff changeset
1419 sicut in cognoscente verum et falsum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 17 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29130"><span class="ref">[29130] Iª q. 17 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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diff changeset
1420 proceditur. Videtur quod falsitas non sit in intellectu. Dicit enim
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diff changeset
1421 Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>omnis qui
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diff changeset
1422 fallitur, id in quo fallitur, non intelligit</i>. Sed falsum
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diff changeset
1423 dicitur esse in aliqua cognitione, secundum quod per eam fallimur.
53
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diff changeset
1424 Ergo in intellectu non est falsitas.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29131"><span class="ref">[29131] Iª q. 17 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1425 philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod intellectus semper est
53
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diff changeset
1426 rectus. Non ergo in intellectu est falsitas.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29132"><span class="ref">[29132] Iª q. 17 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1427 quod dicitur in III de anima, quod <i>ubi compositio intellectuum
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diff changeset
1428 est, ibi verum et falsum est</i>. Sed compositio intellectuum est
53
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diff changeset
1429 in intellectu. Ergo verum et falsum est in intellectu.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 3 co."><a name="29133"><span class="ref">[29133] Iª q. 17 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1430 quod, sicut res habet esse per propriam formam, ita virtus
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diff changeset
1431 cognoscitiva habet cognoscere per similitudinem rei cognitae. Unde,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 sicut res naturalis non deficit ab esse quod sibi competit secundum
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diff changeset
1433 suam formam, potest autem deficere ab aliquibus accidentalibus vel
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diff changeset
1434 consequentibus; sicut homo ab hoc quod est habere duos pedes, non
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diff changeset
1435 autem ab hoc quod est esse hominem, ita virtus cognoscitiva non
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diff changeset
1436 deficit in cognoscendo respectu illius rei cuius similitudine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 informatur; potest autem deficere circa aliquid consequens ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 ipsam, vel accidens ei. Sicut est dictum quod visus non decipitur
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diff changeset
1439 circa sensibile proprium, sed circa sensibilia communia, quae
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diff changeset
1440 consequenter se habent ad illud, et circa sensibilia per accidens.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 Sicut autem sensus informatur directe similitudine propriorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 sensibilium, ita intellectus informatur similitudine quidditatis
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diff changeset
1443 rei. Unde circa quod quid est intellectus non decipitur, sicut
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diff changeset
1444 neque sensus circa sensibilia propria. In componendo vero vel
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diff changeset
1445 dividendo potest decipi, dum attribuit rei cuius quidditatem
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diff changeset
1446 intelligit, aliquid quod eam non consequitur, vel quod ei
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diff changeset
1447 opponitur. Sic enim se habet intellectus ad iudicandum de
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diff changeset
1448 huiusmodi, sicut sensus ad iudicandum de sensibilibus communibus
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diff changeset
1449 vel per accidens. Hac tamen differentia servata, quae supra circa
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diff changeset
1450 veritatem dicta est, quod falsitas in intellectu esse potest, non
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diff changeset
1451 solum quia cognitio intellectus falsa est, sed quia intellectus eam
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diff changeset
1452 cognoscit, sicut et veritatem, in sensu autem falsitas non est ut
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diff changeset
1453 cognita, ut dictum est. Quia vero falsitas intellectus per se solum
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diff changeset
1454 circa compositionem intellectus est, per accidens etiam in
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diff changeset
1455 operatione intellectus qua cognoscit quod quid est, potest esse
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diff changeset
1456 falsitas, inquantum ibi compositio intellectus admiscetur. Quod
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diff changeset
1457 potest esse dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum quod intellectus
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diff changeset
1458 definitionem unius attribuit alteri; ut si definitionem circuli
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diff changeset
1459 attribuat homini. Unde definitio unius rei est falsa de altera.
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diff changeset
1460 Alio modo, secundum quod partes definitionis componit ad invicem,
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diff changeset
1461 quae simul sociari non possunt, sic enim definitio non est solum
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diff changeset
1462 falsa respectu alicuius rei, sed est falsa in se. Ut si formet
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diff changeset
1463 talem definitionem, animal rationale quadrupes, falsus est
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diff changeset
1464 intellectus sic definiendo, propterea quod falsus est in formando
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diff changeset
1465 hanc compositionem, aliquod animal rationale est quadrupes. Et
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diff changeset
1466 propter hoc, in cognoscendo quidditates simplices non potest esse
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diff changeset
1467 intellectus falsus, sed vel est verus, vel totaliter nihil
53
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diff changeset
1468 intelligit.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29134"><span class="ref">[29134] Iª q. 17 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1469 dicendum quod, quia quidditas rei est proprium obiectum
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diff changeset
1470 intellectus, propter hoc tunc proprie dicimur aliquid intelligere,
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diff changeset
1471 quando, reducentes illud in quod quid est, sic de eo iudicamus,
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diff changeset
1472 sicut accidit in demonstrationibus, in quibus non est falsitas. Et
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diff changeset
1473 hoc modo intelligitur verbum Augustini, quod omnis qui fallitur,
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diff changeset
1474 non intelligit id in quo fallitur, non autem ita, quod in nulla
53
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diff changeset
1475 operatione intellectus aliquis fallatur.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29135"><span class="ref">[29135] Iª q. 17 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1476 dicendum quod intellectus semper est rectus, secundum quod
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diff changeset
1477 intellectus est principiorum, circa quae non decipitur, ex eadem
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diff changeset
1478 causa qua non decipitur circa quod quid est. Nam principia per se
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diff changeset
1479 nota sunt illa quae statim, intellectis terminis, cognoscuntur, ex
53
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diff changeset
1480 eo quod praedicatum ponitur in definitione subiecti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 17 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="29136"><span class="ref">[29136] Iª q. 17 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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diff changeset
1481 proceditur. Videtur quod verum et falsum non sint contraria. Verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1482 enim et falsum opponuntur sicut quod est et quod non est, <i>nam
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diff changeset
1483 verum est id quod est</i>, ut dicit Augustinus. Sed quod est et
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diff changeset
1484 quod non est, non opponuntur ut contraria. Ergo verum et falsum non
53
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diff changeset
1485 sunt contraria.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="29137"><span class="ref">[29137] Iª q. 17 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, unum
28
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diff changeset
1486 contrariorum non est in alio. Sed falsum est in vero, quia, sicut
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diff changeset
1487 dicit Augustinus in libro Soliloq., <i>tragoedus non esset falsus
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diff changeset
1488 Hector, si non esset verus tragoedus</i>. Ergo verum et falsum non
53
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diff changeset
1489 sunt contraria.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="29138"><span class="ref">[29138] Iª q. 17 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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diff changeset
1490 Deo non est contrarietas aliqua, nihil enim divinae substantiae est
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diff changeset
1491 contrarium, ut dicit Augustinus, XII de Civit. Dei. Sed Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 opponitur falsitas, nam idolum in Scriptura mendacium nominatur,
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diff changeset
1493 Ierem. VIII, <i>apprehenderunt mendacium</i>; Glossa, <i>idest
53
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diff changeset
1494 idola</i>. Ergo verum et falsum non sunt contraria.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 4 s. c."><a name="29139"><span class="ref">[29139] Iª q. 17 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1495 quod dicit philosophus, in II Periherm., ponit enim falsam
53
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diff changeset
1496 opinionem verae contrariam.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 4 co."><a name="29140"><span class="ref">[29140] Iª q. 17 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 quod verum et falsum opponuntur ut contraria, et non sicut
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diff changeset
1498 affirmatio et negatio, ut quidam dixerunt. Ad cuius evidentiam,
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diff changeset
1499 sciendum est quod negatio neque ponit aliquid, neque determinat
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diff changeset
1500 sibi aliquod subiectum. Et propter hoc, potest dici tam de ente
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 quam de non ente; sicut non videns, et non sedens. Privatio autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 non ponit aliquid, sed determinat sibi subiectum. Est enim negatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 in subiecto, ut dicitur IV Metaphys., caecum enim non dicitur nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 de eo quod est natum videre. Contrarium vero et aliquid ponit, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 subiectum determinat, nigrum enim est aliqua species coloris.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 Falsum autem aliquid ponit. Est enim falsum, ut dicit philosophus,
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diff changeset
1507 IV Metaphys., ex eo quod dicitur vel videtur aliquid esse quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1508 est, vel non esse quod est. Sicut enim verum ponit acceptionem
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diff changeset
1509 adaequatam rei, ita falsum acceptionem rei non adaequatam. Unde
53
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diff changeset
1510 manifestum est quod verum et falsum sunt contraria.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="29141"><span class="ref">[29141] Iª q. 17 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 dicendum quod id quod est in rebus, est veritas rei sed id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1512 ut apprehensum, est verum intellectus, in quo primo est veritas.
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diff changeset
1513 Unde et falsum est id quod non est ut apprehensum. Apprehendere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 autem esse et non esse, contrarietatem habet, sicut probat
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diff changeset
1515 philosophus, in II Periherm., quod huic opinioni, bonum est bonum,
53
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diff changeset
1516 contraria est, bonum non est bonum.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="29142"><span class="ref">[29142] Iª q. 17 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1517 dicendum quod falsum non fundatur in vero sibi contrario, sicut nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1518 malum in bono sibi contrario; sed in eo quod sibi subiicitur. Et
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diff changeset
1519 hoc ideo in utroque accidit, quia verum et bonum communia sunt, et
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diff changeset
1520 convertuntur cum ente, unde, sicut omnis privatio fundatur in
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diff changeset
1521 subiecto quod est ens, ita omne malum fundatur in aliquo bono, et
53
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diff changeset
1522 omne falsum in aliquo vero.</p><p title="I q. 17 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="29143"><span class="ref">[29143] Iª q. 17 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1523 dicendum quod, quia contraria et opposita privative nata sunt fieri
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diff changeset
1524 circa idem, ideo Deo, prout in se consideratur, non est aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 contrarium, neque ratione suae bonitatis, neque ratione suae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 veritatis, quia in intellectu eius non potest esse falsitas aliqua.
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diff changeset
1527 Sed in apprehensione nostra habet aliquid contrarium, nam verae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 opinioni de ipso contrariatur falsa opinio. Et sic idola mendacia
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diff changeset
1529 dicuntur opposita veritati divinae, inquantum falsa opinio de
53
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diff changeset
1530 idolis contrariatur verae opinioni de unitate Dei.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q18"><h2>Quaestio 18</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 18 pr."><a name="29144"><span class="ref">[29144]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1531 Iª q. 18 pr.</span></a> Quoniam autem intelligere viventium
28
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diff changeset
1532 est, post considerationem de scientia et intellectu divino,
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diff changeset
1533 considerandum est de vita ipsius. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
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diff changeset
1534 Primo, quorum sit vivere. Secundo, quid sit vita. Tertio, utrum
53
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diff changeset
1535 vita Deo conveniat. Quarto, utrum omnia in Deo sint vita.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 18 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29145"><span class="ref">[29145] Iª q. 18 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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diff changeset
1536 proceditur. Videtur quod omnium rerum naturalium sit vivere. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1537 enim philosophus, in VIII Physic., quod motus est ut vita quaedam
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diff changeset
1538 natura existentibus omnibus. Sed omnes res naturales participant
53
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diff changeset
1539 motum. Ergo omnes res naturales participant vitam.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29146"><span class="ref">[29146] Iª q. 18 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 plantae dicuntur vivere, inquantum habent in seipsis principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 motus augmenti et decrementi. Sed motus localis est perfectior et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 prior secundum naturam quam motus augmenti et decrementi, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 probatur in VIII Physic. Cum igitur omnia corpora naturalia habeant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 aliquod principium motus localis, videtur quod omnia corpora
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1545 naturalia vivant.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="29147"><span class="ref">[29147] Iª q. 18 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, inter
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 corpora naturalia imperfectiora sunt elementa. Sed eis attribuitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 vita, dicuntur enim aquae vivae. Ergo multo magis alia corpora
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1548 naturalia vitam habent.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29148"><span class="ref">[29148] Iª q. 18 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 quod dicit Dionysius, VI cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>plantae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 secundum ultimam resonantiam vitae habent vivere</i>, ex quo potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 accipi quod ultimum gradum vitae obtinent plantae. Sed corpora
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1552 inanimata sunt infra plantas. Ergo eorum non est vivere.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 1 co."><a name="29149"><span class="ref">[29149] Iª q. 18 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 quod ex his quae manifeste vivunt, accipere possumus quorum sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 vivere, et quorum non sit vivere. Vivere autem manifeste animalibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 convenit, dicitur enim in libro de vegetabilibus, quod <i>vita in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 animalibus manifesta est</i>. Unde secundum illud oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 distinguere viventia a non viventibus secundum quod animalia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 dicuntur vivere. Hoc autem est in quo primo manifestatur vita, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 in quo ultimo remanet. Primo autem dicimus animal vivere, quando
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 incipit ex se motum habere; et tandiu iudicatur animal vivere,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 quandiu talis motus in eo apparet; quando vero iam ex se non habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 aliquem motum, sed movetur tantum ab alio tunc dicitur animal
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 mortuum, per defectum vitae. Ex quo patet quod illa proprie sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 viventia, quae seipsa secundum aliquam speciem motus movent; sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 accipiatur motus proprie, sicut motus dicitur actus imperfecti,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 idest existentis in potentia; sive motus accipiatur communiter,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 prout motus dicitur actus perfecti, prout intelligere et sentire
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 dicitur moveri, ut dicitur in III de anima. Ut sic viventia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 dicantur quaecumque se agunt ad motum vel operationem aliquam, ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 vero in quorum natura non est ut se agant ad aliquem motum vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 operationem, viventia dici non possunt, nisi per aliquam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1572 similitudinem.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29150"><span class="ref">[29150] Iª q. 18 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 dicendum quod verbum illud philosophi potest intelligi vel de motu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 primo, scilicet corporum caelestium; vel de motu communiter. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 utroque modo motus dicitur quasi vita corporum naturalium, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 similitudinem; et non per proprietatem. Nam motus caeli est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 universo corporalium naturarum, sicut motus cordis in animali, quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 conservatur vita. Similiter etiam quicumque motus naturalis hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 modo se habet ad res naturales, ut quaedam similitudo vitalis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 operationis. Unde, si totum universum corporale esset unum animal,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 ita quod iste motus esset a movente intrinseco, ut quidam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 posuerunt, sequeretur quod motus esset vita omnium naturalium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1583 corporum.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29151"><span class="ref">[29151] Iª q. 18 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 dicendum quod corporibus gravibus et levibus non competit moveri,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 nisi secundum quod sunt extra dispositionem suae naturae, utpote
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 cum sunt extra locum proprium, cum enim sunt in loco proprio et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 naturali, quiescunt. Sed plantae et aliae res viventes moventur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 motu vitali, secundum hoc quod sunt in sua dispositione naturali,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 non autem in accedendo ad eam vel in recedendo ab ea, imo secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 quod recedunt a tali motu, recedunt a naturali dispositione. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 praeterea, corpora gravia et levia moventur a motore extrinseco,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 vel generante, qui dat formam, vel removente prohibens, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 in VIII Physic., et ita non movent seipsa, sicut corpora
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1594 viventia.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="29152"><span class="ref">[29152] Iª q. 18 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 dicendum quod aquae vivae dicuntur, quae habent continuum fluxum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 aquae enim stantes, quae non continuantur ad principium continue
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 fluens, dicuntur mortuae, ut aquae cisternarum et lacunarum. Et hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 dicitur per similitudinem, inquantum enim videntur se movere,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 habent similitudinem vitae. Sed tamen non est in eis vera ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 vitae, quia hunc motum non habent a seipsis, sed a causa generante
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1601 eas; sicut accidit circa motum aliorum gravium et levium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 18 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29153"><span class="ref">[29153] Iª q. 18 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 proceditur. Videtur quod vita sit quaedam operatio. Nihil enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 dividitur nisi per ea quae sunt sui generis. Sed vivere dividitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 per operationes quasdam, ut patet per philosophum in II libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 anima, qui distinguit vivere per quatuor, scilicet alimento uti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 sentire, moveri secundum locum, et intelligere. Ergo vita est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1607 operatio quaedam.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29154"><span class="ref">[29154] Iª q. 18 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, vita
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 activa dicitur alia esse a contemplativa. Sed contemplativi ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 activis non diversificantur nisi secundum operationes quasdam. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1610 vita est quaedam operatio.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="29155"><span class="ref">[29155] Iª q. 18 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 cognoscere Deum est operatio quaedam. Haec autem est vita, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 per illud Ioan. XVII, <i>haec est autem vita aeterna, ut cognoscant
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1613 te solum verum Deum</i>. Ergo vita est operatio.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29156"><span class="ref">[29156] Iª q. 18 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 quod dicit philosophus, in II de anima, <i>vivere viventibus est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1615 esse</i>.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 2 co."><a name="29157"><span class="ref">[29157] Iª q. 18 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 quod, sicut ex dictis patet, intellectus noster, qui proprie est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 cognoscitivus quidditatis rei ut proprii obiecti, accipit a sensu,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 cuius propria obiecta sunt accidentia exteriora. Et inde est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 ex his quae exterius apparent de re, devenimus ad cognoscendam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 essentiam rei. Et quia sic nominamus aliquid sicut cognoscimus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 illud, ut ex supradictis patet, inde est quod plerumque a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 proprietatibus exterioribus imponuntur nomina ad significandas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 essentias rerum. Unde huiusmodi nomina quandoque accipiuntur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 proprie pro ipsis essentiis rerum, ad quas significandas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 principaliter sunt imposita, aliquando autem sumuntur pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 proprietatibus a quibus imponuntur, et hoc minus proprie. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 patet quod hoc nomen corpus impositum est ad significandum quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 genus substantiarum, ex eo quod in eis inveniuntur tres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 dimensiones, et ideo aliquando ponitur hoc nomen corpus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 significandas tres dimensiones, secundum quod corpus ponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 species quantitatis. Sic ergo dicendum est et de vita. Nam vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 nomen sumitur ex quodam exterius apparenti circa rem, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 movere seipsum, non tamen est impositum hoc nomen ad hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 significandum, sed ad significandam substantiam cui convenit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 secundum suam naturam movere seipsam, vel agere se quocumque modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 ad operationem. Et secundum hoc, vivere nihil aliud est quam esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 in tali natura, et vita significat hoc ipsum, sed in abstracto;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 sicut hoc nomen cursus significat ipsum currere in abstracto. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 vivum non est praedicatum accidentale, sed substantiale. Quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 tamen vita sumitur minus proprie pro operationibus vitae, a quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 nomen vitae assumitur; sicut dicit philosophus, IX Ethic., quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1642 <i>vivere principaliter est sentire vel intelligere</i>.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="29158"><span class="ref">[29158] Iª q. 18 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 dicendum quod philosophus ibi accipit vivere pro operatione vitae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 Vel dicendum est melius, quod sentire et intelligere, et huiusmodi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 quandoque sumuntur pro quibusdam operationibus; quandoque autem pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 ipso esse sic operantium. Dicitur enim IX Ethic., quod <i>esse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 sentire vel intelligere</i>, idest habere naturam ad sentiendum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 intelligendum. Et hoc modo distinguit philosophus vivere per illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 quatuor. Nam in istis inferioribus quatuor sunt genera viventium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 Quorum quaedam habent naturam solum ad utendum alimento, et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 consequentia, quae sunt augmentum et generatio; quaedam ulterius ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 sentiendum, ut patet in animalibus immobilibus, sicut sunt ostrea;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 quaedam vero, cum his, ulterius ad movendum se secundum locum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 sicut animalia perfecta, ut quadrupedia et volatilia et huiusmodi;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1655 quaedam vero ulterius ad intelligendum, sicut homines.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="29159"><span class="ref">[29159] Iª q. 18 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 dicendum quod opera vitae dicuntur, quorum principia sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 operantibus, ut seipsos inducant in tales operationes. Contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 autem aliquorum operum inesse hominibus non solum principia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 naturalia, ut sunt potentiae naturales; sed etiam quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 superaddita, ut sunt habitus inclinantes ad quaedam operationum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 genera quasi per modum naturae, et facientes illas operationes esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 delectabiles. Et ex hoc dicitur, quasi per quandam similitudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 quod illa operatio quae est homini delectabilis, et ad quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 inclinatur, et in qua conversatur, et ordinat vitam suam ad ipsam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 dicitur vita hominis, unde quidam dicuntur agere vitam luxuriosam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 quidam vitam honestam. Et per hunc modum vita contemplativa ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 activa distinguitur. Et per hunc etiam modum cognoscere Deum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1668 dicitur vita aeterna.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="29160"><span class="ref">[29160] Iª q. 18 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Unde patet solutio
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1669 ad tertium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 18 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29161"><span class="ref">[29161] Iª q. 18 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 proceditur. Videtur quod Deo non conveniat vita. Vivere enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 dicuntur aliqua secundum quod movent seipsa, ut dictum est. Sed Deo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1672 non competit moveri. Ergo neque vivere.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29162"><span class="ref">[29162] Iª q. 18 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 omnibus quae vivunt, est accipere aliquod vivendi principium, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 dicitur in II de anima, quod <i>anima est viventis corporis causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 et principium</i>. Sed Deus non habet aliquod principium. Ergo sibi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1676 non competit vivere.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="29163"><span class="ref">[29163] Iª q. 18 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 principium vitae in rebus viventibus quae apud nos sunt, est anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 vegetabilis, quae non est nisi in rebus corporalibus. Ergo rebus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1679 incorporalibus non competit vivere.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29164"><span class="ref">[29164] Iª q. 18 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 quod dicitur in Psalmo LXXXIII, <i>cor meum et caro mea
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1681 exultaverunt in Deum vivum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 3 co."><a name="29165"><span class="ref">[29165] Iª q. 18 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 quod vita maxime proprie in Deo est. Ad cuius evidentiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 considerandum est quod, cum vivere dicantur aliqua secundum quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 operantur ex seipsis, et non quasi ab aliis mota; quanto perfectius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 competit hoc alicui, tanto perfectius in eo invenitur vita. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 moventibus autem et motis tria per ordinem inveniuntur. Nam primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 finis movet agentem; agens vero principale est quod per suam formam
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diff changeset
1688 agit; et hoc interdum agit per aliquod instrumentum, quod non agit
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diff changeset
1689 ex virtute suae formae, sed ex virtute principalis agentis; cui
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diff changeset
1690 instrumento competit sola executio actionis. Inveniuntur igitur
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diff changeset
1691 quaedam, quae movent seipsa, non habito respectu ad formam vel
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diff changeset
1692 finem, quae inest eis a natura, sed solum quantum ad executionem
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diff changeset
1693 motus, sed forma per quam agunt, et finis propter quem agunt,
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diff changeset
1694 determinantur eis a natura. Et huiusmodi sunt plantae, quae
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diff changeset
1695 secundum formam inditam eis a natura, movent seipsas secundum
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diff changeset
1696 augmentum et decrementum. Quaedam vero ulterius movent seipsa, non
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diff changeset
1697 solum habito respectu ad executionem motus, sed etiam quantum ad
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diff changeset
1698 formam quae est principium motus, quam per se acquirunt. Et
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diff changeset
1699 huiusmodi sunt animalia, quorum motus principium est forma non a
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diff changeset
1700 natura indita, sed per sensum accepta. Unde quanto perfectiorem
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diff changeset
1701 sensum habent, tanto perfectius movent seipsa. Nam ea quae non
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diff changeset
1702 habent nisi sensum tactus, movent solum seipsa motu dilatationis et
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diff changeset
1703 constrictionis, ut ostrea, parum excedentia motum plantae. Quae
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diff changeset
1704 vero habent virtutem sensitivam perfectam, non solum ad
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diff changeset
1705 cognoscendum coniuncta et tangentia, sed etiam ad cognoscendum
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diff changeset
1706 distantia, movent seipsa in remotum motu processivo. Sed quamvis
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diff changeset
1707 huiusmodi animalia formam quae est principium motus, per sensum
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diff changeset
1708 accipiant, non tamen per seipsa praestituunt sibi finem suae
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diff changeset
1709 operationis, vel sui motus; sed est eis inditus a natura, cuius
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diff changeset
1710 instinctu ad aliquid agendum moventur per formam sensu apprehensam.
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diff changeset
1711 Unde supra talia animalia sunt illa quae movent seipsa, etiam
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diff changeset
1712 habito respectu ad finem, quem sibi praestituunt. Quod quidem non
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diff changeset
1713 fit nisi per rationem et intellectum, cuius est cognoscere
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diff changeset
1714 proportionem finis et eius quod est ad finem, et unum ordinare in
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diff changeset
1715 alterum. Unde perfectior modus vivendi est eorum quae habent
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diff changeset
1716 intellectum, haec enim perfectius movent seipsa. Et huius est
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diff changeset
1717 signum, quod in uno et eodem homine virtus intellectiva movet
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diff changeset
1718 potentias sensitivas; et potentiae sensitivae per suum imperium
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diff changeset
1719 movent organa, quae exequuntur motum. Sicut etiam in artibus,
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diff changeset
1720 videmus quod ars ad quam pertinet usus navis, scilicet ars
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diff changeset
1721 gubernatoria, praecipit ei quae inducit formam navis, et haec
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diff changeset
1722 praecipit illi quae habet executionem tantum, in disponendo
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diff changeset
1723 materiam. Sed quamvis intellectus noster ad aliqua se agat, tamen
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diff changeset
1724 aliqua sunt ei praestituta a natura; sicut sunt prima principia,
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diff changeset
1725 circa quae non potest aliter se habere, et ultimus finis, quem non
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diff changeset
1726 potest non velle. Unde, licet quantum ad aliquid moveat se, tamen
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diff changeset
1727 oportet quod quantum ad aliqua ab alio moveatur. Illud igitur cuius
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diff changeset
1728 sua natura est ipsum eius intelligere, et cui id quod naturaliter
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diff changeset
1729 habet, non determinatur ab alio, hoc est quod obtinet summum gradum
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diff changeset
1730 vitae. Tale autem est Deus. Unde in Deo maxime est vita. Unde
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diff changeset
1731 philosophus, in XII Metaphys., ostenso quod Deus sit intelligens,
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diff changeset
1732 concludit quod habeat vitam perfectissimam et sempiternam, quia
53
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1733 intellectus eius est perfectissimus, et semper in actu.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29166"><span class="ref">[29166] Iª q. 18 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1734 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in IX Metaphys., duplex est actio,
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diff changeset
1735 una, quae transit in exteriorem materiam, ut calefacere et secare;
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diff changeset
1736 alia, quae manet in agente, ut intelligere, sentire et velle.
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diff changeset
1737 Quarum haec est differentia, quia prima actio non est perfectio
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diff changeset
1738 agentis quod movet, sed ipsius moti; secunda autem actio est
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diff changeset
1739 perfectio agentis. Unde, quia motus est actus mobilis, secunda
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diff changeset
1740 actio, inquantum est actus operantis, dicitur motus eius; ex hac
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diff changeset
1741 similitudine, quod, sicut motus est actus mobilis, ita huiusmodi
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diff changeset
1742 actio est actus agentis; licet motus sit actus imperfecti, scilicet
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diff changeset
1743 existentis in potentia, huiusmodi autem actio est actus perfecti,
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diff changeset
1744 idest existentis in actu, ut dicitur in III de anima. Hoc igitur
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diff changeset
1745 modo quo intelligere est motus, id quod se intelligit, dicitur se
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diff changeset
1746 movere. Et per hunc modum etiam Plato posuit quod Deus movet
53
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diff changeset
1747 seipsum, non eo modo quo motus est actus imperfecti.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29167"><span class="ref">[29167] Iª q. 18 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1748 dicendum quod, sicut Deus est ipsum suum esse et suum intelligere,
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diff changeset
1749 ita est suum vivere. Et propter hoc, sic vivit, quod non habet
53
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diff changeset
1750 vivendi principium.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="29168"><span class="ref">[29168] Iª q. 18 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1751 dicendum quod vita in istis inferioribus recipitur in natura
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diff changeset
1752 corruptibili, quae indiget et generatione ad conservationem
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diff changeset
1753 speciei, et alimento ad conservationem individui. Et propter hoc,
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diff changeset
1754 in istis inferioribus non invenitur vita sine anima vegetabili. Sed
53
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diff changeset
1755 hoc non habet locum in rebus incorruptibilibus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 18 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="29169"><span class="ref">[29169] Iª q. 18 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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diff changeset
1756 proceditur. Videtur quod non omnia sint vita in Deo. Dicitur enim
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diff changeset
1757 Act. XVII, <i>in ipso vivimus, movemur et sumus</i>. Sed non omnia
53
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diff changeset
1758 in Deo sunt motus. Ergo non omnia in ipso sunt vita.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="29170"><span class="ref">[29170] Iª q. 18 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omnia
28
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diff changeset
1759 sunt in Deo sicut in primo exemplari. Sed exemplata debent
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diff changeset
1760 conformari exemplari. Cum igitur non omnia vivant in seipsis,
53
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diff changeset
1761 videtur quod non omnia in Deo sint vita.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="29171"><span class="ref">[29171] Iª q. 18 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
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diff changeset
1762 Augustinus dicit in libro de vera Relig., substantia vivens est
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diff changeset
1763 melior qualibet substantia non vivente. Si igitur ea quae in
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diff changeset
1764 seipsis non vivunt, in Deo sunt vita, videtur quod verius sint res
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diff changeset
1765 in Deo quam in seipsis. Quod tamen videtur esse falsum, cum in
53
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diff changeset
1766 seipsis sint in actu, in Deo vero in potentia.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="29172"><span class="ref">[29172] Iª q. 18 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
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diff changeset
1767 sciuntur a Deo bona, et ea quae fiunt secundum aliquod tempus; ita
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diff changeset
1768 mala, et ea quae Deus potest facere, sed nunquam fiunt. Si ergo
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diff changeset
1769 omnia sunt vita in Deo, inquantum sunt scita ab ipso, videtur quod
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diff changeset
1770 etiam mala, et quae nunquam fiunt, sunt vita in Deo, inquantum sunt
53
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diff changeset
1771 scita ab eo. Quod videtur inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 4 s. c."><a name="29173"><span class="ref">[29173] Iª q. 18 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1772 quod dicitur Ioan. I, <i>quod factum est, in ipso vita erat</i>.
53
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diff changeset
1773 Sed omnia praeter Deum facta sunt. Ergo omnia in Deo sunt vita.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 4 co."><a name="29174"><span class="ref">[29174] Iª q. 18 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1774 quod, sicut dictum est, vivere Dei est eius intelligere. In Deo
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diff changeset
1775 autem est idem intellectus et quod intelligitur, et ipsum
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diff changeset
1776 intelligere eius. Unde quidquid est in Deo ut intellectum, est
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diff changeset
1777 ipsum vivere vel vita eius. Unde, cum omnia quae facta sunt a Deo,
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diff changeset
1778 sint in ipso ut intellecta, sequitur quod omnia in ipso sunt ipsa
53
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diff changeset
1779 vita divina.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="29175"><span class="ref">[29175] Iª q. 18 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1780 dicendum quod creaturae in Deo esse dicuntur dupliciter. Uno modo,
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diff changeset
1781 inquantum continentur et conservantur virtute divina, sicut dicimus
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diff changeset
1782 ea esse in nobis, quae sunt in nostra potestate. Et sic creaturae
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diff changeset
1783 dicuntur esse in Deo, etiam prout sunt in propriis naturis. Et hoc
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diff changeset
1784 modo intelligendum est verbum apostoli dicentis, <i>in ipso
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diff changeset
1785 vivimus, movemur et sumus</i>, quia et nostrum vivere, et nostrum
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diff changeset
1786 esse, et nostrum moveri causantur a Deo. Alio modo dicuntur res
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diff changeset
1787 esse in Deo sicut in cognoscente. Et sic sunt in Deo per proprias
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diff changeset
1788 rationes, quae non sunt aliud in Deo ab essentia divina. Unde res,
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diff changeset
1789 prout sic in Deo sunt, sunt essentia divina. Et quia essentia
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diff changeset
1790 divina est vita, non autem motus, inde est quod res, hoc modo
53
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diff changeset
1791 loquendi, in Deo non sunt motus, sed vita.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="29176"><span class="ref">[29176] Iª q. 18 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1792 dicendum quod exemplata oportet conformari exemplari secundum
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diff changeset
1793 rationem formae, non autem secundum modum essendi. Nam alterius
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diff changeset
1794 modi esse habet quandoque forma in exemplari et in exemplato, sicut
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diff changeset
1795 forma domus in mente artificis habet esse immateriale et
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diff changeset
1796 intelligibile, in domo autem quae est extra animam, habet esse
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diff changeset
1797 materiale et sensibile. Unde et rationes rerum quae in seipsis non
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diff changeset
1798 vivunt, in mente divina sunt vita, quia in mente divina habent esse
53
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diff changeset
1799 divinum.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="29177"><span class="ref">[29177] Iª q. 18 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1800 dicendum quod, si de ratione rerum naturalium non esset materia,
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diff changeset
1801 sed tantum forma, omnibus modis veriori modo essent res naturales
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diff changeset
1802 in mente divina per suas ideas, quam in seipsis. Propter quod et
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diff changeset
1803 Plato posuit quod homo separatus erat verus homo, homo autem
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diff changeset
1804 materialis est homo per participationem. Sed quia de ratione rerum
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diff changeset
1805 naturalium est materia, dicendum quod res naturales verius esse
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diff changeset
1806 habent simpliciter in mente divina, quam in seipsis, quia in mente
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diff changeset
1807 divina habent esse increatum, in seipsis autem esse creatum. Sed
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diff changeset
1808 esse hoc, utpote homo vel equus, verius habent in propria natura
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diff changeset
1809 quam in mente divina, quia ad veritatem hominis pertinet esse
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diff changeset
1810 materiale, quod non habent in mente divina. Sicut domus nobilius
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diff changeset
1811 esse habet in mente artificis, quam in materia, sed tamen verius
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diff changeset
1812 dicitur domus quae est in materia, quam quae est in mente; quia
53
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diff changeset
1813 haec est domus in actu, illa autem domus in potentia.</p><p title="I q. 18 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="29178"><span class="ref">[29178] Iª q. 18 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1814 dicendum quod, licet mala sint in Dei scientia, inquantum sub Dei
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diff changeset
1815 scientia comprehenduntur, non tamen sunt in Deo sicut creata a Deo
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diff changeset
1816 vel conservata ab ipso, neque sicut habentia rationem in Deo,
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diff changeset
1817 cognoscuntur enim a Deo per rationes bonorum. Unde non potest dici
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diff changeset
1818 quod mala sint vita in Deo. Ea vero quae secundum nullum tempus
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diff changeset
1819 sunt, possunt dici esse vita in Deo, secundum quod vivere nominat
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diff changeset
1820 intelligere tantum, inquantum intelliguntur a Deo, non autem
53
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diff changeset
1821 secundum quod vivere importat principium operationis.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q19"><h2>Quaestio 19</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 19 pr."><a name="29179"><span class="ref">[29179]
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diff changeset
1822 Iª q. 19 pr.</span></a> Post considerationem eorum quae ad
28
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diff changeset
1823 divinam scientiam pertinent, considerandum est de his quae
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diff changeset
1824 pertinent ad voluntatem divinam, ut sit prima consideratio de ipsa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 Dei voluntate; secunda, de his quae ad voluntatem absolute
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diff changeset
1826 pertinent; tertia, de his quae ad intellectum in ordine ad
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diff changeset
1827 voluntatem pertinent. Circa ipsam autem voluntatem quaeruntur
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diff changeset
1828 duodecim. Primo, utrum in Deo sit voluntas. Secundo, utrum Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 velit alia a se. Tertio, utrum quidquid Deus vult, ex necessitate
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diff changeset
1830 velit. Quarto, utrum voluntas Dei sit causa rerum. Quinto, utrum
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diff changeset
1831 voluntatis divinae sit assignare aliquam causam. Sexto, utrum
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diff changeset
1832 voluntas divina semper impleatur. Septimo, utrum voluntas Dei sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 mutabilis. Octavo, utrum voluntas Dei necessitatem rebus volitis
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diff changeset
1834 imponat. Nono, utrum in Deo sit voluntas malorum. Decimo, utrum
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diff changeset
1835 Deus habeat liberum arbitrium. Undecimo, utrum sit distinguenda in
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diff changeset
1836 Deo voluntas signi. Duodecimo, utrum convenienter circa divinam
53
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diff changeset
1837 voluntatem ponantur quinque signa.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 19 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29180"><span class="ref">[29180] Iª q. 19 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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diff changeset
1838 proceditur. Videtur quod in Deo non sit voluntas. Obiectum enim
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diff changeset
1839 voluntatis est finis et bonum. Sed Dei non est assignare aliquem
53
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diff changeset
1840 finem. Ergo voluntas non est in Deo.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29181"><span class="ref">[29181] Iª q. 19 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 voluntas est appetitus quidam. Appetitus autem, cum sit rei non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 habitae, imperfectionem designat, quae Deo non competit. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1843 voluntas non est in Deo.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="29182"><span class="ref">[29182] Iª q. 19 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 secundum philosophum, in III de anima, voluntas est movens motum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 Sed Deus est primum movens immobile. Ut probatur VIII Physic. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1846 in Deo non est voluntas.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29183"><span class="ref">[29183] Iª q. 19 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 quod dicit apostolus, Rom. XII, <i>ut probetis quae sit voluntas
53
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diff changeset
1848 Dei</i>.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 1 co."><a name="29184"><span class="ref">[29184] Iª q. 19 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 in Deo voluntatem esse, sicut et in eo est intellectus, voluntas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 enim intellectum consequitur. Sicut enim res naturalis habet esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 in actu per suam formam, ita intellectus intelligens actu per suam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 formam intelligibilem. Quaelibet autem res ad suam formam naturalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 hanc habet habitudinem, ut quando non habet ipsam, tendat in eam;
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diff changeset
1854 et quando habet ipsam, quiescat in ea. Et idem est de qualibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 perfectione naturali, quod est bonum naturae. Et haec habitudo ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 bonum, in rebus carentibus cognitione, vocatur appetitus naturalis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 Unde et natura intellectualis ad bonum apprehensum per formam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 intelligibilem, similem habitudinem habet, ut scilicet, cum habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 ipsum, quiescat in illo; cum vero non habet, quaerat ipsum. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 utrumque pertinet ad voluntatem. Unde in quolibet habente
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 intellectum, est voluntas; sicut in quolibet habente sensum, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 appetitus animalis. Et sic oportet in Deo esse voluntatem, cum sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 in eo intellectus. Et sicut suum intelligere est suum esse, ita
53
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diff changeset
1864 suum velle.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29185"><span class="ref">[29185] Iª q. 19 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 dicendum quod, licet nihil aliud a Deo sit finis Dei, tamen ipsemet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 est finis respectu omnium quae ab eo fiunt. Et hoc per suam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 essentiam, cum per suam essentiam sit bonus, ut supra ostensum est,
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1868 finis enim habet rationem boni.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29186"><span class="ref">[29186] Iª q. 19 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 dicendum quod voluntas in nobis pertinet ad appetitivam partem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 quae licet ab appetendo nominetur, non tamen hunc solum habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 actum, ut appetat quae non habet; sed etiam ut amet quod habet, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 delectetur in illo. Et quantum ad hoc voluntas in Deo ponitur; quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 semper habet bonum quod est eius obiectum, cum sit indifferens ab
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1874 eo secundum essentiam, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="29187"><span class="ref">[29187] Iª q. 19 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 dicendum quod voluntas cuius obiectum principale est bonum quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 extra voluntatem, oportet quod sit mota ab aliquo. Sed obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 divinae voluntatis est bonitas sua, quae est eius essentia. Unde,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 cum voluntas Dei sit eius essentia, non movetur ab alio a se, sed a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 se tantum, eo modo loquendi quo intelligere et velle dicitur motus.
53
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diff changeset
1880 Et secundum hoc Plato dixit quod primum movens movet seipsum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 19 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29188"><span class="ref">[29188] Iª q. 19 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non velit alia a se. Velle enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 divinum est eius esse. Sed Deus non est aliud a se. Ergo non vult
53
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diff changeset
1883 aliud a se.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29189"><span class="ref">[29189] Iª q. 19 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 volitum movet voluntatem, sicut appetibile appetitum, ut dicitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 III de anima. Si igitur Deus velit aliquid aliud a se, movebitur
53
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diff changeset
1886 eius voluntas ab aliquo alio, quod est impossibile.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="29190"><span class="ref">[29190] Iª q. 19 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 cuicumque voluntati sufficit aliquod volitum, nihil quaerit extra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 illud. Sed Deo sufficit sua bonitas, et voluntas eius ex ea
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1889 satiatur. Ergo Deus non vult aliquid aliud a se.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="29191"><span class="ref">[29191] Iª q. 19 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, actus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 voluntatis multiplicatur secundum volita. Si igitur Deus velit se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 et alia a se, sequitur quod actus voluntatis eius sit multiplex, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 per consequens eius esse, quod est eius velle. Hoc autem est
53
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diff changeset
1893 impossibile. Non ergo vult alia a se.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29192"><span class="ref">[29192] Iª q. 19 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1894 quod apostolus dicit, I Thess. IV, <i>haec est voluntas Dei,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1895 sanctificatio vestra</i>.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 2 co."><a name="29193"><span class="ref">[29193] Iª q. 19 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1896 quod Deus non solum se vult, sed etiam alia a se. Quod apparet a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 simili prius introducto. Res enim naturalis non solum habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 naturalem inclinationem respectu proprii boni, ut acquirat ipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 cum non habet, vel ut quiescat in illo cum habet; sed etiam ut
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diff changeset
1900 proprium bonum in alia diffundat, secundum quod possibile est. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 videmus quod omne agens, inquantum est actu et perfectum, facit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1902 sibi simile. Unde et hoc pertinet ad rationem voluntatis, ut bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1903 quod quis habet, aliis communicet, secundum quod possibile est. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1904 hoc praecipue pertinet ad voluntatem divinam, a qua, per quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1905 similitudinem, derivatur omnis perfectio. Unde, si res naturales,
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diff changeset
1906 inquantum perfectae sunt, suum bonum aliis communicant, multo magis
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diff changeset
1907 pertinet ad voluntatem divinam, ut bonum suum aliis per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1908 similitudinem communicet, secundum quod possibile est. Sic igitur
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diff changeset
1909 vult et se esse, et alia. Sed se ut finem, alia vero ut ad finem,
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diff changeset
1910 inquantum condecet divinam bonitatem etiam alia ipsam
53
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diff changeset
1911 participare.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="29194"><span class="ref">[29194] Iª q. 19 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1912 dicendum quod, licet divinum velle sit eius esse secundum rem,
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diff changeset
1913 tamen differt ratione, secundum diversum modum intelligendi et
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diff changeset
1914 significandi, ut ex superioribus patet. In hoc enim quod dico Deum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1915 esse, non importatur habitudo ad aliquid, sicut in hoc quod dico
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diff changeset
1916 Deum velle. Et ideo, licet non sit aliquid aliud a se, vult tamen
53
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diff changeset
1917 aliquid aliud a se.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="29195"><span class="ref">[29195] Iª q. 19 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1918 dicendum quod in his quae volumus propter finem, tota ratio movendi
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diff changeset
1919 est finis, et hoc est quod movet voluntatem. Et hoc maxime apparet
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diff changeset
1920 in his quae volumus tantum propter finem. Qui enim vult sumere
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diff changeset
1921 potionem amaram, nihil in ea vult nisi sanitatem, et hoc solum est
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diff changeset
1922 quod movet eius voluntatem. Secus autem est in eo qui sumit
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diff changeset
1923 potionem dulcem, quam non solum propter sanitatem, sed etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1924 propter se aliquis velle potest. Unde, cum Deus alia a se non velit
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diff changeset
1925 nisi propter finem qui est sua bonitas, ut dictum est, non sequitur
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diff changeset
1926 quod aliquid aliud moveat voluntatem eius nisi bonitas sua. Et sic,
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diff changeset
1927 sicut alia a se intelligit intelligendo essentiam suam, ita alia a
53
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diff changeset
1928 se vult, volendo bonitatem suam.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="29196"><span class="ref">[29196] Iª q. 19 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1929 dicendum quod ex hoc quod voluntati divinae sufficit sua bonitas,
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diff changeset
1930 non sequitur quod nihil aliud velit, sed quod nihil aliud vult nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1931 ratione suae bonitatis. Sicut etiam intellectus divinus, licet sit
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diff changeset
1932 perfectus ex hoc ipso quod essentiam divinam cognoscit, tamen in ea
53
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diff changeset
1933 cognoscit alia.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="29197"><span class="ref">[29197] Iª q. 19 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1934 dicendum quod, sicut intelligere divinum est unum, quia multa non
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diff changeset
1935 videt nisi in uno; ita velle divinum est unum et simplex, quia
53
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1936 multa non vult nisi per unum, quod est bonitas sua.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29198"><span class="ref">[29198] Iª q. 19 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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diff changeset
1937 proceditur. Videtur quod quidquid Deus vult, ex necessitate velit.
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diff changeset
1938 Omne enim aeternum est necessarium. Sed quidquid Deus vult, ab
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diff changeset
1939 aeterno vult, alias, voluntas eius esset mutabilis. Ergo quidquid
53
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diff changeset
1940 vult, ex necessitate vult.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29199"><span class="ref">[29199] Iª q. 19 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
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diff changeset
1941 vult alia a se, inquantum vult bonitatem suam. Sed Deus bonitatem
53
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diff changeset
1942 suam ex necessitate vult. Ergo alia a se ex necessitate vult.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="29200"><span class="ref">[29200] Iª q. 19 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1943 quidquid est Deo naturale, est necessarium, quia Deus est per se
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diff changeset
1944 necesse esse, et principium omnis necessitatis, ut supra ostensum
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diff changeset
1945 est. Sed naturale est ei velle quidquid vult, quia in Deo nihil
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diff changeset
1946 potest esse praeter naturam, ut dicitur in V Metaphys. Ergo
53
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1947 quidquid vult, ex necessitate vult.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="29201"><span class="ref">[29201] Iª q. 19 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, non
28
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diff changeset
1948 necesse esse, et possibile non esse, aequipollent. Si igitur non
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diff changeset
1949 necesse est Deum velle aliquid eorum quae vult, possibile est eum
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diff changeset
1950 non velle illud; et possibile est eum velle illud quod non vult.
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diff changeset
1951 Ergo voluntas divina est contingens ad utrumlibet. Et sic
53
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diff changeset
1952 imperfecta, quia omne contingens est imperfectum et mutabile.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="29202"><span class="ref">[29202] Iª q. 19 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, ab eo
28
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diff changeset
1953 quod est ad utrumlibet, non sequitur aliqua actio, nisi ab aliquo
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diff changeset
1954 alio inclinetur ad unum, ut dicit Commentator, in II Physic. Si
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diff changeset
1955 ergo voluntas Dei in aliquibus se habet ad utrumlibet, sequitur
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diff changeset
1956 quod ab aliquo alio determinetur ad effectum. Et sic habet aliquam
53
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diff changeset
1957 causam priorem.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 arg. 6"><a name="29203"><span class="ref">[29203] Iª q. 19 a. 3 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1958 quidquid Deus scit, ex necessitate scit. Sed sicut scientia divina
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diff changeset
1959 est eius essentia, ita voluntas divina. Ergo quidquid Deus vult, ex
53
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diff changeset
1960 necessitate vult.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29204"><span class="ref">[29204] Iª q. 19 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1961 quod dicit apostolus, Ephes. I, <i>qui operatur omnia secundum
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diff changeset
1962 consilium voluntatis suae</i>. Quod autem operamur ex consilio
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diff changeset
1963 voluntatis, non ex necessitate volumus. Non ergo quidquid Deus
53
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diff changeset
1964 vult, ex necessitate vult.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 co."><a name="29205"><span class="ref">[29205] Iª q. 19 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1965 quod necessarium dicitur aliquid dupliciter, scilicet absolute, et
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diff changeset
1966 ex suppositione. Necessarium absolute iudicatur aliquid ex
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diff changeset
1967 habitudine terminorum, utpote quia praedicatum est in definitione
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diff changeset
1968 subiecti, sicut necessarium est hominem esse animal; vel quia
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diff changeset
1969 subiectum est de ratione praedicati, sicut hoc est necessarium,
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diff changeset
1970 numerum esse parem vel imparem. Sic autem non est necessarium
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diff changeset
1971 Socratem sedere. Unde non est necessarium absolute, sed potest dici
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diff changeset
1972 necessarium ex suppositione, supposito enim quod sedeat, necesse
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diff changeset
1973 est eum sedere dum sedet. Circa divina igitur volita hoc
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diff changeset
1974 considerandum est, quod aliquid Deum velle est necessarium
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diff changeset
1975 absolute, non tamen hoc est verum de omnibus quae vult. Voluntas
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diff changeset
1976 enim divina necessariam habitudinem habet ad bonitatem suam, quae
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diff changeset
1977 est proprium eius obiectum. Unde bonitatem suam esse Deus ex
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diff changeset
1978 necessitate vult; sicut et voluntas nostra ex necessitate vult
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diff changeset
1979 beatitudinem. Sicut et quaelibet alia potentia necessariam
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diff changeset
1980 habitudinem habet ad proprium et principale obiectum, ut visus ad
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diff changeset
1981 colorem; quia de sui ratione est, ut in illud tendat. Alia autem a
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diff changeset
1982 se Deus vult, inquantum ordinantur ad suam bonitatem ut in finem.
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diff changeset
1983 Ea autem quae sunt ad finem, non ex necessitate volumus volentes
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diff changeset
1984 finem, nisi sint talia, sine quibus finis esse non potest, sicut
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diff changeset
1985 volumus cibum, volentes conservationem vitae; et navem, volentes
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diff changeset
1986 transfretare. Non sic autem ex necessitate volumus ea sine quibus
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diff changeset
1987 finis esse potest, sicut equum ad ambulandum, quia sine hoc
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diff changeset
1988 possumus ire; et eadem ratio est in aliis. Unde, cum bonitas Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1989 sit perfecta, et esse possit sine aliis, cum nihil ei perfectionis
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diff changeset
1990 ex aliis accrescat; sequitur quod alia a se eum velle, non sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1991 necessarium absolute. Et tamen necessarium est ex suppositione,
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diff changeset
1992 supposito enim quod velit, non potest non velle, quia non potest
53
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diff changeset
1993 voluntas eius mutari.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29206"><span class="ref">[29206] Iª q. 19 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1994 dicendum quod ex hoc quod Deus ab aeterno vult aliquid, non
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diff changeset
1995 sequitur quod necesse est eum illud velle, nisi ex
53
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diff changeset
1996 suppositione.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29207"><span class="ref">[29207] Iª q. 19 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1997 dicendum quod, licet Deus ex necessitate velit bonitatem suam, non
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diff changeset
1998 tamen ex necessitate vult ea quae vult propter bonitatem suam, quia
53
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diff changeset
1999 bonitas eius potest esse sine aliis.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="29208"><span class="ref">[29208] Iª q. 19 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2000 dicendum quod non est naturale Deo velle aliquid aliorum, quae non
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diff changeset
2001 ex necessitate vult. Neque tamen innaturale, aut contra naturam,
53
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diff changeset
2002 sed est voluntarium.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="29209"><span class="ref">[29209] Iª q. 19 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
2003 dicendum quod aliquando aliqua causa necessaria habet non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2004 necessariam habitudinem ad aliquem effectum, quod est propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2005 defectum effectus, et non propter defectum causae. Sicut virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2006 solis habet non necessariam habitudinem ad aliquid eorum quae
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diff changeset
2007 contingenter hic eveniunt, non propter defectum virtutis solaris,
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diff changeset
2008 sed propter defectum effectus non necessario ex causa provenientis.
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diff changeset
2009 Et similiter, quod Deus non ex necessitate velit aliquid eorum quae
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diff changeset
2010 vult, non accidit ex defectu voluntatis divinae, sed ex defectu qui
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diff changeset
2011 competit volito secundum suam rationem, quia scilicet est tale, ut
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diff changeset
2012 sine eo esse possit perfecta bonitas Dei. Qui quidem defectus
53
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diff changeset
2013 consequitur omne bonum creatum.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="29210"><span class="ref">[29210] Iª q. 19 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum ergo
28
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diff changeset
2014 dicendum quod causa quae est ex se contingens, oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2015 determinetur ab aliquo exteriori ad effectum. Sed voluntas divina,
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diff changeset
2016 quae ex se necessitatem habet, determinat seipsam ad volitum, ad
53
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diff changeset
2017 quod habet habitudinem non necessariam.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 3 ad 6"><a name="29211"><span class="ref">[29211] Iª q. 19 a. 3 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
28
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diff changeset
2018 quod, sicut divinum esse in se est necessarium, ita et divinum
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diff changeset
2019 velle et divinum scire, sed divinum scire habet necessariam
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diff changeset
2020 habitudinem ad scita, non autem divinum velle ad volita. Quod ideo
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diff changeset
2021 est, quia scientia habetur de rebus, secundum quod sunt in sciente,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2022 voluntas autem comparatur ad res, secundum quod sunt in seipsis.
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diff changeset
2023 Quia igitur omnia alia habent necessarium esse secundum quod sunt
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diff changeset
2024 in Deo; non autem secundum quod sunt in seipsis, habent
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diff changeset
2025 necessitatem absolutam ita quod sint per seipsa necessaria; propter
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diff changeset
2026 hoc Deus quaecumque scit, ex necessitate scit, non autem quaecumque
53
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diff changeset
2027 vult, ex necessitate vult.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 19 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="29212"><span class="ref">[29212] Iª q. 19 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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diff changeset
2028 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas Dei non sit causa rerum. Dicit
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diff changeset
2029 enim Dionysius, cap. IV de Div. Nom., <i>sicut noster sol, non
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diff changeset
2030 ratiocinans aut praeeligens, sed per ipsum esse illuminat omnia
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diff changeset
2031 participare lumen ipsius valentia; ita et bonum divinum per ipsam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 essentiam omnibus existentibus immittit bonitatis suae radios</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 Sed omne quod agit per voluntatem, agit ut ratiocinans et
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diff changeset
2034 praeeligens. Ergo Deus non agit per voluntatem. Ergo voluntas Dei
53
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diff changeset
2035 non est causa rerum.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="29213"><span class="ref">[29213] Iª q. 19 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, id
28
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diff changeset
2036 quod est per essentiam, est primum in quolibet ordine sicut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 ordine ignitorum est primum, quod est ignis per essentiam sed Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 est primum agens. Ergo est agens per essentiam suam, quae est
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diff changeset
2039 natura eius. Agit igitur per naturam, et non per voluntatem.
53
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diff changeset
2040 Voluntas igitur divina non est causa rerum.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="29214"><span class="ref">[29214] Iª q. 19 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2041 quidquid est causa alicuius per hoc quod est tale, est causa per
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diff changeset
2042 naturam, et non per voluntatem, ignis enim causa est calefactionis,
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diff changeset
2043 quia est calidus; sed artifex est causa domus, quia vult eam
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diff changeset
2044 facere. Sed Augustinus dicit, in I de Doct. Christ., quod <i>quia
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diff changeset
2045 Deus bonus est, sumus</i>. Ergo Deus per suam naturam est causa
53
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diff changeset
2046 rerum, et non per voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="29215"><span class="ref">[29215] Iª q. 19 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, unius
28
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diff changeset
2047 rei una est causa. Sed rerum creatarum est causa scientia Dei, ut
53
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diff changeset
2048 supra dictum est. Ergo voluntas Dei non debet poni causa rerum.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 4 s. c."><a name="29216"><span class="ref">[29216] Iª q. 19 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
2049 quod dicitur Sap. XI, <i>quomodo posset aliquid permanere, nisi tu
53
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diff changeset
2050 voluisses?</i></p><p title="I q. 19 a. 4 co."><a name="29217"><span class="ref">[29217] Iª q. 19 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
2051 quod necesse est dicere voluntatem Dei esse causam rerum, et Deum
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diff changeset
2052 agere per voluntatem, non per necessitatem naturae, ut quidam
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diff changeset
2053 existimaverunt. Quod quidem apparere potest tripliciter. Primo
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diff changeset
2054 quidem, ex ipso ordine causarum agentium. Cum enim propter finem
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diff changeset
2055 agat et intellectus et natura, ut probatur in II Physic., necesse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 est ut agenti per naturam praedeterminetur finis, et media
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diff changeset
2057 necessaria ad finem, ab aliquo superiori intellectu; sicut sagittae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 praedeterminatur finis et certus modus a sagittante. Unde necesse
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diff changeset
2059 est quod agens per intellectum et voluntatem, sit prius agente per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 naturam. Unde, cum primum in ordine agentium sit Deus, necesse est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 quod per intellectum et voluntatem agat. Secundo, ex ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 naturalis agentis, ad quod pertinet ut unum effectum producat, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 natura uno et eodem modo operatur, nisi impediatur. Et hoc ideo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 quia secundum quod est tale, agit, unde, quandiu est tale, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 facit nisi tale. Omne enim agens per naturam, habet esse
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diff changeset
2066 determinatum. Cum igitur esse divinum non sit determinatum, sed
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diff changeset
2067 contineat in se totam perfectionem essendi, non potest esse quod
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diff changeset
2068 agat per necessitatem naturae, nisi forte causaret aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 indeterminatum et infinitum in essendo; quod est impossibile, ut ex
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diff changeset
2070 superioribus patet. Non igitur agit per necessitatem naturae sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 effectus determinati ab infinita ipsius perfectione procedunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 secundum determinationem voluntatis et intellectus ipsius. Tertio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 ex habitudine effectuum ad causam. Secundum hoc enim effectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 procedunt a causa agente, secundum quod praeexistunt in ea, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 omne agens agit sibi simile. Praeexistunt autem effectus in causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 secundum modum causae. Unde, cum esse divinum sit ipsum eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 intelligere, praeexistunt in eo effectus eius secundum modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 intelligibilem. Unde et per modum intelligibilem procedunt ab eo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 Et sic, per consequens, per modum voluntatis, nam inclinatio eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 ad agendum quod intellectu conceptum est, pertinet ad voluntatem.
53
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diff changeset
2081 Voluntas igitur Dei est causa rerum.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="29218"><span class="ref">[29218] Iª q. 19 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 dicendum quod Dionysius per verba illa non intendit excludere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 electionem a Deo simpliciter, sed secundum quid, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 scilicet, non quibusdam solum bonitatem suam communicat, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2085 omnibus, prout scilicet electio discretionem quandam importat.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="29219"><span class="ref">[29219] Iª q. 19 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2086 dicendum quod, quia essentia Dei est eius intelligere et velle, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2087 hoc ipso quod per essentiam suam agit, sequitur quod agat per modum
53
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diff changeset
2088 intellectus et voluntatis.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="29220"><span class="ref">[29220] Iª q. 19 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 dicendum quod bonum est obiectum voluntatis. Pro tanto ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2090 dicitur, quia Deus bonus est, sumus, inquantum sua bonitas est ei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2091 ratio volendi omnia alia, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="29221"><span class="ref">[29221] Iª q. 19 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
2092 dicendum quod unius et eiusdem effectus, etiam in nobis, est causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 scientia ut dirigens, qua concipitur forma operis, et voluntas ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 imperans, quia forma, ut est in intellectu tantum, non determinatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 ad hoc quod sit vel non sit in effectu, nisi per voluntatem. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 intellectus speculativus nihil dicit de operando. Sed potentia est
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diff changeset
2097 causa ut exequens, quia nominat immediatum principium operationis.
53
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diff changeset
2098 Sed haec omnia in Deo unum sunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 19 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="29222"><span class="ref">[29222] Iª q. 19 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
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diff changeset
2099 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntatis divinae sit assignare aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 causam. Dicit enim Augustinus, libro octoginta trium quaest.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2101 <i>quis audeat dicere Deum irrationabiliter omnia condidisse?</i>
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diff changeset
2102 Sed agenti voluntario, quod est ratio operandi, est etiam causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2103 volendi. Ergo voluntas Dei habet aliquam causam.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="29223"><span class="ref">[29223] Iª q. 19 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 his quae fiunt a volente qui propter nullam causam aliquid vult,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 non oportet aliam causam assignare nisi voluntatem volentis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 voluntas Dei est causa omnium rerum, ut ostensum est. Si igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 voluntatis eius non sit aliqua causa, non oportebit in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 rebus naturalibus aliam causam quaerere, nisi solam voluntatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 divinam. Et sic omnes scientiae essent supervacuae, quae causas
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diff changeset
2110 aliquorum effectuum assignare nituntur, quod videtur inconveniens.
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2111 Est igitur assignare aliquam causam voluntatis divinae.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="29224"><span class="ref">[29224] Iª q. 19 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, quod
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 fit a volente non propter aliquam causam, dependet ex simplici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 voluntate eius. Si igitur voluntas Dei non habeat aliquam causam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 sequitur quod omnia quae fiunt, dependeant ex simplici eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 voluntate, et non habeant aliquam aliam causam. Quod est
53
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diff changeset
2116 inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 5 s. c."><a name="29225"><span class="ref">[29225] Iª q. 19 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 quod dicit Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2118 causa efficiens maior est eo quod efficitur; nihil tamen maius est
53
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diff changeset
2119 voluntate Dei; non ergo causa eius quaerenda est</i>.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 5 co."><a name="29226"><span class="ref">[29226] Iª q. 19 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
2120 quod nullo modo voluntas Dei causam habet. Ad cuius evidentiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2121 considerandum est quod, cum voluntas sequatur intellectum, eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 modo contingit esse causam alicuius volentis ut velit, et alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 intelligentis ut intelligat. In intellectu autem sic est quod, si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 seorsum intelligat principium, et seorsum conclusionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 intelligentia principii est causa scientiae conclusionis. Sed si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 intellectus in ipso principio inspiceret conclusionem, uno intuitu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 apprehendens utrumque, in eo scientia conclusionis non causaretur
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diff changeset
2128 ab intellectu principiorum, quia idem non est causa sui ipsius. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 tamen intelligeret principia esse causas conclusionis. Similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 est ex parte voluntatis, circa quam sic se habet finis ad ea quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 sunt ad finem, sicut in intellectu principia ad conclusiones. Unde,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 si aliquis uno actu velit finem, et alio actu ea quae sunt ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 finem, velle finem erit ei causa volendi ea quae sunt ad finem. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 si uno actu velit finem et ea quae sunt ad finem, hoc esse non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 poterit, quia idem non est causa sui ipsius. Et tamen erit verum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 dicere quod velit ordinare ea quae sunt ad finem, in finem. Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 autem, sicut uno actu omnia in essentia sua intelligit, ita uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 actu vult omnia in sua bonitate. Unde, sicut in Deo intelligere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 causam non est causa intelligendi effectus, sed ipse intelligit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 effectus in causa; ita velle finem non est ei causa volendi ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 sunt ad finem, sed tamen vult ea quae sunt ad finem, ordinari in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 finem. Vult ergo hoc esse propter hoc, sed non propter hoc vult
53
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diff changeset
2143 hoc.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="29227"><span class="ref">[29227] Iª q. 19 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 dicendum quod voluntas Dei rationabilis est, non quod aliquid sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2145 Deo causa volendi, sed inquantum vult unum esse propter aliud.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="29228"><span class="ref">[29228] Iª q. 19 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 dicendum quod, cum velit Deus effectus sic esse, ut ex causis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 certis proveniant, ad hoc quod servetur ordo in rebus; non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 supervacuum, etiam cum voluntate Dei, alias causas quaerere. Esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 tamen supervacuum, si aliae causae quaererentur ut primae, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 dependentes a divina voluntate. Et sic loquitur Augustinus in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 de Trin., <i>placuit vanitati philosophorum etiam aliis causis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 effectus contingentes tribuere, cum omnino videre non possent
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2153 superiorem ceteris omnibus causam, idest voluntatem Dei</i>.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="29229"><span class="ref">[29229] Iª q. 19 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 dicendum quod, cum Deus velit effectus esse propter causas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 quicumque effectus praesupponunt aliquem alium effectum, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 dependent ex sola Dei voluntate, sed ex aliquo alio. Sed primi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 effectus ex sola divina voluntate dependent. Utpote si dicamus quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 Deus voluit hominem habere manus, ut deservirent intellectui,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 operando diversa opera, et voluit eum habere intellectum, ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 quod esset homo, et voluit eum esse hominem, ut frueretur ipso, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 ad complementum universi. Quae quidem non est reducere ad alios
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 fines creatos ulteriores. Unde huiusmodi dependent ex simplici
53
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diff changeset
2163 voluntate Dei, alia vero ex ordine etiam aliarum causarum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 19 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="29230"><span class="ref">[29230] Iª q. 19 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas Dei non semper impleatur. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 enim apostolus, I ad Tim. II, quod <i>Deus vult omnes homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 salvos fieri, et ad agnitionem veritatis venire</i>. Sed hoc non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2167 ita evenit. Ergo voluntas Dei non semper impletur.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="29231"><span class="ref">[29231] Iª q. 19 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 se habet scientia ad verum, ita voluntas ad bonum. Sed Deus scit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 omne verum. Ergo vult omne bonum. Sed non omne bonum fit, multa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 enim bona possunt fieri, quae non fiunt. Non ergo voluntas Dei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2171 semper impletur.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="29232"><span class="ref">[29232] Iª q. 19 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 voluntas Dei, cum sit causa prima, non excludit causas medias, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 dictum est. Sed effectus causae primae potest impediri per defectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 causae secundae, sicut effectus virtutis motivae impeditur propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 debilitatem tibiae. Ergo et effectus divinae voluntatis potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 impediri propter defectum secundarum causarum. Non ergo voluntas
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2177 Dei semper impletur.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 6 s. c."><a name="29233"><span class="ref">[29233] Iª q. 19 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 quod dicitur in Psalmo CXIII, <i>omnia quaecumque voluit Deus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2179 fecit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 6 co."><a name="29234"><span class="ref">[29234] Iª q. 19 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 quod necesse est voluntatem Dei semper impleri. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 evidentiam, considerandum est quod, cum effectus conformetur agenti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 secundum suam formam, eadem ratio est in causis agentibus, quae est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 in causis formalibus. In formis autem sic est quod, licet aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 possit deficere ab aliqua forma particulari, tamen a forma
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 universali nihil deficere potest, potest enim esse aliquid quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 est homo vel vivum, non autem potest esse aliquid quod non sit ens.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 Unde et hoc idem in causis agentibus contingere oportet. Potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 enim aliquid fieri extra ordinem alicuius causae particularis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 agentis, non autem extra ordinem alicuius causae universalis, sub
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 qua omnes causae particulares comprehenduntur. Quia, si aliqua
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 causa particularis deficiat a suo effectu, hoc est propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 aliam causam particularem impedientem, quae continetur sub ordine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 causae universalis, unde effectus ordinem causae universalis nullo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 modo potest exire. Et hoc etiam patet in corporalibus. Potest enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 impediri quod aliqua stella non inducat suum effectum, sed tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 quicumque effectus ex causa corporea impediente in rebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 corporalibus consequatur, oportet quod reducatur per aliquas causas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 medias in universalem virtutem primi caeli. Cum igitur voluntas Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 sit universalis causa omnium rerum, impossibile est quod divina
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 voluntas suum effectum non consequatur. Unde quod recedere videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 a divina voluntate secundum unum ordinem, relabitur in ipsam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 secundum alium, sicut peccator, qui, quantum est in se, recedit a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 divina voluntate peccando, incidit in ordinem divinae voluntatis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2204 dum per eius iustitiam punitur.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="29235"><span class="ref">[29235] Iª q. 19 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 dicendum quod illud verbum apostoli, quod Deus vult omnes homines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 salvos fieri etc., potest tripliciter intelligi. Uno modo, ut sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 accommoda distributio, secundum hunc sensum, Deus vult salvos fieri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 omnes homines qui salvantur, non quia nullus homo sit quem salvum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 fieri non velit, sed quia nullus salvus fit, quem non velit salvum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 fieri, ut dicit Augustinus secundo potest intelligi, ut fiat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 distributio pro generibus singulorum, et non pro singulis generum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 secundum hunc sensum, Deus vult de quolibet statu hominum salvos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 fieri, mares et feminas, Iudaeos et gentiles, parvos et magnos; non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 tamen omnes de singulis statibus. Tertio, secundum Damascenum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 intelligitur de voluntate antecedente, non de voluntate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 consequente. Quae quidem distinctio non accipitur ex parte ipsius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 voluntatis divinae, in qua nihil est prius vel posterius; sed ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 parte volitorum. Ad cuius intellectum, considerandum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 unumquodque, secundum quod bonum est, sic est volitum a Deo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 Aliquid autem potest esse in prima sui consideratione, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 quod absolute consideratur, bonum vel malum, quod tamen, prout cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 aliquo adiuncto consideratur, quae est consequens consideratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 eius, e contrario se habet. Sicut hominem vivere est bonum, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 hominem occidi est malum, secundum absolutam considerationem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 si addatur circa aliquem hominem, quod sit homicida, vel vivens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 periculum multitudinis, sic bonum est eum occidi, et malum est eum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 vivere. Unde potest dici quod iudex iustus antecedenter vult omnem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 hominem vivere; sed consequenter vult homicidam suspendi. Similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 Deus antecedenter vult omnem hominem salvari; sed consequenter vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 quosdam damnari, secundum exigentiam suae iustitiae. Neque tamen id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 quod antecedenter volumus, simpliciter volumus, sed secundum quid.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 Quia voluntas comparatur ad res, secundum quod in seipsis sunt, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 seipsis autem sunt in particulari, unde simpliciter volumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 aliquid, secundum quod volumus illud consideratis omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 circumstantiis particularibus, quod est consequenter velle. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 potest dici quod iudex iustus simpliciter vult homicidam suspendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 sed secundum quid vellet eum vivere, scilicet inquantum est homo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 Unde magis potest dici velleitas, quam absoluta voluntas. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 patet quod quidquid Deus simpliciter vult, fit; licet illud quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2240 antecedenter vult, non fiat.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="29236"><span class="ref">[29236] Iª q. 19 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 dicendum quod actus cognoscitivae virtutis est secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 cognitum est in cognoscente, actus autem virtutis appetitivae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 ordinatus ad res, secundum quod in seipsis sunt. Quidquid autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 potest habere rationem entis et veri, totum est virtualiter in Deo;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 sed non totum existit in rebus creatis. Et ideo Deus cognoscit omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 verum, non tamen vult omne bonum, nisi inquantum vult se, in quo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2247 virtualiter omne bonum existit.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="29237"><span class="ref">[29237] Iª q. 19 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 dicendum quod causa prima tunc potest impediri a suo effectu per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 defectum causae secundae, quando non est universaliter prima, sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 se omnes causas comprehendens, quia sic effectus nullo modo posset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 suum ordinem evadere. Et sic est de voluntate Dei, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2252 est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 19 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="29238"><span class="ref">[29238] Iª q. 19 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas Dei sit mutabilis. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 dominus Genes. VI, <i>poenitet me fecisse hominem</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 quemcumque poenitet de eo quod fecit, habet mutabilem voluntatem.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2256 Ergo Deus habet mutabilem voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="29239"><span class="ref">[29239] Iª q. 19 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 Ierem. XVIII, ex persona domini dicitur, <i>loquar adversus gentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 et adversus regnum, ut eradicem et destruam et disperdam illud; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 si poenitentiam egerit gens illa a malo suo, agam et ego
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 poenitentiam super malo quod cogitavi ut facerem ei</i>. Ergo Deus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2261 habet mutabilem voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="29240"><span class="ref">[29240] Iª q. 19 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 quidquid Deus facit, voluntarie facit. Sed Deus non semper eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 facit, nam quandoque praecepit legalia observari, quandoque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2264 prohibuit. Ergo habet mutabilem voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="29241"><span class="ref">[29241] Iª q. 19 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 non ex necessitate vult quod vult, ut supra dictum est. Ergo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 velle et non velle idem. Sed omne quod habet potentiam ad opposita,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 est mutabile, sicut quod potest esse et non esse, est mutabile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 secundum substantiam; et quod potest esse hic et non esse hic, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 mutabile secundum locum. Ergo Deus est mutabilis secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2270 voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 7 s. c."><a name="29242"><span class="ref">[29242] Iª q. 19 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 quod dicitur Num. XXIII, <i>non est Deus, quasi homo, ut mentiatur;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2272 neque ut filius hominis, ut mutetur</i>.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 7 co."><a name="29243"><span class="ref">[29243] Iª q. 19 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 quod voluntas Dei est omnino immutabilis. Sed circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 considerandum est, quod aliud est mutare voluntatem; et aliud est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 velle aliquarum rerum mutationem. Potest enim aliquis, eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 voluntate immobiliter permanente, velle quod nunc fiat hoc, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 postea fiat contrarium. Sed tunc voluntas mutaretur, si aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 inciperet velle quod prius non voluit, vel desineret velle quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 voluit. Quod quidem accidere non potest, nisi praesupposita
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 mutatione vel ex parte cognitionis, vel circa dispositionem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 substantiae ipsius volentis. Cum enim voluntas sit boni, aliquis de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 novo dupliciter potest incipere aliquid velle. Uno modo sic, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 de novo incipiat sibi illud esse bonum. Quod non est absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 mutatione eius, sicut adveniente frigore, incipit esse bonum sedere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 ad ignem, quod prius non erat. Alio modo sic, quod de novo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 cognoscat illud esse sibi bonum, cum prius hoc ignorasset, ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 enim consiliamur, ut sciamus quid nobis sit bonum. Ostensum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 autem supra quod tam substantia Dei quam eius scientia est omnino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 immutabilis. Unde oportet voluntatem eius omnino esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2290 immutabilem.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="29244"><span class="ref">[29244] Iª q. 19 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 dicendum quod illud verbum domini metaphorice intelligendum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 secundum similitudinem nostram, cum enim nos poenitet, destruimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 quod fecimus. Quamvis hoc esse possit absque mutatione voluntatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 cum etiam aliquis homo, absque mutatione voluntatis, interdum velit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 aliquid facere, simul intendens postea illud destruere. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 Deus poenituisse dicitur, secundum similitudinem operationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 inquantum hominem quem fecerat, per diluvium a facie terrae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2298 delevit.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="29245"><span class="ref">[29245] Iª q. 19 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 dicendum quod voluntas Dei, cum sit causa prima et universalis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 excludit causas medias, in quarum virtute est ut aliqui effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 producantur. Sed quia omnes causae mediae non adaequant virtutem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 causae primae, multa sunt in virtute et scientia et voluntate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 divina, quae non continentur sub ordine causarum inferiorum; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 resuscitatio Lazari. Unde aliquis respiciens ad causas inferiores,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 dicere poterat, Lazarus non resurget, respiciens vero ad causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 primam divinam, poterat dicere, Lazarus resurget. Et utrumque horum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 Deus vult, scilicet quod aliquid quandoque sit futurum secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 causam inferiorem, quod tamen futurum non sit secundum causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 superiorem; vel e converso. Sic ergo dicendum est quod Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 aliquando pronuntiat aliquid futurum, secundum quod continetur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 ordine causarum inferiorum, ut puta secundum dispositionem naturae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 vel meritorum; quod tamen non fit, quia aliter est in causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 superiori divina. Sicut cum praedixit Ezechiae, <i>dispone domui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 tuae, quia morieris et non vives</i>, ut habetur Isaiae XXXVIII;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 neque tamen ita evenit, quia ab aeterno aliter fuit in scientia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 voluntate divina, quae immutabilis est. Propter quod dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 Gregorius, quod <i>Deus immutat sententiam, non tamen mutat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 consilium</i>, scilicet voluntatis suae. Quod ergo dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 poenitentiam agam ego, intelligitur metaphorice dictum, nam homines
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2320 quando non implent quod comminati sunt, poenitere videntur.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="29246"><span class="ref">[29246] Iª q. 19 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 dicendum quod ex ratione illa non potest concludi quod Deus habeat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2322 mutabilem voluntatem; sed quod mutationem velit.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="29247"><span class="ref">[29247] Iª q. 19 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 dicendum quod, licet Deum velle aliquid non sit necessarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 absolute, tamen necessarium est ex suppositione, propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2325 immutabilitatem divinae voluntatis, ut supra dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 19 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="29248"><span class="ref">[29248] Iª q. 19 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas Dei rebus volitis necessitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 imponat. Dicit enim Augustinus, in Enchirid., <i>nullus fit salvus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 nisi quem Deus voluerit salvari. Et ideo rogandus est ut velit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2329 quia necesse est fieri, si voluerit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="29249"><span class="ref">[29249] Iª q. 19 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omnis
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 causa quae non potest impediri, ex necessitate suum effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 producit, quia et natura semper idem operatur, nisi aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 impediat, ut dicitur in II Physic. Sed voluntas Dei non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 impediri, dicit enim apostolus, ad Rom. IX, <i>voluntati enim eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 quis resistit?</i> Ergo voluntas Dei imponit rebus volitis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2335 necessitatem.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="29250"><span class="ref">[29250] Iª q. 19 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, illud
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 quod habet necessitatem ex priori, est necessarium absolute, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 animal mori est necessarium, quia est ex contrariis compositum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 res creatae a Deo, comparantur ad voluntatem divinam sicut ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 aliquid prius, a quo habent necessitatem, cum haec conditionalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 sit vera, si aliquid Deus vult, illud est; omnis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 conditionalis vera est necessaria. Sequitur ergo quod omne quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2342 Deus vult, sit necessarium absolute.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 8 s. c."><a name="29251"><span class="ref">[29251] Iª q. 19 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, omnia
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 bona quae fiunt, Deus vult fieri. Si igitur eius voluntas imponat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 rebus volitis necessitatem, sequitur quod omnia bona ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 eveniunt. Et sic perit liberum arbitrium et consilium, et omnia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2346 huiusmodi.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 8 co."><a name="29252"><span class="ref">[29252] Iª q. 19 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 quod divina voluntas quibusdam volitis necessitatem imponit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 autem omnibus. Cuius quidem rationem aliqui assignare voluerunt ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 causis mediis quia ea quae producit per causas necessarias, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 necessaria; ea vero quae producit per causas contingentes, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 contingentia. Sed hoc non videtur sufficienter dictum, propter duo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 Primo quidem, quia effectus alicuius primae causae est contingens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 propter causam secundam, ex eo quod impeditur effectus causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 primae per defectum causae secundae; sicut virtus solis per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 defectum plantae impeditur. Nullus autem defectus causae secundae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 impedire potest quin voluntas Dei effectum suum producat. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 quia, si distinctio contingentium a necessariis referatur solum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 causas secundas, sequitur hoc esse praeter intentionem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 voluntatem divinam, quod est inconveniens. Et ideo melius dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 est, quod hoc contingit propter efficaciam divinae voluntatis. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 enim aliqua causa efficax fuerit ad agendum, effectus consequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 causam non tantum secundum id quod fit, sed etiam secundum modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 fiendi vel essendi, ex debilitate enim virtutis activae in semine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 contingit quod filius nascitur dissimilis patri in accidentibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 quae pertinent ad modum essendi. Cum igitur voluntas divina sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 efficacissima, non solum sequitur quod fiant ea quae Deus vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 fieri; sed quod eo modo fiant, quo Deus ea fieri vult. Vult autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 quaedam fieri Deus necessario, et quaedam contingenter, ut sit ordo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 in rebus, ad complementum universi. Et ideo quibusdam effectibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 aptavit causas necessarias, quae deficere non possunt, ex quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 effectus de necessitate proveniunt, quibusdam autem aptavit causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 contingentes defectibiles, ex quibus effectus contingenter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 eveniunt. Non igitur propterea effectus voliti a Deo, eveniunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 contingenter, quia causae proximae sunt contingentes, sed propterea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 quia Deus voluit eos contingenter evenire, contingentes causas ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2376 eos praeparavit.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="29253"><span class="ref">[29253] Iª q. 19 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 dicendum quod per illud verbum Augustini intelligenda est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 necessitas in rebus volitis a Deo, non absoluta, sed conditionalis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 necesse est enim hanc conditionalem veram esse, si Deus hoc vult,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2380 necesse est hoc esse.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="29254"><span class="ref">[29254] Iª q. 19 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 dicendum quod, ex hoc ipso quod nihil voluntati divinae resistit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 sequitur quod non solum fiant ea quae Deus vult fieri; sed quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2383 fiant contingenter vel necessario, quae sic fieri vult.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="29255"><span class="ref">[29255] Iª q. 19 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 dicendum quod posteriora habent necessitatem a prioribus, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 modum priorum. Unde et ea quae fiunt a voluntate divina, talem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 necessitatem habent, qualem Deus vult ea habere, scilicet, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 absolutam, vel conditionalem tantum. Et sic, non omnia sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2388 necessaria absolute.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="I q. 19 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="29256"><span class="ref">[29256] Iª q. 19 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas Dei sit malorum. Omne enim bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 quod fit, Deus vult. Sed mala fieri bonum est, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 Augustinus, in Enchirid., <i>quamvis ea quae mala sunt, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 mala sunt, non sint bona; tamen, ut non solum bona, sed etiam ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2393 sint mala, bonum est</i>. Ergo Deus vult mala.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="29257"><span class="ref">[29257] Iª q. 19 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, dicit
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., erit malum ad omnis (idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 universi) perfectionem conferens. Et Augustinus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 Enchirid., <i>ex omnibus consistit universitatis admirabilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 pulchritudo; in qua etiam illud quod malum dicitur, bene ordinatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 et loco suo positum, eminentius commendat bona; ut magis placeant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 et laudabiliora sint, dum comparantur malis</i>. Sed Deus vult omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 illud quod pertinet ad perfectionem et decorem universi, quia hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2401 est quod Deus maxime vult in creaturis. Ergo Deus vult mala.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="29258"><span class="ref">[29258] Iª q. 19 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, mala
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 fieri, et non fieri, sunt contradictorie opposita. Sed Deus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 vult mala non fieri, quia, cum mala quaedam fiant, non semper
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2404 voluntas Dei impleretur. Ergo Deus vult mala fieri.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 9 s. c."><a name="29259"><span class="ref">[29259] Iª q. 19 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 quod dicit Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 sapiente homine auctore, fit homo deterior; est autem Deus omni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 sapiente homine praestantior; multo igitur minus, Deo auctore, fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 aliquis deterior. Illo autem auctore cum dicitur, illo volente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 dicitur</i>. Non ergo volente Deo, fit homo deterior. Constat autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 quod quolibet malo fit aliquid deterius. Ergo Deus non vult
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2411 mala.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 9 co."><a name="29260"><span class="ref">[29260] Iª q. 19 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 quod, cum ratio boni sit ratio appetibilis, ut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 malum autem opponatur bono; impossibile est quod aliquod malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 inquantum huiusmodi, appetatur, neque appetitu naturali, neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 animali, neque intellectuali, qui est voluntas. Sed aliquod malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 appetitur per accidens, inquantum consequitur ad aliquod bonum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 hoc apparet in quolibet appetitu. Non enim agens naturale intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 privationem vel corruptionem; sed formam, cui coniungitur privatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 alterius formae; et generationem unius, quae est corruptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 alterius. Leo etiam, occidens cervum, intendit cibum, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 coniungitur occisio animalis. Similiter fornicator intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 delectationem, cui coniungitur deformitas culpae. Malum autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 coniungitur alicui bono, est privatio alterius boni. Nunquam igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 appeteretur malum, nec per accidens, nisi bonum cui coniungitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 malum, magis appeteretur quam bonum quod privatur per malum. Nullum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 autem bonum Deus magis vult quam suam bonitatem, vult tamen aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 bonum magis quam aliud quoddam bonum. Unde malum culpae, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 privat ordinem ad bonum divinum, Deus nullo modo vult. Sed malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 naturalis defectus, vel malum poenae vult, volendo aliquod bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 cui coniungitur tale malum, sicut, volendo iustitiam, vult poenam;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 et volendo ordinem naturae servari, vult quaedam naturaliter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2432 corrumpi.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="29261"><span class="ref">[29261] Iª q. 19 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 dicendum quod quidam dixerunt quod, licet Deus non velit mala, vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 tamen mala esse vel fieri, quia, licet mala non sint bona, bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 tamen est mala esse vel fieri. Quod ideo dicebant, quia ea quae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 se mala sunt, ordinantur ad aliquod bonum, quem quidem ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 importari credebant in hoc quod dicitur, mala esse vel fieri. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 hoc non recte dicitur. Quia malum non ordinatur ad bonum per se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 sed per accidens. Praeter intentionem enim peccantis est, quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 hoc sequatur aliquod bonum; sicut praeter intentionem tyrannorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 fuit, quod ex eorum persecutionibus claresceret patientia martyrum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 Et ideo non potest dici quod talis ordo ab bonum importetur per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 quod dicitur, quod malum esse vel fieri sit bonum, quia nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 iudicatur secundum illud quod competit ei per accidens, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2445 secundum illud quod competit ei per se.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="29262"><span class="ref">[29262] Iª q. 19 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 dicendum quod malum non operatur ad perfectionem et decorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 universi nisi per accidens, ut dictum est. Unde et hoc quod dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 Dionysius, quod malum est ad universi perfectionem conferens,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2449 concludit inducendo quasi ad inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="29263"><span class="ref">[29263] Iª q. 19 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 dicendum quod, licet mala fieri, et mala non fieri, contradictorie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 opponantur; tamen velle mala fieri, et velle mala non fieri, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 opponuntur contradictorie, cum utrumque sit affirmativum. Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 igitur neque vult mala fieri, neque vult mala non fieri, sed vult
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2454 permittere mala fieri. Et hoc est bonum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 10</h3><p title="I q. 19 a. 10 arg. 1"><a name="29264"><span class="ref">[29264] Iª q. 19 a. 10 arg. 1</span></a> Ad decimum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non habeat liberum arbitrium. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 enim Hieronymus, in homilia de filio prodigo, <i>solus Deus est, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 quem peccatum non cadit, nec cadere potest; cetera, cum sint liberi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2458 arbitrii, in utramque partem flecti possunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 10 arg. 2"><a name="29265"><span class="ref">[29265] Iª q. 19 a. 10 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 liberum arbitrium est facultas rationis et voluntatis, qua bonum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 malum eligitur. Sed Deus non vult malum, ut dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2461 liberum arbitrium non est in Deo.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 10 s. c."><a name="29266"><span class="ref">[29266] Iª q. 19 a. 10 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 quod dicit Ambrosius, in libro de fide, <i>spiritus sanctus dividit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 singulis prout vult, idest pro liberae voluntatis arbitrio, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2464 necessitatis obsequio</i>.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 10 co."><a name="29267"><span class="ref">[29267] Iª q. 19 a. 10 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 quod liberum arbitrium habemus respectu eorum quae non necessario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 volumus, vel naturali instinctu. Non enim ad liberum arbitrium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 pertinet quod volumus esse felices, sed ad naturalem instinctum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 Unde et alia animalia, quae naturali instinctu moventur ad aliquid,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 non dicuntur libero arbitrio moveri. Cum igitur Deus ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 suam bonitatem velit, alia vero non ex necessitate, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 ostensum est; respectu illorum quae non ex necessitate vult,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2472 liberum arbitrium habet.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 10 ad 1"><a name="29268"><span class="ref">[29268] Iª q. 19 a. 10 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 dicendum quod Hieronymus videtur excludere a Deo liberum arbitrium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 non simpliciter, sed solum quantum ad hoc quod est deflecti in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2475 peccatum.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 10 ad 2"><a name="29269"><span class="ref">[29269] Iª q. 19 a. 10 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 dicendum quod, cum malum culpae dicatur per aversionem a bonitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 divina, per quam Deus omnia vult, ut supra ostensum est, manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 est quod impossibile est eum malum culpae velle. Et tamen ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 opposita se habet, inquantum velle potest hoc esse vel non esse.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 Sicut et nos, non peccando, possumus velle sedere, et non velle
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2481 sedere.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 11</h3><p title="I q. 19 a. 11 arg. 1"><a name="29270"><span class="ref">[29270] Iª q. 19 a. 11 arg. 1</span></a> Ad undecimum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit distinguenda in Deo voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 signi. Sicut enim voluntas Dei est causa rerum, ita et scientia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 Sed non assignantur aliqua signa ex parte divinae scientiae. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 neque debent assignari aliqua signa ex parte divinae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2486 voluntatis.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 11 arg. 2"><a name="29271"><span class="ref">[29271] Iª q. 19 a. 11 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 signum quod non concordat ei cuius est signum, est falsum. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 igitur signa quae assignantur circa voluntatem divinam, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 concordant divinae voluntati, sunt falsa, si autem concordant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 superflue assignantur. Non igitur sunt aliqua signa circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2491 voluntatem divinam assignanda.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 11 s. c."><a name="29272"><span class="ref">[29272] Iª q. 19 a. 11 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 quod voluntas Dei est una, cum ipsa sit Dei essentia. Quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 autem pluraliter significatur, ut cum dicitur, <i>magna opera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 domini, exquisita in omnes voluntates eius</i>. Ergo oportet quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2495 aliquando signum voluntatis pro voluntate accipiatur.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 11 co."><a name="29273"><span class="ref">[29273] Iª q. 19 a. 11 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 quod in Deo quaedam dicuntur proprie, et quaedam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 metaphoram, ut ex supradictis patet. Cum autem aliquae passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 humanae in divinam praedicationem metaphorice assumuntur, hoc fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 secundum similitudinem effectus, unde illud quod est signum talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 passionis in nobis, in Deo nomine illius passionis metaphorice
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 significatur. Sicut, apud nos, irati punire consueverunt, unde ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 punitio est signum irae, et propter hoc, ipsa punitio nomine irae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 significatur, cum Deo attribuitur. Similiter id quod solet esse in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 nobis signum voluntatis, quandoque metaphorice in Deo voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 dicitur. Sicut, cum aliquis praecipit aliquid, signum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 velit illud fieri, unde praeceptum divinum quandoque metaphorice
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 voluntas Dei dicitur, secundum illud Matth. VI, <i>fiat voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 tua, sicut in caelo et in terra</i>. Sed hoc distat inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 voluntatem et iram, quia ira de Deo nunquam proprie dicitur, cum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 suo principali intellectu includat passionem, voluntas autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 proprie de Deo dicitur. Et ideo in Deo distinguitur voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 proprie, et metaphorice dicta. Voluntas enim proprie dicta, vocatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 voluntas beneplaciti, voluntas autem metaphorice dicta, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 voluntas signi, eo quod ipsum signum voluntatis voluntas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2515 dicitur.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 11 ad 1"><a name="29274"><span class="ref">[29274] Iª q. 19 a. 11 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 dicendum quod scientia non est causa eorum quae fiunt, nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 voluntatem, non enim quae scimus facimus, nisi velimus. Et ideo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2518 signum non attribuitur scientiae, sicut attribuitur voluntati.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 11 ad 2"><a name="29275"><span class="ref">[29275] Iª q. 19 a. 11 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 dicendum quod signa voluntatis dicuntur voluntates divinae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 quia sint signa quod Deus velit, sed quia ea quae in nobis solent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 esse signa volendi, in Deo divinae voluntates dicuntur. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 punitio non est signum quod in Deo sit ira, sed punitio, ex eo ipso
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2523 quod in nobis est signum irae, in Deo dicitur ira.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 12</h3><p title="I q. 19 a. 12 arg. 1"><a name="29276"><span class="ref">[29276] Iª q. 19 a. 12 arg. 1</span></a> Ad duodecimum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter circa divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 voluntatem ponantur quinque signa, scilicet, prohibitio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 praeceptum, consilium, operatio et permissio. Nam eadem quae nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 praecipit Deus vel consulit, in nobis quandoque operatur, et eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 quae prohibet, quandoque permittit. Ergo non debent ex opposito
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2529 dividi.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 12 arg. 2"><a name="29277"><span class="ref">[29277] Iª q. 19 a. 12 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 nihil Deus operatur, nisi volens, ut dicitur Sap. XI. Sed voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 signi distinguitur a voluntate beneplaciti. Ergo operatio sub
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2532 voluntate signi comprehendi non debet.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 12 arg. 3"><a name="29278"><span class="ref">[29278] Iª q. 19 a. 12 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 operatio et permissio communiter ad omnes creaturas pertinent, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 in omnibus Deus operatur, et in omnibus aliquid fieri permittit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 Sed praeceptum, consilium et prohibitio pertinent ad solam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 rationalem creaturam. Ergo non veniunt convenienter in unam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2537 divisionem, cum non sint unius ordinis.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 12 arg. 4"><a name="29279"><span class="ref">[29279] Iª q. 19 a. 12 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 malum pluribus modis contingit quam bonum, quia bonum contingit uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 modo, sed malum omnifariam, ut patet per philosophum in II Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 et per Dionysium in IV cap. de Div. Nom. Inconvenienter igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 respectu mali assignatur unum signum tantum, scilicet prohibitio;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 respectu vero boni, duo signa, scilicet consilium et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2543 praeceptum.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 12 co."><a name="29280"><span class="ref">[29280] Iª q. 19 a. 12 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 quod huiusmodi signa voluntatis dicuntur ea, quibus consuevimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 demonstrare nos aliquid velle. Potest autem aliquis declarare se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 velle aliquid, vel per seipsum, vel per alium. Per seipsum quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 inquantum facit aliquid, vel directe, vel indirecte et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 accidens. Directe quidem, cum per se aliquid operatur, et quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 ad hoc, dicitur esse signum operatio. Indirecte autem, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 non impedit operationem, nam removens prohibens dicitur movens per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 accidens, ut dicitur in VIII Physic. Et quantum ad hoc, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 signum permissio. Per alium autem declarat se aliquid velle,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 inquantum ordinat alium ad aliquid faciendum; vel necessaria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 inductione, quod fit praecipiendo quod quis vult, et prohibendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 contrarium; vel aliqua persuasoria inductione, quod pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 consilium. Quia igitur his modis declaratur aliquem velle aliquid,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 propter hoc ista quinque nominantur interdum nomine voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 divinae, tanquam signa voluntatis. Quod enim praeceptum, consilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 et prohibitio dicantur Dei voluntas, patet per id quod dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 Matth. VI <i>fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo et in terra</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 Quod autem permissio vel operatio dicantur Dei voluntas patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 Augustinum, qui dicit in Enchirid., <i>nihil fit, nisi omnipotens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 fieri velit, vel sinendo ut fiat, vel faciendo</i>. Vel potest dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 quod permissio et operatio referuntur ad praesens permissio quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 ad malum, operatio vero ad bonum. Ad futurum vero, prohibitio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 respectu mali; respectu vero boni necessarii, praeceptum; respectu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2567 vero superabundantis boni, consilium.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 12 ad 1"><a name="29281"><span class="ref">[29281] Iª q. 19 a. 12 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 dicendum quod nihil prohibet, circa eandem rem, aliquem diversimode
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 declarare se aliquid velle, sicut inveniuntur multa nomina idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 significantia. Unde nihil prohibet idem subiacere praecepto et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2571 consilio et operationi, et prohibitioni vel permissioni.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 12 ad 2"><a name="29282"><span class="ref">[29282] Iª q. 19 a. 12 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 dicendum quod, sicut Deus potest significari metaphorice velle id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 quod non vult voluntate proprie accepta, ita potest metaphorice
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 significari velle id quod proprie vult. Unde nihil prohibet de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 eodem esse voluntatem beneplaciti, et voluntatem signi. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 operatio semper est eadem cum voluntate beneplaciti, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 praeceptum vel consilium, tum quia haec est de praesenti, illud de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 futuro; tum quia haec per se est effectus voluntatis, illud autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2579 per alium, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 12 ad 3"><a name="29283"><span class="ref">[29283] Iª q. 19 a. 12 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 dicendum quod creatura rationalis est domina sui actus, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 circa ipsam specialia quaedam signa divinae voluntatis assignantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 inquantum rationalem creaturam Deus ordinat ad agendum voluntarie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 et per se. Sed aliae creaturae non agunt nisi motae ex operatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 divina, et ideo circa alias non habent locum nisi operatio et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2585 permissio.</p><p title="I q. 19 a. 12 ad 4"><a name="29284"><span class="ref">[29284] Iª q. 19 a. 12 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 dicendum quod omne malum culpae, licet multipliciter contingat,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 tamen in hoc convenit, quod discordat a voluntate divina et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 unum signum respectu malorum assignatur, scilicet prohibitio. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 diversimode bona se habent ad bonitatem divinam. Quia quaedam sunt,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 sine quibus fruitionem divinae bonitatis consequi non possumus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 respectu horum est praeceptum. Quaedam vero sunt, quibus perfectius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 consequimur, et respectu horum est consilium. Vel dicendum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 consilium est non solum de melioribus bonis assequendis, sed etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2594 de minoribus malis vitandis.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q20"><h2>Quaestio 20</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 20 pr."><a name="29285"><span class="ref">[29285]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2595 Iª q. 20 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de his quae
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 absolute ad voluntatem Dei pertinent. In parte autem appetitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 inveniuntur in nobis et passiones animae, ut gaudium, amor, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 huiusmodi; et habitus moralium virtutum, ut iustitia, fortitudo, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 huiusmodi. Unde primo considerabimus de amore Dei; secundo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 iustitia Dei, et misericordia eius. Circa primum quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 quatuor. Primo, utrum in Deo sit amor. Secundo, utrum amet omnia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 Tertio, utrum magis amet unum quam aliud. Quarto, utrum meliora
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2603 magis amet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 20 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29286"><span class="ref">[29286] Iª q. 20 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 proceditur. Videtur quod amor non sit in Deo. Nulla enim passio est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2605 in Deo. Amor est passio. Ergo amor non est in Deo.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29287"><span class="ref">[29287] Iª q. 20 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, amor,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 ira, tristitia, et huiusmodi, contra se dividuntur. Sed tristitia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2607 et ira non dicuntur de Deo nisi metaphorice. Ergo nec amor.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="29288"><span class="ref">[29288] Iª q. 20 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., <i>amor est vis unitiva et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 concretiva</i>. Hoc autem in Deo locum habere non potest, cum sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2610 simplex. Ergo in Deo non est amor.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29289"><span class="ref">[29289] Iª q. 20 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2611 quod dicitur I Ioan. IV, <i>Deus caritas est</i>.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 1 co."><a name="29290"><span class="ref">[29290] Iª q. 20 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 quod necesse est ponere amorem in Deo. Primus enim motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 voluntatis, et cuiuslibet appetitivae virtutis, est amor. Cum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 actus voluntatis, et cuiuslibet appetitivae virtutis tendat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 bonum et malum, sicut in propria obiecta; bonum autem principalius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 et per se est obiectum voluntatis et appetitus, malum autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 secundario et per aliud, inquantum scilicet opponitur bono, oportet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 naturaliter esse priores actus voluntatis et appetitus qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 respiciunt bonum, his qui respiciunt malum; ut gaudium quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 tristitia, et amor quam odium. Semper enim quod est per se, prius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 est eo quod est per aliud. Rursus, quod est communius, naturaliter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 est prius, unde et intellectus per prius habet ordinem ad verum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 commune, quam ad particularia quaedam vera. Sunt autem quidam actus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 voluntatis et appetitus, respicientes bonum sub aliqua speciali
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 conditione, sicut gaudium et delectatio est de bono praesenti et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 habito; desiderium autem et spes, de bono nondum adepto. Amor autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 respicit bonum in communi, sive sit habitum, sive non habitum. Unde
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 amor naturaliter est primus actus voluntatis et appetitus. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 propter hoc, omnes alii motus appetitivi praesupponunt amorem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 quasi primam radicem. Nullus enim desiderat aliquid, nisi bonum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 amatum, neque aliquis gaudet, nisi de bono amato. Odium etiam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 est nisi de eo quod contrariatur rei amatae. Et similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 tristitiam, et cetera huiusmodi, manifestum est in amorem referri,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 sicut in primum principium. Unde in quocumque est voluntas vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 appetitus, oportet esse amorem, remoto enim primo, removentur alia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 Ostensum est autem in Deo esse voluntatem. Unde necesse est in eo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2637 ponere amorem.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29291"><span class="ref">[29291] Iª q. 20 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 dicendum quod vis cognitiva non movet, nisi mediante appetitiva. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 sicut in nobis ratio universalis movet mediante ratione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 particulari, ut dicitur in III de anima; ita appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 intellectivus, qui dicitur voluntas, movet in nobis mediante
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 appetitu sensitivo. Unde proximum motivum corporis in nobis est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 appetitus sensitivus. Unde semper actum appetitus sensitivi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 concomitatur aliqua transmutatio corporis; et maxime circa cor,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 quod est primum principium motus in animali. Sic igitur actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 appetitus sensitivi, inquantum habent transmutationem corporalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 annexam, passiones dicuntur, non autem actus voluntatis. Amor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 igitur et gaudium et delectatio, secundum quod significant actus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 appetitus sensitivi, passiones sunt, non autem secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 significant actus appetitus intellectivi. Et sic ponuntur in Deo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 Unde dicit philosophus, in VII Ethic., quod <i>Deus una et simplici
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2652 operatione gaudet</i>. Et eadem ratione, sine passione amat.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29292"><span class="ref">[29292] Iª q. 20 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 dicendum quod in passionibus sensitivi appetitus, est considerare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 aliquid quasi materiale, scilicet corporalem transmutationem; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 aliquid quasi formale, quod est ex parte appetitus. Sicut in ira,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 ut dicitur in I de anima, materiale est accensio sanguinis circa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 cor, vel aliquid huiusmodi; formale vero, appetitus vindictae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 rursus, ex parte eius quod est formale, in quibusdam horum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 designatur aliqua imperfectio; sicut in desiderio, quod est boni
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 non habiti; et in tristitia, quae est mali habiti. Et eadem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 est de ira, quae tristitiam supponit. Quaedam vero nullam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 imperfectionem designant, ut amor et gaudium. Cum igitur nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 horum Deo conveniat secundum illud quod est materiale in eis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 dictum est; illa quae imperfectionem important etiam formaliter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 Deo convenire non possunt nisi metaphorice, propter similitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 effectus, ut supra dictum est. Quae autem imperfectionem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 important, de Deo proprie dicuntur, ut amor et gaudium, tamen sine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2668 passione, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="29293"><span class="ref">[29293] Iª q. 20 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 dicendum quod actus amoris semper tendit in duo, scilicet in bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 quod quis vult alicui; et in eum cui vult bonum. Hoc enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 proprie amare aliquem, velle ei bonum. Unde in eo quod aliquis amat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 se, vult bonum sibi. Et sic illud bonum quaerit sibi unire,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 inquantum potest. Et pro tanto dicitur amor vis unitiva, etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 Deo, sed absque compositione, quia illud bonum quod vult sibi, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 est aliud quam ipse, qui est per suam essentiam bonus, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 ostensum est. In hoc vero quod aliquis amat alium, vult bonum illi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 Et sic utitur eo tanquam seipso, referens bonum ad illum, sicut ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 seipsum. Et pro tanto dicitur amor vis concretiva, quia alium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 aggregat sibi habens se ad eum sicut ad seipsum. Et sic etiam amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 divinus est vis concretiva, absque compositione quae sit in Deo,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2681 inquantum aliis bona vult.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 20 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29294"><span class="ref">[29294] Iª q. 20 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non omnia amet. Quia, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 Dionysium, IV cap. de Div. Nom., amor amantem extra se ponit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 eum quodammodo in amatum transfert. Inconveniens autem est dicere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 quod Deus, extra se positus, in alia transferatur. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2686 inconveniens est dicere quod Deus alia a se amet.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29295"><span class="ref">[29295] Iª q. 20 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, amor
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 Dei aeternus est. Sed ea quae sunt alia a Deo, non sunt ab aeterno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 nisi in Deo. Ergo Deus non amat ea nisi in seipso. Sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 quod sunt in eo, non sunt aliud ab eo. Ergo Deus non amat alia a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2690 seipso.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="29296"><span class="ref">[29296] Iª q. 20 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 duplex est amor, scilicet concupiscentiae, et amicitiae. Sed Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 creaturas irrationales non amat amore concupiscentiae, quia nullius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 extra se eget, nec etiam amore amicitiae, quia non potest ad res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 irrationales haberi, ut patet per philosophum, in VIII Ethic. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2695 Deus non omnia amat.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="29297"><span class="ref">[29297] Iª q. 20 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 Psalmo dicitur, <i>odisti omnes qui operantur iniquitatem</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 Nihil autem simul odio habetur et amatur. Ergo Deus non omnia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2698 amat.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29298"><span class="ref">[29298] Iª q. 20 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 quod dicitur Sap. XI, <i>diligis omnia quae sunt, et nihil odisti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2700 eorum quae fecisti</i>.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 2 co."><a name="29299"><span class="ref">[29299] Iª q. 20 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 quod Deus omnia existentia amat. Nam omnia existentia, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 sunt, bona sunt, ipsum enim esse cuiuslibet rei quoddam bonum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 et similiter quaelibet perfectio ipsius. Ostensum est autem supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 quod voluntas Dei est causa omnium rerum et sic oportet quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 intantum habeat aliquid esse, aut quodcumque bonum, inquantum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 volitum a Deo. Cuilibet igitur existenti Deus vult aliquod bonum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 Unde, cum amare nil aliud sit quam velle bonum alicui, manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 est quod Deus omnia quae sunt, amat. Non tamen eo modo sicut nos.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 Quia enim voluntas nostra non est causa bonitatis rerum, sed ab ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 movetur sicut ab obiecto, amor noster, quo bonum alicui volumus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 non est causa bonitatis ipsius, sed e converso bonitas eius, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 vera vel aestimata, provocat amorem, quo ei volumus et bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 conservari quod habet, et addi quod non habet, et ad hoc operamur.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2714 Sed amor Dei est infundens et creans bonitatem in rebus.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="29300"><span class="ref">[29300] Iª q. 20 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 dicendum quod amans sic fit extra se in amatum translatus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 inquantum vult amato bonum, et operatur per suam providentiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 sicut et sibi. Unde et Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 <i>audendum est autem et hoc pro veritate dicere, quod et ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 omnium causa, per abundantiam amativae bonitatis, extra seipsum fit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2720 ad omnia existentia providentiis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="29301"><span class="ref">[29301] Iª q. 20 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 dicendum quod, licet creaturae ab aeterno non fuerint nisi in Deo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 tamen per hoc quod ab aeterno in Deo fuerunt, ab aeterno Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 cognovit res in propriis naturis, et eadem ratione amavit. Sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 nos per similitudines rerum, quae in nobis sunt, cognoscimus res in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2725 seipsis existentes.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="29302"><span class="ref">[29302] Iª q. 20 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 dicendum quod amicitia non potest haberi nisi ad rationales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 creaturas, in quibus contingit esse redamationem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 communicationem in operibus vitae, et quibus contingit bene evenire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 vel male, secundum fortunam et felicitatem, sicut et ad eas proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 benevolentia est. Creaturae autem irrationales non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 pertingere ad amandum Deum, neque ad communicationem intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 et beatae vitae, qua Deus vivit. Sic igitur Deus, proprie loquendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 non amat creaturas irrationales amore amicitiae, sed amore quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 concupiscentiae; inquantum ordinat eas ad rationales creaturas, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 etiam ad seipsum; non quasi eis indigeat, sed propter suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 bonitatem et nostram utilitatem. Concupiscimus enim aliquid et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2737 nobis et aliis.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="29303"><span class="ref">[29303] Iª q. 20 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 dicendum quod nihil prohibet unum et idem secundum aliquid amari,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 et secundum aliquid odio haberi. Deus autem peccatores, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 sunt naturae quaedam, amat, sic enim et sunt, et ab ipso sunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 Inquantum vero peccatores sunt, non sunt, sed ab esse deficiunt, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 hoc in eis a Deo non est. Unde secundum hoc ab ipso odio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2743 habentur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 20 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29304"><span class="ref">[29304] Iª q. 20 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus aequaliter diligat omnia. Dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 enim Sap. VI, <i>aequaliter est ei cura de omnibus</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 providentia Dei, quam habet de rebus, est ex amore quo amat res.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2747 Ergo aequaliter amat omnia.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29305"><span class="ref">[29305] Iª q. 20 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, amor
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 Dei est eius essentia. Sed essentia Dei magis et minus non recipit.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2749 Ergo nec amor eius. Non igitur quaedam aliis magis amat.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="29306"><span class="ref">[29306] Iª q. 20 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 amor Dei se extendit ad res creatas, ita et scientia et voluntas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 Sed Deus non dicitur scire quaedam magis quam alia, neque magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2752 velle. Ergo nec magis quaedam aliis diligit.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29307"><span class="ref">[29307] Iª q. 20 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 quod dicit Augustinus, super Ioann., <i>omnia diligit Deus quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 fecit; et inter ea magis diligit creaturas rationales; et de illis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 eas amplius, quae sunt membra unigeniti sui; et multo magis ipsum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2756 unigenitum suum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 3 co."><a name="29308"><span class="ref">[29308] Iª q. 20 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 quod, cum amare sit velle bonum alicui, duplici ratione potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 aliquid magis vel minus amari. Uno modo, ex parte ipsius actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 voluntatis, qui est magis vel minus intensus. Et sic Deus non magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 quaedam aliis amat, quia omnia amat uno et simplici actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 voluntatis, et semper eodem modo se habente. Alio modo, ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 ipsius boni quod aliquis vult amato. Et sic dicimur aliquem magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 alio amare, cui volumus maius bonum; quamvis non magis intensa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 voluntate. Et hoc modo necesse est dicere quod Deus quaedam aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 magis amat. Cum enim amor Dei sit causa bonitatis rerum, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 est, non esset aliquid alio melius, si Deus non vellet uni maius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2767 bonum quam alteri.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29309"><span class="ref">[29309] Iª q. 20 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 dicendum quod dicitur Deo aequaliter esse cura de omnibus, non quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 aequalia bona sua cura omnibus dispenset; sed quia ex aequali
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2770 sapientia et bonitate omnia administrat.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29310"><span class="ref">[29310] Iª q. 20 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de intensione amoris ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 actus voluntatis, qui est divina essentia. Bonum autem quod Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 creaturae vult, non est divina essentia. Unde nihil prohibet illud
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2774 intendi vel remitti.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="29311"><span class="ref">[29311] Iª q. 20 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 dicendum quod intelligere et velle significant solum actus, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 autem in sua significatione includunt aliqua obiecta, ex quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 diversitate possit dici Deus magis vel minus scire aut velle; sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2778 circa amorem dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 20 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="29312"><span class="ref">[29312] Iª q. 20 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non semper magis diligat meliora.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 Manifestum est enim quod Christus est melior toto genere humano,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 cum sit Deus et homo. Sed Deus magis dilexit genus humanum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 Christum, quia dicitur Rom. VIII, <i>proprio filio suo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 pepercit, sed pro nobis omnibus tradidit illum</i>. Ergo Deus non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2784 semper magis diligit meliora.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="29313"><span class="ref">[29313] Iª q. 20 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 Angelus est melior homine, unde in Psalmo VIII dicitur de homine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 <i>minuisti eum paulo minus ab Angelis</i>. Sed Deus plus dilexit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 hominem quam Angelum, dicitur enim Hebr. II, <i>nusquam Angelos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 apprehendit, sed semen Abrahae apprehendit</i>. Ergo Deus non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2789 semper magis diligit meliora.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="29314"><span class="ref">[29314] Iª q. 20 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 Petrus fuit melior Ioanne, quia plus Christum diligebat. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 dominus, sciens hoc esse verum, interrogavit Petrum, dicens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 <i>Simon Ioannis, diligis me plus his?</i> Sed tamen Christus plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 dilexit Ioannem quam Petrum, ut enim dicit Augustinus, super illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 Ioan. XXI, <i>Simon Ioannis diligis me? Hoc ipso signo Ioannes a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 ceteris discipulis discernitur; non quod solum eum, sed quod plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 eum ceteris diligebat</i>. Non ergo semper magis diligit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2797 meliora.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="29315"><span class="ref">[29315] Iª q. 20 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 melior est innocens poenitente; <i>cum poenitentia sit secunda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 tabula post naufragium</i>, ut dicit Hieronymus. Sed Deus plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 diligit poenitentem quam innocentem, quia plus de eo gaudet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 dicitur enim Luc. XV, <i>dico vobis quod maius gaudium erit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 caelo super uno peccatore poenitentiam agente, quam super nonaginta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 novem iustis, qui non indigent poenitentia</i>. Ergo Deus non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2804 semper magis diligit meliora.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="29316"><span class="ref">[29316] Iª q. 20 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 melior est iustus praescitus, quam peccator praedestinatus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 Deus plus diligit peccatorem praedestinatum, quia vult ei maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 bonum, scilicet vitam aeternam. Ergo Deus non semper magis diligit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2808 meliora.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 4 s. c."><a name="29317"><span class="ref">[29317] Iª q. 20 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 unumquodque diligit sibi simile; ut patet per illud quod habetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 Eccli. XIII, <i>omne animal diligit sibi simile</i>. Sed intantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 aliquid est melius, inquantum est Deo similius. Ergo meliora magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2812 diliguntur a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 4 co."><a name="29318"><span class="ref">[29318] Iª q. 20 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 quod necesse est dicere, secundum praedicta, quod Deus magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 diligat meliora. Dictum est enim quod Deum diligere magis aliquid,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 nihil aliud est quam ei maius bonum velle, voluntas enim Dei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 causa bonitatis in rebus. Et sic, ex hoc sunt aliqua meliora, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 Deus eis maius bonum vult. Unde sequitur quod meliora plus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2818 amet.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="29319"><span class="ref">[29319] Iª q. 20 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 dicendum quod Deus Christum diligit, non solum plus quam totum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 humanum genus, sed etiam magis quam totam universitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 creaturarum, quia scilicet ei maius bonum voluit, quia dedit ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 nomen, quod est super omne nomen, ut verus Deus esset. Nec eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 excellentiae deperiit ex hoc quod Deus dedit eum in mortem pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 salute humani generis, quinimo ex hoc factus est victor gloriosus;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 <i>factus enim est principatus super humerum eius</i>, ut dicitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2826 Isaiae IX.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="29320"><span class="ref">[29320] Iª q. 20 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 dicendum quod naturam humanam assumptam a Dei verbo in persona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 Christi, secundum praedicta, Deus plus amat quam omnes Angelos, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 melior est, maxime ratione unionis. Sed loquendo de humana natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 communiter, eam angelicae comparando, secundum ordinem ad gratiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 et gloriam, aequalitas invenitur; cum eadem sit mensura hominis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 Angeli, ut dicitur Apoc. XXI; ita tamen quod quidam Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 quibusdam hominibus, et quidam homines quibusdam Angelis, quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 ad hoc, potiores inveniuntur. Sed quantum ad conditionem naturae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 Angelus est melior homine. Nec ideo naturam humanam assumpsit Deus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 quia hominem absolute plus diligeret, sed quia plus indigebat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 Sicut bonus paterfamilias aliquid pretiosius dat servo aegrotanti,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2838 quod non dat filio sano.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="29321"><span class="ref">[29321] Iª q. 20 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 dicendum quod haec dubitatio de Petro et Ioanne multipliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 solvitur. Augustinus namque refert hoc ad mysterium, dicens quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 vita activa, quae significatur per Petrum, plus diligit Deum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 vita contemplativa, quae significatur per Ioannem, quia magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 sentit praesentis vitae angustias, et aestuantius ab eis liberari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 desiderat, et ad Deum ire. Contemplativam vero vitam Deus plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 diligit, quia magis eam conservat; non enim finitur simul cum vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 corporis, sicut vita activa. Quidam vero dicunt quod Petrus plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 dilexit Christum in membris; et sic etiam a Christo plus fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 dilectus; unde ei Ecclesiam commendavit. Ioannes vero plus dilexit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 Christum in seipso; et sic etiam plus ab eo fuit dilectus; unde ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 commendavit matrem. Alii vero dicunt quod incertum est quis horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 plus Christum dilexerit amore caritatis, et similiter quem Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 plus dilexerit in ordine ad maiorem gloriam vitae aeternae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 Petrus dicitur plus dilexisse, quantum ad quandam promptitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 vel fervorem, Ioannes vero plus dilectus, quantum ad quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 familiaritatis indicia, quae Christus ei magis demonstrabat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 propter eius iuventutem et puritatem. Alii vero dicunt quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 Christus plus dilexit Petrum, quantum ad excellentius donum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 caritatis, Ioannem vero plus, quantum ad donum intellectus. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 simpliciter Petrus fuit melior, et magis dilectus, sed Ioannes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 secundum quid. Praesumptuosum tamen videtur hoc diiudicare, quia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 ut dicitur Prov. XVI, <i>spirituum ponderator est dominus</i>, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2862 non alius.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="29322"><span class="ref">[29322] Iª q. 20 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 dicendum quod poenitentes et innocentes se habent sicut excedentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 et excessa. Nam sive sint innocentes, sive poenitentes, illi sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 meliores et magis dilecti, qui plus habent de gratia. Ceteris tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 paribus, innocentia dignior est et magis dilecta. Dicitur tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 Deus plus gaudere de poenitente quam de innocente, quia plerumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 poenitentes cautiores, humiliores et ferventiores resurgunt. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 Gregorius dicit ibidem, quod <i>dux in praelio eum militem plus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 diligit, qui post fugam conversus, fortiter hostem premit, quam qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 nunquam fugit, nec unquam fortiter fecit</i>. Vel, alia ratione,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 quia aequale donum gratiae plus est, comparatum poenitenti, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 meruit poenam, quam innocenti, qui non meruit. Sicut centum marcae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2874 maius donum est, si dentur pauperi, quam si dentur regi.</p><p title="I q. 20 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="29323"><span class="ref">[29323] Iª q. 20 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 dicendum quod, cum voluntas Dei sit causa bonitatis in rebus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 secundum illud tempus pensanda est bonitas eius qui amatur a Deo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 secundum quod dandum est ei ex bonitate divina aliquod bonum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 Secundum ergo illud tempus quo praedestinato peccatori dandum est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 ex divina voluntate maius bonum, melior est; licet secundum aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 aliud tempus, sit peior; quia et secundum aliquod tempus, non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2881 nec bonus neque malus.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q21"><h2>Quaestio 21</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 21 pr."><a name="29324"><span class="ref">[29324]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2882 Iª q. 21 pr.</span></a> Post considerationem divini amoris, de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 iustitia et misericordia eius agendum est. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 quatuor. Primo, utrum in Deo sit iustitia. Secundo, utrum iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 eius veritas dici possit. Tertio, utrum in Deo sit misericordia.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2886 Quarto, utrum in omni opere Dei sit iustitia et misericordia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 21 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29325"><span class="ref">[29325] Iª q. 21 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 proceditur. Videtur quod in Deo non sit iustitia. Iustitia enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 contra temperantiam dividitur. Temperantia autem non est in Deo.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2889 Ergo nec iustitia.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29326"><span class="ref">[29326] Iª q. 21 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 quicumque facit omnia pro libito suae voluntatis, non secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 iustitiam operatur. Sed, sicut dicit apostolus, ad Ephes. I, Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 <i>operatur omnia secundum consilium suae voluntatis</i>. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2893 ei iustitia debet attribui.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="29327"><span class="ref">[29327] Iª q. 21 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, actus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 iustitiae est reddere debitum. Sed Deus nulli est debitor. Ergo Deo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2895 non competit iustitia.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="29328"><span class="ref">[29328] Iª q. 21 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 quidquid est in Deo, est eius essentia. Sed hoc non competit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 iustitiae, dicit enim Boetius, in libro de Hebdomad., quod <i>bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 essentiam, iustum vero actum respicit</i>. Ergo iustitia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2899 competit Deo.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29329"><span class="ref">[29329] Iª q. 21 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 quod dicitur in Psalmo X, <i>iustus dominus, et iustitias
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2901 dilexit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 1 co."><a name="29330"><span class="ref">[29330] Iª q. 21 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 quod duplex est species iustitiae. Una, quae consistit in mutua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 datione et acceptione, ut puta quae consistit in emptione et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 venditione, et aliis huiusmodi communicationibus vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 commutationibus. Et haec dicitur a philosopho, in V Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 iustitia commutativa, vel directiva commutationum sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 communicationum. Et haec non competit Deo, quia, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 apostolus, Rom. XI, <i>quis prior dedit illi, et retribuetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 ei?</i> Alia, quae consistit in distribuendo, et dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 distributiva iustitia, secundum quam aliquis gubernator vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 dispensator dat unicuique secundum suam dignitatem. Sicut igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 ordo congruus familiae, vel cuiuscumque multitudinis gubernatae,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 demonstrat huiusmodi iustitiam in gubernante; ita ordo universi,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 qui apparet tam in rebus naturalibus quam in rebus voluntariis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 demonstrat Dei iustitiam. Unde dicit Dionysius, VIII cap. de Div.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 Nom., <i>oportet videre in hoc veram Dei esse iustitiam, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 omnibus tribuit propria, secundum uniuscuiusque existentium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 dignitatem; et uniuscuiusque naturam in proprio salvat ordine et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2919 virtute</i>.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29331"><span class="ref">[29331] Iª q. 21 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 dicendum quod virtutum moralium quaedam sunt circa passiones; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 temperantia circa concupiscentias, fortitudo circa timores et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 audacias, mansuetudo circa iram. Et huiusmodi virtutes Deo attribui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 non possunt, nisi secundum metaphoram, quia in Deo neque passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 sunt, ut supra dictum est; neque appetitus sensitivus, in quo sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 huiusmodi virtutes sicut in subiecto, ut dicit philosophus in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 Ethic. Quaedam vero virtutes morales sunt circa operationes; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 puta circa dationes et sumptus, ut iustitia et liberalitas et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 magnificentia; quae etiam non sunt in parte sensitiva, sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 voluntate. Unde nihil prohibet huiusmodi virtutes in Deo ponere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 non tamen circa actiones civiles sed circa actiones Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 convenientes. Ridiculum est enim secundum virtutes politicas Deum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2932 laudare, ut dicit philosophus in X Ethic.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29332"><span class="ref">[29332] Iª q. 21 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 dicendum quod, cum bonum intellectum sit obiectum voluntatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 impossibile est Deum velle nisi quod ratio suae sapientiae habet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 Quae quidem est sicut lex iustitiae, secundum quam eius voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 recta et iusta est. Unde quod secundum suam voluntatem facit, iuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 facit, sicut et nos quod secundum legem facimus, iuste facimus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 nos quidem secundum legem alicuius superioris, Deus autem sibi ipsi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2939 est lex.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="29333"><span class="ref">[29333] Iª q. 21 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 dicendum quod unicuique debetur quod suum est. Dicitur autem esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 suum alicuius, quod ad ipsum ordinatur; sicut servus est domini, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 non e converso; nam liberum est quod sui causa est. In nomine ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 debiti, importatur quidam ordo exigentiae vel necessitatis alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 ad quod ordinatur. Est autem duplex ordo considerandus in rebus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 Unus, quo aliquid creatum ordinatur ad aliud creatum, sicut partes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 ordinantur ad totum, et accidentia ad substantias, et unaquaeque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 res ad suum finem. Alius ordo, quo omnia creata ordinantur in Deum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 Sic igitur et debitum attendi potest dupliciter in operatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 divina, aut secundum quod aliquid debetur Deo; aut secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 aliquid debetur rei creatae. Et utroque modo Deus debitum reddit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 Debitum enim est Deo, ut impleatur in rebus id quod eius sapientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 et voluntas habet, et quod suam bonitatem manifestat, et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 hoc iustitia Dei respicit decentiam ipsius, secundum quam reddit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 sibi quod sibi debetur. Debitum etiam est alicui rei creatae, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 habeat id quod ad ipsam ordinatur, sicut homini, quod habeat manus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 et quod ei alia animalia serviant. Et sic etiam Deus operatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 iustitiam, quando dat unicuique quod ei debetur secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 suae naturae et conditionis. Sed hoc debitum dependet ex primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 quia hoc unicuique debetur, quod est ordinatum ad ipsum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 ordinem divinae sapientiae. Et licet Deus hoc modo debitum alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 det, non tamen ipse est debitor, quia ipse ad alia non ordinatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 sed potius alia in ipsum. Et ideo iustitia quandoque dicitur in Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 condecentia suae bonitatis; quandoque vero retributio pro meritis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 Et utrumque modum tangit Anselmus, dicens, <i>cum punis malos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 iustum est, quia illorum meritis convenit; cum vero parcis malis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2966 iustum est, quia bonitati tuae condecens est</i>.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="29334"><span class="ref">[29334] Iª q. 21 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 dicendum quod, licet iustitia respiciat actum, non tamen per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 excluditur quin sit essentia Dei, quia etiam id quod est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 essentia rei, potest esse principium actionis. Sed bonum non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 respicit actum, quia aliquid dicitur esse bonum, non solum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 quod agit, sed etiam secundum quod in sua essentia perfectum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 Et propter hoc ibidem dicitur quod bonum comparatur ad iustum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2973 sicut generale ad speciale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 21 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29335"><span class="ref">[29335] Iª q. 21 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 proceditur. Videtur quod iustitia Dei non sit veritas. Iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 enim est in voluntate, est enim rectitudo voluntatis, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 Anselmus. Veritas autem est in intellectu, secundum philosophum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 VI Metaphys. et in VI Ethic. Ergo iustitia non pertinet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2978 veritatem.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29336"><span class="ref">[29336] Iª q. 21 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 veritas, secundum philosophum in IV Ethic., est quaedam alia virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2980 a iustitia. Non ergo veritas pertinet ad rationem iustitiae.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29337"><span class="ref">[29337] Iª q. 21 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 quod in Psalmo LXXXIV dicitur, <i>misericordia et veritas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2982 obviaverunt sibi</i>; et ponitur ibi veritas pro iustitia.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 2 co."><a name="29338"><span class="ref">[29338] Iª q. 21 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 quod veritas consistit in adaequatione intellectus et rei, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 supra dictum est. Intellectus autem qui est causa rei, comparatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 ad ipsam sicut regula et mensura, e converso autem est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 intellectu qui accipit scientiam a rebus. Quando igitur res sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 mensura et regula intellectus, veritas consistit in hoc, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 intellectus adaequatur rei, ut in nobis accidit, ex eo enim quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 res est vel non est, opinio nostra et oratio vera vel falsa est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 Sed quando intellectus est regula vel mensura rerum, veritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 consistit in hoc, quod res adaequantur intellectui, sicut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 artifex facere verum opus, quando concordat arti. Sicut autem se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 habent artificiata ad artem, ita se habent opera iusta ad legem cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 concordant. Iustitia igitur Dei, quae constituit ordinem in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 conformem rationi sapientiae suae, quae est lex eius, convenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 veritas nominatur. Et sic etiam dicitur in nobis veritas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2997 iustitiae.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="29339"><span class="ref">[29339] Iª q. 21 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 dicendum quod iustitia, quantum ad legem regulantem, est in ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 vel intellectu, sed quantum ad imperium, quo opera regulantur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3000 secundum legem, est in voluntate.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="29340"><span class="ref">[29340] Iª q. 21 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 dicendum quod veritas illa de qua loquitur philosophus ibi, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 quaedam virtus per quam aliquis demonstrat se talem in dictis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 factis, qualis est. Et sic consistit in conformitate signi ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 significatum, non autem in conformitate effectus ad causam et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3005 regulam, sicut de veritate iustitiae dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 21 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29341"><span class="ref">[29341] Iª q. 21 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 proceditur. Videtur quod misericordia Deo non competat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 Misericordia enim est species tristitiae, ut dicit Damascenus. Sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3008 tristitia non est in Deo. Ergo nec misericordia.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29342"><span class="ref">[29342] Iª q. 21 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 misericordia est relaxatio iustitiae. Sed Deus non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 praetermittere id quod ad iustitiam suam pertinet. Dicitur enim II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 ad Tim. II, <i>si non credimus, ille fidelis permanet, seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 negare non potest</i>, negaret autem seipsum, ut dicit Glossa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 ibidem, si dicta sua negaret. Ergo misericordia Deo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3014 competit.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29343"><span class="ref">[29343] Iª q. 21 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 quod dicitur in Psalmo CX, <i>miserator et misericors
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3016 dominus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 3 co."><a name="29344"><span class="ref">[29344] Iª q. 21 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 quod misericordia est Deo maxime attribuenda, tamen secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 effectum, non secundum passionis affectum. Ad cuius evidentiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 considerandum est quod misericors dicitur aliquis quasi habens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 miserum cor, quia scilicet afficitur ex miseria alterius per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 tristitiam, ac si esset eius propria miseria. Et ex hoc sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 quod operetur ad depellendam miseriam alterius, sicut miseriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 propriam, et hic est misericordiae effectus. Tristari ergo de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 miseria alterius non competit Deo, sed repellere miseriam alterius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 hoc maxime ei competit, ut per miseriam quemcumque defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 intelligamus. Defectus autem non tolluntur, nisi per alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 bonitatis perfectionem, prima autem origo bonitatis Deus est, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 supra ostensum est. Sed considerandum est quod elargiri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 perfectiones rebus, pertinet quidem et ad bonitatem divinam, et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 iustitiam, et ad liberalitatem, et misericordiam, tamen secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 aliam et aliam rationem. Communicatio enim perfectionum, absolute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 considerata, pertinet ad bonitatem, ut supra ostensum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 inquantum perfectiones rebus a Deo dantur secundum earum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 proportionem, pertinet ad iustitiam, ut dictum est supra. Inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 vero non attribuit rebus perfectiones propter utilitatem suam, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 solum propter suam bonitatem, pertinet ad liberalitatem. Inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 vero perfectiones datae rebus a Deo, omnem defectum expellunt,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3038 pertinet ad misericordiam.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29345"><span class="ref">[29345] Iª q. 21 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum igitur
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de misericordia, quantum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3040 passionis affectum.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29346"><span class="ref">[29346] Iª q. 21 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 dicendum quod Deus misericorditer agit, non quidem contra iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 suam faciendo, sed aliquid supra iustitiam operando, sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 alicui cui debentur centum denarii, aliquis ducentos det de suo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 tamen non contra iustitiam facit, sed liberaliter vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 misericorditer operatur. Et similiter si aliquis offensam in se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 commissam remittat. Qui enim aliquid remittit, quodammodo donat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 illud, unde apostolus remissionem donationem vocat, Ephes. V,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 <i>donate invicem, sicut et Christus vobis donavit</i>. Ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 patet quod misericordia non tollit iustitiam, sed est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 iustitiae plenitudo. Unde dicitur Iac. II, quod <i>misericordia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3051 superexaltat iudicium</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 21 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="29347"><span class="ref">[29347] Iª q. 21 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 proceditur. Videtur quod non in omnibus Dei operibus sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 misericordia et iustitia. Quaedam enim opera Dei attribuuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 misericordiae, ut iustificatio impii, quaedam vero iustitiae, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 damnatio impiorum. Unde dicitur Iac. II, <i>iudicium sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 misericordia fiet ei qui non fecerit misericordiam</i>. Non ergo in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3057 omni opere Dei apparet misericordia et iustitia.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="29348"><span class="ref">[29348] Iª q. 21 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 apostolus, ad Rom. XV, conversionem Iudaeorum attribuit iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 et veritati; conversionem autem gentium, misericordiae. Ergo non in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3060 quolibet opere Dei est iustitia et misericordia.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="29349"><span class="ref">[29349] Iª q. 21 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, multi
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 iusti in hoc mundo affliguntur. Hoc autem est iniustum. Non ergo in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3062 omni opere Dei est iustitia et misericordia.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="29350"><span class="ref">[29350] Iª q. 21 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 iustitiae est reddere debitum, misericordiae autem sublevare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 miseriam, et sic tam iustitia quam misericordia aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 praesupponit in suo opere. Sed creatio nihil praesupponit. Ergo in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3066 creatione neque misericordia est, neque iustitia.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 4 s. c."><a name="29351"><span class="ref">[29351] Iª q. 21 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 quod dicitur in Psalmo XXIV, <i>omnes viae domini misericordia et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3068 veritas</i>.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 4 co."><a name="29352"><span class="ref">[29352] Iª q. 21 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 quod necesse est quod in quolibet opere Dei misericordia et veritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 inveniantur; si tamen misericordia pro remotione cuiuscumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 defectus accipiatur; quamvis non omnis defectus proprie possit dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 miseria, sed solum defectus rationalis naturae, quam contingit esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 felicem; nam miseria felicitati opponitur. Huius autem necessitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 ratio est, quia, cum debitum quod ex divina iustitia redditur, sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 vel debitum Deo, vel debitum alicui creaturae, neutrum potest in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 aliquo opere Dei praetermitti. Non enim potest facere aliquid Deus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 quod non sit conveniens sapientiae et bonitati ipsius; secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 quem modum diximus aliquid esse debitum Deo. Similiter etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 quidquid in rebus creatis facit, secundum convenientem ordinem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 proportionem facit; in quo consistit ratio iustitiae. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 oportet in omni opere Dei esse iustitiam. Opus autem divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 iustitiae semper praesupponit opus misericordiae, et in eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 fundatur. Creaturae enim non debetur aliquid, nisi propter aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 in eo praeexistens, vel praeconsideratum, et rursus, si illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 creaturae debetur, hoc erit propter aliquid prius. Et cum non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 procedere in infinitum, oportet devenire ad aliquid quod ex sola
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 bonitate divinae voluntatis dependeat, quae est ultimus finis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 Utpote si dicamus quod habere manus debitum est homini propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 animam rationalem; animam vero rationalem habere, ad hoc quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 homo; hominem vero esse, propter divinam bonitatem. Et sic in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 quolibet opere Dei apparet misericordia, quantum ad primam radicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 eius. Cuius virtus salvatur in omnibus consequentibus; et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 vehementius in eis operatur, sicut causa primaria vehementius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 influit quam causa secunda. Et propter hoc etiam ea quae alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 creaturae debentur, Deus, ex abundantia suae bonitatis, largius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 dispensat quam exigat proportio rei. Minus enim est quod sufficeret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 ad conservandum ordinem iustitiae, quam quod divina bonitas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3098 confert, quae omnem proportionem creaturae excedit.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="29353"><span class="ref">[29353] Iª q. 21 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 dicendum quod quaedam opera attribuuntur iustitiae et quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 misericordiae, quia in quibusdam vehementius apparet iustitia, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 quibusdam misericordia. Et tamen in damnatione reproborum apparet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 misericordia, non quidem totaliter relaxans, sed aliqualiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 allevians, dum punit citra condignum. Et in iustificatione impii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3104 apparet iustitia, dum culpas relaxat propter dilectionem, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 tamen ipse misericorditer infundit, sicut de Magdalena legitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 Luc. VII, <i>dimissa sunt ei peccata multa, quoniam dilexit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3107 multum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="29354"><span class="ref">[29354] Iª q. 21 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 dicendum quod iustitia et misericordia Dei apparet in conversione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 Iudaeorum et gentium, sed aliqua ratio iustitiae apparet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 conversione Iudaeorum, quae non apparet in conversione gentium,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3111 sicut quod salvati sunt propter promissiones patribus factas.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="29355"><span class="ref">[29355] Iª q. 21 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 dicendum quod in hoc etiam quod iusti puniuntur in hoc mundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 apparet iustitia et misericordia; inquantum per huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 afflictiones aliqua levia in eis purgantur, et ab affectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 terrenorum in Deum magis eriguntur; secundum illud Gregorii,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 <i>mala quae in hoc mundo nos premunt, ad Deum nos ire
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3117 compellunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 21 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="29356"><span class="ref">[29356] Iª q. 21 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 dicendum quod, licet creationi non praesupponatur aliquid in rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 natura, praesupponitur tamen aliquid in Dei cognitione. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 hoc etiam salvatur ibi ratio iustitiae, inquantum res in esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 producitur, secundum quod convenit divinae sapientiae et bonitati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 Et salvatur quodammodo ratio misericordiae, inquantum res de non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3123 esse in esse mutatur.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q22"><h2>Quaestio 22</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 22 pr."><a name="29357"><span class="ref">[29357]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3124 Iª q. 22 pr.</span></a> Consideratis autem his quae ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 voluntatem absolute pertinent, procedendum est ad ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 respiciunt simul intellectum et voluntatem. Huiusmodi autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 providentia quidem respectu omnium; praedestinatio vero et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 reprobatio, et quae ad haec consequuntur, respectu hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 specialiter, in ordine ad aeternam salutem. Nam et post morales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 virtutes, in scientia morali, consideratur de prudentia, ad quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 providentia pertinere videtur. Circa providentiam autem Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum Deo conveniat providentia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 Secundo, utrum omnia divinae providentiae subsint. Tertio, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 divina providentia immediate sit de omnibus. Quarto, utrum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3135 providentia divina imponat necessitatem rebus provisis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 22 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29358"><span class="ref">[29358] Iª q. 22 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 proceditur. Videtur quod providentia Deo non conveniat. Providentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 enim, secundum Tullium, est pars prudentiae. Prudentia autem, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 sit bene consiliativa, secundum philosophum in VI Ethic., Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 competere non potest, qui nullum dubium habet, unde eum consiliari
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3140 oporteat. Ergo providentia Deo non competit.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29359"><span class="ref">[29359] Iª q. 22 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 quidquid est in Deo, est aeternum. Sed providentia non est aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 aeternum, est enim circa existentia, quae non sunt aeterna,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3143 secundum Damascenum. Ergo providentia non est in Deo.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="29360"><span class="ref">[29360] Iª q. 22 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 nullum compositum est in Deo. Sed providentia videtur esse aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 compositum, quia includit in se voluntatem et intellectum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3146 providentia non est in Deo.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29361"><span class="ref">[29361] Iª q. 22 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 quod dicitur Sap. XIV, <i>tu autem, pater, gubernas omnia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3148 providentia</i>.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 1 co."><a name="29362"><span class="ref">[29362] Iª q. 22 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 quod necesse est ponere providentiam in Deo. Omne enim bonum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 est in rebus, a Deo creatum est, ut supra ostensum est. In rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 autem invenitur bonum, non solum quantum ad substantiam rerum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 etiam quantum ad ordinem earum in finem, et praecipue in finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 ultimum, qui est bonitas divina, ut supra habitum est. Hoc igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 bonum ordinis in rebus creatis existens, a Deo creatum est. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 autem Deus sit causa rerum per suum intellectum, et sic cuiuslibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 sui effectus oportet rationem in ipso praeexistere, ut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 superioribus patet; necesse est quod ratio ordinis rerum in finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 in mente divina praeexistat. Ratio autem ordinandorum in finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 proprie providentia est. Est enim principalis pars prudentiae, ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 quam aliae duae partes ordinantur, scilicet memoria praeteritorum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 et intelligentia praesentium; prout ex praeteritis memoratis, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 praesentibus intellectis, coniectamus de futuris providendis.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 Prudentiae autem proprium est, secundum philosophum in VI Ethic.,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 ordinare alia in finem; sive respectu sui ipsius, sicut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 homo prudens, qui bene ordinat actus suos ad finem vitae suae; sive
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 respectu aliorum sibi subiectorum in familia vel civitate vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 regno, secundum quem modum dicitur Matt. XXIV, <i>fidelis servus et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 prudens, quem constituit dominus super familiam suam</i>. Secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 quem modum prudentia vel providentia Deo convenire potest, nam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 ipso Deo nihil est in finem ordinabile, cum ipse sit finis ultimus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 Ipsa igitur ratio ordinis rerum in finem, providentia in Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 nominatur. Unde Boetius, IV de Consol., dicit quod <i>providentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 est ipsa divina ratio in summo omnium principe constituta, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 cuncta disponit</i>. Dispositio autem potest dici tam ratio ordinis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3175 rerum in finem, quam ratio ordinis partium in toto.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29363"><span class="ref">[29363] Iª q. 22 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum in VI Ethic., prudentia proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 est praeceptiva eorum, de quibus eubulia recte consiliatur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 synesis recte iudicat. Unde, licet consiliari non competat Deo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 secundum quod consilium est inquisitio de rebus dubiis; tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 praecipere de ordinandis in finem, quorum rectam rationem habet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 competit Deo, secundum illud Psalmi, <i>praeceptum posuit, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 praeteribit</i>. Et secundum hoc competit Deo ratio prudentiae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 providentiae. Quamvis etiam dici possit, quod ipsa ratio rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 agendarum consilium in Deo dicitur; non propter inquisitionem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3185 propter certitudinem cognitionis, ad quam consiliantes inquirendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 perveniunt. Unde dicitur Ephes. I, <i>qui operatur omnia secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3187 consilium voluntatis suae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29364"><span class="ref">[29364] Iª q. 22 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 dicendum quod ad curam duo pertinent, scilicet ratio ordinis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 dicitur providentia et dispositio; et executio ordinis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 dicitur gubernatio. Quorum primum est aeternum, secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3191 temporale.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="29365"><span class="ref">[29365] Iª q. 22 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 dicendum quod providentia est in intellectu, sed praesupponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 voluntatem finis, nullus enim praecipit de agendis propter finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 nisi velit finem. Unde et prudentia praesupponit virtutes morales,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 per quas appetitus se habet ad bonum, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 tamen si providentia ex aequali respiceret voluntatem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 intellectum divinum, hoc esset absque detrimento divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 simplicitatis; cum voluntas et intellectus in Deo sint idem, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3199 supra dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 22 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29366"><span class="ref">[29366] Iª q. 22 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 proceditur. Videtur quod non omnia sint subiecta divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 providentiae. Nullum enim provisum est fortuitum. Si ergo omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 sunt provisa a Deo, nihil erit fortuitum, et sic perit casus et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3203 fortuna. Quod est contra communem opinionem.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29367"><span class="ref">[29367] Iª q. 22 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omnis
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 sapiens provisor excludit defectum et malum, quantum potest, ab his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 quorum curam gerit. Videmus autem multa mala in rebus esse. Aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 igitur Deus non potest ea impedire, et sic non est omnipotens, aut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3207 non de omnibus curam habet.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="29368"><span class="ref">[29368] Iª q. 22 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, quae
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 ex necessitate eveniunt, providentiam seu prudentiam non requirunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 unde, secundum philosophum in VI Ethic., prudentia est recta ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 contingentium, de quibus est consilium et electio. Cum igitur multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 in rebus ex necessitate eveniant, non omnia providentiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3212 subduntur.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="29369"><span class="ref">[29369] Iª q. 22 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3213 quicumque dimittitur sibi, non subest providentiae alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 gubernantis. Sed homines sibi ipsis dimittuntur a Deo, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 illud Eccli. XV, <i>Deus ab initio constituit hominem, et reliquit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 eum in manu consilii sui</i>; et specialiter mali, secundum illud,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 <i>dimisit illos secundum desideria cordis eorum</i>. Non igitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3218 omnia divinae providentiae subsunt.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="29370"><span class="ref">[29370] Iª q. 22 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 apostolus, I Cor. IX, dicit quod <i>non est Deo cura de bobus</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 et eadem ratione, de aliis creaturis irrationalibus. Non igitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3221 omnia subsunt divinae providentiae.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29371"><span class="ref">[29371] Iª q. 22 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 quod dicitur Sap. VIII, de divina sapientia, quod <i>attingit a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3223 fine usque ad finem fortiter, et disponit omnia suaviter</i>.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 2 co."><a name="29372"><span class="ref">[29372] Iª q. 22 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 quod quidam totaliter providentiam negaverunt, sicut Democritus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3225 Epicurei, ponentes mundum factum esse casu. Quidam vero posuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 incorruptibilia tantum providentiae subiacere; corruptibilia vero,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 non secundum individua, sed secundum species; sic enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 incorruptibilia sunt. Ex quorum persona dicitur Iob XXII, <i>nubes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 latibulum eius, et circa cardines caeli perambulat, neque nostra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3230 considerat</i>. A corruptibilium autem generalitate excepit Rabbi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 Moyses homines, propter splendorem intellectus, quem participant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 in aliis autem individuis corruptibilibus, aliorum opinionem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 secutus. Sed necesse est dicere omnia divinae providentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 subiacere, non in universali tantum, sed etiam in singulari. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 sic patet. Cum enim omne agens agat propter finem, tantum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 extendit ordinatio effectuum in finem, quantum se extendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 causalitas primi agentis. Ex hoc enim contingit in operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 alicuius agentis aliquid provenire non ad finem ordinatum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 effectus ille consequitur ex aliqua alia causa, praeter intentionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 agentis. Causalitas autem Dei, qui est primum agens, se extendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 usque ad omnia entia, non solum quantum ad principia speciei, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 etiam quantum ad individualia principia, non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 incorruptibilium, sed etiam corruptibilium. Unde necesse est omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3244 quae habent quocumque modo esse, ordinata esse a Deo in finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 secundum illud apostoli, ad Rom. XIII, <i>quae a Deo sunt, ordinata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 sunt</i>. Cum ergo nihil aliud sit Dei providentia quam ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 ordinis rerum in finem, ut dictum est, necesse est omnia, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 participant esse, intantum subdi divinae providentiae. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 etiam supra ostensum est quod Deus omnia cognoscit, et universalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 et particularia. Et cum cognitio eius comparetur ad res sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 cognitio artis ad artificiata, ut supra dictum est, necesse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 quod omnia supponantur suo ordini, sicut omnia artificiata
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3253 subduntur ordini artis.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="29373"><span class="ref">[29373] Iª q. 22 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 dicendum quod aliter est de causa universali, et de causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 particulari. Ordinem enim causae particularis aliquid potest exire,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 non autem ordinem causae universalis. Non enim subducitur aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 ab ordine causae particularis, nisi per aliquam aliam causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 particularem impedientem, sicut lignum impeditur a combustione per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 actionem aquae. Unde, cum omnes causae particulares concludantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 sub universali causa, impossibile est aliquem effectum ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 causae universalis effugere. Inquantum igitur aliquis effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 ordinem alicuius causae particularis effugit, dicitur esse casuale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 vel fortuitum, respectu causae particularis, sed respectu causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 universalis, a cuius ordine subtrahi non potest, dicitur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 provisum. Sicut et concursus duorum servorum, licet sit casualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 quantum ad eos, est tamen provisus a domino, qui eos scienter sic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3267 ad unum locum mittit, ut unus de alio nesciat.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="29374"><span class="ref">[29374] Iª q. 22 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 dicendum quod aliter de eo est qui habet curam alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 particularis, et de provisore universali. Quia provisor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 particularis excludit defectum ab eo quod eius curae subditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 quantum potest, sed provisor universalis permittit aliquem defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 in aliquo particulari accidere, ne impediatur bonum totius. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3273 corruptiones et defectus in rebus naturalibus, dicuntur esse contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 naturam particularem; sed tamen sunt de intentione naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 universalis, inquantum defectus unius cedit in bonum alterius, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 etiam totius universi; nam corruptio unius est generatio alterius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3277 per quam species conservatur. Cum igitur Deus sit universalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 provisor totius entis, ad ipsius providentiam pertinet ut permittat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 quosdam defectus esse in aliquibus particularibus rebus, ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 impediatur bonum universi perfectum. Si enim omnia mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 impedirentur, multa bona deessent universo, non enim esset vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 leonis, si non esset occisio animalium; nec esset patientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 martyrum, si non esset persecutio tyrannorum. Unde dicit Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 in Enchirid. <i>Deus omnipotens nullo modo sineret malum aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 esse in operibus suis, nisi usque adeo esset omnipotens et bonus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 ut bene faceret etiam de malo</i>. Ex his autem duabus rationibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 quas nunc solvimus, videntur moti fuisse, qui divinae providentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 subtraxerunt corruptibilia, in quibus inveniuntur casualia et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3289 mala.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="29375"><span class="ref">[29375] Iª q. 22 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 dicendum quod homo non est institutor naturae, sed utitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 operibus artis et virtutis, ad suum usum, rebus naturalibus. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 providentia humana non se extendit ad necessaria, quae ex natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 proveniunt. Ad quae tamen se extendit providentia Dei, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 auctor naturae. Et ex hac ratione videntur moti fuisse, qui cursum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 rerum naturalium subtraxerunt divinae providentiae, attribuentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 ipsum necessitati materiae; ut Democritus, et alii naturales
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3297 antiqui.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="29376"><span class="ref">[29376] Iª q. 22 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 dicendum quod in hoc quod dicitur Deum hominem sibi reliquisse, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 excluditur homo a divina providentia, sed ostenditur quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 praefigitur ei virtus operativa determinata ad unum, sicut rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 naturalibus; quae aguntur tantum, quasi ab altero directae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 finem, non autem seipsa agunt, quasi se dirigentia in finem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 creaturae rationales per liberum arbitrium, quo consiliantur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 eligunt. Unde signanter dicit, <i>in manu consilii sui</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 quia ipse actus liberi arbitrii reducitur in Deum sicut in causam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 necesse est ut ea quae ex libero arbitrio fiunt, divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 providentiae subdantur, providentia enim hominis continetur sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 providentia Dei, sicut causa particularis sub causa universali.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 Hominum autem iustorum quodam excellentiori modo Deus habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 providentiam quam impiorum, inquantum non permittit contra eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 evenire aliquid, quod finaliter impediat salutem eorum, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3312 <i>diligentibus Deum omnia cooperantur in bonum</i>, ut dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 Rom. VIII. Sed ex hoc ipso quod impios non retrahit a malo culpae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 dicitur eos dimittere. Non tamen ita, quod totaliter ab eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 providentia excludantur, alioquin in nihilum deciderent, nisi per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 eius providentiam conservarentur. Et ex hac ratione videtur motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 fuisse Tullius, qui res humanas, de quibus consiliamur, divinae
53
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diff changeset
3318 providentiae subtraxit.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="29377"><span class="ref">[29377] Iª q. 22 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 dicendum quod, quia creatura rationalis habet per liberum arbitrium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 dominium sui actus, ut dictum est, speciali quodam modo subditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 divinae providentiae; ut scilicet ei imputetur aliquid ad culpam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 vel ad meritum, et reddatur ei aliquid ut poena vel praemium. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 quantum ad hoc curam Dei apostolus a bobus removet. Non tamen ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 quod individua irrationalium creaturarum ad Dei providentiam non
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3325 pertineant, ut Rabbi Moyses existimavit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 22 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29378"><span class="ref">[29378] Iª q. 22 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non immediate omnibus provideat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 Quidquid enim est dignitatis, Deo est attribuendum. Sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 dignitatem alicuius regis pertinet, quod habeat ministros, quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 mediantibus subditis provideat. Ergo multo magis Deus non immediate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3330 omnibus providet.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29379"><span class="ref">[29379] Iª q. 22 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 providentiam pertinet res in finem ordinare. Finis autem cuiuslibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 rei est eius perfectio et bonum. Ad quamlibet autem causam pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 effectum suum perducere ad bonum. Quaelibet igitur causa agens est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 causa effectus providentiae. Si igitur Deus omnibus immediate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3335 providet, subtrahuntur omnes causae secundae.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="29380"><span class="ref">[29380] Iª q. 22 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod <i>melius est quaedam nescire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 quam scire, ut vilia</i>, et idem dicit philosophus, in XII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 Metaphys. Sed omne quod est melius, Deo est attribuendum. Ergo Deus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3339 non habet immediate providentiam quorundam vilium et malorum.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29381"><span class="ref">[29381] Iª q. 22 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 quod dicitur Iob XXXIV, <i>quem constituit alium super terram? Aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 quem posuit super orbem quem fabricatus est?</i> Super quo dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 Gregorius, <i>mundum per seipsum regit, quem per seipsum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3343 condidit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 3 co."><a name="29382"><span class="ref">[29382] Iª q. 22 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 quod ad providentiam duo pertinent, scilicet ratio ordinis rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 provisarum in finem; et executio huius ordinis, quae gubernatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3346 dicitur. Quantum igitur ad primum horum, Deus immediate omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 providet. Quia in suo intellectu habet rationem omnium, etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 minimorum, et quascumque causas aliquibus effectibus praefecit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 dedit eis virtutem ad illos effectus producendos. Unde oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 ordinem illorum effectuum in sua ratione praehabuerit. Quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 autem ad secundum, sunt aliqua media divinae providentiae. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 inferiora gubernat per superiora; non propter defectum suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 virtutis, sed propter abundantiam suae bonitatis, ut dignitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 causalitatis etiam creaturis communicet. Et secundum hoc excluditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 opinio Platonis, quam narrat Gregorius Nyssenus, triplicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 providentiam ponentis. Quarum prima est summi Dei, qui primo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 principaliter providet rebus spiritualibus; et consequenter toti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 mundo, quantum ad genera, species et causas universales. Secunda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 vero providentia est, qua providetur singularibus generabilium et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 corruptibilium, et hanc attribuit diis qui circumeunt caelos, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 substantiis separatis, quae movent corpora caelestia circulariter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 Tertia vero providentia est rerum humanarum, quam attribuebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 Daemonibus, quos Platonici ponebant medios inter nos et deos, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3364 narrat Augustinus IX de Civ. Dei.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29383"><span class="ref">[29383] Iª q. 22 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 dicendum quod habere ministros executores suae providentiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 pertinet ad dignitatem regis, sed quod non habeat rationem eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 quae per eos agenda sunt, est ex defectu ipsius. Omnis enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 scientia operativa tanto perfectior est, quanto magis particularia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3369 considerat, in quibus est actus.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29384"><span class="ref">[29384] Iª q. 22 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 dicendum quod per hoc quod Deus habet immediate providentiam de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 rebus omnibus, non excluduntur causae secundae, quae sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3372 executrices huius ordinis, ut ex supra dictis patet.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="29385"><span class="ref">[29385] Iª q. 22 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 dicendum quod nobis melius est non cognoscere mala et vilia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 inquantum per ea impedimur a consideratione meliorum, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 possumus simul multa intelligere, et inquantum cogitatio malorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 pervertit interdum voluntatem in malum. Sed hoc non habet locum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 Deo, qui simul omnia uno intuitu videt, et cuius voluntas ad malum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3378 flecti non potest.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 22 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="29386"><span class="ref">[29386] Iª q. 22 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 proceditur. Videtur quod divina providentia necessitatem rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 provisis imponat. Omnis enim effectus qui habet aliquam causam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 se, quae iam est vel fuit, ad quam de necessitate sequitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 provenit ex necessitate, ut philosophus probat in VI Metaphys. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3383 providentia Dei, cum sit aeterna, praeexistit; et ad eam sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 effectus de necessitate; non enim potest divina providentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 frustrari. Ergo providentia divina necessitatem rebus provisis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3386 imponit.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="29387"><span class="ref">[29387] Iª q. 22 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 unusquisque provisor stabilit opus suum quantum potest, ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 deficiat. Sed Deus est summe potens. Ergo necessitatis firmitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3389 rebus a se provisis tribuit.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="29388"><span class="ref">[29388] Iª q. 22 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 Boetius dicit, IV de Consol., quod fatum, <i>ab immobilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 providentiae proficiscens exordiis, actus fortunasque hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 indissolubili causarum connexione constringit</i>. Videtur ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3393 quod providentia necessitatem rebus provisis imponat.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 4 s. c."><a name="29389"><span class="ref">[29389] Iª q. 22 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 quod dicit Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>corrumpere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 naturam non est providentiae</i>. Hoc autem habet quarundam rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 natura, quod sint contingentia. Non igitur divina providentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3397 necessitatem rebus imponit, contingentiam excludens.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 4 co."><a name="29390"><span class="ref">[29390] Iª q. 22 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 quod providentia divina quibusdam rebus necessitatem imponit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 autem omnibus, ut quidam crediderunt. Ad providentiam enim pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 ordinare res in finem. Post bonitatem autem divinam, quae est finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 a rebus separatus, principale bonum in ipsis rebus existens, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 perfectio universi, quae quidem non esset, si non omnes gradus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 essendi invenirentur in rebus. Unde ad divinam providentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 pertinet omnes gradus entium producere. Et ideo quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 effectibus praeparavit causas necessarias, ut necessario evenirent;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 quibusdam vero causas contingentes, ut evenirent contingenter,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3407 secundum conditionem proximarum causarum.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="29391"><span class="ref">[29391] Iª q. 22 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 dicendum quod effectus divinae providentiae non solum est aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 evenire quocumque modo; sed aliquid evenire vel contingenter vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 necessario. Et ideo evenit infallibiliter et necessario, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3411 divina providentia disponit evenire infallibiliter et necessario,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 et evenit contingenter, quod divinae providentiae ratio habet ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3413 contingenter eveniat.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="29392"><span class="ref">[29392] Iª q. 22 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 dicendum quod in hoc est immobilis et certus divinae providentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 ordo, quod ea quae ab ipso providentur, cuncta eveniunt eo modo quo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3416 ipse providet, sive necessario sive contingenter.</p><p title="I q. 22 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="29393"><span class="ref">[29393] Iª q. 22 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 dicendum quod indissolubilitas illa et immutabilitas quam Boetius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 tangit, pertinet ad certitudinem providentiae, quae non deficit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 suo effectu, neque a modo eveniendi quem providit, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 pertinet ad necessitatem effectuum. Et considerandum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3421 necessarium et contingens proprie consequuntur ens, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 huiusmodi. Unde modus contingentiae et necessitatis cadit sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 provisione Dei, qui est universalis provisor totius entis, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3424 autem sub provisione aliquorum particularium provisorum.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q23"><h2>Quaestio 23</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 23 pr."><a name="29394"><span class="ref">[29394]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3425 Iª q. 23 pr.</span></a> Post considerationem divinae
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 providentiae, agendum est de praedestinatione, et de libro vitae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 Et circa praedestinationem quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 conveniat praedestinatio. Secundo, quid sit praedestinatio; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 utrum ponat aliquid in praedestinato. Tertio, utrum Deo competat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 reprobatio aliquorum hominum. Quarto, de comparatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 praedestinationis ad electionem; utrum scilicet praedestinati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3432 eligantur. Quinto, utrum merita sint causa vel ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 praedestinationis, vel reprobationis, aut electionis. Sexto, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 certitudine praedestinationis; utrum scilicet praedestinati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 infallibiliter salventur. Septimo, utrum numerus praedestinatorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 sit certus. Octavo, utrum praedestinatio possit iuvari precibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3437 sanctorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 23 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29395"><span class="ref">[29395] Iª q. 23 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 proceditur. Videtur quod homines non praedestinentur a Deo. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 enim Damascenus, in II libro, <i>oportet cognoscere quod omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 quidem praecognoscit Deus, non autem omnia praedeterminat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 Praecognoscit enim ea quae in nobis sunt; non autem praedeterminat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 ea</i>. Sed merita et demerita humana sunt in nobis, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 sumus nostrorum actuum domini per liberum arbitrium. Ea ergo quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 pertinent ad meritum vel demeritum, non praedestinantur a Deo. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3445 sic hominum praedestinatio tollitur.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29396"><span class="ref">[29396] Iª q. 23 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omnes
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 creaturae ordinantur ad suos fines per divinam providentiam, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 supra dictum est. Sed aliae creaturae non dicuntur praedestinari a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3448 Deo. Ergo nec homines.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="29397"><span class="ref">[29397] Iª q. 23 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 Angeli sunt capaces beatitudinis, sicut et homines. Sed Angelis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 competit praedestinari, ut videtur, cum in eis nunquam fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 miseria; praedestinatio autem est propositum miserendi, ut dicit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3452 Augustinus. Ergo homines non praedestinantur.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="29398"><span class="ref">[29398] Iª q. 23 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 beneficia hominibus a Deo collata, per spiritum sanctum viris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 sanctis revelantur, secundum illud apostoli, I Cor. II, <i>nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 autem non spiritum huius mundi accepimus, sed spiritum qui ex Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 est, ut sciamus quae a Deo donata sunt nobis</i>. Si ergo homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 praedestinarentur a Deo, cum praedestinatio sit Dei beneficium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 esset praedestinatis nota sua praedestinatio. Quod patet esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3459 falsum.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29399"><span class="ref">[29399] Iª q. 23 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 quod dicitur Rom. VIII, <i>quos praedestinavit, hos et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3461 vocavit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 1 co."><a name="29400"><span class="ref">[29400] Iª q. 23 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 quod Deo conveniens est homines praedestinare. Omnia enim divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 providentiae subiacent, ut supra ostensum est. Ad providentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 autem pertinet res in finem ordinare, ut dictum est. Finis autem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 quem res creatae ordinantur a Deo, est duplex. Unus, qui excedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 proportionem naturae creatae et facultatem, et hic finis est vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 aeterna, quae in divina visione consistit, quae est supra naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 cuiuslibet creaturae, ut supra habitum est. Alius autem finis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 naturae creatae proportionatus, quem scilicet res creata potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 attingere secundum virtutem suae naturae. Ad illud autem ad quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 non potest aliquid virtute suae naturae pervenire, oportet quod ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3472 alio transmittatur; sicut sagitta a sagittante mittitur ad signum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 Unde, proprie loquendo, rationalis creatura, quae est capax vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 aeternae, perducitur in ipsam quasi a Deo transmissa. Cuius quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 transmissionis ratio in Deo praeexistit; sicut et in eo est ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 ordinis omnium in finem, quam diximus esse providentiam. Ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 autem alicuius fiendi in mente actoris existens, est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 praeexistentia rei fiendae in eo. Unde ratio praedictae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 transmissionis creaturae rationalis in finem vitae aeternae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 praedestinatio nominatur, nam destinare est mittere. Et sic patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 quod praedestinatio, quantum ad obiecta, est quaedam pars
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3482 providentiae.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29401"><span class="ref">[29401] Iª q. 23 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 dicendum quod Damascenus nominat praedeterminationem impositionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 necessitatis; sicut est in rebus naturalibus, quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 praedeterminatae ad unum. Quod patet ex eo quod subdit, <i>non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 vult malitiam, neque compellit virtutem</i>. Unde praedestinatio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3487 non excluditur.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29402"><span class="ref">[29402] Iª q. 23 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3488 dicendum quod creaturae irrationales non sunt capaces illius finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 qui facultatem humanae naturae excedit. Unde non proprie dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3490 praedestinari, etsi aliquando abusive praedestinatio nominetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3491 respectu cuiuscumque alterius finis.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="29403"><span class="ref">[29403] Iª q. 23 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 dicendum quod praedestinari convenit Angelis, sicut et hominibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 licet nunquam fuerint miseri. Nam motus non accipit speciem a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 termino a quo, sed a termino ad quem, nihil enim refert, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3495 rationem dealbationis, utrum ille qui dealbatur, fuerit niger aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 pallidus vel rubeus. Et similiter nihil refert ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3497 praedestinationis, utrum aliquis praedestinetur in vitam aeternam a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 statu miseriae, vel non. Quamvis dici possit quod omnis collatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 boni supra debitum eius cui confertur, ad misericordiam pertineat,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3500 ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="29404"><span class="ref">[29404] Iª q. 23 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 dicendum quod, etiam si aliquibus ex speciali privilegio sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3502 praedestinatio reveletur, non tamen convenit ut reveletur omnibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 quia sic illi qui non sunt praedestinati, desperarent; et securitas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3504 in praedestinatis negligentiam pareret.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 23 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29405"><span class="ref">[29405] Iª q. 23 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 proceditur. Videtur quod praedestinatio ponat aliquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 praedestinato. Omnis enim actio ex se passionem infert. Si ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 praedestinatio actio est in Deo, oportet quod praedestinatio passio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3508 sit in praedestinatis.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29406"><span class="ref">[29406] Iª q. 23 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 Origenes dicit, super illud Rom. I, <i>qui praedestinatus est etc.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 praedestinatio est eius qui non est, sed destinatio eius est qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 est</i>. Sed Augustinus dicit, in libro de praedestinatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 sanctorum, <i>quid est praedestinatio, nisi destinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 alicuius?</i> Ergo praedestinatio non est nisi alicuius existentis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3514 Et ita ponit aliquid in praedestinato.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="29407"><span class="ref">[29407] Iª q. 23 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3515 praeparatio est aliquid in praeparato. Sed praedestinatio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 praeparatio beneficiorum Dei, ut dicit Augustinus, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 Praedest. Sanct. Ergo praedestinatio est aliquid in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3518 praedestinatis.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="29408"><span class="ref">[29408] Iª q. 23 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3519 temporale non ponitur in definitione aeterni. Sed gratia, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 aliquid temporale, ponitur in definitione praedestinationis, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 praedestinatio dicitur esse <i>praeparatio gratiae in praesenti, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 gloriae in futuro</i>. Ergo praedestinatio non est aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 aeternum. Et ita oportet quod non sit in Deo, sed in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3524 praedestinatis, nam quidquid est in Deo, est aeternum.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29409"><span class="ref">[29409] Iª q. 23 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 quod Augustinus dicit, quod praedestinatio est praescientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 beneficiorum Dei. Sed praescientia non est in praescitis, sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 praesciente. Ergo nec praedestinatio est in praedestinatis, sed in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3528 praedestinante.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 2 co."><a name="29410"><span class="ref">[29410] Iª q. 23 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 quod praedestinatio non est aliquid in praedestinatis, sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 praedestinante tantum. Dictum est enim quod praedestinatio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3531 quaedam pars providentiae providentia autem non est in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 provisis; sed est quaedam ratio in intellectu provisoris, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 dictum est. Sed executio providentiae, quae gubernatio dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 passive quidem est in gubernatis; active autem est in gubernante.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 Unde manifestum est quod praedestinatio est quaedam ratio ordinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 aliquorum in salutem aeternam, in mente divina existens. Executio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 autem huius ordinis est passive quidem in praedestinatis; active
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 autem est in Deo. Est autem executio praedestinationis vocatio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3539 magnificatio, secundum illud apostoli, ad Rom. VIII, <i>quos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 praedestinavit, hos et vocavit; et quos vocavit, hos et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3541 magnificavit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="29411"><span class="ref">[29411] Iª q. 23 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 dicendum quod actiones in exteriorem materiam transeuntes, inferunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 ex se passionem, ut calefactio et secatio, non autem actiones in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 agente manentes, ut sunt intelligere et velle, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 Et talis actio est praedestinatio. Unde praedestinatio non ponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 aliquid in praedestinato. Sed executio eius, quae transit in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3547 exteriores res, ponit in eis aliquem effectum.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="29412"><span class="ref">[29412] Iª q. 23 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 dicendum quod destinatio aliquando sumitur pro reali missione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 alicuius ad aliquem terminum, et sic destinatio non est nisi eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 quod est. Alio modo sumitur destinatio pro missione quam aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 mente concipit, secundum quod dicimur destinare, quod mente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 firmiter proponimus, et hoc secundo modo dicitur II Machab. cap.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 VI, <i>Eleazarus destinavit non admittere illicita propter vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 amorem</i>. Et sic destinatio potest esse eius quod non est. Tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 praedestinatio, ratione antecessionis quam importat, potest esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3556 eius quod non est, qualitercumque destinatio sumatur.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="29413"><span class="ref">[29413] Iª q. 23 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3557 dicendum quod duplex est praeparatio. Quaedam patientis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 patiatur, et haec praeparatio est in praeparato. Quaedam alia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 agentis, ut agat, et haec est in agente. Et talis praeparatio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 praedestinatio; prout aliquod agens per intellectum dicitur se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 praeparare ad agendum, inquantum praeconcipit rationem operis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 fiendi. Et sic Deus ab aeterno praeparavit praedestinando,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3563 concipiens rationem ordinis aliquorum in salutem.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="29414"><span class="ref">[29414] Iª q. 23 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 dicendum quod gratia non ponitur in definitione praedestinationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 quasi aliquid existens de essentia eius, sed inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3566 praedestinatio importat respectum ad gratiam, ut causae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 effectum, et actus ad obiectum. Unde non sequitur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3568 praedestinatio sit aliquid temporale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 23 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29415"><span class="ref">[29415] Iª q. 23 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus nullum hominem reprobet. Nullus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 reprobat quem diligit. Sed Deus omnem hominem diligit, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 illud Sap. XI, <i>diligis omnia quae sunt, et nihil odisti eorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3572 quae fecisti</i>. Ergo Deus nullum hominem reprobat.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29416"><span class="ref">[29416] Iª q. 23 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 Deus aliquem hominem reprobat, oportet quod sic se habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 reprobatio ad reprobatos, sicut praedestinatio ad praedestinatos.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 Sed praedestinatio est causa salutis praedestinatorum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 reprobatio erit causa perditionis reproborum. Hoc autem est falsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3577 dicitur enim Osee XIII, <i>perditio tua, Israel, ex te est;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 tantummodo ex me auxilium tuum</i>. Non ergo Deus aliquem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3579 reprobat.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="29417"><span class="ref">[29417] Iª q. 23 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, nulli
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 debet imputari quod vitare non potest. Sed si Deus aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 reprobat, non potest vitare quin ipse pereat, dicitur enim Eccle.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 VII, <i>considera opera Dei, quod nemo possit corrigere quem ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3583 despexerit</i>. Ergo non esset hominibus imputandum quod pereunt.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3584 Hoc autem est falsum. Non ergo Deus aliquem reprobat.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29418"><span class="ref">[29418] Iª q. 23 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 quod dicitur Malach. I, <i>Iacob dilexi, Esau autem odio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3586 habui</i>.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 3 co."><a name="29419"><span class="ref">[29419] Iª q. 23 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 quod Deus aliquos reprobat. Dictum enim est supra quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 praedestinatio est pars providentiae. Ad providentiam autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 pertinet permittere aliquem defectum in rebus quae providentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 subduntur, ut supra dictum est. Unde, cum per divinam providentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 homines in vitam aeternam ordinentur, pertinet etiam ad divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 providentiam, ut permittat aliquos ab isto fine deficere. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 dicitur reprobare. Sic igitur, sicut praedestinatio est pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 providentiae respectu eorum qui divinitus ordinantur in aeternam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 salutem; ita reprobatio est pars providentiae respectu illorum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 ab hoc fine decidunt. Unde reprobatio non nominat praescientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 tantum, sed aliquid addit secundum rationem, sicut et providentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 ut supra dictum est. Sicut enim praedestinatio includit voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 conferendi gratiam et gloriam, ita reprobatio includit voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 permittendi aliquem cadere in culpam, et inferendi damnationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3601 poenam pro culpa.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29420"><span class="ref">[29420] Iª q. 23 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 dicendum quod Deus omnes homines diligit, et etiam omnes creaturas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 inquantum omnibus vult aliquod bonum, non tamen quodcumque bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 vult omnibus. Inquantum igitur quibusdam non vult hoc bonum quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3605 est vita aeterna, dicitur eos habere odio, vel reprobare.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29421"><span class="ref">[29421] Iª q. 23 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 dicendum quod aliter se habet reprobatio in causando, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 praedestinatio. Nam praedestinatio est causa et eius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 expectatur in futura vita a praedestinatis, scilicet gloriae; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 eius quod percipitur in praesenti, scilicet gratiae. Reprobatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 vero non est causa eius quod est in praesenti, scilicet culpae; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 est causa derelictionis a Deo. Est tamen causa eius quod redditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 in futuro, scilicet poenae aeternae. Sed culpa provenit ex libero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 arbitrio eius qui reprobatur et a gratia deseritur. Et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 verificatur dictum prophetae, scilicet, <i>perditio tua, Israel, ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3615 te</i>.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="29422"><span class="ref">[29422] Iª q. 23 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 dicendum quod reprobatio Dei non subtrahit aliquid de potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 reprobati. Unde, cum dicitur quod reprobatus non potest gratiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3618 adipisci, non est hoc intelligendum secundum impossibilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 absolutam, sed secundum impossibilitatem conditionatam, sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3620 dictum est quod praedestinatum necesse est salvari, necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 conditionata, quae non tollit libertatem arbitrii. Unde, licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 aliquis non possit gratiam adipisci qui reprobatur a Deo, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 quod in hoc peccatum vel illud labatur, ex eius libero arbitrio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3624 contingit. Unde et merito sibi imputatur in culpam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 23 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="29423"><span class="ref">[29423] Iª q. 23 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 proceditur. Videtur quod praedestinati non eligantur a Deo. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 enim Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod, sicut sol corporeus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 eligendo omnibus corporibus lumen immittit, ita et Deus suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 bonitatem. Sed bonitas divina communicatur praecipue aliquibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 secundum participationem gratiae et gloriae. Ergo Deus absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 electione gratiam et gloriam communicat. Quod ad praedestinationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3631 pertinet.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="29424"><span class="ref">[29424] Iª q. 23 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3632 electio est eorum quae sunt. Sed praedestinatio ab aeterno est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 etiam eorum quae non sunt. Ergo praedestinantur aliqui absque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3634 electione.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="29425"><span class="ref">[29425] Iª q. 23 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 electio quandam discretionem importat. <i>Sed Deus vult omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 homines salvos fieri</i>, ut dicitur I Tim. II. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 praedestinatio, quae praeordinat homines in salutem, est absque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3638 electione.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 4 s. c."><a name="29426"><span class="ref">[29426] Iª q. 23 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 quod dicitur Ephes. I, <i>elegit nos in ipso ante mundi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3640 constitutionem</i>.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 4 co."><a name="29427"><span class="ref">[29427] Iª q. 23 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 quod praedestinatio, secundum rationem, praesupponit electionem; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 electio dilectionem. Cuius ratio est, quia praedestinatio, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 dictum est, est pars providentiae. Providentia autem, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 prudentia, est ratio in intellectu existens, praeceptiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3645 ordinationis aliquorum in finem, ut supra dictum est. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 praecipitur aliquid ordinandum in finem, nisi praeexistente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 voluntate finis. Unde praedestinatio aliquorum in salutem aeternam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3648 praesupponit, secundum rationem, quod Deus illorum velit salutem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3649 Ad quod pertinet electio et dilectio. Dilectio quidem, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3650 vult eis hoc bonum salutis aeternae, nam diligere est velle alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 bonum, ut supra dictum est. Electio autem, inquantum hoc bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 aliquibus prae aliis vult, cum quosdam reprobet, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 est. Electio tamen et dilectio aliter ordinantur in nobis et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3654 Deo, eo quod in nobis voluntas diligendo non causat bonum; sed ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 bono praeexistente incitamur ad diligendum. Et ideo eligimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 aliquem, quem diligamus, et sic electio dilectionem praecedit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 nobis. In Deo autem est e converso. Nam voluntas eius, qua vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 bonum alicui diligendo, est causa quod illud bonum ab eo prae aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 habeatur. Et sic patet quod dilectio praesupponitur electioni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3660 secundum rationem; et electio praedestinationi. Unde omnes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3661 praedestinati sunt electi et dilecti.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="29428"><span class="ref">[29428] Iª q. 23 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 dicendum quod, si consideretur communicatio bonitatis divinae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 communi, absque electione bonitatem suam communicat; inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3664 scilicet nihil est, quod non participet aliquid de bonitate eius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 ut supra dictum est. Sed si consideretur communicatio istius vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 illius boni, non absque electione tribuit, quia quaedam bona dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 aliquibus, quae non dat aliis. Et sic in collatione gratiae et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3668 gloriae attenditur electio.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="29429"><span class="ref">[29429] Iª q. 23 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 dicendum quod, quando voluntas eligentis provocatur ad eligendum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3670 bono in re praeexistente, tunc oportet quod electio sit eorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 sunt; sicut accidit in electione nostra. Sed in Deo est aliter, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 dictum est. Et ideo, sicut dicit Augustinus, <i>eliguntur a Deo qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3673 non sunt, neque tamen errat qui eligit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="29430"><span class="ref">[29430] Iª q. 23 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, Deus vult omnes homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3675 salvos fieri antecedenter, quod non est simpliciter velle, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 secundum quid, non autem consequenter, quod est simpliciter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3677 velle.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 23 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="29431"><span class="ref">[29431] Iª q. 23 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3678 proceditur. Videtur quod praescientia meritorum sit causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 praedestinationis. Dicit enim apostolus, Rom. VIII, <i>quos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3680 praescivit, hos et praedestinavit</i>. Et Glossa Ambrosii, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 illud Rom. IX, <i>miserebor cui miserebor</i> etc., dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 <i>misericordiam illi dabo, quem praescio toto corde reversurum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 me</i>. Ergo videtur quod praescientia meritorum sit causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3684 praedestinationis.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="29432"><span class="ref">[29432] Iª q. 23 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3685 praedestinatio divina includit divinam voluntatem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 irrationabilis esse non potest, cum praedestinatio sit propositum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3687 miserendi, ut Augustinus dicit. Sed nulla alia ratio potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 praedestinationis nisi praescientia meritorum. Ergo praescientia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3689 meritorum est causa vel ratio praedestinationis.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="29433"><span class="ref">[29433] Iª q. 23 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3690 <i>non est iniquitas apud Deum</i>, ut dicitur Rom. IX. Iniquum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 autem esse videtur, ut aequalibus inaequalia dentur. Omnes autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3692 homines sunt aequales et secundum naturam, et secundum peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 originale, attenditur autem in eis inaequalitas secundum merita vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3694 demerita propriorum actuum. Non igitur inaequalia praeparat Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 hominibus, praedestinando et reprobando, nisi propter differentium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3696 meritorum praescientiam.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 5 s. c."><a name="29434"><span class="ref">[29434] Iª q. 23 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 quod dicit apostolus, ad Tit. III, <i>non ex operibus iustitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3698 quae fecimus nos, sed secundum suam misericordiam salvos nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 fecit</i>. Sicut autem salvos nos fecit, ita et praedestinavit nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3700 salvos fieri. Non ergo praescientia meritorum est causa vel ratio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3701 praedestinationis.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 5 co."><a name="29435"><span class="ref">[29435] Iª q. 23 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 quod, cum praedestinatio includat voluntatem, ut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 sic inquirenda est ratio praedestinationis, sicut inquiritur ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3704 divinae voluntatis. Dictum est autem supra quod non est assignare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 causam divinae voluntatis ex parte actus volendi; sed potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 assignari ratio ex parte volitorum, inquantum scilicet Deus vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 esse aliquid propter aliud. Nullus ergo fuit ita insanae mentis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 qui diceret merita esse causam divinae praedestinationis, ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 actus praedestinantis. Sed hoc sub quaestione vertitur, utrum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3710 parte effectus, praedestinatio habeat aliquam causam. Et hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3711 quaerere, utrum Deus praeordinaverit se daturum effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3712 praedestinationis alicui, propter merita aliqua. Fuerunt igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 quidam, qui dixerunt quod effectus praedestinationis praeordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 alicui propter merita praeexistentia in alia vita. Et haec fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3715 positio Origenis, qui posuit animas humanas ab initio creatas, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 secundum diversitatem suorum operum, diversos status eas sortiri in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3717 hoc mundo corporibus unitas. Sed hanc opinionem excludit apostolus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 Rom. IX, dicens, <i>cum nondum nati fuissent, aut aliquid egissent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 boni vel mali, non ex operibus, sed ex vocante dictum est, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3720 maior serviet minori</i>. Fuerunt ergo alii, qui dixerunt quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 merita praeexistentia in hac vita sunt ratio et causa effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 praedestinationis. Posuerunt enim Pelagiani quod initium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 benefaciendi sit ex nobis, consummatio autem a Deo. Et sic, ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 contingit quod alicui datur praedestinationis effectus, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 alteri, quia unus initium dedit se praeparando, et non alius. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3726 contra hoc est quod dicit apostolus, II Cor. III, quod <i>non sumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3727 sufficientes cogitare aliquid a nobis, quasi ex nobis</i>. Nullum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 autem anterius principium inveniri potest quam cogitatio. Unde non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 potest dici quod aliquod in nobis initium existat, quod sit ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 effectus praedestinationis. Unde fuerunt alii, qui dixerunt quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3731 merita sequentia praedestinationis effectum, sunt ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 praedestinationis, ut intelligatur quod ideo Deus dat gratiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3733 alicui, et praeordinavit se ei daturum, quia praescivit eum bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 usurum gratia; sicut si rex det alicui militi equum, quem scit eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 bene usurum. Sed isti videntur distinxisse inter id quod est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 gratia, et id quod est ex libero arbitrio, quasi non possit esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3737 idem ex utroque. Manifestum est autem quod id quod est gratiae, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 praedestinationis effectus, et hoc non potest poni ut ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3739 praedestinationis, cum hoc sub praedestinatione concludatur. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 igitur aliquid aliud ex parte nostra sit ratio praedestinationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 hoc erit praeter effectum praedestinationis. Non est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3742 distinctum quod est ex libero arbitrio, et ex praedestinatione;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 sicut nec est distinctum quod est ex causa secunda, et causa prima,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 divina enim providentia producit effectus per operationes causarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 secundarum, ut supra dictum est. Unde et id quod est per liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3746 arbitrium, est ex praedestinatione. Dicendum est ergo quod effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 praedestinationis considerare possumus dupliciter. Uno modo, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3748 particulari. Et sic nihil prohibet aliquem effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 praedestinationis esse causam et rationem alterius, posteriorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 quidem prioris, secundum rationem causae finalis; priorem vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3751 posterioris, secundum rationem causae meritoriae, quae reducitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3752 dispositionem materiae. Sicut si dicamus quod Deus praeordinavit se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 daturum alicui gloriam ex meritis; et quod praeordinavit se daturum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 alicui gratiam, ut mereretur gloriam. Alio modo potest considerari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3755 praedestinationis effectus in communi. Et sic impossibile est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 totus praedestinationis effectus in communi habeat aliquam causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 ex parte nostra. Quia quidquid est in homine ordinans ipsum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 salutem, comprehenditur totum sub effectu praedestinationis, etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 ipsa praeparatio ad gratiam, neque enim hoc fit nisi per auxilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3760 divinum, secundum illud Thren. ultimi, <i>converte nos, domine, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3761 te, et convertemur</i>. Habet tamen hoc modo praedestinatio, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 parte effectus, pro ratione divinam bonitatem; ad quam totus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3763 effectus praedestinationis ordinatur ut in finem, et ex qua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3764 procedit sicut ex principio primo movente.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="29436"><span class="ref">[29436] Iª q. 23 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3765 dicendum quod usus gratiae praescitus, non est ratio collationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3766 gratiae, nisi secundum rationem causae finalis, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="29437"><span class="ref">[29437] Iª q. 23 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 dicendum quod praedestinatio habet rationem ex parte effectus, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 communi, ipsam divinam bonitatem. In particulari autem, unus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3769 effectus est ratio alterius, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="29438"><span class="ref">[29438] Iª q. 23 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 dicendum quod ex ipsa bonitate divina ratio sumi potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 praedestinationis aliquorum, et reprobationis aliorum. Sic enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 Deus dicitur omnia propter suam bonitatem fecisse, ut in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3773 divina bonitas repraesentetur. Necesse est autem quod divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 bonitas, quae in se est una et simplex, multiformiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 repraesentetur in rebus; propter hoc quod res creatae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3776 simplicitatem divinam attingere non possunt. Et inde est quod ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3777 completionem universi requiruntur diversi gradus rerum, quarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 quaedam altum, et quaedam infimum locum teneant in universo. Et ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 multiformitas graduum conservetur in rebus, Deus permittit aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3780 mala fieri, ne multa bona impediantur, ut supra dictum est. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3781 igitur consideremus totum genus humanum, sicut totam rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 universitatem. Voluit igitur Deus in hominibus, quantum ad aliquos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 quos praedestinat, suam repraesentare bonitatem per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3784 misericordiae, parcendo; et quantum ad aliquos, quos reprobat, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 modum iustitiae, puniendo. Et haec est ratio quare Deus quosdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 eligit, et quosdam reprobat. Et hanc causam assignat apostolus, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 Rom. IX, dicens, volens Deus ostendere iram (idest vindictam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 iustitiae), et notam facere potentiam suam, sustinuit (idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 permisit) <i>in multa patientia, vasa irae apta in interitum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3790 ostenderet divitias gloriae suae in vasa misericordiae, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 praeparavit in gloriam</i>. Et II Tim. II dicit, <i>in magna autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3792 domo non solum sunt vasa aurea et argentea, sed etiam lignea et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3793 fictilia; et quaedam quidem in honorem, quaedam in contumeliam</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 Sed quare hos elegit in gloriam, et illos reprobavit, non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 rationem nisi divinam voluntatem. Unde Augustinus dicit, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 Ioannem, <i>quare hunc trahat, et illum non trahat, noli velle
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 diiudicare, si non vis errare</i>. Sicut etiam in rebus naturalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 potest assignari ratio, cum prima materia tota sit in se uniformis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 quare una pars eius est sub forma ignis, et alia sub forma terrae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3800 a Deo in principio condita, ut scilicet sit diversitas specierum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3801 rebus naturalibus. Sed quare haec pars materiae est sub ista forma,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 et illa sub alia, dependet ex simplici divina voluntate. Sicut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 simplici voluntate artificis dependet, quod ille lapis est in ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 parte parietis, et ille in alia, quamvis ratio artis habeat quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 aliqui sint in hac, et aliqui sint in illa. Neque tamen propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3806 est iniquitas apud Deum, si inaequalia non inaequalibus praeparat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3807 Hoc enim esset contra iustitiae rationem, si praedestinationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3808 effectus ex debito redderetur, et non daretur ex gratia. In his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 enim quae ex gratia dantur, potest aliquis pro libito suo dare cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 vult, plus vel minus, dummodo nulli subtrahat debitum, absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3811 praeiudicio iustitiae. Et hoc est quod dicit paterfamilias, Matt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3812 XX, <i>tolle quod tuum est, et vade. An non licet mihi quod volo,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3813 facere?</i></p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 23 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="29439"><span class="ref">[29439] Iª q. 23 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 proceditur. Videtur quod praedestinatio non sit certa. Quia super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 illud Apoc. III, <i>tene quod habes, ne alius accipiat coronam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3816 tuam</i>, dicit Augustinus, quod <i>alius non est accepturus, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3817 iste perdiderit</i>. Potest ergo et acquiri et perdi corona, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3818 est praedestinationis effectus. Non est igitur praedestinatio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3819 certa.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="29440"><span class="ref">[29440] Iª q. 23 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 posito possibili, nullum sequitur impossibile. Possibile est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 aliquem praedestinatum, ut Petrum, peccare, et tunc occidi. Hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 autem posito, sequitur praedestinationis effectum frustrari. Hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3823 igitur non est impossibile. Non ergo est praedestinatio certa.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="29441"><span class="ref">[29441] Iª q. 23 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3824 quidquid Deus potuit, potest. Sed potuit non praedestinare quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3825 praedestinavit. Ergo nunc potest non praedestinare. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3826 praedestinatio non est certa.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 6 s. c."><a name="29442"><span class="ref">[29442] Iª q. 23 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 quod super illud Rom. VIII, <i>quos praescivit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 praedestinavit</i> etc., dicit Glossa, <i>praedestinatio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3829 praescientia et praeparatio beneficiorum Dei, qua certissime
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3830 liberantur quicumque liberantur</i>.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 6 co."><a name="29443"><span class="ref">[29443] Iª q. 23 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 quod praedestinatio certissime et infallibiliter consequitur suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3832 effectum, nec tamen imponit necessitatem, ut scilicet effectus eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3833 ex necessitate proveniat. Dictum est enim supra quod praedestinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 est pars providentiae. Sed non omnia quae providentiae subduntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3835 necessaria sunt, sed quaedam contingenter eveniunt, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3836 conditionem causarum proximarum, quas ad tales effectus divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3837 providentia ordinavit. Et tamen providentiae ordo est infallibilis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3838 ut supra ostensum est. Sic igitur et ordo praedestinationis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3839 certus; et tamen libertas arbitrii non tollitur, ex qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3840 contingenter provenit praedestinationis effectus. Ad hoc etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3841 consideranda sunt quae supra dicta sunt de divina scientia et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3842 divina voluntate, quae contingentiam a rebus non tollunt, licet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3843 certissima et infallibilia sint.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="29444"><span class="ref">[29444] Iª q. 23 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3844 dicendum quod corona dicitur esse alicuius, dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3845 ex praedestinatione divina, et sic nullus coronam suam amittit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3846 Alio modo, ex merito gratiae, quod enim meremur, quodammodo nostrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3847 est. Et sic suam coronam aliquis amittere potest per peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3848 mortale sequens. Alius autem illam coronam amissam accipit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3849 inquantum loco eius subrogatur. Non enim permittit Deus aliquos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3850 cadere, quin alios erigat, secundum illud Iob XXXIV, <i>conteret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3851 multos et innumerabiles, et stare faciet alios pro eis</i>. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3852 enim in locum Angelorum cadentium substituti sunt homines; et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3853 locum Iudaeorum, gentiles. Substitutus autem in statum gratiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3854 etiam quantum ad hoc coronam cadentis accipit, quod de bonis quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3855 alius fecit, in aeterna vita gaudebit, in qua unusquisque gaudebit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3856 de bonis tam a se quam ab aliis factis.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="29445"><span class="ref">[29445] Iª q. 23 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3857 dicendum quod, licet sit possibile eum qui est praedestinatus, mori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3858 in peccato mortali, secundum se consideratum; tamen hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3859 impossibile, posito (prout scilicet ponitur) eum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3860 praedestinatum. Unde non sequitur quod praedestinatio falli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3861 possit.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="29446"><span class="ref">[29446] Iª q. 23 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3862 dicendum quod, cum praedestinatio includat divinam voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3863 sicut supra dictum est quod Deum velle aliquid creatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3864 necessarium ex suppositione, propter immutabilitatem divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3865 voluntatis, non tamen absolute; ita dicendum est hic de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3866 praedestinatione. Unde non oportet dicere quod Deus possit non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3867 praedestinare quem praedestinavit, in sensu composito accipiendo;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3868 licet, absolute considerando, Deus possit praedestinare vel non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3869 praedestinare. Sed ex hoc non tollitur praedestinationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3870 certitudo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 23 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="29447"><span class="ref">[29447] Iª q. 23 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3871 proceditur. Videtur quod numerus praedestinatorum non sit certus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3872 Numerus enim cui potest fieri additio, non est certus. Sed numero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3873 praedestinatorum potest fieri additio, ut videtur, dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3874 Deut. I, <i>dominus Deus noster addat ad hunc numerum multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3875 millia</i>; Glossa, <i>idest definitum apud Deum, qui novit qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3876 sunt eius</i>. Ergo numerus praedestinatorum non est certus.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="29448"><span class="ref">[29448] Iª q. 23 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, non
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3877 potest assignari ratio quare magis in hoc numero quam in alio, Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3878 homines praeordinet ad salutem. Sed nihil a Deo sine ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3879 disponitur. Ergo non est certus numerus salvandorum praeordinatus a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3880 Deo.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="29449"><span class="ref">[29449] Iª q. 23 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3881 operatio Dei est perfectior quam operatio naturae. Sed in operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3882 naturae bonum invenitur ut in pluribus, defectus autem et malum ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3883 in paucioribus. Si igitur a Deo institueretur numerus salvandorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3884 plures essent salvandi quam damnandi. Cuius contrarium ostenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3885 Matt. VII, ubi dicitur, <i>lata et spatiosa est via quae ducit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3886 perditionem, et multi sunt qui intrant per eam, angusta est porta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3887 et arcta via, quae ducit ad vitam, et pauci sunt qui inveniunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3888 eam</i>. Non ergo est praeordinatus a Deo numerus salvandorum.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 7 s. c."><a name="29450"><span class="ref">[29450] Iª q. 23 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3889 quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de correptione et gratia, <i>certus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3890 est praedestinatorum numerus, qui neque augeri potest, neque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3891 minui</i>.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 7 co."><a name="29451"><span class="ref">[29451] Iª q. 23 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3892 quod numerus praedestinatorum est certus. Sed quidam dixerunt eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3893 esse certum formaliter, sed non materialiter, ut puta si diceremus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3894 certum esse quod centum vel mille salventur, non autem quod hi vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3895 illi. Sed hoc tollit certitudinem praedestinationis, de qua iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3896 diximus. Et ideo oportet dicere quod numerus praedestinatorum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3897 certus Deo non solum formaliter, sed etiam materialiter. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3898 advertendum est quod numerus praedestinatorum certus Deo dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3899 non solum ratione cognitionis, quia scilicet scit quot sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3900 salvandi (sic enim Deo certus est etiam numerus guttarum pluviae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3901 et arenae maris); sed ratione electionis et definitionis cuiusdam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3902 Ad cuius evidentiam, est sciendum quod omne agens intendit facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3903 aliquid finitum, ut ex supradictis de infinito apparet. Quicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3904 autem intendit aliquam determinatam mensuram in suo effectu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3905 excogitat aliquem numerum in partibus essentialibus eius, quae per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3906 se requiruntur ad perfectionem totius. Non enim per se eligit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3907 aliquem numerum in his quae non principaliter requiruntur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3908 solum propter aliud, sed in tanto numero accipit huiusmodi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3909 inquantum sunt necessaria propter aliud. Sicut aedificator
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3910 excogitat determinatam mensuram domus, et etiam determinatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3911 numerum mansionum quas vult facere in domo, et determinatum numerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3912 mensurarum parietis vel tecti, non autem eligit determinatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3913 numerum lapidum, sed accipit tot, quot sufficiunt ad explendam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3914 tantam mensuram parietis. Sic igitur considerandum est in Deo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3915 respectu totius universitatis quae est eius effectus. Praeordinavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3916 enim in qua mensura deberet esse totum universum, et quis numerus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3917 esset conveniens essentialibus partibus universi, quae scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3918 habent aliquo modo ordinem ad perpetuitatem; quot scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3919 sphaerae, quot stellae, quot elementa, quot species rerum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3920 Individua vero corruptibilia non ordinantur ad bonum universi quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3921 principaliter, sed quasi secundario, inquantum in eis salvatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3922 bonum speciei. Unde, licet Deus sciat numerum omnium individuorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3923 non tamen numerus vel boum vel culicum, vel aliorum huiusmodi, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3924 per se praeordinatus a Deo, sed tot ex huiusmodi divina providentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3925 produxit, quot sufficiunt ad specierum conservationem. Inter omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3926 autem creaturas, principalius ordinantur ad bonum universi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3927 creaturae rationales, quae, inquantum huiusmodi, incorruptibiles
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3928 sunt; et potissime illae quae beatitudinem consequuntur, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3929 immediatius attingunt ultimum finem. Unde certus est Deo numerus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3930 praedestinatorum, non solum per modum cognitionis, sed etiam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3931 modum cuiusdam principalis praefinitionis. Non sic autem omnino est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3932 de numero reproborum; qui videntur esse praeordinati a Deo in bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3933 electorum, quibus omnia cooperantur in bonum. De numero autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3934 omnium praedestinatorum hominum, quis sit, dicunt quidam quod tot
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3935 ex hominibus salvabuntur, quot Angeli ceciderunt. Quidam vero, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3936 tot salvabuntur, quot Angeli remanserunt. Quidam vero, quod tot ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3937 hominibus salvabuntur, quot Angeli ceciderunt, et insuper tot, quot
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3938 fuerunt Angeli creati. Sed melius dicitur quod <i>soli Deo est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3939 cognitus numerus electorum in superna felicitate locandus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="29452"><span class="ref">[29452] Iª q. 23 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3940 dicendum quod verbum illud Deuteronomii est intelligendum de illis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3941 qui sunt praenotati a Deo respectu praesentis iustitiae. Horum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3942 numerus et augetur et minuitur, et non numerus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3943 praedestinatorum.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="29453"><span class="ref">[29453] Iª q. 23 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3944 dicendum quod ratio quantitatis alicuius partis, accipienda est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3945 proportione illius partis ad totum. Sic enim est apud Deum ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3946 quare tot stellas fecerit, vel tot rerum species, et quare tot
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3947 praedestinavit, ex proportione partium principalium ad bonum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3948 universi.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="29454"><span class="ref">[29454] Iª q. 23 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3949 dicendum quod bonum proportionatum communi statui naturae, accidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3950 ut in pluribus; et defectus ab hoc bono, ut in paucioribus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3951 bonum quod excedit communem statum naturae, invenitur ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3952 paucioribus; et defectus ab hoc bono, ut in pluribus. Sicut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3953 quod plures homines sunt qui habent sufficientem scientiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3954 regimen vitae suae, pauciores autem qui hac scientia carent, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3955 moriones vel stulti dicuntur, sed paucissimi sunt, respectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3956 aliorum, qui attingunt ad habendam profundam scientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3957 intelligibilium rerum. Cum igitur beatitudo aeterna, in visione Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3958 consistens, excedat communem statum naturae, et praecipue secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3959 quod est gratia destituta per corruptionem originalis peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3960 pauciores sunt qui salvantur. Et in hoc etiam maxime misericordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3961 Dei apparet, quod aliquos in illam salutem erigit, a qua plurimi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3962 deficiunt secundum communem cursum et inclinationem naturae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 23 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="29455"><span class="ref">[29455] Iª q. 23 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3963 proceditur. Videtur quod praedestinatio non possit iuvari precibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3964 sanctorum. Nullum enim aeternum praeceditur ab aliquo temporali, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3965 per consequens non potest temporale iuvare ad hoc quod aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3966 aeternum sit. Sed praedestinatio est aeterna. Cum igitur preces
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3967 sanctorum sint temporales, non possunt iuvare ad hoc quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3968 praedestinetur. Non ergo praedestinatio iuvatur precibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3969 sanctorum.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="29456"><span class="ref">[29456] Iª q. 23 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3970 nihil indiget consilio nisi propter defectum cognitionis, ita nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3971 indiget auxilio nisi propter defectum virtutis. Sed neutrum horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3972 competit Deo praedestinanti, unde dicitur Rom. XI, <i>quis adiuvit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3973 spiritum domini? Aut quis consiliarius eius fuit?</i> Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3974 praedestinatio non iuvatur precibus sanctorum.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="29457"><span class="ref">[29457] Iª q. 23 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3975 eiusdem est adiuvari et impediri. Sed praedestinatio non potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3976 aliquo impediri. Ergo non potest aliquo iuvari.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 8 s. c."><a name="29458"><span class="ref">[29458] Iª q. 23 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3977 quod dicitur Genes. XXV, quod <i>Isaac rogavit Deum pro Rebecca
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3978 uxore sua, et dedit conceptum Rebeccae</i>. Ex illo autem conceptu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3979 natus est Iacob, qui praedestinatus fuit. Non autem fuisset impleta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3980 praedestinatio, si natus non fuisset. Ergo praedestinatio iuvatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3981 precibus sanctorum.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 8 co."><a name="29459"><span class="ref">[29459] Iª q. 23 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3982 quod circa hanc quaestionem diversi errores fuerunt. Quidam enim,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3983 attendentes certitudinem divinae praedestinationis, dixerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3984 superfluas esse orationes, vel quidquid aliud fiat ad salutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3985 aeternam consequendam, quia his factis vel non factis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3986 praedestinati consequuntur, reprobati non consequuntur. Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3987 hoc sunt omnes admonitiones sacrae Scripturae, exhortantes ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3988 orationem, et ad alia bona opera. Alii vero dixerunt quod per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3989 orationes mutatur divina praedestinatio. Et haec dicitur fuisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3990 opinio Aegyptiorum, qui ponebant ordinationem divinam, quam fatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3991 appellabant, aliquibus sacrificiis et orationibus impediri posse.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3992 Sed contra hoc etiam est auctoritas sacrae Scripturae. Dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3993 I Reg. XV, porro <i>triumphator in Israel non parcet, neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3994 poenitudine flectetur</i>. Et Rom. XI dicitur quod <i>sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3995 poenitentia sunt dona Dei et vocatio</i>. Et ideo aliter dicendum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3996 quod in praedestinatione duo sunt consideranda, scilicet ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3997 praeordinatio divina, et effectus eius. Quantum igitur ad primum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3998 nullo modo praedestinatio iuvatur precibus sanctorum, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3999 precibus sanctorum fit, quod aliquis praedestinetur a Deo. Quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4000 vero ad secundum, dicitur praedestinatio iuvari precibus sanctorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4001 et aliis bonis operibus, quia providentia, cuius praedestinatio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4002 pars, non subtrahit causas secundas, sed sic providet effectus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4003 etiam ordo causarum secundarum subiaceat providentiae. Sicut igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4004 sic providentur naturales effectus, ut etiam causae naturales ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4005 illos naturales effectus ordinentur, sine quibus illi effectus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4006 provenirent; ita praedestinatur a Deo salus alicuius, ut etiam sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4007 ordine praedestinationis cadat quidquid hominem promovet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4008 salutem, vel orationes propriae, vel aliorum, vel alia bona, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4009 quidquid huiusmodi, sine quibus aliquis salutem non consequitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4010 Unde praedestinatis conandum est ad bene operandum et orandum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4011 per huiusmodi praedestinationis effectus certitudinaliter impletur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4012 Propter quod dicitur II Petr. I, <i>satagite, ut per bona opera
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4013 certam vestram vocationem et electionem faciatis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="29460"><span class="ref">[29460] Iª q. 23 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4014 dicendum quod ratio illa ostendit quod praedestinatio non iuvatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4015 precibus sanctorum, quantum ad ipsam praeordinationem.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="29461"><span class="ref">[29461] Iª q. 23 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4016 dicendum quod aliquis dicitur adiuvari per alium, dupliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4017 modo, inquantum ab eo accipit virtutem, et sic adiuvari infirmi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4018 est, unde Deo non competit. Et sic intelligitur illud, <i>quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4019 adiuvit spiritum domini?</i> Alio modo dicitur quis adiuvari per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4020 aliquem, per quem exequitur suam operationem, sicut dominus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4021 ministrum. Et hoc modo Deus adiuvatur per nos, inquantum exequimur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4022 suam ordinationem, secundum illud I ad Cor. III, <i>Dei enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4023 adiutores sumus</i>. Neque hoc est propter defectum divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4024 virtutis, sed quia utitur causis mediis, ut ordinis pulchritudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4025 servetur in rebus, et ut etiam creaturis dignitatem causalitatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4026 communicet.</p><p title="I q. 23 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="29462"><span class="ref">[29462] Iª q. 23 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4027 dicendum quod secundae causae non possunt egredi ordinem causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4028 primae universalis, ut supra dictum est; sed ipsum exequuntur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4029 ideo praedestinatio per creaturas potest adiuvari, sed non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4030 impediri.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q24"><h2>Quaestio 24</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 24 pr."><a name="29463"><span class="ref">[29463]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4031 Iª q. 24 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de libro
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4032 vitae. Et circa hoc quaeruntur tria. Primo, quid sit liber vitae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4033 Secundo, cuius vitae sit liber. Tertio, utrum aliquis possit deleri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4034 de libro vitae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 24 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29464"><span class="ref">[29464] Iª q. 24 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4035 proceditur. Videtur quod liber vitae non sit idem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4036 praedestinatio. Dicitur enim Eccli. XXIV, <i>haec omnia liber
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4037 vitae</i>; Glossa, <i>idest novum et vetus testamentum</i>. Hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4038 autem non est praedestinatio. Ergo liber vitae non est idem quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4039 praedestinatio.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29465"><span class="ref">[29465] Iª q. 24 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4040 Augustinus, in libro XX de Civ. Dei, ait quod liber vitae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4041 quaedam vis divina, qua fiet <i>ut cuique opera sua bona vel mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4042 in memoriam reducantur</i>. Sed vis divina non videtur pertinere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4043 praedestinationem, sed magis ad attributum potentiae. Ergo liber
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4044 vitae non est idem quod praedestinatio.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="29466"><span class="ref">[29466] Iª q. 24 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4045 praedestinationi opponitur reprobatio. Si igitur liber vitae esset
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4046 praedestinatio, inveniretur liber mortis, sicut liber vitae.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29467"><span class="ref">[29467] Iª q. 24 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4047 quod dicitur in Glossa, super illud Psalmi LXVIII, <i>deleantur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4048 libro viventium, liber iste est notitia Dei, qua praedestinavit ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4049 vitam, quos praescivit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 1 co."><a name="29468"><span class="ref">[29468] Iª q. 24 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4050 quod liber vitae in Deo dicitur metaphorice, secundum similitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4051 a rebus humanis acceptam. Est enim consuetum apud homines, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4052 illi qui ad aliquid eliguntur, conscribuntur in libro; utpote
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4053 milites vel consiliarii, qui olim dicebantur patres conscripti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4054 Patet autem ex praemissis quod omnes praedestinati eliguntur a Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4055 ad habendum vitam aeternam. Ipsa ergo praedestinatorum conscriptio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4056 dicitur liber vitae. Dicitur autem metaphorice aliquid conscriptum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4057 in intellectu alicuius, quod firmiter in memoria tenet, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4058 illud Prov. III, <i>ne obliviscaris legis meae, et praecepta mea
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4059 cor tuum custodiat</i>; et post pauca sequitur, <i>describe illa in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4060 tabulis cordis tui</i>. Nam et in libris materialibus aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4061 conscribitur ad succurrendum memoriae. Unde ipsa Dei notitia, qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4062 firmiter retinet se aliquos praedestinasse ad vitam aeternam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4063 dicitur liber vitae. Nam sicut Scriptura libri est signum eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4064 quae fienda sunt ita Dei notitia est quoddam signum apud ipsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4065 eorum qui sunt perducendi ad vitam aeternam; secundum illud II Tim.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4066 II, <i>firmum fundamentum Dei stat, habens signaculum hoc, novit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4067 dominus qui sunt eius</i>.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29469"><span class="ref">[29469] Iª q. 24 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4068 dicendum quod liber vitae potest dici dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4069 conscriptio eorum qui sunt electi ad vitam, et sic loquimur nunc de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4070 libro vitae. Alio modo potest dici liber vitae, conscriptio eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4071 quae ducunt in vitam. Et hoc dupliciter. Vel sicut agendorum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4072 sic novum et vetus testamentum dicitur liber vitae. Vel sicut iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4073 factorum, et sic illa vis divina, qua fiet ut cuilibet in memoriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4074 reducantur facta sua, dicitur liber vitae. Sicut etiam liber
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4075 militiae potest dici, vel in quo scribuntur electi ad militiam, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4076 in quo traditur ars militaris, vel in quo recitantur facta
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4077 militum.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29470"><span class="ref">[29470] Iª q. 24 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Unde patet solutio
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4078 ad secundum.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="29471"><span class="ref">[29471] Iª q. 24 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4079 dicendum quod non est consuetum conscribi eos qui repudiantur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4080 eos qui eliguntur. Unde reprobationi non respondet liber mortis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4081 sicut praedestinationi liber vitae.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="29472"><span class="ref">[29472] Iª q. 24 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4082 dicendum quod secundum rationem differt liber vitae a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4083 praedestinatione. Importat enim notitiam praedestinationis, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4084 etiam ex Glossa inducta apparet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 24 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29473"><span class="ref">[29473] Iª q. 24 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4085 proceditur. Videtur quod liber vitae non sit solum respectu vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4086 gloriae praedestinatorum. Liber enim vitae est notitia vitae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4087 Deus per vitam suam cognoscit omnem aliam vitam. Ergo liber vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4088 praecipue dicitur respectu vitae divinae; et non solum respectu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4089 vitae praedestinatorum.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29474"><span class="ref">[29474] Iª q. 24 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4090 vita gloriae est a Deo, ita vita naturae. Si igitur notitia vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4091 gloriae dicitur liber vitae, etiam notitia vitae naturae dicetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4092 liber vitae.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="29475"><span class="ref">[29475] Iª q. 24 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4093 aliqui eliguntur ad gratiam, qui non eliguntur ad vitam gloriae; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4094 patet per id quod dicitur Ioan. VI, <i>nonne duodecim vos elegi, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4095 unus ex vobis Diabolus est?</i> Sed liber vitae est conscriptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4096 electionis divinae, ut dictum est. Ergo etiam est respectu vitae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4097 gratiae.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29476"><span class="ref">[29476] Iª q. 24 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4098 quod liber vitae est notitia praedestinationis, ut dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4099 praedestinatio non respicit vitam gratiae, nisi secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4100 ordinatur ad gloriam, non enim sunt praedestinati, qui habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4101 gratiam et deficiunt a gloria. Liber igitur vitae non dicitur nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4102 respectu gloriae.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 2 co."><a name="29477"><span class="ref">[29477] Iª q. 24 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4103 quod liber vitae, ut dictum est, importat conscriptionem quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4104 sive notitiam electorum ad vitam. Eligitur autem aliquis ad id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4105 non competit sibi secundum suam naturam. Et iterum, id ad quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4106 eligitur aliquis, habet rationem finis, non enim miles eligitur aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4107 conscribitur ad hoc quod armetur, sed ad hoc quod pugnet; hoc enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4108 est proprium officium ad quod militia ordinatur. Finis autem supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4109 naturam existens, est vita gloriae, ut supra dictum est. Unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4110 proprie liber vitae respicit vitam gloriae.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="29478"><span class="ref">[29478] Iª q. 24 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4111 dicendum quod vita divina, etiam prout est vita gloriosa, est Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4112 naturalis. Unde respectu eius non est electio, et per consequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4113 neque liber vitae. Non enim dicimus quod aliquis homo eligatur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4114 habendum sensum, vel aliquid eorum quae consequuntur naturam.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="29479"><span class="ref">[29479] Iª q. 24 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Unde per hoc etiam
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4115 patet solutio ad secundum. Respectu enim vitae naturalis non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4116 electio, neque liber vitae.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="29480"><span class="ref">[29480] Iª q. 24 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4117 dicendum quod vita gratiae non habet rationem finis, sed rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4118 eius quod est ad finem. Unde ad vitam gratiae non dicitur aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4119 eligi, nisi inquantum vita gratiae ordinatur ad gloriam. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4120 hoc, illi qui habent gratiam et excidunt a gloria, non dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4121 esse electi simpliciter, sed secundum quid. Et similiter non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4122 dicuntur esse scripti simpliciter in libro vitae sed secundum quid;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4123 prout scilicet de eis in ordinatione et notitia divina existit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4124 quod sint habituri aliquem ordinem ad vitam aeternam, secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4125 participationem gratiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 24 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29481"><span class="ref">[29481] Iª q. 24 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4126 proceditur. Videtur quod nullus deleatur de libro vitae. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4127 Augustinus, in XX de Civ. Dei, quod <i>praescientia Dei, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4128 potest falli, liber vitae est</i>. Sed a praescientia Dei non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4129 potest aliquid subtrahi, similiter neque a praedestinatione. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4130 nec de libro vitae potest aliquis deleri.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29482"><span class="ref">[29482] Iª q. 24 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4131 quidquid est in aliquo, est in eo per modum eius in quo est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4132 liber vitae est quid aeternum et immutabile. Ergo quidquid est in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4133 eo, est ibi non temporaliter, sed immobiliter et indelebiliter.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="29483"><span class="ref">[29483] Iª q. 24 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4134 deletio Scripturae opponitur. Sed aliquis non potest de novo scribi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4135 in libro vitae. Ergo neque inde deleri potest.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29484"><span class="ref">[29484] Iª q. 24 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4136 quod dicitur in Psalmo LXVIII, <i>deleantur de libro
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4137 viventium</i>.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 3 co."><a name="29485"><span class="ref">[29485] Iª q. 24 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4138 quod quidam dicunt quod de libro vitae nullus potest deleri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4139 secundum rei veritatem, potest tamen aliquis deleri secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4140 opinionem hominum. Est enim consuetum in Scripturis ut aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4141 dicatur fieri, quando innotescit. Et secundum hoc, aliqui dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4142 esse scripti in libro vitae, inquantum homines opinantur eos ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4143 scriptos, propter praesentem iustitiam quam in eis vident. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4144 quando apparet, vel in hoc seculo vel in futuro, quod ab hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4145 iustitia exciderunt, dicuntur inde deleri. Et sic etiam exponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4146 in Glossa deletio talis, super illud Psalmi LXVIII, <i>deleantur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4147 libro viventium</i>. Sed quia non deleri de libro vitae ponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4148 inter praemia iustorum, secundum illud Apoc. III, <i>qui vicerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4149 sic vestietur vestimentis albis, et non delebo nomen eius de libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4150 vitae</i>; quod autem sanctis repromittitur, non est solum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4151 hominum opinione; potest dici quod deleri vel non deleri de libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4152 vitae, non solum ad opinionem hominum referendum est, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4153 quantum ad rem. Est enim liber vitae conscriptio ordinatorum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4154 vitam aeternam. Ad quam ordinatur aliquis ex duobus, scilicet ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4155 praedestinatione divina, et haec ordinatio nunquam deficit; et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4156 gratia. Quicumque enim gratiam habet, ex hoc ipso est dignus vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4157 aeterna. Et haec ordinatio deficit interdum, quia aliqui ordinati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4158 sunt ex gratia habita ad habendum vitam aeternam, a qua tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4159 deficiunt per peccatum mortale. Illi igitur qui sunt ordinati ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4160 habendum vitam aeternam ex praedestinatione divina, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4161 simpliciter scripti in libro vitae, quia sunt ibi scripti ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4162 habituri vitam aeternam in seipsa. Et isti nunquam delentur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4163 libro vitae. Sed illi qui sunt ordinati ad habendum vitam aeternam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4164 non ex praedestinatione divina, sed solum ex gratia, dicuntur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4165 scripti in libro vitae, non simpliciter, sed secundum quid, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4166 sunt ibi scripti ut habituri vitam aeternam, non in seipsa, sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4167 sua causa. Et tales possunt deleri de libro vitae, ut deletio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4168 referatur ad notitiam Dei, quasi Deus aliquid praesciat, et postea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4169 nesciat; sed ad rem scitam, quia scilicet Deus scit aliquem prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4170 ordinari in vitam aeternam, et postea non ordinari, cum deficit a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4171 gratia.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29486"><span class="ref">[29486] Iª q. 24 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4172 dicendum quod deletio, ut dictum est, non refertur ad librum vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4173 ex parte praescientiae, quasi in Deo sit aliqua mutabilitas, sed ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4174 parte praescitorum, quae sunt mutabilia.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29487"><span class="ref">[29487] Iª q. 24 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4175 dicendum quod, licet res in Deo sint immutabiliter, tamen in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4176 seipsis mutabiles sunt. Et ad hoc pertinet deletio libri vitae.</p><p title="I q. 24 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="29488"><span class="ref">[29488] Iª q. 24 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4177 dicendum quod eo modo quo aliquis dicitur deleri de libro vitae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4178 potest dici quod ibi scribatur de novo; vel secundum opinionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4179 hominum, vel secundum quod de novo incipit habere ordinem ad vitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4180 aeternam per gratiam. Quod etiam sub divina notitia comprehenditur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4181 licet non de novo.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q25"><h2>Quaestio 25</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 25 pr."><a name="29489"><span class="ref">[29489]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4182 Iª q. 25 pr.</span></a> Post considerationem divinae scientiae
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4183 et voluntatis, et eorum quae ad hoc pertinent, restat considerandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4184 de divina potentia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4185 Deo sit potentia. Secundo, utrum eius potentia sit infinita.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4186 Tertio, utrum sit omnipotens. Quarto, utrum possit facere quod ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4187 quae sunt praeterita, non fuerint. Quinto, utrum Deus possit facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4188 quae non facit, vel praetermittere quae facit. Sexto, utrum quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4189 facit, possit facere meliora.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 25 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29490"><span class="ref">[29490] Iª q. 25 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4190 proceditur. Videtur quod in Deo non sit potentia. Sicut enim prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4191 materia se habet ad potentiam, ita Deus, qui est agens primum, se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4192 habet ad actum. Sed prima materia, secundum se considerata, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4193 absque omni actu. Ergo agens primum, quod est Deus, est absque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4194 potentia.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29491"><span class="ref">[29491] Iª q. 25 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4195 secundum philosophum, in IX Metaphys., qualibet potentia melior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4196 eius actus, nam forma est melior quam materia, et actio quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4197 potentia activa; est enim finis eius. Sed nihil est melius eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4198 est in Deo, quia quidquid est in Deo, est Deus, ut supra ostensum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4199 est. Ergo nulla potentia est in Deo.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="29492"><span class="ref">[29492] Iª q. 25 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4200 potentia est principium operationis. Sed operatio divina est eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4201 essentia, cum in Deo nullum sit accidens. Essentiae autem divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4202 non est aliquod principium. Ergo ratio potentiae Deo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4203 convenit.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="29493"><span class="ref">[29493] Iª q. 25 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, supra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4204 ostensum est quod scientia Dei et voluntas eius sunt causa rerum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4205 Causa autem et principium idem sunt. Ergo non oportet in Deo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4206 assignare potentiam, sed solum scientiam et voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29494"><span class="ref">[29494] Iª q. 25 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4207 quod dicitur in Psalmo LXXXVIII, <i>potens es, domine, et veritas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4208 tua in circuitu tuo</i>.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 1 co."><a name="29495"><span class="ref">[29495] Iª q. 25 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4209 quod duplex est potentia, scilicet passiva, quae nullo modo est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4210 Deo; et activa, quam oportet in Deo summe ponere. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4211 enim quod unumquodque, secundum quod est actu et perfectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4212 secundum hoc est principium activum alicuius, patitur autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4213 unumquodque, secundum quod est deficiens et imperfectum. Ostensum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4214 est autem supra quod Deus est purus actus, et simpliciter et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4215 universaliter perfectus; neque in eo aliqua imperfectio locum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4216 habet. Unde sibi maxime competit esse principium activum, et nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4217 modo pati. Ratio autem activi principii convenit potentiae activae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4218 Nam potentia activa est principium agendi in aliud, potentia vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4219 passiva est principium patiendi ab alio, ut philosophus dicit, V
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4220 Metaphys. Relinquitur ergo quod in Deo maxime sit potentia
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4221 activa.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29496"><span class="ref">[29496] Iª q. 25 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4222 dicendum quod potentia activa non dividitur contra actum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4223 fundatur in eo, nam unumquodque agit secundum quod est actu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4224 Potentia vero passiva dividitur contra actum, nam unumquodque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4225 patitur secundum quod est in potentia. Unde haec potentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4226 excluditur a Deo, non autem activa.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29497"><span class="ref">[29497] Iª q. 25 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4227 dicendum quod, quandocumque actus est aliud a potentia, oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4228 quod actus sit nobilior potentia. Sed actio Dei non est aliud ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4229 eius potentia, sed utrumque est essentia divina, quia nec esse eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4230 est aliud ab eius essentia. Unde non oportet quod aliquid sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4231 nobilius quam potentia Dei.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="29498"><span class="ref">[29498] Iª q. 25 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4232 dicendum quod potentia in rebus creatis non solum est principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4233 actionis, sed etiam effectus. Sic igitur in Deo salvatur ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4234 potentiae quantum ad hoc, quod est principium effectus, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4235 quantum ad hoc, quod est principium actionis, quae est divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4236 essentia. Nisi forte secundum modum intelligendi, prout divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4237 essentia, quae in se simpliciter praehabet quidquid perfectionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4238 est in rebus creatis, potest intelligi et sub ratione actionis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4239 sub ratione potentiae; sicut etiam intelligitur et sub ratione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4240 suppositi habentis naturam, et sub ratione naturae.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="29499"><span class="ref">[29499] Iª q. 25 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4241 dicendum quod potentia non ponitur in Deo ut aliquid differens a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4242 scientia et voluntate secundum rem, sed solum secundum rationem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4243 inquantum scilicet potentia importat rationem principii exequentis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4244 id quod voluntas imperat, et ad quod scientia dirigit; quae tria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4245 Deo secundum idem conveniunt. Vel dicendum quod ipsa scientia vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4246 voluntas divina, secundum quod est principium effectivum, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4247 rationem potentiae. Unde consideratio scientiae et voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4248 praecedit in Deo considerationem potentiae, sicut causa praecedit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4249 operationem et effectum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 25 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29500"><span class="ref">[29500] Iª q. 25 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4250 proceditur. Videtur quod potentia Dei non sit infinita. Omne enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4251 infinitum est imperfectum, secundum philosophum, in III Physic. Sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4252 potentia Dei non est imperfecta. Ergo non est infinita.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29501"><span class="ref">[29501] Iª q. 25 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omnis
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4253 potentia manifestatur per effectum, alias frustra esset. Si igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4254 potentia Dei esset infinita, posset facere effectum infinitum. Quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4255 est impossibile.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="29502"><span class="ref">[29502] Iª q. 25 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4256 philosophus probat in VIII Physic., quod si potentia alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4257 corporis esset infinita, moveret in instanti. Deus autem non movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4258 in instanti, sed movet creaturam spiritualem <i>per tempus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4259 creaturam vero corporalem per locum et tempus</i>, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4260 Augustinum, VIII super Genesim ad litteram. Non ergo est eius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4261 potentia infinita.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29503"><span class="ref">[29503] Iª q. 25 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4262 quod dicit Hilarius, VIII de Trin., quod Deus est immensae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4263 virtutis, vivens, potens. Omne autem immensum est infinitum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4264 virtus divina est infinita.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 2 co."><a name="29504"><span class="ref">[29504] Iª q. 25 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4265 quod, sicut iam dictum est, secundum hoc potentia activa invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4266 in Deo, secundum quod ipse actu est. Esse autem eius est infinitum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4267 inquantum non est limitatum per aliquid recipiens; ut patet per ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4268 quae supra dicta sunt, cum de infinitate divinae essentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4269 ageretur. Unde necesse est quod activa potentia Dei sit infinita.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4270 In omnibus enim agentibus hoc invenitur, quod quanto aliquod agens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4271 perfectius habet formam qua agit, tanto est maior eius potentia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4272 agendo. Sicut quanto est aliquid magis calidum, tanto habet maiorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4273 potentiam ad calefaciendum, et haberet utique potentiam infinitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4274 ad calefaciendum, si eius calor esset infinitus. Unde, cum ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4275 essentia divina, per quam Deus agit, sit infinita, sicut supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4276 ostensum est, sequitur quod eius potentia sit infinita.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="29505"><span class="ref">[29505] Iª q. 25 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4277 dicendum quod philosophus loquitur de infinito quod est ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4278 materiae non terminatae per formam; cuiusmodi est infinitum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4279 congruit quantitati. Sic autem non est infinita divina essentia, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4280 supra ostensum est; et per consequens nec eius potentia. Unde non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4281 sequitur quod sit imperfecta.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="29506"><span class="ref">[29506] Iª q. 25 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4282 dicendum quod potentia agentis univoci tota manifestatur in suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4283 effectu, potentia enim generativa hominis nihil potest plus quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4284 generare hominem. Sed potentia agentis non univoci non tota
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4285 manifestatur in sui effectus productione, sicut potentia solis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4286 tota manifestatur in productione alicuius animalis ex putrefactione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4287 generati. Manifestum est autem quod Deus non est agens univocum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4288 nihil enim aliud potest cum eo convenire neque in specie, neque in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4289 genere, ut supra ostensum est. Unde relinquitur quod effectus eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4290 semper est minor quam potentia eius. Non ergo oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4291 manifestetur infinita potentia Dei in hoc, quod producat effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4292 infinitum. Et tamen, etiam si nullum effectum produceret, non esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4293 Dei potentia frustra. Quia frustra est quod ordinatur ad finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4294 quem non attingit, potentia autem Dei non ordinatur ad effectum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4295 sicut ad finem, sed magis ipsa est finis sui effectus.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="29507"><span class="ref">[29507] Iª q. 25 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4296 dicendum quod philosophus in VIII Physic., probat, quod si aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4297 corpus haberet potentiam infinitam, quod moveret in non tempore. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4298 tamen ostendit, quod potentia motoris caeli est infinita, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4299 movere potest tempore infinito. Relinquitur ergo secundum eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4300 intentionem, quod potentia infinita corporis si esset, moveret in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4301 non tempore, non autem potentia incorporei motoris. Cuius ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4302 est, quia corpus movens aliud corpus, est agens univocum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4303 oportet quod tota potentia agentis manifestetur in motu. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4304 igitur quanto moventis corporis potentia est maior, tanto velocius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4305 movet, necesse est quod si fuerit infinita, moveat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4306 improportionabiliter citius, quod est movere in non tempore. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4307 movens incorporeum est agens non univocum. Unde non oportet, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4308 tota virtus eius manifestetur in motu ita, quod moveat in non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4309 tempore. Et praesertim, quia movet secundum dispositionem suae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4310 voluntatis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 25 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29508"><span class="ref">[29508] Iª q. 25 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4311 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non sit omnipotens. Moveri enim et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4312 pati aliquid omnium est. Sed hoc Deus non potest, est enim
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4313 immobilis, ut supra dictum est. Non igitur est omnipotens.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29509"><span class="ref">[29509] Iª q. 25 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4314 peccare aliquid agere est. Sed Deus non potest peccare, neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4315 seipsum negare, ut dicitur II Tim. II. Ergo Deus non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4316 omnipotens.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="29510"><span class="ref">[29510] Iª q. 25 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4317 Deo dicitur quod <i>omnipotentiam suam parcendo maxime et miserando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4318 manifestat</i>. Ultimum igitur quod potest divina potentia, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4319 parcere et misereri. Aliquid autem est multo maius quam parcere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4320 misereri; sicut creare alium mundum, vel aliquid huiusmodi. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4321 Deus non est omnipotens.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="29511"><span class="ref">[29511] Iª q. 25 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, super
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4322 illud I Cor. I, <i>stultam fecit Deus sapientiam huius mundi</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4323 dicit Glossa, <i>sapientiam huius mundi fecit Deus stultam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4324 ostendendo possibile, quod illa impossibile iudicabat</i>. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4325 videtur quod non sit aliquid iudicandum possibile vel impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4326 secundum inferiores causas, prout sapientia huius mundi iudicat;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4327 sed secundum potentiam divinam. Si igitur Deus sit omnipotens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4328 omnia erunt possibilia. Nihil ergo impossibile. Sublato autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4329 impossibili, tollitur necessarium, nam quod necesse est esse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4330 impossibile est non esse. Nihil ergo erit necessarium in rebus, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4331 Deus est omnipotens. Hoc autem est impossibile. Ergo Deus non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4332 omnipotens.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29512"><span class="ref">[29512] Iª q. 25 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4333 quod dicitur Luc. I, <i>non erit impossibile apud Deum omne
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4334 verbum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 3 co."><a name="29513"><span class="ref">[29513] Iª q. 25 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4335 quod communiter confitentur omnes Deum esse omnipotentem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4336 rationem omnipotentiae assignare videtur difficile. Dubium enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4337 potest esse quid comprehendatur sub ista distributione, cum dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4338 omnia posse Deum. Sed si quis recte consideret, cum potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4339 dicatur ad possibilia, cum Deus omnia posse dicitur, nihil rectius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4340 intelligitur quam quod possit omnia possibilia, et ob hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4341 omnipotens dicatur. Possibile autem dicitur dupliciter, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4342 philosophum, in V Metaphys. Uno modo, per respectum ad aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4343 potentiam, sicut quod subditur humanae potentiae, dicitur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4344 possibile homini. Non autem potest dici quod Deus dicatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4345 omnipotens, quia potest omnia quae sunt possibilia naturae creatae,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4346 quia divina potentia in plura extenditur. Si autem dicatur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4347 Deus sit omnipotens, quia potest omnia quae sunt possibilia suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4348 potentiae, erit circulatio in manifestatione omnipotentiae, hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4349 enim non erit aliud quam dicere quod Deus est omnipotens, quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4350 potest omnia quae potest. Relinquitur igitur quod Deus dicatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4351 omnipotens, quia potest omnia possibilia absolute, quod est alter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4352 modus dicendi possibile. Dicitur autem aliquid possibile vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4353 impossibile absolute, ex habitudine terminorum, possibile quidem,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4354 quia praedicatum non repugnat subiecto, ut Socratem sedere;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4355 impossibile vero absolute, quia praedicatum repugnat subiecto, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4356 hominem esse asinum. Est autem considerandum quod, cum unumquodque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4357 agens agat sibi simile, unicuique potentiae activae correspondet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4358 possibile ut obiectum proprium, secundum rationem illius actus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4359 quo fundatur potentia activa, sicut potentia calefactiva refertur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4360 ut ad proprium obiectum, ad esse calefactibile. Esse autem divinum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4361 super quod ratio divinae potentiae fundatur, est esse infinitum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4362 non limitatum ad aliquod genus entis, sed praehabens in se totius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4363 esse perfectionem. Unde quidquid potest habere rationem entis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4364 continetur sub possibilibus absolutis, respectu quorum Deus dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4365 omnipotens. Nihil autem opponitur rationi entis, nisi non ens. Hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4366 igitur repugnat rationi possibilis absoluti, quod subditur divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4367 omnipotentiae, quod implicat in se esse et non esse simul. Hoc enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4368 omnipotentiae non subditur, non propter defectum divinae potentiae;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4369 sed quia non potest habere rationem factibilis neque possibilis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4370 Quaecumque igitur contradictionem non implicant, sub illis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4371 possibilibus continentur, respectu quorum dicitur Deus omnipotens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4372 Ea vero quae contradictionem implicant, sub divina omnipotentia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4373 continentur, quia non possunt habere possibilium rationem. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4374 convenientius dicitur quod non possunt fieri, quam quod Deus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4375 potest ea facere. Neque hoc est contra verbum Angeli dicentis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4376 <i>non erit impossibile apud Deum omne verbum</i>. Id enim quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4377 contradictionem implicat, verbum esse non potest, quia nullus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4378 intellectus potest illud concipere.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29514"><span class="ref">[29514] Iª q. 25 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4379 dicendum quod Deus dicitur omnipotens secundum potentiam activam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4380 non secundum potentiam passivam, ut dictum est. Unde, quod non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4381 potest moveri et pati, non repugnat omnipotentiae.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29515"><span class="ref">[29515] Iª q. 25 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4382 dicendum quod peccare est deficere a perfecta actione, unde posse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4383 peccare est posse deficere in agendo, quod repugnat omnipotentiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4384 Et propter hoc, Deus peccare non potest, qui est omnipotens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4385 Quamvis philosophus dicat, in IV Topic., quod potest Deus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4386 studiosus prava agere. Sed hoc intelligitur vel sub conditione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4387 cuius antecedens sit impossibile, ut puta si dicamus quod potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4388 Deus prava agere si velit, nihil enim prohibet conditionalem esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4389 veram, cuius antecedens et consequens est impossibile; sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4390 dicatur, si homo est asinus, habet quatuor pedes. Vel ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4391 intelligatur quod Deus potest aliqua agere, quae nunc prava
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4392 videntur; quae tamen si ageret, bona essent. Vel loquitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4393 communem opinionem gentilium, qui homines dicebant transferri in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4394 deos, ut Iovem vel Mercurium.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="29516"><span class="ref">[29516] Iª q. 25 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4395 dicendum quod Dei omnipotentia ostenditur maxime in parcendo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4396 miserando, quia per hoc ostenditur Deum habere summam potestatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4397 quod libere peccata dimittit, eius enim qui superioris legi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4398 astringitur, non est libere peccata condonare. Vel quia, parcendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4399 hominibus et miserando, perducit eos ad participationem infiniti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4400 boni, qui est ultimus effectus divinae virtutis. Vel quia, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4401 dictum est, effectus divinae misericordiae est fundamentum omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4402 divinorum operum, nihil enim debetur alicui nisi propter id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4403 est datum ei a Deo non debitum. In hoc autem maxime divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4404 omnipotentia manifestatur, quod ad ipsam pertinet prima institutio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4405 omnium bonorum.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="29517"><span class="ref">[29517] Iª q. 25 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4406 dicendum quod possibile absolutum non dicitur neque secundum causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4407 superiores, neque secundum causas inferiores sed secundum seipsum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4408 Possibile vero quod dicitur secundum aliquam potentiam, nominatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4409 possibile secundum proximam causam. Unde ea quae immediate nata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4410 sunt fieri a Deo solo, ut creare, iustificare, et huiusmodi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4411 dicuntur possibilia secundum causam superiorem, quae autem nata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4412 sunt fieri a causis inferioribus, dicuntur possibilia secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4413 causas inferiores. Nam secundum conditionem causae proximae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4414 effectus habet contingentiam vel necessitatem, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4415 In hoc autem reputatur stulta mundi sapientia, quod ea quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4416 impossibilia naturae, etiam Deo impossibilia iudicabat. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4417 patet quod omnipotentia Dei impossibilitatem et necessitatem a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4418 rebus non excludit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 25 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="29518"><span class="ref">[29518] Iª q. 25 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4419 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus possit facere quod praeterita non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4420 fuerint. Quod enim est impossibile per se, magis est impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4421 quam quod est impossibile per accidens. Sed Deus potest facere id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4422 quod est impossibile per se, ut caecum illuminare, vel mortuum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4423 resuscitare. Ergo multo magis potest Deus facere illud quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4424 impossibile per accidens. Sed praeterita non fuisse, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4425 impossibile per accidens, accidit enim Socratem non currere esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4426 impossibile, ex hoc quod praeteriit. Ergo Deus potest facere quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4427 praeterita non fuerint.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="29519"><span class="ref">[29519] Iª q. 25 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4428 quidquid Deus facere potuit, potest, cum eius potentia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4429 minuatur. Sed Deus potuit facere, antequam Socrates curreret, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4430 non curreret. Ergo, postquam cucurrit, potest Deus facere quod non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4431 cucurrerit.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="29520"><span class="ref">[29520] Iª q. 25 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4432 caritas est maior virtus quam virginitas. Sed Deus potest reparare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4433 caritatem amissam. Ergo et virginitatem. Ergo potest facere quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4434 illa quae corrupta fuit, non fuerit corrupta.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 4 s. c."><a name="29521"><span class="ref">[29521] Iª q. 25 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4435 quod Hieronymus dicit, <i>cum Deus omnia possit, non potest de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4436 corrupta facere incorruptam</i>. Ergo eadem ratione non potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4437 facere de quocumque alio praeterito quod non fuerit.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 4 co."><a name="29522"><span class="ref">[29522] Iª q. 25 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4438 quod, sicut supra dictum est, sub omnipotentia Dei non cadit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4439 aliquid quod contradictionem implicat. Praeterita autem non fuisse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4440 contradictionem implicat. Sicut enim contradictionem implicat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4441 dicere quod Socrates sedet et non sedet, ita, quod sederit et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4442 sederit. Dicere autem quod sederit, est dicere quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4443 praeteritum, dicere autem quod non sederit, est dicere quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4444 fuerit. Unde praeterita non fuisse, non subiacet divinae potentiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4445 Et hoc est quod Augustinus dicit, contra Faustum, <i>quisquis ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4446 dicit, si Deus omnipotens est, faciat ut quae facta sunt, facta non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4447 fuerint, non videt hoc se dicere, si Deus omnipotens est, faciat ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4448 ea quae vera sunt, eo ipso quod vera sunt, falsa sint</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4449 philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., quod <i>hoc solo privatur Deus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4450 ingenita facere quae sunt facta</i>.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="29523"><span class="ref">[29523] Iª q. 25 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4451 dicendum quod, licet praeterita non fuisse sit impossibile per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4452 accidens, si consideretur id quod est praeteritum, idest cursus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4453 Socratis; tamen, si consideretur praeteritum sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4454 praeteriti, ipsum non fuisse est impossibile non solum per se, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4455 absolute, contradictionem implicans. Et sic est magis impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4456 quam mortuum resurgere, quod non implicat contradictionem, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4457 dicitur impossibile secundum aliquam potentiam, scilicet naturalem.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4458 Talia enim impossibilia divinae potentiae subduntur.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="29524"><span class="ref">[29524] Iª q. 25 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4459 dicendum quod sicut Deus, quantum est ad perfectionem divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4460 potentiae, omnia potest, sed quaedam non subiacent eius potentiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4461 quia deficiunt a ratione possibilium; ita, si attendatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4462 immutabilitas divinae potentiae, quidquid Deus potuit, potest;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4463 aliqua tamen olim habuerunt rationem possibilium, dum erant fienda,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4464 quae iam deficiunt a ratione possibilium, dum sunt facta. Et sic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4465 dicitur Deus ea non posse, quia ea non possunt fieri.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="29525"><span class="ref">[29525] Iª q. 25 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4466 dicendum quod omnem corruptionem mentis et corporis Deus auferre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4467 potest a muliere corrupta, hoc tamen ab ea removeri non poterit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4468 quod corrupta non fuerit. Sicut etiam ab aliquo peccatore auferre
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4469 non potest quod non peccaverit, et quod caritatem non amiserit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 25 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="29526"><span class="ref">[29526] Iª q. 25 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4470 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non possit facere nisi ea quae facit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4471 Deus enim non potest facere quae non praescivit et praeordinavit se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4472 facturum. Sed non praescivit neque praeordinavit se facturum, nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4473 ea quae facit. Ergo non potest facere nisi ea quae facit.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="29527"><span class="ref">[29527] Iª q. 25 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4474 non potest facere nisi quod debet, et quod iustum est fieri. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4475 Deus non debet facere quae non facit, nec iustum est ut faciat quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4476 non facit. Ergo Deus non potest facere nisi quae facit.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="29528"><span class="ref">[29528] Iª q. 25 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4477 non potest facere nisi quod bonum est, et conveniens rebus factis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4478 Sed rebus factis a Deo non est bonum nec conveniens aliter esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4479 quam sint. Ergo Deus non potest facere nisi quae facit.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 5 s. c."><a name="29529"><span class="ref">[29529] Iª q. 25 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4480 quod dicitur Matt. XXVI, <i>an non possum rogare patrem meum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4481 exhibebit mihi modo plus quam duodecim legiones Angelorum?</i>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4482 Neque autem ipse rogabat, neque pater exhibebat ad repugnandum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4483 Iudaeis. Ergo Deus potest facere quod non facit.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 5 co."><a name="29530"><span class="ref">[29530] Iª q. 25 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4484 quod circa hoc quidam dupliciter erraverunt. Quidam enim posuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4485 Deum agere quasi ex necessitate naturae; ut sicut ex actione rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4486 naturalium non possunt alia provenire nisi quae eveniunt, utpote ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4487 semine hominis homo, ex semine olivae oliva; ita ex operatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4488 divina non possint aliae res, vel alius ordo rerum effluere, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4489 sicut nunc est. Sed supra ostendimus Deum non agere quasi ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4490 necessitate naturae, sed voluntatem eius esse omnium rerum causam;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4491 neque etiam ipsam voluntatem naturaliter et ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4492 determinari ad has res. Unde nullo modo iste cursus rerum sic ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4493 necessitate a Deo provenit, quod alia provenire non possent. Alii
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4494 vero dixerunt quod potentia divina determinatur ad hunc cursum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4495 rerum, propter ordinem sapientiae et iustitiae divinae, sine quo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4496 Deus nihil operatur. Cum autem potentia Dei, quae est eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4497 essentia, non sit aliud quam Dei sapientia, convenienter quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4498 dici potest quod nihil sit in Dei potentia, quod non sit in ordine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4499 divinae sapientiae, nam divina sapientia totum posse potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4500 comprehendit. Sed tamen ordo a divina sapientia rebus inditus, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4501 quo ratio iustitiae consistit, ut supra dictum est, non adaequat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4502 divinam sapientiam, sic ut divina sapientia limitetur ad hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4503 ordinem. Manifestum est enim quod tota ratio ordinis, quam sapiens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4504 rebus a se factis imponit, a fine sumitur. Quando igitur finis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4505 proportionatus rebus propter finem factis, sapientia facientis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4506 limitatur ad aliquem determinatum ordinem. Sed divina bonitas est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4507 finis improportionabiliter excedens res creatas. Unde divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4508 sapientia non determinatur ad aliquem certum ordinem rerum, ut non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4509 possit alius cursus rerum ab ipsa effluere. Unde dicendum est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4510 simpliciter quod Deus potest alia facere quam quae facit.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="29531"><span class="ref">[29531] Iª q. 25 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4511 dicendum quod in nobis, in quibus est aliud potentia et essentia a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4512 voluntate et intellectu, et iterum intellectus aliud a sapientia,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4513 et voluntas aliud a iustitia, potest esse aliquid in potentia, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4514 non potest esse in voluntate iusta, vel in intellectu sapiente. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4515 in Deo est idem potentia et essentia et voluntas et intellectus et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4516 sapientia et iustitia. Unde nihil potest esse in potentia divina,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4517 quod non possit esse in voluntate iusta ipsius, et in intellectu
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4518 sapiente eius. Tamen, quia voluntas non determinatur ex necessitate
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4519 ad haec vel illa, nisi forte ex suppositione, ut supra dictum est;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4520 neque sapientia Dei et iustitia determinantur ad hunc ordinem, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4521 supra dictum est; nihil prohibet esse aliquid in potentia Dei, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4522 non vult, et quod non continetur sub ordine quem statuit rebus. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4523 quia potentia intelligitur ut exequens, voluntas autem ut imperans,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4524 et intellectus et sapientia ut dirigens, quod attribuitur potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4525 secundum se consideratae, dicitur Deus posse secundum potentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4526 absolutam. Et huiusmodi est omne illud in quo potest salvari ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4527 entis, ut supra dictum est. Quod autem attribuitur potentiae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4528 divinae secundum quod exequitur imperium voluntatis iustae, hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4529 dicitur Deus posse facere de potentia ordinata. Secundum hoc ergo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4530 dicendum est quod Deus potest alia facere, de potentia absoluta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4531 quam quae praescivit et praeordinavit se facturum, non tamen potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4532 esse quod aliqua faciat, quae non praesciverit et praeordinaverit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4533 se facturum. Quia ipsum facere subiacet praescientiae et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4534 praeordinationi, non autem ipsum posse, quod est naturale. Ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4535 enim Deus aliquid facit, quia vult, non tamen ideo potest, quia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4536 vult, sed quia talis est in sua natura.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="29532"><span class="ref">[29532] Iª q. 25 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4537 dicendum quod Deus non debet aliquid alicui nisi sibi. Unde, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4538 dicitur quod Deus non potest facere nisi quod debet nihil aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4539 significatur nisi quod Deus non potest facere nisi quod ei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4540 conveniens et iustum. Sed hoc quod dico conveniens et iustum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4541 potest intelligi dupliciter. Uno modo, sic quod hoc quod dico
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4542 conveniens et iustum, prius intelligatur coniungi cum hoc verbo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4543 est, ita quod restringatur ad standum pro praesentibus; et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4544 referatur ad potentiam. Et sic falsum est quod dicitur, est enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4545 sensus, Deus non potest facere nisi quod modo conveniens est et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4546 iustum. Si vero prius coniungatur cum hoc verbo potest, quod habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4547 vim ampliandi, et postmodum cum hoc verbo est, significabitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4548 quoddam praesens confusum, et erit locutio vera, sub hoc sensu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4549 Deus non potest facere nisi id quod, si faceret, esset conveniens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4550 et iustum.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="29533"><span class="ref">[29533] Iª q. 25 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4551 dicendum quod, licet iste cursus rerum sit determinatus istis rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4552 quae nunc sunt, non tamen ad hunc cursum limitatur divina sapientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4553 et potestas. Unde, licet istis rebus quae nunc sunt, nullus alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4554 cursus esset bonus et conveniens, tamen Deus posset alias res
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4555 facere, et alium eis imponere ordinem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 25 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="29534"><span class="ref">[29534] Iª q. 25 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4556 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non possit meliora facere ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4557 facit. Quidquid enim Deus facit, potentissime et sapientissime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4558 facit. Sed tanto fit aliquid melius, quanto fit potentius et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4559 sapientius. Ergo Deus non potest aliquid facere melius quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4560 facit.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="29535"><span class="ref">[29535] Iª q. 25 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4561 Augustinus, contra Maximinum, sic argumentatur, <i>si Deus potuit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4562 et noluit, gignere filium sibi aequalem, invidus fuit</i>. Eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4563 ratione, si Deus potuit res meliores facere quam fecerit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4564 noluit, invidus fuit. Sed invidia est omnino relegata a Deo. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4565 Deus unumquodque fecit optimum. Non ergo Deus potest aliquid facere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4566 melius quam fecit.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="29536"><span class="ref">[29536] Iª q. 25 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, id
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4567 quod est maxime et valde bonum, non potest melius fieri, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4568 maximo nihil est maius. Sed, sicut Augustinus dicit in Enchirid.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4569 <i>bona sunt singula quae Deus fecit, sed simul universa valde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4570 bona, quia ex omnibus consistit universitatis admirabilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4571 pulchritudo</i>. Ergo bonum universi non potest melius fieri a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4572 Deo.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 6 arg. 4"><a name="29537"><span class="ref">[29537] Iª q. 25 a. 6 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, homo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4573 Christus est plenus gratia et veritate, et spiritum habet non ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4574 mensuram, et sic non potest esse melior. Beatitudo etiam creata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4575 dicitur esse summum bonum, et sic non potest esse melius. Beata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4576 etiam virgo Maria est super omnes choros Angelorum exaltata, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4577 non potest esse melior. Non igitur omnia quae fecit Deus, potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4578 facere meliora.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 6 s. c."><a name="29538"><span class="ref">[29538] Iª q. 25 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4579 quod dicitur ad Ephes. III, quod <i>Deus potens est omnia facere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4580 abundantius quam petimus aut intelligimus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 6 co."><a name="29539"><span class="ref">[29539] Iª q. 25 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4581 quod bonitas alicuius rei est duplex. Una quidem, quae est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4582 essentia rei; sicut esse rationale est de essentia hominis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4583 quantum ad hoc bonum, Deus non potest facere aliquam rem meliorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4584 quam ipsa sit, licet possit facere aliquam aliam ea meliorem. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4585 etiam non potest facere quaternarium maiorem, quia, si esset maior,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4586 iam non esset quaternarius, sed alius numerus. Sic enim se habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4587 additio differentiae substantialis in definitionibus, sicut additio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4588 unitatis in numeris, ut dicitur in VIII Metaphys. Alia bonitas est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4589 quae est extra essentiam rei; sicut bonum hominis est esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4590 virtuosum vel sapientem. Et secundum tale bonum, potest Deus res a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4591 se factas facere meliores. Simpliciter autem loquendo, qualibet re
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4592 a se facta potest Deus facere aliam meliorem.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="29540"><span class="ref">[29540] Iª q. 25 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4593 dicendum quod, cum dicitur Deum posse aliquid facere melius quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4594 facit, si ly melius sit nomen, verum est, qualibet enim re potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4595 facere aliam meliorem. Eandem vero potest facere meliorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4596 quodammodo, et quodammodo non, sicut dictum est. Si vero ly melius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4597 sit adverbium, et importet modum ex parte facientis, sic Deus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4598 potest facere melius quam sicut facit, quia non potest facere ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4599 maiori sapientia et bonitate. Si autem importet modum ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4600 facti, sic potest facere melius, quia potest dare rebus a se factis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4601 meliorem modum essendi quantum ad accidentalia, licet non quantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4602 ad essentialia.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="29541"><span class="ref">[29541] Iª q. 25 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4603 dicendum quod de ratione filii est quod aequetur patri, cum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4604 perfectum venerit, non est autem de ratione creaturae alicuius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4605 quod sit melior quam a Deo facta est. Unde non est similis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4606 ratio.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="29542"><span class="ref">[29542] Iª q. 25 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4607 dicendum quod universum, suppositis istis rebus, non potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4608 melius; propter decentissimum ordinem his rebus attributum a Deo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4609 in quo bonum universi consistit. Quorum si unum aliquod esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4610 melius, corrumperetur proportio ordinis, sicut, si una chorda plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4611 debito intenderetur, corrumperetur citharae melodia. Posset tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4612 Deus alias res facere, vel alias addere istis rebus factis, et sic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4613 esset illud universum melius.</p><p title="I q. 25 a. 6 ad 4"><a name="29543"><span class="ref">[29543] Iª q. 25 a. 6 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4614 dicendum quod humanitas Christi ex hoc quod est unita Deo, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4615 beatitudo creata ex hoc quod est fruitio Dei, et beata virgo ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4616 quod est mater Dei, habent quandam dignitatem infinitam, ex bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4617 infinito quod est Deus. Et ex hac parte non potest aliquid fieri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4618 melius eis, sicut non potest aliquid melius esse Deo.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q26"><h2>Quaestio 26</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 26 pr."><a name="29544"><span class="ref">[29544]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4619 Iª q. 26 pr.</span></a> Ultimo autem, post considerationem
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4620 eorum quae ad divinae essentiae unitatem pertinent, considerandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4621 est de divina beatitudine. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4622 utrum beatitudo Deo competat. Secundo, secundum quid dicitur Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4623 esse beatus, utrum secundum actum intellectus. Tertio, utrum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4624 essentialiter beatitudo cuiuslibet beati. Quarto, utrum in eius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4625 beatitudine omnis beatitudo includatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 26 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29545"><span class="ref">[29545] Iª q. 26 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4626 proceditur. Videtur quod beatitudo Deo non conveniat. <i>Beatitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4627 enim</i>, secundum Boetium, in III de Consol., <i>est status omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4628 bonorum aggregatione perfectus</i>. Sed aggregatio bonorum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4629 habet locum in Deo, sicut nec compositio. Ergo Deo non convenit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4630 beatitudo.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29546"><span class="ref">[29546] Iª q. 26 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4631 beatitudo, sive felicitas, est praemium virtutis, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4632 philosophum, in I Ethic. Sed Deo non convenit praemium, sicut nec
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4633 meritum. Ergo nec beatitudo.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29547"><span class="ref">[29547] Iª q. 26 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4634 quod dicit apostolus, I ad Tim. ultimo, <i>quem suis temporibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4635 ostendet Deus beatus et solus potens, rex regum et dominus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4636 dominantium</i>.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 1 co."><a name="29548"><span class="ref">[29548] Iª q. 26 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4637 quod beatitudo maxime Deo competit. Nihil enim aliud sub nomine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4638 beatitudinis intelligitur, nisi bonum perfectum intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4639 naturae; cuius est suam sufficientiam cognoscere in bono quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4640 habet; et cui competit ut ei contingat aliquid vel bene vel male,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4641 et sit suarum operationum domina. Utrumque autem istorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4642 excellentissime Deo convenit, scilicet perfectum esse, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4643 intelligentem. Unde beatitudo maxime convenit Deo.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29549"><span class="ref">[29549] Iª q. 26 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4644 dicendum quod aggregatio bonorum est in Deo non per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4645 compositionis, sed per modum simplicitatis, quia quae in creaturis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4646 multiplicia sunt, in Deo praeexistunt simpliciter et unite, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4647 supra dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29550"><span class="ref">[29550] Iª q. 26 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4648 dicendum quod esse praemium virtutis accidit beatitudini vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4649 felicitati, inquantum aliquis beatitudinem acquirit, sicut esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4650 terminum generationis accidit enti, inquantum exit de potentia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4651 actum. Sicut igitur Deus habet esse, quamvis non generetur; ita
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4652 habet beatitudinem, quamvis non mereatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 26 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29551"><span class="ref">[29551] Iª q. 26 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4653 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non dicatur beatus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4654 intellectum. Beatitudo enim est summum bonum. Sed bonum dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4655 Deo secundum essentiam, quia bonum respicit esse, quod est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4656 essentiam, secundum Boetium, in libro de Hebdomad. Ergo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4657 beatitudo dicitur in Deo secundum essentiam, et non secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4658 intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29552"><span class="ref">[29552] Iª q. 26 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4659 beatitudo habet rationem finis. Finis autem est obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4660 voluntatis, sicut et bonum. Ergo beatitudo dicitur in Deo secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4661 voluntatem, et non secundum intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29553"><span class="ref">[29553] Iª q. 26 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4662 quod Gregorius dicit, XXXII Moralium, <i>ipse gloriosus est, qui,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4663 dum seipso perfruitur, accedentis laudis indigens non est</i>. Esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4664 autem gloriosum significat esse beatum. Cum igitur Deo fruamur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4665 secundum intellectum, quia visio est tota merces, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4666 Augustinus, videtur quod beatitudo dicatur in Deo secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4667 intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 2 co."><a name="29554"><span class="ref">[29554] Iª q. 26 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4668 quod beatitudo, sicut dictum est, significat bonum perfectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4669 intellectualis naturae. Et inde est quod, sicut unaquaeque res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4670 appetit suam perfectionem, ita et intellectualis natura naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4671 appetit esse beata. Id autem quod est perfectissimum in qualibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4672 intellectuali natura, est intellectualis operatio, secundum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4673 capit quodammodo omnia. Unde cuiuslibet intellectualis naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4674 creatae beatitudo consistit in intelligendo. In Deo autem non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4675 aliud esse et intelligere secundum rem, sed tantum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4676 intelligentiae rationem. Attribuenda ergo est Deo beatitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4677 secundum intellectum, sicut et aliis beatis, qui per assimilationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4678 ad beatitudinem ipsius, beati dicuntur.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="29555"><span class="ref">[29555] Iª q. 26 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4679 dicendum quod ex illa ratione probatur quod Deus sit beatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4680 secundum suam essentiam, non autem quod beatitudo ei conveniat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4681 secundum rationem essentiae, sed magis secundum rationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4682 intellectus.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="29556"><span class="ref">[29556] Iª q. 26 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4683 dicendum quod beatitudo, cum sit bonum, est obiectum voluntatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4684 Obiectum autem praeintelligitur actui potentiae. Unde, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4685 modum intelligendi, prius est beatitudo divina, quam actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4686 voluntatis in ea requiescentis. Et hoc non potest esse nisi actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4687 intellectus. Unde in actu intellectus attenditur beatitudo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 26 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29557"><span class="ref">[29557] Iª q. 26 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4688 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus sit beatitudo cuiuslibet beati. Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4689 enim est summum bonum, ut supra ostensum est. Impossibile est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4690 esse plura summa bona, ut etiam ex superioribus patet. Cum igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4691 de ratione beatitudinis sit, quod sit summum bonum, videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4692 beatitudo non sit aliud quam Deus.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29558"><span class="ref">[29558] Iª q. 26 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4693 beatitudo est finis rationalis naturae ultimus. Sed esse ultimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4694 finem rationalis naturae, soli Deo convenit. Ergo beatitudo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4695 cuiuslibet beati est solus Deus.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29559"><span class="ref">[29559] Iª q. 26 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4696 beatitudo unius est maior beatitudine alterius, secundum illud I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4697 Cor. XV, <i>stella differt a stella in claritate</i>. Sed Deo nihil
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4698 est maius. Ergo beatitudo est aliquid aliud quam Deus.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 3 co."><a name="29560"><span class="ref">[29560] Iª q. 26 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4699 quod beatitudo intellectualis naturae consistit in actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4700 intellectus. In quo duo possunt considerari, scilicet obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4701 actus, quod est intelligibile; et ipse actus, qui est intelligere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4702 Si igitur beatitudo consideretur ex parte ipsius obiecti, sic solus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4703 Deus est beatitudo, quia ex hoc solo est aliquis beatus, quod Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4704 intelligit; secundum illud Augustini, in V libro Confess.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4705 <i>beatus est qui te novit, etiam si alia ignoret</i>. Sed ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4706 actus intelligentis, beatitudo est quid creatum in creaturis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4707 beatis, in Deo autem est etiam secundum hoc, aliquid increatum.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29561"><span class="ref">[29561] Iª q. 26 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4708 dicendum quod beatitudo, quantum ad obiectum, est summum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4709 simpliciter, sed quantum ad actum, in creaturis beatis, est summum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4710 bonum, non simpliciter, sed in genere bonorum participabilium a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4711 creatura.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29562"><span class="ref">[29562] Iª q. 26 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4712 dicendum quod finis est duplex, scilicet cuius et quo, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4713 philosophus dicit, scilicet ipsa res, et usus rei, sicut avaro est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4714 finis pecunia, et acquisitio pecuniae. Creaturae igitur rationalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4715 est quidem Deus finis ultimus ut res; beatitudo autem creata ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4716 usus, vel magis fruitio, rei.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 26 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="29563"><span class="ref">[29563] Iª q. 26 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4717 proceditur. Videtur quod beatitudo divina non complectatur omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4718 beatitudines. Sunt enim quaedam beatitudines falsae. Sed in Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4719 nihil potest esse falsum. Ergo divina beatitudo non complectitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4720 omnem beatitudinem.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="29564"><span class="ref">[29564] Iª q. 26 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4721 quaedam beatitudo, secundum quosdam, consistit in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4722 corporalibus, sicut in voluptatibus, divitiis, et huiusmodi, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4723 quidem Deo convenire non possunt, cum sit incorporeus. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4724 beatitudo eius non complectitur omnem beatitudinem.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 4 s. c."><a name="29565"><span class="ref">[29565] Iª q. 26 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4725 quod beatitudo est perfectio quaedam. Divina autem perfectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4726 complectitur omnem perfectionem, ut supra ostensum est. Ergo divina
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4727 beatitudo complectitur omnem beatitudinem.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 4 co."><a name="29566"><span class="ref">[29566] Iª q. 26 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4728 quod quidquid est desiderabile in quacumque beatitudine, vel vera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4729 vel falsa, totum eminentius in divina beatitudine praeexistit. De
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4730 contemplativa enim felicitate, habet continuam et certissimam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4731 contemplationem sui et omnium aliorum, de activa vero,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4732 gubernationem totius universi. De terrena vero felicitate, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4733 consistit in voluptate, divitiis, potestate, dignitate et fama,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4734 secundum Boetium, in III de Consol., habet gaudium de se et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4735 omnibus aliis, pro delectatione, pro divitiis, habet omnimodam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4736 sufficientiam, quam divitiae promittunt, pro potestate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4737 omnipotentiam, pro dignitate, omnium regimen, pro fama vero,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4738 admirationem totius creaturae.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="29567"><span class="ref">[29567] Iª q. 26 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4739 dicendum quod beatitudo aliqua secundum hoc est falsa, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4740 quod deficit a ratione verae beatitudinis, et sic non est in Deo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4741 Sed quidquid habet de similitudine, quantumcumque tenui,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4742 beatitudinis, totum praeexistit in divina beatitudine.</p><p title="I q. 26 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="29568"><span class="ref">[29568] Iª q. 26 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4743 dicendum quod bona quae sunt in corporalibus corporaliter, in Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4744 sunt spiritualiter, secundum modum suum. Et haec dicta sufficiant
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4745 de his quae pertinent ad divinae essentiae unitatem.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q27"><h2>Quaestio 27</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 27 pr."><a name="29569"><span class="ref">[29569]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4746 Iª q. 27 pr.</span></a> Consideratis autem his quae ad divinae
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4747 essentiae unitatem pertinent, restat considerare de his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4748 pertinent ad Trinitatem personarum in divinis. Et quia personae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4749 divinae secundum relationes originis distinguuntur, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4750 ordinem doctrinae prius considerandum est de origine, sive de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4751 processione, secundo, de relationibus originis; tertio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4752 personis. Circa processionem quaeruntur quinque. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4753 processio sit in divinis. Secundo, utrum aliqua processio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4754 divinis generatio dici possit. Tertio, utrum praeter generationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4755 aliqua alia processio possit esse in divinis. Quarto, utrum illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4756 alia processio possit dici generatio. Quinto, utrum in divinis sint
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4757 plures processiones quam duae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 27 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="29570"><span class="ref">[29570] Iª q. 27 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4758 proceditur. Videtur quod in Deo non possit esse aliqua processio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4759 Processio enim significat motum ad extra. Sed in divinis nihil est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4760 mobile, neque extraneum. Ergo neque processio.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="29571"><span class="ref">[29571] Iª q. 27 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4761 procedens est diversum ab eo a quo procedit. Sed in Deo non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4762 aliqua diversitas, sed summa simplicitas. Ergo in Deo non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4763 processio aliqua.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="29572"><span class="ref">[29572] Iª q. 27 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4764 procedere ab alio videtur rationi primi principii repugnare. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4765 Deus est primum principium, ut supra ostensum est. Ergo in Deo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4766 processio locum non habet.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 1 s. c."><a name="29573"><span class="ref">[29573] Iª q. 27 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4767 quod dicit dominus, Ioan. VIII, <i>ego ex Deo processi</i>.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 1 co."><a name="29574"><span class="ref">[29574] Iª q. 27 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4768 quod divina Scriptura, in rebus divinis, nominibus ad processionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4769 pertinentibus utitur. Hanc autem processionem diversi diversimode
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4770 acceperunt. Quidam enim acceperunt hanc processionem secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4771 effectus procedit a causa. Et sic accepit Arius, dicens filium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4772 procedere a patre sicut primam eius creaturam, et spiritum sanctum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4773 procedere a patre et filio sicut creaturam utriusque. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4774 hoc, neque filius neque spiritus sanctus esset verus Deus. Quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4775 contra id quod dicitur de filio, I Ioan. ult., <i>ut simus in vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4776 filio eius, hic est verus Deus</i>. Et de spiritu sancto dicitur, I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4777 Cor. VI, <i>nescitis quia membra vestra templum sunt spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4778 sancti?</i> Templum autem habere solius Dei est. Alii vero hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4779 processionem acceperunt secundum quod causa dicitur procedere in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4780 effectum, inquantum vel movet ipsum, vel similitudinem suam ipsi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4781 imprimit. Et sic accepit Sabellius, dicens ipsum Deum patrem filium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4782 dici, secundum quod carnem assumpsit ex virgine. Et eundem dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4783 spiritum sanctum, secundum quod creaturam rationalem sanctificat,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4784 et ad vitam movet. Huic autem acceptioni repugnant verba domini de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4785 se dicentis, Ioan. V, <i>non potest facere a se filius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4786 quidquam</i>; et multa alia, per quae ostenditur quod non est ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4787 pater qui filius. Si quis autem diligenter consideret, uterque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4788 accepit processionem secundum quod est ad aliquid extra, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4789 neuter posuit processionem in ipso Deo. Sed, cum omnis processio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4790 sit secundum aliquam actionem, sicut secundum actionem quae tendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4791 in exteriorem materiam, est aliqua processio ad extra; ita secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4792 actionem quae manet in ipso agente, attenditur processio quaedam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4793 intra. Et hoc maxime patet in intellectu, cuius actio, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4794 intelligere, manet in intelligente. Quicumque enim intelligit, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4795 hoc ipso quod intelligit, procedit aliquid intra ipsum, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4796 conceptio rei intellectae, ex vi intellectiva proveniens, et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4797 eius notitia procedens. Quam quidem conceptionem vox significat, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4798 dicitur verbum cordis, significatum verbo vocis. Cum autem Deus sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4799 super omnia, ea quae in Deo dicuntur, non sunt intelligenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4800 secundum modum infimarum creaturarum, quae sunt corpora; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4801 secundum similitudinem supremarum creaturarum, quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4802 intellectuales substantiae; a quibus etiam similitudo accepta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4803 deficit a repraesentatione divinorum. Non ergo accipienda est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4804 processio secundum quod est in corporalibus, vel per motum localem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4805 vel per actionem alicuius causae in exteriorem effectum, ut calor a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4806 calefaciente in calefactum; sed secundum emanationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4807 intelligibilem, utpote verbi intelligibilis a dicente, quod manet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4808 in ipso. Et sic fides Catholica processionem ponit in divinis.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="29575"><span class="ref">[29575] Iª q. 27 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4809 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de processione quae est motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4810 localis, vel quae est secundum actionem tendentem in exteriorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4811 materiam, vel in exteriorem effectum, talis autem processio non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4812 in divinis, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="29576"><span class="ref">[29576] Iª q. 27 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4813 dicendum quod id quod procedit secundum processionem quae est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4814 extra, oportet esse diversum ab eo a quo procedit. Sed id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4815 procedit ad intra processu intelligibili, non oportet esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4816 diversum, imo, quanto perfectius procedit, tanto magis est unum cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4817 eo a quo procedit. Manifestum est enim quod quanto aliquid magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4818 intelligitur, tanto conceptio intellectualis est magis intima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4819 intelligenti, et magis unum, nam intellectus secundum hoc quod actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4820 intelligit, secundum hoc fit unum cum intellecto. Unde, cum divinum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4821 intelligere sit in fine perfectionis, ut supra dictum est, necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4822 est quod verbum divinum sit perfecte unum cum eo a quo procedit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4823 absque omni diversitate.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="29577"><span class="ref">[29577] Iª q. 27 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4824 dicendum quod procedere a principio ut extraneum et diversum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4825 repugnat rationi primi principii, sed procedere ut intimum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4826 absque diversitate, per modum intelligibilem, includitur in ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4827 primi principii. Cum enim dicimus aedificatorem principium domus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4828 in ratione huius principii includitur conceptio suae artis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4829 includeretur in ratione primi principii, si aedificator esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4830 primum principium. Deus autem, qui est primum principium rerum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4831 comparatur ad res creatas ut artifex ad artificiata.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 27 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="29578"><span class="ref">[29578] Iª q. 27 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4832 proceditur. Videtur quod processio quae est in divinis, non possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4833 dici generatio. Generatio enim est mutatio de non esse in esse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4834 corruptioni opposita; et utriusque subiectum est materia. Sed nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4835 horum competit divinis. Ergo non potest generatio esse in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4836 divinis.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="29579"><span class="ref">[29579] Iª q. 27 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4837 Deo est processio secundum modum intelligibilem, ut dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4838 in nobis talis processio non dicitur generatio. Ergo neque in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4839 Deo.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="29580"><span class="ref">[29580] Iª q. 27 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4840 genitum accipit esse a generante. Esse ergo cuiuslibet geniti est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4841 esse receptum. Sed nullum esse receptum est per se subsistens. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4842 igitur esse divinum sit esse per se subsistens, ut supra probatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4843 est, sequitur quod nullius geniti esse sit esse divinum. Non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4844 ergo generatio in divinis.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 2 s. c."><a name="29581"><span class="ref">[29581] Iª q. 27 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4845 quod dicitur in Psalmo II, <i>ego hodie genui te</i>.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 2 co."><a name="29582"><span class="ref">[29582] Iª q. 27 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4846 quod processio verbi in divinis dicitur generatio. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4847 evidentiam, sciendum est quod nomine generationis dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4848 utimur. Uno modo, communiter ad omnia generabilia et corruptibilia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4849 et sic generatio nihil aliud est quam mutatio de non esse ad esse.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4850 Alio modo, proprie in viventibus, et sic generatio significat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4851 originem alicuius viventis a principio vivente coniuncto. Et haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4852 proprie dicitur nativitas. Non tamen omne huiusmodi dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4853 genitum, sed proprie quod procedit secundum rationem similitudinis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4854 Unde pilus vel capillus non habet rationem geniti et filii, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4855 solum quod procedit secundum rationem similitudinis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4856 cuiuscumque, nam vermes qui generantur in animalibus, non habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4857 rationem generationis et filiationis, licet sit similitudo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4858 genus, sed requiritur ad rationem talis generationis, quod procedat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4859 secundum rationem similitudinis in natura eiusdem speciei, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4860 homo procedit ab homine, et equus ab equo. In viventibus autem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4861 de potentia in actum vitae procedunt, sicut sunt homines et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4862 animalia, generatio utramque generationem includit. Si autem sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4863 aliquod vivens cuius vita non exeat de potentia in actum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4864 processio, si qua in tali vivente invenitur, excludit omnino primam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4865 rationem generationis; sed potest habere rationem generationis quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4866 est propria viventium. Sic igitur processio verbi in divinis habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4867 rationem generationis. Procedit enim per modum intelligibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4868 actionis, quae est operatio vitae, et a principio coniuncto, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4869 supra iam dictum est, et secundum rationem similitudinis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4870 conceptio intellectus est similitudo rei intellectae, et in eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4871 natura existens, quia in Deo idem est intelligere et esse, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4872 ostensum est. Unde processio verbi in divinis dicitur generatio, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4873 ipsum verbum procedens dicitur filius.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="29583"><span class="ref">[29583] Iª q. 27 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4874 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de generatione secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4875 rationem primam, prout importat exitum de potentia in actum. Et sic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4876 non invenitur in divinis, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="29584"><span class="ref">[29584] Iª q. 27 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4877 dicendum quod intelligere in nobis non est ipsa substantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4878 intellectus, unde verbum quod secundum intelligibilem operationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4879 procedit in nobis, non est eiusdem naturae cum eo a quo procedit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4880 Unde non proprie et complete competit sibi ratio generationis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4881 intelligere divinum est ipsa substantia intelligentis, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4882 ostensum est, unde verbum procedens procedit ut eiusdem naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4883 subsistens. Et propter hoc proprie dicitur genitum et filius. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4884 et his quae pertinent ad generationem viventium, utitur Scriptura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4885 ad significandam processionem divinae sapientiae, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4886 conceptione et partu, dicitur enim ex persona divinae sapientiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4887 Proverb. VIII, <i>nondum erant abyssi, et ego iam concepta eram;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4888 ante colles ego parturiebar</i>. Sed in intellectu nostro utimur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4889 nomine conceptionis, secundum quod in verbo nostri intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4890 invenitur similitudo rei intellectae, licet non inveniatur naturae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4891 identitas.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="29585"><span class="ref">[29585] Iª q. 27 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4892 dicendum quod non omne acceptum est receptum in aliquo subiecto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4893 alioquin non posset dici quod tota substantia rei creatae sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4894 accepta a Deo, cum totius substantiae non sit aliquod subiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4895 receptivum. Sic igitur id quod est genitum in divinis, accipit esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4896 a generante, non tanquam illud esse sit receptum in aliqua materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4897 vel subiecto (quod repugnat subsistentiae divini esse); sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4898 secundum hoc dicitur esse acceptum, inquantum procedens ab alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4899 habet esse divinum, non quasi aliud ab esse divino existens. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4900 ipsa enim perfectione divini esse continetur et verbum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4901 intelligibiliter procedens, et principium verbi; sicut et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4902 quaecumque ad eius perfectionem pertinent, ut supra dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 27 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="29586"><span class="ref">[29586] Iª q. 27 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4903 proceditur. Videtur quod non sit in divinis alia processio a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4904 generatione verbi. Eadem enim ratione erit aliqua alia processio ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4905 illa alia processione, et sic procederetur in infinitum, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4906 inconveniens. Standum est igitur in primo, ut sit una tantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4907 processio in divinis.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="29587"><span class="ref">[29587] Iª q. 27 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4908 omni natura invenitur tantum unus modus communicationis illius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4909 naturae, et hoc ideo est, quia operationes secundum terminos habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4910 unitatem et diversitatem. Sed processio in divinis non est nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4911 secundum communicationem divinae naturae. Cum igitur sit una tantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4912 natura divina, ut supra ostensum est, relinquitur quod una sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4913 tantum processio in divinis.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="29588"><span class="ref">[29588] Iª q. 27 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4914 sit in divinis alia processio ab intelligibili processione verbi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4915 non erit nisi processio amoris, quae est secundum voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4916 operationem. Sed talis processio non potest esse alia a processione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4917 intellectus intelligibili, quia voluntas in Deo non est aliud ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4918 intellectu, ut supra ostensum est. Ergo in Deo non est alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4919 processio praeter processionem verbi.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 3 s. c."><a name="29589"><span class="ref">[29589] Iª q. 27 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4920 quod spiritus sanctus procedit a patre, ut dicitur Ioan. XV. Ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4921 autem est alius a filio, secundum illud Ioan. XIV, <i>rogabo patrem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4922 meum, et alium Paracletum dabit vobis</i>. Ergo in divinis est alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4923 processio praeter processionem verbi.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 3 co."><a name="29590"><span class="ref">[29590] Iª q. 27 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4924 quod in divinis sunt duae processiones, scilicet processio verbi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4925 et quaedam alia. Ad cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4926 divinis non est processio nisi secundum actionem quae non tendit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4927 aliquid extrinsecum, sed manet in ipso agente. Huiusmodi autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4928 actio in intellectuali natura est actio intellectus et actio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4929 voluntatis. Processio autem verbi attenditur secundum actionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4930 intelligibilem. Secundum autem operationem voluntatis invenitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4931 nobis quaedam alia processio, scilicet processio amoris, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4932 quam amatum est in amante, sicut per conceptionem verbi res dicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4933 vel intellecta, est in intelligente. Unde et praeter processionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4934 verbi, ponitur alia processio in divinis, quae est processio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4935 amoris.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="29591"><span class="ref">[29591] Iª q. 27 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4936 dicendum quod non est necessarium procedere in divinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4937 processionibus in infinitum. Processio enim quae est ad intra in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4938 intellectuali natura, terminatur in processione voluntatis.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="29592"><span class="ref">[29592] Iª q. 27 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4939 dicendum quod quidquid est in Deo, est Deus, ut supra ostensum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4940 quod non contingit in aliis rebus. Et ideo per quamlibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4941 processionem quae non est ad extra, communicatur divina natura, non
53
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diff changeset
4942 autem aliae naturae.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="29593"><span class="ref">[29593] Iª q. 27 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4943 dicendum quod, licet in Deo non sit aliud voluntas et intellectus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4944 tamen de ratione voluntatis et intellectus est, quod processiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4945 quae sunt secundum actionem utriusque, se habeant secundum quendam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4946 ordinem. Non enim est processio amoris nisi in ordine ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4947 processionem verbi, nihil enim potest voluntate amari, nisi sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4948 intellectu conceptum. Sicut igitur attenditur quidam ordo verbi ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4949 principium a quo procedit, licet in divinis sit eadem substantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4950 intellectus et conceptio intellectus; ita, licet in Deo sit idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4951 voluntas et intellectus, tamen, quia de ratione amoris est quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4952 procedat nisi a conceptione intellectus, habet ordinis
53
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diff changeset
4953 distinctionem processio amoris a processione verbi in divinis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 27 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="29594"><span class="ref">[29594] Iª q. 27 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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diff changeset
4954 proceditur. Videtur quod processio amoris in divinis sit generatio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4955 Quod enim procedit in similitudine naturae in viventibus, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4956 generatum et nascens. Sed id quod procedit in divinis per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4957 amoris, procedit in similitudine naturae, alias esset extraneum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4958 natura divina, et sic esset processio ad extra. Ergo quod procedit
53
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diff changeset
4959 in divinis per modum amoris, procedit ut genitum et nascens.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="29595"><span class="ref">[29595] Iª q. 27 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4960 similitudo est de ratione verbi, ita est etiam de ratione amoris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4961 unde dicitur Eccli. XIII, quod <i>omne animal diligit simile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4962 sibi</i>. Si igitur ratione similitudinis verbo procedenti convenit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4963 generari et nasci, videtur etiam quod amori procedenti convenit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4964 generari.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="29596"><span class="ref">[29596] Iª q. 27 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, non
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4965 est in genere quod non est in aliqua eius specie. Si igitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4966 divinis sit quaedam processio amoris, oportet quod, praeter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4967 nomen commune, habeat aliquod nomen speciale. Sed non est aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4968 nomen dare nisi generatio. Ergo videtur quod processio amoris in
53
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diff changeset
4969 divinis sit generatio.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 4 s. c."><a name="29597"><span class="ref">[29597] Iª q. 27 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4970 quia secundum hoc sequeretur quod spiritus sanctus, qui procedit ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4971 amor, procederet ut genitus. Quod est contra illud Athanasii,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4972 <i>spiritus sanctus a patre et filio non factus nec creatus nec
53
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diff changeset
4973 genitus, sed procedens</i>.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 4 co."><a name="29598"><span class="ref">[29598] Iª q. 27 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4974 quod processio amoris in divinis non debet dici generatio. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4975 evidentiam, sciendum est quod haec est differentia inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4976 intellectum et voluntatem, quod intellectus fit in actu per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4977 quod res intellecta est in intellectu secundum suam similitudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4978 voluntas autem fit in actu, non per hoc quod aliqua similitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4979 voliti sit in voluntate, sed ex hoc quod voluntas habet quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4980 inclinationem in rem volitam. Processio igitur quae attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4981 secundum rationem intellectus, est secundum rationem similitudinis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4982 et intantum potest habere rationem generationis, quia omne generans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4983 generat sibi simile. Processio autem quae attenditur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4984 rationem voluntatis, non consideratur secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4985 similitudinis, sed magis secundum rationem impellentis et moventis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4986 in aliquid. Et ideo quod procedit in divinis per modum amoris, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4987 procedit ut genitum vel ut filius, sed magis procedit ut spiritus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4988 quo nomine quaedam vitalis motio et impulsio designatur, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4989 aliquis ex amore dicitur moveri vel impelli ad aliquid
53
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diff changeset
4990 faciendum.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="29599"><span class="ref">[29599] Iª q. 27 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4991 dicendum quod quidquid est in divinis, est unum cum divina natura.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4992 Unde ex parte huius unitatis non potest accipi propria ratio huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4993 processionis vel illius, secundum quam una distinguatur ab alia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4994 sed oportet quod propria ratio huius vel illius processionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4995 accipiatur secundum ordinem unius processionis ad aliam. Huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4996 autem ordo attenditur secundum rationem voluntatis et intellectus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4997 Unde secundum horum propriam rationem sortitur in divinis nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4998 utraque processio, quod imponitur ad propriam rationem rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4999 significandam. Et inde est quod procedens per modum amoris et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5000 divinam naturam accipit, et tamen non dicitur natum.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="29600"><span class="ref">[29600] Iª q. 27 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5001 dicendum quod similitudo aliter pertinet ad verbum, et aliter ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5002 amorem. Nam ad verbum pertinet inquantum ipsum est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5003 similitudo rei intellectae, sicut genitum est similitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5004 generantis, sed ad amorem pertinet, non quod ipse amor sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5005 similitudo, sed inquantum similitudo est principium amandi. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5006 non sequitur quod amor sit genitus, sed quod genitum sit principium
53
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diff changeset
5007 amoris.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="29601"><span class="ref">[29601] Iª q. 27 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
5008 dicendum quod Deum nominare non possumus nisi ex creaturis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5009 dictum est supra. Et quia in creaturis communicatio naturae non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5010 nisi per generationem, processio in divinis non habet proprium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5011 speciale nomen nisi generationis. Unde processio quae non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5012 generatio, remansit sine speciali nomine. Sed potest nominari
53
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5013 spiratio, quia est processio spiritus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 27 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="29602"><span class="ref">[29602] Iª q. 27 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5014 proceditur. Videtur quod sint plures processiones in divinis quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5015 duae. Sicut enim scientia et voluntas attribuitur Deo, ita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5016 potentia. Si igitur secundum intellectum et voluntatem accipiuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5017 in Deo duae processiones, videtur quod tertia sit accipienda
53
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diff changeset
5018 secundum potentiam.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="29603"><span class="ref">[29603] Iª q. 27 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5019 bonitas maxime videtur esse principium processionis, cum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5020 dicatur diffusivum sui esse. Videtur igitur quod secundum bonitatem
53
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diff changeset
5021 aliqua processio in divinis accipi debeat.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="29604"><span class="ref">[29604] Iª q. 27 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, maior
28
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diff changeset
5022 est fecunditatis virtus in Deo quam in nobis. Sed in nobis non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5023 tantum una processio verbi, sed multae, quia ex uno verbo in nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5024 procedit aliud verbum; et similiter ex uno amore alius amor. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
5025 et in Deo sunt plures processiones quam duae.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 5 s. c."><a name="29605"><span class="ref">[29605] Iª q. 27 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
5026 quod in Deo non sunt nisi duo procedentes, scilicet filius et
53
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diff changeset
5027 spiritus sanctus. Ergo sunt ibi tantum duae processiones.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 5 co."><a name="29606"><span class="ref">[29606] Iª q. 27 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5028 quod processiones in divinis accipi non possunt nisi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5029 actiones quae in agente manent. Huiusmodi autem actiones in natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5030 intellectuali et divina non sunt nisi duae, scilicet intelligere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5031 velle. Nam sentire, quod etiam videtur esse operatio in sentiente,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5032 est extra naturam intellectualem, neque totaliter est remotum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5033 genere actionum quae sunt ad extra; nam sentire perficitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5034 actionem sensibilis in sensum. Relinquitur igitur quod nulla alia
53
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diff changeset
5035 processio possit esse in Deo, nisi verbi et amoris.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="29607"><span class="ref">[29607] Iª q. 27 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
5036 dicendum quod potentia est principium agendi in aliud, unde
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diff changeset
5037 secundum potentiam accipitur actio ad extra. Et sic secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5038 attributum potentiae non accipitur processio divinae personae, sed
53
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diff changeset
5039 solum processio creaturarum.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="29608"><span class="ref">[29608] Iª q. 27 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
5040 dicendum quod bonum, sicut dicit Boetius in libro de Hebd.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5041 pertinet ad essentiam et non ad operationem, nisi forte sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5042 obiectum voluntatis. Unde, cum processiones divinas secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5043 aliquas actiones necesse sit accipere, secundum bonitatem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5044 huiusmodi alia attributa non accipiuntur aliae processiones nisi
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diff changeset
5045 verbi et amoris, secundum quod Deus suam essentiam, veritatem et
53
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diff changeset
5046 bonitatem intelligit et amat.</p><p title="I q. 27 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="29609"><span class="ref">[29609] Iª q. 27 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
5047 dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, Deus uno simplici actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5048 omnia intelligit, et similiter omnia vult. Unde in eo non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5049 esse processio verbi ex verbo, neque amoris ex amore, sed est in eo
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5050 solum unum verbum perfectum, et unus amor perfectus. Et in hoc eius
53
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5051 perfecta fecunditas manifestatur.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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5052 <p><a href="sth1003.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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5053 <a href="sth1028.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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5054 <br/>
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diff changeset
5055 <hr/>
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5056 <br/>
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5057 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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5058 hanc editionem<br/>
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diff changeset
5059 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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5060 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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5061 </div></body>
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5062 </html>