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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, IIª-IIae q.
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19 81</title>
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20 </head>
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21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis quaestio LXXXI</div><div class="centro">
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22 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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23 <tr>
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24 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
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25 </tr>
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26 </table>
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27 <br/>
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28 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1897 editum<br/>
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29 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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30 magneticas<br/>
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31 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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32 <br/></span><br/>
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33 <hr/>
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34 <br/>
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35 <p><a href="sth3080.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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37 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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38 //
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39 &lt;!--
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40 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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122 // --&gt;
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123 //
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124 </script><br/>
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125 <hr/>
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126 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q81"><h2>Quaestio 81</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 81 pr."><a name="42359"><span class="ref">[42359] IIª-IIae q. 81 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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127 considerandum est de singulis praedictarum virtutum, quantum ad
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128 praesentem intentionem pertinet. Et primo considerandum est de
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129 religione; secundo, de pietate; tertio, de observantia; quarto, de
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130 gratia; quinto, de vindicta; sexto, de veritate; septimo, de
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131 amicitia; octavo, de liberalitate; nono, de epieikeia. De aliis
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132 autem hic enumeratis supra dictum est, partim in tractatu de
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133 caritate, scilicet de concordia et aliis huiusmodi; partim in hoc
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134 tractatu de iustitia, sicut de bona commutatione et innocentia; de
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135 legispositiva autem in tractatu de prudentia. Circa religionem vero
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136 tria consideranda occurrunt, primo quidem, de ipsa religione
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137 secundum se; secundo, de actibus eius; tertio, de vitiis oppositis.
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138 Circa primum quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum religio consistat tantum
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139 in ordine ad Deum. Secundo, utrum religio sit virtus. Tertio, utrum
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140 religio sit una virtus. Quarto, utrum religio sit specialis virtus.
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141 Quinto, utrum religio sit virtus theologica. Sexto, utrum religio
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142 sit praeferenda aliis virtutibus moralibus. Septimo, utrum religio
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143 habeat exteriores actus. Octavo, utrum religio sit eadem
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144 sanctitati.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42360"><span class="ref">[42360] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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145 sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio non ordinet hominem solum ad
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146 Deum. Dicitur enim Iac. I, <i>religio munda et immaculata apud Deum
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147 et patrem haec est, visitare pupillos et viduas in tribulatione
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148 eorum, et immaculatum se custodire ab hoc saeculo</i>. Sed visitare
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149 pupillos et viduas dicitur secundum ordinem ad proximum, quod autem
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150 dicit immaculatum se custodire ab hoc saeculo, pertinet ad ordinem
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151 quo ordinatur homo in seipso. Ergo religio non solum dicitur in
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152 ordine ad Deum.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42361"><span class="ref">[42361] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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153 Augustinus dicit, in X de Civ. Dei, <i>quia Latina loquendi
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154 consuetudine, non imperitorum, verum etiam doctissimorum,
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155 cognationibus humanis atque affinitatibus et quibuscumque
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156 necessitudinibus dicitur exhibenda religio; non eo vocabulo vitatur
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157 ambiguum cum de cultu deitatis vertitur quaestio, ut fidenter
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158 dicere valeamus religionem non esse nisi cultum Dei</i>. Ergo
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159 religio dicitur non solum in ordine ad Deum, sed etiam in ordine ad
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160 propinquos.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42362"><span class="ref">[42362] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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161 ad religionem videtur latria pertinere. Latria autem interpretatur
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162 servitus, ut Augustinus dicit, in X de Civ. Dei. Servire autem
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163 debemus non solum Deo, sed etiam proximis, secundum illud Gal. V,
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164 <i>per caritatem spiritus servite invicem</i>. Ergo religio
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165 importat etiam ordinem ad proximum.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="42363"><span class="ref">[42363] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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166 ad religionem pertinet cultus. Sed homo dicitur non solum colere
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167 Deum, sed etiam proximum, secundum illud Catonis, <i>cole
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168 parentes</i>. Ergo etiam religio nos ordinat ad proximum, et non
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169 solum ad Deum.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="42364"><span class="ref">[42364] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
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170 omnes in statu salutis existentes Deo sunt subiecti. Non autem
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171 dicuntur religiosi omnes qui sunt in statu salutis, sed solum illi
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172 qui quibusdam votis et observantiis et ad obediendum aliquibus
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173 hominibus se adstringunt. Ergo religio non videtur importare
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174 ordinem subiectionis hominis ad Deum.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42365"><span class="ref">[42365] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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175 est quod Tullius dicit, II Rhet., quod <i>religio est quae
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176 superioris naturae, quam divinam vocant, curam caeremoniamque
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177 affert</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 1 co."><a name="42366"><span class="ref">[42366] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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178 dicendum quod, sicut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol.,
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179 <i>religiosus, ut ait Cicero, a religione appellatus, qui retractat
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180 et tanquam relegit ea quae ad cultum divinum pertinent</i>. Et sic
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181 religio videtur dicta a religendo ea quae sunt divini cultus, quia
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182 huiusmodi sunt frequenter in corde revolvenda, secundum illud Prov.
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183 III, <i>in omnibus viis tuis cogita illum</i>. Quamvis etiam possit
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184 intelligi religio ex hoc dicta quod <i>Deum reeligere debemus, quem
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185 amiseramus negligentes</i>, sicut Augustinus dicit, X de Civ. Dei.
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186 Vel potest intelligi religio a religando dicta, unde Augustinus
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187 dicit, in libro de vera Relig., <i>religet nos religio uni
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188 omnipotenti Deo</i>. Sive autem religio dicatur a frequenti
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189 lectione, sive ex iterata electione eius quod negligenter amissum
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190 est, sive a religatione, religio proprie importat ordinem ad Deum.
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191 Ipse enim est cui principaliter alligari debemus, tanquam
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192 indeficienti principio; ad quem etiam nostra electio assidue dirigi
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193 debet, sicut in ultimum finem; quem etiam negligenter peccando
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194 amittimus, et credendo et fidem protestando recuperare debemus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42367"><span class="ref">[42367] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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195 ergo dicendum quod religio habet duplices actus. Quosdam quidem
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196 proprios et immediatos, quos elicit, per quos homo ordinatur ad
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197 solum Deum, sicut sacrificare, adorare et alia huiusmodi. Alios
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198 autem actus habet quos producit mediantibus virtutibus quibus
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199 imperat, ordinans eos in divinam reverentiam, quia scilicet virtus
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200 ad quam pertinet finis, imperat virtutibus ad quas pertinent ea
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201 quae sunt ad finem. Et secundum hoc actus religionis per modum
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202 imperii ponitur esse visitare pupillos et viduas in tribulatione
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203 eorum, quod est actus elicitus a misericordia, immaculatum autem
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204 custodire se ab hoc saeculo imperative quidem est religionis,
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205 elicitive autem temperantiae vel alicuius huiusmodi virtutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42368"><span class="ref">[42368] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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206 dicendum quod religio refertur ad ea quae exhibentur cognationibus
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207 humanis, extenso nomine religionis, non autem secundum quod religio
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208 proprie dicitur. Unde Augustinus, parum ante verba inducta,
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209 praemittit, <i>religio distinctius non quemlibet, sed Dei cultum
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210 significare videtur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42369"><span class="ref">[42369] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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211 dicendum quod cum servus dicatur ad dominum, necesse est quod ubi
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212 est propria et specialis ratio dominii, ibi sit specialis et
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213 propria ratio servitutis. Manifestum est autem quod dominium
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214 convenit Deo secundum propriam et singularem quandam rationem, quia
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215 scilicet ipse omnia fecit, et quia summum in omnibus rebus obtinet
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216 principatum. Et ideo specialis ratio servitutis ei debetur. Et
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217 talis servitus nomine latriae designatur apud Graecos. Et ideo ad
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218 religionem proprie pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="42370"><span class="ref">[42370] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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219 dicendum quod colere dicimus homines quos honorificatione, vel
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220 recordatione, vel praesentia frequentamus. Et etiam aliqua quae
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221 nobis subiecta sunt coli a nobis dicuntur, sicut agricolae dicuntur
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222 ex eo quod colunt agros, et incolae dicuntur ex eo quod colunt loca
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223 quae inhabitant. Quia tamen specialis honor debetur Deo, tanquam
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224 primo omnium principio, etiam specialis ratio cultus ei debetur,
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225 quae Graeco nomine vocatur eusebia vel theosebia, ut patet per
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226 Augustinum, X de Civ. Dei.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="42371"><span class="ref">[42371] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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227 dicendum quod quamvis religiosi dici possint communiter omnes qui
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228 Deum colunt, specialiter tamen religiosi dicuntur qui totam vitam
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229 suam divino cultui dedicant, a mundanis negotiis se abstrahentes.
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230 Sicut etiam contemplativi dicuntur non qui contemplantur, sed qui
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231 contemplationi totam vitam suam deputant. Huiusmodi autem non se
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232 subiiciunt homini propter hominem sed propter Deum, secundum illud
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233 apostoli, Gal. IV, <i>sicut Angelum Dei excepistis me, sicut
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234 Christum Iesum</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42372"><span class="ref">[42372] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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235 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio non sit virtus. Ad
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236 religionem enim pertinere videtur Deo reverentiam exhibere. Sed
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237 revereri est actus timoris, qui est donum, ut ex supradictis patet.
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238 Ergo religio non est virtus, sed donum.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42373"><span class="ref">[42373] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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239 omnis virtus in libera voluntate consistit, unde dicitur habitus
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240 electivus, vel voluntarius. Sed sicut dictum est, ad religionem
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241 pertinet latria, quae servitutem quandam importat. Ergo religio non
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242 est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42374"><span class="ref">[42374] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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243 sicut dicitur in II Ethic., aptitudo virtutum inest nobis a natura,
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244 unde ea quae pertinent ad virtutes sunt de dictamine rationis
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245 naturalis. Sed ad religionem pertinet caeremoniam divinae naturae
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246 afferre. Caeremonialia autem, ut supra dictum est, non sunt de
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247 dictamine rationis naturalis. Ergo religio non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42375"><span class="ref">[42375] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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248 est quia connumeratur aliis virtutibus, ut ex praemissis patet.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 2 co."><a name="42376"><span class="ref">[42376] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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249 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, <i>virtus est quae bonum
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250 facit habentem et opus eius bonum reddit</i>. Et ideo necesse est
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251 dicere omnem actum bonum ad virtutem pertinere. Manifestum est
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252 autem quod reddere debitum alicui habet rationem boni, quia per hoc
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253 quod aliquis alteri debitum reddit, etiam constituitur in
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254 proportione convenienti respectu ipsius, quasi convenienter
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255 ordinatus ad ipsum; ordo autem ad rationem boni pertinet, sicut et
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256 modus et species, ut per Augustinum patet, in libro de natura boni.
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257 Cum igitur ad religionem pertineat reddere honorem debitum alicui,
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258 scilicet Deo, manifestum est quod religio virtus est.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42377"><span class="ref">[42377] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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259 ergo dicendum quod revereri Deum est actus doni timoris. Ad
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260 religionem autem pertinet facere aliqua propter divinam
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261 reverentiam. Unde non sequitur quod religio sit idem quod donum
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262 timoris, sed quod ordinetur ad ipsum sicut ad aliquid principalius.
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263 Sunt enim dona principaliora virtutibus moralibus, ut supra habitum
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264 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42378"><span class="ref">[42378] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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265 dicendum quod etiam servus potest voluntarie domino suo exhibere
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266 quod debet, et sic facit de necessitate virtutem, debitum
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267 voluntarie reddens. Et similiter etiam exhibere Deo debitam
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268 servitutem potest esse actus virtutis, secundum quod homo
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269 voluntarie hoc facit.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42379"><span class="ref">[42379] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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270 dicendum quod de dictamine rationis naturalis est quod homo aliqua
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271 faciat ad reverentiam divinam, sed quod haec determinate faciat vel
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272 illa, istud non est de dictamine rationis naturalis, sed de
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273 institutione iuris divini vel humani.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42380"><span class="ref">[42380] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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274 sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio non sit una virtus. Per
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275 religionem enim ordinamur ad Deum, ut dictum est. In Deo autem est
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276 accipere tres personas, et iterum multa attributa, quae saltem
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277 ratione differunt. Diversa autem ratio obiecti sufficit ad
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278 diversificandum virtutes, ut ex supradictis patet. Ergo religio non
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279 est una virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42381"><span class="ref">[42381] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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280 unius virtutis unus videtur esse actus, habitus enim distinguuntur
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281 secundum actus. Religionis autem multi sunt actus, sicut colere et
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282 servire, vovere, orare, sacrificare, et multa huiusmodi. Ergo
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283 religio non est una virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42382"><span class="ref">[42382] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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284 adoratio ad religionem pertinet. Sed adoratio alia ratione
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285 adhibetur imaginibus, et alia ipsi Deo. Cum ergo diversa ratio
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286 distinguat virtutes, videtur quod religio non sit una virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42383"><span class="ref">[42383] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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287 est quod dicitur Ephes. IV, <i>unus Deus, una fides</i>. Sed vera
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288 religio protestatur fidem unius Dei. Ergo religio est una
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289 virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 3 co."><a name="42384"><span class="ref">[42384] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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290 dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, habitus distinguuntur
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291 secundum diversam rationem obiecti. Ad religionem autem pertinet
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292 exhibere reverentiam uni Deo secundum unam rationem, inquantum
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293 scilicet est primum principium creationis et gubernationis rerum,
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294 unde ipse dicit, Malach. I, <i>si ego pater, ubi honor meus?</i>
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295 Patris enim est et producere et gubernare. Et ideo manifestum est
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296 quod religio est una virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42385"><span class="ref">[42385] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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297 ergo dicendum quod tres personae divinae sunt unum principium
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298 creationis et gubernationis rerum, et ideo eis una religione
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299 servitur. Diversae autem rationes attributorum concurrunt ad
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300 rationem primi principii, quia Deus producit omnia et gubernat
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301 sapientia, voluntate et potentia bonitatis suae. Et ideo religio
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302 est una virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42386"><span class="ref">[42386] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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303 dicendum quod eodem actu homo servit Deo et colit ipsum, nam cultus
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304 respicit Dei excellentiam, cui reverentia debetur; servitus autem
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305 respicit subiectionem hominis, qui ex sua conditione obligatur ad
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306 exhibendum reverentiam Deo. Et ad haec duo pertinent omnes actus
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307 qui religioni attribuuntur, quia per omnes homo protestatur divinam
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308 excellentiam et subiectionem sui ad Deum, vel exhibendo aliquid ei,
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309 vel iterum assumendo aliquid divinum.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42387"><span class="ref">[42387] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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310 dicendum quod imaginibus non exhibetur religionis cultus secundum
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311 quod in seipsis considerantur, quasi res quaedam, sed secundum quod
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312 sunt imagines ducentes in Deum incarnatum. Motus autem qui est in
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313 imaginem prout est imago, non sistit in ipsa, sed tendit in id
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314 cuius est imago. Et ideo ex hoc quod imaginibus Christi exhibetur
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315 religionis cultus, non diversificatur ratio latriae, nec virtus
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316 religionis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42388"><span class="ref">[42388] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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317 sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio non sit specialis virtus ab
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318 aliis distincta. Dicit enim Augustinus, X de Civ. Dei, <i>verum
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319 sacrificium est omne opus quod geritur ut sancta societate Deo
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320 iungamur</i>. Sed sacrificium pertinet ad religionem. Ergo omne
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321 opus virtutis ad religionem pertinet. Et sic non est specialis
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322 virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42389"><span class="ref">[42389] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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323 apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. X, <i>omnia in gloriam Dei facite</i>.
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324 Sed ad religionem pertinet aliqua facere ad Dei reverentiam, ut
53
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325 supra dictum est. Ergo religio non est specialis virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42390"><span class="ref">[42390] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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326 caritas qua diligitur Deus non est virtus distincta a caritate qua
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327 diligitur proximus. Sed sicut dicitur in VIII Ethic., <i>honorari
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328 propinquum est ei quod est amari</i>. Ergo religio, qua honoratur
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329 Deus, non est virtus specialiter distincta ab observantia vel dulia
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330 vel pietate, quibus honoratur proximus. Ergo non est virtus
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331 specialis.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42391"><span class="ref">[42391] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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332 est quod ponitur pars iustitiae ab aliis eius partibus
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333 distincta.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 4 co."><a name="42392"><span class="ref">[42392] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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334 dicendum quod cum virtus ordinetur ad bonum, ubi est specialis
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335 ratio boni, ibi oportet esse specialem virtutem. Bonum autem ad
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336 quod ordinatur religio est exhibere Deo debitum honorem. Honor
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337 autem debetur alicui ratione excellentiae. Deo autem competit
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338 singularis excellentia, inquantum omnia in infinitum transcendit
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339 secundum omnimodum excessum. Unde ei debetur specialis honor, sicut
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340 in rebus humanis videmus quod diversis excellentiis personarum
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341 diversus honor debetur, alius quidem patri, alius regi, et sic de
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342 aliis. Unde manifestum est quod religio est specialis virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42393"><span class="ref">[42393] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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343 ergo dicendum quod omne opus virtutis dicitur esse sacrificium
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344 inquantum ordinatur ad Dei reverentiam. Unde ex hoc non habetur
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345 quod religio sit generalis virtus, sed quod imperet omnibus aliis
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346 virtutibus, sicut supra dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42394"><span class="ref">[42394] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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347 dicendum quod omnia, secundum quod in gloriam Dei fiunt, pertinent
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348 ad religionem non quasi ad elicientem, sed quasi ad imperantem.
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349 Illa autem pertinent ad religionem elicientem quae secundum
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350 rationem suae speciei pertinent ad reverentiam Dei.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42395"><span class="ref">[42395] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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351 dicendum quod obiectum amoris est bonum, obiectum autem honoris vel
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352 reverentiae est aliquid excellens. Bonitas autem Dei communicatur
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353 creaturae, non autem excellentia bonitatis eius. Et ideo caritas
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354 qua diligitur Deus non est virtus distincta a caritate qua
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355 diligitur proximus, religio autem, qua honoratur Deus, distinguitur
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356 a virtutibus quibus honoratur proximus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="42396"><span class="ref">[42396] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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357 sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio sit virtus theologica. Dicit
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358 enim Augustinus, in Enchirid., quod <i>Deus colitur fide, spe et
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359 caritate</i>, quae sunt virtutes theologicae. Sed cultum Deo
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360 afferre pertinet ad religionem. Ergo religio est virtus
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361 theologica.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="42397"><span class="ref">[42397] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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362 virtus theologica dicitur quae habet Deum pro obiecto. Religio
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363 autem habet Deum pro obiecto, quia ad solum Deum ordinat, ut dictum
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364 est. Ergo religio est virtus theologica.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="42398"><span class="ref">[42398] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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365 omnis virtus vel est theologica, vel intellectualis, vel moralis,
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366 ut ex supradictis patet. Manifestum est autem quod religio non est
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367 virtus intellectualis, quia eius perfectio non attenditur secundum
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368 considerationem veri. Similiter etiam non est virtus moralis, cuius
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369 proprium est tenere medium inter superfluum et diminutum, non enim
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370 aliquis potest superflue Deum colere, secundum illud Eccli. XLIII,
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371 <i>benedicentes dominum, exaltate illum quantum potestis, maior
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372 enim est omni laude</i>. Ergo relinquitur quod sit virtus
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373 theologica.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 5 s. c."><a name="42399"><span class="ref">[42399] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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374 est quod ponitur pars iustitiae, quae est virtus moralis.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 5 co."><a name="42400"><span class="ref">[42400] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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375 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, religio est quae Deo debitum
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376 cultum affert. Duo igitur in religione considerantur. Unum quidem
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377 quod religio Deo affert, cultus scilicet, et hoc se habet per modum
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378 materiae et obiecti ad religionem. Aliud autem est id cui affertur,
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379 scilicet Deus. Cui cultus exhibetur non quasi actus quibus Deus
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380 colitur ipsum Deum attingunt, sicut cum credimus Deo, credendo Deum
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381 attingimus (propter quod supra dictum est quod Deus est fidei
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382 obiectum non solum inquantum credimus Deum, sed inquantum credimus
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383 Deo), affertur autem Deo debitus cultus inquantum actus quidam,
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384 quibus Deus colitur, in Dei reverentiam fiunt, puta sacrificiorum
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385 oblationes et alia huiusmodi. Unde manifestum est quod Deus non
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386 comparatur ad virtutem religionis sicut materia vel obiectum, sed
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387 sicut finis. Et ideo religio non est virtus theologica, cuius
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388 obiectum est ultimus finis, sed est virtus moralis, cuius est esse
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389 circa ea quae sunt ad finem.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="42401"><span class="ref">[42401] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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390 ergo dicendum quod semper potentia vel virtus quae operatur circa
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391 finem, per imperium movet potentiam vel virtutem operantem ea quae
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392 ordinantur in finem illum. Virtutes autem theologicae, scilicet
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393 fides, spes et caritas, habent actum circa Deum sicut circa
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394 proprium obiectum. Et ideo suo imperio causant actum religionis,
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395 quae operatur quaedam in ordine ad Deum. Et ideo Augustinus dicit
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396 quod <i>Deus colitur fide, spe et caritate</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="42402"><span class="ref">[42402] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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397 dicendum quod religio ordinat hominem in Deum non sicut in
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398 obiectum, sed sicut in finem.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="42403"><span class="ref">[42403] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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399 dicendum quod religio non est virtus theologica neque
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400 intellectualis, sed moralis, cum sit pars iustitiae. Et medium in
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401 ipsa accipitur non quidem inter passiones, sed secundum quandam
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402 aequalitatem inter operationes quae sunt ad Deum. Dico autem
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403 aequalitatem non absolute, quia Deo non potest tantum exhiberi
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404 quantum ei debetur, sed secundum considerationem humanae facultatis
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405 et divinae acceptationis. Superfluum autem in his quae ad divinum
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406 cultum pertinent esse potest, non secundum circumstantiam quanti,
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407 sed secundum alias circumstantias, puta quia cultus divinus
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408 exhibetur cui non debet exhiberi, vel quando non debet, vel
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409 secundum alias circumstantias prout non debet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="42404"><span class="ref">[42404] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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410 sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio non sit praeferenda aliis
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411 virtutibus moralibus. Perfectio enim virtutis moralis consistit in
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412 hoc quod attingit medium, ut patet in II Ethic. Sed religio deficit
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413 in attingendo medium iustitiae, quia non reddit Deo omnino aequale.
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414 Ergo religio non est potior aliis virtutibus moralibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="42405"><span class="ref">[42405] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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415 in his quae hominibus exhibentur, tanto videtur aliquid esse
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416 laudabilius quanto magis indigenti exhibetur, unde dicitur Isaiae
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417 LVIII, <i>frange esurienti panem tuum</i>. Sed Deus non indiget
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418 aliquo quod ei a nobis exhibeatur, secundum illud Psalm., <i>dixi,
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419 Deus meus es tu, quoniam bonorum meorum non eges</i>. Ergo religio
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420 videtur minus laudabilis aliis virtutibus, per quas hominibus
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421 subvenitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="42406"><span class="ref">[42406] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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422 quanto aliquid fit ex maiori necessitate, tanto minus est
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423 laudabile, secundum illud I ad Cor. IX, <i>si evangelizavero, non
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424 est mihi gloria, necessitas mihi incumbit</i>. Ubi autem est maius
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425 debitum, ibi est maior necessitas. Cum igitur Deo maxime sit
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426 debitum quod ei ab homine exhibetur, videtur quod religio sit minus
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427 laudabilis inter virtutes humanas.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 6 s. c."><a name="42407"><span class="ref">[42407] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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428 est quod Exod. XX ponuntur primo praecepta ad religionem
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429 pertinentia, tanquam praecipua. Ordo autem praeceptorum
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430 proportionatur ordini virtutum, quia praecepta legis dantur de
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431 actibus virtutum. Ergo religio est praecipua inter virtutes
53
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432 morales.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 6 co."><a name="42408"><span class="ref">[42408] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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433 dicendum quod ea quae sunt ad finem sortiuntur bonitatem ex ordine
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434 in finem, et ideo quanto sunt fini propinquiora, tanto sunt
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435 meliora. Virtutes autem morales, ut supra habitum est, sunt circa
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436 ea quae ordinantur in Deum sicut in finem. Religio autem magis de
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437 propinquo accedit ad Deum quam aliae virtutes morales, inquantum
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438 operatur ea quae directe et immediate ordinantur in honorem
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439 divinum. Et ideo religio praeeminet inter alias virtutes
53
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440 morales.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="42409"><span class="ref">[42409] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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441 ergo dicendum quod laus virtutis in voluntate consistit, non autem
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442 in potestate. Et ideo deficere ab aequalitate, quae est medium
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443 iustitiae, propter defectum potestatis, non diminuit laudem
53
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444 virtutis, si non fuerit defectus ex parte voluntatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="42410"><span class="ref">[42410] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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445 dicendum quod in his quae exhibentur alteri propter eorum
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446 utilitatem, est exhibitio laudabilior quae fit magis indigenti,
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447 quia est utilior. Deo autem non exhibetur aliquid propter eius
53
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448 utilitatem, sed propter eius gloriam, nostram autem utilitatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="42411"><span class="ref">[42411] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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449 dicendum quod ubi est necessitas, tollitur gloria supererogationis,
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450 non autem excluditur meritum virtutis, si adsit voluntas. Et
53
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451 propter hoc ratio non sequitur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="42412"><span class="ref">[42412] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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452 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod latria non habeat aliquem
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453 exteriorem actum. Dicitur enim Ioan. IV, <i>Deus spiritus est, et
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454 eos qui adorant eum, in spiritu et veritate adorare oportet</i>.
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455 Sed exteriores actus non pertinent ad spiritum, sed magis ad
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456 corpus. Ergo religio, ad quam pertinet adoratio, non habet
53
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457 exteriores actus, sed interiores.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="42413"><span class="ref">[42413] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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458 religionis finis est Deo reverentiam et honorem exhibere. Sed
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459 videtur ad irreverentiam alicuius excellentis pertinere si ea sibi
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460 exhibeantur quae proprie ad inferiores pertinent. Cum igitur ea
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461 quae exhibet homo corporalibus actibus proprie videantur ad
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462 indigentias hominum ordinari, vel ad reverentiam inferiorum
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463 creaturarum; non videtur quod congrue possunt assumi in divinam
53
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464 reverentiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="42414"><span class="ref">[42414] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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465 Augustinus, in VI de Civ. Dei, commendat Senecam de hoc quod
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466 vituperat quosdam qui idolis ea exhibebant quae solent hominibus
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467 exhiberi, quia scilicet immortalibus non conveniunt ea quae sunt
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468 mortalium. Sed haec multo minus conveniunt Deo vero, qui est
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469 excelsus super omnes deos. Ergo videtur reprehensibile esse quod
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470 aliquis corporalibus actibus Deum colat. Non ergo habet religio
53
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471 corporales actus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 7 s. c."><a name="42415"><span class="ref">[42415] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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472 est quod in Psalm. dicitur, <i>cor meum et caro mea exultaverunt in
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473 Deum vivum</i>. Sed sicut interiores actus pertinent ad cor, ita
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474 exteriores actus pertinent ad membra carnis. Ergo videtur quod Deus
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475 sit colendus non solum interioribus actibus, sed etiam
53
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476 exterioribus.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 7 co."><a name="42416"><span class="ref">[42416] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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477 dicendum quod Deo reverentiam et honorem exhibemus non propter
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478 ipsum, qui in seipso est gloria plenus, cui nihil a creatura adiici
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479 potest, sed propter nos, quia videlicet per hoc quod Deum reveremur
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480 et honoramus, mens nostra ei subiicitur, et in hoc eius perfectio
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481 consistit; quaelibet enim res perficitur per hoc quod subditur suo
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482 superiori, sicut corpus per hoc quod vivificatur ab anima, et aer
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483 per hoc quod illuminatur a sole. Mens autem humana indiget ad hoc
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484 quod coniungatur Deo, sensibilium manuductione, quia invisibilia
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485 per ea quae facta sunt, intellecta, conspiciuntur, ut apostolus
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486 dicit, ad Rom. Et ideo in divino cultu necesse est aliquibus
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487 corporalibus uti, ut eis, quasi signis quibusdam, mens hominis
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488 excitetur ad spirituales actus, quibus Deo coniungitur. Et ideo
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489 religio habet quidem interiores actus quasi principales et per se
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490 ad religionem pertinentes, exteriores vero actus quasi secundarios,
53
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491 et ad interiores actus ordinatos.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="42417"><span class="ref">[42417] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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492 ergo dicendum quod dominus loquitur quantum ad id quod est
53
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493 principale et per se intentum in cultu divino.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="42418"><span class="ref">[42418] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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494 dicendum quod huiusmodi exteriora non exhibentur Deo quasi his
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495 indigeat, secundum illud Psalm., <i>numquid manducabo carnes
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496 taurorum, aut sanguinem hircorum potabo?</i> Sed exhibentur Deo
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497 tanquam signa quaedam interiorum et spiritualium operum, quae per
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498 se Deus acceptat. Unde Augustinus dicit, in X de Civ. Dei,
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499 <i>sacrificium visibile invisibilis sacrificii sacramentum, idest
53
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500 sacrum signum, est</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="42419"><span class="ref">[42419] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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501 dicendum quod idololatrae deridentur ex hoc quod ea quae ad homines
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502 pertinent idolis exhibebant non tanquam signa excitantia eos ad
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503 aliqua spiritualia, sed tanquam per se eis accepta. Et praecipue
53
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504 quia erant vana et turpia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="42420"><span class="ref">[42420] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
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505 sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio non sit idem sanctitati.
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506 Religio enim est quaedam specialis virtus, ut habitum est.
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507 Sanctitas autem dicitur esse generalis virtus, est enim <i>faciens
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508 fideles et servantes ea quae ad Deum sunt iusta</i>, ut Andronicus
53
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509 dicit. Ergo sanctitas non est idem religioni.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="42421"><span class="ref">[42421] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
510 sanctitas munditiam importare videtur, dicit enim Dionysius, XII
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511 cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>sanctitas est ab omni immunditia libera
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512 et perfecta et omnino immaculata munditia</i>. Munditia autem
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513 maxime videtur pertinere ad temperantiam, quae turpitudines
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514 corporales excludit. Cum igitur religio ad iustitiam pertineat,
53
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515 videtur quod sanctitas non sit idem religioni.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="42422"><span class="ref">[42422] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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516 ea quae dividuntur ex opposito non sunt idem. Sed in quadam
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517 enumeratione partium iustitiae sanctitas condividitur religioni, ut
53
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518 supra habitum est. Ergo sanctitas non est idem quod religio.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 8 s. c."><a name="42423"><span class="ref">[42423] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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519 est quod dicitur Luc. I, <i>serviamus illi in sanctitate et
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520 iustitia</i>. Sed servire Deo pertinet ad religionem, ut supra
53
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521 habitum est. Ergo religio est idem sanctitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 8 co."><a name="42424"><span class="ref">[42424] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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522 dicendum quod nomen sanctitatis duo videtur importare. Uno quidem
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523 modo, munditiam, et huic significationi competit nomen Graecum,
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524 dicitur enim agios quasi sine terra. Alio modo importat firmitatem,
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525 unde apud antiquos sancta dicebantur quae legibus erant munita ut
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526 violari non deberent; unde et dicitur esse aliquid sancitum quia
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527 est lege firmatum. Potest etiam secundum Latinos hoc nomen sanctus
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528 ad munditiam pertinere, ut intelligatur sanctus quasi sanguine
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529 tinctus, <i>eo quod antiquitus illi qui purificari volebant
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530 sanguine hostiae tingebantur</i>, ut Isidorus dicit, in libro
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531 Etymol. Et utraque significatio competit, ut sanctitas attribuatur
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532 his quae divino cultui applicantur, ita quod non solum homines, sed
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533 etiam templum et vasa et alia huiusmodi sanctificari dicantur ex
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534 hoc quod cultui divino applicantur. Munditia enim necessaria est ad
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535 hoc quod mens Deo applicetur. Quia mens humana inquinatur ex hoc
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536 quod inferioribus rebus immergitur, sicut quaelibet res ex
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537 immixtione peioris sordescit, ut argentum ex immixtione plumbi.
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538 Oportet autem quod mens ab inferioribus rebus abstrahatur, ad hoc
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539 quod supremae rei possit coniungi. Et ideo mens sine munditia Deo
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540 applicari non potest. Unde ad Heb. ult. dicitur, <i>pacem sequimini
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541 cum omnibus, et sanctimoniam, sine qua nemo videbit Deum</i>.
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542 Firmitas etiam exigitur ad hoc quod mens Deo applicetur. Applicatur
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543 enim ei sicut ultimo fini et primo principio, huiusmodi autem
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544 oportet maxime immobilia esse. Unde dicebat apostolus, Rom. VIII,
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545 <i>certus sum quod neque mors neque vita separabit me a caritate
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546 Dei</i>. Sic igitur sanctitas dicitur per quam mens hominis seipsam
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547 et suos actus applicat Deo. Unde non differt a religione secundum
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548 essentiam, sed solum ratione. Nam religio dicitur secundum quod
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549 exhibet Deo debitum famulatum in his quae pertinent specialiter ad
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550 cultum divinum, sicut in sacrificiis, oblationibus et aliis
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551 huiusmodi, sanctitas autem dicitur secundum quod homo non solum
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552 haec, sed aliarum virtutum opera refert in Deum, vel secundum quod
53
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553 homo se disponit per bona opera ad cultum divinum.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="42425"><span class="ref">[42425] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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554 ergo dicendum quod sanctitas est quaedam specialis virtus secundum
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555 essentiam, et secundum hoc est quodammodo eadem religioni. Habet
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556 autem quandam generalitatem, secundum quod omnes virtutum actus per
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557 imperium ordinat in bonum divinum, sicut et iustitia legalis
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558 dicitur generalis virtus, inquantum ordinat omnium virtutum actus
53
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559 in bonum commune.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="42426"><span class="ref">[42426] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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560 dicendum quod temperantia munditiam quidem operatur, non tamen ita
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561 quod habeat rationem sanctitatis nisi referatur in Deum. Unde de
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562 ipsa virginitate dicit Augustinus, in libro de virginitate, quod
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563 <i>non quia virginitas est, sed quia Deo dicata est,
53
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564 honoratur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 81 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="42427"><span class="ref">[42427] IIª-IIae q. 81 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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565 dicendum quod sanctitas distincta est a religione propter
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566 differentiam praedictam, non quia differat re, sed ratione tantum,
53
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567 ut dictum est.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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568 <p><a href="sth3080.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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569 <a href="sth3082.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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570 <br/>
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571 <hr/>
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572 <br/>
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573 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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574 hanc editionem<br/>
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diff changeset
575 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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576 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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577 </div></body>
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578 </html>