Aquinas: summa/latin/sth1044.html annotate

annotate summa/latin/sth1044.html @ 86:dd8a8c8eb56d

completed FP_ix

author	ht
date	Sun, 03 Feb 2013 10:50:36 +0000
parents	d777cc3962f2
children

rev	line source
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2 <!DOCTYPE html
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	5 <head>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	6 <meta content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" name="generator"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	7 <meta content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	8 <meta content="text/css" http-equiv="Content-Style-Type"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	16 <link type="text/css" href="vscreen.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª q. 44-49</title>
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	19 </head>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	20 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars a quaestione XLIV ad quaestionem
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	21 XLIX</div><div class="centro">
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	22 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	23 <tr>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	24 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Justo Ghent depictus" border="0" height="190" width="120" src="icons/ghent190.jpg"/></th>
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	25 </tr>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	26 </table>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	27 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	28 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1888 editum<br/>
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	29 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	30 magneticas<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	31 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	32 <br/></span><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	33 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	34 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	35 <p><a href="sth1028.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	36 <a href="sth1050.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	37 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	38 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	39 <!--
26 4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	40 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	41 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	42 document.write('<FORM NAME="selecter"><SELECT NAME="select1">');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	43 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">INDEX');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	44 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	45 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="index.html">Corpus Thomisticum');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	46 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="iopera.html">Opera omnia');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	47 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="zbiblia.html">Bibliographia Thomistica');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	48 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	49 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30282">I&ordf; q. 44 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	50 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30283">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	51 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30284">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	52 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30285">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	53 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30286">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	54 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30287">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	55 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30288">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	56 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30289">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	57 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30290">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	58 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30291">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	59 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30292">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	60 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30293">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	61 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30294">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	62 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30295">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	63 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30296">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	64 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30297">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	65 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30298">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	66 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30299">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	67 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30300">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	68 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30301">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	69 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30302">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	70 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30303">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	71 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30304">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	72 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30305">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	73 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30306">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	74 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30307">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	75 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30308">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	76 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30309">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	77 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30310">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	78 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30311">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	79 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30312">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	80 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30313">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	81 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30314">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	82 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30315">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	83 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30316">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	84 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30317">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	85 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30318">I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	86 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30319">I&ordf; q. 45 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	87 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30320">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	88 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30321">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	89 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30322">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	90 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30323">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	91 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30324">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	92 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30325">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	93 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30326">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	94 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30327">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	95 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30328">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	96 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30329">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	97 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30330">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	98 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30331">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	99 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30332">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	100 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30333">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	101 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30334">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	102 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30335">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	103 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30336">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	104 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30337">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	105 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30338">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	106 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30339">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	107 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30340">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	108 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30341">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	109 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30342">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	110 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30343">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	111 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30344">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	112 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30345">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	113 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30346">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	114 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30347">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	115 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30348">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	116 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30349">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	117 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30350">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	118 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30351">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	119 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30352">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	120 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30353">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	121 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30354">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	122 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30355">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	123 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30356">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	124 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30357">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	125 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30358">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	126 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30359">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	127 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30360">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	128 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30361">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	129 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30362">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	130 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30363">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	131 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30364">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	132 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30365">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	133 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30366">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	134 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30367">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	135 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30368">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	136 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30369">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 ad 3');
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	142 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30375">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	143 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30376">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 ad 2');
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	150 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30383">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	151 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30384">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	152 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30385">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 ad 2');
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	169 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30402">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	170 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30403">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	171 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30404">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	172 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30405">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	173 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30406">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	174 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30407">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 7');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	175 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30408">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 8');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	176 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30409">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 9');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	177 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30410">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 10');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	178 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30411">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	179 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30412">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	180 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30413">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	181 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30414">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	182 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30415">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	183 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30416">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	184 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30417">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 7');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	185 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30418">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 8');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	186 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30419">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	187 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30420">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	188 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30421">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	189 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30422">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	190 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30423">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	191 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30424">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	192 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30425">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	193 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30426">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	194 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30427">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 7');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	195 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30428">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 8');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	196 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30429">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	197 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30430">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	198 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30431">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	199 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30432">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	200 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30433">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	201 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30434">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	202 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30435">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	203 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30436">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	204 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30437">I&ordf; q. 47 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	205 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30438">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	206 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30439">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	207 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30440">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	208 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30441">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	209 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30442">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	210 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30443">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	211 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30444">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	212 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30445">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	213 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30446">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	214 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30447">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	215 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30448">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	216 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30449">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	217 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30450">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	218 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30451">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	219 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30452">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	220 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30453">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	221 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30454">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	222 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30455">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	223 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30456">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	224 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30457">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	225 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30458">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	226 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30459">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	227 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30460">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	228 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30461">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	229 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30462">I&ordf; q. 48 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	230 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30463">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	231 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30464">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	232 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30465">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	233 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30466">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	234 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30467">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	235 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30468">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	236 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30469">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	237 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30470">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	238 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30471">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	239 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30472">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	240 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30473">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	241 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30474">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	242 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30475">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	243 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30476">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	244 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30477">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	245 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30478">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	246 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30479">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	247 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30480">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	248 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30481">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	249 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30482">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	250 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30483">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	251 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30484">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	252 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30485">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	253 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30486">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	254 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30487">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	255 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30488">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	256 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30489">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	257 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30490">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	258 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30491">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	259 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30492">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	260 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30493">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	261 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30494">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	262 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30495">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	263 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30496">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	264 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30497">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	265 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30498">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	266 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30499">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	267 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30500">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	268 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30501">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	269 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30502">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	270 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30503">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	271 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30504">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	272 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30505">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	273 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30506">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	274 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30507">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	275 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30508">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	276 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30509">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	277 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30510">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	278 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30511">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	279 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30512">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	280 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30513">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	281 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30514">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	282 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30515">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	283 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30516">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	284 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30517">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	285 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30518">I&ordf; q. 49 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	286 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30519">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	287 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30520">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	288 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30521">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	289 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30522">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	290 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30523">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	291 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30524">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	292 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30525">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	293 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30526">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	294 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30527">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	295 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30528">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	296 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30529">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	297 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30530">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	298 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30531">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	299 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30532">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	300 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30533">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	301 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30534">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	302 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30535">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	303 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30536">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	304 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30537">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	305 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30538">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	306 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30539">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	307 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30540">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	308 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30541">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	309 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30542">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	310 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30543">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	311 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30544">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	312 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30545">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	313 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30546">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	314 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30547">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	315 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30548">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	316 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30549">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	317 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30550">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	318 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	319 document.write('<BR><BR>');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	320 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	321 document.write('<\/FORM>');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	322 // -->
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	323 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	324 </script><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	325 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	326 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q44"><h2>Quaestio 44</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 44 pr."><a name="30282"><span class="ref">[30282]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	327 Iª q. 44 pr.</span></a> Post considerationem divinarum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	328 personarum, considerandum restat de processione creaturarum a Deo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	329 Erit autem haec consideratio tripartita, ut primo consideretur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	330 productione creaturarum; secundo, de earum distinctione; tertio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	331 conservatione et gubernatione. Circa primum tria sunt consideranda,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	332 primo quidem, quae sit prima causa entium; secundo, de modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	333 procedendi creaturarum a prima causa; tertio vero, de principio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	334 durationis rerum. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	335 Deus sit causa efficiens omnium entium. Secundo, utrum materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	336 prima sit creata a Deo, vel sit principium ex aequo coordinatum ei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	337 Tertio, utrum Deus sit causa exemplaris rerum, vel sint alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	338 exemplaria praeter ipsum. Quarto, utrum ipse sit causa finalis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	339 rerum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30283"><span class="ref">[30283] Iª q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	340 proceditur. Videtur quod non sit necessarium omne ens esse creatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	341 a Deo. Nihil enim prohibet inveniri rem sine eo quod non est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	342 ratione rei, sicut hominem sine albedine. Sed habitudo causati ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	343 causam non videtur esse de ratione entium quia sine hac possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	344 aliqua entia intelligi. Ergo sine hac possunt esse. Ergo nihil
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	345 prohibet esse aliqua entia non creata a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30284"><span class="ref">[30284] Iª q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	346 hoc aliquid indiget causa efficiente, ut sit. Ergo quod non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	347 non esse, non indiget causa efficiente. Sed nullum necessarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	348 potest non esse, quia quod necesse est esse, non potest non esse.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	349 Cum igitur multa sint necessaria in rebus, videtur quod non omnia
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	350 entia sint a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30285"><span class="ref">[30285] Iª q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	351 quorumcumque est aliqua causa, in his potest fieri demonstratio per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	352 causam illam. Sed in mathematicis non fit demonstratio per causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	353 agentem, ut per philosophum patet, in III Metaphys. Non igitur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	354 omnia entia sunt a Deo sicut a causa agente.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30286"><span class="ref">[30286] Iª q. 44 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	355 quod dicitur Rom. XI, <i>ex ipso, et per ipsum, et in ipso sunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	356 omnia</i>.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 1 co."><a name="30287"><span class="ref">[30287] Iª q. 44 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	357 quod necesse est dicere omne quod quocumque modo est, a Deo esse.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	358 Si enim aliquid invenitur in aliquo per participationem, necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	359 est quod causetur in ipso ab eo cui essentialiter convenit; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	360 ferrum fit ignitum ab igne. Ostensum est autem supra, cum de divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	361 simplicitate ageretur, quod Deus est ipsum esse per se subsistens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	362 Et iterum ostensum est quod esse subsistens non potest esse nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	363 unum, sicut si albedo esset subsistens, non posset esse nisi una,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	364 cum albedines multiplicentur secundum recipientia. Relinquitur ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	365 quod omnia alia a Deo non sint suum esse, sed participant esse.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	366 Necesse est igitur omnia quae diversificantur secundum diversam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	367 participationem essendi, ut sint perfectius vel minus perfecte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	368 causari ab uno primo ente, quod perfectissime est. Unde et Plato
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	369 dixit quod necesse est ante omnem multitudinem ponere unitatem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	370 Aristoteles dicit, in II Metaphys., quod id quod est maxime ens et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	371 maxime verum, est causa omnis entis et omnis veri, sicut id quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	372 maxime calidum est, est causa omnis caliditatis.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30288"><span class="ref">[30288] Iª q. 44 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	373 dicendum quod, licet habitudo ad causam non intret definitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	374 entis quod est causatum, tamen sequitur ad ea qua sunt de eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	375 ratione, quia ex hoc quod aliquid per participationem est ens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	376 sequitur quod sit causatum ab alio. Unde huiusmodi ens non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	377 esse, quin sit causatum; sicut nec homo, quin sit risibile. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	378 quia esse causatum non est de ratione entis simpliciter, propter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	379 hoc invenitur aliquod ens non causatum.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30289"><span class="ref">[30289] Iª q. 44 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	380 dicendum quod ex hac ratione quidam moti fuerunt ad ponendum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	381 id quod est necessarium non habeat causam, ut dicitur in VIII
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	382 Physic. Sed hoc manifeste falsum apparet in scientiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	383 demonstrativis, in quibus principia necessaria sunt causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	384 conclusionum necessariarum. Et ideo dicit Aristoteles, in V
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	385 Metaphys., quod sunt quaedam necessaria quae habent causam suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	386 necessitatis. Non ergo propter hoc solum requiritur causa agens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	387 quia effectus potest non esse, sed quia effectus non esset, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	388 causa non esset. Haec enim conditionalis est vera, sive antecedens
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	389 et consequens sint possibilia, sive impossibilia.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30290"><span class="ref">[30290] Iª q. 44 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	390 dicendum quod mathematica accipiuntur ut abstracta secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	391 rationem, cum tamen non sint abstracta secundum esse. Unicuique
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	392 autem competit habere causam agentem, secundum quod habet esse.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	393 Licet igitur ea quae sunt mathematica habeant causam agentem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	394 tamen secundum habitudinem quam habent ad causam agentem, cadunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	395 sub consideratione mathematici. Et ideo in scientiis mathematicis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	396 non demonstratur aliquid per causam agentem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30291"><span class="ref">[30291] Iª q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	397 proceditur. Videtur quod materia prima non sit creata a Deo. Omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	398 enim quod fit, componitur ex subiecto et ex aliquo alio, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	399 in I Physic. Sed materiae primae non est aliquod subiectum. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	400 materia prima non potest esse facta a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30292"><span class="ref">[30292] Iª q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, actio
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	401 et passio dividuntur contra se invicem. Sed sicut primum principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	402 activum est Deus, ita primum principium passivum est materia. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	403 Deus et materia prima sunt duo principia contra se invicem divisa,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	404 quorum neutrum est ab alio.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30293"><span class="ref">[30293] Iª q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	405 agens agit sibi simile, et sic, cum omne agens agat inquantum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	406 actu, sequitur quod omne factum aliquo modo sit in actu. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	407 materia prima est tantum in potentia, inquantum huiusmodi. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	408 contra rationem materiae primae est, quod sit facta.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30294"><span class="ref">[30294] Iª q. 44 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	409 quod dicit Augustinus, XII Confess., duo fecisti, domine, unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	410 prope te, scilicet Angelum, aliud prope nihil, scilicet materiam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	411 primam.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 2 co."><a name="30295"><span class="ref">[30295] Iª q. 44 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	412 quod antiqui philosophi paulatim, et quasi pedetentim, intraverunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	413 in cognitionem veritatis. A principio enim, quasi grossiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	414 existentes, non existimabant esse entia nisi corpora sensibilia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	415 Quorum qui ponebant in eis motum, non considerabant motum nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	416 secundum aliqua accidentia, ut puta secundum raritatem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	417 densitatem, congregationem et segregationem. Et supponentes ipsam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	418 substantiam corporum increatam, assignabant aliquas causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	419 huiusmodi accidentalium transmutationum, ut puta amicitiam, litem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	420 intellectum, aut aliquid huiusmodi. Ulterius vero procedentes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	421 distinxerunt per intellectum inter formam substantialem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	422 materiam, quam ponebant increatam; et perceperunt transmutationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	423 fieri in corporibus secundum formas essentiales. Quarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	424 transmutationum quasdam causas universaliores ponebant, ut obliquum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	425 circulum, secundum Aristotelem, vel ideas, secundum Platonem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	426 considerandum est quod materia per formam contrahitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	427 determinatam speciem; sicut substantia alicuius speciei per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	428 accidens ei adveniens contrahitur ad determinatum modum essendi, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	429 homo contrahitur per album. Utrique igitur consideraverunt ens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	430 particulari quadam consideratione, vel inquantum est hoc ens, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	431 inquantum est tale ens. Et sic rebus causas agentes particulares
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	432 assignaverunt. Et ulterius aliqui erexerunt se ad considerandum ens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	433 inquantum est ens, et consideraverunt causam rerum, non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	434 secundum quod sunt haec vel talia, sed secundum quod sunt entia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	435 Hoc igitur quod est causa rerum inquantum sunt entia, oportet esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	436 causam rerum, non solum secundum quod sunt talia per formas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	437 accidentales, nec secundum quod sunt haec per formas substantiales,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	438 sed etiam secundum omne illud quod pertinet ad esse illorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	439 quocumque modo. Et sic oportet ponere etiam materiam primam creatam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	440 ab universali causa entium.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30296"><span class="ref">[30296] Iª q. 44 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	441 dicendum quod philosophus in I Physic. loquitur de fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	442 particulari, quod est de forma in formam, sive accidentalem sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	443 substantialem nunc autem loquimur de rebus secundum emanationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	444 earum ab universali principio essendi. A qua quidem emanatione nec
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	445 materia excluditur, licet a primo modo factionis excludatur.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30297"><span class="ref">[30297] Iª q. 44 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	446 dicendum quod passio est effectus actionis. Unde et rationabile est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	447 quod primum principium passivum sit effectus primi principii
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	448 activi, nam omne imperfectum causatur a perfecto. Oportet enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	449 primum principium esse perfectissimum, ut dicit Aristoteles, in XII
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	450 Metaphys.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30298"><span class="ref">[30298] Iª q. 44 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	451 dicendum quod ratio illa non ostendit quod materia non sit creata,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	452 sed quod non sit creata sine forma. Licet enim omne creatum sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	453 actu, non tamen est actus purus. Unde oportet quod etiam illud quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	454 se habet ex parte potentiae, sit creatum, si totum quod ad esse
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	455 ipsius pertinet, creatum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30299"><span class="ref">[30299] Iª q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	456 proceditur. Videtur quod causa exemplaris sit aliquid praeter Deum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	457 Exemplatum enim habet similitudinem exemplaris. Sed creaturae longe
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	458 sunt a divina similitudine. Non ergo Deus est causa exemplaris
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	459 earum.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30300"><span class="ref">[30300] Iª q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	460 quod est per participationem, reducitur ad aliquid per se existens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	461 ut ignitum ad ignem, sicut iam dictum est. Sed quaecumque sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	462 sensibilibus rebus, sunt solum per participationem alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	463 speciei, quod ex hoc patet, quod in nullo sensibilium invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	464 solum id quod ad rationem speciei pertinet, sed adiunguntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	465 principiis speciei principia individuantia. Oportet ergo ponere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	466 ipsas species per se existentes, ut per se hominem, et per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	467 equum, et huiusmodi. Et haec dicuntur exemplaria. Sunt igitur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	468 exemplaria res quaedam extra Deum.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30301"><span class="ref">[30301] Iª q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	469 scientiae et definitiones sunt de ipsis speciebus, non secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	470 quod sunt in particularibus, quia particularium non est scientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	471 nec definitio. Ergo sunt quaedam entia, quae sunt entia vel species
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	472 non in singularibus. Et haec dicuntur exemplaria. Ergo idem quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	473 prius.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="30302"><span class="ref">[30302] Iª q. 44 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, hoc
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	474 idem videtur per Dionysium, qui dicit, V cap. de Div. Nom., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	475 <i>ipsum secundum se esse, prius est eo quod est per se vitam esse,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	476 et eo quod est per se sapientiam esse</i>.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30303"><span class="ref">[30303] Iª q. 44 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	477 quod exemplar est idem quod idea. Sed ideae, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	478 Augustinus libro octoginta trium quaest. dicit, <i>sunt formae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	479 principales, quae divina intelligentia continentur</i>. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	480 exemplaria rerum non sunt extra Deum.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 3 co."><a name="30304"><span class="ref">[30304] Iª q. 44 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	481 quod Deus est prima causa exemplaris omnium rerum. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	482 evidentiam, considerandum est quod ad productionem alicuius rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	483 ideo necessarium est exemplar, ut effectus determinatam formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	484 consequatur, artifex enim producit determinatam formam in materia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	485 propter exemplar ad quod inspicit, sive illud sit exemplar ad quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	486 extra intuetur, sive sit exemplar interius mente conceptum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	487 Manifestum est autem quod ea quae naturaliter fiunt, determinatas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	488 formas consequuntur. Haec autem formarum determinatio oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	489 reducatur, sicut in primum principium, in divinam sapientiam, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	490 ordinem universi excogitavit, qui in rerum distinctione consistit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	491 Et ideo oportet dicere quod in divina sapientia sunt rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	492 omnium rerum, quas supra diximus ideas, id est formas exemplares in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	493 mente divina existentes. Quae quidem licet multiplicentur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	494 respectum ad res, tamen non sunt realiter aliud a divina essentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	495 prout eius similitudo a diversis participari potest diversimode.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	496 Sic igitur ipse Deus est primum exemplar omnium. Possunt etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	497 rebus creatis quaedam aliorum exemplaria dici, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	498 quaedam sunt ad similitudinem aliorum, vel secundum eandem speciem,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	499 vel secundum analogiam alicuius imitationis.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30305"><span class="ref">[30305] Iª q. 44 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	500 dicendum quod, licet creaturae non pertingant ad hoc quod sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	501 similes Deo secundum suam naturam, similitudine speciei, ut homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	502 genitus homini generanti; attingunt tamen ad eius similitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	503 secundum repraesentationem rationis intellectae a Deo, ut domus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	504 quae est in materia, domui quae est in mente artificis.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30306"><span class="ref">[30306] Iª q. 44 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	505 dicendum quod de ratione hominis est quod sit in materia, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	506 non potest inveniri homo sine materia. Licet igitur hic homo sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	507 per participationem speciei, non tamen potest reduci ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	508 existens per se in eadem specie; sed ad speciem superexcedentem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	509 sicut sunt substantiae separatae. Et eadem ratio est de aliis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	510 sensibilibus.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30307"><span class="ref">[30307] Iª q. 44 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	511 dicendum quod, licet quaelibet scientia et definitio sit solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	512 entium, non tamen oportet quod res eundem modum habeant in essendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	513 quem intellectus habet in intelligendo. Nos enim, per virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	514 intellectus agentis, abstrahimus species universales a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	515 particularibus conditionibus, non tamen oportet quod universalia
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	516 praeter particularia subsistant, ut particularium exemplaria.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="30308"><span class="ref">[30308] Iª q. 44 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	517 dicendum quod, sicut dicit Dionysius, XI cap. de Div. Nom., per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	518 vitam et per se sapientiam quandoque nominat ipsum Deum, quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	519 virtutes ipsis rebus datas, non autem quasdam subsistentes res,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	520 sicut antiqui posuerunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30309"><span class="ref">[30309] Iª q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	521 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non sit causa finalis omnium. Agere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	522 enim propter finem videtur esse alicuius indigentis fine. Sed Deus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	523 nullo est indigens. Ergo non competit sibi agere propter finem.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30310"><span class="ref">[30310] Iª q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, finis
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	524 generationis et forma generati et agens non incidunt in idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	525 numero, ut dicitur in II Physic., quia finis generationis est forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	526 generati. Sed Deus est primum agens omnium. Non ergo est causa
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	527 finalis omnium.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30311"><span class="ref">[30311] Iª q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, finem
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	528 omnia appetunt. Sed Deum non omnia appetunt, quia neque omnia ipsum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	529 cognoscunt. Deus ergo non est omnium finis.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="30312"><span class="ref">[30312] Iª q. 44 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	530 finalis causa est prima causarum. Si igitur Deus sit causa agens et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	531 causa finalis, sequitur quod in eo sit prius et posterius. Quod est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	532 impossibile.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30313"><span class="ref">[30313] Iª q. 44 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	533 quod dicitur Prov. XVI, <i>universa propter semetipsum operatus est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	534 dominus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 4 co."><a name="30314"><span class="ref">[30314] Iª q. 44 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	535 quod omne agens agit propter finem, alioquin ex actione agentis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	536 magis sequeretur hoc quam illud, nisi a casu. Est autem idem finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	537 agentis et patientis, inquantum huiusmodi, sed aliter et aliter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	538 unum enim et idem est quod agens intendit imprimere, et quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	539 patiens intendit recipere. Sunt autem quaedam quae simul agunt et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	540 patiuntur, quae sunt agentia imperfecta, et his convenit quod etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	541 in agendo intendant aliquid acquirere. Sed primo agenti, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	542 agens tantum, non convenit agere propter acquisitionem alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	543 finis; sed intendit solum communicare suam perfectionem, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	544 eius bonitas. Et unaquaeque creatura intendit consequi suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	545 perfectionem, quae est similitudo perfectionis et bonitatis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	546 divinae. Sic ergo divina bonitas est finis rerum omnium.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30315"><span class="ref">[30315] Iª q. 44 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	547 dicendum quod agere propter indigentiam non est nisi agentis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	548 imperfecti, quod natum est agere et pati. Sed hoc Deo non competit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	549 Et ideo ipse solus est maxime liberalis, quia non agit propter suam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	550 utilitatem, sed solum propter suam bonitatem.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30316"><span class="ref">[30316] Iª q. 44 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	551 dicendum quod forma generati non est finis generationis nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	552 inquantum est similitudo formae generantis, quod suam similitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	553 communicare intendit. Alioquin forma generati esset nobilior
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	554 generante, cum finis sit nobilior his quae sunt ad finem.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="30317"><span class="ref">[30317] Iª q. 44 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	555 dicendum quod omnia appetunt Deum ut finem, appetendo quodcumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	556 bonum, sive appetitu intelligibili, sive sensibili, sive naturali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	557 qui est sine cognitione, quia nihil habet rationem boni et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	558 appetibilis, nisi secundum quod participat Dei similitudinem.</p><p title="I q. 44 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="30318"><span class="ref">[30318] Iª q. 44 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	559 dicendum quod, cum Deus sit causa efficiens, exemplaris et finalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	560 omnium rerum, et materia prima sit ab ipso, sequitur quod primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	561 principium omnium rerum sit unum tantum secundum rem. Nihil tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	562 prohibet in eo considerari multa secundum rationem, quorum quaedam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	563 prius cadunt in intellectu nostro quam alia.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q45"><h2>Quaestio 45</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 45 pr."><a name="30319"><span class="ref">[30319]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	564 Iª q. 45 pr.</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de modo emanationis
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	565 rerum a primo principio, qui dicitur creatio. De qua quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	566 octo. Primo, quid sit creatio. Secundo, utrum Deus possit aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	567 creare. Tertio, utrum creatio sit aliquod ens in rerum natura.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	568 Quarto, cui competit creari. Quinto, utrum solius Dei sit creare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	569 Sexto, utrum commune sit toti Trinitati, aut proprium alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	570 personae. Septimo, utrum vestigium aliquod Trinitatis sit in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	571 creatis. Octavo, utrum opus creationis admisceatur in operibus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	572 naturae et voluntatis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30320"><span class="ref">[30320] Iª q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	573 proceditur. Videtur quod creare non sit ex nihilo aliquid facere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	574 Dicit enim Augustinus, contra adversarium legis et prophetarum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	575 <i>facere est quod omnino non erat, creare vero est ex eo quod iam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	576 erat educendo aliquid constituere</i>.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30321"><span class="ref">[30321] Iª q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	577 nobilitas actionis et motus ex terminis consideratur. Nobilior
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	578 igitur est actio quae ex bono in bonum est, et ex ente in ens, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	579 quae est ex nihilo in aliquid. Sed creatio videtur esse nobilissima
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	580 actio, et prima inter omnes actiones. Ergo non est ex nihilo in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	581 aliquid, sed magis ex ente in ens.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30322"><span class="ref">[30322] Iª q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, haec
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	582 praepositio ex importat habitudinem alicuius causae, et maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	583 materialis; sicut cum dicimus quod statua fit ex aere. Sed nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	584 non potest esse materia entis, nec aliquo modo causa eius. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	585 creare non est ex nihilo aliquid facere.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30323"><span class="ref">[30323] Iª q. 45 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	586 quod super illud Gen. I, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum</i>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	587 etc., dicit Glossa quod creare est aliquid ex nihilo facere.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 1 co."><a name="30324"><span class="ref">[30324] Iª q. 45 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	588 quod, sicut supra dictum est, non solum oportet considerare
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	589 emanationem alicuius entis particularis ab aliquo particulari
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	590 agente, sed etiam emanationem totius entis a causa universali, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	591 est Deus, et hanc quidem emanationem designamus nomine creationis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	592 Quod autem procedit secundum emanationem particularem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	593 praesupponitur emanationi, sicut, si generatur homo, non fuit prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	594 homo, sed homo fit ex non homine, et album ex non albo. Unde, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	595 consideretur emanatio totius entis universalis a primo principio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	596 impossibile est quod aliquod ens praesupponatur huic emanationi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	597 Idem autem est nihil quod nullum ens. Sicut igitur generatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	598 hominis est ex non ente quod est non homo, ita creatio, quae est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	599 emanatio totius esse, est ex non ente quod est nihil.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30325"><span class="ref">[30325] Iª q. 45 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	600 dicendum quod Augustinus aequivoce utitur nomine creationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	601 secundum quod creari dicuntur ea quae in melius reformantur, ut cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	602 dicitur aliquis creari in episcopum. Sic autem non loquimur hic de
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	603 creatione, sed sicut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30326"><span class="ref">[30326] Iª q. 45 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	604 dicendum quod mutationes accipiunt speciem et dignitatem non a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	605 termino a quo, sed a termino ad quem. Tanto ergo perfectior et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	606 prior est aliqua mutatio, quanto terminus ad quem illius mutationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	607 est nobilior et prior; licet terminus a quo, qui opponitur termino
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	608 ad quem, sit imperfectior. Sicut generatio simpliciter est nobilior
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	609 et prior quam alteratio, propter hoc quod forma substantialis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	610 nobilior quam forma accidentalis, tamen privatio substantialis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	611 formae, quae est terminus a quo in generatione, est imperfectior
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	612 quam contrarium, quod est terminus a quo in alteratione. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	613 similiter creatio est perfectior et prior quam generatio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	614 alteratio, quia terminus ad quem est tota substantia rei. Id autem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	615 quod intelligitur ut terminus a quo, est simpliciter non ens.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30327"><span class="ref">[30327] Iª q. 45 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	616 dicendum quod, cum dicitur aliquid ex nihilo fieri, haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	617 praepositio ex non designat causam materialem, sed ordinem tantum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	618 sicut cum dicitur, ex mane fit meridies, idest, post mane fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	619 meridies. Sed intelligendum est quod haec praepositio ex potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	620 includere negationem importatam in hoc quod dico nihil, vel includi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	621 ab ea. Si primo modo, tunc ordo remanet affirmatus, et ostenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	622 ordo eius, quod est ad non esse praecedens. Si vero negatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	623 includat praepositionem, tunc ordo negatur, et est sensus, fit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	624 nihilo, idest non fit ex aliquo; sicut si dicatur, iste loquitur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	625 nihilo, quia non loquitur de aliquo. Et utroque modo verificatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	626 cum dicitur ex nihilo aliquid fieri. Sed primo modo, haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	627 praepositio ex importat ordinem, ut dictum est, secundo modo,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	628 importat habitudinem causae materialis, quae negatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30328"><span class="ref">[30328] Iª q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	629 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non possit aliquid creare. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	630 secundum philosophum, I Physic., antiqui philosophi acceperunt ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	631 communem conceptionem animi, ex nihilo nihil fieri. Sed potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	632 Dei non se extendit ad contraria primorum principiorum; utpote quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	633 Deus faciat quod totum non sit maius sua parte, vel quod affirmatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	634 et negatio sint simul vera. Ergo Deus non potest aliquid ex nihilo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	635 facere, vel creare.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30329"><span class="ref">[30329] Iª q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	636 creare est aliquid ex nihilo facere, ergo creari est aliquid fieri.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	637 Sed omne fieri est mutari. Ergo creatio est mutatio. Sed omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	638 mutatio est ex subiecto aliquo, ut patet per definitionem motus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	639 nam motus est actus existentis in potentia. Ergo est impossibile
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	640 aliquid a Deo ex nihilo fieri.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30330"><span class="ref">[30330] Iª q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, quod
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	641 factum est, necesse est aliquando fieri. Sed non potest dici quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	642 illud quod creatur, simul fiat et factum sit, quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	643 permanentibus, quod fit, non est, quod autem factum est, iam est;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	644 simul ergo aliquid esset et non esset. Ergo, si aliquid fit, fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	645 eius praecedit factum esse. Sed hoc non potest esse, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	646 praeexistat subiectum in quo sustentetur ipsum fieri. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	647 impossibile est aliquid fieri ex nihilo.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="30331"><span class="ref">[30331] Iª q. 45 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	648 infinitam distantiam non est pertransire. Sed infinita distantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	649 est inter ens et nihil. Ergo non contingit ex nihilo aliquid
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	650 fieri.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30332"><span class="ref">[30332] Iª q. 45 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	651 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	652 terram</i>.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 2 co."><a name="30333"><span class="ref">[30333] Iª q. 45 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	653 quod non solum non est impossibile a Deo aliquid creari, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	654 necesse est ponere a Deo omnia creata esse, ut ex praemissis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	655 habetur. Quicumque enim facit aliquid ex aliquo, illud ex quo facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	656 praesupponitur actioni eius, et non producitur per ipsam actionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	657 sicut artifex operatur ex rebus naturalibus, ut ex ligno et aere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	658 quae per artis actionem non causantur, sed causantur per actionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	659 naturae. Sed et ipsa natura causat res naturales quantum ad formam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	660 sed praesupponit materiam. Si ergo Deus non ageret nisi ex aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	661 praesupposito, sequeretur quod illud praesuppositum non esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	662 causatum ab ipso. Ostensum est autem supra quod nihil potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	663 in entibus quod non sit a Deo, qui est causa universalis totius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	664 esse. Unde necesse est dicere quod Deus ex nihilo res in esse
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	665 producit.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30334"><span class="ref">[30334] Iª q. 45 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	666 dicendum quod antiqui philosophi, sicut supra dictum est, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	667 consideraverunt nisi emanationem effectuum particularium a causis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	668 particularibus, quas necesse est praesupponere aliquid in sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	669 actione, et secundum hoc erat eorum communis opinio, ex nihilo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	670 nihil fieri. Sed tamen hoc locum non habet in prima emanatione ab
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	671 universali rerum principio.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30335"><span class="ref">[30335] Iª q. 45 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	672 dicendum quod creatio non est mutatio nisi secundum modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	673 intelligendi tantum. Nam de ratione mutationis est, quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	674 idem se habeat aliter nunc et prius, nam quandoque est idem ens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	675 actu, aliter se habens nunc et prius, sicut in motibus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	676 quantitatem et qualitatem et ubi; quandoque vero est idem ens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	677 potentia tantum, sicut in mutatione secundum substantiam, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	678 subiectum est materia. Sed in creatione, per quam producitur tota
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	679 substantia rerum, non potest accipi aliquid idem aliter se habens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	680 nunc et prius, nisi secundum intellectum tantum; sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	681 intelligatur aliqua res prius non fuisse totaliter, et postea esse.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	682 Sed cum actio et passio conveniant in substantia motus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	683 differant solum secundum habitudines diversas, ut dicitur in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	684 Physic., oportet quod, subtracto motu, non remaneant nisi diversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	685 habitudines in creante et creato. Sed quia modus significandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	686 sequitur modum intelligendi, ut dictum est, creatio significatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	687 per modum mutationis, et propter hoc dicitur quod creare est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	688 nihilo aliquid facere. Quamvis facere et fieri magis in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	689 conveniant quam mutare et mutari, quia facere et fieri important
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	690 habitudinem causae ad effectum et effectus ad causam, sed
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	691 mutationem ex consequenti.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30336"><span class="ref">[30336] Iª q. 45 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	692 dicendum quod in his quae fiunt sine motu, simul est fieri et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	693 factum esse, sive talis factio sit terminus motus, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	694 illuminatio (nam simul aliquid illuminatur et illuminatum est);
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	695 sive non sit terminus motus, sicut simul formatur verbum in corde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	696 et formatum est. Et in his, quod fit, est, sed cum dicitur fieri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	697 significatur ab alio esse, et prius non fuisse. Unde, cum creatio
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	698 sit sine motu, simul aliquid creatur et creatum est.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="30337"><span class="ref">[30337] Iª q. 45 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	699 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit ex falsa imaginatione, ac si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	700 sit aliquod infinitum medium inter nihilum et ens, quod patet esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	701 falsum. Procedit autem falsa haec imaginatio ex eo quod creatio
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	702 significatur ut quaedam mutatio inter duos terminos existens.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30338"><span class="ref">[30338] Iª q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	703 proceditur. Videtur quod creatio non sit aliquid in creatura. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	704 enim creatio passive accepta attribuitur creaturae, ita creatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	705 active accepta attribuitur creatori. Sed creatio active accepta non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	706 est aliquid in creatore, quia sic sequeretur quod in Deo esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	707 aliquid temporale. Ergo creatio passive accepta non est aliquid in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	708 creatura.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30339"><span class="ref">[30339] Iª q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	709 est medium inter creatorem et creaturam. Sed creatio significatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	710 ut medium inter utrumque, non enim est creator, cum non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	711 aeterna; neque creatura, quia oporteret eadem ratione aliam ponere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	712 creationem qua ipsa crearetur, et sic in infinitum. Creatio ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	713 non est aliquid.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30340"><span class="ref">[30340] Iª q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	714 creatio est aliquid praeter substantiam creatam, oportet quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	715 accidens eius. Omne autem accidens est in subiecto. Ergo res creata
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	716 esset subiectum creationis. Et sic idem esset subiectum creationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	717 et terminus. Quod est impossibile, quia subiectum prius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	718 accidente, et conservat accidens; terminus autem posterius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	719 actione et passione cuius est terminus, et eo existente cessat
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	720 actio et passio. Igitur ipsa creatio non est aliqua res.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30341"><span class="ref">[30341] Iª q. 45 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, maius
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	721 est fieri aliquid secundum totam substantiam, quam secundum formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	722 substantialem vel accidentalem. Sed generatio simpliciter vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	723 secundum quid, qua fit aliquid secundum formam substantialem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	724 accidentalem, est aliquid in generato. Ergo multo magis creatio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	725 qua fit aliquid secundum totam substantiam, est aliquid in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	726 creato.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 3 co."><a name="30342"><span class="ref">[30342] Iª q. 45 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	727 quod creatio ponit aliquid in creato secundum relationem tantum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	728 Quia quod creatur, non fit per motum vel per mutationem. Quod enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	729 fit per motum vel mutationem, fit ex aliquo praeexistenti, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	730 quidem contingit in productionibus particularibus aliquorum entium;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	731 non autem potest hoc contingere in productione totius esse a causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	732 universali omnium entium, quae est Deus. Unde Deus, creando,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	733 producit res sine motu. Subtracto autem motu ab actione et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	734 passione, nihil remanet nisi relatio, ut dictum est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	735 relinquitur quod creatio in creatura non sit nisi relatio quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	736 ad creatorem, ut ad principium sui esse; sicut in passione quae est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	737 cum motu, importatur relatio ad principium motus.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30343"><span class="ref">[30343] Iª q. 45 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	738 dicendum quod creatio active significata significat actionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	739 divinam, quae est eius essentia cum relatione ad creaturam. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	740 relatio in Deo ad creaturam non est realis, sed secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	741 tantum. Relatio vero creaturae ad Deum est relatio realis, ut supra
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	742 dictum est, cum de divinis nominibus ageretur.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30344"><span class="ref">[30344] Iª q. 45 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	743 dicendum quod, quia creatio significatur ut mutatio, sicut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	744 est; mutatio autem media quodammodo est inter movens et motum, ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	745 etiam creatio significatur ut media inter creatorem et creaturam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	746 Tamen creatio passive accepta est in creatura, et est creatura.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	747 Neque tamen oportet quod alia creatione creetur, quia relationes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	748 cum hoc ipsum quod sunt, ad aliquid dicantur, non referuntur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	749 aliquas alias relationes, sed per seipsas; sicut etiam supra dictum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	750 est, cum de aequalitate personarum ageretur.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30345"><span class="ref">[30345] Iª q. 45 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	751 dicendum quod creationis, secundum quod significatur ut mutatio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	752 creatura est terminus, sed secundum quod vere est relatio, creatura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	753 est eius subiectum, et prius ea in esse, sicut subiectum accidente.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	754 Sed habet quandam rationem prioritatis ex parte obiecti ad quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	755 dicitur, quod est principium creaturae. Neque tamen oportet quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	756 quandiu creatura sit, dicatur creari, quia creatio importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	757 habitudinem creaturae ad creatorem cum quadam novitate seu
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	758 incoeptione.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30346"><span class="ref">[30346] Iª q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	759 proceditur. Videtur quod creari non sit proprium compositorum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	760 subsistentium. Dicitur enim in libro de causis, prima rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	761 creatarum est esse. Sed esse rei creatae non est subsistens. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	762 creatio proprie non est subsistentis et compositi.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30347"><span class="ref">[30347] Iª q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, quod
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	763 creatur est ex nihilo. Composita autem non sunt ex nihilo, sed ex
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	764 suis componentibus. Ergo compositis non convenit creari.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30348"><span class="ref">[30348] Iª q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, illud
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	765 proprie producitur per primam emanationem, quod supponitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	766 secunda, sicut res naturalis per generationem naturalem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	767 supponitur in operatione artis. Sed illud quod supponitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	768 generatione naturali, est materia. Ergo materia est quae proprie
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	769 creatur, et non compositum.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30349"><span class="ref">[30349] Iª q. 45 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	770 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	771 terram</i>. Caelum autem et terra sunt res compositae subsistentes.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	772 Ergo horum proprie est creatio.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 4 co."><a name="30350"><span class="ref">[30350] Iª q. 45 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	773 quod creari est quoddam fieri, ut dictum est. Fieri autem ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	774 ad esse rei. Unde illis proprie convenit fieri et creari, quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	775 convenit esse. Quod quidem convenit proprie subsistentibus, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	776 sint simplicia, sicut substantiae separatae; sive sint composita,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	777 sicut substantiae materiales. Illi enim proprie convenit esse, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	778 habet esse; et hoc est subsistens in suo esse. Formae autem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	779 accidentia, et alia huiusmodi, non dicuntur entia quasi ipsa sint,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	780 sed quia eis aliquid est; ut albedo ea ratione dicitur ens, quia ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	781 subiectum est album. Unde, secundum philosophum, accidens magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	782 proprie dicitur entis quam ens. Sicut igitur accidentia et formae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	783 et huiusmodi, quae non subsistunt, magis sunt coexistentia quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	784 entia; ita magis debent dici concreata quam creata. Proprie vero
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	785 creata sunt subsistentia.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30351"><span class="ref">[30351] Iª q. 45 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	786 dicendum quod, cum dicitur, prima rerum creatarum est esse, ly esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	787 non importat subiectum creatum; sed importat propriam rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	788 obiecti creationis. Nam ex eo dicitur aliquid creatum, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	789 ens, non ex eo quod est hoc ens, cum creatio sit emanatio totius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	790 esse ab ente universali, ut dictum est. Et est similis modus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	791 loquendi, sicut si diceretur quod primum visibile est color,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	792 quamvis illud quod proprie videtur, sit coloratum.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30352"><span class="ref">[30352] Iª q. 45 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	793 dicendum quod creatio non dicit constitutionem rei compositae ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	794 principiis praeexistentibus, sed compositum sic dicitur creari,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	795 quod simul cum omnibus suis principiis in esse producitur.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="30353"><span class="ref">[30353] Iª q. 45 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	796 dicendum quod ratio illa non probat quod sola materia creetur; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	797 quod materia non sit nisi ex creatione. Nam creatio est productio
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	798 totius esse, et non solum materiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 45 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="30354"><span class="ref">[30354] Iª q. 45 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	799 proceditur. Videtur quod non solius Dei sit creare. Quia secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	800 philosophum, perfectum est quod potest sibi simile facere. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	801 creaturae immateriales sunt perfectiores creaturis materialibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	802 quae faciunt sibi simile, ignis enim generat ignem, et homo generat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	803 hominem. Ergo substantia immaterialis potest facere substantiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	804 sibi similem. Sed substantia immaterialis non potest fieri nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	805 creationem, cum non habeat materiam ex qua fiat. Ergo aliqua
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	806 creatura potest creare.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="30355"><span class="ref">[30355] Iª q. 45 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	807 quanto maior est resistentia ex parte facti, tanto maior virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	808 requiritur in faciente. Sed plus resistit contrarium quam nihil.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	809 Ergo maioris virtutis est aliquid facere ex contrario, quod tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	810 creatura facit; quam aliquid facere ex nihilo. Multo magis igitur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	811 creatura hoc facere potest.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="30356"><span class="ref">[30356] Iª q. 45 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	812 virtus facientis consideratur secundum mensuram eius quod fit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	813 ens creatum est finitum, ut supra probatum est, cum de Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	814 infinitate ageretur. Ergo ad producendum per creationem aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	815 creatum, non requiritur nisi virtus finita. Sed habere virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	816 finitam non est contra rationem creaturae. Ergo non est impossibile
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	817 creaturam creare.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 5 s. c."><a name="30357"><span class="ref">[30357] Iª q. 45 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	818 quod Augustinus dicit, in III de Trin., quod neque boni neque mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	819 Angeli possunt esse creatores alicuius rei. Multo minus igitur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	820 aliae creaturae.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 5 co."><a name="30358"><span class="ref">[30358] Iª q. 45 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	821 quod satis apparet in primo aspectu, secundum praemissa, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	822 creare non potest esse propria actio nisi solius Dei. Oportet enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	823 universaliores effectus in universaliores et priores causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	824 reducere. Inter omnes autem effectus, universalissimum est ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	825 esse. Unde oportet quod sit proprius effectus primae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	826 universalissimae causae, quae est Deus. Unde etiam dicitur libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	827 causis, quod neque intelligentia vel anima nobilis dat esse, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	828 inquantum operatur operatione divina. Producere autem esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	829 absolute, non inquantum est hoc vel tale, pertinet ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	830 creationis. Unde manifestum est quod creatio est propria actio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	831 ipsius Dei. Contingit autem quod aliquid participet actionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	832 propriam alicuius alterius, non virtute propria, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	833 instrumentaliter, inquantum agit in virtute alterius; sicut aer per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	834 virtutem ignis habet calefacere et ignire. Et secundum hoc, aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	835 opinati sunt quod, licet creatio sit propria actio universalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	836 causae, tamen aliqua inferiorum causarum inquantum agit in virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	837 primae causae, potest creare. Et sic posuit Avicenna quod prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	838 substantia separata, creata a Deo, creat aliam post se, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	839 substantiam orbis, et animam eius; et quod substantia orbis creat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	840 materiam inferiorum corporum. Et secundum hunc etiam modum Magister
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	841 dicit, in V dist. IV Sent., quod Deus potest creaturae communicare
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	842 potentiam creandi, ut creet per ministerium, non propria
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	843 auctoritate. Sed hoc esse non potest. Quia causa secunda
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	844 instrumentalis non participat actionem causae superioris, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	845 inquantum per aliquid sibi proprium dispositive operatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	846 effectum principalis agentis. Si igitur nihil ibi ageret secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	847 illud quod est sibi proprium, frustra adhiberetur ad agendum, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	848 oporteret esse determinata instrumenta determinatarum actionum. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	849 enim videmus quod securis, scindendo lignum, quod habet ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	850 proprietate suae formae, producit scamni formam, quae est effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	851 proprius principalis agentis. Illud autem quod est proprius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	852 effectus Dei creantis, est illud quod praesupponitur omnibus aliis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	853 scilicet esse absolute. Unde non potest aliquid operari dispositive
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	854 et instrumentaliter ad hunc effectum, cum creatio non sit ex aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	855 praesupposito, quod possit disponi per actionem instrumentalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	856 agentis. Sic igitur impossibile est quod alicui creaturae conveniat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	857 creare, neque virtute propria, neque instrumentaliter sive per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	858 ministerium. Et hoc praecipue inconveniens est dici de aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	859 corpore, quod creet, cum nullum corpus agat nisi tangendo vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	860 movendo; et sic requirit in sua actione aliquid praeexistens, quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	861 possit tangi et moveri; quod est contra rationem creationis.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="30359"><span class="ref">[30359] Iª q. 45 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	862 dicendum quod aliquod perfectum participans aliquam naturam, facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	863 sibi simile, non quidem producendo absolute illam naturam, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	864 applicando eam ad aliquid. Non enim hic homo potest esse causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	865 naturae humanae absolute, quia sic esset causa sui ipsius, sed est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	866 causa quod natura humana sit in hoc homine generato. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	867 praesupponit in sua actione determinatam materiam per quam est hic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	868 homo. Sed sicut hic homo participat humanam naturam, ita quodcumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	869 ens creatum participat, ut ita dixerim, naturam essendi, quia solus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	870 Deus est suum esse, ut supra dictum est. Nullum igitur ens creatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	871 potest producere aliquod ens absolute, nisi inquantum esse causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	872 in hoc, et sic oportet quod praeintelligatur id per quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	873 est hoc, actioni qua facit sibi simile. In substantia autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	874 immateriali non potest praeintelligi aliquid per quod sit haec,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	875 quia est haec per suam formam, per quam habet esse, cum sint formae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	876 subsistentes. Igitur substantia immaterialis non potest producere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	877 aliam substantiam immaterialem sibi similem, quantum ad esse eius;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	878 sed quantum ad perfectionem aliquam superadditam; sicut si dicamus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	879 quod superior Angelus illuminat inferiorem, ut Dionysius dicit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	880 Secundum quem modum etiam in caelestibus est paternitas, ut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	881 verbis apostoli patet, Ephes. III, <i>ex quo omnis paternitas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	882 caelo et in terra nominatur</i>. Et ex hoc etiam evidenter apparet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	883 quod nullum ens creatum potest causare aliquid, nisi praesupposito
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	884 aliquo. Quod repugnat rationi creationis.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="30360"><span class="ref">[30360] Iª q. 45 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	885 dicendum quod ex contrario fit aliquid per accidens, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	886 I Physic., per se autem fit aliquid ex subiecto, quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	887 potentia. Contrarium igitur resistit agenti, inquantum impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	888 potentiam ab actu in quem intendit reducere agens, sicut ignis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	889 intendit reducere materiam aquae in actum sibi similem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	890 impeditur per formam et dispositiones contrarias, quibus quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	891 ligatur potentia ne reducatur in actum. Et quanto magis fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	892 potentia ligata, tanto requiritur maior virtus in agente ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	893 reducendam materiam in actum. Unde multo maior potentia requiritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	894 in agente, si nulla potentia praeexistat. Sic ergo patet quod multo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	895 maioris virtutis est facere aliquid ex nihilo, quam ex
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	896 contrario.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="30361"><span class="ref">[30361] Iª q. 45 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	897 dicendum quod virtus facientis non solum consideratur ex substantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	898 facti, sed etiam ex modo faciendi, maior enim calor non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	899 magis, sed etiam citius calefacit. Quamvis igitur creare aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	900 effectum finitum non demonstret potentiam infinitam, tamen creare
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	901 ipsum ex nihilo demonstrat potentiam infinitam. Quod ex praedictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	902 patet. Si enim tanto maior virtus requiritur in agente, quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	903 potentia est magis remota ab actu, oportet quod virtus agentis ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	904 nulla praesupposita potentia, quale agens est creans, sit infinita,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	905 quia nulla proportio est nullius potentiae ad aliquam potentiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	906 quam praesupponit virtus agentis naturalis, sicut et non entis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	907 ens. Et quia nulla creatura habet simpliciter potentiam infinitam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	908 sicut neque esse infinitum, ut supra probatum est, relinquitur quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	909 nulla creatura possit creare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 45 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="30362"><span class="ref">[30362] Iª q. 45 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	910 proceditur. Videtur quod creare sit proprium alicuius personae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	911 Quod enim est prius, est causa eius quod est post; et perfectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	912 imperfecti. Sed processio divinae personae est prior quam processio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	913 creaturae, et magis perfecta, quia divina persona procedit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	914 perfecta similitudine sui principii, creatura vero in imperfecta.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	915 Ergo processiones divinarum personarum sunt causa processionis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	916 rerum. Et sic creare est proprium personae.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="30363"><span class="ref">[30363] Iª q. 45 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	917 personae divinae non distinguuntur ab invicem nisi per suas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	918 processiones et relationes. Quidquid igitur differenter attribuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	919 divinis personis, hoc convenit eis secundum processiones et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	920 relationes personarum. Sed causalitas creaturarum diversimode
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	921 attribuitur divinis personis, nam in symbolo fidei patri
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	922 attribuitur quod sit creator omnium visibilium et invisibilium;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	923 filio autem attribuitur quod per eum omnia facta sunt; sed spiritui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	924 sancto, quod sit dominus et vivificator. Causalitas ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	925 creaturarum convenit personis secundum processiones et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	926 relationes.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="30364"><span class="ref">[30364] Iª q. 45 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	927 dicatur quod causalitas creaturae attenditur secundum aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	928 attributum essentiale quod appropriatur alicui personae, hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	929 videtur sufficiens. Quia quilibet effectus divinus causatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	930 quolibet attributo essentiali, scilicet potentia, bonitate et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	931 sapientia, et sic non magis pertinet ad unum quam ad aliud. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	932 deberet ergo aliquis determinatus modus causalitatis attribui uni
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	933 personae magis quam alii, nisi distinguerentur in creando secundum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	934 relationes et processiones.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 6 s. c."><a name="30365"><span class="ref">[30365] Iª q. 45 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	935 quod dicit Dionysius, II cap. de Div. Nom., quod communia totius
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	936 divinitatis sunt omnia causalia.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 6 co."><a name="30366"><span class="ref">[30366] Iª q. 45 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	937 quod creare est proprie causare sive producere esse rerum. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	938 autem omne agens agat sibi simile, principium actionis considerari
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	939 potest ex actionis effectu, ignis enim est qui generat ignem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	940 ideo creare convenit Deo secundum suum esse, quod est eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	941 essentia, quae est communis tribus personis. Unde creare non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	942 proprium alicui personae, sed commune toti Trinitati. Sed tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	943 divinae personae secundum rationem suae processionis habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	944 causalitatem respectu creationis rerum. Ut enim supra ostensum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	945 cum de Dei scientia et voluntate ageretur, Deus est causa rerum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	946 suum intellectum et voluntatem, sicut artifex rerum artificiatarum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	947 Artifex autem per verbum in intellectu conceptum, et per amorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	948 suae voluntatis ad aliquid relatum, operatur. Unde et Deus pater
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	949 operatus est creaturam per suum verbum, quod est filius; et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	950 suum amorem, qui est spiritus sanctus. Et secundum hoc processiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	951 personarum sunt rationes productionis creaturarum, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	952 includunt essentialia attributa, quae sunt scientia et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	953 voluntas.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="30367"><span class="ref">[30367] Iª q. 45 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	954 dicendum quod processiones divinarum personarum sunt causa
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	955 creationis sicut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="30368"><span class="ref">[30368] Iª q. 45 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	956 dicendum quod, sicut natura divina, licet sit communis tribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	957 personis, ordine tamen quodam eis convenit, inquantum filius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	958 accipit naturam divinam a patre, et spiritus sanctus ab utroque;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	959 ita etiam et virtus creandi, licet sit communis tribus personis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	960 ordine tamen quodam eis convenit; nam filius habet eam a patre, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	961 spiritus sanctus ab utroque. Unde creatorem esse attribuitur patri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	962 ut ei qui non habet virtutem creandi ab alio. De filio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	963 dicitur per quem omnia facta sunt, inquantum habet eandem virtutem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	964 sed ab alio, nam haec praepositio per solet denotare causam mediam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	965 sive principium de principio. Sed spiritui sancto, qui habet eandem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	966 virtutem ab utroque, attribuitur quod dominando gubernet, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	967 vivificet quae sunt creata a patre per filium. Potest etiam huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	968 attributionis communis ratio accipi ex appropriatione essentialium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	969 attributorum. Nam, sicut supra dictum est, patri appropriatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	970 potentia, quae maxime manifestatur in creatione, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	971 attribuitur patri creatorem esse. Filio autem appropriatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	972 sapientia, per quam agens per intellectum operatur, et ideo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	973 de filio, per quem omnia facta sunt. Spiritui sancto autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	974 appropriatur bonitas, ad quam pertinet gubernatio deducens res in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	975 debitos fines, et vivificatio, nam vita in interiori quodam motu
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	976 consistit, primum autem movens est finis et bonitas.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="30369"><span class="ref">[30369] Iª q. 45 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	977 dicendum quod, licet quilibet effectus Dei procedat ex quolibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	978 attributorum, tamen reducitur unusquisque effectus ad illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	979 attributum, cum quo habet convenientiam secundum propriam rationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	980 sicut ordinatio rerum ad sapientiam, et iustificatio impii ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	981 misericordiam et bonitatem se superabundanter diffundentem. Creatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	982 vero, quae est productio ipsius substantiae rei, reducitur ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	983 potentiam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 45 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="30370"><span class="ref">[30370] Iª q. 45 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	984 proceditur. Videtur quod in creaturis non sit necesse inveniri
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	985 vestigium Trinitatis. Per sua enim vestigia unumquodque investigari
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	986 potest. Sed Trinitas personarum non potest investigari ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	987 creaturis, ut supra habitum est. Ergo vestigia Trinitatis non sunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	988 in creatura.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="30371"><span class="ref">[30371] Iª q. 45 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	989 quidquid in creatura est, creatum est. Si igitur vestigium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	990 Trinitatis invenitur in creatura secundum aliquas proprietates
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	991 suas, et omne creatum habet vestigium Trinitatis, oportet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	992 unaquaque illarum inveniri etiam vestigium Trinitatis, et sic in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	993 infinitum.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="30372"><span class="ref">[30372] Iª q. 45 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	994 effectus non repraesentat nisi suam causam. Sed causalitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	995 creaturarum pertinet ad naturam communem, non autem ad relationes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	996 quibus personae distinguuntur et numerantur. Ergo in creatura non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	997 invenitur vestigium Trinitatis, sed solum unitatis essentiae.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 7 s. c."><a name="30373"><span class="ref">[30373] Iª q. 45 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	998 quod Augustinus dicit, VI de Trin., quod <i>Trinitatis vestigium in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	999 creatura apparet</i>.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 7 co."><a name="30374"><span class="ref">[30374] Iª q. 45 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1000 quod omnis effectus aliqualiter repraesentat suam causam, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1001 diversimode. Nam aliquis effectus repraesentat solam causalitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1002 causae, non autem formam eius, sicut fumus repraesentat ignem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1003 talis repraesentatio dicitur esse repraesentatio vestigii;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1004 vestigium enim demonstrat motum alicuius transeuntis, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1005 qualis sit. Aliquis autem effectus repraesentat causam quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1006 similitudinem formae eius, sicut ignis generatus ignem generantem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1007 et statua Mercurii Mercurium, et haec est repraesentatio imaginis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1008 Processiones autem divinarum personarum attenduntur secundum actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1009 intellectus et voluntatis, sicut supra dictum est, nam filius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1010 procedit ut verbum intellectus, spiritus sanctus ut amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1011 voluntatis. In creaturis igitur rationalibus, in quibus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1012 intellectus et voluntas, invenitur repraesentatio Trinitatis per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1013 modum imaginis, inquantum invenitur in eis verbum conceptum et amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1014 procedens. Sed in creaturis omnibus invenitur repraesentatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1015 Trinitatis per modum vestigii, inquantum in qualibet creatura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1016 inveniuntur aliqua quae necesse est reducere in divinas personas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1017 sicut in causam. Quaelibet enim creatura subsistit in suo esse, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1018 habet formam per quam determinatur ad speciem, et habet ordinem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1019 aliquid aliud. Secundum igitur quod est quaedam substantia creata,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1020 repraesentat causam et principium, et sic demonstrat personam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1021 patris, qui est principium non de principio. Secundum autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1022 habet quandam formam et speciem, repraesentat verbum; secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1023 forma artificiati est ex conceptione artificis. Secundum autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1024 habet ordinem, repraesentat spiritum sanctum, inquantum est amor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1025 quia ordo effectus ad aliquid alterum est ex voluntate creantis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1026 ideo dicit Augustinus, in VI Lib. de Trin., quod vestigium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1027 Trinitatis invenitur in unaquaque creatura, secundum quod unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1028 aliquid est, et secundum quod aliqua specie formatur, et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1029 quod quendam ordinem tenet. Et ad haec etiam reducuntur illa tria,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1030 numerus, pondus et mensura, quae ponuntur Sap. XI, nam mensura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1031 refertur ad substantiam rei limitatam suis principiis, numerus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1032 speciem, pondus ad ordinem. Et ad haec etiam reducuntur alia tria
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1033 quae ponit Augustinus, modus species et ordo. Et ea quae ponit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1034 libro octoginta trium quaest. quod constat, quod discernitur, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1035 congruit, constat enim aliquid per suam substantiam, discernitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1036 per formam, congruit per ordinem. Et in idem de facili reduci
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1037 possunt quaecumque sic dicuntur.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="30375"><span class="ref">[30375] Iª q. 45 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1038 dicendum quod repraesentatio vestigii attenditur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1039 appropriata, per quem modum ex creaturis in Trinitatem divinarum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1040 personarum veniri potest, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="30376"><span class="ref">[30376] Iª q. 45 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1041 dicendum quod creatura est res proprie subsistens, in qua est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1042 praedicta tria invenire. Neque oportet quod in quolibet eorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1043 ei insunt, haec tria inveniantur, sed secundum ea vestigium rei
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1044 subsistenti attribuitur.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="30377"><span class="ref">[30377] Iª q. 45 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1045 dicendum quod etiam processiones personarum sunt causa et ratio
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1046 creationis aliquo modo, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 45 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="30378"><span class="ref">[30378] Iª q. 45 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1047 proceditur. Videtur quod creatio admisceatur in operibus naturae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1048 artis. In qualibet enim operatione naturae et artis producitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1049 aliqua forma. Sed non producitur ex aliquo, cum non habeat materiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1050 partem sui. Ergo producitur ex nihilo. Et sic in qualibet
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1051 operatione naturae et artis est creatio.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="30379"><span class="ref">[30379] Iª q. 45 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1052 effectus non est potior sua causa. Sed in rebus naturalibus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1053 invenitur aliquid agens nisi forma accidentalis, quae est forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1054 activa vel passiva. Non ergo per operationem naturae producitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1055 forma substantialis. Relinquitur igitur quod sit per
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1056 creationem.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="30380"><span class="ref">[30380] Iª q. 45 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1057 natura facit sibi simile. Sed quaedam inveniuntur generata in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1058 natura non ab aliquo sibi simili, sicut patet in animalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1059 generatis per putrefactionem. Ergo eorum forma non est a natura,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1060 sed a creatione. Et eadem ratio est de aliis.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="30381"><span class="ref">[30381] Iª q. 45 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, quod
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1061 non creatur, non est creatura. Si igitur in his quae sunt a natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1062 non adiungatur creatio, sequitur quod ea quae sunt a natura, non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1063 sunt creaturae. Quod est haereticum.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 8 s. c."><a name="30382"><span class="ref">[30382] Iª q. 45 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1064 quod Augustinus, super Gen. ad Lit., distinguit opus propagationis,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1065 quod est opus naturae, ab opere creationis.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 8 co."><a name="30383"><span class="ref">[30383] Iª q. 45 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1066 quod haec dubitatio inducitur propter formas. Quas quidam posuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1067 non incipere per actionem naturae, sed prius in materia extitisse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1068 ponentes latitationem formarum. Et hoc accidit eis ex ignorantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1069 materiae, quia nesciebant distinguere inter potentiam et actum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1070 quia enim formae praeexistunt in materia in potentia, posuerunt eas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1071 simpliciter praeexistere. Alii vero posuerunt formas dari vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1072 causari ab agente separato, per modum creationis. Et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1073 cuilibet operationi naturae adiungitur creatio. Sed hoc accidit eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1074 ex ignorantia formae. Non enim considerabant quod forma naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1075 corporis non est subsistens, sed quo aliquid est, et ideo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1076 fieri et creari non conveniat proprie nisi rei subsistenti, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1077 supra dictum est, formarum non est fieri neque creari, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1078 concreata esse. Quod autem proprie fit ab agente naturali, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1079 compositum, quod fit ex materia. Unde in operibus naturae non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1080 admiscetur creatio, sed praesupponitur ad operationem naturae.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="30384"><span class="ref">[30384] Iª q. 45 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1081 dicendum quod formae incipiunt esse in actu, compositis factis, non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1082 quod ipsae fiant per se, sed per accidens tantum.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="30385"><span class="ref">[30385] Iª q. 45 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1083 dicendum quod qualitates activae in natura agunt in virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1084 formarum substantialium. Et ideo agens naturale non solum producit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1085 sibi simile secundum qualitatem, sed secundum speciem.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="30386"><span class="ref">[30386] Iª q. 45 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1086 dicendum quod ad generationem animalium imperfectorum sufficit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1087 agens universale, quod est virtus caelestis, cui assimilantur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1088 secundum speciem, sed secundum analogiam quandam, neque oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1089 dicere quod eorum formae creantur ab agente separato. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1090 generationem vero animalium perfectorum non sufficit agens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1091 universale, sed requiritur agens proprium, quod est generans
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1092 univocum.</p><p title="I q. 45 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="30387"><span class="ref">[30387] Iª q. 45 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1093 dicendum quod operatio naturae non est nisi ex praesuppositione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1094 principiorum creatorum, et sic ea quae per naturam fiunt, creaturae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1095 dicuntur.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q46"><h2>Quaestio 46</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 46 pr."><a name="30388"><span class="ref">[30388]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1096 Iª q. 46 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1097 principio durationis rerum creatarum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur tria.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1098 Primo, utrum creaturae semper fuerint. Secundo, utrum eas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1099 incoepisse sit articulus fidei. Tertio, quomodo Deus dicatur in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1100 principio caelum et terram creasse.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30389"><span class="ref">[30389] Iª q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1101 proceditur. Videtur quod universitas creaturarum, quae mundi nomine
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1102 nuncupatur, non incoeperit, sed fuerit ab aeterno. Omne enim quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1103 incoepit esse, antequam fuerit, possibile fuit ipsum esse, alioquin
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1104 impossibile fuisset ipsum fieri. Si ergo mundus incoepit esse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1105 antequam inciperet, possibile fuit ipsum esse. Sed quod possibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1106 est esse, est materia, quae est in potentia ad esse, quod est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1107 formam, et ad non esse, quod est per privationem. Si ergo mundus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1108 incoepit esse, ante mundum fuit materia. Sed non potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1109 materia sine forma, materia autem mundi cum forma, est mundus. Fuit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1110 ergo mundus antequam esse inciperet, quod est impossibile.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30390"><span class="ref">[30390] Iª q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1111 quod habet virtutem ut sit semper, quandoque est et quandoque non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1112 est, quia ad quantum se extendit virtus alicuius rei, tandiu est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1113 Sed omne incorruptibile habet virtutem ut sit semper, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1114 virtutem habet ad determinatum durationis tempus. Nullum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1115 incorruptibile quandoque est et quandoque non est. Sed omne quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1116 incipit esse, quandoque est et quandoque non est. Nullum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1117 incorruptibile incipit esse. Sed multa sunt in mundo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1118 incorruptibilia, ut corpora caelestia, et omnes substantiae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1119 intellectuales. Ergo mundus non incoepit esse.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30391"><span class="ref">[30391] Iª q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1120 nullum ingenitum incoepit esse. Sed philosophus probat in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1121 Physic., quod materia est ingenita; et in I de caelo et mundo, quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1122 caelum est ingenitum. Non ergo universitas rerum incoepit esse.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="30392"><span class="ref">[30392] Iª q. 46 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1123 vacuum est ubi non est corpus, sed possibile est esse. Sed si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1124 mundus incoepit esse, ubi nunc est corpus mundi, prius non fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1125 aliquod corpus, et tamen poterat ibi esse, alioquin nunc ibi non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1126 esset. Ergo ante mundum fuit vacuum, quod est impossibile.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="30393"><span class="ref">[30393] Iª q. 46 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1127 de novo incipit moveri, nisi per hoc quod movens vel mobile aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1128 se habet nunc quam prius. Sed quod aliter se habet nunc quam prius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1129 movetur. Ergo ante omnem motum de novo incipientem, fuit aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1130 motus. Motus ergo semper fuit. Ergo et mobile, quia motus non est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1131 nisi in mobili.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 6"><a name="30394"><span class="ref">[30394] Iª q. 46 a. 1 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1132 movens aut est naturale, aut est voluntarium. Sed neutrum incipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1133 movere, nisi aliquo motu praeexistente. Natura enim semper eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1134 modo operatur. Unde, nisi praecedat aliqua immutatio vel in natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1135 moventis vel in mobili, non incipiet a movente naturali esse motus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1136 qui non fuit prius. Voluntas autem absque sui immutatione retardat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1137 facere quod proponit, sed hoc non est nisi per aliquam immutationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1138 quam imaginatur, ad minus ex parte ipsius temporis. Sicut qui vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1139 facere domum cras, et non hodie, expectat aliquid futurum cras,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1140 quod hodie non est; et ad minus expectat quod dies hodiernus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1141 transeat, et crastinus adveniat; quod sine mutatione non est, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1142 tempus est numerus motus. Relinquitur ergo quod ante omnem motum de
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1143 novo incipientem, fuit alius motus. Et sic idem quod prius.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 7"><a name="30395"><span class="ref">[30395] Iª q. 46 a. 1 arg. 7</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1144 quidquid est semper in principio et semper in fine, nec incipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1145 nec desinere potest, quia quod incipit, non est in suo fine; quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1146 autem desinit, non est in suo principio. Sed tempus semper est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1147 suo principio et fine, quia nihil est temporis nisi nunc, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1148 finis praeteriti, et principium futuri. Ergo tempus nec incipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1149 nec desinere potest. Et per consequens nec motus, cuius numerus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1150 tempus est.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 8"><a name="30396"><span class="ref">[30396] Iª q. 46 a. 1 arg. 8</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1151 aut est prior mundo natura tantum, aut duratione. Si natura tantum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1152 ergo, cum Deus sit ab aeterno, et mundus est ab aeterno. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1153 est prior duratione; prius autem et posterius in duratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1154 constituunt tempus, ergo ante mundum fuit tempus; quod est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1155 impossibile.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 9"><a name="30397"><span class="ref">[30397] Iª q. 46 a. 1 arg. 9</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1156 posita causa sufficienti, ponitur effectus, causa enim ad quam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1157 sequitur effectus, est causa imperfecta, indigens alio ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1158 effectus sequatur. Sed Deus est sufficiens causa mundi; et finalis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1159 ratione suae bonitatis; et exemplaris, ratione suae sapientiae; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1160 effectiva, ratione suae potentiae; ut ex superioribus patet. Cum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1161 ergo Deus sit ab aeterno, et mundus fuit ab aeterno.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 10"><a name="30398"><span class="ref">[30398] Iª q. 46 a. 1 arg. 10</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1162 cuius actio est aeterna, et effectus aeternus. Sed actio Dei est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1163 eius substantia, quae est aeterna. Ergo et mundus est aeternus.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30399"><span class="ref">[30399] Iª q. 46 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1164 quod dicitur Ioan. XVII, <i>clarifica me, pater, apud temetipsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1165 claritate quam habui priusquam mundus fieret</i>; et Proverb. VIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1166 <i>dominus possedit me in initio viarum suarum, antequam quidquam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1167 faceret a principio</i>.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 co."><a name="30400"><span class="ref">[30400] Iª q. 46 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1168 nihil praeter Deum ab aeterno fuisse. Et hoc quidem ponere non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1169 impossibile. Ostensum est enim supra quod voluntas Dei est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1170 rerum. Sic ergo aliqua necesse est esse, sicut necesse est Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1171 velle illa, cum necessitas effectus ex necessitate causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1172 dependeat, ut dicitur in V Metaphys. Ostensum est autem supra quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1173 absolute loquendo, non est necesse Deum velle aliquid nisi seipsum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1174 Non est ergo necessarium Deum velle quod mundus fuerit semper. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1175 eatenus mundus est, quatenus Deus vult illum esse, cum esse mundi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1176 ex voluntate Dei dependeat sicut ex sua causa. Non est igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1177 necessarium mundum semper esse. Unde nec demonstrative probari
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1178 potest. Nec rationes quas ad hoc Aristoteles inducit, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1179 demonstrativae simpliciter, sed secundum quid, scilicet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1180 contradicendum rationibus antiquorum, ponentium mundum incipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1181 secundum quosdam modos in veritate impossibiles. Et hoc apparet ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1182 tribus. Primo quidem, quia tam in VIII Physic. quam in I de caelo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1183 praemittit quasdam opiniones, ut Anaxagorae et Empedoclis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1184 Platonis, contra quos rationes contradictorias inducit. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1185 quia, ubicumque de hac materia loquitur, inducit testimonia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1186 antiquorum, quod non est demonstratoris, sed probabiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1187 persuadentis. Tertio, quia expresse dicit in I Lib. Topic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1188 quaedam sunt problemata dialectica, de quibus rationes non habemus,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1189 ut utrum mundus sit aeternus.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30401"><span class="ref">[30401] Iª q. 46 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1190 dicendum quod, antequam mundus esset, possibile fuit mundum esse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1191 non quidem secundum potentiam passivam, quae est materia; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1192 secundum potentiam activam Dei. Et etiam secundum quod dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1193 aliquid absolute possibile, non secundum aliquam potentiam sed ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1194 sola habitudine terminorum, qui sibi non repugnant; secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1195 possibile opponitur impossibili, ut patet per philosophum, in V
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1196 Metaphys.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30402"><span class="ref">[30402] Iª q. 46 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1197 dicendum quod illud quod habet virtutem ut sit semper ex quo habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1198 illam virtutem, non quandoque est et quandoque non est, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1199 antequam haberet illam virtutem, non fuit. Unde haec ratio, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1200 ponitur ab Aristotele in I de caelo, non concludit simpliciter quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1201 incorruptibilia non incoeperunt esse, sed quod non incoeperunt esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1202 per modum naturalem, quo generabilia et corruptibilia incipiunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1203 esse.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30403"><span class="ref">[30403] Iª q. 46 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1204 dicendum quod Aristoteles, in I Physic., probat materiam esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1205 ingenitam, per hoc quod non habet subiectum de quo sit. In I autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1206 de caelo et mundo, probat caelum ingenitum, quia non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1207 contrarium ex quo generetur. Unde patet quod per utrumque non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1208 concluditur nisi quod materia et caelum non incoeperunt per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1209 generationem, ut quidam ponebant, praecipue de caelo. Nos autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1210 dicimus quod materia et coelum producta sunt in esse per
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1211 creationem, ut ex dictis patet.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="30404"><span class="ref">[30404] Iª q. 46 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1212 dicendum quod ad rationem vacui non sufficit in quo nihil est, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1213 requiritur quod sit spatium capax corporis, in quo non sit corpus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1214 ut patet per Aristotelem, in IV Physic. Nos autem dicimus non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1215 fuisse locum aut spatium ante mundum.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="30405"><span class="ref">[30405] Iª q. 46 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1216 dicendum quod primus motor semper eodem modo se habuit primum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1217 mobile non semper eodem modo se habuit, quia incoepit esse, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1218 prius non fuisset. Sed hoc non fuit per mutationem, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1219 creationem, quae non est mutatio, ut supra dictum est. Unde patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1220 quod haec ratio, quam ponit Aristoteles in VIII Physic., procedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1221 contra eos qui ponebant mobilia aeterna, sed motum non aeternum; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1222 patet ex opinionibus Anaxagorae et Empedoclis. Nos autem ponimus,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1223 ex quo mobilia incoeperunt, semper fuisse motum.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 6"><a name="30406"><span class="ref">[30406] Iª q. 46 a. 1 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1224 quod primum agens est agens voluntarium. Et quamvis habuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1225 voluntatem aeternam producendi aliquem effectum, non tamen produxit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1226 aeternum effectum. Nec est necesse quod praesupponatur aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1227 mutatio, nec etiam propter imaginationem temporis. Aliter enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1228 intelligendum de agente particulari, quod praesupponit aliquid, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1229 causat alterum, et aliter de agente universali, quod producit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1230 totum. Sicut agens particulare producit formam, et praesupponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1231 materiam, unde oportet quod formam inducat secundum proportionem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1232 debitam materiam. Unde rationabiliter in ipso consideratur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1233 inducit formam in talem materiam et non in aliam, ex differentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1234 materiae ad materiam. Sed hoc non rationabiliter consideratur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1235 Deo, qui simul producit formam et materiam, sed consideratur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1236 rationabiliter in eo, quod ipse producit materiam congruam formae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1237 et fini. Agens autem particulare praesupponit tempus, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1238 materiam. Unde rationabiliter consideratur in eo, quod agit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1239 tempore posteriori et non in priori, secundum imaginationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1240 successionis temporis post tempus. Sed in agente universali, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1241 producit rem et tempus, non est considerare quod agat nunc et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1242 prius, secundum imaginationem temporis post tempus, quasi tempus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1243 praesupponatur eius actioni, sed considerandum est in eo, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1244 dedit effectui suo tempus quantum voluit, et secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1245 conveniens fuit ad suam potentiam demonstrandam. Manifestius enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1246 mundus ducit in cognitionem divinae potentiae creantis, si mundus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1247 non semper fuit, quam si semper fuisset, omne enim quod non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1248 fuit, manifestum est habere causam; sed non ita manifestum est de
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1249 eo quod semper fuit.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 7"><a name="30407"><span class="ref">[30407] Iª q. 46 a. 1 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1250 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in IV Physic., prius et posterius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1251 in tempore, secundum quod prius et posterius est in motu. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1252 principium et finis accipienda sunt in tempore, sicut et in motu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1253 Supposita autem aeternitate motus, necesse est quod quodlibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1254 momentum in motu acceptum sit principium et terminus motus, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1255 non oportet, si motus incipiat. Et eadem ratio est de nunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1256 temporis. Et sic patet quod ratio illa instantis nunc, quod semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1257 sit principium et finis temporis, praesupponit aeternitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1258 temporis et motus. Unde Aristoteles hanc rationem inducit, in VIII
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1259 Physic., contra eos qui ponebant aeternitatem temporis, sed
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1260 negabant aeternitatem motus.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 8"><a name="30408"><span class="ref">[30408] Iª q. 46 a. 1 ad 8</span></a> Ad octavum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1261 dicendum quod Deus est prior mundo duratione. Sed ly prius non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1262 designat prioritatem temporis, sed aeternitatis. Vel dicendum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1263 designat aeternitatem temporis imaginati, et non realiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1264 existentis. Sicut, cum dicitur, supra caelum nihil est, ly supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1265 designat locum imaginatum tantum, secundum quod possibile est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1266 imaginari dimensionibus caelestis corporis dimensiones alias
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1267 superaddi.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 9"><a name="30409"><span class="ref">[30409] Iª q. 46 a. 1 ad 9</span></a> Ad nonum dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1268 quod, sicut effectus sequitur a causa agente naturaliter secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1269 modum suae formae, ita sequitur ab agente per voluntatem secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1270 formam ab eo praeconceptam et definitam, ut ex superioribus patet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1271 Licet igitur Deus ab aeterno fuerit sufficiens causa mundi, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1272 tamen oportet quod ponatur mundus ab eo productus, nisi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1273 quod est in praedefinitione suae voluntatis; ut scilicet habeat
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1274 esse post non esse, ut manifestius declaret suum auctorem.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 10"><a name="30410"><span class="ref">[30410] Iª q. 46 a. 1 ad 10</span></a> Ad decimum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1275 dicendum quod, posita actione, sequitur effectus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1276 exigentiam formae quae est principium actionis. In agentibus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1277 per voluntatem, quod conceptum est et praedefinitum, accipitur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1278 forma quae est principium actionis. Ex actione igitur Dei aeterna
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1279 non sequitur effectus aeternus, sed qualem Deus voluit, ut scilicet
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1280 haberet esse post non esse.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30411"><span class="ref">[30411] Iª q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1281 proceditur. Videtur quod mundum incoepisse non sit articulus fidei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1282 sed conclusio demonstrabilis. Omne enim factum habet principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1283 suae durationis. Sed demonstrative probari potest quod Deus sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1284 causa effectiva mundi, et hoc etiam probabiliores philosophi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1285 posuerunt. Ergo demonstrative probari potest quod mundus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1286 incoeperit.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30412"><span class="ref">[30412] Iª q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1287 necesse est dicere quod mundus factus est a Deo, aut ergo ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1288 nihilo, aut ex aliquo. Sed non ex aliquo, quia sic materia mundi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1289 praecessisset mundum; contra quod procedunt rationes Aristotelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1290 ponentis caelum ingenitum. Ergo oportet dicere quod mundus sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1291 factus ex nihilo. Et sic habet esse post non esse. Ergo oportet
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1292 quod esse incoeperit.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30413"><span class="ref">[30413] Iª q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1293 quod operatur per intellectum, a quodam principio operatur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1294 patet in omnibus artificibus. Sed Deus est agens per intellectum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1295 Ergo a quodam principio operatur mundus igitur, qui est eius
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1296 effectus, non fuit semper.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="30414"><span class="ref">[30414] Iª q. 46 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1297 manifeste apparet artes aliquas, et habitationes regionum, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1298 determinatis temporibus incoepisse. Sed hoc non esset, si mundus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1299 semper fuisset. Mundum igitur non semper fuisse manifestum est.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="30415"><span class="ref">[30415] Iª q. 46 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1300 certum est nihil Deo aequari posse. Sed si mundus semper fuisset,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1301 aequipararetur Deo in duratione. Ergo certum est non semper mundum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1302 fuisse.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 6"><a name="30416"><span class="ref">[30416] Iª q. 46 a. 2 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea, si
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1303 mundus semper fuit, infiniti dies praecesserunt diem istum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1304 infinita non est pertransire. Ergo nunquam fuisset perventum ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1305 hunc diem, quod est manifeste falsum.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 7"><a name="30417"><span class="ref">[30417] Iª q. 46 a. 2 arg. 7</span></a> Praeterea, si
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1306 mundus fuit aeternus, et generatio fuit ab aeterno. Ergo unus homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1307 genitus est ab alio in infinitum. Sed pater est causa efficiens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1308 filii, ut dicitur in II Physic. Ergo in causis efficientibus est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1309 procedere in infinitum, quod improbatur in II Metaphys.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 8"><a name="30418"><span class="ref">[30418] Iª q. 46 a. 2 arg. 8</span></a> Praeterea, si
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1310 mundus et generatio semper fuit, infiniti homines praecesserunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1311 Sed anima hominis est immortalis. Ergo infinitae animae humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1312 nunc essent actu, quod est impossibile. Ergo ex necessitate sciri
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1313 potest quod mundus incoeperit; et non sola fide tenetur.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30419"><span class="ref">[30419] Iª q. 46 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, fidei
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1314 articuli demonstrative probari non possunt, <i>quia fides de non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1315 apparentibus est</i>, ut dicitur ad Hebr. XI. Sed Deum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1316 creatorem mundi, sic quod mundus incoeperit esse, est articulus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1317 fidei, dicimus enim, credo in unum Deum et cetera. Et iterum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1318 Gregorius dicit, in Homil. I in Ezech., quod Moyses prophetizavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1319 de praeterito, dicens in principio creavit Deus caelum et terram;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1320 in quo novitas mundi traditur. Ergo novitas mundi habetur tantum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1321 per revelationem. Et ideo non potest probari demonstrative.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 co."><a name="30420"><span class="ref">[30420] Iª q. 46 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1322 quod mundum non semper fuisse, sola fide tenetur, et demonstrative
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1323 probari non potest, sicut et supra de mysterio Trinitatis dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1324 est. Et huius ratio est, quia novitas mundi non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1325 demonstrationem recipere ex parte ipsius mundi. Demonstrationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1326 enim principium est quod quid est. Unumquodque autem, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1327 rationem suae speciei, abstrahit ab hic et nunc, propter quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1328 dicitur quod universalia sunt ubique et semper. Unde demonstrari
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1329 non potest quod homo, aut caelum, aut lapis non semper fuit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1330 Similiter etiam neque ex parte causae agentis, quae agit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1331 voluntatem. Voluntas enim Dei ratione investigari non potest, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1332 circa ea quae absolute necesse est Deum velle, talia autem non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1333 quae circa creaturas vult, ut dictum est. Potest autem voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1334 divina homini manifestari per revelationem, cui fides innititur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1335 Unde mundum incoepisse est credibile, non autem demonstrabile vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1336 scibile. Et hoc utile est ut consideretur, ne forte aliquis, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1337 fidei est demonstrare praesumens, rationes non necessarias inducat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1338 quae praebeant materiam irridendi infidelibus, existimantibus nos
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1339 propter huiusmodi rationes credere quae fidei sunt.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30421"><span class="ref">[30421] Iª q. 46 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1340 dicendum quod, sicut dicit Augustinus, XI de Civ. Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1341 philosophorum ponentium aeternitatem mundi, duplex fuit opinio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1342 Quidam enim posuerunt quod substantia mundi non sit a Deo. Et horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1343 est intollerabilis error; et ideo ex necessitate refellitur. Quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1344 autem sic posuerunt mundum aeternum, quod tamen mundum a Deo factum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1345 dixerunt. <i>Non enim mundum temporis volunt habere, sed suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1346 creationis initium, ut quodam modo vix intelligibili semper sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1347 factus. Id autem quomodo intelligant, invenerunt</i>, ut idem dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1348 in X de Civ. Dei. <i>Sicut enim, inquiunt, si pes ex aeternitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1349 semper fuisset in pulvere, semper subesset vestigium, quod a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1350 calcante factum nemo dubitaret; sic et mundus semper fuit, semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1351 existente qui fecit</i>. Et ad hoc intelligendum, considerandum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1352 quod causa efficiens quae agit per motum, de necessitate praecedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1353 tempore suum effectum, quia effectus non est nisi in termino
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1354 actionis, agens autem omne oportet esse principium actionis. Sed si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1355 actio sit instantanea, et non successiva, non est necessarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1356 faciens esse prius facto duratione; sicut patet in illuminatione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1357 Unde dicunt quod non sequitur ex necessitate, si Deus est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1358 activa mundi, quod sit prior mundo duratione, quia creatio, qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1359 mundum produxit, non est mutatio successiva, ut supra dictum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1360 est.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30422"><span class="ref">[30422] Iª q. 46 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1361 dicendum quod illi qui ponerent mundum aeternum, dicerent mundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1362 factum a Deo ex nihilo, non quod factus sit post nihilum, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1363 quod nos intelligimus per nomen creationis; sed quia non est factus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1364 de aliquo. Et sic etiam non recusant aliqui eorum creationis nomen,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1365 ut patet ex Avicenna in sua metaphysica.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30423"><span class="ref">[30423] Iª q. 46 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1366 dicendum quod illa est ratio Anaxagorae, quae ponitur in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1367 Physic. Sed non de necessitate concludit, nisi de intellectu qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1368 deliberando investigat quid agendum sit, quod est simile motui.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1369 Talis autem est intellectus humanus, sed non divinus, ut supra
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1370 patet.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="30424"><span class="ref">[30424] Iª q. 46 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1371 dicendum quod ponentes aeternitatem mundi, ponunt aliquam regionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1372 infinities esse mutatam de inhabitabili in habitabilem, et e
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1373 converso. Et similiter ponunt quod artes, propter diversas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1374 corruptiones et accidentia, infinities fuerunt inventae, et iterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1375 corruptae. Unde Aristoteles dicit, in libro Meteor., quod ridiculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1376 est ex huiusmodi particularibus mutationibus opinionem accipere de
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1377 novitate mundi totius.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="30425"><span class="ref">[30425] Iª q. 46 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1378 dicendum quod, etsi mundus semper fuisset, non tamen parificaretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1379 Deo in aeternitate, ut dicit Boetius, in fine de Consolat., quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1380 esse divinum est esse totum simul, absque successione; non autem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1381 sic est de mundo.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 6"><a name="30426"><span class="ref">[30426] Iª q. 46 a. 2 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1382 quod transitus semper intelligitur a termino in terminum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1383 Quaecumque autem praeterita dies signetur, ab illa usque ad istam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1384 sunt finiti dies, qui pertransiri poterunt. Obiectio autem procedit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1385 ac si, positis extremis, sint media infinita.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 7"><a name="30427"><span class="ref">[30427] Iª q. 46 a. 2 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1386 dicendum quod in causis efficientibus impossibile est procedere in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1387 infinitum per se; ut puta si causae quae per se requiruntur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1388 aliquem effectum, multiplicarentur in infinitum; sicut si lapis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1389 moveretur a baculo, et baculus a manu, et hoc in infinitum. Sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1390 accidens in infinitum procedere in causis agentibus non reputatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1391 impossibile; ut puta si omnes causae quae in infinitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1392 multiplicantur, non teneant ordinem nisi unius causae, sed earum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1393 multiplicatio sit per accidens; sicut artifex agit multis martellis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1394 per accidens, quia unus post unum frangitur. Accidit ergo huic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1395 martello, quod agat post actionem alterius martelli. Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1396 accidit huic homini, inquantum generat, quod sit generatus ab alio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1397 generat enim inquantum homo, et non inquantum est filius alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1398 hominis; omnes enim homines generantes habent gradum unum in causis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1399 efficientibus, scilicet gradum particularis generantis. Unde non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1400 est impossibile quod homo generetur ab homine in infinitum. Esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1401 autem impossibile, si generatio huius hominis dependeret ab hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1402 homine, et a corpore elementari, et a sole, et sic in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1403 infinitum.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 8"><a name="30428"><span class="ref">[30428] Iª q. 46 a. 2 ad 8</span></a> Ad octavum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1404 dicendum quod hanc rationem ponentes aeternitatem mundi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1405 multipliciter effugiunt quidam enim non reputant impossibile esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1406 infinitas animas actu; ut patet in metaphysica Algazelis, dicentis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1407 hoc esse infinitum per accidens. Sed hoc improbatum est superius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1408 Quidam vero dicunt animam corrumpi cum corpore. Quidam vero quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1409 omnibus animabus remanet una tantum. Alii vero, ut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1410 dicit, posuerunt propter hoc circuitum animarum; ut scilicet animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1411 separatae a corporibus, post determinata temporum curricula, iterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1412 redirent ad corpora. De quibus omnibus in sequentibus est agendum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1413 Considerandum tamen quod haec ratio particularis est. Unde posset
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1414 dicere aliquis quod mundus fuit aeternus, vel saltem aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1415 creatura, ut Angelus; non autem homo. Nos autem intendimus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1416 universaliter, an aliqua creatura fuerit ab aeterno.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30429"><span class="ref">[30429] Iª q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1417 proceditur. Videtur quod creatio rerum non fuit in principio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1418 temporis. Quod enim non est in tempore, non est in aliquo temporis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1419 Sed creatio rerum non fuit in tempore, per creationem enim rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1420 substantia in esse producta est; tempus autem non mensurat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1421 substantiam rerum, et praecipue incorporalium. Ergo creatio non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1422 fuit in principio temporis.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30430"><span class="ref">[30430] Iª q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1423 philosophus probat quod omne quod fit, fiebat, et sic omne fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1424 habet prius et posterius. In principio autem temporis, cum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1425 indivisibile, non est prius et posterius. Ergo, cum creari sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1426 quoddam fieri, videtur quod res non sint creatae in principio
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1427 temporis.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30431"><span class="ref">[30431] Iª q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ipsum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1428 etiam tempus creatum est. Sed non potest creari in principio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1429 temporis, cum tempus sit divisibile, principium autem temporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1430 indivisibile. Non ergo creatio rerum fuit in principio
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1431 temporis.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30432"><span class="ref">[30432] Iª q. 46 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1432 quod Gen. I dicitur, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1433 terram</i>.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 3 co."><a name="30433"><span class="ref">[30433] Iª q. 46 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1434 quod illud verbum Genes. I, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1435 terram</i>, tripliciter exponitur, ad excludendum tres errores.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1436 Quidam enim posuerunt mundum semper fuisse, et tempus non habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1437 principium. Et ad hoc excludendum, exponitur, in principio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1438 scilicet temporis. Quidam vero posuerunt duo esse creationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1439 principia, unum bonorum, aliud malorum. Et ad hoc excludendum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1440 exponitur, in principio, idest in filio. Sicut enim principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1441 effectivum appropriatur patri, propter potentiam, ita principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1442 exemplare appropriatur filio, propter sapientiam, ut sicut dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1443 omnia in sapientia fecisti, ita intelligatur Deum omnia fecisse in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1444 principio, idest in filio; secundum illud apostoli ad Coloss. I, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1445 ipso, scilicet filio, condita sunt universa. Alii vero dixerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1446 corporalia esse creata a Deo mediantibus creaturis spiritualibus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1447 Et ad hoc excludendum, exponitur, in principio creavit Deus caelum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1448 et terram, idest ante omnia. Quatuor enim ponuntur simul creata,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1449 scilicet caelum Empyreum, materia corporalis (quae nomine terrae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1450 intelligitur), tempus, et natura angelica.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30434"><span class="ref">[30434] Iª q. 46 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1451 dicendum quod non dicuntur in principio temporis res esse creatae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1452 quasi principium temporis sit creationis mensura sed quia simul cum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1453 tempore caelum et terra creata sunt.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30435"><span class="ref">[30435] Iª q. 46 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1454 dicendum quod verbum illud philosophi intelligitur de fieri quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1455 est per motum, vel quod est terminus motus. Quia cum in quolibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1456 motu sit accipere prius et posterius, ante quodcumque signum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1457 motu signato, dum scilicet aliquid est in moveri et fieri, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1458 accipere prius, et etiam aliquid post ipsum, quia quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1459 principio motus, vel in termino, non est in moveri. Creatio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1460 neque est motus neque terminus motus, ut supra dictum est. Unde sic
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1461 aliquid creatur, quod non prius creabatur.</p><p title="I q. 46 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30436"><span class="ref">[30436] Iª q. 46 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1462 dicendum quod nihil fit nisi secundum quod est. Nihil autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1463 temporis nisi nunc. Unde non potest fieri nisi secundum aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1464 nunc, non quia in ipso primo nunc sit tempus, sed quia ab eo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1465 incipit tempus.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q47"><h2>Quaestio 47</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 47 pr."><a name="30437"><span class="ref">[30437]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1466 Iª q. 47 pr.</span></a> Post productionem creaturarum in esse,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1467 considerandum est de distinctione earum. Erit autem haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1468 consideratio tripartita. Nam primo considerabimus de distinctione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1469 rerum in communi; secundo, de distinctione boni et mali; tertio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1470 distinctione spiritualis et corporalis creaturae. Circa primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1471 quaeruntur tria. Primo, de ipsa rerum multitudine seu distinctione.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1472 Secundo, de earum inaequalitate. Tertio, de unitate mundi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30438"><span class="ref">[30438] Iª q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1473 proceditur. Videtur quod rerum multitudo et distinctio non sit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1474 Deo. Unum enim semper natum est unum facere. Sed Deus est maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1475 unus, ut ex praemissis patet. Ergo non producit nisi unum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1476 effectum.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30439"><span class="ref">[30439] Iª q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1477 exemplatum assimilatur suo exemplari. Sed Deus est causa exemplaris
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1478 sui effectus, ut supra dictum est. Ergo, cum Deus sit unus,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1479 effectus eius est unus tantum, et non distinctus.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30440"><span class="ref">[30440] Iª q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ea
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1480 quae sunt ad finem, proportionantur fini. Sed finis creaturae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1481 unus, scilicet divina bonitas, ut supra ostensum est. Ergo effectus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1482 Dei non est nisi unus.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30441"><span class="ref">[30441] Iª q. 47 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1483 quod dicitur Gen. I, quod <i>Deus distinxit lucem a tenebris, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1484 divisit aquas ab aquis</i>. Ergo distinctio et multitudo rerum est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1485 a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 1 co."><a name="30442"><span class="ref">[30442] Iª q. 47 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1486 quod causam distinctionis rerum multipliciter aliqui assignaverunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1487 Quidam enim attribuerunt eam materiae, vel soli, vel simul cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1488 agente. Soli quidem materiae, sicut Democritus, et omnes antiqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1489 naturales, ponentes solam causam materialem, secundum quos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1490 distinctio rerum provenit a casu, secundum motum materiae. Materiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1491 vero et agenti simul distinctionem et multitudinem rerum attribuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1492 Anaxagoras, qui posuit intellectum distinguentem res, extrahendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1493 quod erat permixtum in materia. Sed hoc non potest stare propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1494 duo. Primo quidem, quia supra ostensum est quod etiam ipsa materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1495 a Deo creata est. Unde oportet et distinctionem, si qua est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1496 parte materiae, in altiorem causam reducere. Secundo, quia materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1497 est propter formam, et non e converso. Distinctio autem rerum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1498 per formas proprias. Non ergo distinctio est in rebus propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1499 materiam, sed potius e converso in materia creata est difformitas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1500 ut esset diversis formis accommodata. Quidam vero attribuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1501 distinctionem rerum secundis agentibus. Sicut Avicenna, qui dixit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1502 quod Deus, intelligendo se, produxit intelligentiam primam, in qua,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1503 quia non est suum esse, ex necessitate incidit compositio potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1504 et actus, ut infra patebit. Sic igitur prima intelligentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1505 inquantum intelligit causam primam, produxit secundam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1506 intelligentiam; inquantum autem intelligit se secundum quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1507 potentia, produxit corpus caeli, quod movet; inquantum vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1508 intelligit se secundum illud quod habet de actu, produxit animam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1509 caeli. Sed hoc non potest stare propter duo. Primo quidem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1510 supra ostensum est quod creare solius Dei est. Unde ea quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1511 possunt causari nisi per creationem, a solo Deo producuntur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1512 haec sunt omnia quae non subiacent generationi et corruptioni.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1513 Secundo, quia secundum hanc positionem, non proveniret ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1514 intentione primi agentis universitas rerum, sed ex concursu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1515 multarum causarum agentium. Tale autem dicimus provenire a casu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1516 Sic igitur complementum universi, quod in diversitate rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1517 consistit, esset a casu, quod est impossibile. Unde dicendum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1518 quod distinctio rerum et multitudo est ex intentione primi agentis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1519 quod est Deus. Produxit enim res in esse propter suam bonitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1520 communicandam creaturis, et per eas repraesentandam. Et quia per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1521 unam creaturam sufficienter repraesentari non potest, produxit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1522 multas creaturas et diversas, ut quod deest uni ad repraesentandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1523 divinam bonitatem, suppleatur ex alia, nam bonitas quae in Deo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1524 simpliciter et uniformiter, in creaturis est multipliciter et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1525 divisim. Unde perfectius participat divinam bonitatem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1526 repraesentat eam, totum universum, quam alia quaecumque creatura.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1527 Et quia ex divina sapientia est causa distinctionis rerum, ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1528 Moyses dicit res esse distinctas verbo Dei, quod est conceptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1529 sapientiae. Et hoc est quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>dixit Deus, fiat
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1530 lux. Et divisit lucem a tenebris</i>.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30443"><span class="ref">[30443] Iª q. 47 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1531 dicendum quod agens per naturam agit per formam per quam est, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1532 unius tantum est una, et ideo non agit nisi unum. Agens autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1533 voluntarium, quale est Deus, ut supra ostensum est, agit per formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1534 intellectam. Cum igitur Deum multa intelligere non repugnet unitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1535 et simplicitati ipsius, ut supra ostensum est, relinquitur quod,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1536 licet sit unus, possit multa facere.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30444"><span class="ref">[30444] Iª q. 47 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1537 dicendum quod ratio illa teneret de exemplato quod perfecte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1538 repraesentat exemplar, quod non multiplicatur nisi materialiter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1539 Unde imago increata, quae est perfecta, est una tantum. Sed nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1540 creatura repraesentat perfecte exemplar primum, quod est divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1541 essentia. Et ideo potest per multa repraesentari. Et tamen secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1542 quod ideae dicuntur exemplaria, pluralitati rerum correspondet in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1543 mente divina pluralitas idearum.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30445"><span class="ref">[30445] Iª q. 47 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1544 dicendum quod in speculativis medium demonstrationis, quod perfecte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1545 demonstrat conclusionem, est unum tantum, sed media probabilia sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1546 multa. Et similiter in operativis, quando id quod est ad finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1547 adaequat, ut ita dixerim, finem, non requiritur quod sit nisi unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1548 tantum. Sed creatura non sic se habet ad finem qui est Deus. Unde
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1549 oportuit creaturas multiplicari.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30446"><span class="ref">[30446] Iª q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1550 proceditur. Videtur quod inaequalitas rerum non sit a Deo. Optimi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1551 enim est optima adducere. Sed inter optima unum non est maius
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1552 altero. Ergo Dei, qui est optimus, est omnia aequalia facere.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30447"><span class="ref">[30447] Iª q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1553 aequalitas est effectus unitatis, ut dicitur in V Metaphys. Sed
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1554 Deus est unus. Ergo fecit omnia aequalia.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30448"><span class="ref">[30448] Iª q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1555 iustitiae est inaequalia inaequalibus dare. Sed Deus est iustus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1556 omnibus operibus suis. Cum ergo operationi eius, qua esse rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1557 communicat, non praesupponatur aliqua inaequalitas rerum, videtur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1558 quod fecerit omnia aequalia.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30449"><span class="ref">[30449] Iª q. 47 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1559 quod dicitur Eccli. XXXIII, <i>quare dies diem superat, et iterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1560 lux lucem, et annus annum, sol solem? A domini scientia separata
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1561 sunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 2 co."><a name="30450"><span class="ref">[30450] Iª q. 47 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1562 quod Origenes, volens excludere positionem ponentium distinctionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1563 in rebus ex contrarietate principiorum boni et mali, posuit a Deo a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1564 principio omnia creata esse aequalia. Dicit enim quod Deus primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1565 creavit creaturas rationales tantum, et omnes aequales, in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1566 primo exorta est inaequalitas ex libero arbitrio, quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1567 conversis in Deum secundum magis et minus, quibusdam etiam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1568 magis et minus a Deo aversis. Illae igitur rationales creaturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1569 quae ad Deum per liberum arbitrium conversae sunt, promotae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1570 diversos ordines Angelorum, pro diversitate meritorum. Illae autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1571 quae aversae sunt a Deo, sunt corporibus alligatae diversis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1572 secundum diversitatem peccati, et hanc causam dicit esse creationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1573 et diversitatis corporum. Sed secundum hoc, universitas corporalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1574 creaturarum non esset propter bonitatem Dei communicandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1575 creaturis, sed ad puniendum peccatum. Quod est contra illud quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1576 dicitur Gen. I, <i>vidit Deus cuncta quae fecerat, et erant valde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1577 bona</i>. Et ut Augustinus dicit, XI de Civ. Dei, <i>quid stultius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1578 dici potest, quam istum solem, ut in uno mundo unus esset, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1579 decori pulchritudinis, vel saluti rerum corporalium consuluisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1580 artificem Deum; sed hoc potius evenisse, quia una anima sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1581 peccaverat? Ac per hoc, si centum animae peccassent, centum soles
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1582 haberet hic mundus</i>. Et ideo dicendum est quod, sicut sapientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1583 Dei est causa distinctionis rerum, ita et inaequalitatis. Quod sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1584 patet. Duplex enim distinctio invenitur in rebus, una formalis, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1585 his quae differunt specie; alia vero materialis, in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1586 differunt numero tantum. Cum autem materia sit propter formam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1587 distinctio materialis est propter formalem. Unde videmus quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1588 rebus incorruptibilibus non est nisi unum individuum unius speciei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1589 quia species sufficienter conservatur in uno, in generabilibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1590 autem et corruptibilibus, sunt multa individua unius speciei, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1591 conservationem speciei. Ex quo patet quod principalior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1592 distinctio formalis quam materialis. Distinctio autem formalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1593 semper requirit inaequalitatem, quia, ut dicitur in VIII Metaphys.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1594 formae rerum sunt sicut numeri, in quibus species variantur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1595 additionem vel subtractionem unitatis. Unde in rebus naturalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1596 gradatim species ordinatae esse videntur, sicut mixta perfectiora
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1597 sunt elementis, et plantae corporibus mineralibus, et animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1598 plantis, et homines aliis animalibus; et in singulis horum una
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1599 species perfectior aliis invenitur. Sicut ergo divina sapientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1600 causa est distinctionis rerum propter perfectionem universi, ita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1601 inaequalitatis. Non enim esset perfectum universum, si tantum unus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1602 gradus bonitatis inveniretur in rebus.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30451"><span class="ref">[30451] Iª q. 47 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1603 dicendum quod optimi agentis est producere totum effectum suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1604 optimum, non tamen quod quamlibet partem totius faciat optimam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1605 simpliciter, sed optimam secundum proportionem ad totum, tolleretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1606 enim bonitas animalis, si quaelibet pars eius oculi haberet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1607 dignitatem. Sic igitur et Deus totum universum constituit optimum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1608 secundum modum creaturae, non autem singulas creaturas, sed unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1609 alia meliorem. Et ideo de singulis creaturis dicitur Gen. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1610 <i>vidit Deus lucem quod esset bona</i>, et similiter de singulis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1611 sed de omnibus simul dicitur, <i>vidit Deus cuncta quae fecerat, et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1612 erant valde bona</i>.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30452"><span class="ref">[30452] Iª q. 47 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1613 dicendum quod primum quod procedit ab unitate, est aequalitas; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1614 deinde procedit multiplicitas. Et ideo a patre, cui, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1615 Augustinum, appropriatur unitas, processit filius, cui appropriatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1616 aequalitas; et deinde creatura, cui competit inaequalitas. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1617 tamen etiam a creaturis participatur quaedam aequalitas, scilicet
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1618 proportionis.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30453"><span class="ref">[30453] Iª q. 47 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1619 dicendum quod ratio illa est quae movit Origenem, sed non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1620 locum nisi in retributione praemiorum, quorum inaequalitas debetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1621 inaequalibus meritis. Sed in constitutione rerum non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1622 inaequalitas partium per quamcumque inaequalitatem praecedentem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1623 meritorum vel etiam dispositionis materiae; sed propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1624 perfectionem totius. Ut patet etiam in operibus artis, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1625 propter hoc differt tectum a fundamento, quia habet diversam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1626 materiam; sed ut sit domus perfecta ex diversis partibus, quaerit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1627 artifex diversam materiam, et faceret eam si posset.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30454"><span class="ref">[30454] Iª q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1628 proceditur. Videtur quod non sit unus mundus tantum, sed plures.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1629 Quia, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1630 inconveniens est dicere quod Deus sine ratione res creavit. Sed ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1631 ratione qua creavit unum, potuit creare multos, cum eius potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1632 non sit limitata ad unius mundi creationem, sed est infinita, ut
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1633 supra ostensum est. Ergo Deus plures mundos produxit.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30455"><span class="ref">[30455] Iª q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1634 natura facit quod melius est, et multo magis Deus. Sed melius esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1635 esse plures mundos quam unum, quia plura bona paucioribus meliora
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1636 sunt. Ergo plures mundi facti sunt a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30456"><span class="ref">[30456] Iª q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1637 quod habet formam in materia, potest multiplicari secundum numerum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1638 manente eadem specie, quia multiplicatio secundum numerum est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1639 materia. Sed mundus habet formam in materia, sicut enim cum dico
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1640 homo, significo formam, cum autem dico hic homo, significo formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1641 in materia; ita, cum dicitur mundus, significatur forma, cum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1642 dicitur hic mundus, significatur forma in materia. Ergo nihil
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1643 prohibet esse plures mundos.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30457"><span class="ref">[30457] Iª q. 47 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1644 quod dicitur Ioan. I, <i>mundus per ipsum factus est</i>; ubi
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1645 singulariter mundum nominavit, quasi uno solo mundo existente.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 3 co."><a name="30458"><span class="ref">[30458] Iª q. 47 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1646 quod ipse ordo in rebus sic a Deo creatis existens, unitatem mundi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1647 manifestat. Mundus enim iste unus dicitur unitate ordinis, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1648 quod quaedam ad alia ordinantur. Quaecumque autem sunt a Deo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1649 ordinem habent ad invicem et ad ipsum Deum, ut supra ostensum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1650 Unde necesse est quod omnia ad unum mundum pertineant. Et ideo illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1651 potuerunt ponere plures mundos, qui causam mundi non posuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1652 aliquam sapientiam ordinantem, sed casum; ut Democritus, qui dixit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1653 ex concursu atomorum factum esse hunc mundum, et alios
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1654 infinitos.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30459"><span class="ref">[30459] Iª q. 47 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1655 dicendum quod haec ratio est quare mundus est unus, quia debent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1656 omnia esse ordinata uno ordine, et ad unum. Propter quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1657 Aristoteles, in XII Metaphys., ex unitate ordinis in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1658 existentis concludit unitatem Dei gubernantis. Et Plato ex unitate
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1659 exemplaris probat unitatem mundi, quasi exemplati.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30460"><span class="ref">[30460] Iª q. 47 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1660 dicendum quod nullum agens intendit pluralitatem materialem ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1661 finem, quia materialis multitudo non habet certum terminum, sed de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1662 se tendit in infinitum; infinitum autem repugnat rationi finis. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1663 autem dicitur plures mundos esse meliores quam unum, hoc dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1664 secundum multitudinem materialem. Tale autem melius non est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1665 intentione Dei agentis, quia eadem ratione dici posset quod, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1666 fecisset duos, melius esset quod essent tres; et sic in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1667 infinitum.</p><p title="I q. 47 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30461"><span class="ref">[30461] Iª q. 47 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1668 dicendum quod mundus constat ex sua tota materia. Non enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1669 possibile esse aliam terram quam istam, quia omnis terra ferretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1670 naturaliter ad hoc medium, ubicumque esset. Et eadem ratio est de
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1671 aliis corporibus quae sunt partes mundi.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q48"><h2>Quaestio 48</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 48 pr."><a name="30462"><span class="ref">[30462]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1672 Iª q. 48 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1673 distinctione rerum in speciali. Et primo, de distinctione boni et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1674 mali; deinde de distinctione spiritualis et corporalis creaturae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1675 Circa primum, quaerendum est de malo; et de causa mali. Circa malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1676 quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum malum sit natura aliqua. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1677 utrum malum inveniatur in rebus. Tertio, utrum bonum sit subiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1678 mali. Quarto, utrum malum totaliter corrumpat bonum. Quinto, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1679 divisione mali per poenam et culpam. Sexto, quid habeat plus de
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1680 ratione mali, utrum poena vel culpa.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30463"><span class="ref">[30463] Iª q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1681 proceditur. Videtur quod malum sit natura quaedam. Quia omne genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1682 est natura quaedam. Sed malum est quoddam genus, dicitur enim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1683 praedicamentis, quod <i>bonum et malum non sunt in genere, sed sunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1684 genera aliorum</i>. Ergo malum est natura quaedam.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30464"><span class="ref">[30464] Iª q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omnis
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1685 differentia constitutiva alicuius speciei est natura quaedam. Malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1686 autem est differentia constitutiva in moralibus, differt enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1687 specie malus habitus a bono, ut liberalitas ab illiberalitate. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1688 malum significat naturam quandam.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30465"><span class="ref">[30465] Iª q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1689 utrumque contrariorum est natura quaedam. Sed malum et bonum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1690 opponuntur ut privatio et habitus, sed ut contraria, ut probat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1691 philosophus, in praedicamentis, per hoc quod inter bonum et malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1692 est aliquid medium, et a malo potest fieri reditus ad bonum. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1693 malum significat naturam quandam.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="30466"><span class="ref">[30466] Iª q. 48 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, quod
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1694 non est, non agit. Sed malum agit, quia corrumpit bonum. Ergo malum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1695 est quoddam ens, et natura quaedam.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="30467"><span class="ref">[30467] Iª q. 48 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1696 perfectionem universitatis rerum non pertinet nisi quod est ens et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1697 natura quaedam. Sed malum pertinet ad perfectionem universitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1698 rerum, dicit enim Augustinus, in Enchirid., quod <i>ex omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1699 consistit universitatis admirabilis pulchritudo; in qua etiam illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1700 quod malum dicitur, bene ordinatum, et suo loco positum, eminentius
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1701 commendat bona</i>. Ergo malum est natura quaedam.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30468"><span class="ref">[30468] Iª q. 48 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1702 quod Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., <i>malum non est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1703 existens neque bonum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 1 co."><a name="30469"><span class="ref">[30469] Iª q. 48 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1704 quod unum oppositorum cognoscitur per alterum, sicut per lucem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1705 tenebra. Unde et quid sit malum, oportet ex ratione boni accipere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1706 Diximus autem supra quod bonum est omne id quod est appetibile, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1707 sic, cum omnis natura appetat suum esse et suam perfectionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1708 necesse est dicere quod esse et perfectio cuiuscumque naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1709 rationem habeat bonitatis. Unde non potest esse quod malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1710 significet quoddam esse, aut quandam formam seu naturam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1711 Relinquitur ergo quod nomine mali significetur quaedam absentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1712 boni. Et pro tanto dicitur quod malum neque est existens nec bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1713 quia cum ens, inquantum huiusmodi, sit bonum, eadem est remotio
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1714 utrorumque.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30470"><span class="ref">[30470] Iª q. 48 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1715 dicendum quod Aristoteles ibi loquitur secundum opinionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1716 Pythagoricorum, qui malum existimabant esse naturam quandam, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1717 ideo ponebant bonum et malum genera. Consuevit enim Aristoteles, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1718 praecipue in libris logicalibus, ponere exempla quae probabilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1719 erant suo tempore, secundum opinionem aliquorum philosophorum. Vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1720 dicendum, sicut dicit philosophus in X Metaphys., quod <i>prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1721 contrarietas est habitus et privatio</i>, quia scilicet in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1722 contrariis salvatur, cum semper unum contrariorum sit imperfectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1723 respectu alterius, ut nigrum respectu albi, et amarum respectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1724 dulcis. Et pro tanto bonum et malum dicuntur genera, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1725 simpliciter, sed contrariorum, quia sicut omnis forma habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1726 rationem boni, ita omnis privatio, inquantum huiusmodi, habet
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1727 rationem mali.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30471"><span class="ref">[30471] Iª q. 48 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1728 dicendum quod bonum et malum non sunt differentiae constitutivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1729 nisi in moralibus, quae recipiunt speciem ex fine, qui est obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1730 voluntatis, a qua moralia dependent. Et quia bonum habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1731 finis, ideo bonum et malum sunt differentiae specificae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1732 moralibus; bonum per se, sed malum inquantum est remotio debiti
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1733 finis. Nec tamen remotio debiti finis constituit speciem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1734 moralibus, nisi secundum quod adiungitur fini indebito, sicut neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1735 in naturalibus invenitur privatio formae substantialis, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1736 adiuncta alteri formae. Sic igitur malum quod est differentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1737 constitutiva in moralibus, est quoddam bonum adiunctum privationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1738 alterius boni, sicut finis intemperati est, non quidem carere bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1739 rationis, sed delectabile sensus absque ordine rationis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1740 malum, inquantum malum, non est differentia constitutiva; sed
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1741 ratione boni adiuncti.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30472"><span class="ref">[30472] Iª q. 48 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Et per hoc etiam
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1742 patet responsio ad tertium. Nam ibi philosophus loquitur de bono et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1743 malo, secundum quod inveniuntur in moralibus. Sic enim inter bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1744 et malum invenitur medium, prout bonum dicitur quod est ordinatum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1745 malum autem, quod non solum est deordinatum, sed etiam nocivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1746 alteri. Unde dicit philosophus in IV Ethic., quod prodigus vanus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1747 quidem est, sed non malus. Ab hoc etiam malo quod est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1748 morem, contingit fieri reditum ad bonum; non autem ex quocumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1749 malo. Non enim ex caecitate fit reditus ad visionem, cum tamen
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1750 caecitas sit malum quoddam.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="30473"><span class="ref">[30473] Iª q. 48 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1751 dicendum quod aliquid agere dicitur tripliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1752 formaliter, eo modo loquendi quo dicitur albedo facere album. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1753 sic malum, etiam ratione ipsius privationis, dicitur corrumpere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1754 bonum, quia est ipsa corruptio vel privatio boni. Alio modo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1755 aliquid agere effective, sicut pictor dicitur facere album
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1756 parietem. Tertio modo, per modum causae finalis, sicut finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1757 dicitur efficere, movendo efficientem. His autem duobus modis malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1758 non agit aliquid per se, idest secundum quod est privatio quaedam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1759 sed secundum quod ei bonum adiungitur, nam omnis actio est ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1760 aliqua forma, et omne quod desideratur ut finis, est perfectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1761 aliqua. Et ideo, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1762 non agit neque desideratur nisi virtute boni adiuncti; per se autem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1763 est infinitum, et praeter voluntatem et intentionem.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="30474"><span class="ref">[30474] Iª q. 48 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1764 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, partes universi habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1765 ordinem ad invicem, secundum quod una agit in alteram, et est finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1766 alterius et exemplar. Haec autem, ut dictum est, non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1767 convenire malo, nisi ratione boni adiuncti. Unde malum neque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1768 perfectionem universi pertinet, neque sub ordine universi
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1769 concluditur, nisi per accidens, idest ratione boni adiuncti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30475"><span class="ref">[30475] Iª q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1770 proceditur. Videtur quod malum non inveniatur in rebus. Quidquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1771 enim invenitur in rebus, vel est ens aliquod, vel privatio entis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1772 alicuius, quod est non ens. Sed Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1773 Nom., quod malum distat ab existente, et adhuc plus distat a non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1774 existente. Ergo malum nullo modo invenitur in rebus.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30476"><span class="ref">[30476] Iª q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ens
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1775 et res convertuntur. Si ergo malum est ens in rebus, sequitur quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1776 malum sit res quaedam. Quod est contra praedicta.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30477"><span class="ref">[30477] Iª q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> <i>Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1777 albius est quod est nigro impermixtius</i>, ut dicitur in III libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1778 Topic. Aristotelis. Ergo et melius est quod est malo impermixtius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1779 Sed Deus facit semper quod melius est, multo magis quam natura.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1780 Ergo in rebus a Deo conditis nihil malum invenitur.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30478"><span class="ref">[30478] Iª q. 48 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1781 quod secundum hoc removerentur omnes prohibitiones et poenae, quae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1782 non sunt nisi malorum.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 2 co."><a name="30479"><span class="ref">[30479] Iª q. 48 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1783 quod, sicut supra dictum est, perfectio universi requirit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1784 inaequalitatem esse in rebus, ut omnes bonitatis gradus impleantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1785 Est autem unus gradus bonitatis ut aliquid ita bonum sit, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1786 nunquam deficere possit. Alius autem gradus bonitatis est, ut sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1787 aliquid bonum sit, quod a bono deficere possit. Qui etiam gradus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1788 ipso esse inveniuntur, quaedam enim sunt, quae suum esse amittere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1789 non possunt, ut incorporalia; quaedam vero sunt, quae amittere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1790 possunt, ut corporalia. Sicut igitur perfectio universitatis rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1791 requirit ut non solum sint entia incorruptibilia, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1792 corruptibilia; ita perfectio universi requirit ut sint quaedam quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1793 a bonitate deficere possint; ad quod sequitur ea interdum deficere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1794 In hoc autem consistit ratio mali, ut scilicet aliquid deficiat a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1795 bono. Unde manifestum est quod in rebus malum invenitur, sicut et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1796 corruptio, nam et ipsa corruptio malum quoddam est.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30480"><span class="ref">[30480] Iª q. 48 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1797 dicendum quod malum distat et ab ente simpliciter, et non ente
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1798 simpliciter, quia neque est sicut habitus, neque sicut pura
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1799 negatio, sed sicut privatio.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30481"><span class="ref">[30481] Iª q. 48 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1800 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in V Metaphys., ens dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1801 dicitur. Uno modo, secundum quod significat entitatem rei, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1802 dividitur per decem praedicamenta, et sic convertitur cum re. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1803 hoc modo, nulla privatio est ens, unde nec malum. Alio modo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1804 ens, quod significat veritatem propositionis, quae in compositione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1805 consistit, cuius nota est hoc verbum est, et hoc est ens quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1806 respondetur ad quaestionem an est. Et sic caecitatem dicimus esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1807 in oculo, vel quamcumque aliam privationem. Et hoc modo etiam malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1808 dicitur ens. Propter huius autem distinctionis ignorantiam, aliqui,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1809 considerantes quod aliquae res dicuntur malae, vel quod malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1810 dicitur esse in rebus, crediderunt quod malum esset res
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1811 quaedam.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30482"><span class="ref">[30482] Iª q. 48 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1812 dicendum quod Deus et natura, et quodcumque agens, facit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1813 melius est in toto; sed non quod melius est in unaquaque parte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1814 nisi per ordinem ad totum, ut supra dictum est. Ipsum autem totum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1815 quod est universitas creaturarum, melius et perfectius est, si in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1816 eo sint quaedam quae a bono deficere possunt, quae interdum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1817 deficiunt, Deo hoc non impediente. Tum quia providentiae non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1818 naturam destruere, sed salvare, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1819 Nom., ipsa autem natura rerum hoc habet, ut quae deficere possunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1820 quandoque deficiant. Tum quia, ut dicit Augustinus in Enchirid.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1821 Deus est adeo potens, quod etiam potest bene facere de malis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1822 multa bona tollerentur, si Deus nullum malum permitteret esse. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1823 enim generaretur ignis, nisi corrumperetur aer; neque conservaretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1824 vita leonis, nisi occideretur asinus; neque etiam laudaretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1825 iustitia vindicans, et patientia sufferens, si non esset
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1826 iniquitas.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30483"><span class="ref">[30483] Iª q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1827 proceditur. Videtur quod malum non sit in bono sicut in subiecto.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1828 Omnia enim bona sunt existentia. Sed Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1829 Div. Nom., quod malum non est existens, neque in existentibus. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1830 malum non est in bono sicut in subiecto.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30484"><span class="ref">[30484] Iª q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, malum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1831 non est ens, bonum vero est ens. Sed non ens non requirit ens, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1832 quo sit sicut in subiecto. Ergo nec malum requirit bonum, in quo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1833 sit sicut in subiecto.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30485"><span class="ref">[30485] Iª q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, unum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1834 contrariorum non est subiectum alterius. Sed bonum et malum sunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1835 contraria. Ergo malum non est in bono sicut in subiecto.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="30486"><span class="ref">[30486] Iª q. 48 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, id in
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1836 quo est albedo sicut in subiecto, dicitur esse album. Ergo et id in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1837 quo est malum sicut in subiecto, est malum. Si ergo malum sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1838 bono sicut in subiecto, sequitur quod bonum sit malum, contra id
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1839 quod dicitur Isai. V, <i>vae, qui dicitis malum bonum, et bonum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1840 malum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30487"><span class="ref">[30487] Iª q. 48 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1841 quod Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod malum non est nisi in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1842 bono.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 3 co."><a name="30488"><span class="ref">[30488] Iª q. 48 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1843 quod, sicut dictum est, malum importat remotionem boni. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1844 quaelibet remotio boni malum dicitur. Potest enim accipi remotio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1845 boni et privative, et negative. Remotio igitur boni negative
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1846 accepta, mali rationem non habet, alioquin sequeretur quod ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1847 nullo modo sunt, mala essent; et iterum quod quaelibet res esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1848 mala, ex hoc quod non habet bonum alterius rei, utpote quod homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1849 esset malus, quia non habet velocitatem capreae, vel fortitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1850 leonis. Sed remotio boni privative accepta, malum dicitur, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1851 privatio visus caecitas dicitur. Subiectum autem privationis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1852 formae est unum et idem, scilicet ens in potentia, sive sit ens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1853 potentia simpliciter, sicut materia prima, quae est subiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1854 formae substantialis et privationis oppositae; sive sit ens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1855 potentia secundum quid et in actu simpliciter, ut corpus diaphanum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1856 quod est subiectum tenebrarum et lucis. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1857 forma per quam aliquid est actu, perfectio quaedam est, et bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1858 quoddam, et sic omne ens in actu, bonum quoddam est. Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1859 omne ens in potentia, inquantum huiusmodi, bonum quoddam est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1860 secundum quod habet ordinem ad bonum, sicut enim est ens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1861 potentia, ita et bonum in potentia. Relinquitur ergo quod subiectum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1862 mali sit bonum.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30489"><span class="ref">[30489] Iª q. 48 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1863 dicendum quod Dionysius intelligit malum non esse in existentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1864 sicut partem, aut sicut proprietatem naturalem alicuius
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1865 existentis.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30490"><span class="ref">[30490] Iª q. 48 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1866 dicendum quod non ens negative acceptum non requirit subiectum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1867 privatio est negatio in subiecto, ut dicitur in IV Metaphys., et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1868 tale non ens est malum.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30491"><span class="ref">[30491] Iª q. 48 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1869 dicendum quod malum non est sicut in subiecto in bono quod ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1870 opponitur, sed in quodam alio bono, subiectum enim caecitatis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1871 est visus, sed animal. Videtur tamen, ut Augustinus dicit, hic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1872 fallere dialecticorum regula, quae dicit contraria simul esse non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1873 posse. Hoc tamen intelligendum est secundum communem acceptionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1874 boni et mali, non autem secundum quod specialiter accipitur hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1875 bonum et hoc malum. Album autem et nigrum, dulce et amarum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1876 huiusmodi contraria, non accipiuntur nisi specialiter, quia sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1877 quibusdam generibus determinatis. Sed bonum circuit omnia genera,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1878 unde unum bonum potest simul esse cum privatione alterius boni.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="30492"><span class="ref">[30492] Iª q. 48 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1879 dicendum quod propheta imprecatur vae illis qui dicunt id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1880 bonum, secundum quod est bonum, esse malum. Hoc autem non sequitur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1881 ex praemissis, ut per praedicta patet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30493"><span class="ref">[30493] Iª q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1882 proceditur. Videtur quod malum corrumpat totum bonum. Unum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1883 contrariorum totaliter corrumpitur per alterum. Sed bonum et malum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1884 sunt contraria. Ergo malum potest corrumpere totum bonum.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30494"><span class="ref">[30494] Iª q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1885 Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod malum nocet inquantum adimit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1886 bonum. Sed bonum est sibi simile et uniforme. Ergo totaliter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1887 tollitur per malum.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30495"><span class="ref">[30495] Iª q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1888 malum, quandiu est, nocet et aufert bonum. Sed illud a quo semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1889 aliquid aufertur, quandoque consumitur, nisi sit infinitum; quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1890 non potest dici de aliquo bono creato. Ergo malum consumit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1891 totaliter bonum.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30496"><span class="ref">[30496] Iª q. 48 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1892 quod Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod malum non potest
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1893 totaliter consumere bonum.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 4 co."><a name="30497"><span class="ref">[30497] Iª q. 48 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1894 quod malum non potest totaliter consumere bonum. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1895 evidentiam, considerandum est quod est triplex bonum. Quoddam, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1896 per malum totaliter tollitur, et hoc est bonum oppositum malo;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1897 sicut lumen totaliter per tenebras tollitur, et visus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1898 caecitatem. Quoddam vero bonum est, quod nec totaliter tollitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1899 malum, nec diminuitur, scilicet bonum quod est subiectum mali; non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1900 enim per tenebras aliquid de substantia aeris diminuitur. Quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1901 vero bonum est, quod diminuitur quidem per malum, sed non totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1902 tollitur, et hoc bonum est habilitas subiecti ad actum. Diminutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1903 autem huius boni non est accipienda per subtractionem, sicut est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1904 diminutio in quantitatibus, sed per remissionem, sicut est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1905 diminutio in qualitatibus et formis. Remissio autem huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1906 habilitatis est accipienda e contrario intensioni ipsius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1907 Intenditur enim huiusmodi habilitas per dispositiones quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1908 materia praeparatur ad actum; quae quanto magis multiplicantur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1909 subiecto, tanto habilius est ad recipiendum perfectionem et formam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1910 Et e contrario remittitur per dispositiones contrarias; quae quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1911 magis multiplicatae sunt in materia, et magis intensae, tanto magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1912 remittitur potentia ad actum. Si igitur contrariae dispositiones in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1913 infinitum multiplicari et intendi non possunt, sed usque ad certum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1914 terminum, neque habilitas praedicta in infinitum diminuitur vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1915 remittitur. Sicut patet in qualitatibus activis et passivis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1916 elementorum, frigiditas enim et humiditas, per quae diminuitur sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1917 remittitur habilitas materiae ad formam ignis, non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1918 multiplicari in infinitum. Si vero dispositiones contrariae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1919 infinitum multiplicari possunt, et habilitas praedicta in infinitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1920 diminuitur vel remittitur. Non tamen totaliter tollitur, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1921 semper manet in sua radice, quae est substantia subiecti. Sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1922 in infinitum interponantur corpora opaca inter solem et aerem, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1923 infinitum diminuetur habilitas aeris ad lumen, nunquam tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1924 totaliter tollitur, manente aere, qui secundum naturam suam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1925 diaphanus. Similiter in infinitum potest fieri additio in peccatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1926 per quae semper magis ac magis minuitur habilitas animae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1927 gratiam, quae quidem peccata sunt quasi obstacula interposita inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1928 nos et Deum secundum illud Isaiae LIX, <i>peccata nostra diviserunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1929 inter nos et Deum</i>. Neque tamen tollitur totaliter ab anima
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1930 praedicta habilitas, quia consequitur naturam ipsius.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30498"><span class="ref">[30498] Iª q. 48 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1931 dicendum quod bonum quod opponitur malo, totaliter tollitur, sed
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1932 alia bona non totaliter tolluntur, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30499"><span class="ref">[30499] Iª q. 48 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1933 dicendum quod habilitas praedicta est media inter subiectum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1934 actum. Unde ex ea parte qua attingit actum, diminuitur per malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1935 sed ex ea parte qua tenet se cum subiecto, remanet. Ergo, licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1936 bonum in se sit simile, tamen, propter comparationem eius ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1937 diversa, non totaliter tollitur, sed in parte.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="30500"><span class="ref">[30500] Iª q. 48 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1938 dicendum quod quidam, imaginantes diminutionem boni praedicti ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1939 similitudinem diminutionis quantitatis, dixerunt quod, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1940 continuum dividitur in infinitum, facta divisione secundum eandem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1941 proportionem (ut puta quod accipiatur medium medii, vel tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1942 tertii), sic in proposito accidit. Sed haec ratio hic locum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1943 habet. Quia in divisione in qua semper servatur eadem proportio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1944 semper subtrahitur minus et minus, minus enim est medium medii quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1945 medium totius. Sed secundum peccatum non de necessitate minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1946 diminuit de habilitate praedicta, quam praecedens, sed forte aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1947 aequaliter, aut magis. Dicendum est ergo quod, licet ista habilitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1948 sit quoddam finitum, diminuitur tamen in infinitum, non per se, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1949 per accidens, secundum quod contrariae dispositiones etiam in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1950 infinitum augentur, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 48 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="30501"><span class="ref">[30501] Iª q. 48 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1951 proceditur. Videtur quod malum insufficienter dividatur per poenam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1952 et culpam. Omnis enim defectus malum quoddam esse videtur. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1953 omnibus creaturis est quidam defectus, quod se in esse conservare
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1954 non possunt, qui tamen nec poena nec culpa est. Non ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1955 sufficienter malum dividitur per poenam et culpam.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="30502"><span class="ref">[30502] Iª q. 48 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1956 rebus irrationalibus non invenitur culpa nec poena. Invenitur tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1957 in eis corruptio et defectus, quae ad rationem mali pertinent. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1958 non omne malum est poena vel culpa.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="30503"><span class="ref">[30503] Iª q. 48 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1959 tentatio quoddam malum est. Nec tamen est culpa, quia tentatio cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1960 non consentitur, <i>non est peccatum, sed materia exercendae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1961 virtutis</i>, ut dicitur in Glossa II Cor. XII. Nec etiam poena,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1962 quia tentatio praecedit culpam, poena autem subsequitur.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1963 Insufficienter ergo malum dividitur per poenam et culpam.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 5 s. c."><a name="30504"><span class="ref">[30504] Iª q. 48 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1964 videtur quod divisio sit superflua. Ut enim Augustinus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1965 Enchirid., malum dicitur quia nocet. Quod autem nocet, poenale est.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1966 Omne ergo malum sub poena continetur.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 5 co."><a name="30505"><span class="ref">[30505] Iª q. 48 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1967 quod malum, sicut supra dictum est, est privatio boni, quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1968 perfectione et actu consistit principaliter et per se. Actus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1969 est duplex, primus, et secundus. Actus quidem primus est forma et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1970 integritas rei, actus autem secundus est operatio. Contingit ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1971 malum esse dupliciter. Uno modo, per subtractionem formae, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1972 alicuius partis, quae requiritur ad integritatem rei; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1973 caecitas malum est, et carere membro. Alio modo, per subtractionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1974 debitae operationis; vel quia omnino non est; vel quia debitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1975 modum et ordinem non habet. Quia vero bonum simpliciter est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1976 obiectum voluntatis, malum, quod est privatio boni, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1977 specialem rationem invenitur in creaturis rationalibus habentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1978 voluntatem. Malum igitur quod est per subtractionem formae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1979 integritatis rei, habet rationem poenae; et praecipue supposito
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1980 quod omnia divinae providentiae et iustitiae subdantur, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1981 ostensum est, de ratione enim poenae est, quod sit contraria
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1982 voluntati. Malum autem quod consistit in subtractione debitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1983 operationis in rebus voluntariis, habet rationem culpae. Hoc enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1984 imputatur alicui in culpam, cum deficit a perfecta actione, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1985 dominus est secundum voluntatem. Sic igitur omne malum in rebus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1986 voluntariis consideratum vel est poena vel culpa.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="30506"><span class="ref">[30506] Iª q. 48 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1987 dicendum quod, quia malum privatio est boni, et non negatio pura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1988 ut dictum est supra; non omnis defectus boni est malum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1989 defectus boni quod natum est et debet haberi. Defectus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1990 visionis non est malum in lapide, sed in animali, quia contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1991 rationem lapidis est, quod visum habeat. Similiter etiam contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1992 rationem creaturae est, quod in esse conservetur a seipsa, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1993 idem dat esse et conservat. Unde iste defectus non est malum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1994 creaturae.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="30507"><span class="ref">[30507] Iª q. 48 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1995 dicendum quod poena et culpa non dividunt malum simpliciter; sed
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1996 malum in rebus voluntariis.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="30508"><span class="ref">[30508] Iª q. 48 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1997 dicendum quod tentatio, prout importat provocationem ad malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1998 semper malum culpae est in tentante. Sed in eo qui tentatur, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1999 est proprie, nisi secundum quod aliqualiter immutatur, sic enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2000 actio agentis est in patiente. Secundum autem quod tentatus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2001 immutatur ad malum a tentante, incidit in culpam.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="30509"><span class="ref">[30509] Iª q. 48 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2002 dicendum quod de ratione poenae est, quod noceat agenti in seipso.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2003 Sed de ratione culpae est, quod noceat agenti in sua actione. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2004 sic utrumque sub malo continetur, secundum quod habet rationem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2005 nocumenti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 48 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="30510"><span class="ref">[30510] Iª q. 48 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2006 proceditur. Videtur quod habeat plus de ratione mali poena quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2007 culpa. Culpa enim se habet ad poenam, ut meritum ad praemium. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2008 praemium habet plus de ratione boni quam meritum, cum sit finis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2009 eius. Ergo poena plus habet de ratione mali quam culpa.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="30511"><span class="ref">[30511] Iª q. 48 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, illud
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2010 est maius malum, quod opponitur maiori bono. Sed poena, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2011 dictum est, opponitur bono agentis, culpa autem bono actionis. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2012 ergo melius sit agens quam actio, videtur quod peius sit poena quam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2013 culpa.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="30512"><span class="ref">[30512] Iª q. 48 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ipsa
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2014 privatio finis poena quaedam est, quae dicitur carentia visionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2015 divinae. Malum autem culpae est per privationem ordinis ad finem.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2016 Ergo poena est maius malum quam culpa.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 6 s. c."><a name="30513"><span class="ref">[30513] Iª q. 48 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2017 sapiens artifex inducit minus malum ad vitandum maius; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2018 medicus praecidit membrum, ne corrumpatur corpus. Sed Dei sapientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2019 infert poenam ad vitandam culpam. Ergo culpa est maius malum quam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2020 poena.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 6 co."><a name="30514"><span class="ref">[30514] Iª q. 48 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2021 quod culpa habet plus de ratione mali quam poena, et non solum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2022 poena sensibilis, quae consistit in privatione corporalium bonorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2023 cuiusmodi poenas plures intelligunt; sed etiam universaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2024 accipiendo poenam, secundum quod privatio gratiae vel gloriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2025 poenae quaedam sunt. Cuius est duplex ratio. Prima quidem est, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2026 ex malo culpae fit aliquis malus, non autem ex malo poenae;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2027 secundum illud Dionysii, IV cap. de Div. Nom., <i>puniri non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2028 malum, sed fieri poena dignum</i>. Et hoc ideo est quia, cum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2029 simpliciter consistat in actu, et non in potentia, ultimus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2030 actus est operatio, vel usus quarumcumque rerum habitarum; bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2031 hominis simpliciter consideratur in bona operatione, vel bono usu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2032 rerum habitarum. Utimur autem rebus omnibus per voluntatem. Unde ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2033 bona voluntate, qua homo bene utitur rebus habitis, dicitur homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2034 bonus; et ex mala, malus. Potest enim qui habet malam voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2035 etiam bono quod habet, male uti; sicut si grammaticus voluntarie
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2036 incongrue loquatur. Quia ergo culpa consistit in deordinato actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2037 voluntatis, poena vero in privatione alicuius eorum quibus utitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2038 voluntas; perfectius habet rationem mali culpa quam poena. Secunda
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2039 ratio sumi potest ex hoc, quod Deus est auctor mali poenae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2040 autem mali culpae. Cuius ratio est, quia malum poenae privat bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2041 creaturae, sive accipiatur bonum creaturae aliquid creatum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2042 caecitas privat visum; sive sit bonum increatum, sicut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2043 carentiam visionis divinae tollitur creaturae bonum increatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2044 Malum vero culpae opponitur proprie ipsi bono increato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2045 contrariatur enim impletioni divinae voluntatis, et divino amori
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2046 quo bonum divinum in seipso amatur; et non solum secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2047 participatur a creatura. Sic igitur patet quod culpa habet plus de
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2048 ratione mali quam poena.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="30515"><span class="ref">[30515] Iª q. 48 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2049 dicendum quod, licet culpa terminetur ad poenam, sicut meritum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2050 praemium, tamen culpa non intenditur propter poenam, sicut meritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2051 propter praemium, sed potius e converso poena inducitur ut vitetur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2052 culpa. Et sic culpa est peius quam poena.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="30516"><span class="ref">[30516] Iª q. 48 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2053 dicendum quod ordo actionis, qui tollitur per culpam, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2054 perfectius bonum agentis, cum sit perfectio secunda, quam bonum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2055 quod tollitur per poenam, quod est perfectio prima.</p><p title="I q. 48 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="30517"><span class="ref">[30517] Iª q. 48 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2056 dicendum quod non est comparatio culpae ad poenam sicut finis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2057 ordinis ad finem, quia utrumque potest privari aliquo modo et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2058 culpam, et per poenam. Sed per poenam quidem, secundum quod ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2059 homo removetur a fine, et ab ordine ad finem, per culpam vero,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2060 secundum quod ista privatio pertinet ad actionem, quae non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2061 ordinatur ad finem debitum.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q49"><h2>Quaestio 49</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 49 pr."><a name="30518"><span class="ref">[30518]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2062 Iª q. 49 pr.</span></a> Consequenter quaeritur de causa mali.
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2063 Et circa hoc quaeruntur tria. Primo, utrum bonum possit esse causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2064 mali. Secundo, utrum summum bonum, quod est Deus, sit causa mali.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2065 Tertio, utrum sit aliquod summum malum, quod sit prima causa omnium
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2066 malorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 49 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30519"><span class="ref">[30519] Iª q. 49 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2067 proceditur. Videtur quod bonum non possit esse causa mali. Dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2068 enim Matth. VII, <i>non potest arbor bona malos fructus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2069 facere</i>.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30520"><span class="ref">[30520] Iª q. 49 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, unum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2070 contrariorum non potest esse causa alterius. Malum autem est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2071 contrarium bono. Ergo bonum non potest esse causa mali.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30521"><span class="ref">[30521] Iª q. 49 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2072 effectus deficiens non procedit nisi a causa deficiente. Sed malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2073 si causam habeat, est effectus deficiens. Ergo habet causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2074 deficientem. Sed omne deficiens malum est. Ergo causa mali non est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2075 nisi malum.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="30522"><span class="ref">[30522] Iª q. 49 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2076 Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod malum non habet causam.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2077 Ergo bonum non est causa mali.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30523"><span class="ref">[30523] Iª q. 49 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2078 quod Augustinus dicit, contra Iulianum, <i>non fuit omnino unde
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2079 oriri posset malum, nisi ex bono</i>.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 1 co."><a name="30524"><span class="ref">[30524] Iª q. 49 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2080 quod necesse est dicere quod omne malum aliqualiter causam habeat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2081 Malum enim est defectus boni quod natum est et debet haberi. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2082 autem aliquid deficiat a sua naturali et debita dispositione, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2083 potest provenire nisi ex aliqua causa trahente rem extra suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2084 dispositionem, non enim grave movetur sursum nisi ab aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2085 impellente, nec agens deficit in sua actione nisi propter aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2086 impedimentum. Esse autem causam non potest convenire nisi bono,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2087 quia nihil potest esse causa nisi inquantum est ens; omne autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2088 ens, inquantum huiusmodi, bonum est. Et si consideremus speciales
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2089 rationes causarum, agens et forma et finis perfectionem quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2090 important, quae pertinet ad rationem boni, sed et materia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2091 inquantum est potentia ad bonum, habet rationem boni. Et quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2092 quod bonum sit causa mali per modum causae materialis, iam ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2093 praemissis patet, ostensum est enim quod bonum est subiectum mali.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2094 Causam autem formalem malum non habet, sed est magis privatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2095 formae. Et similiter nec causam finalem, sed magis est privatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2096 ordinis ad finem debitum; non solum enim finis habet rationem boni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2097 sed etiam utile, quod ordinatur ad finem. Causam autem per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2098 agentis habet malum, non autem per se, sed per accidens. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2099 evidentiam, sciendum est quod aliter causatur malum in actione, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2100 aliter in effectu. In actione quidem causatur malum propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2101 defectum alicuius principiorum actionis, vel principalis agentis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2102 vel instrumentalis, sicut defectus in motu animalis potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2103 contingere vel propter debilitatem virtutis motivae, ut in pueris;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2104 vel propter solam ineptitudinem instrumenti, ut in claudis. Malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2105 autem in re aliqua, non tamen in proprio effectu agentis, causatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2106 quandoque ex virtute agentis; quandoque autem ex defectu ipsius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2107 vel materiae. Ex virtute quidem vel perfectione agentis, quando ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2108 formam intentam ab agente sequitur ex necessitate alterius formae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2109 privatio; sicut ad formam ignis sequitur privatio formae aeris vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2110 aquae. Sicut ergo, quanto ignis fuerit perfectior in virtute, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2111 perfectius imprimit formam suam, ita etiam tanto perfectius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2112 corrumpit contrarium, unde malum et corruptio aeris et aquae, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2113 ex perfectione ignis. Sed hoc est per accidens, quia ignis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2114 intendit privare formam aquae, sed inducere formam propriam; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2115 hoc faciendo, causat et illud per accidens. Sed si sit defectus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2116 effectu proprio ignis, puta quod deficiat a calefaciendo, hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2117 vel propter defectum actionis, qui redundat in defectum alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2118 principii, ut dictum est; vel ex indispositione materiae, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2119 recipit actionem ignis agentis. Sed et hoc ipsum quod est esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2120 deficiens, accidit bono, cui per se competit agere. Unde verum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2121 quod malum secundum nullum modum habet causam nisi per accidens.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2122 Sic autem bonum est causa mali.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30525"><span class="ref">[30525] Iª q. 49 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2123 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, contra Iulian., <i>arborem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2124 malam appellat dominus voluntatem malam, et arborem bonam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2125 voluntatem bonam</i>. Ex voluntate autem bona non producitur actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2126 moralis malus, cum ex ipsa voluntate bona iudicetur actus moralis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2127 bonus. Sed tamen ipse motus malae voluntatis causatur a creatura
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2128 rationali, quae bona est. Et sic est causa mali.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30526"><span class="ref">[30526] Iª q. 49 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2129 dicendum quod bonum non causat illud malum quod est sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2130 contrarium, sed quoddam aliud, sicut bonitas ignis causat malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2131 aquae; et homo bonus secundum suam naturam, causat malum actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2132 secundum morem. Et hoc ipsum per accidens est, ut dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2133 Invenitur autem quod etiam unum contrariorum causat aliud per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2134 accidens, sicut frigidum exterius ambiens calefacit, inquantum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2135 calor retrahitur ad interiora.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30527"><span class="ref">[30527] Iª q. 49 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2136 dicendum quod malum habet causam deficientem aliter in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2137 voluntariis, et naturalibus. Agens enim naturale producit effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2138 suum talem quale ipsum est, nisi impediatur ab aliquo extrinseco,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2139 et hoc ipsum est quidam defectus eius. Unde nunquam sequitur malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2140 in effectu, nisi praeexistat aliquod aliud malum in agente vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2141 materia, sicut dictum est. Sed in rebus voluntariis, defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2142 actionis a voluntate actu deficiente procedit, inquantum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2143 subiicit se actu suae regulae. Qui tamen defectus non est culpa,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2144 sed sequitur culpa ex hoc quod cum tali defectu operatur.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="30528"><span class="ref">[30528] Iª q. 49 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2145 dicendum quod malum non habet causam per se, sed per accidens
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2146 tantum, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 49 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30529"><span class="ref">[30529] Iª q. 49 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2147 proceditur. Videtur quod summum bonum, quod est Deus, sit causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2148 mali. Dicitur enim Isai. XLV, <i>ego dominus, et non est alter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2149 Deus, formans lucem et creans tenebras, faciens pacem et creans
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2150 malum</i>. Et Amos III, <i>si erit malum in civitate, quod dominus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2151 non fecerit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30530"><span class="ref">[30530] Iª q. 49 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2152 effectus causae secundae reducitur in causam primam. Bonum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2153 est causa mali, ut dictum est. Cum igitur omnis boni causa sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2154 Deus, ut supra ostensum est, sequitur quod etiam omne malum sit a
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2155 Deo.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30531"><span class="ref">[30531] Iª q. 49 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2156 dicitur in II Physic., idem est causa salutis navis, et periculi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2157 Sed Deus est causa salutis omnium rerum. Ergo est ipse causa omnis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2158 perditionis et mali.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30532"><span class="ref">[30532] Iª q. 49 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2159 quod dicit Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2160 <i>Deus non est auctor mali, quia non est causa tendendi ad non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2161 esse</i>.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 2 co."><a name="30533"><span class="ref">[30533] Iª q. 49 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2162 quod, sicut ex dictis patet, malum quod in defectu actionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2163 consistit, semper causatur ex defectu agentis. In Deo autem nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2164 defectus est, sed summa perfectio, ut supra ostensum est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2165 malum quod in defectu actionis consistit, vel quod ex defectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2166 agentis causatur, non reducitur in Deum sicut in causam. Sed malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2167 quod in corruptione rerum aliquarum consistit, reducitur in Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2168 sicut in causam. Et hoc patet tam in naturalibus quam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2169 voluntariis. Dictum est enim quod aliquod agens, inquantum sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2170 virtute producit aliquam formam ad quam sequitur corruptio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2171 defectus, causat sua virtute illam corruptionem et defectum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2172 Manifestum est autem quod forma quam principaliter Deus intendit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2173 rebus creatis, est bonum ordinis universi. Ordo autem universi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2174 requirit, ut supra dictum est, quod quaedam sint quae deficere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2175 possint, et interdum deficiant. Et sic Deus, in rebus causando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2176 bonum ordinis universi, ex consequenti, et quasi per accidens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2177 causat corruptiones rerum; secundum illud quod dicitur I Reg. II,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2178 <i>dominus mortificat et vivificat</i>. Sed quod dicitur Sap. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2179 quod <i>Deus mortem non fecit</i>, intelligitur quasi per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2180 intentam. Ad ordinem autem universi pertinet etiam ordo iustitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2181 qui requirit ut peccatoribus poena inferatur. Et secundum hoc, Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2182 est auctor mali quod est poena, non autem mali quod est culpa,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2183 ratione supra dicta.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30534"><span class="ref">[30534] Iª q. 49 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2184 dicendum quod auctoritates illae loquuntur de malo poenae, non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2185 autem de malo culpae.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30535"><span class="ref">[30535] Iª q. 49 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2186 dicendum quod effectus causae secundae deficientis reducitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2187 causam primam non deficientem, quantum ad id quod habet entitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2188 et perfectionis, non autem quantum ad id quod habet de defectu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2189 Sicut quidquid est motus in claudicatione, causatur a virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2190 motiva; sed quod est obliquitatis in ea, non est ex virtute motiva,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2191 sed ex curvitate cruris. Et similiter quidquid est entitatis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2192 actionis in actione mala, reducitur in Deum sicut in causam, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2193 quod est ibi defectus, non causatur a Deo, sed ex causa secunda
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2194 deficiente.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30536"><span class="ref">[30536] Iª q. 49 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2195 dicendum quod submersio navis attribuitur nautae ut causae, ex eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2196 quod non agit quod requiritur ad salutem navis. Sed Deus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2197 deficit ab agendo quod est necessarium ad salutem. Unde non est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2198 simile.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30537"><span class="ref">[30537] Iª q. 49 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2199 proceditur. Videtur quod sit unum summum malum, quod sit causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2200 omnis mali. Contrariorum enim effectuum contrariae sunt causae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2201 in rebus invenitur contrarietas, secundum illud Eccli. XXXIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2202 <i>contra malum bonum est, et contra vitam mors; sic et contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2203 virum iustum peccator</i>. Ergo sunt contraria principia, unum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2204 boni, et aliud mali.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30538"><span class="ref">[30538] Iª q. 49 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2205 unum contrariorum est in rerum natura, et reliquum, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2206 II de caelo et mundo. Sed summum bonum est in rerum natura, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2207 est causa omnis boni, ut supra ostensum est. Ergo est et summum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2208 malum ei oppositum, causa omnis mali.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30539"><span class="ref">[30539] Iª q. 49 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2209 in rebus invenitur bonum et melius, ita malum et peius. Sed bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2210 et melius dicuntur per respectum ad optimum. Ergo malum et peius
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2211 dicuntur per respectum ad aliquod summum malum.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="30540"><span class="ref">[30540] Iª q. 49 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2212 quod est per participationem, reducitur ad illud quod est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2213 essentiam. Sed res quae sunt malae apud nos, non sunt malae per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2214 essentiam, sed per participationem. Ergo est invenire aliquod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2215 summum malum per essentiam, quod est causa omnis mali.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="30541"><span class="ref">[30541] Iª q. 49 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2216 quod est per accidens, reducitur ad illud quod est per se. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2217 bonum est causa mali per accidens. Ergo oportet ponere aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2218 summum malum, quod sit causa malorum per se. Neque potest dici quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2219 malum non habeat causam per se, sed per accidens tantum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2220 sequeretur quod malum non esset ut in pluribus, sed ut in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2221 paucioribus.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 arg. 6"><a name="30542"><span class="ref">[30542] Iª q. 49 a. 3 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea, malum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2222 effectus reducitur ad malum causae, quia effectus deficiens est a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2223 causa deficiente, sicut supra dictum est. Sed hoc non est procedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2224 in infinitum. Ergo oportet ponere unum primum malum, quod sit causa
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2225 omnis mali.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30543"><span class="ref">[30543] Iª q. 49 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2226 quod summum bonum est causa omnis entis, ut supra ostensum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2227 Ergo non potest esse aliquod principium ei oppositum, quod sit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2228 causa malorum.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 co."><a name="30544"><span class="ref">[30544] Iª q. 49 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2229 quod ex praedictis patet non esse unum primum principium malorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2230 sicut est unum primum principium bonorum. Primo quidem, quia primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2231 principium bonorum est per essentiam bonum, ut supra ostensum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2232 Nihil autem potest esse per suam essentiam malum, ostensum est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2233 quod omne ens, inquantum est ens, bonum est; et quod malum non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2234 nisi in bono ut in subiecto. Secundo, quia primum bonorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2235 principium est summum et perfectum bonum, quod praehabet in se
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2236 omnem bonitatem, ut supra ostensum est. Summum autem malum esse non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2237 potest, quia, sicut ostensum est, etsi malum semper diminuat bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2238 nunquam tamen illud potest totaliter consumere; et sic, semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2239 remanente bono, non potest esse aliquid integre et perfecte malum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2240 Propter quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>si malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2241 integrum sit, seipsum destruet</i>, quia destructo omni bono (quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2242 requiritur ad integritatem mali), subtrahitur etiam ipsum malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2243 cuius subiectum est bonum. Tertio, quia ratio mali repugnat rationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2244 primi principii. Tum quia omne malum causatur ex bono, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2245 ostensum est. Tum quia malum non potest esse causa nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2246 accidens, et sic non potest esse prima causa, quia causa per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2247 accidens est posterior ea quae est per se, ut patet in II Physic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2248 Qui autem posuerunt duo prima principia, unum bonum et alterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2249 malum, ex eadem radice in hunc errorem inciderunt, ex qua et aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2250 extraneae positiones antiquorum ortum habuerunt, quia scilicet non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2251 consideraverunt causam universalem totius entis, sed particulares
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2252 tantum causas particularium effectuum. Propter hoc enim, si aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2253 invenerunt esse nocivum alicui rei per virtutem suae naturae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2254 aestimaverunt naturam illius rei esse malam, puta si quis dicat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2255 naturam ignis esse malam, quia combussit domum alicuius pauperis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2256 Iudicium autem de bonitate alicuius rei non est accipiendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2257 secundum ordinem ad aliquid particulare; sed secundum seipsum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2258 secundum ordinem ad totum universum, in quo quaelibet res suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2259 locum ordinatissime tenet, ut ex dictis patet. Similiter etiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2260 quia invenerunt duorum particularium effectuum contrariorum duas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2261 causas particulares contrarias, nesciverunt reducere causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2262 particulares contrarias in causam universalem communem. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2263 usque ad prima principia contrarietatem in causis esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2264 iudicaverunt. Sed cum omnia contraria conveniant in uno communi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2265 necesse est in eis, supra causas contrarias proprias, inveniri unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2266 causam communem, sicut supra qualitates contrarias elementorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2267 invenitur virtus corporis caelestis. Et similiter supra omnia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2268 quocumque modo sunt, invenitur unum primum principium essendi, ut
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2269 supra ostensum est.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30545"><span class="ref">[30545] Iª q. 49 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2270 dicendum quod contraria conveniunt in genere uno, et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2271 conveniunt in ratione essendi. Et ideo, licet habeant causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2272 particulares contrarias, tamen oportet devenire ad unam primam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2273 causam communem.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30546"><span class="ref">[30546] Iª q. 49 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2274 dicendum quod privatio et habitus nata sunt fieri circa idem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2275 Subiectum autem privationis est ens in potentia, ut dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2276 Unde, cum malum sit privatio boni, ut ex dictis patet, illi bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2277 opponitur cui adiungitur potentia, non autem summo bono, quod est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2278 actus purus.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30547"><span class="ref">[30547] Iª q. 49 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2279 dicendum quod unumquodque intenditur secundum propriam rationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2280 Sicut autem forma est perfectio quaedam, ita privatio est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2281 remotio. Unde omnis forma et perfectio et bonum per accessum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2282 terminum perfectum intenditur, privatio autem et malum per recessum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2283 a termino. Unde non dicitur malum et peius per accessum ad summum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2284 malum, sicut dicitur bonum et melius per accessum ad summum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2285 bonum.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="30548"><span class="ref">[30548] Iª q. 49 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2286 dicendum quod nullum ens dicitur malum per participationem, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2287 privationem participationis. Unde non oportet fieri reductionem ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2288 aliquid quod sit per essentiam malum.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="30549"><span class="ref">[30549] Iª q. 49 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2289 dicendum quod malum non potest habere causam nisi per accidens, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2290 supra ostensum est. Unde impossibile est fieri reductionem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2291 aliquid quod sit per se causa mali. Quod autem dicitur, quod malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2292 est ut in pluribus, simpliciter falsum est. Nam generabilia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2293 corruptibilia, in quibus solum contingit esse malum naturae, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2294 modica pars totius universi. Et iterum in unaquaque specie defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2295 naturae accidit ut in paucioribus. In solis autem hominibus malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2296 videtur esse ut in pluribus, quia bonum hominis secundum sensum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2297 est hominis inquantum homo, idest secundum rationem; plures autem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2298 sequuntur sensum quam rationem.</p><p title="I q. 49 a. 3 ad 6"><a name="30550"><span class="ref">[30550] Iª q. 49 a. 3 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2299 quod in causis mali non est procedere in infinitum, sed est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2300 reducere omnia mala in aliquam causam bonam, ex qua sequitur malum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2301 per accidens.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2302 <p><a href="sth1028.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2303 <a href="sth1050.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2304 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2305 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2306 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2307 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2308 hanc editionem<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2309 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2310 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2311 </div></body>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2312 </html>

Mercurial > hg > Aquinas

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