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annotate summa/latin/sth3061.html @ 46:6cfdc13efd8a

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author ht
date Sun, 20 Dec 2009 22:10:12 +0000
parents 544e12f679ad
children d777cc3962f2
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, II&ordf;-IIae q.
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23 61-78</title>
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24 </head>
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25 <body>
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26 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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27 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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29 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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30 <div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione LXI ad
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31 LXXVIII</div>
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32 <br />
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33 <div class="centro">
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34 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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35 <tr>
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36 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border=
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37 "0" alt=
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38 "Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)"
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39 align="middle" /></th>
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40 </tr>
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41 </table>
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42 <br />
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43 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1897 editum<br />
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44 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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45 magneticas<br />
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46 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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47 <br /></span><br />
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48 <hr />
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49 <br />
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50 <p><a href="sth3057.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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52 <a href="sth3079.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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53 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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54 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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55 //<![CDATA[
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56 <!--
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57 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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ht
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ht
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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parents:
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697 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42238">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
698 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42239">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
699 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42240">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
700 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42241">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
701 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42242">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
702 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42243">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
703 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42244">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
704 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42245">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
705 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42246">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
706 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42247">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
707 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42248">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
708 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42249">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
709 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42250">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
710 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42251">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
711 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42252">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
712 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42253">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
713 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42254">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
714 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42255">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
715 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42256">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
716 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42257">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
717 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42258">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
718 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42259">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
719 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42260">II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
720 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42261">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
721 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42262">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
722 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42263">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
723 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42264">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
724 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42265">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
725 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42266">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
726 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42267">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 6');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
727 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42268">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 7');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
728 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42269">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
729 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42270">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
730 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42271">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
731 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42272">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
732 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42273">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
733 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42274">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
734 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42275">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
735 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42276">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 6');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
736 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42277">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 7');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
737 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42278">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
738 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42279">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
739 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42280">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
740 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42281">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
741 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42282">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
742 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42283">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 6');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
743 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42284">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 7');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
744 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42285">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
745 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42286">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
746 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42287">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
747 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42288">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
748 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42289">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
749 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42290">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
750 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42291">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
751 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42292">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 6');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
752 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42293">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 7');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
753 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42294">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
754 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42295">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
755 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42296">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
756 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42297">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
757 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42298">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
758 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42299">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
759 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42300">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
760 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42301">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
761 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42302">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
762 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42303">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
763 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42304">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
764 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42305">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
765 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42306">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
766 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42307">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
767 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42308">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
768 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#42309">II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 ad 3');
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
769 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
26
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
770 document.write('<BR><BR>');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
771 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
772 document.write('<\/FORM>');
26
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
773 // -->
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
774 //]]>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
775 </script><br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
776 <hr />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
777 <br /></div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
778 <div class="D">Quaestio 61</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
779 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
780 <p title="II-II q. 61 pr."><a name="41607"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
781 "ref">[41607] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
782 considerandum est de partibus iustitiae. Et primo, de partibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
783 subiectivis, quae sunt species iustitiae, scilicet distributiva et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
784 commutativa; secundo, de partibus quasi integralibus; tertio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
785 partibus quasi potentialibus, scilicet de virtutibus adiunctis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
786 Circa primum occurrit duplex consideratio, prima, de ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
787 iustitiae partibus; secunda, de vitiis oppositis. Et quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
788 restitutio videtur esse actus commutativae iustitiae, primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
789 considerandum est de distinctione iustitiae commutativae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
790 distributivae, secundo, de restitutione. Circa primum quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
791 quatuor. Primo, utrum sint duae species iustitiae, iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
792 distributiva et commutativa. Secundo, utrum eodem modo in eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
793 medium accipiatur. Tertio, utrum sit earum uniformis vel multiplex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
794 materia. Quarto, utrum secundum aliquam earum specierum iustum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
795 idem quod contrapassum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
796 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
797 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
798 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41608"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
799 "ref">[41608] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
800 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter ponantur duae species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
801 iustitiae, iustitia distributiva et commutativa. Non enim potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
802 esse iustitiae species quod multitudini nocet, cum iustitia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
803 bonum commune ordinetur. Sed distribuere bona communia in multos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
804 nocet bono communi multitudinis, tum quia exhauriuntur opes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
805 communes; tum etiam quia mores hominum corrumpuntur; dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
806 Tullius, in libro de Offic., <i>fit deterior qui accipit, et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
807 idem semper expectandum paratior</i>. Ergo distributio non pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
808 ad aliquam iustitiae speciem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
809 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41609"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
810 "ref">[41609] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
811 iustitiae actus est reddere unicuique quod suum est, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
812 habitum est. Sed in distributione non redditur alicui quod suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
813 erat, sed de novo appropriatur sibi id quod erat commune. Ergo hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
814 ad iustitiam non pertinet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
815 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41610"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
816 "ref">[41610] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
817 iustitia non solum est in principe, sed etiam in subiectis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
818 supra habitum est. Sed distribuere semper pertinet ad principem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
819 Ergo distributiva non pertinet ad iustitiam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
820 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="41611"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
821 "ref">[41611] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
822 distributivum iustum est bonorum communium, ut dicitur in V Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
823 sed communia pertinent ad iustitiam legalem. Ergo iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
824 distributiva non est species iustitiae particularis, sed iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
825 legalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
826 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="41612"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
827 "ref">[41612] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
828 unum et multa non diversificant speciem virtutis. Sed iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
829 commutativa consistit in hoc quod aliquid redditur uni; iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
830 vero distributiva in hoc quod aliquid datur multis. Ergo non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
831 diversae species iustitiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
832 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41613"><span class=
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diff changeset
833 "ref">[41613] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
834 est quod philosophus, in V Ethic., ponit duas partes iustitiae, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 dicit quod <i>una est directiva in distributionibus, alia in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 commutationibus</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
837 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 co."><a name="41614"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
838 "ref">[41614] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
839 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, iustitia particularis ordinatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 aliquam privatam personam, quae comparatur ad communitatem sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 pars ad totum. Potest autem ad aliquam partem duplex ordo attendi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 Unus quidem partis ad partem, cui similis est ordo unius privatae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
843 personae ad aliam. Et hunc ordinem dirigit commutativa iustitia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 quae consistit in his quae mutuo fiunt inter duas personas ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 invicem. Alius ordo attenditur totius ad partes, et huic ordini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
846 assimilatur ordo eius quod est commune ad singulas personas. Quem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
847 quidem ordinem dirigit iustitia distributiva, quae est distributiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
848 communium secundum proportionalitatem. Et ideo duae sunt iustitiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 species, scilicet commutativa et distributiva.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41615"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 "ref">[41615] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 ergo dicendum quod sicut in largitionibus privatarum personarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 commendatur moderatio, effusio vero culpatur; ita etiam in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 distributione communium bonorum est moderatio servanda, in quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 dirigit iustitia distributiva.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41616"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 "ref">[41616] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
858 dicendum quod sicut pars et totum quodammodo sunt idem, ita id quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
859 est totius quodammodo est partis. Et ita cum ex bonis communibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
860 aliquid in singulos distribuitur, quilibet aliquo modo recipit quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
861 suum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41617"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 "ref">[41617] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 dicendum quod actus distributionis quae est communium bonorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 pertinet solum ad praesidentem communibus bonis, sed tamen iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 distributiva est et in subditis, quibus distribuitur, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 scilicet sunt contenti iusta distributione. Quamvis etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 distributio quandoque fiat bonorum communium non quidem civitati,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 sed uni familiae, quorum distributio fieri potest auctoritate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 alicuius privatae personae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="41618"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 "ref">[41618] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 dicendum quod motus accipiunt speciem a termino ad quem. Et ideo ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 iustitiam legalem pertinet ordinare ea quae sunt privatarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 personarum in bonum commune, sed ordinare e converso bonum commune
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 ad personas particulares per distributionem est iustitiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 particularis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
878 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="41619"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 "ref">[41619] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 dicendum quod iustitia distributiva et commutativa non solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
881 distinguuntur secundum unum et multa, sed secundum diversam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
882 rationem debiti, alio enim modo debetur alicui id quod est commune,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
883 alio modo id quod est proprium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
885 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41620"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 "ref">[41620] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod medium eodem modo accipiatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 in iustitia distributiva et commutativa. Utraque enim sub iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 particulari continetur, ut dictum est. Sed in omnibus temperantiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 vel fortitudinis partibus accipitur uno modo medium. Ergo etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 eodem modo est accipiendum medium in iustitia distributiva et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 commutativa.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41621"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 "ref">[41621] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 forma virtutis moralis in medio consistit quod secundum rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 determinatur. Cum ergo unius virtutis sit una forma, videtur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 in utraque sit eodem modo medium accipiendum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41622"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 "ref">[41622] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 in iustitia distributiva accipitur medium attendendo diversam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 dignitatem personarum. Sed dignitas personarum attenditur etiam in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 commutativa iustitia, sicut in punitionibus, plus enim punitur qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 percussit principem quam qui percussit privatam personam. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 eodem modo accipitur medium in utraque iustitia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41623"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 "ref">[41623] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod in iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 distributiva accipitur medium secundum geometricam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 proportionalitatem, in commutativa autem secundum arithmeticam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
911 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 co."><a name="41624"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
912 "ref">[41624] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, in distributiva iustitia datur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 aliquid alicui privatae personae inquantum id quod est totius est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 debitum parti. Quod quidem tanto maius est quanto ipsa pars maiorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 principalitatem habet in toto. Et ideo in distributiva iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 tanto plus alicui de bonis communibus datur quanto illa persona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 maiorem principalitatem habet in communitate. Quae quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 principalitas in aristocratica communitate attenditur secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
920 virtutem, in oligarchica secundum divitias, in democratica secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 libertatem, et in aliis aliter. Et ideo in iustitia distributiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 non accipitur medium secundum aequalitatem rei ad rem, sed secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 proportionem rerum ad personas, ut scilicet, sicut una persona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 excedit aliam, ita etiam res quae datur uni personae excedit rem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 quae datur alii. Et ideo dicit philosophus quod tale medium est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 secundum geometricam proportionalitatem, in qua attenditur aequale
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diff changeset
927 non secundum quantitatem, sed secundum proportionem. Sicut si
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diff changeset
928 dicamus quod sicut se habent sex ad quatuor, ita se habent tria ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
929 duo, quia utrobique est sesquialtera proportio, in qua maius habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
930 totum minus et mediam partem eius, non autem est aequalitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
931 excessus secundum quantitatem, quia sex excedunt quatuor in duobus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 tria vero excedunt duo in uno. Sed in commutationibus redditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
933 aliquid alicui singulari personae propter rem eius quae accepta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 est, ut maxime patet in emptione et venditione, in quibus primo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 invenitur ratio commutationis. Et ideo oportet adaequare rem rei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 ut quanto iste plus habet quam suum sit de eo quod est alterius,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 tantundem restituat ei cuius est. Et sic fit aequalitas secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 arithmeticam medietatem, quae attenditur secundum parem quantitatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 excessum, sicut quinque est medium inter sex et quatuor, in unitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
940 enim excedit et exceditur. Si ergo a principio uterque habebat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 quinque, et unus eorum accepit unum de eo quod est alterius; unus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 scilicet accipiens, habebit sex, et alii relinquentur quatuor. Erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 ergo iustitia si uterque reducatur ad medium, ut accipiatur unum ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 eo qui habet sex, et detur ei qui habet quatuor, sic enim uterque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 habebit quinque, quod est medium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41625"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 "ref">[41625] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 ergo dicendum quod in aliis virtutibus moralibus accipitur medium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 secundum rationem, et non secundum rem. Sed in iustitia accipitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 medium rei, et ideo secundum diversitatem rerum diversimode medium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 accipitur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
952 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41626"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
953 "ref">[41626] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 dicendum quod generalis forma iustitiae est aequalitas, in qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 convenit iustitia distributiva cum commutativa. In una tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
956 invenitur aequalitas secundum proportionalitatem geometricam, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 alia secundum arithmeticam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
958 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41627"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
959 "ref">[41627] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 dicendum quod in actionibus et passionibus conditio personae facit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 ad quantitatem rei, maior enim est iniuria si percutiatur princeps
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 quam si percutiatur privata persona. Et ita conditio personae in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
963 distributiva iustitia attenditur secundum se, in commutativa autem
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diff changeset
964 secundum quod per hoc diversificatur res.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
965 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
966 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
967 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41628"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 "ref">[41628] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 sic proceditur. Videtur quod materia utriusque iustitiae non sit
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diff changeset
970 diversa. Diversitas enim materiae facit diversitatem virtutis, ut
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diff changeset
971 patet in temperantia et fortitudine. Si igitur distributivae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
972 iustitiae et commutativae sit diversa materia, videtur quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
973 contineantur sub una virtute, scilicet sub iustitia.</p>
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diff changeset
974 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41629"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
975 "ref">[41629] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
976 distributio, quae pertinet ad distributivam iustitiam, <i>est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
977 pecuniae vel honoris vel aliorum quaecumque dispertiri possunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
978 inter eos qui communitate communicant</i>; ut dicitur in V Ethic.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 Quorum etiam est commutatio inter personas ad invicem, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
980 pertinet ad commutativam iustitiam. Ergo non est diversa materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 distributivae et commutativae iustitiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
982 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41630"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 "ref">[41630] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
984 si sit alia materia distributivae iustitiae et alia materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
985 commutativae propter hoc quod differunt specie, ubi non erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 differentia speciei, non debebit esse materiae diversitas. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 philosophus ponit unam speciem commutativae iustitiae, quae tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 habet multiplicem materiam. Non ergo videtur esse multiplex materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 harum specierum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41631"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 "ref">[41631] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 contrarium est quod dicitur in V Ethic., quod una species iustitiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 <i>est directiva in distributionibus, alia in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 commutationibus</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 3 co."><a name="41632"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 "ref">[41632] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, iustitia est circa quasdam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
998 operationes exteriores, scilicet distributionem et commutationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
999 quae quidem sunt usus quorundam exteriorum, vel rerum vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 personarum vel etiam operum, rerum quidem, sicut cum aliquis vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 aufert vel restituit alteri suam rem; personarum autem, sicut cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 aliquis in ipsam personam hominis iniuriam facit, puta percutiendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 vel conviciando, aut etiam cum reverentiam exhibet; operum autem,
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diff changeset
1004 sicut cum quis iuste ab alio exigit vel alteri reddit aliquod opus.
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diff changeset
1005 Si igitur accipiamus ut materiam utriusque iustitiae ea quorum
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diff changeset
1006 operationes sunt usus, eadem est materia distributivae et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 commutativae iustitiae, nam et res distribui possunt a communi in
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diff changeset
1008 singulos, et commutari de uno in alium; et etiam est quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 distributio laboriosorum operum, et recompensatio. Si autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 accipiamus ut materiam utriusque iustitiae actiones ipsas
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diff changeset
1011 principales quibus utimur personis, rebus et operibus, sic
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diff changeset
1012 invenitur utrobique alia materia. Nam distributiva iustitia est
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diff changeset
1013 directiva distributionis, commutativa vero iustitia est directiva
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diff changeset
1014 commutationum quae attendi possunt inter duas personas. Quarum
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diff changeset
1015 quaedam sunt involuntariae; quaedam vero voluntariae. Involuntariae
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diff changeset
1016 quidem, quando aliquis utitur re alterius vel persona vel opere, eo
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diff changeset
1017 invito. Quod quidem contingit quandoque occulte per fraudem;
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diff changeset
1018 quandoque etiam manifeste per violentiam. Utrumque autem contingit
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diff changeset
1019 aut in rem aut in personam propriam, aut in personam coniunctam. In
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diff changeset
1020 rem quidem, si occulte unus rem alterius accipiat, vocatur furtum;
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diff changeset
1021 si autem manifeste, vocatur rapina. In personam autem propriam, vel
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diff changeset
1022 quantum ad ipsam consistentiam personae; vel quantum ad dignitatem
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diff changeset
1023 ipsius. Si autem quantum ad consistentiam personae, sic laeditur
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diff changeset
1024 aliquis occulte per dolosam occisionem seu percussionem, et per
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diff changeset
1025 veneni exhibitionem; manifeste autem per occisionem manifestam, aut
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diff changeset
1026 per incarcerationem aut verberationem seu membri mutilationem.
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diff changeset
1027 Quantum autem ad dignitatem personae, laeditur aliquis occulte
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diff changeset
1028 quidem per falsa testimonia seu detractiones, quibus aliquis aufert
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diff changeset
1029 famam suam, et per alia huiusmodi; manifeste autem per accusationem
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diff changeset
1030 in iudicio, seu per convicii illationem. Quantum autem ad personam
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diff changeset
1031 coniunctam, laeditur aliquis in uxore, ut in pluribus occulte, per
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diff changeset
1032 adulterium; in servo autem, cum aliquis servum seducit, ut a domino
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diff changeset
1033 discedat; et haec etiam manifeste fieri possunt. Et eadem ratio est
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diff changeset
1034 de aliis personis coniunctis, in quas etiam possunt omnibus modis
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diff changeset
1035 iniuriae committi sicut et in personam principalem. Sed adulterium
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diff changeset
1036 et servi seductio sunt proprie iniuriae circa has personas, tamen,
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diff changeset
1037 quia servus est possessio quaedam, hoc refertur ad furtum.
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diff changeset
1038 Voluntariae autem commutationes dicuntur quando aliquis voluntarie
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diff changeset
1039 transfert rem suam in alterum. Et si quidem simpliciter in alterum
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diff changeset
1040 transferat rem suam absque debito, sicut in donatione, non est
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diff changeset
1041 actus iustitiae, sed liberalitatis. Intantum autem ad iustitiam
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diff changeset
1042 voluntaria translatio pertinet inquantum est ibi aliquid de ratione
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diff changeset
1043 debiti. Quod quidem contingit tripliciter. Uno modo, quando aliquis
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diff changeset
1044 transfert simpliciter rem suam in alterum pro recompensatione
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diff changeset
1045 alterius rei, sicut accidit in venditione et emptione. Secundo
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diff changeset
1046 modo, quando aliquis tradit rem suam alteri concedens ei usum rei
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diff changeset
1047 cum debito recuperandi rem. Et si quidem gratis concedit usum rei,
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diff changeset
1048 vocatur ususfructus in rebus quae aliquid fructificant; vel
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diff changeset
1049 simpliciter mutuum seu accommodatum in rebus quae non fructificant,
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diff changeset
1050 sicut sunt denarii, vasa et huiusmodi. Si vero nec ipse usus gratis
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diff changeset
1051 conceditur, vocatur locatio et conductio. Tertio modo aliquis
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diff changeset
1052 tradit rem suam ut recuperandam, non ratione usus, sed vel ratione
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diff changeset
1053 conservationis, sicut in deposito; vel ratione obligationis, sicut
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diff changeset
1054 cum quis rem suam pignori obligat, seu cum aliquis pro alio
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diff changeset
1055 fideiubet. In omnibus autem huiusmodi actionibus, sive voluntariis
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diff changeset
1056 sive involuntariis, est eadem ratio accipiendi medium secundum
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diff changeset
1057 aequalitatem recompensationis. Et ideo omnes istae actiones ad unam
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diff changeset
1058 speciem iustitiae pertinent, scilicet ad commutativam.</p>
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diff changeset
1059 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="41633"><span class=
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diff changeset
1060 "ref">[41633] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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diff changeset
1061 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
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diff changeset
1062 <br />
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diff changeset
1063 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
1064 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41634"><span class=
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diff changeset
1065 "ref">[41634] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1066 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iustum sit simpliciter idem quod
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diff changeset
1067 contrapassum. Iudicium enim divinum est simpliciter iustum. Sed
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diff changeset
1068 haec est forma divini iudicii, ut secundum quod aliquis fecit,
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diff changeset
1069 patiatur, secundum illud Matth. VII, <i>in quo iudicio
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diff changeset
1070 iudicaveritis, iudicabimini, et in qua mensura mensi fueritis,
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diff changeset
1071 remetietur vobis</i>. Ergo iustum est simpliciter idem quod
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diff changeset
1072 contrapassum.</p>
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diff changeset
1073 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41635"><span class=
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diff changeset
1074 "ref">[41635] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1075 in utraque iustitiae specie datur aliquid alicui secundum quandam
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diff changeset
1076 aequalitatem, in respectu quidem ad dignitatem personae in iustitia
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diff changeset
1077 distributiva, quae quidem personae dignitas maxime videtur attendi
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diff changeset
1078 secundum opera quibus aliquis communitati servivit; in respectu
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diff changeset
1079 autem ad rem in qua quis damnificatus est, in iustitia commutativa.
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diff changeset
1080 Secundum autem utramque aequalitatem aliquis contrapatitur secundum
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diff changeset
1081 quod fecit. Ergo videtur quod iustum simpliciter sit idem quod
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diff changeset
1082 contrapassum.</p>
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diff changeset
1083 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41636"><span class=
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diff changeset
1084 "ref">[41636] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1085 maxime videtur quod non oporteat aliquem contrapati secundum quod
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diff changeset
1086 fecit, propter differentiam voluntarii et involuntarii, qui enim
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diff changeset
1087 involuntarie fecit iniuriam, minus punitur. Sed voluntarium et
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diff changeset
1088 involuntarium, quae accipiuntur ex parte nostra, non diversificant
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diff changeset
1089 medium iustitiae, quod est medium rei et non quoad nos. Ergo iustum
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diff changeset
1090 simpliciter idem esse videtur quod contrapassum.</p>
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diff changeset
1091 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41637"><span class=
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diff changeset
1092 "ref">[41637] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1093 est quod philosophus, in V Ethic., probat non quodlibet iustum esse
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diff changeset
1094 contrapassum.</p>
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diff changeset
1095 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 co."><a name="41638"><span class=
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diff changeset
1096 "ref">[41638] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1097 dicendum quod hoc quod dicitur contrapassum importat aequalem
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diff changeset
1098 recompensationem passionis ad actionem praecedentem. Quod quidem
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diff changeset
1099 propriissime dicitur in passionibus iniuriosis quibus aliquis
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diff changeset
1100 personam proximi laedit, puta, si percutit, quod repercutiatur. Et
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diff changeset
1101 hoc quidem iustum determinatur in lege, Exod. XXI, <i>reddet animam
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diff changeset
1102 pro anima, oculum pro oculo,</i> et cetera. Et quia etiam auferre
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diff changeset
1103 rem alterius est quoddam facere, ideo secundario etiam in his
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diff changeset
1104 dicitur contrapassum, prout scilicet aliquis qui damnum intulit, in
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diff changeset
1105 re sua ipse etiam damnificatur. Et hoc etiam iustum continetur in
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diff changeset
1106 lege, Exod. XXII, <i>si quis furatus fuerit bovem aut ovem, et
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diff changeset
1107 occiderit vel vendiderit, quinque boves pro uno bove restituet, et
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diff changeset
1108 quatuor oves pro una ove</i>. Tertio vero transfertur nomen
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diff changeset
1109 contrapassi ad voluntarias commutationes, in quibus utrinque est
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diff changeset
1110 actio et passio, sed voluntarium diminuit de ratione passionis, ut
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diff changeset
1111 dictum est. In omnibus autem his debet fieri, secundum rationem
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diff changeset
1112 iustitiae commutativae, recompensatio secundum aequalitatem, ut
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diff changeset
1113 scilicet passio recompensata sit aequalis actioni. Non autem semper
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diff changeset
1114 esset aequalis si idem specie aliquis pateretur quod fecit. Nam
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diff changeset
1115 primo quidem, cum quis iniuriose laedat alterius personam maiorem,
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diff changeset
1116 maior est actio quam passio eiusdem speciei quam ipse pateretur. Et
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diff changeset
1117 ideo ille qui percutit principem non solum repercutitur, sed multo
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diff changeset
1118 gravius punitur. Similiter etiam cum quis aliquem involuntarium in
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diff changeset
1119 re sua damnificat, maior est actio quam esset passio si sibi sola
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diff changeset
1120 res illa auferretur, quia ipse qui damnificavit alium, in re sua
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diff changeset
1121 nihil damnificaretur. Et ideo punitur in hoc quod multiplicius
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diff changeset
1122 restituat, quia etiam non solum damnificavit personam privatam, sed
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diff changeset
1123 rempublicam, eius tutelae securitatem infringendo. Similiter etiam
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diff changeset
1124 nec in commutationibus voluntariis semper esset aequalis passio si
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diff changeset
1125 aliquis daret rem suam, accipiens rem alterius, quia forte res
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diff changeset
1126 alterius est multo maior quam sua. Et ideo oportet secundum quandam
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diff changeset
1127 proportionatam commensurationem adaequare passionem actioni in
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diff changeset
1128 commutationibus, ad quod inventa sunt numismata. Et sic
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diff changeset
1129 contrapassum est commutativum iustum. In distributiva autem
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diff changeset
1130 iustitia locum non habet. Quia in distributiva iustitia non
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diff changeset
1131 attenditur aequalitas secundum proportionem rei ad rem, vel
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diff changeset
1132 passionis ad actionem, unde dicitur contrapassum, sed secundum
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diff changeset
1133 proportionalitatem rerum ad personas, ut supra dictum est.</p>
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diff changeset
1134 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41639"><span class=
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diff changeset
1135 "ref">[41639] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1136 ergo dicendum quod illa forma divini iudicii attenditur secundum
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diff changeset
1137 rationem commutativae iustitiae, prout scilicet recompensat praemia
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diff changeset
1138 meritis et supplicia peccatis.</p>
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diff changeset
1139 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41640"><span class=
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diff changeset
1140 "ref">[41640] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1141 dicendum quod si alicui qui communitati servisset retribueretur
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diff changeset
1142 aliquid pro servitio impenso, non esset hoc distributivae
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diff changeset
1143 iustitiae, sed commutativae. In distributiva enim iustitia non
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diff changeset
1144 attenditur aequalitas eius quod quis accipit ad id quod ipse
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diff changeset
1145 impendit, sed ad id quod alius accipit, secundum modum utriusque
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diff changeset
1146 personae.</p>
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diff changeset
1147 <p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41641"><span class=
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diff changeset
1148 "ref">[41641] II&ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1149 dicendum quod quando actio iniuriosa est voluntaria, excedit
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diff changeset
1150 iniuria, et sic accipitur ut maior res. Unde oportet maiorem poenam
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diff changeset
1151 ei recompensari non secundum differentiam quoad nos, sed secundum
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diff changeset
1152 differentiam rei.</p>
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diff changeset
1153 <br />
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diff changeset
1154 <div class="D">Quaestio 62</div>
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diff changeset
1155 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
1156 <p title="II-II q. 62 pr."><a name="41642"><span class=
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diff changeset
1157 "ref">[41642] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
1158 considerandum est de restitutione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur octo.
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diff changeset
1159 Primo, cuius actus sit. Secundo, utrum necesse sit ad salutem omne
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diff changeset
1160 ablatum restitui. Tertio, utrum oporteat multiplicatum illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 restituere. Quarto, utrum oporteat restitui id quod quis non
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diff changeset
1162 accepit. Quinto, utrum oporteat restitui ei a quo acceptum est.
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diff changeset
1163 Sexto, utrum oporteat restituere eum qui accepit. Septimo, utrum
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diff changeset
1164 aliquem alium. Octavo, utrum sit statim restituendum.</p>
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diff changeset
1165 <br />
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diff changeset
1166 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
1167 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41643"><span class=
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diff changeset
1168 "ref">[41643] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1169 sic proceditur. Videtur quod restitutio non sit actus iustitiae
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diff changeset
1170 commutativae. Iustitia enim respicit rationem debiti. Sed sicut
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diff changeset
1171 donatio potest esse eius quod non debetur, ita etiam et restitutio.
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diff changeset
1172 Ergo restitutio non est actus alicuius partis iustitiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41644"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 "ref">[41644] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 illud quod iam transiit et non est, restitui non potest. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 iustitia et iniustitia sunt circa quasdam actiones et passiones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 quae non manent, sed transeunt. Ergo restitutio non videtur esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 actus alicuius partis iustitiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41645"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 "ref">[41645] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 restitutio est quasi quaedam recompensatio eius quod subtractum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 est. Sed aliquid potest homini subtrahi non solum in commutatione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 sed etiam in distributione, puta cum aliquis distribuens minus dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 alicui quam debeat habere. Ergo restitutio non magis est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 commutativae iustitiae quam distributivae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41646"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 "ref">[41646] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 restitutio ablationi opponitur. Sed ablatio rei alienae est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 iniustitiae circa commutationes. Ergo restitutio eius est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 iustitiae quae est in commutationibus directiva.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 co."><a name="41647"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 "ref">[41647] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 dicendum quod restituere nihil aliud esse videtur quam iterato
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 aliquem statuere in possessionem vel dominium rei suae. Et ita in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 restitutione attenditur aequalitas iustitiae secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 recompensationem rei ad rem, quae pertinet ad iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 commutativam. Et ideo restitutio est actus commutativae iustitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 quando scilicet res unius ab alio habetur, vel per voluntatem eius,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 sicut in mutuo vel deposito; vel contra voluntatem eius, sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 rapina vel furto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41648"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 "ref">[41648] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 ergo dicendum quod illud quod alteri non debetur non est, proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 loquendo, eius, etsi aliquando eius fuerit. Et ideo magis videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 esse nova donatio quam restitutio cum quis alteri reddit quod ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 non debet. Habet tamen aliquam similitudinem restitutionis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 res materialiter est eadem. Non tamen est eadem secundum formalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 rationem quam respicit iustitia, quod est esse suum alicuius. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 nec proprie restitutio dicitur.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41649"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 "ref">[41649] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 dicendum quod nomen restitutionis, inquantum importat iterationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 quandam, supponit rei identitatem. Et ideo secundum primam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 impositionem nominis, restitutio videtur locum habere praecipue in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 rebus exterioribus, quae manentes eaedem et secundum substantiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 secundum ius dominii, ab uno possunt ad alium devenire. Sed sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 ab huiusmodi rebus nomen commutationis translatum est ad actiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 vel passiones quae pertinent ad reverentiam vel iniuriam alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 personae, seu nocumentum vel profectum; ita etiam nomen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 restitutionis ad haec derivatur quae, licet realiter non maneant,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 tamen manent in effectu, vel corporali, puta cum ex percussione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 laeditur corpus; vel qui est in opinione hominum, sicut cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 verbo opprobrioso remanet homo infamatus, vel etiam minoratus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 suo honore.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41650"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 "ref">[41650] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 dicendum quod recompensatio quam facit distribuens ei cui dedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 minus quam debuit, fit secundum comparationem rei ad rem, ut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 quanto minus habuit quam debuit, tanto plus ei detur. Et ideo iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 pertinet ad iustitiam commutativam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41651"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 "ref">[41651] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit necessarium ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 salutem quod fiat restitutio eius quod ablatum est. Quod enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 impossibile non est de necessitate salutis. Sed aliquando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 impossibile est restituere id quod est ablatum, puta cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 abstulit alicui membrum vel vitam. Ergo non videtur esse de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 necessitate salutis quod aliquis restituat quod alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 abstulit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41652"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 "ref">[41652] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 committere aliquod peccatum non est de necessitate salutis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 sic homo esset perplexus. Sed quandoque illud quod aufertur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 potest restitui sine peccato, puta cum aliquis alicui famam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 abstulit verum dicendo. Ergo restituere ablatum non est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 necessitate salutis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41653"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 "ref">[41653] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 quod factum est non potest fieri ut factum non fuerit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 aliquando alicui aufertur honor suae personae ex hoc ipso quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 passus est aliquo iniuste eum vituperante. Ergo non potest sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 restitui quod ablatum est. Et ita non est de necessitate salutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 restituere ablatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="41654"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 "ref">[41654] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 ille qui impedit aliquem ab aliquo bono consequendo videtur ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 auferre, quia <i>quod modicum deest, quasi nihil deesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 videtur</i>, ut philosophus dicit, in II Physic. Sed cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 impedit aliquem ne consequatur praebendam vel aliquid huiusmodi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 non videtur quod teneatur ei ad restitutionem praebendae, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 quandoque non posset. Non ergo restituere ablatum est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 necessitate salutis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41655"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 "ref">[41655] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 est quod Augustinus dicit, <i>non dimittitur peccatum, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 restituatur ablatum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 co."><a name="41656"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 "ref">[41656] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 dicendum quod restitutio, sicut dictum est, est actus iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 commutativae, quae in quadam aequalitate consistit. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 restituere importat redditionem illius rei quae iniuste ablata est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 sic enim per iteratam eius exhibitionem aequalitas reparatur. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 vero iuste ablatum sit, inaequalitas erit ut ei restituatur, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 iustitia in aequalitate consistit. Cum igitur servare iustitiam sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 de necessitate salutis, consequens est quod restituere id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 iniuste ablatum est alicui, sit de necessitate salutis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41657"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 "ref">[41657] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 ergo dicendum quod in quibus non potest recompensari aequivalens,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 sufficit quod recompensetur quod possibile est, sicut patet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 honoribus qui sunt ad Deum et ad parentes, ut philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 VIII Ethic. Et ideo quando id quod est ablatum non est restituibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 per aliquid aequale, debet fieri recompensatio qualis possibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 est. Puta, cum aliquis alicui abstulit membrum, debet ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 recompensare vel in pecunia vel in aliquo honore, considerata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 conditione utriusque personae, secundum arbitrium probi viri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41658"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 "ref">[41658] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 dicendum quod aliquis potest alicui famam tripliciter auferre. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 modo, verum dicendo et iuste, puta cum aliquis crimen alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 prodit ordine debito servato. Et tunc non tenetur ad restitutionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 famae. Alio modo, falsum dicendo et iniuste. Et tunc tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 restituere famam confitendo se falsum dixisse. Tertio modo, verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 dicendo sed iniuste, puta cum aliquis prodit crimen alterius contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 ordinem debitum. Et tunc tenetur ad restitutionem famae quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 potest, sine mendacio tamen, utpote quod dicat se male dixisse, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 quod iniuste eum diffamaverit. Vel, si non possit famam restituere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 debet ei aliter recompensare, sicut et in aliis dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41659"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 "ref">[41659] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 dicendum quod actio contumeliam inferentis non potest fieri ut non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 fuerit. Potest tamen fieri ut eius effectus, scilicet diminutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 dignitatis personae in opinione hominum, reparetur per exhibitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 reverentiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="41660"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 "ref">[41660] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 dicendum quod aliquis potest impedire aliquem ne habeat praebendam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 multipliciter. Uno modo, iuste, puta si, intendens honorem Dei vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 utilitatem Ecclesiae, procuret quod detur alicui personae digniori.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 Et tunc nullo modo tenetur ad restitutionem vel ad aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1313 recompensationem faciendam. Alio modo, iniuste, puta si intendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 eius nocumentum quem impedit, propter odium vel vindictam aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 aliquid huiusmodi. Et tunc, si impedit ne praebenda detur digno,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 consulens quod non detur, antequam sit firmatum quod ei detur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1317 tenetur quidem ad aliquam recompensationem, pensatis conditionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1318 personarum et negotii, secundum arbitrium sapientis; non tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 tenetur ad aequale, quia ille nondum fuerat adeptus et poterat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 multipliciter impediri. Si vero iam firmatum sit quod alicui detur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 praebenda, et aliquis propter causam indebitam procuret quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 revocetur, idem est ac si iam habitam ei auferret. Et ideo tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 ad restitutionem aequalis, tamen secundum suam facultatem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41661"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 "ref">[41661] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sufficiat restituere simplum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 iniuste ablatum est. Dicitur enim Exod. XXII, <i>si quis furatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 fuerit bovem aut ovem, et occiderit vel vendiderit, quinque boves
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 pro uno bove restituet, et quatuor oves pro una ove</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 quilibet tenetur mandatum divinae legis observare. Ergo ille qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1333 furatur tenetur restituere quadruplum vel quintuplum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41662"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 "ref">[41662] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 <i>ea quae scripta sunt, ad nostram doctrinam scripta sunt</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1337 dicitur ad Rom. XV. Sed Luc. XIX Zachaeus dicit ad dominum, <i>si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 quem defraudavi, reddo quadruplum</i>. Ergo homo debet restituere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1339 multiplicatum id quod iniuste accepit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41663"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 "ref">[41663] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 nulli potest iuste auferri id quod dare non debet. Sed iudex iuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 aufert ab eo qui furatus est plus quam furatus est, pro emenda.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1344 Ergo homo debet illud solvere. Et ita non sufficit reddere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 simplum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41664"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 "ref">[41664] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 est quia restitutio reducit ad aequalitatem quod inaequaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 ablatum est. Sed aliquis reddendo quod accepit simplum, reducit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 aequalitatem. Ergo solum tenetur tantum restituere quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 accepit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 co."><a name="41665"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 "ref">[41665] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 dicendum quod cum aliquis iniuste accipit rem alienam, duo sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1355 ibi. Quorum unum est inaequalitas ex parte rei, quae quandoque est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 sine iniustitia, ut patet in mutuis. Aliud autem est iniustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 culpa, quae potest esse etiam cum aequalitate rei, puta cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 intendat inferre violentiam sed non praevalet. Quantum ergo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 primum adhibetur remedium per restitutionem, inquantum per eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 aequalitas reparatur, ad quod sufficit quod restituat tantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 quantum habuit de alieno. Sed quantum ad culpam adhibetur remedium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 per poenam, cuius inflictio pertinet ad iudicem. Et ideo antequam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 sit condemnatus per iudicium non tenetur plus restituere quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 accepit, sed postquam condemnatus est, tenetur poenam solvere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41666"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 "ref">[41666] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 patet responsio ad primum, quia lex illa determinativa est poenae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 per iudicem infligendae. Et quamvis ad observantiam iudicialis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 praecepti nullus teneatur post Christi adventum, ut supra habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 est; potest tamen idem vel simile statui in lege humana, de qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 erit eadem ratio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41667"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 "ref">[41667] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 dicendum quod Zachaeus id dixit quasi supererogare volens. Unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 praemiserat, <i>ecce dimidium bonorum meorum do pauperibus</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41668"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 "ref">[41668] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 dicendum quod iudex, condemnando, iuste potest accipere aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 amplius, loco emendae, quod tamen, antequam condemnaretur, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 debebat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41669"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 "ref">[41669] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis debeat restituere quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 abstulit. Ille enim qui damnum alicui infert tenetur damnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 removere. Sed quandoque aliquis damnificat aliquem ultra id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 accepit, puta cum aliquis effodit semina, damnificat eum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 seminavit in tota messe futura; et sic videtur quod teneatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 eius restitutionem. Ergo aliquis tenetur ad restitutionem eius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 non abstulit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41670"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 "ref">[41670] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 ille qui detinet pecuniam creditoris ultra terminum praefixum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 videtur eum damnificare in toto eo quod lucrari de pecunia posset.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 Quod tamen ipse non aufert. Ergo videtur quod aliquis teneatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 restituere quod non abstulit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41671"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 "ref">[41671] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 iustitia humana derivatur a iustitia divina. Sed Deo debet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 restituere plus quam ab eo accepit, secundum illud Matth. XXV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 <i>sciebas quod meto ubi non semino, et congrego ubi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 sparsi</i>. Ergo iustum est ut etiam restituat homini aliquid quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 non accepit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41672"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 "ref">[41672] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 est quod recompensatio ad iustitiam pertinet inquantum aequalitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 facit. Sed si aliquis restitueret quod non accepit, hoc non esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 aequale. Ergo talis restitutio non est iustum quod fiat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 co."><a name="41673"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 "ref">[41673] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 dicendum quod quicumque damnificat aliquem videtur ei auferre id in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 quo ipsum damnificat, damnum enim dicitur ex eo quod aliquis minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 habet quam debet habere, secundum philosophum, in V Ethic. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 homo tenetur ad restitutionem eius in quo aliquem damnificavit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 aliquis damnificatur dupliciter. Uno modo, quia aufertur ei id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 actu habebat. Et tale damnum semper est restituendum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 recompensationem aequalis, puta si aliquis damnificet aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 diruens domum eius, tenetur ad tantum quantum valet domus. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 modo damnificat aliquis aliquem impediendo ne adipiscatur quod erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 in via habendi. Et tale damnum non oportet recompensare ex aequo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 Quia minus est habere aliquid virtute quam habere actu. Qui autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 est in via adipiscendi aliquid habet illud solum secundum virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 vel potentiam. Et ideo si redderetur ei ut haberet hoc in actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 restitueretur ei quod est ablatum non simplum, sed multiplicatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 quod non est de necessitate restitutionis, ut dictum est. Tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 tamen aliquam recompensationem facere, secundum conditionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 personarum et negotiorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41674"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 "ref">[41674] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 patet responsio ad primum et secundum. Nam ille qui semen sparsit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 in agro nondum habet messem in actu, sed solum in virtute; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 similiter ille qui habet pecuniam nondum habet lucrum in actu, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 solum virtute; et utrumque potest multipliciter impediri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41675"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 "ref">[41675] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 dicendum quod Deus nihil requirit ab homine nisi bonum quod ipse in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 nobis seminavit. Et ideo verbum illud vel intelligitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 pravam existimationem servi pigri, qui existimavit se ab alio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 accepisse. Vel intelligitur quantum ad hoc quod Deus requirit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 nobis fructus donorum, qui sunt et ab eo et a nobis, quamvis ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 dona a Deo sint sine nobis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="41676"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 "ref">[41676] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non oporteat restitutionem facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 semper ei a quo acceptum est aliquid. Nulli enim debemus nocere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 Sed aliquando esset in nocumentum hominis si redderetur quod ab eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 acceptum est; vel etiam in nocumentum aliorum, puta si aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 redderet gladium depositum furioso. Ergo non semper est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 restituendum ei a quo acceptum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="41677"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 "ref">[41677] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 ille qui illicite aliquid dedit non meretur illud recuperare. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 quandoque aliquis illicite dat quod alius etiam illicite accipit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 sicut apparet in dante et recipiente aliquid simoniace. Ergo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 semper restituendum est ei a quo acceptum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="41678"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 "ref">[41678] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 nullus tenetur ad impossibile. Sed quandoque est impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 restituere ei a quo acceptum est, vel quia est mortuus, vel quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 nimis distat, vel quia est ignotus. Ergo non semper facienda est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 restitutio ei a quo acceptum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="41679"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 "ref">[41679] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 magis debet homo recompensare ei a quo maius beneficium accepit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 Sed ab aliis personis homo plus accepit beneficii quam ab illo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 mutuavit vel deposuit, sicut a parentibus. Ergo magis subveniendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 est quandoque alicui personae alteri quam restituendum ei a quo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 acceptum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 arg. 5"><a name="41680"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 "ref">[41680] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 5 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 vanum est restituere illud quod ad manum restituentis per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 restitutionem pervenit. Sed si praelatus iniuste aliquid Ecclesiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 subtraxit et ei restituat, ad manus eius deveniet, quia ipse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 rerum Ecclesiae conservator. Ergo non debet restituere Ecclesiae a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 qua abstulit. Et sic non semper restituendum est ei a quo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 ablatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 s. c."><a name="41681"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 "ref">[41681] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 est quod dicitur Rom. XIII, <i>reddite omnibus debita, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 tributum, tributum; cui vectigal, vectigal</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 co."><a name="41682"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 "ref">[41682] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 dicendum quod per restitutionem fit reductio ad aequalitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 commutativae iustitiae, quae consistit in rerum adaequatione, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 dictum est. Huiusmodi autem rerum adaequatio fieri non posset nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 ei qui minus habet quam quod suum est, suppleretur quod deest. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 ad hanc suppletionem faciendam necesse est ut ei fiat restitutio a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 quo acceptum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="41683"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 "ref">[41683] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 ergo dicendum quod quando res restituenda apparet esse graviter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 noxia ei cui restitutio facienda est vel alteri, non ei debet tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 restitui, quia restitutio ordinatur ad utilitatem eius cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 restituitur; omnia enim quae possidentur sub ratione utilis cadunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 Nec tamen debet ille qui detinet rem alienam, sibi appropriare, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 vel reservare ut congruo tempore restituat, vel etiam alibi tradere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 tutius conservandam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="41684"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 "ref">[41684] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 dicendum quod aliquis dupliciter aliquid illicite dat uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 quia ipsa datio est illicita et contra legem, sicut patet in eo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 simoniace aliquid dedit. Talis meretur amittere quod dedit, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 non debet ei restitutio fieri de his. Et quia etiam ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 accepit contra legem accepit, non debet sibi retinere, sed debet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 pios usus convertere. Alio modo aliquis illicite dat quia propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 rem illicitam dat, licet ipsa datio non sit illicita, sicut cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 quis dat meretrici propter fornicationem. Unde et mulier potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 sibi retinere quod ei datum est, et si superflue aliquid per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 fraudem vel dolum extorsisset, tenetur eidem restituere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="41685"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 "ref">[41685] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 dicendum quod si ille cui debet fieri restitutio sit omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 ignotus, debet homo restituere secundum quod potest, scilicet dando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 in eleemosynas pro salute ipsius, sive sit mortuus sive sit vivus;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 praemissa tamen diligenti inquisitione de persona eius cui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 restitutio facienda. Si vero sit mortuus ille cui est restitutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 facienda, debet restitui heredi eius, qui computatur quasi una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 persona cum ipso. Si vero sit multum distans, debet sibi transmitti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 quod ei debetur, et praecipue si sit res magni valoris, et possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 commode transmitti. Alioquin debet in aliquo loco tuto deponi ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 pro eo conservetur, et domino significari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="41686"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 "ref">[41686] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 dicendum quod aliquis de hoc quod est sibi proprium debet magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 satisfacere parentibus vel his a quibus accepit maiora beneficia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 Non autem debet aliquis recompensare benefactori de alieno, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 contingeret si quod debet uni alteri restitueret, nisi forte in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 casu extremae necessitatis, in quo posset et deberet aliquis etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 auferre aliena ut patri subveniret.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 ad 5"><a name="41687"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 "ref">[41687] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 5 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 dicendum quod praelatus potest rem Ecclesiae surripere tripliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 Uno modo, si rem Ecclesiae non sibi deputatam, sed alteri, sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 usurparet, puta si episcopus usurparet sibi rem capituli. Et tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 planum est quod debet restituere ponendo in manus eorum ad quos de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 iure pertinet. Alio modo, si rem Ecclesiae suae custodiae deputatam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 in alterius dominium transferat, puta consanguinei vel amici. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 tunc debet Ecclesiae restituere, et sub sua cura habere ut ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 successorem perveniat. Alio modo potest praelatus surripere rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 Ecclesiae solo animo, dum scilicet incipit habere animum possidendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 eam ut suam, et non nomine Ecclesiae. Et tunc debet restituere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 talem animum deponendo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="41688"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 "ref">[41688] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non teneatur semper restituere ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 qui accepit. Per restitutionem enim reparatur aequalitas iustitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 quae consistit in hoc quod subtrahatur ei qui plus habet et detur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 ei qui minus habet. Sed contingit quandoque quod ille qui rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 aliquam subtraxit alicui non habet eam, sed devenit ad manus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 alterius. Ergo non tenetur ille restituere qui accepit, sed alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 qui rem habet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="41689"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 "ref">[41689] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 nullus tenetur crimen suum detegere. Sed aliquando aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 restitutionem faciendo crimen suum detegit, ut patet in furto. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 non semper tenetur ille qui abstulit restituere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="41690"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 "ref">[41690] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 eiusdem rei non est multoties restitutio facienda. Sed quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 multi simul aliquam rem surripiunt et unus eorum eam integre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 restituit. Ergo non semper ille qui accepit tenetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 restituendum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 s. c."><a name="41691"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 "ref">[41691] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 ille qui peccavit tenetur satisfacere. Sed restitutio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 satisfactionem pertinet. Ergo ille qui abstulit tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 restituere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 co."><a name="41692"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 "ref">[41692] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 dicendum quod circa illum qui rem alienam accepit duo sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 consideranda, scilicet ipsa res accepta, et ipsa acceptio. Ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 autem rei tenetur eam restituere quandiu eam apud se habet, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 quod habet ultra id quod suum est, debet ei subtrahi et dari ei cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 deest, secundum formam commutativae iustitiae. Sed ipsa acceptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 rei alienae potest tripliciter se habere. Quandoque enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 iniuriosa, scilicet contra voluntatem existens eius qui est rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 dominus, ut patet in furto et rapina. Et tunc tenetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 restitutionem non solum ratione rei, sed etiam ratione iniuriosae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 actionis, etiam si res apud ipsum non remaneat. Sicut enim qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 percutit aliquem tenetur recompensare iniuriam passo, quamvis nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 apud ipsum maneat; ita etiam qui furatur vel rapit tenetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 recompensationem damni illati, etiam si nihil inde habeat; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 ulterius pro iniuria illata debet puniri. Alio modo aliquis accipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 rem alterius in utilitatem suam absque iniuria, cum voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 scilicet eius cuius est res, sicut patet in mutuis. Et tunc ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 qui accepit tenetur ad restitutionem eius quod accepit non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 ratione rei, sed etiam ratione acceptionis, etiam si rem amiserit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 tenetur enim recompensare ei qui gratiam fecit, quod non fiet si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 per hoc damnum incurrat. Tertio modo aliquis accipit rem alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 absque iniuria non pro sua utilitate, sicut patet in depositis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 ideo ille qui sic accepit in nullo tenetur ratione acceptionis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 quinimmo accipiendo impendit obsequium, tenetur autem ratione rei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 Et propter hoc, si ei subtrahatur res absque sua culpa, non tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 ad restitutionem. Secus autem esset si cum magna sua culpa rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 depositam amitteret.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="41693"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 "ref">[41693] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 ergo dicendum quod restitutio non ordinatur principaliter ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 quod ille qui plus habet quam debet, habere desinat, sed ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 quod illi qui minus habet suppleatur. Unde in his rebus quae unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 potest ab alio accipere sine eius detrimento, non habet locum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 restitutio, puta cum aliquis accipit lumen a candela alterius. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 ideo quamvis ille qui abstulit non habeat id quod accepit, sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 alium sit translatum; quia tamen alter privatur re sua, tenetur ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 ad restitutionem et ille qui rem abstulit, ratione iniuriosae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 actionis; et ille qui rem habet, ratione ipsius rei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="41694"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 "ref">[41694] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 dicendum quod homo, etsi non teneatur crimen suum detegere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1615 hominibus, tenetur tamen crimen suum detegere Deo in confessione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 Et ita per sacerdotem cui confitetur potest restitutionem facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 rei alienae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="41695"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 "ref">[41695] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 dicendum quod quia restitutio principaliter ordinatur ad removendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 damnum eius a quo est aliquid iniuste ablatum, ideo postquam ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 restitutio sufficiens facta est per unum, alii non tenentur ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 ulterius restituere, sed magis refusionem facere ei qui restituit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 qui tamen potest condonare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="41696"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 "ref">[41696] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod illi qui non acceperunt non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 teneantur restituere. Restitutio enim quaedam poena est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 accipientis. Sed nullus debet puniri nisi qui peccavit. Ergo nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 debet restituere nisi qui accepit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="41697"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 "ref">[41697] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 iustitia non obligat aliquem ad hoc quod rem alterius augeat. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 si ad restitutionem teneretur non solum ille qui accepit, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 illi qui qualitercumque cooperantur, augeretur ex hoc res illius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 cui est aliquid subtractum, tum quia sibi multoties restitutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 fieret; tum etiam quia quandoque aliqui operam dant ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 aliqua res alicui auferatur, quae tamen ei non aufertur. Ergo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 tenentur alii ad restitutionem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="41698"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 "ref">[41698] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 nullus tenetur se periculo exponere ad hoc quod rem alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 salvet. Sed aliquando, manifestando latronem vel ei resistendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 aliquis periculo mortis se exponeret. Non ergo tenetur aliquis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 restitutionem propter hoc quod non manifestat latronem, vel non ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 resistit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 s. c."><a name="41699"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 "ref">[41699] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 est quod dicitur Rom. I, <i>digni sunt morte non solum qui faciunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 sed etiam qui consentiunt facientibus</i>. Ergo, pari ratione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 etiam consentientes debent restituere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 co."><a name="41700"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 "ref">[41700] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ad restitutionem tenetur aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 non solum ratione rei alienae quam accepit, sed etiam ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 iniuriosae acceptionis. Et ideo quicumque est causa iniustae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 acceptionis tenetur ad restitutionem quod quidem contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 dupliciter, directe scilicet, et indirecte. Directe quidem, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 inducit aliquis alium ad accipiendum. Et hoc quidem tripliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 Primo quidem, movendo ad ipsam acceptionem, quod quidem fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 praecipiendo, consulendo, consentiendo expresse, et laudando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 aliquem quasi strenuum de hoc quod aliena accipit. Alio modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 parte ipsius accipientis, quia scilicet eum receptat, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 qualitercumque ei auxilium fert. Tertio modo, ex parte rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 acceptae, quia scilicet est particeps furti vel rapinae, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 socius maleficii. Indirecte vero, quando aliquis non impedit, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 possit et debeat impedire, vel quia subtrahit praeceptum sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 consilium impediens furtum sive rapinam; vel quia subtrahit suum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 auxilium, quo posset obsistere; vel quia occultat post factum. Quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 his versibus comprehenduntur, <i>iussio, consilium, consensus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 palpo, recursus, participans, mutus, non obstans, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 manifestans</i>. Sciendum tamen quod quinque praemissorum semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 obligant ad restitutionem. Primo, iussio, quia scilicet ille qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 iubet est principaliter movens; unde ipse principaliter tenetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 restituendum. Secundo, consensus, in eo scilicet sine quo rapina
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 fieri non potest. Tertio, recursus, quando scilicet aliquis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 receptator latronum et eis patrocinium praestat. Quarto,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 participatio, quando scilicet aliquis participat in crimine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 latrocinii et in praeda. Quinto, tenetur ille qui non obstat, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 obstare teneatur, sicut principes, qui tenentur custodire iustitiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 in terra, si per eorum defectum latrones increscant, ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 restitutionem tenentur; quia redditus quos habent sunt quasi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 stipendia ad hoc instituta ut iustitiam conservent in terra. In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 aliis autem casibus enumeratis non semper obligatur aliquis ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 restituendum. Non enim semper consilium vel adulatio, vel aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 huiusmodi, est efficax causa rapinae. Unde tunc solum tenetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 consiliator aut palpo, idest adulator, ad restitutionem, quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 probabiliter aestimari potest quod ex huiusmodi causis fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 iniusta acceptio subsecuta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="41701"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 "ref">[41701] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 ergo dicendum quod non solum peccat ille qui peccatum exequitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 sed etiam qui quocumque modo peccati est causa sive consiliando,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 sive praecipiendo, sive quovis alio modo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="41702"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 "ref">[41702] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 dicendum quod principaliter tenetur restituere ille qui est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 principalis in facto, principaliter quidem praecipiens, secundario
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 exequens, et consequenter alii per ordinem. Uno tamen restituente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 illi qui passus est damnum, alius eidem restituere non tenetur, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 illi qui sunt principales in facto, et ad quos res pervenit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 tenentur aliis restituere qui restituerunt. Quando autem aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 praecipit iniustam acceptionem quae non subsequitur, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 restitutio facienda, cum restitutio principaliter ordinetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 reintegrandam rem eius qui iniuste est damnificatus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="41703"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 "ref">[41703] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 dicendum quod non semper ille qui non manifestat latronem tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 ad restitutionem, aut qui non obstat, vel qui non reprehendit, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 solum quando incumbit alicui ex officio, sicut principibus terrae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 Quibus ex hoc non multum imminet periculum, propter hoc enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 potestate publica potiuntur, ut sint iustitiae custodes.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="41704"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 "ref">[41704] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non teneatur aliquis statim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 restituere, sed potius licite possit restitutionem differre.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 Praecepta enim affirmativa non obligant ad semper. Sed necessitas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 restituendi imminet ex praecepto affirmativo. Ergo non obligatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 homo ad statim restituendum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="41705"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 "ref">[41705] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 nullus tenetur ad impossibile. Sed quandoque aliquis non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 statim restituere. Ergo nullus tenetur ad statim restituendum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="41706"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 "ref">[41706] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 restitutio est quidam actus virtutis, scilicet iustitiae. Tempus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 autem est una de circumstantiis quae requiruntur ad actus virtutum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 Cum igitur aliae circumstantiae non sint determinatae in actibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 virtutum, sed determinabiles secundum rationem prudentiae; videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 quod nec in restitutione sit tempus determinatum, ut scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 aliquis teneatur ad statim restituendum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 s. c."><a name="41707"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 "ref">[41707] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 est quod eadem ratio esse videtur in omnibus quae sunt restituenda.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 Sed ille qui conducit opera mercenarii non potest differre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 restitutionem, ut patet per illud quod habetur Levit. XIX <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 morabitur opus mercenarii tui apud te usque mane</i>. Ergo neque in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 aliis restitutionibus faciendis potest fieri dilatio, sed statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 restituere oportet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 co."><a name="41708"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 "ref">[41708] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 dicendum quod sicut accipere rem alienam est peccatum contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 iustitiam, ita etiam detinere eam, quia per hoc quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 detinet rem alienam invito domino, impedit eum ab usu rei suae, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 sic ei facit iniuriam. Manifestum est autem quod nec per modicum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 tempus licet in peccato morari, sed quilibet tenetur statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 peccatum deserere, secundum illud Eccli. XXI, <i>quasi a facie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 colubri fuge peccatum</i>. Et ideo quilibet tenetur statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 restituere, vel petere dilationem ab eo qui potest usum rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 concedere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="41709"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 "ref">[41709] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 ergo dicendum quod praeceptum de restitutione facienda, quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 secundum formam sit affirmativum, implicat tamen in se negativum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 praeceptum, quo prohibemur rem alterius detinere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="41710"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 "ref">[41710] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 dicendum quod quando aliquis non potest statim restituere, ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 impotentia absolvit eum ab instanti restitutione facienda, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 etiam totaliter a restitutione absolvitur si omnino sit impotens.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 Debet tamen remissionem vel dilationem petere ab eo cui debet, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 per se aut per alium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 <p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="41711"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 "ref">[41711] II&ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 dicendum quod cuiuscumque circumstantiae omissio contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 virtuti, pro determinata est habenda, et oportet illam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 circumstantiam observare. Et quia per dilationem restitutionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 committitur peccatum iniustae detentionis, quod iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 opponitur, ideo necesse est tempus esse determinatum, ut statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 restitutio fiat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 <div class="D">Quaestio 63</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 <p title="II-II q. 63 pr."><a name="41712"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 "ref">[41712] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis praedictis iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 partibus. Et primo, de acceptione personarum, quae opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 iustitiae distributivae; secundo, de peccatis quae opponuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 iustitiae commutativae. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 utrum personarum acceptio sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum habeat locum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 in dispensatione spiritualium. Tertio, utrum in exhibitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 honorum. Quarto, utrum in iudiciis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41713"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 "ref">[41713] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 sic proceditur. Videtur quod personarum acceptio non sit peccatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 In nomine enim personae intelligitur personae dignitas. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 considerare dignitates personarum pertinet ad distributivam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 iustitiam. Ergo personarum acceptio non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41714"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 "ref">[41714] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 in rebus humanis personae sunt principaliores quam res, quia res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 sunt propter personas, et non e converso. Sed rerum acceptio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 est peccatum. Ergo multo minus acceptio personarum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41715"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 "ref">[41715] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 apud Deum nulla potest esse iniquitas vel peccatum. Sed Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 videtur personas accipere, quia interdum duorum hominum unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 conditionis unum assumit per gratiam, et alterum relinquit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 peccato, secundum illud Matth. XXIV, <i>duo erunt in lecto, unus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 assumetur et alius relinquetur</i>. Ergo acceptio personarum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41716"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 "ref">[41716] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 nihil prohibetur in lege divina nisi peccatum. Sed personarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 acceptio prohibetur Deut. I, ubi dicitur, <i>non accipietis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 cuiusquam personam</i>. Ergo personarum acceptio est peccatum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 co."><a name="41717"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 "ref">[41717] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 dicendum quod personarum acceptio opponitur distributivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 iustitiae. Consistit enim aequalitas distributivae iustitiae in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 quod diversis personis diversa tribuuntur secundum proportionem ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 dignitates personarum. Si ergo aliquis consideret illam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 proprietatem personae propter quam id quod ei confertur est ei
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 debitum, non erit acceptio personae, sed causae, unde Glossa, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 illud ad Ephes. VI, <i>non est personarum acceptio apud Deum</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 dicit quod iudex iustus causas discernit, non personas. Puta si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 aliquis promoveat aliquem ad magisterium propter sufficientiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 scientiae, hic attenditur causa debita, non persona, si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 aliquis consideret in eo cui aliquid confert, non id propter quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 id quod ei datur esset ei proportionatum vel debitum, sed solum hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 quod est iste homo, puta Petrus vel Martinus, est hic acceptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 personae, quia non attribuitur ei aliquid propter aliquam causam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 quae faciat eum dignum, sed simpliciter attribuitur personae. Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 personam autem refertur quaecumque conditio non faciens ad causam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 propter quam sit dignus hoc dono, puta si aliquis promoveat aliquem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 ad praelationem vel magisterium quia est dives, vel quia est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 consanguineus suus, est acceptio personae. Contingit tamen aliquam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 conditionem personae facere eam dignam respectu unius rei, et non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 respectu alterius, sicut consanguinitas facit aliquem dignum ad hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 quod instituatur heres patrimonii, non autem ad hoc quod conferatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 ei praelatio ecclesiastica. Et ideo eadem conditio personae in uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 negotio considerata facit acceptionem personae, in alio autem non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 facit. Sic ergo patet quod personarum acceptio opponitur iustitiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 distributivae in hoc quod praeter proportionem agitur. Nihil autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 opponitur virtuti nisi peccatum. Unde consequens est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 personarum acceptio sit peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41718"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 "ref">[41718] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 ergo dicendum quod in distributiva iustitia considerantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 conditiones personarum quae faciunt ad causam dignitatis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 debiti. Sed in acceptione personarum considerantur conditiones quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 non faciunt ad causam, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41719"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 "ref">[41719] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 dicendum quod personae proportionantur et dignae redduntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 aliquibus quae eis distribuuntur, propter aliquas res quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 pertinent ad conditionem personae, et ideo huiusmodi conditiones
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 sunt attendendae tanquam propriae causae. Cum autem considerantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 ipsae personae, attenditur non causa ut causa. Et ideo patet quod,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 quamvis personae sint digniores simpliciter, non tamen sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 digniores quoad hoc.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41720"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 "ref">[41720] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 dicendum quod duplex est datio. Una quidem pertinens ad iustitiam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 qua scilicet aliquis dat alicui quod ei debetur. Et circa tales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 dationes attenditur personarum acceptio. Alia est datio ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 liberalitatem pertinens, qua scilicet gratis datur alicui quod ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 non debetur. Et talis est collatio munerum gratiae, per quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 peccatores assumuntur a Deo. Et in hac donatione non habet locum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 personarum acceptio, quia quilibet potest absque iniustitia de suo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 dare quantum vult et cui vult, secundum illud Matth. XX, <i>an non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 licet mihi quod volo facere? Tolle quod tuum est, et vade</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41721"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 "ref">[41721] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in dispensatione spiritualium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 locum non habeat personarum acceptio. Conferre enim dignitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 ecclesiasticam seu beneficium alicui propter consanguinitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 videtur ad acceptionem personarum pertinere, quia consanguinitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 non est causa faciens hominem dignum ecclesiastico beneficio. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 hoc non videtur esse peccatum, cum hoc ex consuetudine praelati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 Ecclesiae faciant. Ergo peccatum personarum acceptionis non videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 locum habere in dispensatione spiritualium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41722"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 "ref">[41722] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 praeferre divitem pauperi videtur ad acceptionem personarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 pertinere, ut patet Iac. II. Sed facilius dispensatur cum divitibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 et potentibus quod contrahant matrimonium in gradu prohibito, quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 cum aliis. Ergo peccatum personarum acceptionis non videtur locum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 habere circa dispensationem spiritualium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41723"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1889 "ref">[41723] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 secundum iura sufficit eligere bonum, non autem requiritur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 aliquis eligat meliorem. Sed eligere minus bonum ad aliquid altius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 videtur ad acceptionem personarum pertinere. Ergo personarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 acceptio non est peccatum in spiritualibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1894 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="41724"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1895 "ref">[41724] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1896 secundum statuta Ecclesiae eligendus est aliquis de gremio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 Ecclesiae. Sed hoc videtur ad acceptionem personarum pertinere,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 quia quandoque sufficientiores alibi invenirentur. Ergo personarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 acceptio non est peccatum in spiritualibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1900 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41725"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 "ref">[41725] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1902 est quod dicitur Iac. II, <i>nolite in personarum acceptione habere
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diff changeset
1903 fidem domini nostri Iesu Christi</i>. Ubi dicit Glossa Augustini,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1904 <i>quis ferat si quis divitem eligat ad sedem honoris Ecclesiae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1905 contempto paupere instructiore et sanctiore?</i></p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1906 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 co."><a name="41726"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1907 "ref">[41726] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1908 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, acceptio personarum est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1909 inquantum contrariatur iustitiae. Quanto autem in maioribus aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1910 iustitiam transgreditur, tanto gravius peccat. Unde cum spiritualia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1911 sint temporalibus potiora, gravius peccatum est personas accipere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1912 in dispensatione spiritualium quam in dispensatione temporalium. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1913 quia personarum acceptio est cum aliquid personae attribuitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1914 praeter proportionem dignitatis ipsius, considerare oportet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1915 dignitas alicuius personae potest attendi dupliciter. Uno modo,
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diff changeset
1916 simpliciter et secundum se, et sic maioris dignitatis est ille qui
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diff changeset
1917 magis abundat in spiritualibus gratiae donis. Alio modo, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1918 comparationem ad bonum commune, contingit enim quandoque quod ille
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1919 qui est minus sanctus et minus sciens, potest maius conferre ad
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diff changeset
1920 bonum commune, propter potentiam vel industriam saecularem, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1921 propter aliquid huiusmodi. Et quia dispensationes spiritualium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1922 principalius ordinantur ad utilitatem communem, secundum illud I ad
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diff changeset
1923 Cor. XII, <i>unicuique datur manifestatio spiritus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1924 utilitatem</i>; ideo quandoque absque acceptione personarum in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1925 dispensatione spiritualium illi qui sunt simpliciter minus boni,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1926 melioribus praeferuntur, sicut etiam et Deus gratias gratis datas
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diff changeset
1927 quandoque concedit minus bonis.</p>
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diff changeset
1928 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41727"><span class=
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diff changeset
1929 "ref">[41727] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1930 ergo dicendum quod circa consanguineos praelati distinguendum est.
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diff changeset
1931 Quia quandoque sunt minus digni et simpliciter, et per respectum ad
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diff changeset
1932 bonum commune. Et sic si dignioribus praeferantur, est peccatum
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diff changeset
1933 personarum acceptionis in dispensatione spiritualium, quorum
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diff changeset
1934 praelatus ecclesiasticus non est dominus, ut possit ea dare pro
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diff changeset
1935 libito, sed dispensator, secundum illud I ad Cor. IV, <i>sic nos
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diff changeset
1936 existimet homo ut ministros Christi, et dispensatores mysteriorum
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diff changeset
1937 Dei</i>. Quandoque vero consanguinei praelati ecclesiastici sunt
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diff changeset
1938 aeque digni ut alii. Et sic licite potest, absque personarum
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diff changeset
1939 acceptione, consanguineos suos praeferre, quia saltem in hoc
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diff changeset
1940 praeeminent, quod de ipsis magis confidere potest ut unanimiter
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diff changeset
1941 secum negotia Ecclesiae tractent. Esset tamen hoc propter scandalum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1942 dimittendum, si ex hoc aliqui exemplum sumerent, etiam praeter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1943 dignitatem, bona Ecclesiae consanguineis dandi.</p>
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diff changeset
1944 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41728"><span class=
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diff changeset
1945 "ref">[41728] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1946 dicendum quod dispensatio matrimonii contrahendi principaliter
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diff changeset
1947 fieri consuevit propter foedus pacis firmandum, quod quidem magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1948 est necessarium communi utilitati circa personas excellentes. Ideo
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diff changeset
1949 cum eis facilius dispensatur absque peccato acceptionis
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diff changeset
1950 personarum.</p>
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diff changeset
1951 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41729"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1952 "ref">[41729] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1953 dicendum quod quantum ad hoc quod electio impugnari non possit in
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diff changeset
1954 foro iudiciali, sufficit eligere bonum, nec oportet eligere
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diff changeset
1955 meliorem, quia sic omnis electio posset habere calumniam. Sed
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diff changeset
1956 quantum ad conscientiam eligentis, necesse est eligere meliorem vel
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diff changeset
1957 simpliciter, vel in comparatione ad bonum commune. Quia si potest
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diff changeset
1958 haberi aliquis magis idoneus erga aliquam dignitatem et alius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1959 praeferatur, oportet quod hoc sit propter aliquam causam. Quae
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diff changeset
1960 quidem si pertineat ad negotium, quantum ad hoc erit ille qui
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diff changeset
1961 eligitur magis idoneus. Si vero non pertineat ad negotium id quod
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diff changeset
1962 consideratur ut causa, erit manifeste acceptio personae.</p>
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diff changeset
1963 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="41730"><span class=
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diff changeset
1964 "ref">[41730] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1965 dicendum quod ille qui de gremio Ecclesiae assumitur, ut in
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diff changeset
1966 pluribus consuevit esse utilior quantum ad bonum commune, quia
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diff changeset
1967 magis diligit Ecclesiam in qua est nutritus. Et propter hoc etiam
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diff changeset
1968 mandatur Deut. XVII, <i>non poteris alterius gentis facere regem,
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diff changeset
1969 qui non sit frater tuus</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1970 <br />
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diff changeset
1971 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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diff changeset
1972 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41731"><span class=
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diff changeset
1973 "ref">[41731] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1974 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in exhibitione honoris et reverentiae
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diff changeset
1975 non habeat locum peccatum acceptionis personarum. Honor enim nihil
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diff changeset
1976 aliud esse videtur quam reverentia quaedam alicui exhibita in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1977 testimonium virtutis, ut patet per philosophum, in I Ethic. Sed
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diff changeset
1978 praelati et principes sunt honorandi, etiam si sint mali; sicut
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diff changeset
1979 etiam et parentes, de quibus mandatur Exod. XX, honora patrem tuum
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diff changeset
1980 et matrem tuam; et etiam domini sunt a servis honorandi, etiam si
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diff changeset
1981 sint mali, secundum illud I ad Tim. VI, <i>quicumque sunt sub iugo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1982 servi, dominos suos honore dignos arbitrentur</i>. Ergo videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1983 quod acceptio personae non sit peccatum in exhibitione honoris.</p>
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diff changeset
1984 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41732"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1985 "ref">[41732] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1986 Levit. XIX praecipitur, <i>coram cano capite consurge, et honora
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diff changeset
1987 personam senis</i>. Sed hoc videtur ad acceptionem personarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1988 pertinere, quia quandoque senes non sunt virtuosi, secundum illud
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diff changeset
1989 Dan. XIII, <i>egressa est iniquitas a senioribus populi</i>. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1990 acceptio personarum non est peccatum in exhibitione honoris.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1991 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41733"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1992 "ref">[41733] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1993 super illud Iac. II, <i>nolite in personarum acceptione habere</i>
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diff changeset
1994 etc., dicit Glossa Augustini, <i>si hoc quod Iacobus dicit, si
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diff changeset
1995 introierit in conventum vestrum vir habens anulum aureum etc.,
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diff changeset
1996 intelligatur de quotidianis consessibus quis hic non peccat, si
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diff changeset
1997 tamen peccat?</i> Sed haec est acceptio personarum, divites propter
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diff changeset
1998 divitias honorare, dicit enim Gregorius, in quadam homilia,
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diff changeset
1999 <i>superbia nostra retunditur, quia in hominibus non naturam, qua
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diff changeset
2000 ad imaginem Dei facti sunt, sed divitias honoramus</i>; et sic, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2001 divitiae non sint debita causa honoris, pertinebit hoc ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2002 personarum acceptionem. Ergo personarum acceptio non est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2003 circa exhibitionem honoris.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2004 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41734"><span class=
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diff changeset
2005 "ref">[41734] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2006 est quod dicitur in Glossa Iac. II, <i>quicumque divitem propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2007 divitias honorat, peccat</i>. Et pari ratione, si aliquis honoretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2008 propter alias causas quae non faciunt dignum honore, quod pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2009 ad acceptionem personarum. Ergo acceptio personarum in exhibitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2010 honoris est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2011 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 3 co."><a name="41735"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2012 "ref">[41735] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2013 dicendum quod honor est quoddam testimonium de virtute eius qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2014 honoratur, et ideo sola virtus est debita causa honoris. Sciendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2015 tamen quod aliquis potest honorari non solum propter virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2016 propriam, sed etiam propter virtutem alterius. Sicut principes et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2017 praelati honorantur etiam si sint mali, inquantum gerunt personam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2018 Dei et communitatis cui praeficiuntur, secundum illud Prov. XXVI,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2019 <i>sicut qui immittit lapides in acervum Mercurii, ita qui tribuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2020 insipienti honorem</i>. Quia gentiles rationem attribuebant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2021 Mercurio, acervus Mercurii dicitur cumulus ratiocinii, in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2022 mercator quandoque mittit unum lapillum loco centum marcarum, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2023 etiam honoratur insipiens, quia ponitur loco Dei et loco totius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2024 communitatis. Et eadem ratione parentes et domini sunt honorandi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 propter participationem divinae dignitatis, qui est omnium pater et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 dominus. Senes autem sunt honorandi propter signum virtutis, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2027 est senectus, licet hoc signum quandoque deficiat. Unde, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2028 Sap. IV, <i>senectus vere honoranda est non diuturna neque annorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2029 numero computata, cani autem sunt sensus hominis, et aetas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 senectutis vita est immaculata</i>. Divites autem honorandi sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 propter hoc quod maiorem locum in communitatibus obtinent. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 solum intuitu divitiarum honorentur, erit peccatum acceptionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 personarum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="41736"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2035 "ref">[41736] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41737"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2040 "ref">[41737] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in iudiciis locum non habeat peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 acceptionis personarum. Acceptio enim personarum opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 distributivae iustitiae, ut dictum est. Sed iudicia maxime videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 ad iustitiam commutativam pertinere. Ergo personarum acceptio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 habet locum in iudiciis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41738"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 "ref">[41738] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 poenae secundum aliquod iudicium infliguntur. Sed in poenis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 accipiuntur personae absque peccato, quia gravius puniuntur qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 inferunt iniuriam in personas principum quam qui in personas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 aliorum. Ergo personarum acceptio non habet locum in iudiciis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41739"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 "ref">[41739] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 Eccli. IV dicitur, <i>in iudicando esto pupillis misericors</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 Sed hoc videtur accipere personam pauperis. Ergo acceptio personae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 in iudiciis non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41740"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 "ref">[41740] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 est quod dicitur Prov. XVIII, <i>accipere personam in iudicio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 est bonum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 co."><a name="41741"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 "ref">[41741] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, iudicium est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 iustitiae, prout iudex ad aequalitatem iustitiae reducit ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 inaequalitatem oppositam facere possunt. Personarum autem acceptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 inaequalitatem quandam habet, inquantum attribuitur alicui personae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 praeter proportionem suam, in qua consistit aequalitas iustitiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 Et ideo manifestum est quod per personarum acceptionem iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 corrumpitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41742"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 "ref">[41742] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 ergo dicendum quod iudicium dupliciter potest considerari. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 modo, quantum ad ipsam rem iudicatam. Et sic iudicium se habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 communiter ad commutativam et ad distributivam iustitiam, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 enim iudicio definiri qualiter aliquid commune sit distribuendum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 multos, et qualiter unus alteri restituat quod ab eo accepit. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 modo potest considerari quantum ad ipsam formam iudicii, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 scilicet iudex, etiam in ipsa commutativa iustitia, ab uno accipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 et alteri dat. Et hoc pertinet ad distributivam iustitiam. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 secundum hoc in quolibet iudicio locum habere potest personarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 acceptio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41743"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 "ref">[41743] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 dicendum quod cum punitur gravius aliquis propter iniuriam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 maiorem personam commissam, non est personarum acceptio, quia ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 diversitas personae facit, quantum ad hoc, diversitatem rei, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 <p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41744"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 "ref">[41744] II&ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 dicendum quod homo in iudicio debet pauperi subvenire quantum fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 potest, tamen sine laesione iustitiae. Alioquin habet locum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 quod dicitur Exod. XXIII, <i>pauperis quoque non misereberis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 iudicio</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 <div class="D">Quaestio 64</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 <p title="II-II q. 64 pr."><a name="41745"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 "ref">[41745] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis commutativae iustitiae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 primo considerandum est de peccatis quae committuntur circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 involuntarias commutationes; secundo, de peccatis quae committuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 circa commutationes voluntarias. Committuntur autem peccata circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 involuntarias commutationes per hoc quod aliquod nocumentum proximo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 infertur contra eius voluntatem, quod quidem potest fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 dupliciter, scilicet facto, et verbo. Facto quidem, cum proximus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 laeditur vel in persona propria; vel in persona coniuncta; vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 propriis rebus. De his ergo per ordinem considerandum est. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 primo, de homicidio, per quod maxime nocetur proximo. Et circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum occidere animalia bruta, vel etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 plantas, sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum occidere peccatorem sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 licitum. Tertio, utrum hoc liceat privatae personae, vel solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 publicae. Quarto, utrum hoc liceat clerico. Quinto, utrum liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 alicui occidere seipsum. Sexto, utrum liceat occidere hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 iustum. Septimo, utrum liceat alicui occidere hominem seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 defendendo. Octavo, utrum homicidium casuale sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41746"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 "ref">[41746] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 sic proceditur. Videtur quod occidere quaecumque viventia sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 illicitum. Dicit enim apostolus, ad Rom. XIII, <i>qui ordinationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 Dei resistit, ipse sibi damnationem acquirit</i>. Sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 ordinationem divinae providentiae omnia viventia conservantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 secundum illud Psalm., <i>qui producit in montibus faenum, et dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 iumentis escam ipsorum</i>. Ergo mortificare quaecumque viventia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 videtur esse illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41747"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 "ref">[41747] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 homicidium est peccatum ex eo quod homo privatur vita. Sed vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 communis est omnibus animalibus et plantis. Ergo eadem ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 videtur esse peccatum occidere bruta animalia et plantas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41748"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 "ref">[41748] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 in lege divina non determinatur specialis poena nisi peccato. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 occidenti ovem vel bovem alterius statuitur poena determinata in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 lege divina, ut patet Exod. XXII. Ergo occisio brutorum animalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41749"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 "ref">[41749] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 est quod Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>cum audimus, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 occides, non accipimus hoc dictum esse de fructetis, quia nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 eis est sensus, nec de irrationalibus animalibus, quia nulla nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 ratione sociantur. Restat ergo ut de homine intelligamus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 dictum est, non occides</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 co."><a name="41750"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 "ref">[41750] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 dicendum quod nullus peccat ex hoc quod utitur re aliqua ad hoc ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 quod est. In rerum autem ordine imperfectiora sunt propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 perfectiora, sicut etiam in generationis via natura ab imperfectis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 ad perfecta procedit. Et inde est quod sicut in generatione hominis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 prius est vivum, deinde animal, ultimo autem homo; ita etiam ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 quae tantum vivunt, ut plantae, sunt communiter propter omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 animalia, et animalia sunt propter hominem. Et ideo si homo utatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 plantis ad utilitatem animalium, et animalibus ad utilitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 hominum, non est illicitum, ut etiam per philosophum patet, in I
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 Polit. Inter alios autem usus maxime necessarius esse videtur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 animalia plantis utantur in cibum, et homines animalibus, quod sine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 mortificatione eorum fieri non potest. Et ideo licitum est et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 plantas mortificare in usum animalium, et animalia in usum hominum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 ex ipsa ordinatione divina, dicitur enim Gen. I, <i>ecce, dedi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 vobis omnem herbam et universa ligna, ut sint vobis in escam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 cunctis animantibus</i>. Et Gen. IX dicitur, <i>omne quod movetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 et vivit, erit vobis in cibum</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41751"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 "ref">[41751] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 ergo dicendum quod ex ordinatione divina conservatur vita animalium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 et plantarum non propter seipsam, sed propter hominem. Unde ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>iustissima ordinatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 creatoris et vita et mors eorum nostris usibus subditur</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41752"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 "ref">[41752] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 dicendum quod animalia bruta et plantae non habent vitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 rationalem, per quam a seipsis agantur, sed semper aguntur quasi ab
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 alio, naturali quodam impulsu. Et hoc est signum quod sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 naturaliter serva, et aliorum usibus accommodata.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41753"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 "ref">[41753] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 dicendum quod ille qui occidit bovem alterius peccat quidem, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 quia occidit bovem, sed quia damnificat hominem in re sua. Unde non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 continetur sub peccato homicidii, sed sub peccato furti vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 rapinae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41754"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 "ref">[41754] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit licitum occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 homines peccatores. Dominus enim, Matth. XIII, in parabola,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 prohibuit extirpare zizania, qui sunt filii nequam, ut ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 dicitur. Sed omne quod est prohibitum a Deo est peccatum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 occidere peccatorem est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41755"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 "ref">[41755] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 iustitia humana conformatur iustitiae divinae. Sed secundum divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 iustitiam peccatores ad poenitentiam reservantur, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 Ezech. XVIII, <i>nolo mortem peccatoris, sed ut convertatur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 vivat</i>. Ergo videtur esse omnino iniustum quod peccatores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 occidantur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41756"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 "ref">[41756] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 illud quod est secundum se malum nullo bono fine fieri licet, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 patet per Augustinum, in libro contra mendacium, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 philosophum, in II Ethic. Sed occidere hominem secundum se est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 malum, quia ad omnes homines debemus caritatem habere; amicos autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 volumus vivere et esse, ut dicitur in IX Ethic. Ergo nullo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 licet hominem peccatorem interficere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41757"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 "ref">[41757] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 est quod dicitur Exod. XXII, <i>maleficos non patieris vivere</i>;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 et in Psalm., <i>in matutino interficiebam omnes peccatores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 terrae</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 co."><a name="41758"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 "ref">[41758] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, licitum est occidere animalia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 bruta inquantum ordinantur naturaliter ad hominum usum, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 imperfectum ordinatur ad perfectum. Omnis autem pars ordinatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 totum ut imperfectum ad perfectum. Et ideo omnis pars naturaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 est propter totum. Et propter hoc videmus quod si saluti totius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 corporis humani expediat praecisio alicuius membri, puta cum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 putridum et corruptivum aliorum, laudabiliter et salubriter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 abscinditur. Quaelibet autem persona singularis comparatur ad totam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 communitatem sicut pars ad totum. Et ideo si aliquis homo sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 periculosus communitati et corruptivus ipsius propter aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 peccatum, laudabiliter et salubriter occiditur, ut bonum commune
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 conservetur, modicum enim fermentum totam massam corrumpit, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 dicitur I ad Cor. V.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41759"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 "ref">[41759] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 ergo dicendum quod dominus abstinendum mandavit ab eradicatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 zizaniorum ut tritico parceretur, idest bonis. Quod quidem fit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 quando non possunt occidi mali quin simul occidantur et boni, vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 quia latent inter bonos; vel quia habent multos sequaces, ita quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 sine bonorum periculo interfici non possunt; ut Augustinus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 contra Parmen. Unde dominus docet magis esse sinendum malos vivere,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 et ultionem reservandum usque ad extremum iudicium, quam quod boni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 simul occidantur. Quando vero ex occisione malorum non imminet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 periculum bonis, sed magis tutela et salus, tunc licite possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 mali occidi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41760"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 "ref">[41760] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 dicendum quod Deus, secundum ordinem suae sapientiae, quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 statim peccatores occidit, ad liberationem bonorum; quandoque autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 eis poenitendi tempus concedit; secundum quod ipse novit suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 electis expedire. Et hoc etiam humana iustitia imitatur pro posse,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 illos enim qui sunt perniciosi in alios, occidit; eos vero qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 peccant aliis graviter non nocentes, ad poenitentiam reservat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41761"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 "ref">[41761] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 dicendum quod homo peccando ab ordine rationis recedit, et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 decidit a dignitate humana, prout scilicet homo est naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 liber et propter seipsum existens, et incidit quodammodo in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 servitutem bestiarum, ut scilicet de ipso ordinetur secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 est utile aliis; secundum illud Psalm., <i>homo, cum in honore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 esset, non intellexit, comparatus est iumentis insipientibus, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 similis factus est illis</i>; et Prov. XI dicitur, <i>qui stultus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 est serviet sapienti</i>. Et ideo quamvis hominem in sua dignitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 manentem occidere sit secundum se malum, tamen hominem peccatorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 occidere potest esse bonum, sicut occidere bestiam, peior enim est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 malus homo bestia, et plus nocet, ut philosophus dicit, in I Polit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 et in VII Ethic.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41762"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 "ref">[41762] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 sic proceditur. Videtur quod occidere hominem peccatorem liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 privatae personae. In lege enim divina nihil illicitum mandatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 Sed Exod. XXXII praecepit Moyses, <i>occidat unusquisque proximum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 suum, fratrem et amicum suum</i>, pro peccato vituli conflatilis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 Ergo etiam privatis personis licet peccatorem occidere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41763"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 "ref">[41763] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 homo propter peccatum bestiis comparatur, ut dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 occidere bestiam sylvestrem, maxime nocentem, cuilibet privatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 personae licet. Ergo, pari ratione, occidere hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 peccatorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41764"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 "ref">[41764] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 laudabile est quod homo, etiam si sit privata persona, operetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 quod est utile bono communi. Sed occisio maleficorum est utilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 bono communi, ut dictum est. Ergo laudabile est si etiam privatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 personae malefactores occidant.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41765"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 "ref">[41765] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 est quod Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>qui sine aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 publica administratione maleficum interfecerit, velut homicida
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 iudicabitur, et tanto amplius quanto sibi potestatem a Deo non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 concessam usurpare non timuit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 co."><a name="41766"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 "ref">[41766] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, occidere malefactorem licitum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 inquantum ordinatur ad salutem totius communitatis. Et ideo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 illum solum pertinet cui committitur cura communitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 conservandae, sicut ad medicum pertinet praecidere membrum putridum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 quando ei commissa fuerit cura salutis totius corporis. Cura autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 communis boni commissa est principibus habentibus publicam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 auctoritatem. Et ideo eis solum licet malefactores occidere, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 autem privatis personis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41767"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 "ref">[41767] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 ergo dicendum quod ille aliquid facit cuius auctoritate fit, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 patet per Dionysium, XIII cap. Cael. Hier. Et ideo, ut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>non ipse occidit qui ministerium debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 iubenti sicut adminiculum gladius utenti</i>. Unde illi qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 occiderunt proximos et amicos ex mandato domini, non hoc fecisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 ipsi videntur, sed potius ille cuius auctoritate fecerunt, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 miles interficit hostem auctoritate principis, et minister latronem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 auctoritate iudicis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41768"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 "ref">[41768] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 dicendum quod bestia naturaliter est distincta ab homine. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 super hoc non requiritur aliquod iudicium an sit occidenda, si sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 sylvestris. Si vero sit domestica, requiretur iudicium non propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 ipsam, sed propter damnum domini. Sed homo peccator non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 naturaliter distinctus ab hominibus iustis. Et ideo indiget publico
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 iudicio, ut discernatur an sit occidendus propter communem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 salutem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41769"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 "ref">[41769] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 dicendum quod facere aliquid ad utilitatem communem quod nulli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 nocet, hoc est licitum cuilibet privatae personae. Sed si sit cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 nocumento alterius, hoc non debet fieri nisi secundum iudicium eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 ad quem pertinet existimare quid sit subtrahendum partibus pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 salute totius.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41770"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 "ref">[41770] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 sic proceditur. Videtur quod occidere malefactores liceat clericis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 Clerici enim praecipue debent implere quod apostolus dicit, I ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 Cor. IV, <i>imitatores mei estote, sicut et ego Christi</i>, per
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diff changeset
2331 quod nobis indicitur ut Deum et sanctos eius imitemur. Sed ipse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 Deus, quem colimus, occidit malefactores, secundum illud Psalm.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 <i>qui percussit Aegyptum cum primogenitis eorum</i>. Moyses etiam
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diff changeset
2334 a Levitis fecit interfici viginti tria millia hominum propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 adorationem vituli, ut habetur Exod. XXXII. Et Phinees, sacerdos,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 interfecit Israelitem coeuntem cum Madianitide, ut habetur Num.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 XXV. Samuel etiam interfecit Agag, regem Amalec; et Elias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 sacerdotes Baal; et Mathathias eum qui ad sacrificandum accesserat;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 et in novo testamento, Petrus Ananiam et Saphiram. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 quod etiam clericis liceat occidere malefactores.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41771"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 "ref">[41771] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 potestas spiritualis est maior quam temporalis, et Deo coniunctior.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 Sed potestas temporalis licite malefactores occidit tanquam Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 minister, ut dicitur Rom. XIII. Ergo multo magis clerici, qui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 Dei ministri spiritualem potestatem habentes, licite possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 malefactores occidere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41772"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 "ref">[41772] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 quicumque licite suscipit aliquod officium, licite potest ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 exercere quae ad officium illud pertinent. Sed officium principis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 terrae est malefactores occidere, ut dictum est. Ergo clerici qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 sunt terrarum principes, licite possunt occidere malefactores.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41773"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 "ref">[41773] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 est quod dicitur I ad Tim. III, <i>oportet episcopum sine crimine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 esse, non vinolentum, non percussorem</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 co."><a name="41774"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 "ref">[41774] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 dicendum quod non licet clericis occidere, duplici ratione. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 quidem, quia sunt electi ad altaris ministerium, in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 repraesentatur passio Christi occisi, <i>qui cum percuteretur, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 repercutiebat</i>, ut dicitur I Pet. II. Et ideo non competit ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 clerici sint percussores aut occisores, debent enim ministri suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 dominum imitari, secundum illud Eccli. X, <i>secundum iudicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 populi, sic et ministri eius</i>. Alia ratio est quia clericis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 committitur ministerium novae legis, in qua non determinatur poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 occisionis vel mutilationis corporalis. Et ideo, ut sint idonei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 ministri novi testamenti, debent a talibus abstinere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41775"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 "ref">[41775] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 ergo dicendum quod Deus universaliter in omnibus operatur quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 recta sunt, in unoquoque tamen secundum eius congruentiam. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 unusquisque debet Deum imitari in hoc quod sibi specialiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 congruit. Unde licet Deus corporaliter etiam malefactores occidat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 non tamen oportet quod omnes in hoc eum imitentur. Petrus autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 propria auctoritate vel manu Ananiam et Saphiram interfecit, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 magis divinam sententiam de eorum morte promulgavit. Sacerdotes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 autem vel Levitae veteris testamenti erant ministri veteris legis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 secundum quam poenae corporales infligebantur, et ideo etiam eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 occidere propria manu congruebat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41776"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 "ref">[41776] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 dicendum quod ministerium clericorum est in melioribus ordinatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 quam sint corporales occisiones, scilicet in his quae pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 salutem spiritualem. Et ideo non congruit eis quod minoribus se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 ingerant.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41777"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 "ref">[41777] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 dicendum quod praelati Ecclesiarum accipiunt officia principum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 terrae non ut ipsi iudicium sanguinis exerceant per seipsos, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 quod eorum auctoritate per alios exerceatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="41778"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 "ref">[41778] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 sic proceditur. Videtur quod alicui liceat seipsum occidere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 Homicidium enim est peccatum inquantum iustitiae contrariatur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 nullus potest sibi ipsi iniustitiam facere, ut probatur in V Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 Ergo nullus peccat occidendo seipsum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="41779"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 "ref">[41779] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 occidere malefactores licet habenti publicam potestatem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 quandoque ille qui habet publicam potestatem est malefactor. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 licet ei occidere seipsum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="41780"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 "ref">[41780] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 licitum est quod aliquis spontanee minus periculum subeat ut maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 periculum vitet, sicut licitum est quod aliquis etiam sibi ipsi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 amputet membrum putridum ut totum corpus salvetur. Sed quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 aliquis per occisionem sui ipsius vitat maius malum, vel miseram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 vitam vel turpitudinem alicuius peccati. Ergo licet alicui occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 seipsum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="41781"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 "ref">[41781] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 Samson seipsum interfecit, ut habetur Iudic. XVI, qui tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 connumeratur inter sanctos, ut patet Heb. XI. Ergo licitum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 alicui occidere seipsum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 arg. 5"><a name="41782"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 "ref">[41782] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 II Machab. XIV dicitur quod Razias quidam seipsum interfecit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 eligens nobiliter mori potius quam <i>subditus fieri peccatoribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 et contra natales suos iniuriis agi</i>. Sed nihil quod nobiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 fit et fortiter, est illicitum. Ergo occidere seipsum non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 s. c."><a name="41783"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 "ref">[41783] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 est quod Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>restat ut de homine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 intelligamus quod dictum est, non occides. Nec alterum ergo, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 te. Neque enim aliud quam hominem occidit qui seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 occidit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 co."><a name="41784"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 "ref">[41784] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 dicendum quod seipsum occidere est omnino illicitum triplici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 ratione. Primo quidem, quia naturaliter quaelibet res seipsam amat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 et ad hoc pertinet quod quaelibet res naturaliter conservat se in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 esse et corrumpentibus resistit quantum potest. Et ideo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 aliquis seipsum occidat est contra inclinationem naturalem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 contra caritatem, qua quilibet debet seipsum diligere. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 occisio sui ipsius semper est peccatum mortale, utpote contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 naturalem legem et contra caritatem existens. Secundo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 quaelibet pars id quod est, est totius. Quilibet autem homo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 pars communitatis, et ita id quod est, est communitatis. Unde in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 hoc quod seipsum interficit, iniuriam communitati facit, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 per philosophum, in V Ethic. Tertio, quia vita est quoddam donum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 divinitus homini attributum, et eius potestati subiectum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 occidit et vivere facit. Et ideo qui seipsum vita privat in Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 peccat, sicut qui alienum servum interficit peccat in dominum cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 est servus; et sicut peccat ille qui usurpat sibi iudicium de re
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 sibi non commissa. Ad solum enim Deum pertinet iudicium mortis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 vitae, secundum illud Deut. XXXII, <i>ego occidam, et vivere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 faciam</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="41785"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 "ref">[41785] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 ergo dicendum quod homicidium est peccatum non solum quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 contrariatur iustitiae, sed etiam quia contrariatur caritati quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 habere debet aliquis ad seipsum. Et ex hac parte occisio sui ipsius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 est peccatum per comparationem ad seipsum. Per comparationem autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 ad communitatem et ad Deum, habet rationem peccati etiam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 oppositionem ad iustitiam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="41786"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 "ref">[41786] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 dicendum quod ille qui habet publicam potestatem potest licite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 malefactorem occidere per hoc quod potest de ipso iudicare. Nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 autem est iudex sui ipsius. Unde non licet habenti publicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 potestatem seipsum occidere propter quodcumque peccatum. Licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 tamen ei se committere iudicio aliorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="41787"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 "ref">[41787] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 dicendum quod homo constituitur dominus sui ipsius per liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 arbitrium. Et ideo licite potest homo de seipso disponere quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 ad ea quae pertinent ad hanc vitam, quae hominis libero arbitrio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 regitur. Sed transitus de hac vita ad aliam feliciorem non subiacet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 libero arbitrio hominis, sed potestati divinae. Et ideo non licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 homini seipsum interficere ut ad feliciorem transeat vitam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 Similiter etiam nec ut miserias quaslibet praesentis vitae evadat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 Quia ultimum malorum huius vitae et maxime terribile est mors, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 patet per philosophum, in III Ethic. Et ita inferre sibi mortem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 alias huius vitae miserias evadendas est maius malum assumere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 minoris mali vitationem. Similiter etiam non licet seipsum occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 propter aliquod peccatum commissum. Tum quia in hoc sibi maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 nocet quod sibi adimit necessarium poenitentiae tempus. Tum etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 quia malefactorem occidere non licet nisi per iudicium publicae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 potestatis. Similiter etiam non licet mulieri seipsam occidere ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 ab alio corrumpatur. Quia non debet in se committere crimen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 maximum, quod est sui ipsius occisio, ut vitet minus crimen alienum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 (non enim est crimen mulieris per violentiam violatae, si consensus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 non adsit, quia non inquinatur corpus nisi de consensu mentis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 Lucia dixit). Constat autem minus esse peccatum fornicationem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 adulterium quam homicidium, et praecipue sui ipsius, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 gravissimum, quia sibi ipsi nocet, cui maximam dilectionem debet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 Est etiam periculosissimum, quia non restat tempus ut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 poenitentiam expietur. Similiter etiam nulli licet seipsum occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 ob timorem ne consentiat in peccatum. Quia <i>non sunt facienda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 mala ut veniant bona</i>, vel ut vitentur mala, praesertim minora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 et minus certa. Incertum enim est an aliquis in futurum consentiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 in peccatum, potens est enim Deus hominem, quacumque tentatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 superveniente, liberare a peccato.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="41788"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 "ref">[41788] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 Samson aliter excusatur quod seipsum cum hostibus ruina domus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 oppressit, nisi quia latenter spiritus hoc iusserat, qui per illum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 miracula faciebat</i>. Et eandem rationem assignat de quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 sanctis feminis quae tempore persecutionis seipsas occiderunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 quarum memoria in Ecclesia celebratur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 ad 5"><a name="41789"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 "ref">[41789] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 dicendum quod ad fortitudinem pertinet quod aliquis ab alio mortem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 pati non refugiat propter bonum virtutis, et ut vitet peccatum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 quod aliquis sibi ipsi inferat mortem ut vitet mala poenalia, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 quidem quandam speciem fortitudinis, propter quod quidam seipsos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 interfecerunt aestimantes se fortiter agere, de quorum numero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 Razias fuit, non tamen est vera fortitudo, sed magis quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 mollities animi non valentis mala poenalia sustinere, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 philosophum, in III Ethic., et per Augustinum, in I de Civ.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 Dei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="41790"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 "ref">[41790] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 sic proceditur. Videtur quod liceat in aliquo casu interficere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 innocentem. Divinus enim timor non manifestatur per peccatum, quin
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 magis <i>timor domini expellit peccatum</i>, ut dicitur Eccli. I.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 Sed Abraham commendatus est quod timuerit dominum, quia voluit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 interficere filium innocentem. Ergo potest aliquis innocentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 interficere sine peccato.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="41791"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 "ref">[41791] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 in genere peccatorum quae contra proximum committuntur, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 videtur aliquid esse maius peccatum quanto maius nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 infertur ei in quem peccatur. Sed occisio plus nocet peccatori quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 innocenti, qui de miseria huius vitae ad caelestem gloriam transit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 per mortem. Cum ergo liceat in aliquo casu peccatorem occidere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 multo magis licet occidere innocentem vel iustum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="41792"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 "ref">[41792] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 illud quod fit secundum ordinem iustitiae non est peccatum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 quandoque cogitur aliquis secundum ordinem iustitiae occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 innocentem, puta cum iudex, qui debet secundum allegata iudicare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 condemnat ad mortem eum quem scit innocentem, per falsos testes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 convictum; et similiter minister qui iniuste condemnatum occidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 obediens iudici. Ergo absque peccato potest aliquis occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 innocentem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 s. c."><a name="41793"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 "ref">[41793] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 est quod dicitur Exod. XXIII, <i>innocentem et iustum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 occides</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 co."><a name="41794"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 "ref">[41794] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 dicendum quod aliquis homo dupliciter considerari potest, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 secundum se; alio modo, per comparationem ad aliud. Secundum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 quidem considerando hominem, nullum occidere licet, quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 quolibet, etiam peccatore, debemus amare naturam, quam Deus fecit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 quae per occisionem corrumpitur. Sed sicut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 occisio peccatoris fit licita per comparationem ad bonum commune,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 quod per peccatum corrumpitur. Vita autem iustorum est conservativa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 et promotiva boni communis, quia ipsi sunt principalior pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 multitudinis. Et ideo nullo modo licet occidere innocentem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="41795"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 "ref">[41795] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 ergo dicendum quod Deus habet dominium mortis et vitae, eius enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 ordinatione moriuntur et peccatores et iusti. Et ideo ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 mandato Dei occidit innocentem, talis non peccat, sicut nec Deus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 cuius est executor, et ostenditur Deum timere, eius mandatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 obediens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="41796"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 "ref">[41796] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 dicendum quod in pensanda gravitate peccati magis est considerandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 illud quod est per se quam illud quod est per accidens. Unde ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 qui occidit iustum gravius peccat quam ille qui occidit peccatorem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 Primo quidem, quia nocet ei quem plus debet diligere, et ita magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 contra caritatem agit. Secundo, quia iniuriam infert ei qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 minus dignus, et ita magis contra iustitiam agit. Tertio, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 privat communitatem maiori bono. Quarto, quia magis Deum contemnit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 secundum illud Luc. X, <i>qui vos spernit, me spernit</i>. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 autem iustus occisus ad gloriam perducatur a Deo, per accidens se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 habet ad occisionem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="41797"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 "ref">[41797] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 dicendum quod iudex, si scit aliquem esse innocentem qui falsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 testibus convincitur, debet diligentius examinare testes, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 inveniat occasionem liberandi innoxium, sicut Daniel fecit. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 autem hoc non potest, debet eum ad superiorem remittere iudicandum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 Si autem nec hoc potest, non peccat secundum allegata sententiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 ferens, quia non ipse occidit innocentem, sed illi qui eum asserunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 nocentem. Minister autem iudicis condemnantis innocentem, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 sententia intolerabilem errorem contineat, non debet obedire, alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 excusarentur carnifices qui martyres occiderunt. Si vero non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 contineat manifestam iniustitiam, non peccat praeceptum exequendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 quia ipse non habet discutere superioris sententiam; nec ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 occidit innocentem, sed iudex, cui ministerium adhibet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="41798"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 "ref">[41798] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod nulli liceat occidere aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 se defendendo. Dicit enim Augustinus, ad Publicolam, <i>de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 occidendis hominibus ne ab eis quisquam occidatur, non mihi placet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 consilium, nisi forte sit miles, aut publica functione teneatur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 non pro se hoc faciat sed pro aliis, accepta legitima potestate, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 eius congruat personae</i>. Sed ille qui se defendendo occidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 aliquem, ad hoc eum occidit ne ipse ab eo occidatur. Ergo hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 videtur esse illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="41799"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 "ref">[41799] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 in I de Lib. Arb. dicitur, <i>quomodo apud divinam providentiam a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 peccato liberi sunt qui pro his rebus quas contemni oportet, humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 caede polluti sunt?</i> Eas autem res dicit esse contemnendas quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 homines inviti amittere possunt, ut ex praemissis patet. Horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 autem est vita corporalis. Ergo pro conservanda vita corporali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 nulli licitum est hominem occidere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="41800"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 "ref">[41800] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 Nicolaus Papa dicit, et habetur in decretis, dist. l, <i>de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 clericis pro quibus consuluisti, scilicet qui se defendendo Paganum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 occiderunt, si postea per poenitentiam possent ad pristinum statum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 redire aut ad altiorem ascendere, scito nos nullam occasionem dare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 nec ullam tribuere licentiam eis quemlibet hominem quolibet modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 occidendi</i>. Sed ad praecepta moralia servanda tenentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 communiter clerici et laici. Ergo etiam laicis non est licitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 occidere aliquem se defendendo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="41801"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 "ref">[41801] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 homicidium est gravius peccatum quam simplex fornicatio vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 adulterium. Sed nulli licet committere simplicem fornicationem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 adulterium, vel quodcumque aliud peccatum mortale, pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 conservatione propriae vitae, quia vita spiritualis praeferenda est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 corporali. Ergo nulli licet, defendendo seipsum, alium occidere ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 propriam vitam conservet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 arg. 5"><a name="41802"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 "ref">[41802] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 si arbor est mala, et fructus, ut dicitur Matth. VII. Sed ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 defensio sui videtur esse illicita, secundum illud Rom. XII, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 vos defendentes, carissimi</i>. Ergo et occisio hominis exinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 procedens est illicita.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 s. c."><a name="41803"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 "ref">[41803] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 est quod Exod. XXII dicitur, <i>si effringens fur domum sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 suffodiens fuerit inventus, et, accepto vulnere, mortuus fuerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 percussor non erit reus sanguinis</i>. Sed multo magis licitum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 defendere propriam vitam quam propriam domum. Ergo etiam si aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 occidat aliquem pro defensione vitae suae, non erit reus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 homicidii.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 co."><a name="41804"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 "ref">[41804] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 dicendum quod nihil prohibet unius actus esse duos effectus, quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 alter solum sit in intentione, alius vero sit praeter intentionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 Morales autem actus recipiunt speciem secundum id quod intenditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 non autem ab eo quod est praeter intentionem, cum sit per accidens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 ut ex supradictis patet. Ex actu igitur alicuius seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 defendentis duplex effectus sequi potest, unus quidem conservatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 propriae vitae; alius autem occisio invadentis. Actus igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 huiusmodi ex hoc quod intenditur conservatio propriae vitae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 habet rationem illiciti, cum hoc sit cuilibet naturale quod se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 conservet in esse quantum potest. Potest tamen aliquis actus ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 bona intentione proveniens illicitus reddi si non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 proportionatus fini. Et ideo si aliquis ad defendendum propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 vitam utatur maiori violentia quam oporteat, erit illicitum. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 vero moderate violentiam repellat, erit licita defensio, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 secundum iura, <i>vim vi repellere licet cum moderamine inculpatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 tutelae</i>. Nec est necessarium ad salutem ut homo actum moderatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 tutelae praetermittat ad evitandum occisionem alterius, quia plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 tenetur homo vitae suae providere quam vitae alienae. Sed quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 occidere hominem non licet nisi publica auctoritate propter bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 commune, ut ex supradictis patet; illicitum est quod homo intendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 occidere hominem ut seipsum defendat, nisi ei qui habet publicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 auctoritatem, qui, intendens hominem occidere ad sui defensionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 refert hoc ad publicum bonum, ut patet in milite pugnante contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 hostes, et in ministro iudicis pugnante contra latrones. Quamvis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 isti etiam peccent si privata libidine moveantur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="41805"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 "ref">[41805] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 ergo dicendum quod auctoritas Augustini intelligenda est in eo casu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 quo quis intendit occidere hominem ut seipsum a morte liberet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="41806"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 "ref">[41806] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> In quo etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 casu intelligitur auctoritas inducta ex libro de libero arbitrio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 Unde signanter dicitur, pro his rebus, in quo designatur intentio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 Et per hoc patet responsio ad secundum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="41807"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 "ref">[41807] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 dicendum quod irregularitas consequitur actum homicidii etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 sit absque peccato, ut patet in iudice qui iuste aliquem condemnat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 ad mortem. Et propter hoc clericus, etiam si se defendendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 interficiat aliquem, irregularis est, quamvis non intendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 occidere, sed seipsum defendere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="41808"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 "ref">[41808] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 dicendum quod actus fornicationis vel adulterii non ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 conservationem propriae vitae ex necessitate, sicut actus ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 quandoque sequitur homicidium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 ad 5"><a name="41809"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 "ref">[41809] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 dicendum quod ibi prohibetur defensio quae est cum livore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 vindictae. Unde Glossa dicit, <i>non vos defendentes, idest, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 sitis referientes adversarios</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="41810"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 "ref">[41810] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis casualiter occidens hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 incurrat homicidii reatum. Legitur enim Gen. IV quod Lamech,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 credens interficere bestiam, interfecit hominem, et reputatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 ei ad homicidium. Ergo reatum homicidii incurrit qui casualiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 hominem occidit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="41811"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 "ref">[41811] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 Exod. XXI dicitur quod <i>si quis percusserit mulierem praegnantem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 et aborsum fecerit, si mors eius fuerit subsecuta, reddet animam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 pro anima</i>. Sed hoc potest fieri absque intentione occisionis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 Ergo homicidium casuale habet homicidii reatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="41812"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 "ref">[41812] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 in decretis, dist. l, inducuntur plures canones in quibus casualia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 homicidia puniuntur. Sed poena non debetur nisi culpae. Ergo ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 qui casualiter occidit hominem, incurrit homicidii culpam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 s. c."><a name="41813"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 "ref">[41813] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 est quod Augustinus dicit, ad Publicolam, <i>absit ut ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 propter bonum ac licitum facimus, si quid per haec, praeter nostram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 voluntatem, cuiquam mali acciderit, nobis imputetur</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 contingit quandoque ut propter bonum aliquid facientibus homicidium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 consequatur casualiter. Ergo non imputatur facienti ad culpam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 co."><a name="41814"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 "ref">[41814] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in II Physic., casus est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 agens praeter intentionem. Et ideo ea quae casualia sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 simpliciter loquendo, non sunt intenta neque voluntaria. Et quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 omne peccatum est voluntarium, secundum Augustinum, consequens est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 quod casualia, inquantum huiusmodi, non sunt peccata. Contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 tamen id quod non est actu et per se volitum vel intentum, esse per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 accidens volitum et intentum, secundum quod causa per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 dicitur removens prohibens. Unde ille qui non removet ea ex quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 sequitur homicidium, si debeat removere, erit quodammodo homicidium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 voluntarium. Hoc autem contingit dupliciter, uno modo, quando dans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 operam rebus illicitis, quas vitare debebat, homicidium incurrit;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 alio modo, quando non adhibet debitam sollicitudinem. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 secundum iura, si aliquis det operam rei licitae, debitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 diligentiam adhibens, et ex hoc homicidium sequatur, non incurrit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 homicidii reatum, si vero det operam rei illicitae, vel etiam det
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 operam rei licitae non adhibens diligentiam debitam, non evadit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 homicidii reatum si ex eius opere mors hominis consequatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="41815"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 "ref">[41815] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 ergo dicendum quod Lamech non adhibuit sufficientem diligentiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 homicidium vitandum, et ideo reatum homicidii non evasit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="41816"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 "ref">[41816] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 dicendum quod ille qui percutit mulierem praegnantem dat operam rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 illicitae. Et ideo si sequatur mors vel mulieris vel puerperii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 animati, non effugiet homicidii crimen, praecipue cum ex tali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 percussione in promptu sit quod mors sequatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 <p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="41817"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 "ref">[41817] II&ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 dicendum quod secundum canones imponitur poena his qui casualiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 occidunt dantes operam rei illicitae, vel non adhibentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 diligentiam debitam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 <div class="D">Quaestio 65</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 <p title="II-II q. 65 pr."><a name="41818"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 "ref">[41818] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 considerandum est de peccatis aliarum iniuriarum quae in personam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 committuntur. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 mutilatione membrorum. Secundo, de verberatione. Tertio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 incarceratione. Quarto, utrum peccatum huiusmodi iniuriarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 aggravetur ex hoc quod committitur in personam coniunctam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 aliis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41819"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 "ref">[41819] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 sic proceditur. Videtur quod mutilare aliquem membro in nullo casu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 possit esse licitum. Damascenus enim dicit, in II libro, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 peccatum committitur per hoc quod receditur <i>ab eo quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 secundum naturam in id quod est contra naturam</i>. Sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 naturam a Deo institutam est quod corpus hominis sit integrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 membris; contra naturam autem est quod sit membro diminutum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 mutilare aliquem membro semper videtur esse peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41820"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 "ref">[41820] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 sicut se habet tota anima ad totum corpus, ita se habent partes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 animae ad partes corporis, ut dicitur in II de anima. Sed non licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 aliquem privare anima occidendo ipsum, nisi publica potestate. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 etiam non licet aliquem mutilare membro, nisi forte secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 publicam potestatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41821"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 "ref">[41821] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 salus animae praeferenda est saluti corporali. Sed non licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 aliquem mutilare se membro propter salutem animae, puniuntur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 secundum statuta Nicaeni Concilii qui se castraverunt propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 castitatem servandam. Ergo propter nullam aliam causam licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 aliquem membro mutilare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41822"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 "ref">[41822] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 est quod dicitur Exod. XXI, <i>oculum pro oculo, dentem pro dente,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 manum pro manu, pedem pro pede</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 co."><a name="41823"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 "ref">[41823] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 dicendum quod cum membrum aliquod sit pars totius humani corporis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 est propter totum, sicut imperfectum propter perfectum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 disponendum est de membro humani corporis secundum quod expedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 toti. Membrum autem humani corporis per se quidem utile est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 bonum totius corporis, per accidens tamen potest contingere quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 sit nocivum, puta cum membrum putridum est totius corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 corruptivum. Si ergo membrum sanum fuerit et in sua naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 dispositione consistens, non potest praecidi absque totius hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 detrimento. Sed quia ipse totus homo ordinatur ut ad finem ad totam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 communitatem cuius est pars, ut supra dictum est; potest contingere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 quod abscisio membri, etsi vergat in detrimentum totius corporis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 ordinatur tamen ad bonum communitatis, inquantum alicui infertur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 poenam ad cohibitionem peccatorum. Et ideo sicut per publicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 potestatem aliquis licite privatur totaliter vita propter aliquas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 maiores culpas, ita etiam privatur membro propter aliquas culpas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 minores. Hoc autem non est licitum alicui privatae personae, etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 volente illo cuius est membrum, quia per hoc fit iniuria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 communitati, cuius est ipse homo et omnes partes eius. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 membrum propter putredinem sit totius corporis corruptivum, tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 licitum est, de voluntate eius cuius est membrum, putridum membrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 praescindere propter salutem totius corporis, quia unicuique
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 commissa est cura propriae salutis. Et eadem ratio est si fiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 voluntate eius ad quem pertinet curare de salute eius qui habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 membrum corruptum. Aliter autem aliquem membro mutilare est omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41824"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 "ref">[41824] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet id quod est contra particularem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 naturam esse secundum naturam universalem, sicut mors et corruptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 in rebus naturalibus est contra particularem naturam eius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 corrumpitur, cum tamen sit secundum naturam universalem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 similiter mutilare aliquem membro, etsi sit contra naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 particularem corporis eius qui mutilatur, est tamen secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 naturalem rationem in comparatione ad bonum commune.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41825"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 "ref">[41825] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 dicendum quod totius hominis vita non ordinatur ad aliquid proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 ipsius hominis, sed ad ipsam potius omnia quae sunt hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 ordinantur. Et ideo privare aliquem vita in nullo casu pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 aliquem nisi ad publicam potestatem, cui committitur procuratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 boni communis. Sed praecisio membri potest ordinari ad propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 salutem unius hominis. Et ideo in aliquo casu potest ad ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 pertinere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41826"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 "ref">[41826] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 dicendum quod membrum non est praecidendum propter corporalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 salutem totius nisi quando aliter toti subveniri non potest. Saluti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 autem spirituali semper potest aliter subveniri quam per membri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 praecisionem, quia peccatum subiacet voluntati. Et ideo in nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 casu licet membrum praecidere propter quodcumque peccatum vitandum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 Unde Chrysostomus, exponens illud Matth. XIX, <i>sunt eunuchi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 seipsos castraverunt propter regnum caelorum, dicit, non membrorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 abscisionem, sed malarum cogitationum interemptionem. Maledictioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 enim est obnoxius qui membrum abscidit, etenim quae homicidarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 sunt talis praesumit</i>. Et postea subdit, <i>neque concupiscentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 mansuetior ita fit, sed molestior. Aliunde enim habet fontes sperma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 quod in nobis est, et praecipue a proposito incontinenti et mente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 negligente, nec ita abscisio membri comprimit tentationes, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 cogitationis frenum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41827"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 "ref">[41827] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat patribus verberare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 filios, aut dominis servos. Dicit enim apostolus, ad Ephes. VI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 <i>vos, patres, nolite ad iracundiam provocare filios vestros</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 Et infra subdit, <i>et vos, domini, eadem facite servis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 remittentes minas</i>. Sed propter verbera aliqui ad iracundiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 provocantur. Sunt etiam minis graviora. Ergo neque patres filios,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 neque domini servos debent verberare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41828"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 "ref">[41828] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 philosophus dicit, in X Ethic., quod <i>sermo paternus habet solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 monitionem, non autem coactionem</i>. Sed quaedam coactio est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 verbera. Ergo parentibus non licet filios verberare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41829"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 "ref">[41829] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 unicuique licet alteri disciplinam impendere, hoc enim pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 eleemosynas spirituales, ut supra dictum est. Si ergo parentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 licet propter disciplinam filios verberare, pari ratione cuilibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 licebit quemlibet verberare. Quod patet esse falsum. Ergo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 primum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41830"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 "ref">[41830] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 est quod dicitur Prov. XIII, <i>qui parcit virgae, odit filium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 suum</i>; et infra XXIII, <i>noli subtrahere a puero disciplinam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 Si enim percusseris eum virga, non morietur, tu virga percuties
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 eum, et animam eius de Inferno liberabis</i>. Et Eccli. XXXIII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 dicitur, <i>servo malevolo tortura et compedes</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 co."><a name="41831"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 "ref">[41831] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 dicendum quod per verberationem nocumentum quoddam infertur corpori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 eius qui verberatur, aliter tamen quam in mutilatione, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 mutilatio tollit corporis integritatem, verberatio vero tantummodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 afficit sensum dolore. Unde multo minus nocumentum est quam membri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 mutilatio. Nocumentum autem inferre alicui non licet nisi per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 poenae propter iustitiam. Nullus autem iuste punit aliquem nisi sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 eius ditioni subiectus. Et ideo verberare aliquem non licet nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 habenti potestatem aliquam super illum qui verberatur. Et quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 filius subditur potestati patris, et servus potestati domini,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 licite potest verberare pater filium et dominus servum, causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 correctionis et disciplinae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41832"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 "ref">[41832] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 ergo dicendum quod, cum ira sit appetitus vindictae, praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 concitatur ira cum aliquis se reputat laesum iniuste, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 philosophum, in II Rhet. Et ideo per hoc quod patribus interdicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 ne filios ad iracundiam provocent, non prohibetur quin filios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 verberent causa disciplinae, sed quod non immoderate eos affligant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 verberibus. Quod vero inducitur dominis quod remittant minas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 potest dupliciter intelligi. Uno modo, ut remisse minis utantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 quod pertinet ad moderationem disciplinae. Alio modo, ut aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 non semper impleat quod comminatus est, quod pertinet ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 iudicium quo quis comminatus est poenam, quandoque per remissionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 misericordiam temperetur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41833"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 "ref">[41833] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 dicendum quod maior potestas maiorem debet habere coactionem. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 autem civitas est perfecta communitas, ita princeps civitatis habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 perfectam potestatem coercendi, et ideo potest infligere poenas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 irreparabiles, scilicet occisionis vel mutilationis. Pater autem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 dominus, qui praesunt familiae domesticae, quae est imperfecta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 communitas, habent imperfectam potestatem coercendi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 leviores poenas, quae non inferunt irreparabile nocumentum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 huiusmodi est verberatio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41834"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 "ref">[41834] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 dicendum quod exhibere disciplinam volenti cuilibet licet. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 disciplinam nolenti adhibere est solum eius cui alterius cura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 committitur. Et ad hoc pertinet aliquem verberibus castigare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41835"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 "ref">[41835] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat aliquem hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 incarcerare. Actus enim est malus ex genere qui cadit supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 indebitam materiam, ut supra dictum est. Sed homo, habens naturalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 arbitrii libertatem, est indebita materia incarcerationis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 libertati repugnat. Ergo illicitum est aliquem incarcerare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41836"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 "ref">[41836] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 humana iustitia regulari debet ex divina. Sed sicut dicitur Eccli.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 XV, <i>Deus reliquit hominem in manu consilii sui</i>. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 quod non est aliquis coercendus vinculis vel carcere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41837"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 "ref">[41837] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 nullus est cohibendus nisi ab opere malo, a quo quilibet licite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 potest alium impedire. Si ergo incarcerare aliquem esset licitum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 hoc quod cohiberetur a malo, cuilibet esset licitum aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 incarcerare. Quod patet esse falsum. Ergo et primum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41838"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 "ref">[41838] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 est quod Levit. XXIV legitur quendam missum fuisse in carcerem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 propter peccatum blasphemiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 co."><a name="41839"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 "ref">[41839] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 dicendum quod in bonis corporis tria per ordinem considerantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 Primo quidem, integritas corporalis substantiae, cui detrimentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 affertur per occisionem vel mutilationem. Secundo, delectatio vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 quies sensus, cui opponitur verberatio, vel quidlibet sensum dolore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 afficiens. Tertio, motus et usus membrorum, qui impeditur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 ligationem vel incarcerationem, seu quamcumque detentionem. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 incarcerare aliquem, vel qualitercumque detinere, est illicitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 nisi fiat secundum ordinem iustitiae, aut in poenam aut ad cautelam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 alicuius mali vitandi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41840"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 "ref">[41840] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 ergo dicendum quod homo qui abutitur potestate sibi data, meretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 eam amittere. Et ideo homo qui peccando abusus est libero usu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 suorum membrorum, conveniens est incarcerationis materia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41841"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 "ref">[41841] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 dicendum quod Deus quandoque, secundum ordinem suae sapientiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 peccatores cohibet ne possint peccata implere, secundum illud Iob
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 V, <i>qui dissipat cogitationes malignorum, ne possint implere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 manus eorum quod coeperant</i>. Quandoque vero eos permittit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 volunt agere. Et similiter secundum humanam iustitiam non pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 qualibet culpa homines incarcerantur, sed pro aliquibus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41842"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 "ref">[41842] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 dicendum quod detinere hominem ad horam ab aliquo opere illicito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 statim perpetrando, cuilibet licet, sicut cum aliquis detinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 aliquem ne se praecipitet, vel ne alium feriat. Sed simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 aliquem includere vel ligare ad eum solum pertinet qui habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 disponere universaliter de actibus et vita alterius, quia per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 impeditur non solum a malis, sed etiam a bonis agendis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41843"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 "ref">[41843] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum non aggravetur ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 praedictae iniuriae inferuntur in personas aliis coniunctas.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 Huiusmodi enim iniuriae habent rationem peccati prout nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 alicui infertur contra eius voluntatem. Sed magis est contra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 hominis voluntatem malum quod in personam propriam infertur quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 quod infertur in personam coniunctam. Ergo iniuria illata in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 personam coniunctam est minor.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41844"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 "ref">[41844] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 in sacra Scriptura praecipue reprehenduntur qui pupillis et viduis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 iniurias inferunt, unde dicitur Eccli. XXXV, <i>non despiciet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 preces pupilli, nec viduam, si effundat loquelam gemitus</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 vidua et pupillus non sunt personae aliis coniunctae. Ergo ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 quod infertur iniuria personis coniunctis non aggravatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41845"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 "ref">[41845] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 persona coniuncta habet propriam voluntatem, sicut et principalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 persona. Potest ergo aliquid ei esse voluntarium quod est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 voluntatem principalis personae, ut patet in adulterio, quod placet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 uxori et displicet viro. Sed huiusmodi iniuriae habent rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 peccati prout consistunt in involuntaria commutatione. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 huiusmodi iniuriae minus habent de ratione peccati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3014 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41846"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 "ref">[41846] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 est quod Deut. XXVIII, ad quandam exaggerationem dicitur, <i>filii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 tui et filiae tuae tradentur alteri populo videntibus oculis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 tuis</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 co."><a name="41847"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 "ref">[41847] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 dicendum quod quanto aliqua iniuria in plures redundat, ceteris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 paribus, tanto gravius est peccatum. Et inde est quod gravius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 peccatum si aliquis percutiat principem quam personam privatam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 quia redundat in iniuriam totius multitudinis, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 Cum autem infertur iniuria in aliquam personam coniunctam alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 qualitercumque, iniuria illa pertinet ad duas personas. Et ideo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 ceteris paribus, ex hoc ipso aggravatur peccatum. Potest tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 contingere quod secundum aliquas circumstantias sit gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 peccatum quod fit contra personam nulli coniunctam, vel propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 dignitatem personae, vel propter magnitudinem nocumenti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41848"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 "ref">[41848] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 ergo dicendum quod iniuria illata in personam coniunctam minus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 nociva personae cui coniungitur quam si in ipsam immediate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 inferretur, et ex hac parte est minus peccatum. Sed hoc totum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 pertinet ad iniuriam personae cui coniungitur, superadditur peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 quod quis incurrit ex eo quod aliam personam secundum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 laedit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41849"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 "ref">[41849] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 dicendum quod iniuriae illatae in viduas et pupillos magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 exaggerantur, tum quia magis opponuntur misericordiae. Tum quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 idem nocumentum huiusmodi personis inflictum est eis gravius, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 non habent relevantem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 <p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41850"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 "ref">[41850] II&ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 dicendum quod per hoc quod uxor voluntarie consentit in adulterium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 minoratur quidem peccatum et iniuria ex parte ipsius mulieris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 gravius enim esset si adulter violenter eam opprimeret. Non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 per hoc tollitur iniuria ex parte viri, quia <i>uxor non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 potestatem sui corporis, sed vir</i>, ut dicitur I ad Cor. VII. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 eadem ratio est de similibus. De adulterio tamen, quod non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 iustitiae, sed etiam castitati opponitur, erit locus infra agendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 in tractatu de temperantia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 <div class="D">Quaestio 66</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 <p title="II-II q. 66 pr."><a name="41851"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 "ref">[41851] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 considerandum est de peccatis iustitiae oppositis per quae infertur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 nocumentum proximo in rebus, scilicet de furto et rapina. Et circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 hoc quaeruntur novem. Primo, utrum naturalis sit homini possessio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 exteriorum rerum. Secundo, utrum licitum sit quod aliquis rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 aliquam possideat quasi propriam. Tertio, utrum furtum sit occulta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 acceptio rei alienae. Quarto, utrum rapina sit peccatum specie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 differens a furto. Quinto, utrum omne furtum sit peccatum. Sexto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 utrum furtum sit peccatum mortale. Septimo, utrum liceat furari in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 necessitate. Octavo, utrum omnis rapina sit peccatum mortale. Nono,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 utrum rapina sit gravius peccatum quam furtum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41852"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 "ref">[41852] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit naturalis homini possessio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 exteriorum rerum. Nullus enim debet sibi attribuere quod Dei est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 Sed dominium omnium creaturarum est proprie Dei, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 Psalm., <i>domini est terra</i> et cetera. Ergo non est naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 homini rerum possessio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41853"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 "ref">[41853] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 Basilius, exponens verbum divitis dicentis, Luc. XII, <i>congregabo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 omnia quae nata sunt mihi et bona mea</i>, dicit, <i>dic mihi, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 tua? Unde ea sumens in vitam tulisti?</i> Sed illa quae homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 possidet naturaliter, potest aliquis convenienter dicere esse sua.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 Ergo homo non possidet naturaliter exteriora bona.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41854"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 "ref">[41854] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 sicut Ambrosius dicit, in libro de Trin., dominus nomen est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 potestatis. Sed homo non habet potestatem super res exteriores,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 nihil enim potest circa earum naturam immutare. Ergo possessio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 exteriorum rerum non est homini naturalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41855"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 "ref">[41855] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 est quod dicitur in Psalm., omnia subiecisti sub pedibus eius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 scilicet hominis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 co."><a name="41856"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 "ref">[41856] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 dicendum quod res exterior potest dupliciter considerari. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 quantum ad eius naturam, quae non subiacet humanae potestati, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 solum divinae, cui omnia ad nutum obediunt. Alio modo, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 usum ipsius rei. Et sic habet homo naturale dominium exteriorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 rerum, quia per rationem et voluntatem potest uti rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 exterioribus ad suam utilitatem, quasi propter se factis; semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3104 enim imperfectiora sunt propter perfectiora, ut supra habitum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 Et ex hac ratione philosophus probat, in I Polit., quod possessio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 rerum exteriorum est homini naturalis. Hoc autem naturale dominium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 super ceteras creaturas, quod competit homini secundum rationem, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 qua imago Dei consistit, manifestatur in ipsa hominis creatione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 Gen. I, ubi dicitur, <i>faciamus hominem ad similitudinem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 imaginem nostram, et praesit piscibus maris,</i> et cetera.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41857"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 "ref">[41857] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 ergo dicendum quod Deus habet principale dominium omnium rerum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 ipse secundum suam providentiam ordinavit res quasdam ad corporalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 hominis sustentationem. Et propter hoc homo habet naturale rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 dominium quantum ad potestatem utendi ipsis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41858"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 "ref">[41858] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 dicendum quod dives ille reprehenditur ex hoc quod putabat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 exteriora bona esse principaliter sua, quasi non accepisset ea ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 alio, scilicet a Deo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41859"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 "ref">[41859] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de dominio exteriorum rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 quantum ad naturas ipsarum, quod quidem dominium soli Deo convenit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41860"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 "ref">[41860] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat alicui rem aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 quasi propriam possidere. Omne enim quod est contra ius naturale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 est illicitum. Sed secundum ius naturale omnia sunt communia, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 quidem communitati contrariatur possessionum proprietas. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 illicitum est cuilibet homini appropriare sibi aliquam rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 exteriorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41861"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 "ref">[41861] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 Basilius dicit, exponens praedictum verbum divitis, <i>sicut qui,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 praeveniens ad spectacula, prohiberet advenientes, sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 appropriando quod ad communem usum ordinatur; similes sunt divites
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 qui communia, quae praeoccupaverunt, aestimant sua esse</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 illicitum esset praecludere viam aliis ad potiendum communibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 bonis. Ergo illicitum est appropriare sibi aliquam rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 communem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41862"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 "ref">[41862] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 Ambrosius dicit, et habetur in decretis, dist. XLVII, Can. sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 hi, proprium nemo dicat quod est commune. Appellat autem communes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 res exteriores, sicut patet ex his quae praemittit. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 illicitum esse quod aliquis appropriet sibi aliquam rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 exteriorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41863"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 "ref">[41863] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Haeres., <i>apostolici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 dicuntur qui se hoc nomine arrogantissime vocaverunt, eo quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 suam communionem non acciperent utentes coniugibus, et res proprias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 possidentes, quales habet Catholica Ecclesia et monachos et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 clericos plurimos</i>. Sed ideo isti haeretici sunt quoniam, se ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 Ecclesia separantes, nullam spem putant eos habere qui utuntur his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 rebus, quibus ipsi carent. Est ergo erroneum dicere quod non liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 homini propria possidere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 co."><a name="41864"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 "ref">[41864] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 dicendum quod circa rem exteriorem duo competunt homini. Quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 unum est potestas procurandi et dispensandi. Et quantum ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 licitum est quod homo propria possideat. Et est etiam necessarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 ad humanam vitam, propter tria. Primo quidem, quia magis sollicitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 est unusquisque ad procurandum aliquid quod sibi soli competit quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 aliquid quod est commune omnium vel multorum, quia unusquisque,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 laborem fugiens, relinquit alteri id quod pertinet ad commune;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 sicut accidit in multitudine ministrorum. Alio modo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 ordinatius res humanae tractantur si singulis immineat propria cura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 alicuius rei procurandae, esset autem confusio si quilibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 indistincte quaelibet procuraret. Tertio, quia per hoc magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 pacificus status hominum conservatur, dum unusquisque re sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 contentus est. Unde videmus quod inter eos qui communiter et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 indiviso aliquid possident, frequentius iurgia oriuntur. Aliud vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 quod competit homini circa res exteriores est usus ipsarum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 quantum ad hoc non debet homo habere res exteriores ut proprias,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 sed ut communes, ut scilicet de facili aliquis ea communicet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 necessitates aliorum. Unde apostolus dicit, I ad Tim. ult.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 <i>divitibus huius saeculi praecipe facile tribuere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 communicare</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3185 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41865"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 "ref">[41865] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 ergo dicendum quod communitas rerum attribuitur iuri naturali, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 quia ius naturale dictet omnia esse possidenda communiter et nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 esse quasi proprium possidendum, sed quia secundum ius naturale non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 est distinctio possessionum, sed magis secundum humanum condictum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 quod pertinet ad ius positivum, ut supra dictum est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 proprietas possessionum non est contra ius naturale; sed iuri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 naturali superadditur per adinventionem rationis humanae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41866"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 "ref">[41866] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 dicendum quod ille qui, praeveniens ad spectacula, praepararet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 aliis viam, non illicite ageret, sed ex hoc illicite agit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 alios prohibet. Et similiter dives non illicite agit si,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 praeoccupans possessionem rei quae a principio erat communis, aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 communicat, peccat autem si alios ab usu illius rei indiscrete
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 prohibeat. Unde Basilius ibidem dicit, <i>cur tu abundas, ille vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 mendicat, nisi ut tu bonae dispensationis merita consequaris, ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 vero patientiae praemiis coronetur?</i></p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41867"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 "ref">[41867] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 dicendum quod cum dicit Ambrosius, <i>nemo proprium dicat quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 commune</i>, loquitur de proprietate quantum ad usum. Unde subdit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 <i>plus quam sufficeret sumptui, violenter obtentum est</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41868"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 "ref">[41868] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3213 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit de ratione furti occulte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 accipere rem alienam. Illud enim quod diminuit peccatum non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 ad rationem peccati pertinere. Sed in occulto peccare pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 diminutionem peccati, sicut e contrario ad exaggerandum peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 quorundam dicitur Isaiae III, <i>peccatum suum quasi Sodoma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3218 praedicaverunt, nec absconderunt</i>. Ergo non est de ratione furti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 occulta acceptio rei alienae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41869"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3221 "ref">[41869] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 Ambrosius dicit, et habetur in decretis, dist. XLVII, <i>neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 minus est criminis habenti tollere quam, cum possis et abundas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 indigentibus denegare</i>. Ergo sicut furtum consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3225 acceptione rei alienae, ita et in detentione ipsius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41870"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 "ref">[41870] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 homo potest furtim ab alio accipere etiam quod suum est puta rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 quam apud alium deposuit, vel quae est ab eo iniuste ablata. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3230 est ergo de ratione furti quod sit occulta acceptio rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 alienae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41871"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 "ref">[41871] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 est quod Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., <i>fur a furvo dictus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 est, idest a fusco, nam noctis utitur tempore</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 co."><a name="41872"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 "ref">[41872] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 dicendum quod ad rationem furti tria concurrunt. Quorum primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 convenit sibi secundum quod contrariatur iustitiae, quae unicuique
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 tribuit quod suum est. Et ex hoc competit ei quod usurpat alienum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 Secundum vero pertinet ad rationem furti prout distinguitur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 peccatis quae sunt contra personam, sicut ab homicidio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 adulterio. Et secundum hoc competit furto quod sit circa rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3244 possessam. Si quis enim accipiat id quod est alterius non quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 possessio, sed quasi pars, sicut si amputet membrum; vel sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 persona coniuncta, ut si auferat filiam vel uxorem, non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 proprie rationem furti. Tertia differentia est quae complet furti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 rationem, ut scilicet occulte usurpetur alienum. Et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 propria ratio furti est ut sit occulta acceptio rei alienae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41873"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 "ref">[41873] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 ergo dicendum quod occultatio quandoque quidem est causa peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 puta cum quis utitur occultatione ad peccandum, sicut accidit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 fraude et dolo. Et hoc modo non diminuit, sed constituit speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 peccati. Et ita est in furto. Alio modo occultatio est simplex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 circumstantia peccati. Et sic diminuit peccatum, tum quia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 signum verecundiae; tum quia tollit scandalum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41874"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 "ref">[41874] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 dicendum quod detinere id quod alteri debetur eandem rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 nocumenti habet cum acceptione. Et ideo sub iniusta acceptione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 intelligitur etiam iniusta detentio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41875"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 "ref">[41875] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 dicendum quod nihil prohibet id quod est simpliciter unius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 secundum quid esse alterius. Sicut res deposita est simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 quidem deponentis, sed est eius apud quem deponitur quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 custodiam. Et id quod est per rapinam ablatum est rapientis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 simpliciter, sed quantum ad detentionem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41876"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3273 "ref">[41876] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 sic proceditur. Videtur quod furtum et rapina non sint peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 differentia specie. Furtum enim et rapina differunt secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 occultum et manifestum, furtum enim importat occultam acceptionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3277 rapina vero violentam et manifestam. Sed in aliis generibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 peccatorum occultum et manifestum non diversificant speciem. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 furtum et rapina non sunt peccata specie diversa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41877"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 "ref">[41877] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 moralia recipiunt speciem a fine, ut supra dictum est. Sed furtum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 et rapina ordinantur ad eundem finem, scilicet ad habendum aliena.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 Ergo non differunt specie.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41878"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 "ref">[41878] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 sicut rapitur aliquid ad possidendum, ita rapitur mulier ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 delectandum, unde et Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3289 <i>raptor dicitur corruptor, et rapta corrupta</i>. Sed raptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 dicitur sive mulier auferatur publice, sive occulte. Ergo et res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 possessa rapi dicitur sive occulte, sive publice rapiatur. Ergo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 differunt furtum et rapina.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41879"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 "ref">[41879] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 est quod philosophus, in V Ethic., distinguit furtum a rapina,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 ponens furtum occultum, rapinam vero violentam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 co."><a name="41880"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 "ref">[41880] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 dicendum quod furtum et rapina sunt vitia iustitiae opposita,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 inquantum aliquis alter facit iniustum. Nullus autem patitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 iniustum volens, ut probatur in V Ethic. Et ideo furtum et rapina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 ex hoc habent rationem peccati quod acceptio est involuntaria ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 parte eius cui aliquid subtrahitur. Involuntarium autem dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 dicitur, scilicet per ignorantiam, et violentiam, ut habetur in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 Ethic. Et ideo aliam rationem peccati habet rapina, et aliam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 furtum. Et propter hoc differunt specie.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41881"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 "ref">[41881] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 ergo dicendum quod in aliis generibus peccatorum non attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 ratio peccati ex aliquo involuntario, sicut attenditur in peccatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 oppositis iustitiae. Et ideo ubi occurrit diversa ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3312 involuntarii, est diversa species peccati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41882"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 "ref">[41882] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 dicendum quod finis remotus est idem rapinae et furti, sed hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 sufficit ad identitatem speciei, quia est diversitas in finibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 proximis. Raptor enim vult per propriam potestatem obtinere, fur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3318 vero per astutiam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41883"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 "ref">[41883] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 dicendum quod raptus mulieris non potest esse occultus ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 mulieris quae rapitur. Et ideo etiam si sit occultus ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 aliorum, quibus rapitur, adhuc remanet ratio rapinae ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 mulieris, cui violentia infertur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="41884"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 "ref">[41884] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 sic proceditur. Videtur quod furtum non semper sit peccatum. Nullum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3330 enim peccatum cadit sub praecepto divino, dicitur enim Eccli. XV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 <i>nemini mandavit impie agere</i>. Sed Deus invenitur praecepisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 furtum, dicitur enim Exod. XII, <i>fecerunt filii Israel sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 praeceperat dominus Moysi, et expoliaverunt Aegyptios</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 furtum non semper est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="41885"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 "ref">[41885] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 ille qui invenit rem non suam, si eam accipiat, videtur furtum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 committere, quia accipit rem alienam. Sed hoc videtur esse licitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 secundum naturalem aequitatem; ut iuristae dicunt. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 quod furtum non semper sit peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="41886"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 "ref">[41886] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 ille qui accipit rem suam non videtur peccare, cum non agat contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 iustitiam, cuius aequalitatem non tollit. Sed furtum committitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 etiam si aliquis rem suam occulte accipiat ab altero detentam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3346 custoditam. Ergo videtur quod furtum non semper sit peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 s. c."><a name="41887"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 "ref">[41887] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 est quod dicitur Exod. XX, <i>non furtum facies</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 co."><a name="41888"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 "ref">[41888] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 dicendum quod si quis consideret furti rationem, duas rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 peccati in eo inveniet. Primo quidem, propter contrarietatem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 iustitiam, quae reddit unicuique quod suum est. Et sic furtum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 iustitiae opponitur, inquantum furtum est acceptio rei alienae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 Secundo, ratione doli seu fraudis, quam fur committit occulte et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 quasi ex insidiis rem alienam usurpando. Unde manifestum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 omne furtum est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="41889"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 "ref">[41889] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 ergo dicendum quod accipere rem alienam vel occulte vel manifeste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 auctoritate iudicis hoc decernentis, non est furtum, quia iam fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 sibi debitum per hoc quod sententialiter sibi est adiudicatum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 multo minus furtum fuit quod filii Israel tulerunt spolia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 Aegyptiorum de praecepto domini hoc decernentis pro afflictionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 quibus Aegyptii eos sine causa afflixerant. Et ideo signanter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 dicitur Sap. X, <i>iusti tulerunt spolia impiorum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="41890"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 "ref">[41890] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 dicendum quod circa res inventas est distinguendum. Quaedam enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 sunt quae nunquam fuerunt in bonis alicuius, sicut lapilli et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 gemmae quae inveniuntur in littore maris, et talia occupanti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 conceduntur. Et eadem ratio est de thesauris antiquo tempore sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 terra occultatis, quorum non est aliquis possessor, nisi quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 secundum leges civiles tenetur inventor medietatem dare domino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 agri, si in alieno agro invenerit; propter quod in parabola
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 Evangelii dicitur, Matth. XIII, de inventore thesauri absconditi in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 agro, quod emit agrum, quasi ut haberet ius possidendi totum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 thesaurum. Quaedam vero res inventae fuerunt de propinquo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 alicuius bonis. Et tunc, si quis eas accipiat non animo retinendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 sed animo restituendi domino, qui eas pro derelictis non habet, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 committit furtum. Et similiter si pro derelictis habeantur, et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3383 credat inventor, licet sibi retineat, non committit furtum. Alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 autem committitur peccatum furti. Unde Augustinus dicit, in quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 homilia, et habetur XIV, qu. V, <i>si quid invenisti et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3386 reddidisti, rapuisti</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="41891"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 "ref">[41891] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 dicendum quod ille qui furtim accipit rem suam apud alium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 depositam, gravat depositarium, quia tenetur ad restituendum, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 ad ostendendum se esse innoxium. Unde manifestum est quod peccat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 et tenetur ad relevandum gravamen depositarii. Qui vero furtim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 accipit rem suam apud alium iniuste detentam, peccat quidem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 quia gravet eum qui detinet, et ideo non tenetur ad restituendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 aliquid vel ad recompensandum, sed peccat contra communem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 iustitiam, dum ipse sibi usurpat suae rei iudicium, iuris ordine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3397 praetermisso. Et ideo tenetur Deo satisfacere, et dare operam ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 scandalum proximorum, si inde exortum fuerit, sedetur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="41892"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 "ref">[41892] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 sic proceditur. Videtur quod furtum non sit peccatum mortale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 Dicitur enim Prov. VI, <i>non grandis est culpae cum quis furatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 fuerit</i>. Sed omne peccatum mortale est grandis culpae. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 furtum non est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3407 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="41893"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 "ref">[41893] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 peccato mortali mortis poena debetur. Sed pro furto non infligitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 in lege poena mortis, sed solum poena damni, secundum illud Exod.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3411 XXII, <i>si quis furatus fuerit bovem aut ovem, quinque boves pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 uno bove restituet, et quatuor oves pro una ove</i>. Ergo furtum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 non est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="41894"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 "ref">[41894] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 furtum potest committi in parvis rebus, sicut et in magnis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 inconveniens videtur quod pro furto alicuius parvae rei, puta unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 acus vel unius pennae, aliquis puniatur morte aeterna. Ergo furtum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 non est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 s. c."><a name="41895"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3421 "ref">[41895] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 est quod nullus damnatur secundum divinum iudicium nisi pro peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 mortali. Condemnatur autem aliquis pro furto, secundum illud Zach.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 V, <i>haec est maledictio quae egreditur super faciem omnis terrae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 quia omnis fur sicut ibi scriptum est condemnatur</i>. Ergo furtum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 co."><a name="41896"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 "ref">[41896] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, peccatum mortale est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 contrariatur caritati, secundum quam est spiritualis animae vita.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 Caritas autem consistit quidem principaliter in dilectione Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3432 secundario vero in dilectione proximi, ad quam pertinet ut proximo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 bonum velimus et operemur. Per furtum autem homo infert nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 proximo in suis rebus, et si passim homines sibi invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 furarentur, periret humana societas. Unde furtum, tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 contrarium caritati, est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3437 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="41897"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 "ref">[41897] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 ergo dicendum quod furtum dicitur non esse grandis culpae duplici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 ratione. Primo quidem, propter necessitatem inducentem ad furandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 quae diminuit vel totaliter tollit culpam, ut infra patebit. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 subdit, <i>furatur enim ut esurientem impleat animam</i>. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 dicitur furtum non esse grandis culpae per comparationem ad reatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 adulterii, quod punitur morte. Unde subditur de fure quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 <i>deprehensus reddet septuplum, qui autem adulter est, perdet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 animam suam</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="41898"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 "ref">[41898] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 dicendum quod poenae praesentis vitae magis sunt medicinales quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 retributivae, retributio enim reservatur divino iudicio, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 secundum veritatem in peccantes. Et ideo secundum iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 praesentis vitae non pro quolibet peccato mortali infligitur poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 mortis, sed solum pro illis quae inferunt irreparabile nocumentum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 vel etiam pro illis quae habent aliquam horribilem deformitatem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 ideo pro furto, quod reparabile damnum infert, non infligitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 secundum praesens iudicium poena mortis, nisi furtum aggravetur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 aliquam gravem circumstantiam, sicut patet de sacrilegio, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 furtum rei sacrae, et de peculatu, quod est furtum rei communis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 patet per Augustinum, super Ioan.; et de plagio, quod est furtum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 hominis, pro quo quis morte punitur, ut patet Exod. XXI.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="41899"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 "ref">[41899] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 dicendum quod illud quod modicum est ratio apprehendit quasi nihil.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 Et ideo in his quae minima sunt homo non reputat sibi nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 inferri, et ille qui accipit potest praesumere hoc non esse contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 voluntatem eius cuius est res. Et pro tanto si quis furtive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 huiusmodi res minimas accipiat, potest excusari a peccato mortali.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 Si tamen habeat animum furandi et inferendi nocumentum proximo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 etiam in talibus minimis potest esse peccatum mortale, sicut et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 solo cogitatu per consensum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3472 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="41900"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 "ref">[41900] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat alicui furari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 propter necessitatem. Non enim imponitur poenitentia nisi peccanti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 Sed extra, de furtis, dicitur, <i>si quis per necessitatem famis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 aut nuditatis furatus fuerit cibaria, vestem vel pecus, poeniteat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 hebdomadas tres</i>. Ergo non licet furari propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 necessitatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="41901"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 "ref">[41901] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod <i>quaedam confestim nominata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 convoluta sunt cum malitia</i>, inter quae ponit furtum. Sed illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 quod est secundum se malum non potest propter aliquem bonum finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 bonum fieri. Ergo non potest aliquis licite furari ut necessitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 suae subveniat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3488 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="41902"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 "ref">[41902] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3490 homo debet diligere proximum sicut seipsum. Sed non licet furari ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 hoc quod aliquis per eleemosynam proximo subveniat; ut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 dicit, in libro contra mendacium. Ergo etiam non licet furari ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 subveniendum propriae necessitati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 s. c."><a name="41903"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3495 "ref">[41903] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 est quod in necessitate sunt omnia communia. Et ita non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3497 esse peccatum si aliquis rem alterius accipiat, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 necessitatem sibi factam communem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 co."><a name="41904"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3500 "ref">[41904] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 dicendum quod ea quae sunt iuris humani non possunt derogare iuri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3502 naturali vel iuri divino. Secundum autem naturalem ordinem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 divina providentia institutum, res inferiores sunt ordinatae ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 quod ex his subveniatur hominum necessitati. Et ideo per rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 divisionem et appropriationem, de iure humano procedentem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 impeditur quin hominis necessitati sit subveniendum ex huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 rebus. Et ideo res quas aliqui superabundanter habent, ex naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 iure debentur pauperum sustentationi. Unde Ambrosius dicit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 habetur in decretis, dist. XLVII, <i>esurientium panis est quem tu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 detines; nudorum indumentum est quod tu recludis; miserorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 redemptio et absolutio est pecunia quam tu in terram defodis</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 Sed quia multi sunt necessitatem patientes, et non potest ex eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 re omnibus subveniri, committitur arbitrio uniuscuiusque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 dispensatio propriarum rerum, ut ex eis subveniat necessitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3515 patientibus. Si tamen adeo sit urgens et evidens necessitas ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 manifestum sit instanti necessitati de rebus occurrentibus esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 subveniendum, puta cum imminet personae periculum et aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 subveniri non potest; tunc licite potest aliquis ex rebus alienis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3519 suae necessitati subvenire, sive manifeste sive occulte sublatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 Nec hoc proprie habet rationem furti vel rapinae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="41905"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 "ref">[41905] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 ergo dicendum quod decretalis illa loquitur in casu in quo non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3524 urgens necessitas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="41906"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 "ref">[41906] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 dicendum quod uti re aliena occulte accepta in casu necessitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 extremae non habet rationem furti, proprie loquendo. Quia per talem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 necessitatem efficitur suum illud quod quis accipit ad sustentandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 propriam vitam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3531 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="41907"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 "ref">[41907] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 dicendum quod in casu similis necessitatis etiam potest aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 occulte rem alienam accipere ut subveniat proximo sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 indigenti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="41908"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3539 "ref">[41908] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 sic proceditur. Videtur quod rapina possit fieri sine peccato.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 Praeda enim per violentiam accipitur; quod videtur ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 rapinae pertinere, secundum praedicta. Sed praedam accipere ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 hostibus licitum est, dicit enim Ambrosius, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 patriarchis, <i>cum praeda fuerit in potestate victoris, decet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 militarem disciplinam ut regi serventur omnia</i>, scilicet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 distribuendum. Ergo rapina in aliquo casu est licita.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3547 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="41909"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 "ref">[41909] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 licitum est auferre ab aliquo id quod non est eius. Sed res quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 infideles habent non sunt eorum, dicit enim Augustinus, in epistola
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 ad Vinc. Donatist., <i>res falso appellatis vestras, quas nec iuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 possidetis, et secundum leges terrenorum regum amittere iussi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 estis</i>. Ergo videtur quod ab infidelibus aliquis licite rapere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 posset.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="41910"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 "ref">[41910] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3557 terrarum principes multa a suis subditis violenter extorquent; quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 videtur ad rationem rapinae pertinere. Grave autem videtur dicere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 quod in hoc peccent, quia sic fere omnes principes damnarentur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 Ergo rapina in aliquo casu est licita.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 s. c."><a name="41911"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 "ref">[41911] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3563 est quod de quolibet licite accepto potest fieri Deo sacrificium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 vel oblatio. Non autem potest fieri de rapina, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 Isaiae LXI, <i>ego dominus diligens iudicium, et odio habens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3566 rapinam in holocaustum</i>. Ergo per rapinam aliquid accipere non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 est licitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 co."><a name="41912"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 "ref">[41912] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 dicendum quod rapina quandam violentiam et coactionem importat per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 quam, contra iustitiam, alicui aufertur quod suum est. In societate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 autem hominum nullus habet coactionem nisi per publicam potestatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 Et ideo quicumque per violentiam aliquid alteri aufert, si sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 privata persona non utens publica potestate, illicite agit et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 rapinam committit, sicut patet in latronibus. Principibus vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 publica potestas committitur ad hoc quod sint iustitiae custodes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3577 Et ideo non licet eis violentia et coactione uti nisi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 iustitiae tenorem, et hoc vel contra hostes pugnando, vel contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 cives malefactores puniendo. Et quod per talem violentiam aufertur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 non habet rationem rapinae, cum non sit contra iustitiam. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 contra iustitiam aliqui per publicam potestatem violenter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 abstulerint res aliorum, illicite agunt et rapinam committunt, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3583 ad restitutionem tenentur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="41913"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 "ref">[41913] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 ergo dicendum quod circa praedam distinguendum est. Quia si illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 qui depraedantur hostes habeant bellum iustum, ea quae per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 violentiam in bello acquirunt eorum efficiuntur. Et hoc non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 rationem rapinae, unde nec ad restitutionem tenentur. Quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 possint in acceptione praedae iustum bellum habentes peccare per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 cupiditatem ex prava intentione, si scilicet non propter iustitiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 sed propter praedam principaliter pugnent, dicit enim Augustinus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 in libro de Verb. Dom., quod <i>propter praedam militare peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 est</i>. Si vero illi qui praedam accipiunt habeant bellum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 iniustum, rapinam committunt, et ad restitutionem tenentur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="41914"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 "ref">[41914] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 dicendum quod intantum aliqui infideles iniuste res suas possident,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 inquantum eas secundum leges terrenorum principum amittere iussi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 sunt. Et ideo ab eis possunt per violentiam subtrahi, non privata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3601 auctoritate, sed publica.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="41915"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 "ref">[41915] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 dicendum quod si principes a subditis exigant quod eis secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 iustitiam debetur propter bonum commune conservandum, etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 violentia adhibeatur, non est rapina. Si vero aliquid principes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 indebite extorqueant per violentiam, rapina est, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 latrocinium. Unde dicit Augustinus, in IV de Civ. Dei, <i>remota
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 iustitia, quid sunt regna nisi magna latrocinia? Quia et latrocinia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 quid sunt nisi parva regna?</i> Et Ezech. XXII dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 <i>principes eius in medio eius quasi lupi rapientes praedam</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 Unde et ad restitutionem tenentur, sicut et latrones. Et tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 gravius peccant quam latrones, quanto periculosius et communius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 contra publicam iustitiam agunt, cuius custodes sunt positi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3615 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 <div class="E">Articulus 9</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="41916"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3618 "ref">[41916] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 sic proceditur. Videtur quod furtum sit gravius peccatum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3620 rapina. Furtum enim, super acceptionem rei alienae, habet adiunctam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 fraudem et dolum, quod non est in rapina. Sed fraus et dolus de se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 habent rationem peccati, ut supra habitum est. Ergo furtum videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 esse gravius peccatum quam rapina.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3624 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="41917"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 "ref">[41917] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 verecundia est timor de turpi actu, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 magis verecundantur homines de furto quam de rapina. Ergo furtum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 est turpius quam rapina.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="41918"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 "ref">[41918] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 quanto aliquod peccatum pluribus nocet, tanto gravius esse videtur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3632 Sed per furtum potest nocumentum inferri et magnis et parvis, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 rapinam autem solum impotentibus, quibus potest violentia inferri.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 Ergo gravius videtur esse peccatum furti quam rapinae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 s. c."><a name="41919"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 "ref">[41919] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 est quod secundum leges gravius punitur rapina quam furtum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3638 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 co."><a name="41920"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 "ref">[41920] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3640 dicendum quod rapina et furtum habent rationem peccati, sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 dictum est, propter involuntarium quod est ex parte eius cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 aliquid aufertur; ita tamen quod in furto est involuntarium per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 ignorantiam, in rapina autem involuntarium per violentiam. Magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 est autem aliquid involuntarium per violentiam quam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3645 ignorantiam, quia violentia directius opponitur voluntati quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 ignorantia. Et ideo rapina est gravius peccatum quam furtum. Est et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 alia ratio. Quia per rapinam non solum infertur alicui damnum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3648 rebus, sed etiam vergit in quandam personae ignominiam sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3649 iniuriam. Et hoc praeponderat fraudi vel dolo, quae pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3650 furtum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="41921"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 "ref">[41921] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 responsio ad primum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3654 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="41922"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 "ref">[41922] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 dicendum quod homines sensibilibus inhaerentes magis gloriantur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 virtute exteriori, quae manifestatur in rapina, quam de virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 interiori, quae tollitur per peccatum. Et ideo minus verecundantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 de rapina quam de furto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3660 <p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="41923"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3661 "ref">[41923] II&ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 dicendum quod licet pluribus possit noceri per furtum quam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 rapinam, tamen graviora nocumenta possunt inferri per rapinam quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3664 per furtum. Unde ex hoc etiam rapina est detestabilior.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 <div class="D">Quaestio 67</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3668 <p title="II-II q. 67 pr."><a name="41924"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 "ref">[41924] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3670 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis commutativae iustitiae quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 consistunt in verbis in quibus laeditur proximus. Et primo, de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 quae pertinent ad iudicium; secundo, de nocumentis verborum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3673 fiunt extra iudicium. Circa primum quinque consideranda occurrunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 primo quidem, de iniustitia iudicis in iudicando; secundo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3675 iniustitia accusatoris in accusando; tertio, de iniustitia ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 rei in sua defensione; quarto, de iniustitia testis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 testificando; quinto, de iniustitia advocati in patrocinando. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3678 primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum aliquis possit iuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 iudicare eum qui non est sibi subditus. Secundo, utrum liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3680 iudicium ferre contra veritatem quam novit, propter ea quae sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 proponuntur. Tertio, utrum iudex possit aliquem iuste condemnare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 non accusatum. Quarto, utrum licite possit poenam relaxare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3684 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3685 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41925"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 "ref">[41925] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3687 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis possit iuste iudicare eum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 non est sibi subditus. Dicitur enim Dan. XIII quod Daniel seniores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 de falso testimonio convictos suo iudicio condemnavit. Sed illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3690 seniores non erant subditi Danieli, quinimmo ipsi erant iudices
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 populi. Ergo aliquis potest licite iudicare sibi non subditum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3692 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41926"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 "ref">[41926] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3694 Christus non erat alicuius hominis subditus, quinimmo ipse erat rex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 regum et dominus dominantium. Sed ipse exhibuit se iudicio hominis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 Ergo videtur quod aliquis licite possit iudicare aliquem qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 est subditus eius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3698 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41927"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 "ref">[41927] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3700 secundum iura quilibet sortitur forum secundum rationem delicti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3701 Sed quandoque ille qui delinquit non est subditus eius ad quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 pertinet forum illius loci, puta cum est alterius dioecesis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 cum est exemptus. Ergo videtur quod aliquis possit iudicare eum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3704 non est sibi subditus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41928"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 "ref">[41928] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 est quod Gregorius dicit, super illud Deut. XXIII, <i>si intraveris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 segetem et cetera. Falcem iudicii mittere non potest in eam rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 quae alteri videtur esse commissa</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3710 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 co."><a name="41929"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3711 "ref">[41929] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3712 dicendum quod sententia iudicis est quasi quaedam particularis lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 in aliquo particulari facto. Et ideo sicut lex generalis debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 habere vim coactivam, ut patet per philosophum, in X Ethic.; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3715 etiam et sententia iudicis debet habere vim coactivam, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 constringatur utraque pars ad servandam sententiam iudicis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3717 alioquin iudicium non esset efficax. Potestatem autem coactivam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 habet licite in rebus humanis nisi ille qui fungitur publica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 potestate. Et qui ea funguntur superiores reputantur respectu eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3720 in quos, sicut in subditos, potestatem accipiunt, sive habeant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 ordinarie, sive per commissionem. Et ideo manifestum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 nullus potest iudicare aliquem nisi sit aliquo modo subditus eius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 vel per commissionem vel per potestatem ordinariam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41930"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 "ref">[41930] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3726 ergo dicendum quod Daniel accepit potestatem ad iudicandum illos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3727 seniores quasi commissam ex instinctu divino. Quod significatur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 hoc quod ibi dicitur, quod <i>suscitavit dominus spiritum pueri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 iunioris</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41931"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3731 "ref">[41931] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 dicendum quod in rebus humanis aliqui propria sponte possunt se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3733 subiicere aliorum iudicio, quamvis non sint eis superiores, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 patet in his qui compromittunt in aliquos arbitros. Et inde est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 quod necesse est arbitrium poena vallari, quia arbitri, qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 sunt superiores, non habent de se plenam potestatem coercendi. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3737 igitur et Christus propria sponte humano iudicio se subdidit, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 etiam et Leo Papa iudicio imperatoris se subdidit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3739 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41932"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 "ref">[41932] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 dicendum quod episcopus in cuius dioecesi aliquis delinquit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3742 efficitur superior eius ratione delicti, etiam si sit exemptus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 nisi forte delinquat in re aliqua exempta, puta in administratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 bonorum alicuius monasterii exempti. Sed si aliquis exemptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 committat furtum vel homicidium vel aliquid huiusmodi, potest per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3746 ordinarium iuste condemnari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3748 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41933"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 "ref">[41933] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3751 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod iudici non liceat iudicare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3752 contra veritatem quam novit, propter ea quae in contrarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 proponuntur. Dicitur enim Deut. XVII, <i>venies ad sacerdotes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 levitici generis, et ad iudicem qui fuerit in illo tempore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3755 quaeresque ab eis, qui indicabunt tibi iudicii veritatem</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 quandoque aliqua proponuntur contra veritatem, sicut cum aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 per falsos testes probatur. Ergo non licet iudici iudicare secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 ea quae proponuntur et probantur, contra veritatem quam ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 novit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3760 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41934"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3761 "ref">[41934] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 homo in iudicando debet divino iudicio conformari, quia Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3763 iudicium est, ut dicitur Deut. I. Sed iudicium Dei est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3764 veritatem, ut dicitur Rom. II, et Isaiae XI praedicitur de Christo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3765 <i>non secundum visionem oculorum iudicabit, neque secundum auditum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 aurium arguet, sed iudicabit in iustitia pauperes, et arguet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 aequitate pro mansuetis terrae</i>. Ergo iudex non debet, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 ea quae coram ipso probantur, sententiam ferre contra ea quae ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3769 novit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41935"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 "ref">[41935] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 idcirco in iudicio probationes requiruntur ut fides fiat iudici de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3773 rei veritate, unde in his quae sunt notoria non requiritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 iudicialis ordo, secundum illud I ad Tim. V, <i>quorundam hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 peccata manifesta sunt, praecedentia ad iudicium</i>. Si ergo iudex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3776 per se cognoscat veritatem, non debet attendere ad ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3777 probantur, sed sententiam ferre secundum veritatem quam novit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="41936"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 "ref">[41936] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3780 nomen conscientiae importat applicationem scientiae ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3781 agibile, ut in primo habitum est. Sed facere contra conscientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 est peccatum. Ergo iudex peccat si sententiam ferat, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 allegata, contra conscientiam veritatis quam habet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3784 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41937"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 "ref">[41937] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 est quod Augustinus dicit, super Psalt., <i>bonus iudex nihil ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 arbitrio suo facit, sed secundum leges et iura pronuntiat</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 hoc est iudicare secundum ea quae in iudicio proponuntur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 probantur. Ergo iudex debet secundum huiusmodi iudicare, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3790 secundum proprium arbitrium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 co."><a name="41938"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3792 "ref">[41938] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3793 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, iudicare pertinet ad iudicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 secundum quod fungitur publica potestate. Et ideo informari debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 in iudicando non secundum id quod ipse novit tanquam privata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 persona, sed secundum id quod sibi innotescit tanquam personae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 publicae. Hoc autem innotescit sibi et in communi, et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 particulari. In communi quidem, per leges publicas vel divinas vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 humanas, contra quas nullas probationes admittere debet. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3800 particulari autem negotio aliquo, per instrumenta et testes et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3801 huiusmodi legitima documenta, quae debet sequi in iudicando magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 quam id quod ipse novit tanquam privata persona. Ex quo tamen ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 hoc adiuvari potest ut districtius discutiat probationes inductas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 ut possit earum defectum investigare. Quod si eas non possit de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 iure repellere, debet, sicut dictum est, eas in iudicando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3806 sequi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3807 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41939"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3808 "ref">[41939] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 ergo dicendum quod ideo praemittitur in verbis illis de quaestione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 iudicibus facienda, ut intelligatur quod iudices debent veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3811 iudicare secundum ea quae fuerunt sibi proposita.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3812 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41940"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 "ref">[41940] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 dicendum quod Deo competit iudicare secundum propriam potestatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 Et ideo in iudicando informatur secundum veritatem quam ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3816 cognoscit, non secundum hoc quod ab aliis accipit. Et eadem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3817 est de Christo, qui est verus Deus et homo. Alii autem iudices non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3818 iudicant secundum propriam potestatem. Et ideo non est similis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 ratio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41941"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 "ref">[41941] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 dicendum quod apostolus loquitur in casu quando aliquid non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3823 est manifestum iudici, sed sibi et aliis, ita quod reus nullo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3824 crimen infitiari potest, sed statim ex ipsa evidentia facti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3825 convincitur. Si autem sit manifestum iudici et non aliis, vel aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3826 et non iudici, tunc est necessaria iudicii discussio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="41942"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 "ref">[41942] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3829 dicendum quod homo in his quae ad propriam personam pertinent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3830 debet informare conscientiam suam ex propria scientia. Sed in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 quae pertinent ad publicam potestatem, debet informare conscientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3832 suam secundum ea quae in publico iudicio sciri possunt, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3833 cetera.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3835 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3836 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41943"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3837 "ref">[41943] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3838 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iudex possit aliquem iudicare etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3839 non sit alius accusator. Humana enim iustitia derivatur a iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3840 divina. Sed Deus peccatores iudicat etiam si nullus sit accusator.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3841 Ergo videtur quod homo possit in iudicio alium condemnare etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3842 non adsit accusator.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3843 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41944"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3844 "ref">[41944] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3845 accusator requiritur in iudicio ad hoc quod deferat crimen ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3846 iudicem. Sed quandoque potest crimen ad iudicem devenire alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3847 quam per accusationem, sicut per denuntiationem vel per infamiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3848 vel etiam si ipse iudex videat. Ergo iudex potest aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3849 condemnare absque accusatore.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3850 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41945"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3851 "ref">[41945] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3852 facta sanctorum in Scripturis narrantur quasi quaedam exemplaria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3853 humanae vitae. Sed Daniel simul fuit accusator et iudex contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3854 iniquos senes, ut patet Dan. XIII. Ergo non est contra iustitiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3855 aliquis aliquem damnet tanquam iudex, et ipsemet sit accusator.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3856 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41946"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3857 "ref">[41946] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3858 est quod, I ad Cor. V, Ambrosius, exponens sententiam apostoli de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3859 fornicatore, dicit quod <i>iudicis non est sine accusatore damnare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3860 quia dominus Iudam, cum fuisset fur, quia non est accusatus, minime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3861 abiecit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3862 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 co."><a name="41947"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3863 "ref">[41947] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3864 dicendum quod iudex est interpres iustitiae, unde sicut philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3865 dicit, in V Ethic., <i>ad iudicem confugiunt sicut ad quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3866 iustitiam animatam</i>. Iustitia autem, sicut supra habitum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3867 non est ad seipsum, sed ad alterum. Et ideo oportet quod iudex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3868 inter aliquos duos diiudicet, quod quidem fit cum unus est actor et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3869 alius est reus. Et ideo in criminibus non potest aliquem iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3870 condemnare iudex nisi habeat accusatorem, secundum illud Act. XXV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3871 <i>non est consuetudo Romanis damnare aliquem hominem prius quam is
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3872 qui accusatur praesentes habeat accusatores, locumque defendendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3873 accipiat ad abluenda crimina quae ei obiiciebantur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3874 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41948"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3875 "ref">[41948] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3876 ergo dicendum quod Deus in suo iudicio utitur conscientia peccantis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3877 quasi accusatore, secundum illud Rom. II, <i>inter se invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3878 cogitationum accusantium, aut etiam defendentium</i>. Vel etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3879 evidentia facti quantum ad ipsum, secundum illud Gen. IV <i>vox
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3880 sanguinis fratris tui Abel clamat ad me de terra</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3881 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41949"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3882 "ref">[41949] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3883 dicendum quod publica infamia habet locum accusatoris. Unde super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3884 illud Gen. IV, <i>vox sanguinis fratris tui</i> etc., dicit Glossa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3885 <i>evidentia patrati sceleris accusatore non eget</i>. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3886 denuntiatione vero, sicut supra dictum est, non intenditur punitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3887 peccantis, sed emendatio, et ideo nihil agitur contra eum cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3888 peccatum denuntiatur, sed pro eo. Et ideo non est ibi necessarius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3889 accusator. Poena autem infertur propter rebellionem ad Ecclesiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3890 quae, quia est manifesta, tenet locum accusatoris. Ex eo autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3891 ipse iudex videt, non potest procedere ad sententiam ferendam, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3892 secundum ordinem publici iudicii.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3893 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41950"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3894 "ref">[41950] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3895 dicendum quod Deus in suo iudicio procedit ex propria notitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3896 veritatis, non autem homo, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo homo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3897 potest esse simul accusator, iudex et testis, sicut Deus. Daniel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3898 autem accusator fuit simul et iudex quasi divini iudicii executor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3899 cuius instinctu movebatur, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3900 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3901 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3902 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41951"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3903 "ref">[41951] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3904 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iudex licite possit poenam relaxare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3905 Dicitur enim Iac. II, <i>iudicium sine misericordia ei qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3906 facit misericordiam</i>. Sed nullus punitur propter hoc quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3907 facit illud quod licite facere non potest. Ergo quilibet iudex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3908 potest licite misericordiam facere, relaxando poenam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3909 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41952"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3910 "ref">[41952] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3911 iudicium humanum debet imitari iudicium divinum. Sed Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3912 poenitentibus relaxat poenam, quia non vult mortem peccatoris, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3913 dicitur Ezech. XVIII. Ergo etiam homo iudex potest poenitenti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3914 licite laxare poenam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3915 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41953"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3916 "ref">[41953] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3917 unicuique licet facere quod alicui prodest et nulli nocet. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3918 absolvere reum a poena prodest ei et nulli nocet. Ergo iudex licite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3919 potest reum a poena absolvere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3920 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41954"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3921 "ref">[41954] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3922 est quod dicitur Deut. XIII de eo qui persuadet servire diis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3923 alienis, <i>non parcat ei oculus tuus ut miserearis et occultes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3924 eum, sed statim interficies eum</i>. Et de homicida dicitur Deut.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3925 XIX, <i>morietur, nec misereberis eius</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3926 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 co."><a name="41955"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3927 "ref">[41955] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3928 dicendum quod, sicut ex dictis patet, duo sunt, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3929 propositum pertinet, circa iudicem consideranda, quorum unum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3930 quod ipse habet iudicare inter accusatorem et reum; aliud autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3931 quod ipse non fert iudicii sententiam quasi ex propria, sed quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3932 ex publica potestate. Duplici ergo ratione impeditur iudex ne reum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3933 a poena absolvere possit. Primo quidem, ex parte accusatoris, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3934 cuius ius quandoque pertinet ut reus puniatur, puta propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3935 iniuriam in ipsum commissam, cuius relaxatio non est in arbitrio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3936 alicuius iudicis, quia quilibet iudex tenetur ius suum reddere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3937 unicuique. Alio modo impeditur ex parte reipublicae, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3938 potestate fungitur, ad cuius bonum pertinet quod malefactores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3939 puniantur. Sed tamen quantum ad hoc differt inter inferiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3940 iudices et supremum iudicem, scilicet principem, cui est plenarie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3941 potestas publica commissa. Iudex enim inferior non habet potestatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3942 absolvendi reum a poena, contra leges a superiore sibi impositas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3943 Unde super illud Ioan. XIX, <i>non haberes adversum me potestatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3944 ullam</i>, dicit Augustinus, <i>talem Deus dederat Pilato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3945 potestatem ut esset sub Caesaris potestate, ne ei omnino liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3946 esset accusatum absolvere</i>. Sed princeps, qui habet plenariam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3947 potestatem in republica, si ille qui passus est iniuriam velit eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3948 remittere, poterit reum licite absolvere, si hoc publicae utilitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3949 viderit non esse nocivum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3950 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41956"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3951 "ref">[41956] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3952 ergo dicendum quod misericordia iudicis habet locum in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3953 arbitrio iudicis relinquuntur, in quibus <i>boni viri est ut sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3954 diminutivus poenarum</i>, sicut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3955 his autem quae sunt determinata secundum legem divinam vel humanam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3956 non est suum misericordiam facere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3957 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41957"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3958 "ref">[41957] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3959 dicendum quod Deus habet supremam potestatem iudicandi, et ad ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3960 pertinet quidquid contra aliquem peccatur. Et ideo liberum est ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3961 poenam remittere, praecipue cum peccato ex hoc poena maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3962 debeatur quod est contra ipsum. Non tamen remittit poenam nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3963 secundum quod decet suam bonitatem, quae est omnium legum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3964 radix.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3965 <p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41958"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3966 "ref">[41958] II&ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3967 dicendum quod iudex, si inordinate poenam remitteret, nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3968 inferret et communitati, cui expedit ut maleficia puniantur, ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3969 quod peccata vitentur, unde Deut. XIII, post poenam seductoris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3970 subditur, <i>ut omnis Israel, audiens, timeat, et nequaquam ultra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3971 faciat quispiam huius rei simile</i>. Nocet etiam personae cui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3972 illata iniuria, quae recompensationem accipit per quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3973 restitutionem honoris in poena iniuriantis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3974 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3975 <div class="D">Quaestio 68</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3976 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3977 <p title="II-II q. 68 pr."><a name="41959"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3978 "ref">[41959] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3979 considerandum est de his quae pertinent ad iniustam accusationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3980 Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum homo accusare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3981 teneatur. Secundo, utrum accusatio sit facienda in scriptis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3982 Tertio, quomodo accusatio sit vitiosa. Quarto, qualiter male
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3983 accusantes sint puniendi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3984 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3985 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3986 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41960"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3987 "ref">[41960] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3988 sic proceditur. Videtur quod homo non teneatur accusare. Nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3989 enim excusatur ab impletione divini praecepti propter peccatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3990 quia iam ex suo peccato commodum reportaret. Sed aliqui propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3991 peccatum redduntur inhabiles ad accusandum, sicut excommunicati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3992 infames, et illi qui sunt de maioribus criminibus accusati prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3993 quam innoxii demonstrentur. Ergo homo non tenetur ex praecepto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3994 divino ad accusandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3995 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41961"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3996 "ref">[41961] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3997 omne debitum ex caritate dependet, quae est finis praecepti, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3998 dicitur Rom. XIII, <i>nemini quidquam debeatis, nisi ut invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3999 diligatis</i>. Sed illud quod est caritatis homo debet omnibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4000 maioribus et minoribus, subditis et praelatis. Cum igitur subditi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4001 non debeant praelatos accusare, nec minores suos maiores, ut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4002 plura capitula probatur II, qu. VII; videtur quod nullus ex debito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4003 teneatur accusare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4004 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41962"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4005 "ref">[41962] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4006 nullus tenetur contra fidelitatem agere quam debet amico, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4007 debet alteri facere quod sibi non vult fieri. Sed accusare aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4008 quandoque est contra fidelitatem quam quis debet amico, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4009 enim Prov. XI, <i>qui ambulat fraudulenter revelat arcana, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4010 autem fidelis est celat amici commissum</i>. Ergo homo non tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4011 ad accusandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4012 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41963"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4013 "ref">[41963] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4014 est quod dicitur Levit. V, <i>si peccaverit anima, et audierit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4015 vocem iurantis, testisque fuerit quod aut ipse vidit aut conscius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4016 est, nisi indicaverit, portabit iniquitatem suam</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4017 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 co."><a name="41964"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4018 "ref">[41964] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4019 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, haec est differentia inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4020 denuntiationem et accusationem, quod in denuntiatione attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4021 emendatio fratris, in accusatione autem attenditur punitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4022 criminis. Poenae autem praesentis vitae non per se expetuntur, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4023 non est hic ultimum retributionis tempus, sed inquantum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4024 medicinales, conferentes vel ad emendationem personae peccantis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4025 vel ad bonum reipublicae, cuius quies procuratur per punitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4026 peccantium. Quorum primum intenditur in denuntiatione, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4027 est, secundum autem proprie pertinet ad accusationem. Et ideo si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4028 crimen fuerit tale quod vergat in detrimentum reipublicae, tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4029 homo ad accusationem, dummodo sufficienter possit probare, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4030 pertinet ad officium accusatoris, puta cum peccatum alicuius vergit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4031 in multitudinis corruptelam corporalem seu spiritualem. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4032 non fuerit tale peccatum quod in multitudinem redundet, vel etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4033 si sufficientem probationem adhibere non possit, non tenetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4034 intentandum accusationem, quia ad hoc nullus tenetur quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4035 potest debito modo perficere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4036 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41965"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4037 "ref">[41965] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4038 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet per peccatum reddi aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4039 impotentem ad ea quae homines facere tenentur, sicut ad merendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4040 vitam aeternam, et ad assumendum ecclesiastica sacramenta. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4041 tamen ex hoc homo reportat commodum, quinimmo deficere ab his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4042 tenetur facere est gravissima poena, quia virtuosi actus sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4043 quaedam hominis perfectiones.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4044 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41966"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4045 "ref">[41966] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4046 dicendum quod subditi praelatos suos accusare prohibentur <i>qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4047 non affectione caritatis, sed sua pravitate vitam eorum diffamare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4048 et reprehendere quaerunt</i>; vel etiam si subditi accusare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4049 volentes, fuerint criminosi; ut habetur II, qu. VII. Alioquin, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4050 fuerint alias idonei ad accusandum, licet subditis ex caritate suos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4051 praelatos accusare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4052 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41967"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4053 "ref">[41967] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4054 dicendum quod revelare secreta in malum personae, est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4055 fidelitatem, non autem si revelentur propter bonum commune, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4056 semper praeferendum est bono privato. Et ideo contra bonum commune
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4057 nullum secretum licet recipere. Nec tamen est omnino secretum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4058 per sufficientes testes potest probari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4059 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4060 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4061 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41968"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4062 "ref">[41968] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4063 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit necessarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4064 accusationem in scriptis fieri. Scriptura enim adinventa est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4065 subveniendum humanae memoriae circa praeterita. Sed accusatio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4066 praesenti agitur. Ergo accusatio Scriptura non indiget.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4067 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41969"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4068 "ref">[41969] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4069 II, qu. VIII, dicitur, <i>nullus absens accusare potest, nec ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4070 aliquo accusari</i>. Sed Scriptura ad hoc videtur esse utilis ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4071 absentibus aliquid significetur, ut patet per Augustinum, X de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4072 Trin. Ergo in accusatione non est necessaria Scriptura, praesertim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4073 cum canon dicat quod per scripta nullius accusatio suscipiatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4074 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41970"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4075 "ref">[41970] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4076 sicut crimen alicuius manifestatur per accusationem, ita per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4077 denuntiationem. Sed in denuntiatione non est Scriptura necessaria.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4078 Ergo videtur quod neque etiam in accusatione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4079 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41971"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4080 "ref">[41971] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4081 est quod dicitur II, qu. VIII, <i>accusatorum personae sine scripto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4082 nunquam recipiantur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4083 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 co."><a name="41972"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4084 "ref">[41972] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4085 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, quando in criminibus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4086 modum accusationis agitur, accusator constituitur pars, ita quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4087 iudex inter accusatorem et eum qui accusatur medius constituitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4088 examen iustitiae, in quo oportet, quantum possibile est, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4089 certitudinem procedere. Quia vero ea quae verbotenus dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4090 facile labuntur a memoria, non posset iudici esse certum quid et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4091 qualiter dictum sit, cum debet proferre sententiam, nisi esset in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4092 scriptis redactum. Et ideo rationabiliter institutum est ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4093 accusatio, sicut et alia quae in iudicio aguntur, redigantur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4094 scriptis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4095 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41973"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4096 "ref">[41973] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4097 ergo dicendum quod difficile est singula verba, propter eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4098 multitudinem et varietatem, retinere, cuius signum est quod multi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4099 eadem verba audientes, si interrogentur, non referent ea similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4100 etiam post modicum tempus. Et tamen modica verborum differentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4101 sensum variat. Et ideo, etiam si post modicum tempus debeat iudicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4102 sententia promulgari, expedit tamen ad certitudinem iudicii ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4103 accusatio redigatur in scriptis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4104 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41974"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4105 "ref">[41974] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4106 dicendum quod Scriptura non solum necessaria est propter absentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4107 personae quae significat vel cui est aliquid significandum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4108 etiam propter dilationem temporis, ut dictum est. Et ideo cum dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4109 canon, per scripta nullius accusatio suscipiatur, intelligendum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4110 ab absente, qui per epistolam accusationem mittat. Non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4111 excluditur quin, si praesens fuerit, necessaria sit Scriptura.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4112 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41975"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4113 "ref">[41975] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4114 dicendum quod denuntiator non obligat se ad probandum, unde nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4115 punitur si probare nequiverit. Et propter hoc in denuntiatione non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4116 est necessaria Scriptura, sed sufficit si aliquis verbo denuntiet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4117 Ecclesiae, quae ex officio suo procedet ad fratris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4118 emendationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4119 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4120 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4121 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41976"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4122 "ref">[41976] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4123 sic proceditur. Videtur quod accusatio non reddatur iniusta per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4124 calumniam, praevaricationem et tergiversationem. Quia sicut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4125 II, qu. III, calumniari est falsa crimina intendere. Sed quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4126 aliquis alteri falsum crimen obiicit ex ignorantia facti, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4127 excusat. Ergo videtur quod non semper reddatur iniusta accusatio si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4128 sit calumniosa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4129 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41977"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4130 "ref">[41977] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4131 ibidem dicitur quod praevaricari est vera crimina abscondere. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4132 hoc non videtur esse illicitum, quia homo non tenetur ad omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4133 crimina detegenda, ut supra dictum est. Ergo videtur quod accusatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4134 non reddatur iniusta ex praevaricatione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4135 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41978"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4136 "ref">[41978] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4137 sicut ibidem dicitur, <i>tergiversari est in universo ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4138 accusatione desistere</i>. Sed hoc absque iniustitia fieri potest,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4139 dicitur enim ibidem, <i>si quem poenituerit criminaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4140 accusationem et inscriptionem fecisse de eo quod probare non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4141 potuerit, si ei cum accusato innocente convenerit, invicem se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4142 absolvant</i>. Ergo accusatio non redditur iniusta per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4143 tergiversationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4144 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41979"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4145 "ref">[41979] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4146 est quod ibidem dicitur, <i>accusatorum temeritas tribus modis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4147 detegitur, aut enim calumniantur, aut praevaricantur, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4148 tergiversantur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4149 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 co."><a name="41980"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4150 "ref">[41980] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4151 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, accusatio ordinatur ad bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4152 commune, quod intenditur per cognitionem criminis. Nullus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4153 debet alicui nocere iniuste ut bonum commune promoveat. Et ideo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4154 accusatione duplici ratione contingit esse peccatum. Uno modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4155 eo quod iniuste agit contra eum qui accusatur, falsa crimina ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4156 imponendo, quod est calumniari. Alio modo, ex parte reipublicae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4157 cuius bonum principaliter intenditur in accusatione, dum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4158 impedit malitiose punitionem peccati. Quod iterum dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4159 contingit. Uno modo, fraudem in accusatione adhibendo. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4160 pertinet ad praevaricationem, <i>nam praevaricator est quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4161 varicator, qui adversam partem adiuvat, prodita causa sua</i>. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4162 modo, totaliter ab accusatione desistendo. Quod est tergiversari,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4163 in hoc enim quod desistit ab hoc quod coeperat, quasi tergum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4164 vertere videtur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4165 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41981"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4166 "ref">[41981] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4167 ergo dicendum quod homo non debet ad accusationem procedere nisi de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4168 re sibi omnino certa, in quo ignorantia facti locum non habeat. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4169 tamen qui falsum crimen alicui imponit calumniatur, sed solum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4170 ex malitia in falsam accusationem prorumpit. Contingit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4171 quandoque ex animi levitate ad accusationem procedere, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4172 scilicet aliquis nimis faciliter credit quod audivit, et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4173 temeritatis est. Aliquando autem ex iusto errore movetur aliquis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4174 accusandum. Quae omnia secundum prudentiam iudicis debent discerni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4175 ut non prorumpat eum calumniatum fuisse qui vel ex levitate animi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4176 vel ex iusto errore in falsam accusationem prorupit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4177 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41982"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4178 "ref">[41982] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4179 dicendum quod non quicumque abscondit vera crimina praevaricatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4180 sed solum si fraudulenter abscondit ea de quibus accusationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4181 proponit, colludens cum reo, proprias probationes dissimulando, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4182 falsas excusationes admittendo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4183 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41983"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4184 "ref">[41983] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4185 dicendum quod tergiversari est ab accusatione desistere omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4186 animum accusandi deponendo, non qualitercumque, sed inordinate.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4187 Contingit autem aliquem ab accusatione desistere ordinate absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4188 vitio, dupliciter. Uno modo, si in ipso accusationis processu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4189 cognoverit falsum esse id de quo accusabat, et si pari consensu se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4190 absolvunt accusator et reus. Alio modo, si princeps, ad quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4191 pertinet cura boni communis, quod per accusationem intenditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4192 accusationem aboleverit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4193 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4194 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4195 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41984"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4196 "ref">[41984] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4197 sic proceditur. Videtur quod accusator qui in probatione defecerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4198 non teneatur ad poenam talionis. Contingit enim quandoque aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4199 ex iusto errore ad accusationem procedere, in quo casu iudex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4200 accusatorem absolvit, ut dicitur II, qu. III. Non ergo accusator
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4201 qui in probatione defecerit tenetur ad poenam talionis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4202 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41985"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4203 "ref">[41985] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4204 si poena talionis ei qui iniuste accusat sit iniungenda, hoc erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4205 propter iniuriam in aliquem commissam. Sed non propter iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4206 commissam in personam accusati, quia sic princeps non posset hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4207 poenam remittere. Nec etiam propter iniuriam illatam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4208 rempublicam, quia sic accusatus non posset eum absolvere. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4209 poena talionis non debetur ei qui in accusatione defecerit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4210 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41986"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4211 "ref">[41986] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4212 eidem peccato non debetur duplex poena, secundum illud Nahum I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4213 <i>non iudicabit Deus bis in idipsum</i>. Sed ille qui in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4214 probatione deficit incurrit poenam infamiae, quam etiam Papa non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4215 videtur posse remittere, secundum illud Gelasii Papae, <i>quanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4216 animas per poenitentiam salvare possimus, infamiam tamen abolere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4217 non possumus</i>. Non ergo tenetur ad poenam talionis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4218 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41987"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4219 "ref">[41987] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4220 est quod Hadrianus Papa dicit, qui <i>non probaverit quod obiecit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4221 poenam quam intulerit ipse patiatur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4222 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 co."><a name="41988"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4223 "ref">[41988] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4224 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, accusator in causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4225 accusationis constituitur pars intendens ad poenam accusati. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4226 iudicem autem pertinet ut inter eos iustitiae aequalitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4227 constituat. Iustitiae autem aequalitas hoc requirit, ut nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4228 quod quis alteri intentat, ipse patiatur, secundum illud Exod. XXI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4229 <i>oculum pro oculo, dentem pro dente</i>. Et ideo iustum est ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4230 ille qui per accusationem aliquem in periculum gravis poenae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4231 inducit, ipse etiam similem poenam patiatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4232 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41989"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4233 "ref">[41989] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4234 ergo dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4235 iustitia non semper competit contrapassum simpliciter, quia multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4236 differt an aliquis voluntarie an involuntarie alium laedat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4237 Voluntarium autem meretur poenam, sed involuntario debetur venia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4238 Et ideo quando iudex cognoverit aliquem de falso accusasse non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4239 voluntate nocendi, sed involuntarie propter ignorantiam ex iusto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4240 errore, non imponit poenam talionis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4241 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41990"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4242 "ref">[41990] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4243 dicendum quod ille qui male accusat peccat et contra personam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4244 accusati, et contra rempublicam. Unde propter utrumque punitur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4245 hoc est quod dicitur Deut. XIX, <i>cumque, diligentissime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4246 perscrutantes, invenerint falsum testem dixisse contra fratrem suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4247 mendacium, reddent ei sicut fratri suo facere cogitavit</i>, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4248 pertinet ad iniuriam personae, et postea, quantum ad iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4249 reipublicae, subditur, <i>et auferes malum de medio tui, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4250 audientes ceteri timorem habeant, et nequaquam talia audeant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4251 facere</i>. Specialiter tamen personae accusati facit iniuriam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4252 de falso accuset, et ideo accusatus, si innocens fuerit, potest ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4253 iniuriam suam remittere; maxime si non calumniose accusaverit, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4254 ex animi levitate. Si vero ab accusatione innocentis desistat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4255 propter aliquam collusionem cum adversario, facit iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4256 reipublicae, et hoc non potest ei remitti ab eo qui accusatur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4257 potest ei remitti per principem, qui curam reipublicae gerit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4258 <p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41991"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4259 "ref">[41991] II&ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4260 dicendum quod poenam talionis meretur accusator in recompensationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4261 nocumenti quod proximo inferre intentat, sed poena infamiae ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4262 debetur propter malitiam ex qua calumniose alium accusat. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4263 quandoque quidem princeps remittit poenam, et non abolet infamiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4264 quandoque autem etiam infamiam abolet. Unde et Papa potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4265 huiusmodi infamiam abolere, et quod dicit Papa Gelasius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4266 <i>infamiam abolere non possumus</i>, intelligendum est vel de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4267 infamia facti, vel quia eam abolere aliquando non expedit. Vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4268 etiam loquitur de infamia irrogata per iudicem civilem, sicut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4269 Gratianus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4270 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4271 <div class="D">Quaestio 69</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4272 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4273 <p title="II-II q. 69 pr."><a name="41992"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4274 "ref">[41992] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4275 considerandum est de peccatis quae sunt contra iustitiam ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4276 rei. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum peccet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4277 mortaliter veritatem negando per quam condemnaretur. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4278 liceat alicui se calumniose defendere. Tertio, utrum liceat alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4279 iudicium subterfugere appellando. Quarto, utrum liceat alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4280 condemnato per violentiam se defendere, si adsit facultas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4281 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4282 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4283 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41993"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4284 "ref">[41993] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4285 sic proceditur. Videtur quod absque peccato mortali possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4286 accusatus veritatem negare per quam condemnaretur. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4287 Chrysostomus, <i>non tibi dico ut te prodas in publicum, neque apud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4288 alium accuses</i>. Sed si veritatem confiteretur in iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4289 accusatus, seipsum proderet et accusaret. Non ergo tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4290 veritatem dicere. Et ita non peccat mortaliter si in iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4291 mentiatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4292 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41994"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4293 "ref">[41994] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4294 sicut mendacium officiosum est quando aliquis mentitur ut alium a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4295 morte liberet, ita mendacium officiosum esse videtur quando aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4296 mentitur ut se liberet a morte, quia plus sibi tenetur quam alteri.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4297 Mendacium autem officiosum non ponitur esse peccatum mortale, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4298 veniale. Ergo si accusatus veritatem in iudicio neget ut se a morte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4299 liberet, non peccat mortaliter.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4300 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41995"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4301 "ref">[41995] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4302 omne peccatum mortale est contra caritatem, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4303 Sed quod accusatus mentiatur excusando se a peccato sibi imposito,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4304 non contrariatur caritati, neque quantum ad dilectionem Dei neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4305 quantum ad dilectionem proximi. Ergo huiusmodi mendacium non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4306 peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4307 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41996"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4308 "ref">[41996] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4309 omne quod est contrarium divinae gloriae est peccatum mortale, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4310 ex praecepto tenemur omnia in gloriam Dei facere, <i>ut patet I ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4311 Cor. X</i>. Sed quod reus id quod contra se est confiteatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4312 pertinet ad gloriam Dei, ut patet per id quod Iosue dixit ad Achar,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4313 <i>fili mi, da gloriam domino Deo Israel, et confitere atque indica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4314 mihi quid feceris, ne abscondas</i>, ut habetur Iosue VII. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4315 mentiri ad excusandum peccatum est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4316 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 co."><a name="41997"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4317 "ref">[41997] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4318 dicendum quod quicumque facit contra debitum iustitiae, mortaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4319 peccat, sicut supra dictum est. Pertinet autem ad debitum iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4320 quod aliquis obediat suo superiori in his ad quae ius praelationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4321 se extendit. Iudex autem, ut supra dictum est, superior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4322 respectu eius qui iudicatur. Et ideo ex debito tenetur accusatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4323 iudici veritatem exponere quam ab eo secundum formam iuris exigit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4324 Et ideo si confiteri noluerit veritatem quam dicere tenetur, vel si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4325 eam mendaciter negaverit, mortaliter peccat. Si vero iudex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4326 exquirat quod non potest secundum ordinem iuris, non tenetur ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4327 accusatus respondere, sed potest vel per appellationem vel aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4328 licite subterfugere, mendacium tamen dicere non licet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4329 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41998"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4330 "ref">[41998] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4331 ergo dicendum quod quando aliquis secundum ordinem iuris a iudice
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4332 interrogatur, non ipse se prodit, sed ab alio proditur, dum ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4333 necessitas respondendi imponitur per eum cui obedire tenetur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4334 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41999"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4335 "ref">[41999] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4336 dicendum quod mentiri ad liberandum aliquem a morte cum iniuria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4337 alterius, non est mendacium simpliciter officiosum, sed habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4338 aliquid de pernicioso admixtum. Cum autem aliquis mentitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4339 iudicio ad excusationem sui, iniuriam facit ei cui obedire tenetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4340 dum sibi denegat quod ei debet, scilicet confessionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4341 veritatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4342 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42000"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4343 "ref">[42000] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4344 dicendum quod ille qui mentitur in iudicio se excusando, facit et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4345 contra dilectionem Dei, cuius est iudicium; et contra dilectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4346 proximi, tum ex parte iudicis, cui debitum negat; tum ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4347 accusatoris, qui punitur si in probatione deficiat. Unde et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4348 Psalm. dicitur, <i>ne declines cor meum in verba malitiae, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4349 excusandas excusationes in peccatis</i>, ubi dicit Glossa, <i>haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4350 est consuetudo impudentium, ut deprehensi per aliqua falsa se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4351 excusent</i>. Et Gregorius, XXII Moral., exponens illud Iob XXXI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4352 si abscondi quasi homo peccatum meum, dicit, <i>usitatum humani
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4353 generis vitium est et latendo peccatum committere, et commissum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4354 negando abscondere, et convictum defendendo multiplicare</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4355 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4356 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4357 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42001"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4358 "ref">[42001] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4359 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod accusato liceat calumniose se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4360 defendere. Quia secundum iura civilia, in causa sanguinis licitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4361 est cuilibet adversarium corrumpere. Sed hoc maxime est calumniose
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4362 se defendere. Ergo non peccat accusatus in causa sanguinis si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4363 calumniose se defendat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4364 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42002"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4365 "ref">[42002] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4366 accusator cum accusato colludens poenam recipit legibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4367 constitutam, ut habetur, II, qu. III, non autem imponitur poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4368 accusato propter hoc quod cum accusatore colludit. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4369 quod liceat accusato calumniose se defendere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4370 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42003"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4371 "ref">[42003] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4372 Prov. XIV dicitur, <i>sapiens timet et declinat a malo, stultus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4373 transilit et confidit</i>. Sed illud quod fit per sapientiam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4374 est peccatum. Ergo si aliquis qualitercumque se liberet a malo, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4375 peccat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4376 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42004"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4377 "ref">[42004] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4378 est quod etiam in causa criminali iuramentum de calumnia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4379 praestandum, ut habetur extra, de iuramento Calum., inhaerentes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4380 Quod non esset si calumniose defendere se liceret. Ergo non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4381 licitum accusato calumniose se defendere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4382 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 co."><a name="42005"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4383 "ref">[42005] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4384 dicendum quod aliud est veritatem tacere, aliud est falsitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4385 proponere. Quorum primum in aliquo casu licet. Non enim aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4386 tenetur omnem veritatem confiteri, sed illam solum quam ab eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4387 potest et debet requirere iudex secundum ordinem iuris, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4388 praecessit infamia super aliquo crimine, vel aliqua expressa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4389 indicia apparuerunt, vel etiam cum praecessit probatio semiplena.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4390 Falsitatem tamen proponere in nullo casu licet alicui. Ad id autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4391 quod licitum est potest aliquis procedere vel per vias licitas et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4392 fini intento accommodas, quod pertinet ad prudentiam, vel per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4393 aliquas vias illicitas et proposito fini incongruas, quod pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4394 ad astutiam, quae exercetur per fraudem et dolum, ut ex supradictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4395 patet. Quorum primum est laudabile; secundum vero vitiosum. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4396 igitur reo qui accusatur licet se defendere veritatem occultando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4397 quam confiteri non tenetur, per aliquos convenientes modos, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4398 quod non respondeat ad quae respondere non tenetur. Hoc autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4399 est calumniose se defendere, sed magis prudenter evadere. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4400 licet ei vel falsitatem dicere, vel veritatem tacere quam confiteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4401 tenetur; neque etiam aliquam fraudem vel dolum adhibere, quia fraus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4402 et dolus vim mendacii habent. Et hoc est calumniose se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4403 defendere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4404 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42006"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4405 "ref">[42006] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4406 ergo dicendum quod multa secundum leges humanas impunita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4407 relinquuntur quae secundum divinum iudicium sunt peccata, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4408 patet in simplici fornicatione, quia lex humana non exigit ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4409 homine omnimodam virtutem, quae paucorum est, et non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4410 inveniri in tanta multitudine populi quantam lex humana sustinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4411 habet necesse. Quod autem aliquis non velit aliquod peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4412 committere ut mortem corporalem evadat, cuius periculum in causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4413 sanguinis imminet reo, est perfectae virtutis, quia <i>omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4414 temporalium maxime terribile est mors</i>, ut dicitur in III Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4415 Et ideo si reus in causa sanguinis corrumpat adversarium suum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4416 peccat quidem inducendo eum ad illicitum, non autem huic peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4417 lex civilis adhibet poenam. Et pro tanto licitum esse dicitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4418 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42007"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4419 "ref">[42007] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4420 dicendum quod accusator, si colludat cum reo qui noxius, est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4421 poenam incurrit, ex quo patet quod peccat. Unde, cum inducere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4422 aliquem ad peccandum sit peccatum, vel qualitercumque peccati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4423 participem esse, cum apostolus dicat dignos morte eos qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4424 peccantibus consentiunt, manifestum est quod etiam reus peccat cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4425 adversario colludendo. Non tamen secundum leges humanas imponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4426 sibi poena, propter rationem iam dictam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4427 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42008"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4428 "ref">[42008] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4429 dicendum quod sapiens non abscondit se calumniose, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4430 prudenter.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4431 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4432 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4433 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42009"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4434 "ref">[42009] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4435 sic proceditur. Videtur quod reo non liceat iudicium declinare per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4436 appellationem. Dicit enim apostolus, Rom. XIII, <i>omnis anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4437 potestatibus sublimioribus subdita sit</i>. Sed reus appellando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4438 recusat subiici potestati superiori, scilicet iudici. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4439 peccat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4440 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42010"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4441 "ref">[42010] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4442 maius est vinculum ordinariae potestatis quam propriae electionis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4443 Sed sicut legitur II, qu. VI, <i>a iudicibus quos communis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4444 consensus elegerit non liceat provocari</i>. Ergo multo minus licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4445 appellare a iudicibus ordinariis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4446 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42011"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4447 "ref">[42011] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4448 illud quod semel est licitum, semper est licitum. Sed non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4449 licitum appellare post decimum diem, neque tertio super eodem. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4450 videtur quod appellatio non sit secundum se licita.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4451 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42012"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4452 "ref">[42012] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4453 est quod Paulus Caesarem appellavit, ut habetur Act. XXV.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4454 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 co."><a name="42013"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4455 "ref">[42013] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4456 dicendum quod duplici de causa contingit aliquem appellare. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4457 quidem modo, confidentia iustae causae, quia videlicet iniuste a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4458 iudice gravatur. Et sic licitum est appellare, hoc enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4459 prudenter evadere. Unde II, qu. VI, dicitur, <i>omnis oppressus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4460 libere sacerdotum si voluerit appellet iudicium, et a nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4461 prohibeatur</i>. Alio modo aliquis appellat causa afferendae morae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4462 ne contra eum iusta sententia proferatur. Et hoc est calumniose se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4463 defendere, quod est illicitum, sicut dictum est, facit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4464 iniuriam et iudici, cuius officium impedit, et adversario suo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4465 cuius iustitiam, quantum potest, perturbat. Et ideo sicut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4466 II, qu. VI, <i>omni modo puniendus est cuius iniusta appellatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4467 pronuntiatur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4468 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42014"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4469 "ref">[42014] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4470 ergo dicendum quod potestati inferiori intantum aliquis subiici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4471 debet inquantum ordinem superioris servat, a quo si exorbitaverit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4472 ei subiici non oportet, puta si aliud iusserit proconsul, et aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4473 imperator, ut patet per Glossam Rom. XIII. Cum autem iudex iniuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4474 aliquem gravat, quantum ad hoc relinquit ordinem superioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4475 potestatis, secundum quam necessitas sibi iuste iudicandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4476 imponitur. Et ideo licitum est ei qui contra iustitiam gravatur, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4477 directionem superioris potestatis recurrere appellando, vel ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4478 sententiam vel post. Et quia non praesumitur esse rectitudo ubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4479 vera fides non est, ideo non licet Catholico ad infidelem iudicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4480 appellare, secundum illud II, qu. VI, <i>Catholicus qui causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4481 suam, sive iustam sive iniustam, ad iudicium alterius fidei iudicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4482 provocaverit, excommunicetur</i>. Nam et apostolus arguit eos qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4483 iudicio contendebant apud infideles.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4484 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42015"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4485 "ref">[42015] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4486 dicendum quod ex proprio defectu vel negligentia procedit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4487 aliquis sua sponte se alterius iudicio subiiciat de cuius iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4488 non confidit. Levis etiam animi esse videtur ut quis non permaneat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4489 in eo quod semel approbavit. Et ideo rationabiliter denegatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4490 subsidium appellationis a iudicibus arbitrariis, qui non habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4491 potestatem nisi ex consensu litigantium. Sed potestas iudicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4492 ordinarii non dependet ex consensu illius qui eius iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4493 subditur, sed ex auctoritate regis et principis, qui eum instituit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4494 Et ideo contra eius iniustum gravamen lex tribuit appellationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4495 subsidium, ita quod, etiam si sit simul ordinarius et arbitrarius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4496 iudex, potest ab eo appellari; quia videtur ordinaria potestas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4497 occasio fuisse quod arbiter eligeretur; nec debet ad defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4498 imputari eius qui consensit sicut in arbitrum in eum quem princeps
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4499 iudicem ordinarium dedit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4500 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42016"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4501 "ref">[42016] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4502 dicendum quod aequitas iuris ita subvenit uni parti quod altera non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4503 gravetur. Et ideo tempus decem dierum concessit ad appellandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4504 quod sufficiens aestimavit ad deliberandum an expediat appellare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4505 Si vero non esset determinatum tempus in quo appellare liceret,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4506 semper certitudo iudicii remaneret in suspenso, et ita pars altera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4507 damnaretur. Ideo autem non est concessum ut tertio aliquis appellet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4508 super eodem, quia non est probabile toties iudices a recto iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4509 declinare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4510 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4511 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4512 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42017"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4513 "ref">[42017] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4514 sic proceditur. Videtur quod liceat condemnato ad mortem se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4515 defendere, si possit. Illud enim ad quod natura inclinat semper est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4516 licitum, quasi de iure naturali existens. Sed naturae inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4517 est ad resistendum corrumpentibus, non solum in hominibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4518 animalibus, sed etiam in insensibilibus rebus. Ergo licet reo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4519 condemnato resistere, si potest, ne tradatur in mortem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4520 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42018"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4521 "ref">[42018] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4522 sicut aliquis sententiam mortis contra se latam subterfugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4523 resistendo, ita etiam fugiendo. Sed licitum esse videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4524 aliquis se a morte per fugam liberet, secundum illud Eccli. IX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4525 <i>longe esto ab homine potestatem habente occidendi et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4526 vivificandi</i>. Ergo etiam licitum est resistere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4527 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42019"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4528 "ref">[42019] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4529 Prov. XXIV dicitur, <i>erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem, et eos qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4530 trahuntur ad interitum liberare ne cesses</i>. Sed plus tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4531 aliquis sibi quam alteri. Ergo licitum est quod aliquis condemnatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4532 seipsum defendat ne in mortem tradatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4533 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42020"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4534 "ref">[42020] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4535 est quod dicit apostolus, Rom. XIII, <i>qui potestati resistit, Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4536 ordinationi resistit, et ipse sibi damnationem acquirit</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4537 condemnatus se defendendo potestati resistit quantum ad hoc in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4538 est divinitus instituta ad vindictam malefactorum, laudem vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4539 bonorum. Ergo peccat se defendendo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4540 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 co."><a name="42021"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4541 "ref">[42021] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4542 dicendum quod aliquis damnatur ad mortem dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4543 iuste. Et sic non licet condemnato se defendere, licitum enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4544 iudici eum resistentem impugnare; unde relinquitur quod ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4545 eius sit bellum iniustum. Unde indubitanter peccat. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4546 condemnatur aliquis iniuste. Et tale iudicium simile est violentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4547 latronum, secundum illud Ezech. XXII, <i>principes eius in medio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4548 eius quasi lupi rapientes praedam ad effundendum sanguinem</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4549 ideo sicut licet resistere latronibus, ita licet resistere in tali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4550 casu malis principibus, nisi forte propter scandalum vitandum, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4551 ex hoc aliqua gravis turbatio timeretur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4552 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42022"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4553 "ref">[42022] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4554 ergo dicendum quod ideo homini data est ratio, ut ea ad quae natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4555 inclinat non passim, sed secundum rationis ordinem exequatur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4556 ideo non quaelibet defensio sui est licita, sed quae fit cum debito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4557 moderamine.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4558 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42023"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4559 "ref">[42023] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4560 dicendum quod nullus ita condemnatur quod ipse sibi inferat mortem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4561 sed quod ipse mortem patiatur. Et ideo non tenetur facere id unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4562 mors sequatur, quod est manere in loco unde ducatur ad mortem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4563 Tenetur tamen non resistere agenti, quin patiatur quod iustum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4564 eum pati. Sicut etiam si aliquis sit condemnatus ut fame moriatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4565 non peccat si cibum sibi occulte ministratum sumat, quia non sumere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4566 esset seipsum occidere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4567 <p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42024"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4568 "ref">[42024] II&ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4569 dicendum quod per illud dictum sapientis non inducitur aliquis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4570 liberandum alium a morte contra ordinem iustitiae. Unde nec seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4571 contra iustitiam resistendo aliquis debet liberare a morte.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4572 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4573 <div class="D">Quaestio 70</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4574 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4575 <p title="II-II q. 70 pr."><a name="42025"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4576 "ref">[42025] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4577 considerandum est de iniustitia pertinente ad personam testis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4578 circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum homo teneatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4579 testimonium ferendum. Secundo, utrum duorum vel trium testimonium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4580 sufficiat. Tertio, utrum alicuius testimonium repellatur absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4581 eius culpa. Quarto, utrum perhibere falsum testimonium sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4582 mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4583 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4584 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4585 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42026"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4586 "ref">[42026] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4587 sic proceditur. Videtur quod homo non teneatur ad testimonium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4588 ferendum. Dicit enim Augustinus, in quaest. Gen., quod Abraham
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4589 dicens de uxore sua, soror mea est, veritatem celari voluit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4590 mendacium dici. Sed veritatem celando aliquis a testificando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4591 abstinet. Ergo non tenetur aliquis ad testificandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4592 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42027"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4593 "ref">[42027] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4594 nullus tenetur fraudulenter agere. Sed Prov. XI dicitur, <i>qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4595 ambulat fraudulenter revelat arcana, qui autem fidelis est celat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4596 amici commissum</i>. Ergo non tenetur homo semper ad testificandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4597 praesertim super his quae sunt sibi in secreto ab amico
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4598 commissa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4599 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42028"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4600 "ref">[42028] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4601 ad ea quae sunt de necessitate salutis maxime tenentur clerici et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4602 sacerdotes. Sed clericis et sacerdotibus prohibetur ferre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4603 testimonium in causa sanguinis. Ergo testificari non est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4604 necessitate salutis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4605 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42029"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4606 "ref">[42029] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4607 est quod Augustinus dicit, <i>qui veritatem occultat, et qui prodit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4608 mendacium, uterque reus est, ille quia prodesse non vult, iste quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4609 nocere desiderat</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4610 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 co."><a name="42030"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4611 "ref">[42030] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4612 dicendum quod in testimonio ferendo distinguendum est. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4613 aliquando requiritur testimonium alicuius, aliquando non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4614 requiritur. Si requiritur testimonium alicuius subditi auctoritate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4615 superioris cui in his quae ad iustitiam pertinent obedire tenetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4616 non est dubium quin teneatur testimonium ferre in his in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4617 secundum ordinem iuris testimonium ab eo exigitur, puta in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4618 manifestis, et in his de quibus infamia praecessit. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4619 exigatur ab eo testimonium in aliis, puta in occultis et de quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4620 infamia non praecessit, non tenetur ad testificandum. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4621 requiratur eius testimonium non auctoritate superioris cui obedire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4622 tenetur, tunc distinguendum est. Quia si testimonium requiratur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4623 liberandum hominem vel ab iniusta morte seu poena quacumque, vel a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4624 falsa infamia, vel etiam ab iniquo damno, tunc tenetur homo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4625 testificandum. Et si eius testimonium non requiratur, tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4626 facere quod in se est ut veritatem denuntiet alicui qui ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4627 possit prodesse. Dicitur enim in Psalm., <i>eripite pauperem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4628 egenum de manu peccatoris liberate</i>; et Prov. XXIV, <i>erue eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4629 qui dicuntur ad mortem</i>. Et Rom. I dicitur, <i>digni sunt morte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4630 non solum qui faciunt, sed etiam qui consentiunt facientibus</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4631 ubi dicit Glossa, <i>consentire est tacere, cum possis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4632 redarguere</i>. Super his vero quae pertinent ad condemnationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4633 alicuius, non tenetur aliquis ferre testimonium nisi cum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4634 superiori compellitur secundum ordinem iuris. Quia si circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4635 veritas occultetur, nulli ex hoc speciale damnum nascitur. Vel, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4636 immineat periculum accusatori, non est curandum, quia ipse se in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4637 hoc periculum sponte ingessit. Alia autem ratio est de reo, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4638 periculum imminet eo nolente.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4639 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42031"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4640 "ref">[42031] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4641 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de occultatione veritatis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4642 casu illo quando aliquis non compellitur superioris auctoritate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4643 veritatem propalare; et quando occultatio veritatis nulli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4644 specialiter est damnosa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4645 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42032"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4646 "ref">[42032] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4647 dicendum quod de illis quae homini sunt commissa in secreto per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4648 confessionem, nullo modo debet testimonium ferre, quia huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4649 non scit ut homo, sed tanquam Dei minister, et maius est vinculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4650 sacramenti quolibet hominis praecepto. Circa ea vero quae aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4651 homini sub secreto committuntur, distinguendum est. Quandoque enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4652 sunt talia quae, statim cum ad notitiam hominis venerint, homo ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4653 manifestare tenetur, puta si pertineret ad corruptionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4654 multitudinis spiritualem vel corporalem, vel in grave damnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4655 alicuius personae, vel si quid aliud est huiusmodi, quod quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4656 propalare tenetur vel testificando vel denuntiando. Et contra hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4657 debitum obligari non potest per secreti commissum, quia in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4658 frangeret fidem quam alteri debet. Quandoque vero sunt talia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4659 quis prodere non tenetur. Unde potest obligari ex hoc quod sibi sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4660 secreto committuntur. Et tunc nullo modo tenetur ea prodere, etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4661 ex praecepto superioris, quia servare fidem est de iure naturali;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4662 nihil autem potest praecipi homini contra id quod est de iure
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4663 naturali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4664 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42033"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4665 "ref">[42033] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4666 dicendum quod operari vel cooperari ad occisionem hominis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4667 competit ministris altaris, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4668 iuris ordinem compelli non possunt ad ferendum testimonium in causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4669 sanguinis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4670 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4671 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4672 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42034"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4673 "ref">[42034] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4674 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sufficiat duorum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4675 trium testimonium. Iudicium enim certitudinem requirit. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4676 habetur certitudo veritatis per dictum duorum testium, legitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4677 III Reg. XXI quod Naboth ad dictum duorum testium falso condemnatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4678 est. Ergo duorum vel trium testimonium non sufficit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4679 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42035"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4680 "ref">[42035] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4681 testimonium, ad hoc quod sit credibile, debet esse concors. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4682 plerumque duorum vel trium testimonium in aliquo discordat. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4683 non est efficax ad veritatem in iudicio probandam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4684 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42036"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4685 "ref">[42036] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4686 II, qu. IV, dicitur, <i>praesul non damnetur nisi in septuaginta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4687 duobus testibus. Presbyter autem cardinalis nisi quadraginta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4688 quatuor testibus non deponatur. Diaconus cardinalis urbis Romae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4689 nisi in viginti octo testibus non condemnabitur. Subdiaconus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4690 acolythus, exorcista, lector, ostiarius, nisi in septem testibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4691 non condemnabitur</i>. Sed magis est periculosum peccatum eius qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4692 in maiori dignitate constitutus est, et ita minus est tolerandum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4693 Ergo nec in aliorum condemnatione sufficit duorum vel trium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4694 testimonium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4695 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42037"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4696 "ref">[42037] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4697 est quod dicitur Deut. XVII, <i>in ore duorum vel trium testium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4698 peribit qui interficietur</i>; et infra, XIX, <i>in ore duorum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4699 trium testium stabit omne verbum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4700 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 co."><a name="42038"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4701 "ref">[42038] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4702 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in I Ethic., <i>certitudo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4703 est similiter quaerenda in omni materia</i>. In actibus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4704 humanis, super quibus constituuntur iudicia et exiguntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4705 testimonia, non potest haberi certitudo demonstrativa, eo quod sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4706 circa contingentia et variabilia. Et ideo sufficit probabilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4707 certitudo, quae ut in pluribus veritatem attingat, etsi in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4708 paucioribus a veritate deficiat. Est autem probabile quod magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4709 veritatem contineat dictum multorum quam dictum unius. Et ideo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4710 reus sit unus qui negat, sed multi testes asserunt idem cum actore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4711 rationabiliter institutum est, iure divino et humano, quod dicto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4712 testium stetur. Omnis autem multitudo in tribus comprehenditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4713 scilicet principio, medio et fine, unde secundum philosophum, in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4714 de coelo, omne et totum in tribus ponimus. Ternarius quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4715 constituitur asserentium, cum duo testes conveniunt cum actore. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4716 ideo requiritur binarius testium, vel, ad maiorem certitudinem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4717 sit ternarius, qui est multitudo perfecta, in ipsis testibus. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4718 et Eccle. IV dicitur, <i>funiculus triplex difficile rumpitur</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4719 Augustinus autem, super illud Ioan. VIII, <i>duorum hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4720 testimonium verum est</i>, dicit quod <i>in hoc est Trinitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4721 secundum mysterium commendata</i>, in qua est perpetua firmitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4722 veritatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4723 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42039"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4724 "ref">[42039] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4725 ergo dicendum quod, quantacumque multitudo testium determinaretur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4726 posset quandoque testimonium esse iniquum, cum scriptum sit Exod.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4727 XXIII, <i>ne sequaris turbam ad faciendum malum</i>. Nec tamen,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4728 quia non potest in talibus infallibilis certitudo haberi, debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4729 negligi certitudo quae probabiliter haberi potest per duos vel tres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4730 testes, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4731 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42040"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4732 "ref">[42040] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4733 dicendum quod discordia testium in aliquibus principalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4734 circumstantiis, quae variant substantiam facti, puta in tempore vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4735 loco vel in personis de quibus principaliter agitur, aufert
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4736 efficaciam testimonii, quia si discordant in talibus, videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4737 singulares esse in suis testimoniis, et de diversis factis loqui;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4738 puta si unus dicat hoc factum esse tali tempore vel loco, alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4739 alio tempore vel loco, non videntur de eodem facto loqui. Non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4740 praeiudicatur testimonio si unus dicat se non recordari, et alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4741 asserat determinatum tempus vel locum. Et si in talibus omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4742 discordaverint testes actoris et rei, si sint aequales numero et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4743 pares dignitate, statur pro reo, quia facilior debet esse iudex ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4744 absolvendum quam ad condemnandum; nisi forte in causis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4745 favorabilibus, sicut est causa libertatis et huiusmodi. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4746 testes eiusdem partis dissenserint, debet iudex ex motu sui animi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4747 percipere cui parti sit standum, vel ex numero testium, vel ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4748 dignitate eorum, vel ex favorabilitate causae, vel ex conditione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4749 negotii et dictorum. Multo autem magis testimonium unius repellitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4750 si sibi ipsi dissideat interrogatus de visu et scientia. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4751 si dissideat interrogatus de opinione et fama, quia potest secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4752 diversa visa et audita diversimode motus esse ad respondendum. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4753 vero sit discordia testimonii in aliquibus circumstantiis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4754 pertinentibus ad substantiam facti, puta si tempus fuerit nubilosum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4755 vel serenum, vel si domus fuerit picta aut non, aut aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4756 huiusmodi, talis discordia non praeiudicat testimonio, quia homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4757 non consueverunt circa talia multum sollicitari, unde facile a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4758 memoria elabuntur. Quinimmo aliqua discordia in talibus facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4759 testimonium credibilius, ut Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4760 si in omnibus concordarent, etiam in minimis, viderentur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4761 condicto eundem sermonem proferre. Quod tamen prudentiae iudicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4762 relinquitur discernendum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4763 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42041"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4764 "ref">[42041] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4765 dicendum quod illud locum habet specialiter in episcopis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4766 presbyteris, diaconibus et clericis Ecclesiae Romanae, propter eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4767 dignitatem. Et hoc triplici ratione. Primo quidem, quia in ea tales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4768 institui debent quorum sanctitati plus credatur quam multis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4769 testibus. Secundo, quia homines qui habent de aliis iudicare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4770 saepe, propter iustitiam, multos adversarios habent. Unde non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4771 passim credendum testibus contra eos, nisi magna multitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4772 conveniat. Tertio, quia ex condemnatione alicuius eorum derogaretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4773 in opinione hominum dignitati illius Ecclesiae et auctoritati. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4774 est periculosius quam in ea tolerare aliquem peccatorem, nisi valde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4775 publicum et manifestum, de quo grave scandalum oriretur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4776 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4777 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4778 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42042"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4779 "ref">[42042] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4780 sic proceditur. Videtur quod alicuius testimonium non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4781 repellendum nisi propter culpam. Quibusdam enim in poenam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4782 infligitur quod ad testimonium non admittantur, sicut patet in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4783 qui infamia notantur. Sed poena non est inferenda nisi pro culpa.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4784 Ergo videtur quod nullius testimonium debeat repelli nisi propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4785 culpam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4786 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42043"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4787 "ref">[42043] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4788 <i>de quolibet praesumendum est bonum, nisi appareat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4789 contrarium</i>. Sed ad bonitatem hominis pertinet quod verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4790 testimonium dicat. Cum ergo non possit constare de contrario nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4791 propter aliquam culpam, videtur quod nullius testimonium debeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4792 repelli nisi propter culpam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4793 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42044"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4794 "ref">[42044] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4795 ad ea quae sunt de necessitate salutis nullus redditur non idoneus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4796 nisi propter peccatum. Sed testificari veritatem est de necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4797 salutis, ut supra dictum est. Ergo nullus debet excludi a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4798 testificando nisi propter culpam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4799 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42045"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4800 "ref">[42045] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4801 est quod Gregorius dicit, et habetur II, qu. I, <i>quia a servis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4802 suis accusatus est episcopus, sciendum est quod minime audiri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4803 debuerunt</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4804 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 co."><a name="42046"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4805 "ref">[42046] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4806 dicendum quod testimonium, sicut dictum est, non habet infallibilem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4807 certitudinem, sed probabilem. Et ideo quidquid est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4808 probabilitatem afferat in contrarium, reddit testimonium inefficax.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4809 Redditur autem probabile quod aliquis in veritate testificanda non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4810 sit firmus, quandoque quidem propter culpam, sicut infideles,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4811 infames, item illi qui publico crimine rei sunt, qui nec accusare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4812 possunt, quandoque autem absque culpa. Et hoc vel ex defectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4813 rationis, sicut patet in pueris, amentibus et mulieribus; vel ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4814 affectu, sicut patet de inimicis et de personis coniunctis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4815 domesticis; vel etiam ex exteriori conditione, sicut sunt pauperes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4816 servi et illi quibus imperari potest, de quibus probabile est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4817 facile possint induci ad testimonium ferendum contra veritatem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4818 sic patet quod testimonium alicuius repellitur et propter culpam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4819 et absque culpa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4820 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42047"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4821 "ref">[42047] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4822 ergo dicendum quod repellere aliquem a testimonio magis pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4823 cautelam falsi testimonii vitandi quam ad poenam. Unde ratio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4824 sequitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4825 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42048"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4826 "ref">[42048] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4827 dicendum quod de quolibet praesumendum est bonum nisi appareat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4828 contrarium, dummodo non vergat in periculum alterius. Quia tunc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4829 adhibenda cautela, ut non de facili unicuique credatur, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4830 illud I Ioan. IV, <i>nolite credere omni spiritui</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4831 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42049"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4832 "ref">[42049] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4833 dicendum quod testificari est de necessitate salutis, supposita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4834 testis idoneitate et ordine iuris. Unde nihil prohibet aliquos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4835 excusari a testimonio ferendo, si non reputentur idonei secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4836 iura.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4837 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4838 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4839 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42050"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4840 "ref">[42050] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4841 sic proceditur. Videtur quod falsum testimonium non semper sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4842 peccatum mortale. Contingit enim aliquem falsum testimonium ferre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4843 ex ignorantia facti. Sed talis ignorantia excusat a peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4844 mortali. Ergo testimonium falsum non semper est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4845 mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4846 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42051"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4847 "ref">[42051] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4848 mendacium quod alicui prodest et nulli nocet, est officiosum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4849 non est peccatum mortale. Sed quandoque in falso testimonio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4850 tale mendacium, puta cum aliquis falsum testimonium perhibet ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4851 aliquem a morte liberet, vel ab iniusta sententia quae intentatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4852 per alios falsos testes vel per iudicis perversitatem. Ergo tale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4853 falsum testimonium non est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4854 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42052"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4855 "ref">[42052] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4856 iuramentum a teste requiritur ut timeat peccare mortaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4857 deierando. Hoc autem non esset necessarium si ipsum falsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4858 testimonium esset peccatum mortale. Ergo falsum testimonium non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4859 semper est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4860 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42053"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4861 "ref">[42053] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4862 est quod dicitur Prov. XIX, <i>falsus testis non erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4863 impunitus</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4864 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 co."><a name="42054"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4865 "ref">[42054] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4866 dicendum quod falsum testimonium habet triplicem deformitatem. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4867 modo, ex periurio, quia testes non admittuntur nisi iurati. Et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4868 hoc semper est peccatum mortale. Alio modo, ex violatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4869 iustitiae. Et hoc modo est peccatum mortale in suo genere, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4870 quaelibet iniustitia. Et ideo in praecepto Decalogi sub hac forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4871 interdicitur falsum testimonium, cum dicitur Exod. XX, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4872 loquaris contra proximum tuum falsum testimonium</i>, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4873 contra aliquem facit qui eum ab iniuria facienda impedit, sed solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4874 qui ei suam iustitiam tollit. Tertio modo, ex ipsa falsitate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4875 secundum quod omne mendacium est peccatum. Et ex hoc non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4876 falsum testimonium quod semper sit peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4877 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42055"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4878 "ref">[42055] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4879 ergo dicendum quod in testimonio ferendo non debet homo pro certo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4880 asserere, quasi sciens, id de quo certus non est, sed dubium debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4881 sub dubio proferre, et id de quo certus est pro certo asserere. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4882 quia contingit ex labilitate humanae memoriae quod reputat se homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4883 quandoque certum esse de eo quod falsum est, si aliquis, cum debita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4884 sollicitudine recogitans, existimet se certum esse de eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4885 falsum est, non peccat mortaliter hoc asserens, quia non dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4886 falsum testimonium per se et ex intentione, sed per accidens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4887 contra id quod intendit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4888 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42056"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4889 "ref">[42056] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4890 dicendum quod iniustum iudicium iudicium non est. Et ideo ex vi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4891 iudicii falsum testimonium in iniusto iudicio prolatum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4892 iniustitiam impediendam, non habet rationem peccati mortalis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4893 solum ex iuramento violato.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4894 <p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42057"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4895 "ref">[42057] II&ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4896 dicendum quod homines maxime abhorrent peccata quae sunt contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4897 Deum, quasi gravissima, inter quae est periurium. Non autem ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4898 abhorrent peccata quae sunt contra proximum. Et ideo ad maiorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4899 certitudinem testimonii, requiritur testis iuramentum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4900 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4901 <div class="D">Quaestio 71</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4902 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4903 <p title="II-II q. 71 pr."><a name="42058"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4904 "ref">[42058] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4905 considerandum est de iniustitia quae fit in iudicio ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4906 advocatorum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4907 advocatus teneatur praestare patrocinium causae pauperum. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4908 utrum aliquis debeat arceri ab officio advocati. Tertio, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4909 advocatus peccet iniustam causam defendendo. Quarto, utrum peccet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4910 pecuniam accipiendo pro suo patrocinio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4911 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4912 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4913 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42059"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4914 "ref">[42059] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4915 sic proceditur. Videtur quod advocatus teneatur patrocinium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4916 praestare causae pauperum. Dicitur enim Exod. XXIII, <i>si videris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4917 asinum odientis te iacere sub onere, non pertransibis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4918 sublevabis cum eo</i>. Sed non minus periculum imminet pauperi si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4919 eius causa contra iustitiam opprimatur, quam si eius asinus iaceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4920 sub onere. Ergo advocatus tenetur praestare patrocinium causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4921 pauperum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4922 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42060"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4923 "ref">[42060] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4924 Gregorius dicit, in quadam homilia, <i>habens intellectum curet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4925 omnino ne taceat; habens rerum affluentiam a misericordia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4926 torpescat; habens artem qua regitur, usum illius cum proximo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4927 partiatur; habens loquendi locum apud divitem, pro pauperibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4928 intercedat, talenti enim nomine cuilibet reputabitur quod vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4929 minimum accepit</i>. Sed talentum commissum non abscondere, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4930 fideliter dispensare quilibet tenetur, quod patet ex poena servi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4931 abscondentis talentum, Matth. XXV. Ergo advocatus tenetur pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4932 pauperibus loqui.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4933 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42061"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4934 "ref">[42061] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4935 praeceptum de misericordiae operibus adimplendis, cum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4936 affirmativum, obligat pro loco et tempore, quod est maxime in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4937 necessitate. Sed tempus necessitatis videtur esse quando alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4938 pauperis causa opprimitur. Ergo in tali casu videtur quod advocatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4939 teneatur pauperibus patrocinium praestare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4940 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42062"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4941 "ref">[42062] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4942 non minor necessitas est indigentis cibo quam indigentis advocato.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4943 Sed ille qui habet potestatem cibandi non semper tenetur pauperem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4944 cibare. Ergo nec advocatus semper tenetur causae pauperum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4945 patrocinium praestare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4946 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 co."><a name="42063"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4947 "ref">[42063] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4948 dicendum quod cum praestare patrocinium causae pauperum ad opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4949 misericordiae pertineat, idem est hic dicendum quod et supra de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4950 aliis misericordiae operibus dictum est. Nullus enim sufficit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4951 omnibus indigentibus misericordiae opus impendere. Et ideo sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4952 Augustinus dicit, in I de Doct. Christ., <i>cum omnibus prodesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4953 non possis, his potissime consulendum est qui pro locorum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4954 temporum vel quarumlibet rerum opportunitatibus, constrictius tibi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4955 quasi quadam sorte, iunguntur</i>. Dicit, pro locorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4956 opportunitatibus, quia non tenetur homo per mundum quaerere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4957 indigentes quibus subveniat, sed sufficit si eis qui sibi occurrunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4958 misericordiae opus impendat. Unde dicitur Exod. XXIII, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4959 occurreris bovi inimici tui aut asino erranti, reduc ad eum</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4960 Addit autem, et temporum, quia non tenetur homo futurae necessitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4961 alterius providere, sed sufficit si praesenti necessitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4962 succurrat. Unde dicitur I Ioan. III, <i>qui viderit fratrem suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4963 necessitatem patientem, et clauserit viscera sua ab eo,</i> et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4964 cetera. Subdit autem, vel quarumlibet rerum, quia homo sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4965 coniunctis quacumque necessitudine maxime debet curam impendere;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4966 secundum illud I ad Tim. V, <i>si quis suorum, et maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4967 domesticorum curam non habet, fidem negavit</i>. Quibus tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4968 concurrentibus, considerandum restat utrum aliquis tantam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4969 necessitatem patiatur quod non in promptu appareat quomodo ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4970 possit aliter subveniri. Et in tali casu tenetur ei opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4971 misericordiae impendere. Si autem in promptu appareat quomodo ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4972 aliter subveniri possit, vel per seipsum vel per aliam personam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4973 magis coniunctam aut maiorem facultatem habentem, non tenetur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4974 necessitate indigenti subvenire, ita quod non faciendo peccet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4975 quamvis, si subvenerit absque tali necessitate, laudabiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4976 faciat. Unde advocatus non tenetur semper causae pauperum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4977 patrocinium praestare, sed solum concurrentibus conditionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4978 praedictis. Alioquin oporteret eum omnia alia negotia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4979 praetermittere, et solis causis pauperum iuvandis intendere. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4980 idem dicendum est de medico, quantum ad curationem pauperum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4981 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42064"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4982 "ref">[42064] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4983 ergo dicendum quod quando asinus iacet sub onere, non potest ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4984 aliter subveniri in casu isto nisi per advenientes subveniatur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4985 ideo tenentur iuvare. Non autem tenerentur si posset aliunde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4986 remedium afferri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4987 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42065"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4988 "ref">[42065] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4989 dicendum quod homo talentum sibi creditum tenetur utiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4990 dispensare, servata opportunitate locorum et temporum et aliarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4991 rerum, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4992 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42066"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4993 "ref">[42066] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4994 dicendum quod non quaelibet necessitas causat debitum subveniendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4995 sed solum illa quae est dicta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4996 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4997 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4998 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42067"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4999 "ref">[42067] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5000 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5001 secundum iura arceantur ab officio advocandi. Ab operibus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5002 misericordiae nullus debet arceri. Sed patrocinium praestare in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5003 causis ad opera misericordiae pertinet, ut dictum est. Ergo nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5004 debet ab hoc officio arceri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5005 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42068"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5006 "ref">[42068] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5007 contrariarum causarum non videtur esse idem effectus. Sed esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5008 deditum rebus divinis, et esse deditum peccatis, est contrarium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5009 Inconvenienter igitur excluduntur ab officio advocati quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5010 propter religionem, ut monachi et clerici; quidam autem propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5011 culpam, ut infames et haeretici.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5012 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42069"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5013 "ref">[42069] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5014 homo debet diligere proximum sicut seipsum. Sed ad effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5015 dilectionis pertinet quod aliquis advocatus causae alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5016 patrocinetur. Inconvenienter ergo aliqui quibus conceditur pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5017 seipsis auctoritas advocationis, prohibentur patrocinari causis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5018 aliorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5019 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42070"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5020 "ref">[42070] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5021 est quod III, qu. VII, multae personae arcentur ab officio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5022 postulandi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5023 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 co."><a name="42071"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5024 "ref">[42071] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5025 dicendum quod aliquis impeditur ab aliquo actu duplici ratione, uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5026 modo, propter impotentiam; alio modo, propter indecentiam. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5027 impotentia simpliciter excludit aliquem ab actu, indecentia autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5028 non excludit omnino, quia necessitas indecentiam tollere potest.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5029 Sic igitur ab officio advocatorum prohibentur quidam propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5030 impotentiam, eo quod deficiunt sensu, vel interiori, sicut furiosi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5031 et impuberes; vel exteriori, sicut surdi et muti. Est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5032 necessaria advocato et interior peritia, qua possit convenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5033 iustitiam assumptae causae ostendere, et iterum loquela cum auditu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5034 ut possit et pronuntiare et audire quod ei dicitur. Unde qui in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5035 defectum patiuntur omnino prohibentur ne sint advocati, nec pro se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5036 nec pro aliis. Decentia autem huius officii exercendi tollitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5037 dupliciter. Uno modo, ex hoc quod aliquis est rebus maioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5038 obligatus. Unde monachos et presbyteros non decet in quacumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5039 causa advocatos esse, neque clericos in iudicio saeculari, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5040 huiusmodi personae sunt rebus divinis adstrictae. Alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5041 propter personae defectum, vel corporalem, ut patet de caecis, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5042 convenienter iudici adstare non possent; vel spiritualem, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5043 decet ut alterius iustitiae patronus existat qui in seipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5044 iustitiam contempsit. Et ideo infames, infideles et damnati de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5045 gravibus criminibus non decenter sunt advocati. Tamen huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5046 indecentiae necessitas praefertur. Et propter hoc huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5047 personae possunt pro seipsis, vel pro personis sibi coniunctis, uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5048 officio advocati. Unde et clerici pro Ecclesiis suis possunt esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5049 advocati, et monachi pro causa monasterii sui, si abbas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5050 praeceperit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5051 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42072"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5052 "ref">[42072] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5053 ergo dicendum quod ab operibus misericordiae interdum aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5054 propter impotentiam, interdum etiam propter indecentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5055 impediuntur. Non enim omnia opera misericordiae omnes decent, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5056 stultos non decet consilium dare, neque ignorantes docere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5057 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42073"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5058 "ref">[42073] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5059 dicendum quod sicut virtus corrumpitur per superabundantiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5060 defectum, ita aliquis fit indecens et per maius et per minus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5061 propter hoc quidam arcentur a patrocinio praestando in causis quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5062 sunt maiores tali officio, sicut religiosi et clerici, quidam vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5063 quia sunt minores quam ut eis hoc officium competat, sicut infames
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5064 et infideles.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5065 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42074"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5066 "ref">[42074] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5067 dicendum quod non ita imminet homini necessitas patrocinari causis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5068 aliorum sicut propriis, quia alii possunt sibi aliter subvenire.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5069 Unde non est similis ratio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5070 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5071 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5072 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42075"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5073 "ref">[42075] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5074 sic proceditur. Videtur quod advocatus non peccet si iniustam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5075 causam defendat. Sicut enim ostenditur peritia medici si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5076 infirmitatem desperatam sanet, ita etiam ostenditur peritia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5077 advocati si etiam iniustam causam defendere possit. Sed medicus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5078 laudatur si infirmitatem desperatam sanet. Ergo etiam advocatus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5079 peccat, sed magis laudandus est, si iniustam causam defendat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5080 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42076"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5081 "ref">[42076] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5082 a quolibet peccato licet desistere. Sed advocatus punitur si causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5083 suam prodiderit, ut habetur II, qu. III. Ergo advocatus non peccat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5084 iniustam causam defendendo, si eam defendendam susceperit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5085 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42077"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5086 "ref">[42077] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5087 maius videtur esse peccatum si iniustitia utatur ad iustam causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5088 defendendam, puta producendo falsos testes vel allegando falsas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5089 leges, quam iniustam causam defendendo, quia hoc est peccatum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5090 forma, illud in materia. Sed videtur advocato licere talibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5091 astutiis uti, sicut militi licet ex insidiis pugnare. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5092 quod advocatus non peccat si iniustam causam defendat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5093 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42078"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5094 "ref">[42078] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5095 est quod dicitur II Paralip. XIX, <i>impio praebes auxilium, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5096 idcirco iram domini merebaris</i>. Sed advocatus defendens causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5097 iniustam impio praebet auxilium. Ergo, peccando, iram domini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5098 meretur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5099 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 co."><a name="42079"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5100 "ref">[42079] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5101 dicendum quod illicitum est alicui cooperari ad malum faciendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5102 sive consulendo, sive adiuvando, sive qualitercumque consentiendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5103 quia consilians et coadiuvans quodammodo est faciens; et apostolus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5104 dicit, ad Rom. I, quod <i>digni sunt morte non solum qui faciunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5105 peccatum, sed etiam qui consentiunt facientibus</i>. Unde et supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5106 dictum est quod omnes tales ad restitutionem tenentur. Manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5107 est autem quod advocatus et auxilium et consilium praestat ei cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5108 causae patrocinatur. Unde si scienter iniustam causam defendit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5109 absque dubio graviter peccat; et ad restitutionem tenetur eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5110 damni quod contra iustitiam per eius auxilium altera pars incurrit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5111 Si autem ignoranter iniustam causam defendit, putans esse iustam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5112 excusatur, secundum modum quo ignorantia excusare potest.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5113 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42080"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5114 "ref">[42080] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5115 ergo dicendum quod medicus accipiens in cura infirmitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5116 desperatam nulli facit iniuriam. Advocatus autem suscipiens causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5117 iniustam iniuste laedit eum contra quem patrocinium praestat. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5118 ideo non est similis ratio. Quamvis enim laudabilis videatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5119 quantum ad peritiam artis, tamen peccat quantum ad iniustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5120 voluntatis, qua abutitur arte ad malum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5121 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42081"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5122 "ref">[42081] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5123 dicendum quod advocatus, si in principio credidit causam iustam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5124 esse et postea in processu appareat eam esse iniustam, non debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5125 eam prodere, ut scilicet aliam partem iuvet, vel secreta suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5126 causae alteri parti revelet. Potest tamen et debet causam deserere;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5127 vel eum cuius causam agit ad cedendum inducere, sive ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5128 componendum, sine adversarii damno.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5129 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42082"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5130 "ref">[42082] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5131 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, militi vel duci exercitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5132 licet in bello iusto ex insidiis agere ea quae facere debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5133 prudenter occultando, non autem falsitatem fraudulenter faciendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5134 quia etiam hosti fidem servare oportet, sicut Tullius dicit, in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5135 de Offic. Unde et advocato defendenti causam iustam licet prudenter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5136 occultare ea quibus impediri posset processus eius, non autem licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5137 ei aliqua falsitate uti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5138 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5139 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5140 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42083"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5141 "ref">[42083] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5142 sic proceditur. Videtur quod advocato non liceat pro suo patrocinio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5143 pecuniam accipere. Opera enim misericordiae non sunt intuitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5144 humanae remunerationis facienda, secundum illud Luc. XIV, <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5145 facis prandium aut cenam, noli vocare amicos tuos neque vicinos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5146 divites, ne forte et ipsi te reinvitent, et fiat tibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5147 retributio</i>. Sed praestare patrocinium causae alicuius pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5148 ad opera misericordiae, ut dictum est. Ergo non licet advocato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5149 accipere retributionem pecuniae pro patrocinio praestito.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5150 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42084"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5151 "ref">[42084] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5152 spirituale non est pro temporali commutandum. Sed patrocinium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5153 praestitum videtur esse quiddam spirituale, cum sit usus scientiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5154 iuris. Ergo non licet advocato pro patrocinio praestito pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5155 accipere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5156 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42085"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5157 "ref">[42085] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5158 sicut ad iudicium concurrit persona advocati, ita etiam persona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5159 iudicis et persona testis. Sed secundum Augustinum, ad Macedonium,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5160 <i>non debet iudex vendere iustum iudicium, nec testis verum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5161 testimonium</i>. Ergo nec advocatus poterit vendere iustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5162 patrocinium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5163 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42086"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5164 "ref">[42086] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5165 est quod Augustinus dicit ibidem, quod <i>advocatus licite vendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5166 iustum patrocinium, et iurisperitus verum consilium</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5167 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 co."><a name="42087"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5168 "ref">[42087] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5169 dicendum quod ea quae quis non tenetur alteri exhibere, iuste
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5170 potest pro eorum exhibitione recompensationem accipere. Manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5171 est autem quod advocatus non semper tenetur patrocinium praestare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5172 aut consilium dare causis aliorum. Et ideo si vendat suum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5173 patrocinium sive consilium, non agit contra iustitiam. Et eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5174 ratio est de medico opem ferente ad sanandum, et de omnibus aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5175 huiusmodi personis, dum tamen moderate accipiant, considerata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5176 conditione personarum et negotiorum et laboris, et consuetudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5177 patriae. Si autem per improbitatem aliquid immoderate extorqueat,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5178 peccat contra iustitiam. Unde Augustinus dicit, ad Macedonium, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5179 <i>ab his extorta per immoderatam improbitatem repeti solent, data
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5180 per tolerabilem consuetudinem non solent</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5181 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42088"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5182 "ref">[42088] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5183 ergo dicendum quod non semper quae homo potest misericorditer
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5184 facere, tenetur facere gratis, alioquin nulli liceret aliquam rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5185 vendere, quia quamlibet rem potest homo misericorditer impendere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5186 Sed quando eam misericorditer impendit, non humanam, sed divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5187 remunerationem quaerere debet. Et similiter advocatus, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5188 causae pauperum misericorditer patrocinatur, non debet intendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5189 remunerationem humanam, sed divinam, non tamen semper tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5190 gratis patrocinium impendere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5191 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42089"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5192 "ref">[42089] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5193 dicendum quod etsi scientia iuris sit quiddam spirituale, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5194 usus eius fit opere corporali. Et ideo pro eius recompensatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5195 licet pecuniam accipere, alioquin nulli artifici liceret de arte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5196 sua lucrari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5197 <p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42090"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5198 "ref">[42090] II&ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5199 dicendum quod iudex et testis communes sunt utrique parti, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5200 iudex tenetur iustam sententiam dare, et testis tenetur verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5201 testimonium dicere; iustitia autem et veritas non declinant in unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5202 partem magis quam in aliam. Et ideo iudicibus de publico sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5203 stipendia laboris statuta; et testes accipiunt, non quasi pretium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5204 testimonii, sed quasi stipendium laboris, expensas vel ab utraque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5205 parte, vel ab ea a qua inducuntur, quia nemo militat stipendiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5206 suis unquam, ut dicitur I ad Cor. IX. Sed advocatus alteram partem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5207 tantum defendit. Et ideo licite potest pretium accipere a parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5208 quam adiuvat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5209 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5210 <div class="D">Quaestio 72</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5211 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5212 <p title="II-II q. 72 pr."><a name="42091"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5213 "ref">[42091] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5214 considerandum est de iniuriis verborum quae inferuntur extra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5215 iudicium. Et primo, de contumelia; secundo, de detractione; tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5216 de susurratione; quarto, de derisione; quinto, de maledictione.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5217 Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, quid sit contumelia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5218 Secundo, utrum omnis contumelia sit peccatum mortale. Tertio, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5219 oporteat contumeliosos reprimere. Quarto, de origine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5220 contumeliae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5221 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5222 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5223 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42092"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5224 "ref">[42092] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5225 sic proceditur. Videtur quod contumelia non consistat in verbis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5226 Contumelia enim importat quoddam nocumentum proximo illatum, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5227 pertineat ad iniustitiam. Sed verba nullum nocumentum videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5228 inferre proximo, nec in rebus nec in persona. Ergo contumelia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5229 consistit in verbis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5230 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42093"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5231 "ref">[42093] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5232 contumelia videtur ad quandam dehonorationem pertinere. Sed magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5233 aliquis potest inhonorari seu vituperari factis quam verbis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5234 videtur quod contumelia non consistit in verbis, sed magis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5235 factis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5236 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42094"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5237 "ref">[42094] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5238 dehonoratio quae fit in verbis dicitur convicium vel improperium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5239 Sed contumelia videtur differre a convicio et improperio. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5240 contumelia non consistit in verbis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5241 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42095"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5242 "ref">[42095] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5243 nihil auditu percipitur nisi verbum. Sed contumelia auditu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5244 percipitur, secundum illud Ierem. XX, <i>audivi contumelias in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5245 circuitu</i>. Ergo contumelia est in verbis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5246 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 co."><a name="42096"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5247 "ref">[42096] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5248 dicendum quod contumelia importat dehonorationem alicuius. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5249 quidem contingit dupliciter. Cum enim honor aliquam excellentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5250 consequatur, uno modo aliquis alium dehonorat cum privat eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5251 excellentia propter quam habebat honorem. Quod quidem fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5252 peccata factorum, de quibus supra dictum est. Alio modo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5253 aliquis id quod est contra honorem alicuius deducit in notitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5254 eius et aliorum. Et hoc proprie pertinet ad contumeliam. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5255 quidem fit per aliqua signa. Sed sicut Augustinus dicit, in II de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5256 Doct. Christ., <i>omnia signa, verbis comparata, paucissima sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5257 verba enim inter homines obtinuerunt principatum significandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5258 quaecumque animo concipiuntur</i>. Et ideo contumelia, proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5259 loquendo, in verbis consistit. Unde Isidorus dicit, in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5260 Etymol., quod contumeliosus dicitur aliquis <i>quia velox est et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5261 tumet verbis iniuriae</i>. Quia tamen etiam per facta aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5262 significatur aliquid, quae in hoc quod significant habent vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5263 verborum significantium; inde est quod contumelia, extenso nomine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5264 etiam in factis dicitur. Unde Rom. I, super illud,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5265 <i>contumeliosos, superbos</i>, dicit Glossa quod <i>contumeliosi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5266 sunt qui dictis vel factis contumelias et turpia inferunt</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5267 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42097"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5268 "ref">[42097] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5269 ergo dicendum quod verba secundum suam essentiam, idest inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5270 sunt quidam soni audibiles, nullum nocumentum alteri inferunt, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5271 forte gravando auditum, puta cum aliquis nimis alte loquitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5272 Inquantum vero sunt signa repraesentantia aliquid in notitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5273 aliorum, sic possunt multa damna inferre. Inter quae unum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5274 homo damnificatur quantum ad detrimentum honoris sui vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5275 reverentiae sibi ab aliis exhibendae. Et ideo maior est contumelia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5276 si aliquis alicui defectum suum dicat coram multis. Et tamen si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5277 sibi soli dicat, potest esse contumelia, inquantum ipse qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5278 loquitur contra audientis reverentiam agit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5279 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42098"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5280 "ref">[42098] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5281 dicendum quod intantum aliquis aliquem factis dehonorat inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5282 illa facta vel faciunt vel significant illud quod est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5283 honorem alicuius. Quorum primum non pertinet ad contumeliam, sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5284 alias iniustitiae species, de quibus supra dictum est. Secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5285 vero pertinet ad contumeliam inquantum facta habent vim verborum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5286 significando.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5287 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42099"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5288 "ref">[42099] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5289 dicendum quod convicium et improperium consistunt in verbis, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5290 et contumelia, quia per omnia haec repraesentatur aliquis defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5291 alicuius in detrimentum honoris ipsius. Huiusmodi autem defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5292 est triplex. Scilicet defectus culpae, qui repraesentatur per verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5293 contumeliosa. Et defectus generaliter culpae et poenae, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5294 repraesentatur per convitium, quia vitium consuevit dici non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5295 animae, sed etiam corporis. Unde si quis alicui iniuriose dicat eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5296 esse caecum, convicium quidem dicit, sed non contumeliam, si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5297 autem dicat alteri quod sit fur, non solum convicium, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5298 contumeliam infert. Quandoque vero repraesentat aliquis alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5299 defectum minorationis sive indigentiae, qui etiam derogat honori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5300 consequenti quamcumque excellentiam. Et hoc fit per verbum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5301 improperii, quod proprie est quando aliquis iniuriose alteri ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5302 memoriam reducit auxilium quod contulit ei necessitatem patienti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5303 Unde dicitur Eccli. XX, <i>exigua dabit, et multa improperabit</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5304 Quandoque tamen unum istorum pro alio ponitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5305 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5306 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5307 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42100"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5308 "ref">[42100] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5309 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod contumelia, vel convicium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5310 non sit peccatum mortale. Nullum enim peccatum mortale est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5311 alicuius virtutis. Sed conviciari est actus alicuius virtutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5312 scilicet eutrapeliae, ad quam pertinet bene conviciari, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5313 philosophum, in IV Ethic. Ergo convicium, sive contumelia, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5314 peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5315 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42101"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5316 "ref">[42101] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5317 peccatum mortale non invenitur in viris perfectis. Qui tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5318 aliquando convicia vel contumelias dicunt, sicut patet de apostolo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5319 qui, ad Gal. III, dixit, <i>o insensati Galatae</i>. Et dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5320 dicit, Luc. ult., <i>o stulti, et tardi corde ad credendum</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5321 Ergo convicium, sive contumelia, non est peccatum mortale.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5322 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42102"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5323 "ref">[42102] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5324 quamvis id quod est peccatum veniale ex genere possit fieri
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5325 mortale, non tamen peccatum quod ex genere est mortale potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5326 veniale, ut supra habitum est. Si ergo dicere convicium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5327 contumeliam esset peccatum mortale ex genere suo, sequeretur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5328 semper esset peccatum mortale. Quod videtur esse falsum, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5329 in eo qui leviter et ex subreptione, vel ex levi ira dicit aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5330 verbum contumeliosum. Non ergo contumelia vel convicium ex genere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5331 suo est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5332 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42103"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5333 "ref">[42103] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5334 nihil meretur poenam aeternam Inferni nisi peccatum mortale. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5335 convicium vel contumelia meretur poenam Inferni, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5336 Matth. V, <i>qui dixerit fratri suo, fatue, reus erit Gehennae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5337 ignis</i>. Ergo convicium vel contumelia est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5338 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 co."><a name="42104"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5339 "ref">[42104] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5340 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, verba inquantum sunt soni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5341 quidam, non sunt in nocumentum aliorum, sed inquantum significant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5342 aliquid. Quae quidem significatio ex interiori affectu procedit. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5343 ideo in peccatis verborum maxime considerandum videtur ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5344 affectu aliquis verba proferat. Cum igitur convicium, seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5345 contumelia, de sui ratione importet quandam dehonorationem, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5346 intentio proferentis ad hoc feratur ut aliquis per verba quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5347 profert honorem alterius auferat, hoc proprie et per se est dicere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5348 convicium vel contumeliam. Et hoc est peccatum mortale, non minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5349 quam furtum vel rapina, non enim homo minus amat suum honorem quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5350 rem possessam. Si vero aliquis verbum convicii vel contumeliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5351 alteri dixerit, non tamen animo dehonorandi, sed forte propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5352 correctionem vel propter aliquid huiusmodi, non dicit convicium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5353 contumeliam formaliter et per se, sed per accidens et materialiter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5354 inquantum scilicet dicit id quod potest esse convicium, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5355 contumelia. Unde hoc potest esse quandoque peccatum veniale;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5356 quandoque autem absque omni peccato. In quo tamen necessaria est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5357 discretio, ut moderate homo talibus verbis utatur. Quia posset esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5358 ita grave convicium quod, per incautelam prolatum, auferret honorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5359 eius contra quem proferretur. Et tunc posset homo peccare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5360 mortaliter etiam si non intenderet dehonorationem alterius. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5361 etiam si aliquis, incaute alium ex ludo percutiens, graviter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5362 laedat, culpa non caret.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5363 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42105"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5364 "ref">[42105] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5365 ergo dicendum quod ad eutrapelum pertinet dicere aliquod leve
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5366 convicium, non ad dehonorationem vel ad contristationem eius in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5367 quem dicitur, sed magis causa delectationis et ioci. Et hoc potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5368 esse sine peccato, si debitae circumstantiae observantur. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5369 aliquis non reformidet contristare eum in quem profertur huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5370 iocosum convicium, dummodo aliis risum excitet, hoc est vitiosum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5371 ut ibidem dicitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5372 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42106"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5373 "ref">[42106] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5374 dicendum quod sicut licitum est aliquem verberare vel in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5375 damnificare causa disciplinae, ita etiam et causa disciplinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5376 potest aliquis alteri, quem debet corrigere, verbum aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5377 conviciosum dicere. Et hoc modo dominus discipulos vocavit stultos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5378 et apostolus Galatas insensatos. Tamen, sicut dicit Augustinus, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5379 libro de Serm. Dom. in monte, <i>raro, et ex magna necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5380 obiurgationes sunt adhibendae, in quibus non nobis, sed ut domino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5381 serviatur, instemus</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5382 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42107"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5383 "ref">[42107] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5384 dicendum quod, cum peccatum convicii vel contumeliae ex animo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5385 dicentis dependeat, potest contingere quod sit peccatum veniale, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5386 sit leve convicium, non multum hominem dehonestans, et proferatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5387 ex aliqua animi levitate, vel ex levi ira, absque firmo proposito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5388 aliquem dehonestandi, puta cum aliquis intendit aliquem per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5389 huiusmodi verbum leviter contristare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5390 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5391 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5392 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42108"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5393 "ref">[42108] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5394 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis non debeat contumelias sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5395 illatas sustinere. Qui enim sustinet contumeliam sibi illatam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5396 audaciam nutrit conviciantis. Sed hoc non est faciendum. Ergo homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5397 non debet sustinere contumeliam sibi illatam, sed magis convicianti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5398 respondere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5399 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42109"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5400 "ref">[42109] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5401 homo debet plus se diligere quam alium. Sed aliquis non debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5402 sustinere quod alteri convicium inferatur, unde dicitur Prov. XXVI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5403 <i>qui imponit stulto silentium, iras mitigat</i>. Ergo etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5404 aliquis non debet sustinere contumelias illatas sibi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5405 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42110"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5406 "ref">[42110] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5407 non licet alicui vindicare seipsum, secundum illud, <i>mihi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5408 vindictam, et ego retribuam</i>. Sed aliquis non resistendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5409 contumeliae se vindicat, secundum illud Chrysostomi, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5410 vindicare vis, sile, et funestam ei dedisti plagam</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5411 aliquis non debet, silendo, sustinere verba contumeliosa, sed magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5412 respondere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5413 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42111"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5414 "ref">[42111] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5415 est quod dicitur in Psalm., <i>qui inquirebant mala mihi, locuti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5416 sunt vanitates</i>; et postea subdit, <i>ego autem tanquam surdus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5417 non audiebam, et sicut mutus non aperiens os suum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5418 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 co."><a name="42112"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5419 "ref">[42112] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5420 dicendum quod sicut patientia necessaria est in his quae contra nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5421 fiunt, ita etiam in his quae contra nos dicuntur. Praecepta autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5422 patientiae in his quae contra nos fiunt, sunt in praeparatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5423 animae habenda, sicut Augustinus, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5424 exponit illud praeceptum domini, <i>si quis percusserit te in una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5425 maxilla, praebe ei et aliam</i>, ut scilicet homo sit paratus hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5426 facere, si opus fuerit; non tamen hoc semper tenetur facere actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5427 quia nec ipse dominus hoc fecit, sed, cum suscepisset alapam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5428 dixit, quid me caedis? Ut habetur Ioan. XVIII. Et ideo etiam circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5429 verba contumeliosa quae contra nos dicuntur, est idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5430 intelligendum. Tenemur enim habere animum paratum ad contumelias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5431 tolerandas si expediens fuerit. Quandoque tamen oportet ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5432 contumeliam illatam repellamus, maxime propter duo. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5433 propter bonum eius qui contumeliam infert, ut videlicet eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5434 audacia reprimatur, et de cetero talia non attentet; secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5435 Prov. XXVI, <i>responde stulto iuxta stultitiam suam, ne sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5436 sapiens videatur</i>. Alio modo, propter bonum multorum, quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5437 profectus impeditur per contumelias nobis illatas. Unde Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5438 dicit, super Ezech., Homil. IX, <i>hi quorum vita in exemplo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5439 imitationis est posita, debent, si possunt, detrahentium sibi verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5440 compescere, ne eorum praedicationem non audiant qui audire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5441 poterant, et in pravis moribus remanentes, bene vivere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5442 contemnant</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5443 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42113"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5444 "ref">[42113] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5445 ergo dicendum quod audaciam conviciantis contumeliosi debet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5446 moderate reprimere, scilicet propter officium caritatis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5447 propter cupiditatem privati honoris. Unde dicitur Prov. XXVI, <i>ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5448 respondeas stulto iuxta stultitiam suam, ne ei similis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5449 efficiaris</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5450 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42114"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5451 "ref">[42114] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5452 dicendum quod in hoc quod aliquis alienas contumelias reprimit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5453 ita timetur cupiditas privati honoris sicut cum aliquis repellit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5454 contumelias proprias, magis autem videtur hoc provenire ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5455 caritatis affectu.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5456 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42115"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5457 "ref">[42115] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5458 dicendum quod si aliquis hoc animo taceret ut tacendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5459 contumeliantem ad iracundiam provocaret, pertineret hoc ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5460 vindictam. Sed si aliquis taceat volens dare locum irae, hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5461 laudabile. Unde dicitur Eccli. VIII, <i>non litiges cum homine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5462 linguato, et non struas in ignem illius ligna</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5463 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5464 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5465 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42116"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5466 "ref">[42116] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5467 sic proceditur. Videtur quod contumelia non oriatur ex ira. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5468 dicitur Prov. XI, <i>ubi superbia, ibi contumelia</i>. Sed ira est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5469 vitium distinctum a superbia. Ergo contumelia non oritur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5470 ira.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5471 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42117"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5472 "ref">[42117] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5473 Prov. XX dicitur, <i>omnes stulti miscentur contumeliis</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5474 stultitia est vitium oppositum sapientiae, ut supra habitum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5475 ira autem opponitur mansuetudini. Ergo contumelia non oritur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5476 ira.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5477 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42118"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5478 "ref">[42118] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5479 nullum peccatum diminuitur ex sua causa. Sed peccatum contumeliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5480 diminuitur si ex ira proferatur, gravius enim peccat qui ex odio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5481 contumeliam infert quam qui ex ira. Ergo contumelia non oritur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5482 ira.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5483 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42119"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5484 "ref">[42119] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5485 est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., quod ex ira oriuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5486 contumeliae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5487 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 co."><a name="42120"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5488 "ref">[42120] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5489 dicendum quod, cum unum peccatum possit ex diversis oriri, ex illo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5490 tamen dicitur principalius habere originem ex quo frequentius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5491 procedere consuevit, propter propinquitatem ad finem ipsius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5492 Contumelia autem magnam habet propinquitatem ad finem irae, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5493 vindicta, nulla enim vindicta est irato magis in promptu quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5494 inferre contumeliam alteri. Et ideo contumelia maxime oritur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5495 ira.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5496 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42121"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5497 "ref">[42121] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5498 ergo dicendum quod contumelia non ordinatur ad finem superbiae, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5499 est celsitudo, et ideo non directe contumelia oritur ex superbia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5500 Disponit tamen superbia ad contumeliam, inquantum illi qui se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5501 superiores aestimant, facilius alios contemnunt et iniurias eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5502 irrogant. Facilius etiam irascuntur, utpote reputantes indignum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5503 quidquid contra eorum voluntatem agitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5504 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42122"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5505 "ref">[42122] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5506 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in VII Ethic., ira non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5507 perfecte audit rationem, et sic iratus patitur rationis defectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5508 in quo convenit cum stultitia. Et propter hoc ex stultitia oritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5509 contumelia, secundum affinitatem quam habet cum ira.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5510 <p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42123"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5511 "ref">[42123] II&ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5512 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in II Rhet., <i>iratus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5513 intendit manifestam offensam, quod non curat odiens</i>. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5514 contumelia, quae importat manifestam iniuriam, magis pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5515 iram quam ad odium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5516 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5517 <div class="D">Quaestio 73</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5518 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5519 <p title="II-II q. 73 pr."><a name="42124"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5520 "ref">[42124] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5521 considerandum est de detractione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5522 Primo, quid sit detractio. Secundo, utrum sit peccatum mortale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5523 Tertio, de comparatione eius ad alia peccata. Quarto, utrum peccet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5524 aliquis audiendo detractionem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5525 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5526 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5527 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42125"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5528 "ref">[42125] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5529 sic proceditur. Videtur quod detractio non sit denigratio alienae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5530 famae per occulta verba, ut a quibusdam definitur. Occultum enim et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5531 manifestum sunt circumstantiae non constituentes speciem peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5532 accidit enim peccato quod a multis sciatur vel a paucis. Sed illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5533 quod non constituit speciem peccati non pertinet ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5534 ipsius, nec debet poni in eius definitione. Ergo ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5535 detractionis non pertinet quod fiat per occulta verba.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5536 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42126"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5537 "ref">[42126] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5538 ad rationem famae pertinet publica notitia. Si igitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5539 detractionem denigretur fama alicuius, non poterit hoc fieri per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5540 verba occulta, sed per verba in manifesto dicta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5541 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42127"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5542 "ref">[42127] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5543 ille detrahit qui aliquid subtrahit vel diminuit de eo quod est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5544 Sed quandoque denigratur fama alicuius etiam si nihil subtrahatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5545 de veritate, puta cum aliquis vera crimina alicuius pandit. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5546 non omnis denigratio famae est detractio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5547 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42128"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5548 "ref">[42128] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5549 est quod dicitur Eccle. X, <i>si mordeat serpens in silentio, nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5550 eo minus habet qui occulte detrahit</i>. Ergo occulte mordere famam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5551 alicuius est detrahere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5552 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 co."><a name="42129"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5553 "ref">[42129] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5554 dicendum quod sicut facto aliquis alteri nocet dupliciter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5555 manifeste quidem sicut in rapina vel quacumque violentia illata,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5556 occulte autem sicut in furto et dolosa percussione; ita etiam verbo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5557 aliquis dupliciter aliquem laedit, uno modo, in manifesto, et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5558 fit per contumeliam, ut supra dictum est; alio modo, occulte, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5559 hoc fit per detractionem. Ex hoc autem quod aliquis manifeste verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5560 contra alium profert, videtur eum parvipendere, unde ex hoc ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5561 exhonoratur, et ideo contumelia detrimentum affert honori eius in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5562 quem profertur. Sed qui verba contra aliquem profert in occulto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5563 videtur eum vereri magis quam parvipendere, unde non directe infert
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5564 detrimentum honori, sed famae; inquantum, huiusmodi verba occulte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5565 proferens, quantum in ipso est, eos qui audiunt facit malam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5566 opinionem habere de eo contra quem loquitur. Hoc enim intendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5567 videtur, et ad hoc conatur detrahens, ut eius verbis credatur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5568 patet quod detractio differt a contumelia dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5569 quantum ad modum proponendi verba, quia scilicet contumeliosus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5570 manifeste contra aliquem loquitur, detractor autem occulte. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5571 modo, quantum ad finem intentum, sive quantum ad nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5572 illatum, quia scilicet contumeliosus derogat honori, detractor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5573 famae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5574 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42130"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5575 "ref">[42130] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5576 ergo dicendum quod in involuntariis commutationibus, ad quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5577 reducuntur omnia nocumenta proximo illata verbo vel facto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5578 diversificat rationem peccati occultum et manifestum, quia alia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5579 ratio involuntarii per violentiam, et per ignorantiam, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5580 dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5581 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42131"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5582 "ref">[42131] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5583 dicendum quod verba detractionis dicuntur occulta non simpliciter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5584 sed per comparationem ad eum de quo dicuntur, quia eo absente et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5585 ignorante, dicuntur. Sed contumeliosus in faciem contra hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5586 loquitur. Unde si aliquis de alio male loquatur coram multis, eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5587 absente, detractio est, si autem eo solo praesente, contumelia est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5588 Quamvis etiam si uni soli aliquis de absente malum dicat, corrumpit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5589 famam eius, non in toto, sed in parte.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5590 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42132"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5591 "ref">[42132] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5592 dicendum quod aliquis dicitur detrahere non quia diminuat de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5593 veritate, sed quia diminuit famam eius. Quod quidem quandoque fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5594 directe, quandoque indirecte. Directe quidem, quadrupliciter, uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5595 modo, quando falsum imponit alteri; secundo, quando peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5596 adauget suis verbis; tertio, quando occultum revelat; quarto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5597 quando id quod est bonum dicit mala intentione factum. Indirecte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5598 autem, vel negando bonum alterius; vel malitiose reticendo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5599 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5600 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5601 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42133"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5602 "ref">[42133] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5603 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod detractio non sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5604 mortale. Nullus enim actus virtutis est peccatum mortale. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5605 revelare peccatum occultum, quod, sicut dictum est, ad detractionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5606 pertinet, est actus virtutis, vel caritatis, dum aliquis fratris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5607 peccatum denuntiat eius emendationem intendens; vel etiam est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5608 iustitiae, dum aliquis fratrem accusat. Ergo detractio non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5609 peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5610 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42134"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5611 "ref">[42134] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5612 super illud Prov. XXIV, <i>cum detractoribus non commiscearis</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5613 dicit Glossa, <i>hoc specialiter vitio periclitatur totum genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5614 humanum</i>. Sed nullum peccatum mortale in toto humano genere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5615 invenitur, quia multi abstinent a peccato mortali, peccata autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5616 venialia sunt quae in omnibus inveniuntur. Ergo detractio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5617 peccatum veniale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5618 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42135"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5619 "ref">[42135] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5620 Augustinus, in homilia de igne Purg., inter peccata minuta ponit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5621 quando cum omni facilitate vel temeritate maledicimus, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5622 pertinet ad detractionem. Ergo detractio est peccatum veniale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5623 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42136"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5624 "ref">[42136] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5625 est quod Rom. I dicitur, <i>detractores, Deo odibiles</i>, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5626 ideo additur, ut dicit Glossa, <i>ne leve putetur propter hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5627 consistit in verbis</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5628 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 co."><a name="42137"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5629 "ref">[42137] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5630 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccata verborum maxime sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5631 ex intentione dicentis diiudicanda. Detractio autem, secundum suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5632 rationem, ordinatur ad denigrandam famam alicuius. Unde ille, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5633 se loquendo, detrahit qui ad hoc de aliquo obloquitur, eo absente,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5634 ut eius famam denigret. Auferre autem alicui famam valde grave est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5635 quia inter res temporales videtur fama esse pretiosior, per cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5636 defectum homo impeditur a multis bene agendis. Propter quod dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5637 Eccli. XLI, <i>curam habe de bono nomine, hoc enim magis permanebit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5638 tibi quam mille thesauri magni et pretiosi</i>. Et ideo detractio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5639 per se loquendo, est peccatum mortale. Contingit tamen quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5640 quod aliquis dicit aliqua verba per quae diminuitur fama alicuius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5641 non hoc intendens, sed aliquid aliud hoc autem non est detrahere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5642 per se et formaliter loquendo, sed solum materialiter et quasi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5643 accidens. Et si quidem verba per quae fama alterius diminuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5644 proferat aliquis propter aliquod bonum vel necessarium, debitis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5645 circumstantiis observatis, non est peccatum, nec potest dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5646 detractio. Si autem proferat ex animi levitate, vel propter aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5647 non necessarium, non est peccatum mortale, nisi forte verbum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5648 dicitur sit adeo grave quod notabiliter famam alicuius laedat, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5649 praecipue in his quae pertinent ad honestatem vitae; quia hoc ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5650 ipso genere verborum habet rationem peccati mortalis. Et tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5651 aliquis ad restitutionem famae, sicut ad restitutionem cuiuslibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5652 rei subtractae, eo modo quo supra dictum est, cum de restitutione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5653 ageretur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5654 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42138"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5655 "ref">[42138] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5656 ergo dicendum quod revelare peccatum occultum alicuius propter eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5657 emendationem denuntiando, vel propter bonum publicae iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5658 accusando, non est detrahere, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5659 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42139"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5660 "ref">[42139] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5661 dicendum quod Glossa illa non dicit quod detractio in toto genere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5662 humano inveniatur, sed addit, paene. Tum quia stultorum infinitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5663 est numerus, et pauci sunt qui ambulant per viam salutis. Tum etiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5664 quia pauci vel nulli sunt qui non aliquando ex animi levitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5665 aliquid dicunt unde in aliquo, vel leviter, alterius fama
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5666 minoratur, quia, ut dicitur Iac. III, <i>si quis in verbo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5667 offendit, hic perfectus est vir</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5668 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42140"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5669 "ref">[42140] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5670 dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur in casu illo quo aliquis dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5671 aliquod leve malum de alio non ex intentione nocendi, sed ex animi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5672 levitate vel ex lapsu linguae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5673 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5674 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5675 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42141"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5676 "ref">[42141] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5677 sic proceditur. Videtur quod detractio sit gravius omnibus peccatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5678 quae in proximum committuntur. Quia super illud Psalm., <i>pro eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5679 ut me diligerent, detrahebant mihi</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5680 nocent in membris detrahentes Christo, quia animas crediturorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5681 interficiunt, quam qui eius carnem, mox resurrecturam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5682 peremerunt</i>. Ex quo videtur quod detractio sit gravius peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5683 quam homicidium, quanto gravius est occidere animam quam occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5684 corpus. Sed homicidium est gravius inter cetera peccata quae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5685 proximum committuntur. Ergo detractio est simpliciter inter omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5686 gravior.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5687 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42142"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5688 "ref">[42142] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5689 detractio videtur esse gravius peccatum quam contumelia quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5690 contumeliam potest homo repellere, non autem detractionem latentem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5691 Sed contumelia videtur esse maius peccatum quam adulterium, per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5692 quod adulterium unit duos in unam carnem, contumelia autem unitos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5693 in multa dividit. Ergo detractio est maius peccatum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5694 adulterium, quod tamen, inter alia peccata quae sunt in proximum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5695 magnam gravitatem habet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5696 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42143"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5697 "ref">[42143] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5698 contumelia oritur ex ira, detractio autem ex invidia, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5699 Gregorium, XXXI Moral. Sed invidia est maius peccatum quam ira.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5700 Ergo et detractio est maius peccatum quam contumelia. Et sic idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5701 quod prius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5702 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="42144"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5703 "ref">[42144] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5704 tanto aliquod peccatum est gravius quanto graviorem defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5705 inducit. Sed detractio inducit gravissimum defectum, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5706 excaecationem mentis, dicit enim Gregorius, <i>quid aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5707 detrahentes faciunt nisi quod in pulverem sufflant et in oculos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5708 suos terram excitant, ut unde plus detractionis perflant, inde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5709 minus veritatis videant?</i> Ergo detractio est gravissimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5710 peccatum inter ea quae committuntur in proximum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5711 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42145"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5712 "ref">[42145] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5713 gravius est peccare facto quam verbo. Sed detractio est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5714 verbi, adulterium autem et homicidium et furtum sunt peccata in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5715 factis. Ergo detractio non est gravius ceteris peccatis quae sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5716 in proximum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5717 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 co."><a name="42146"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5718 "ref">[42146] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5719 dicendum quod peccata quae committuntur in proximum sunt pensanda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5720 per se quidem secundum nocumenta quae proximo inferuntur, quia ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5721 hoc habent rationem culpae. Tanto autem est maius nocumentum quanto
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5722 maius bonum demitur. Cum autem sit triplex bonum hominis, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5723 bonum animae et bonum corporis et bonum exteriorum rerum, bonum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5724 animae, quod est maximum, non potest alicui ab alio tolli nisi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5725 occasionaliter, puta per malam persuasionem, quae necessitatem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5726 infert, sed alia duo bona, scilicet corporis et exteriorum rerum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5727 possunt ab alio violenter auferri. Sed quia bonum corporis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5728 praeeminet bono exteriorum rerum, graviora sunt peccata quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5729 infertur nocumentum corpori quam ea quibus infertur nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5730 exterioribus rebus. Unde inter cetera peccata quae sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5731 proximum, homicidium gravius est, per quod tollitur vita proximi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5732 iam actu existens, consequenter autem adulterium, quod est contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5733 debitum ordinem generationis humanae, per quam est introitus ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5734 vitam. Consequenter autem sunt exteriora bona. Inter quae, fama
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5735 praeeminet divitiis, eo quod propinquior est spiritualibus bonis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5736 unde dicitur Prov. XXII, <i>melius est nomen bonum quam divitiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5737 multae</i>. Et ideo detractio, secundum suum genus, est maius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5738 peccatum quam furtum, minus tamen quam homicidium vel adulterium.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5739 Potest tamen esse alius ordo propter circumstantias aggravantes vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5740 diminuentes. Per accidens autem gravitas peccati attenditur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5741 parte peccantis, qui gravius peccat si ex deliberatione peccet quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5742 si peccet ex infirmitate vel incautela. Et secundum hoc peccata
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5743 locutionis habent aliquam levitatem, inquantum de facili ex lapsu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5744 linguae proveniunt, absque magna praemeditatione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5745 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42147"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5746 "ref">[42147] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5747 ergo dicendum quod illi qui detrahunt Christo impedientes fidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5748 membrorum ipsius, derogant divinitati eius, cui fides innititur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5749 Unde non est simplex detractio, sed blasphemia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5750 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42148"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5751 "ref">[42148] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5752 dicendum quod gravius peccatum est contumelia quam detractio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5753 inquantum habet maiorem contemptum proximi, sicut et rapina est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5754 gravius peccatum quam furtum, ut supra dictum est. Contumelia tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5755 non est gravius peccatum quam adulterium, non enim gravitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5756 adulterii pensatur ex coniunctione corporum, sed ex deordinatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5757 generationis humanae. Contumeliosus autem non sufficienter causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5758 inimicitiam in alio, sed occasionaliter tantum dividit unitos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5759 inquantum scilicet per hoc quod mala alterius promit, alios,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5760 quantum in se est, ab eius amicitia separat, licet ad hoc per eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5761 verba non cogantur. Sic etiam et detractor occasionaliter est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5762 homicida, inquantum scilicet per sua verba dat alteri occasionem ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5763 proximum odiat vel contemnat. Propter quod in epistola Clementis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5764 dicitur detractores esse homicidas, scilicet occasionaliter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5765 <i>quia qui odit fratrem suum, homicida est</i>, ut dicitur I Ioan.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5766 III.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5767 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42149"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5768 "ref">[42149] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5769 dicendum quod quia ira quaerit in manifesto vindictam inferre, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5770 philosophus dicit, in II Rhet., ideo detractio, quae est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5771 occulto, non est filia irae, sicut contumelia; sed magis invidiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5772 quae nititur qualitercumque minuere gloriam proximi. Nec tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5773 sequitur propter hoc quod detractio sit gravior quam contumelia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5774 quia ex minori vitio potest oriri maius peccatum, sicut ex ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5775 nascitur homicidium et blasphemia. Origo enim peccatorum attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5776 secundum inclinationem ad finem, quod est ex parte conversionis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5777 gravitas autem peccati magis attenditur ex parte aversionis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5778 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="42150"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5779 "ref">[42150] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5780 dicendum quod quia homo laetatur in sententia oris sui, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5781 Prov. XV, inde est quod ille qui detrahit incipit magis amare et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5782 credere quod dicit; et per consequens proximum magis odire; et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5783 magis recedere a cognitione veritatis. Iste tamen effectus potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5784 sequi etiam ex aliis peccatis quae pertinent ad odium proximi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5785 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5786 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5787 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42151"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5788 "ref">[42151] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5789 sic proceditur. Videtur quod audiens qui tolerat detrahentem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5790 graviter peccet. Non enim aliquis magis tenetur alteri quam sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5791 ipsi. Sed laudabile est si patienter homo suos detractores toleret,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5792 dicit enim Gregorius, super Ezech. Homil. IX, <i>linguas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5793 detrahentium, sicut nostro studio non debemus excitare, ne ipsi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5794 pereant; ita per suam malitiam excitatas debemus aequanimiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5795 tolerare, ut nobis meritum crescat</i>. Ergo non peccat aliquis si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5796 detractionibus aliorum non resistat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5797 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42152"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5798 "ref">[42152] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5799 Eccli. IV dicitur, <i>non contradicas verbo veritatis ullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5800 modo</i>. Sed quandoque aliquis detrahit verba veritatis dicendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5801 ut supra dictum est. Ergo videtur quod non semper teneatur homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5802 detractionibus resistere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5803 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42153"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5804 "ref">[42153] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5805 nullus debet impedire id quod est in utilitatem aliorum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5806 detractio frequenter est in utilitatem eorum contra quos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5807 detrahitur, dicit enim pius Papa, <i>nonnunquam detractio adversus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5808 bonos excitatur, ut quos vel domestica adulatio vel aliorum favor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5809 in altum extulerat, detractio humiliet</i>. Ergo aliquis non debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5810 detractiones impedire.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5811 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42154"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5812 "ref">[42154] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5813 est quod Hieronymus dicit, <i>cave ne linguam aut aures habeas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5814 prurientes, aut aliis detrahas, aut alios audias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5815 detrahentes</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5816 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 co."><a name="42155"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5817 "ref">[42155] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5818 dicendum quod, secundum apostolum, ad Rom. I, <i>digni sunt morte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5819 non solum qui peccata faciunt, sed etiam qui facientibus peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5820 consentiunt</i>. Quod quidem contingit dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5821 directe, quando scilicet quis inducit alium ad peccatum, vel ei
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5822 placet peccatum. Alio modo, indirecte, quando scilicet non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5823 resistit, cum resistere possit, et hoc contingit quandoque non quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5824 peccatum placeat, sed propter aliquem humanum timorem. Dicendum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5825 ergo quod si aliquis detractiones audiat absque resistentia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5826 videtur detractori consentire, unde fit particeps peccati eius. Et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5827 si quidem inducat eum ad detrahendum, vel saltem placeat ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5828 detractio, propter odium eius cui detrahitur, non minus peccat quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5829 detrahens, et quandoque magis. Unde Bernardus dicit, <i>detrahere,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5830 aut detrahentem audire, quid horum damnabilius sit, non facile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5831 dixerim</i>. Si vero non placeat ei peccatum, sed ex timore vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5832 negligentia vel etiam verecundia quadam omittat repellere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5833 detrahentem, peccat quidem, sed multo minus quam detrahens, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5834 plerumque venialiter. Quandoque etiam hoc potest esse peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5835 mortale, vel propter hoc quod alicui ex officio incumbit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5836 detrahentem corrigere; vel propter aliquod periculum consequens;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5837 vel propter radicem, qua timor humanus quandoque potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5838 peccatum mortale, ut supra habitum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5839 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42156"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5840 "ref">[42156] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5841 ergo dicendum quod detractiones suas nullus audit, quia scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5842 mala quae dicuntur de aliquo eo audiente, non sunt detractiones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5843 proprie loquendo, sed contumeliae, ut dictum est. Possunt tamen ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5844 notitiam alicuius detractiones contra ipsum factae aliorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5845 relationibus pervenire. Et tunc sui arbitrii est detrimentum suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5846 famae pati, nisi hoc vergat in periculum aliorum, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5847 est. Et ideo in hoc potest commendari eius patientia quod patienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5848 proprias detractiones sustinet. Non autem est sui arbitrii quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5849 patiatur detrimentum famae alterius. Et ideo in culpam ei vertitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5850 si non resistit, cum possit resistere, eadem ratione qua tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5851 aliquis sublevare asinum alterius iacentem sub onere, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5852 praecipitur Deut. XXII.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5853 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42157"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5854 "ref">[42157] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5855 dicendum quod non semper debet aliquis resistere detractori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5856 arguendo eum de falsitate, maxime si quis sciat verum esse quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5857 dicitur. Sed debet eum verbis redarguere de hoc quod peccat fratri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5858 detrahendo, vel saltem ostendere quod ei detractio displiceat per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5859 tristitiam faciei; quia, ut dicitur Prov. XXV, <i>ventus Aquilo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5860 dissipat pluvias, et facies tristis linguam detrahentem</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5861 <p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42158"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5862 "ref">[42158] II&ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5863 dicendum quod utilitas quae ex detractione provenit non est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5864 intentione detrahentis, sed ex Dei ordinatione, qui ex quolibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5865 malo elicit bonum. Et ideo nihilo minus est detractoribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5866 resistendum, sicut et raptoribus vel oppressoribus aliorum, quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5867 ex hoc oppressis vel spoliatis per patientiam meritum crescat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5868 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5869 <div class="D">Quaestio 74</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5870 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5871 <p title="II-II q. 74 pr."><a name="42159"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5872 "ref">[42159] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5873 considerandum est de susurratione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5874 Primo, utrum susurratio sit peccatum distinctum a detractione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5875 Secundo, quod horum sit gravius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5876 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5877 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5878 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42160"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5879 "ref">[42160] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5880 sic proceditur. Videtur quod susurratio non sit peccatum distinctum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5881 a detractione. Dicit enim Isidorus, in libro Etymol., <i>susurro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5882 sono locutionis appellatur, quia non in facie alicuius, sed in aure
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5883 loquitur, detrahendo</i>. Sed loqui de altero detrahendo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5884 detractionem pertinet. Ergo susurratio non est peccatum distinctum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5885 a detractione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5886 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42161"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5887 "ref">[42161] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5888 Levit. XIX dicitur, <i>non eris criminator nec susurro in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5889 populis</i>. Sed criminator idem videtur esse quod detractor. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5890 etiam susurratio a detractione non differt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5891 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42162"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5892 "ref">[42162] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5893 Eccli. XXVIII dicitur, <i>susurro et bilinguis maledictus erit</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5894 Sed bilinguis videtur idem esse quod detractor, quia detractorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5895 est duplici lingua loqui, aliter scilicet in absentia et aliter in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5896 praesentia. Ergo susurro est idem quod detractor.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5897 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42163"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5898 "ref">[42163] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5899 est quod, Rom. I, super illud, <i>susurrones, detractores</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5900 dicit Glossa, <i>susurrones, inter amicos discordiam seminantes;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5901 detractores, qui aliorum bona negant vel minuunt</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5902 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 co."><a name="42164"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5903 "ref">[42164] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5904 dicendum quod susurratio et detractio in materia conveniunt, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5905 etiam in forma, sive in modo loquendi, quia uterque malum occulte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5906 de proximo dicit. Propter quam similitudinem interdum unum pro alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5907 ponitur, unde Eccli. V, super illud, <i>non appelleris susurro</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5908 dicit Glossa, idest detractor. Differunt autem in fine. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5909 detractor intendit denigrare famam proximi, unde illa mala de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5910 proximo praecipue profert ex quibus proximus infamari possit, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5911 saltem diminui eius fama. Susurro autem intendit amicitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5912 separare, ut patet per Glossam inductam, et per id quod dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5913 Prov. XXVI, <i>susurrone subtracto, iurgia conquiescunt</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5914 ideo susurro talia mala profert de proximo quae possunt contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5915 ipsum commovere animum audientis, secundum illud Eccli. XXVIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5916 <i>vir peccator conturbabit amicos, et in medio pacem habentium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5917 immittit inimicitiam</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5918 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42165"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5919 "ref">[42165] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5920 ergo dicendum quod susurro, inquantum dicit malum de alio, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5921 detrahere. In hoc tamen differt a detractore, quia non intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5922 simpliciter malum dicere; sed quidquid sit illud quod possit animum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5923 unius turbare contra alium, etiam si sit simpliciter bonum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5924 tamen apparens malum, inquantum displicet ei cui dicitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5925 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42166"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5926 "ref">[42166] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5927 dicendum quod criminator differt et a susurrone et a detractore.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5928 Quia criminator est qui publice aliis crimina imponit, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5929 accusando vel conviciando, quod non pertinet ad detractorem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5930 susurronem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5931 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42167"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5932 "ref">[42167] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5933 dicendum quod bilinguis proprie dicitur susurro. Cum enim amicitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5934 sit inter duos, nititur susurro ex utraque parte amicitiam rumpere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5935 et ideo duabus linguis utitur ad duos, uni dicens malum de alio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5936 Propter quod dicitur Eccli. XXVIII, <i>susurro et bilinguis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5937 maledictus</i>, et subditur, <i>multos enim turbant pacem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5938 habentes</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5939 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5940 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5941 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42168"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5942 "ref">[42168] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5943 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod detractio sit gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5944 peccatum quam susurratio. Peccata enim oris consistunt in hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5945 aliquis mala dicit. Sed detractor dicit de proximo ea quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5946 mala simpliciter, quia ex talibus oritur infamia vel diminuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5947 fama, susurro autem non curat dicere nisi mala apparentia, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5948 scilicet displiceant audienti. Ergo gravius peccatum est detractio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5949 quam susurratio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5950 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42169"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5951 "ref">[42169] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5952 quicumque aufert alicui famam, aufert ei non solum unum amicum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5953 multos, quia unusquisque refugit amicitiam infamium personarum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5954 unde contra quendam dicitur, II Paralip. XIX, <i>his qui oderunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5955 dominum amicitia iungeris</i>. Susurratio autem aufert unum solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5956 amicum. Gravius ergo peccatum est detractio quam susurratio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5957 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42170"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5958 "ref">[42170] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5959 Iac. IV dicitur, <i>qui detrahit fratri suo, detrahit legi</i>; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5960 per consequens Deo, qui est legislator, et sic peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5961 detractionis videtur esse peccatum in Deum, quod est gravissimum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5962 ut supra habitum est. Peccatum autem susurrationis est in proximum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5963 Ergo peccatum detractionis est gravius quam peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5964 susurrationis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5965 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42171"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5966 "ref">[42171] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5967 est quod dicitur Eccli. V, <i>denotatio pessima super bilinguem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5968 susurratori autem odium et inimicitia et contumelia</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5969 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 co."><a name="42172"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5970 "ref">[42172] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5971 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum in proximum tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5972 est gravius quanto per ipsum maius nocumentum proximo infertur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5973 nocumentum autem tanto maius est quanto maius est bonum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5974 tollitur. Inter cetera vero exteriora bona praeeminet amicus, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5975 sine amicis nullus vivere posset, ut patet per philosophum, in VIII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5976 Ethic. Unde dicitur Eccli. VI, <i>amico fideli nulla est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5977 comparatio</i>, quia et optima fama, quae per detractionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5978 tollitur, ad hoc maxime necessaria est ut homo idoneus ad amicitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5979 habeatur. Et ideo susurratio est maius peccatum quam detractio, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5980 etiam quam contumelia, quia amicus est melior quam honor, et amari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5981 quam honorari, ut in VIII Ethic. philosophus dicit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5982 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42173"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5983 "ref">[42173] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5984 ergo dicendum quod species et gravitas peccati magis attenditur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5985 fine quam ex materiali obiecto. Et ideo ratione finis susurratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5986 est gravior, quamvis detractor quandoque peiora dicat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5987 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42174"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5988 "ref">[42174] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5989 dicendum quod fama est dispositio ad amicitiam, et infamia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5990 inimicitiam. Dispositio autem deficit ab eo ad quod disponit. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5991 ideo ille qui operatur ad aliquid quod est dispositio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5992 inimicitiam, minus peccat quam ille qui directe operatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5993 inimicitiam inducendam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5994 <p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42175"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5995 "ref">[42175] II&ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5996 dicendum quod ille qui detrahit fratri intantum videtur detrahere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5997 legi inquantum contemnit praeceptum de dilectione proximi. Contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5998 quod directius agit qui amicitiam disrumpere nititur. Unde hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5999 peccatum maxime contra Deum est, quia Deus dilectio est, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6000 I Ioan. IV. Et propter hoc dicitur Prov. VI, <i>sex sunt quae odit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6001 dominus, et septimum detestatur anima eius</i>, et hoc septimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6002 ponit <i>eum qui seminat inter fratres discordiam</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6003 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6004 <div class="D">Quaestio 75</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6005 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6006 <p title="II-II q. 75 pr."><a name="42176"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6007 "ref">[42176] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6008 considerandum est de derisione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6009 utrum derisio sit peccatum speciale distinctum ab aliis peccatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6010 quibus per verba nocumentum proximo infertur. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6011 derisio sit peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6012 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6013 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6014 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42177"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6015 "ref">[42177] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6016 sic proceditur. Videtur quod derisio non sit speciale peccatum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6017 aliis praemissis distinctum. Subsannatio enim videtur idem esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6018 quod derisio. Sed subsannatio ad contumeliam videtur pertinere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6019 Ergo derisio non videtur distingui a contumelia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6020 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42178"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6021 "ref">[42178] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6022 nullus irridetur nisi de aliquo turpi, ex quo homo erubescit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6023 Huiusmodi autem sunt peccata, quae si manifeste de aliquo dicuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6024 pertinent ad contumeliam; si autem occulte, pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6025 detractionem sive susurrationem. Ergo derisio non est vitium a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6026 praemissis distinctum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6027 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42179"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6028 "ref">[42179] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6029 huiusmodi peccata distinguuntur secundum nocumenta quae proximo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6030 inferuntur. Sed per derisionem non infertur aliud nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6031 proximo quam in honore vel fama vel detrimento amicitiae. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6032 derisio non est peccatum distinctum a praemissis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6033 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42180"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6034 "ref">[42180] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6035 est quod irrisio fit ludo, unde et illusio nominatur. Nullum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6036 praemissorum ludo agitur, sed serio. Ergo derisio ab omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6037 praedictis differt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6038 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 co."><a name="42181"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6039 "ref">[42181] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6040 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccata verborum praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6041 pensanda sunt secundum intentionem proferentis. Et ideo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6042 diversa quae quis intendit contra alium loquens, huiusmodi peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6043 distinguuntur. Sicut autem aliquis conviciando intendit conviciati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6044 honorem deprimere, et detrahendo diminuere famam, et susurrando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6045 tollere amicitiam; ita etiam irridendo aliquis intendit quod ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6046 qui irridetur erubescat. Et quia hic finis est distinctus ab aliis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6047 ideo etiam peccatum derisionis distinguitur a praemissis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6048 peccatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6049 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42182"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6050 "ref">[42182] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6051 ergo dicendum quod subsannatio et irrisio conveniunt in fine, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6052 differunt in modo, quia irrisio fit ore, idest verbo et cachinnis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6053 subsannatio autem naso rugato, ut dicit Glossa super illud Psalm.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6054 <i>qui habitat in caelis irridebit eos</i>. Talis tamen differentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6055 non diversificat speciem. Utrumque tamen differt a contumelia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6056 sicut erubescentia a dehonoratione, est enim erubescentia timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6057 dehonorationis, sicut Damascenus dicit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6058 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42183"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6059 "ref">[42183] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6060 dicendum quod de opere virtuoso aliquis apud alios et reverentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6061 meretur et famam; apud seipsum bonae conscientiae gloriam, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6062 illud II ad Cor. I, <i>gloria nostra haec est, testimonium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6063 conscientiae nostrae</i>. Unde e contrario de actu turpi, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6064 vitioso, apud alios quidem tollitur hominis honor et fama, et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6065 hoc contumeliosus et detractor turpia de alio dicunt. Apud seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6066 autem per turpia quae dicuntur aliquis perdit conscientiae gloriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6067 per quandam confusionem et erubescentiam, et ad hoc turpia dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6068 derisor. Et sic patet quod derisor communicat cum praedictis vitiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6069 in materia, differt autem in fine.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6070 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42184"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6071 "ref">[42184] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6072 dicendum quod securitas conscientiae et quies illius magnum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6073 est, secundum illud Prov. XV, <i>secura mens quasi iuge
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6074 convivium</i>. Et ideo qui conscientiam alicuius inquietat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6075 confundendo ipsum, aliquod speciale nocumentum ei infert. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6076 derisio est peccatum speciale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6077 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6078 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6079 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42185"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6080 "ref">[42185] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6081 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod derisio non possit esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6082 peccatum mortale. Omne enim peccatum mortale contrariatur caritati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6083 Sed derisio non videtur contrariari caritati, agitur enim ludo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6084 quandoque inter amicos; unde et delusio nominatur. Ergo derisio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6085 potest esse peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6086 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42186"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6087 "ref">[42186] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6088 derisio illa videtur esse maxima quae fit in iniuriam Dei. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6089 omnis derisio quae vergit in iniuriam Dei est peccatum mortale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6090 Alioquin quicumque recidivat in aliquod peccatum veniale de quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6091 poenituit, peccaret mortaliter, dicit enim Isidorus quod <i>irrisor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6092 est, et non poenitens, qui adhuc agit quod poenitet</i>. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6093 etiam sequeretur quod omnis simulatio esset peccatum mortale, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6094 sicut Gregorius dicit, in Moral., per struthionem significatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6095 simulator, qui deridet equum, idest hominem iustum, et ascensorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6096 idest Deum. Ergo derisio non est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6097 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42187"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6098 "ref">[42187] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6099 contumelia et detractio videntur esse graviora peccata quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6100 derisio, quia maius est facere aliquid serio quam ioco. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6101 omnis detractio vel contumelia est peccatum mortale. Ergo multo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6102 minus derisio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6103 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42188"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6104 "ref">[42188] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6105 est quod dicitur Prov. III, <i>ipse deridet illusores</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6106 deridere Dei est aeternaliter punire pro peccato mortali, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6107 per id quod dicitur in Psalm., <i>qui habitat in caelis irridebit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6108 eos</i>. Ergo derisio est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6109 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 co."><a name="42189"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6110 "ref">[42189] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6111 dicendum quod irrisio non fit nisi de aliquo malo vel defectu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6112 Malum autem si sit magnum, non pro ludo accipitur, sed seriose.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6113 Unde si in lusum vel risum vertatur (ex quo irrisionis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6114 illusionis nomen sumitur), hoc est quia accipitur ut parvum. Potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6115 autem aliquod malum accipi ut parvum, dupliciter, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6116 secundum se; alio modo, ratione personae. Cum autem aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6117 alterius personae malum vel defectum in ludum vel risum ponit quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6118 secundum se parvum malum est, est veniale et leve peccatum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6119 suum genus. Cum autem accipitur quasi parvum ratione personae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6120 sicut defectus puerorum et stultorum parum ponderare solemus, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6121 aliquem illudere vel irridere est eum omnino parvipendere, et eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6122 tam vilem aestimare ut de eius malo non sit curandum, sed sit quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6123 pro ludo habendum. Et sic derisio est peccatum mortale. Et gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6124 quam contumelia, quae similiter est in manifesto, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6125 contumeliosus videtur accipere malum alterius seriose, illusor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6126 autem in ludum; et ita videtur esse maior contemptus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6127 dehonoratio. Et secundum hoc, illusio est grave peccatum, et tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6128 gravius quanto maior reverentia debetur personae quae illuditur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6129 Unde gravissimum est irridere Deum et ea quae Dei sunt, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6130 illud Isaiae XXXVII, <i>cui exprobrasti? Et quem blasphemasti? Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6131 super quem exaltasti vocem tuam?</i> Et postea subditur, <i>ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6132 sanctum Israel</i>. Deinde secundum locum tenet irrisio parentum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6133 Unde dicitur Prov. XXX, <i>oculum qui subsannat patrem et despicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6134 partum matris suae, effodiant eum corvi de torrentibus, et comedant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6135 eum filii aquilae</i>. Deinde iustorum derisio gravis est, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6136 honor est virtutis praemium. Et contra hoc dicitur Iob XII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6137 <i>deridetur iusti simplicitas</i>. Quae quidem derisio valde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6138 nociva est, quia per hoc homines a bene agendo impediuntur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6139 secundum illud Gregorii, <i>qui in aliorum actibus exoriri bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6140 conspiciunt, mox ea manu pestiferae exprobrationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6141 evellunt</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6142 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42190"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6143 "ref">[42190] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6144 ergo dicendum quod ludus non importat aliquid contrarium caritati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6145 respectu eius cum quo luditur, potest tamen importare aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6146 contrarium caritati respectu eius de quo luditur, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6147 contemptum, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6148 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42191"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6149 "ref">[42191] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6150 dicendum quod ille qui recidivat in peccatum de quo poenituit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6151 ille qui simulat, non expresse Deum irridet, sed quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6152 interpretative, inquantum scilicet ad modum deridentis se habet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6153 Nec tamen venialiter peccando aliquis simpliciter recidivat vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6154 simulat, sed dispositive et imperfecte.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6155 <p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42192"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6156 "ref">[42192] II&ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6157 dicendum quod derisio, secundum suam rationem, levius aliquid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6158 quam detractio vel contumelia, quia non importat contemptum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6159 ludum. Quandoque tamen habet maiorem contemptum quam etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6160 contumelia, ut supra dictum est. Et tunc est grave peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6161 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6162 <div class="D">Quaestio 76</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6163 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6164 <p title="II-II q. 76 pr."><a name="42193"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6165 "ref">[42193] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6166 considerandum est de maledictione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6167 Primo, utrum licite possit aliquis maledicere homini. Secundo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6168 utrum licite possit aliquis maledicere irrationali creaturae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6169 Tertio, utrum maledictio sit peccatum mortale. Quarto, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6170 comparatione eius ad alia peccata.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6171 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6172 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6173 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42194"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6174 "ref">[42194] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6175 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat maledicere aliquem. Non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6176 enim licitum praeterire mandatum apostoli, in quo Christus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6177 loquebatur, ut dicitur II ad Cor. XIII. Sed ipse praecipit, Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6178 XII, <i>benedicite, et nolite maledicere</i>. Ergo non licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6179 aliquem maledicere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6180 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42195"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6181 "ref">[42195] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6182 omnes tenentur Deum benedicere, secundum illud Dan. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6183 benedicite, filii hominum, domino. Sed non potest ex ore eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6184 procedere benedictio Dei et maledictio hominis, ut probatur Iac.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6185 III. Ergo nulli licet aliquem maledicere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6186 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42196"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6187 "ref">[42196] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6188 ille qui aliquem maledicit, videtur optare eius malum culpae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6189 poenae, quia maledictio videtur esse imprecatio quaedam. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6190 licet desiderare malum alterius, quinimmo orare oportet pro omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6191 ut liberentur a malo. Ergo nulli licet maledicere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6192 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="42197"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6193 "ref">[42197] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6194 Diabolus per obstinationem maxime subiectus est malitiae. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6195 licet alicui maledicere Diabolum, sicut nec seipsum, dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6196 Eccli. XXI, <i>cum maledicit impius Diabolum, maledicit ipse animam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6197 suam</i>. Ergo multo minus licet maledicere hominem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6198 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="42198"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6199 "ref">[42198] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6200 Num. XXIII, super illud, <i>quomodo maledicam cui non maledixit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6201 dominus?</i> Dicit Glossa, <i>non potest esse iusta maledicendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6202 causa ubi peccantis ignoratur affectus</i>. Sed homo non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6203 scire affectum alterius hominis, nec etiam utrum sit maledictus a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6204 Deo. Ergo nulli licet aliquem hominem maledicere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6205 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42199"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6206 "ref">[42199] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6207 est quod Deut. XXVII dicitur, <i>maledictus qui non permanet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6208 sermonibus legis huius</i>. Elisaeus etiam pueris sibi illudentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6209 maledixit, ut habetur IV Reg. II.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6210 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 co."><a name="42200"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6211 "ref">[42200] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6212 dicendum quod maledicere idem est quod malum dicere. Dicere autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6213 tripliciter se habet ad id quod dicitur. Uno modo, per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6214 enuntiationis, sicut aliquis exprimitur modo indicativo. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6215 maledicere nihil est aliud quam malum alterius referre, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6216 pertinet ad detractionem. Unde quandoque maledici detractores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6217 dicuntur. Alio modo dicere se habet ad id quod dicitur per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6218 causae. Et hoc quidem primo et principaliter competit Deo, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6219 omnia suo verbo fecit, secundum illud Psalm., <i>dixit, et facta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6220 sunt</i>. Consequenter autem competit hominibus, qui verbo suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6221 alios movent per imperium ad aliquid faciendum. Et ad hoc instituta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6222 sunt verba imperativi modi. Tertio modo ipsum dicere se habet ad id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6223 quod dicitur quasi expressio quaedam affectus desiderantis id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6224 verbo exprimitur. Et ad hoc instituta sunt verba optativi modi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6225 Praetermisso igitur primo modo maledictionis, qui est per simplicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6226 enuntiationem mali, considerandum est de aliis duobus. Ubi scire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6227 oportet quod facere aliquid et velle illud se consequuntur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6228 bonitate et malitia, ut ex supradictis patet. Unde in istis duobus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6229 modis, quibus malum dicitur per modum imperantis vel per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6230 optantis, eadem ratione est aliquid licitum et illicitum. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6231 aliquis imperet vel optet malum alterius inquantum est malum, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6232 ipsum malum intendens, sic maledicere utroque modo erit illicitum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6233 Et hoc est maledicere per se loquendo. Si autem aliquis imperet vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6234 optet malum alterius sub ratione boni, sic est licitum. Nec erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6235 maledictio per se loquendo, sed per accidens, quia principalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6236 intentio dicentis non fertur ad malum, sed ad bonum. Contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6237 autem malum aliquod dici imperando vel optando sub ratione duplicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6238 boni. Quandoque quidem sub ratione iusti. Et sic iudex licite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6239 maledicit illum cui praecipit iustam poenam inferri. Et sic etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6240 Ecclesia maledicit anathematizando. Sic etiam prophetae quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6241 imprecantur mala peccatoribus, quasi conformantes voluntatem suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6242 divinae iustitiae (licet huiusmodi imprecationes possint etiam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6243 modum praenuntiationis intelligi). Quandoque vero dicitur aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6244 malum sub ratione utilis, puta cum aliquis optat aliquem peccatorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6245 pati aliquam aegritudinem, aut aliquod impedimentum, vel ut ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6246 melior efficiatur, vel ut saltem ab aliorum nocumento cesset.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6247 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42201"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6248 "ref">[42201] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6249 ergo dicendum quod apostolus prohibet maledicere per se loquendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6250 cum intentione mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6251 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42202"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6252 "ref">[42202] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6253 dicendum ad secundum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6254 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42203"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6255 "ref">[42203] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6256 dicendum quod optare alicui malum sub ratione boni non contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6257 affectui quo quis simpliciter alicui optat bonum, sed magis habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6258 conformitatem ad ipsum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6259 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="42204"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6260 "ref">[42204] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6261 dicendum quod in Diabolo est considerare naturam, et culpam. Natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6262 quidem eius bona est, et a Deo, nec eam maledicere licet. Culpa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6263 autem eius est maledicenda, secundum illud Iob III, <i>maledicant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6264 ei qui maledicunt diei</i>. Cum autem peccator maledicit Diabolum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6265 propter culpam, seipsum simili ratione iudicat maledictione dignum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6266 Et secundum hoc dicitur maledicere animam suam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6267 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="42205"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6268 "ref">[42205] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6269 dicendum quod affectus peccantis, etsi in se non videatur, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6270 tamen percipi ex aliquo manifesto peccato, pro quo poena est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6271 infligenda. Similiter etiam, quamvis sciri non possit quem Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6272 maledicit secundum finalem reprobationem, potest tamen sciri quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6273 sit maledictus a Deo secundum reatum praesentis culpae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6274 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6275 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6276 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42206"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6277 "ref">[42206] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6278 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat creaturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6279 irrationalem maledicere. Maledictio enim praecipue videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6280 licita inquantum respicit poenam. Sed creatura irrationalis non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6281 susceptiva nec culpae nec poenae. Ergo eam maledicere non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6282 licet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6283 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42207"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6284 "ref">[42207] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6285 in creatura irrationali nihil invenitur nisi natura, quam Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6286 fecit. Hanc autem maledicere non licet, etiam in Diabolo, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6287 est. Ergo creaturam irrationalem nullo modo licet maledicere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6288 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42208"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6289 "ref">[42208] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6290 creatura irrationalis aut est permanens, sicut corpora; aut est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6291 transiens, sicut tempora. Sed sicut Gregorius dicit, in IV Moral.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6292 <i>otiosum est maledicere non existenti; vitiosum vero si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6293 existeret</i>. Ergo nullo modo licet maledicere creaturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6294 irrationali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6295 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42209"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6296 "ref">[42209] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6297 est quod dominus maledixit ficulneae, ut habetur Matth. XXI; et Iob
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6298 maledixit diei suo, ut habetur Iob III.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6299 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 2 co."><a name="42210"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6300 "ref">[42210] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6301 dicendum quod benedictio vel maledictio ad illam rem proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6302 pertinet cui potest aliquid bene vel male contingere, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6303 rationali creaturae. Creaturis autem irrationalibus bonum vel malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6304 dicitur contingere in ordine ad creaturam rationalem, propter quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6305 sunt. Ordinantur autem ad eam multipliciter. Uno quidem modo, per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6306 modum subventionis, inquantum scilicet ex creaturis irrationalibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6307 subvenitur humanae necessitati. Et hoc modo dominus homini dixit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6308 Gen. III, maledicta terra in opere tuo, ut scilicet per eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6309 sterilitatem homo puniretur. Et ita etiam intelligitur quod habetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6310 Deut. XXVIII, <i>benedicta horrea tua</i>, et infra, <i>maledictum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6311 horreum tuum</i>. Sic etiam David maledixit montes Gelboe, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6312 Gregorii expositionem. Alio modo creatura irrationalis ordinatur ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6313 rationalem per modum significationis. Et sic dominus maledixit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6314 ficulneam, in significationem Iudaeae. Tertio modo ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6315 creatura irrationalis ad rationalem per modum continentis, scilicet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6316 temporis vel loci. Et sic maledixit Iob diei nativitatis suae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6317 propter culpam originalem, quam nascendo contraxit, et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6318 sequentes poenalitates. Et propter hoc etiam potest intelligi David
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6319 maledixisse montibus Gelboe, ut legitur II Reg. I, scilicet propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6320 caedem populi quae in eis contigerat. Maledicere autem rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6321 irrationalibus inquantum sunt creaturae Dei, est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6322 blasphemiae. Maledicere autem eis secundum se consideratis, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6323 otiosum et vanum, et per consequens illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6324 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="42211"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6325 "ref">[42211] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6326 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6327 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6328 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6329 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42212"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6330 "ref">[42212] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6331 sic proceditur. Videtur quod maledicere non sit peccatum mortale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6332 Augustinus enim, in homilia de igne Purgatorio, numerat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6333 maledictionem inter levia peccata. Haec autem sunt venialia. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6334 maledictio non est peccatum mortale, sed veniale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6335 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42213"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6336 "ref">[42213] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6337 ea quae ex levi motu mentis procedunt non videntur esse peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6338 mortalia. Sed interdum maledictio ex levi motu procedit. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6339 maledictio non est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6340 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42214"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6341 "ref">[42214] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6342 gravius est male facere quam maledicere. Sed male facere non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6343 est peccatum mortale. Ergo multo minus maledicere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6344 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42215"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6345 "ref">[42215] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6346 nihil excludit a regno Dei nisi peccatum mortale. Sed maledictio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6347 excludit a regno Dei, secundum illud I ad Cor. VI, <i>neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6348 maledici neque rapaces regnum Dei possidebunt</i>. Ergo maledictio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6349 est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6350 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 3 co."><a name="42216"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6351 "ref">[42216] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6352 dicendum quod maledictio de qua nunc loquimur, est per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6353 pronuntiatur malum contra aliquem vel imperando vel optando. Velle
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6354 autem, vel imperio movere ad malum alterius, secundum se repugnat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6355 caritati, qua diligimus proximum volentes bonum ipsius. Et ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6356 secundum suum genus est peccatum mortale. Et tanto gravius quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6357 personam cui maledicimus magis amare et revereri tenemur, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6358 dicitur Levit. XX, <i>qui maledixerit patri suo et matri, morte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6359 moriatur</i>. Contingit tamen verbum maledictionis prolatum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6360 peccatum veniale, vel propter parvitatem mali quod quis alteri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6361 maledicendo, imprecatur, vel etiam propter affectum eius qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6362 profert maledictionis verba, dum ex levi motu, vel ex ludo, aut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6363 subreptione aliqua talia verba profert; quia peccata verborum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6364 maxime ex affectu pensantur, ut supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6365 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="42217"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6366 "ref">[42217] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6367 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6368 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6369 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6370 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42218"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6371 "ref">[42218] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6372 sic proceditur. Videtur quod maledictio sit gravius peccatum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6373 detractio. Maledictio enim videtur esse blasphemia quaedam, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6374 patet per id quod dicitur in canonica Iudae, quod <i>cum Michael
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6375 Archangelus, cum Diabolo disputans, altercaretur de Moysi corpore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6376 non est ausus iudicium inferre blasphemiae</i>; et accipitur ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6377 blasphemia pro maledictione, secundum Glossam. Blasphemia autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6378 gravius peccatum quam detractio. Ergo maledictio est gravior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6379 detractione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6380 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42219"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6381 "ref">[42219] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6382 homicidium est detractione gravius, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6383 maledictio est par peccato homicidii, dicit enim Chrysostomus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6384 super Matth., <i>cum dixeris, maledic ei, et domum everte, et omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6385 perire fac, nihil ab homicida differs</i>. Ergo maledictio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6386 gravior quam detractio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6387 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42220"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6388 "ref">[42220] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6389 causa praeeminet signo. Sed ille qui maledicit causat malum suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6390 imperio, ille autem qui detrahit solum significat malum iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6391 existens. Gravius ergo peccat maledicus quam detractor.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6392 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42221"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6393 "ref">[42221] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6394 est quod detractio non potest bene fieri. Maledictio autem fit bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6395 et male, ut ex dictis patet. Ergo gravior est detractio quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6396 maledictio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6397 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 co."><a name="42222"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6398 "ref">[42222] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6399 dicendum quod, sicut in primo habitum est, duplex est malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6400 scilicet culpae, et poenae. Malum autem culpae peius est, ut ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6401 ostensum est. Unde dicere malum culpae peius est quam dicere malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6402 poenae, dummodo sit idem modus dicendi. Ad contumeliosum igitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6403 susurronem et detractorem, et etiam derisorem, pertinet dicere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6404 malum culpae, sed ad maledicentem, prout nunc loquimur, pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6405 dicere malum poenae, non autem malum culpae nisi forte sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6406 poenae. Non tamen est idem modus dicendi. Nam ad praedicta quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6407 vitia pertinet dicere malum culpae solum enuntiando, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6408 maledictionem vero dicitur malum poenae vel causando per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6409 imperii, vel optando. Ipsa autem enuntiatio culpae peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6410 inquantum aliquod nocumentum ex hoc proximo infertur. Gravius autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6411 est nocumentum inferre quam nocumentum desiderare, ceteris paribus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6412 Unde detractio, secundum communem rationem, gravius peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6413 quam maledictio simplex desiderium exprimens. Maledictio vero quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6414 fit per modum imperii, cum habeat rationem causae, potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6415 detractione gravior, si maius nocumentum inferat quam sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6416 denigratio famae; vel levior, si minus. Et haec quidem accipienda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6417 sunt secundum ea quae per se pertinent ad rationem horum vitiorum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6418 Possunt autem et alia per accidens considerari quae praedicta vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6419 vel augent vel minuunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6420 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42223"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6421 "ref">[42223] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6422 ergo dicendum quod maledictio creaturae inquantum creatura est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6423 redundat in Deum, et sic per accidens habet rationem blasphemiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6424 non autem si maledicatur creatura propter culpam. Et eadem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6425 est de detractione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6426 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42224"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6427 "ref">[42224] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6428 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, maledictio uno modo includit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6429 desiderium mali. Unde si ille qui maledicit velit malum occisionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6430 alterius, desiderio non differt ab homicida. Differt tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6431 inquantum actus exterior aliquid adiicit voluntati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6432 <p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42225"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6433 "ref">[42225] II&ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6434 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de maledictione secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6435 importat imperium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6436 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6437 <div class="D">Quaestio 77</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6438 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6439 <p title="II-II q. 77 pr."><a name="42226"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6440 "ref">[42226] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6441 considerandum est de peccatis quae sunt circa voluntarias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6442 commutationes. Et primo, de fraudulentia quae committitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6443 emptionibus et venditionibus; secundo, de usura, quae fit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6444 mutuis. Circa alias enim commutationes voluntarias non invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6445 aliqua species peccati quae distinguatur a rapina vel furto. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6446 primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, de iniusta venditione ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6447 pretii, scilicet, utrum liceat aliquid vendere plus quam valeat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6448 Secundo, de iniusta venditione ex parte rei venditae. Tertio, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6449 teneatur venditor dicere vitium rei venditae. Quarto, utrum licitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6450 sit aliquid, negotiando, plus vendere quam emptum sit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6451 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6452 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6453 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42227"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6454 "ref">[42227] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6455 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis licite possit vendere rem plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6456 quam valeat. Iustum enim in commutationibus humanae vitae secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6457 leges civiles determinatur. Sed secundum eas licitum est emptori et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6458 venditori ut se invicem decipiant, quod quidem fit inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6459 venditor plus vendit rem quam valeat, emptor autem minus quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6460 valeat. Ergo licitum est quod aliquis vendat rem plus quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6461 valeat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6462 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42228"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6463 "ref">[42228] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6464 illud quod est omnibus commune videtur esse naturale et non esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6465 peccatum. Sed sicut Augustinus refert, XIII de Trin., dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6466 cuiusdam mimi fuit ab omnibus acceptatum, <i>vili vultis emere, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6467 care vendere</i>. Cui etiam consonat quod dicitur Prov. XX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6468 <i>malum est, malum est, dicit omnis emptor, et cum recesserit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6469 gloriatur</i>. Ergo licitum est aliquid carius vendere et vilius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6470 emere quam valeat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6471 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42229"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6472 "ref">[42229] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6473 non videtur esse illicitum si ex conventione agatur id quod fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6474 debet ex debito honestatis. Sed secundum philosophum, in VIII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6475 Ethic., in amicitia utilis recompensatio fieri debet secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6476 utilitatem quam consecutus est ille qui beneficium suscepit, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6477 quidem quandoque excedit valorem rei datae; sicut contingit cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6478 aliquis multum re aliqua indiget, vel ad periculum evitandum vel ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6479 aliquod commodum consequendum. Ergo licet in contractu emptionis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6480 venditionis aliquid dare pro maiori pretio quam valeat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6481 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42230"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6482 "ref">[42230] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6483 est quod dicitur Matth. VII, <i>omnia quaecumque vultis ut faciant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6484 vobis homines, et vos facite illis</i>. Sed nullus vult sibi rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6485 vendi carius quam valeat. Ergo nullus debet alteri vendere rem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6486 carius quam valeat.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6487 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 co."><a name="42231"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6488 "ref">[42231] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6489 dicendum quod fraudem adhibere ad hoc quod aliquid plus iusto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6490 pretio vendatur, omnino peccatum est, inquantum aliquis decipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6491 proximum in damnum ipsius. Unde et Tullius dicit, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6492 Offic., <i>tollendum est ex rebus contrahendis omne mendacium, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6493 licitatorem venditor, non qui contra se licitetur emptor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6494 apponet</i>. Si autem fraus deficit, tunc de emptione et venditione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6495 dupliciter loqui possumus. Uno modo, secundum se. Et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6496 emptio et venditio videtur esse introducta pro communi utilitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6497 utriusque, dum scilicet unus indiget re alterius et e converso,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6498 sicut patet per philosophum, in I Polit. Quod autem pro communi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6499 utilitate est inductum, non debet esse magis in gravamen unius quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6500 alterius. Et ideo debet secundum aequalitatem rei inter eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6501 contractus institui. Quantitas autem rerum quae in usum hominis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6502 veniunt mensuratur secundum pretium datum, ad quod est inventum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6503 numisma, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Et ideo si vel pretium excedat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6504 quantitatem valoris rei, vel e converso res excedat pretium,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6505 tolletur iustitiae aequalitas. Et ideo carius vendere aut vilius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6506 emere rem quam valeat est secundum se iniustum et illicitum. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6507 modo possumus loqui de emptione et venditione secundum quod per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6508 accidens cedit in utilitatem unius et detrimentum alterius, puta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6509 cum aliquis multum indiget habere rem aliquam, et alius laeditur si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6510 ea careat. Et in tali casu iustum pretium erit ut non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6511 respiciatur ad rem quae venditur, sed ad damnum quod venditor ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6512 venditione incurrit. Et sic licite poterit aliquid vendi plus quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6513 valeat secundum se, quamvis non vendatur plus quam valeat habenti.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6514 Si vero aliquis multum iuvetur ex re alterius quam accepit, ille
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6515 vero qui vendidit non damnificatur carendo re illa, non debet eam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6516 supervendere. Quia utilitas quae alteri accrescit non est ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6517 vendente, sed ex conditione ementis, nullus autem debet vendere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6518 alteri quod non est suum, licet possit ei vendere damnum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6519 patitur. Ille tamen qui ex re alterius accepta multum iuvatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6520 potest propria sponte aliquid vendenti supererogare, quod pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6521 ad eius honestatem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6522 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42232"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6523 "ref">[42232] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6524 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, lex humana populo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6525 datur, in quo sunt multi a virtute deficientes, non autem datur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6526 solis virtuosis. Et ideo lex humana non potuit prohibere quidquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6527 est contra virtutem, sed ei sufficit ut prohibeat ea quae destruunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6528 hominum convictum; alia vero habeat quasi licita, non quia ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6529 approbet, sed quia ea non punit. Sic igitur habet quasi licitum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6530 poenam non inducens, si absque fraude venditor rem suam supervendat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6531 aut emptor vilius emat, nisi sit nimius excessus, quia tunc etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6532 lex humana cogit ad restituendum, puta si aliquis sit deceptus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6533 ultra dimidiam iusti pretii quantitatem. Sed lex divina nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6534 impunitum relinquit quod sit virtuti contrarium. Unde secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6535 divinam legem illicitum reputatur si in emptione et venditione non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6536 sit aequalitas iustitiae observata. Et tenetur ille qui plus habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6537 recompensare ei qui damnificatus est, si sit notabile damnum. Quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6538 ideo dico quia iustum pretium rerum quandoque non est punctaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6539 determinatum, sed magis in quadam aestimatione consistit, ita quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6540 modica additio vel minutio non videtur tollere aequalitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6541 iustitiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6542 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42233"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6543 "ref">[42233] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6544 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus ibidem dicit, <i>mimus ille vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6545 seipsum intuendo, vel alios experiendo vili velle emere et care
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6546 vendere, omnibus id credidit esse commune. Sed quoniam revera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6547 vitium est, potest quisque adipisci huiusmodi iustitiam qua huic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6548 resistat et vincat</i>. Et ponit exemplum de quodam qui modicum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6549 pretium de quodam libro propter ignorantiam postulanti iustum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6550 pretium dedit. Unde patet quod illud commune desiderium non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6551 naturae, sed vitii. Et ideo commune est multis, qui per latam viam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6552 vitiorum incedunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6553 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42234"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6554 "ref">[42234] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6555 dicendum quod in iustitia commutativa consideratur principaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6556 aequalitas rei. Sed in amicitia utilis consideratur aequalitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6557 utilitatis, et ideo recompensatio fieri debet secundum utilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6558 perceptam. In emptione vero, secundum aequalitatem rei.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6559 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6560 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6561 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42235"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6562 "ref">[42235] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6563 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod venditio non reddatur iniusta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6564 et illicita propter defectum rei venditae. Minus enim cetera sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6565 pensanda in re quam rei species substantialis. Sed propter defectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6566 speciei substantialis non videtur reddi venditio rei illicita, puta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6567 si aliquis vendat argentum vel aurum alchimicum pro vero, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6568 utile ad omnes humanos usus ad quos necessarium est argentum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6569 aurum, puta ad vasa et ad alia huiusmodi. Ergo multo minus erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6570 illicita venditio si sit defectus in aliis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6571 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42236"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6572 "ref">[42236] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6573 defectus ex parte rei qui est secundum quantitatem maxime videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6574 iustitiae contrariari, quae in aequalitate consistit. Quantitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6575 autem per mensuram cognoscitur. Mensurae autem rerum quae in usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6576 hominum veniunt non sunt determinatae, sed alicubi maiores, alicubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6577 minores, ut patet per philosophum, in V Ethic. Ergo non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6578 evitari defectus ex parte rei venditae. Et ita videtur quod ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6579 venditio non reddatur illicita.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6580 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42237"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6581 "ref">[42237] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6582 ad defectum rei pertinet si ei conveniens qualitas deest. Sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6583 qualitatem rei cognoscendam requiritur magna scientia, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6584 plerisque venditoribus deest. Ergo non redditur venditio illicita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6585 propter rei defectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6586 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42238"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6587 "ref">[42238] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6588 est quod Ambrosius dicit, in libro de Offic., <i>regula iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6589 manifesta est quod a vero non declinare virum deceat bonum, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6590 damno iniusto afficere quemquam, nec aliquid dolo annectere rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6591 suae</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6592 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 co."><a name="42239"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6593 "ref">[42239] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6594 dicendum quod circa rem quae venditur triplex defectus considerari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6595 potest. Unus quidem secundum speciem rei. Et hunc quidem defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6596 si venditor cognoscat in re quam vendit, fraudem committit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6597 venditione, unde venditio illicita redditur. Et hoc est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6598 dicitur contra quosdam Isaiae I, <i>argentum tuum versum est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6599 scoriam; vinum tuum mixtum est aqua</i>, quod enim permixtum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6600 patitur defectum quantum ad speciem. Alius autem defectus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6601 secundum quantitatem, quae per mensuram cognoscitur. Et ideo si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6602 quis scienter utatur deficienti mensura in vendendo, fraudem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6603 committit, et est illicita venditio. Unde dicitur Deut. XXV, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6604 habebis in sacculo diversa pondera, maius et minus, nec erit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6605 domo tua modius maior et minor</i>; et postea subditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6606 <i>abominatur enim dominus eum qui facit haec, et adversatur omnem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6607 iniustitiam</i>. Tertius defectus est ex parte qualitatis, puta si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6608 aliquod animal infirmum vendat quasi sanum. Quod si quis scienter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6609 fecerit, fraudem committit in venditione, unde est illicita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6610 venditio. Et in omnibus talibus non solum aliquis peccat iniustam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6611 venditionem faciendo, sed etiam ad restitutionem tenetur. Si vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6612 eo ignorante aliquis praedictorum defectuum in re vendita fuerit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6613 venditor quidem non peccat, quia facit iniustum materialiter, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6614 tamen eius operatio est iniusta, ut ex supradictis patet, tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6615 tamen, cum ad eius notitiam pervenerit, damnum recompensare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6616 emptori. Et quod dictum est de venditore, etiam intelligendum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6617 ex parte emptoris. Contingit enim quandoque venditorem credere suam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6618 rem esse minus pretiosam quantum ad speciem, sicut si aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6619 vendat aurum loco aurichalci, emptor, si id cognoscat, iniuste
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6620 emit, et ad restitutionem tenetur. Et eadem ratio est de defectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6621 qualitatis et quantitatis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6622 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42240"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6623 "ref">[42240] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
6624 ergo dicendum quod aurum et argentum non solum cara sunt propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6625 utilitatem vasorum quae ex eis fabricantur, aut aliorum huiusmodi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6626 sed etiam propter dignitatem et puritatem substantiae ipsorum. Et
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diff changeset
6627 ideo si aurum vel argentum ab alchimicis factum veram speciem non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6628 habeat auri et argenti, est fraudulenta et iniusta venditio.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6629 Praesertim cum sint aliquae utilitates auri et argenti veri,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6630 secundum naturalem operationem ipsorum, quae non conveniunt auro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6631 per alchimiam sophisticato, sicut quod habet proprietatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6632 laetificandi, et contra quasdam infirmitates medicinaliter iuvat.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6633 Frequentius etiam potest poni in operatione, et diutius in sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6634 puritate permanet aurum verum quam aurum sophisticatum. Si autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6635 per alchimiam fieret aurum verum, non esset illicitum ipsum pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6636 vero vendere, quia nihil prohibet artem uti aliquibus naturalibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6637 causis ad producendum naturales et veros effectus; sicut Augustinus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6638 dicit, in III de Trin., de his quae arte Daemonum fiunt.</p>
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diff changeset
6639 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42241"><span class=
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diff changeset
6640 "ref">[42241] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6641 dicendum quod mensuras rerum venalium necesse est in diversis locis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6642 esse diversas, propter diversitatem copiae et inopiae rerum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6643 ubi res magis abundant, consueverunt esse maiores mensurae. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6644 unoquoque tamen loco ad rectores civitatis pertinet determinare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6645 quae sunt iustae mensurae rerum venalium, pensatis conditionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6646 locorum et rerum. Et ideo has mensuras publica auctoritate vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6647 consuetudine institutas praeterire non licet.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6648 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42242"><span class=
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diff changeset
6649 "ref">[42242] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6650 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in XI de Civ. Dei, pretium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6651 rerum venalium non consideratur secundum gradum naturae, cum
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diff changeset
6652 quandoque pluris vendatur unus equus quam unus servus, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6653 consideratur secundum quod res in usum hominis veniunt. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6654 oportet quod venditor vel emptor cognoscat occultas rei venditae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6655 qualitates, sed illas solum per quas redditur humanis usibus apta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6656 puta quod equus sit fortis et bene currat, et similiter in ceteris.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6657 Has autem qualitates de facili venditor et emptor cognoscere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6658 possunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6659 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6660 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6661 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42243"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6662 "ref">[42243] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6663 sic proceditur. Videtur quod venditor non teneatur dicere vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6664 rei venditae. Cum enim venditor emptorem ad emendum non cogat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6665 videtur eius iudicio rem quam vendit supponere. Sed ad eundem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6666 pertinet iudicium et cognitio rei. Non ergo videtur imputandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6667 venditori si emptor in suo iudicio decipitur, praecipitanter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6668 emendo, absque diligenti inquisitione de conditionibus rei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6669 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42244"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6670 "ref">[42244] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6671 stultum videtur quod aliquis id faciat unde eius operatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6672 impediatur. Sed si aliquis vitia rei vendendae indicet, impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6673 suam venditionem, ut enim Tullius, in libro de Offic., inducit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6674 quendam dicentem, <i>quid tam absurdum quam si, domini iussu, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6675 praeco praediceret, domum pestilentem vendo?</i> Ergo venditor non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6676 tenetur dicere vitia rei venditae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6677 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42245"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6678 "ref">[42245] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6679 magis necessarium est homini ut cognoscat viam virtutis quam ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6680 cognoscat vitia rerum quae venduntur. Sed homo non tenetur cuilibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6681 consilium dare et veritatem dicere de his quae pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6682 virtutem, quamvis nulli debeat dicere falsitatem. Ergo multo minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6683 tenetur venditor vitia rei venditae dicere, quasi consilium dando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6684 emptori.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6685 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="42246"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6686 "ref">[42246] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6687 si aliquis teneatur dicere defectum rei venditae, hoc non est nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6688 ut minuatur de pretio. Sed quandoque diminueretur de pretio etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6689 sine vitio rei venditae, propter aliquid aliud, puta si venditor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6690 deferens triticum ad locum ubi est carestia frumenti, sciat multos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6691 posse venire qui deferant; quod si sciretur ab ementibus, minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6692 pretium darent. Huiusmodi autem non oportet dicere venditorem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6693 videtur. Ergo, pari ratione, nec vitia rei venditae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6694 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42247"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6695 "ref">[42247] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6696 est quod Ambrosius dicit, in III de Offic., <i>in contractibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6697 vitia eorum quae veneunt prodi iubentur, ac nisi intimaverit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6698 venditor, quamvis in ius emptoris transierint, doli actione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6699 vacuantur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6700 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 co."><a name="42248"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6701 "ref">[42248] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6702 dicendum quod dare alicui occasionem periculi vel damni semper est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6703 illicitum, quamvis non sit necessarium quod homo alteri semper det
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6704 auxilium vel consilium pertinens ad eius qualemcumque promotionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6705 sed hoc solum est necessarium in aliquo casu determinato, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6706 alius eius curae subdatur, vel cum non potest ei per alium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6707 subveniri. Venditor autem, qui rem vendendam proponit, ex hoc ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6708 dat emptori damni vel periculi occasionem quod rem vitiosam ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6709 offert, si ex eius vitio damnum vel periculum incurrere possit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6710 damnum quidem, si propter huiusmodi vitium res quae vendenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6711 proponitur minoris sit pretii, ipse vero propter huiusmodi vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6712 nihil de pretio subtrahat; periculum autem, puta si propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6713 huiusmodi vitium usus rei reddatur impeditus vel noxius, puta si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6714 aliquis alicui vendat equum claudicantem pro veloci, vel ruinosam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6715 domum pro firma, vel cibum corruptum sive venenosum pro bono. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6716 si huiusmodi vitia sint occulta et ipse non detegat, erit illicita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6717 et dolosa venditio, et tenetur venditor ad damni recompensationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6718 Si vero vitium sit manifestum, puta cum equus est monoculus; vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6719 cum usus rei, etsi non competat venditori, potest tamen esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6720 conveniens aliis; et si ipse propter huiusmodi vitium subtrahat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6721 quantum oportet de pretio, non tenetur ad manifestandum vitium rei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6722 Quia forte propter huiusmodi vitium emptor vellet plus subtrahi de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6723 pretio quam esset subtrahendum. Unde potest licite venditor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6724 indemnitati suae consulere, vitium rei reticendo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6725 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42249"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6726 "ref">[42249] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6727 ergo dicendum quod iudicium non potest fieri nisi de re manifesta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6728 unusquisque enim iudicat quae cognoscit, ut dicitur in I Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6729 Unde si vitia rei quae vendenda proponitur sint occulta, nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6730 venditorem manifestentur, non sufficienter committitur emptori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6731 iudicium. Secus autem esset si essent vitia manifesta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6732 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42250"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6733 "ref">[42250] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6734 dicendum quod non oportet quod aliquis per praeconem vitium rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6735 vendendae praenuntiet, quia si praediceret vitium, exterrerentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6736 emptores ab emendo, dum ignorarent alias conditiones rei, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6737 quas est bona et utilis. Sed singulariter est dicendum vitium ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6738 qui ad emendum accedit, qui potest simul omnes conditiones ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6739 invicem comparare, bonas et malas, nihil enim prohibet rem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6740 aliquo vitiosam, in multis aliis utilem esse.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6741 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42251"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6742 "ref">[42251] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6743 dicendum quod quamvis homo non teneatur simpliciter omni homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6744 dicere veritatem de his quae pertinent ad virtutes, teneretur tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6745 in casu illo de his dicere veritatem quando ex eius facto alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6746 periculum immineret in detrimentum virtutis nisi diceret veritatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6747 Et sic est in proposito.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6748 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="42252"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6749 "ref">[42252] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6750 dicendum quod vitium rei facit rem in praesenti esse minoris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6751 valoris quam videatur, sed in casu praemisso, in futurum res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6752 expectatur esse minoris valoris per superventum negotiatorum, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6753 ab ementibus ignoratur. Unde venditor qui vendit rem secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6754 pretium quod invenit, non videtur contra iustitiam facere si quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6755 futurum est non exponat. Si tamen exponeret, vel de pretio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6756 subtraheret, abundantioris esset virtutis, quamvis ad hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6757 videatur teneri ex iustitiae debito.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6758 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6759 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6760 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42253"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6761 "ref">[42253] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6762 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat, negotiando, aliquid carius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6763 vendere quam emere. Dicit enim Chrysostomus, super Matth. XXI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6764 <i>quicumque rem comparat ut, integram et immutatam vendendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6765 lucretur, ille est mercator qui de templo Dei eiicitur</i>. Et idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6766 dicit Cassiodorus, super illud Psalm., <i>quoniam non cognovi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6767 litteraturam</i>, vel negotiationem secundum aliam litteram,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6768 <i>quid, inquit, est aliud negotiatio nisi vilius comparare et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6769 carius velle distrahere?</i> Et subdit, <i>negotiatores tales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6770 dominus eiecit de templo</i>. Sed nullus eiicitur de templo nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6771 propter aliquod peccatum. Ergo talis negotiatio est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6772 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42254"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6773 "ref">[42254] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6774 contra iustitiam est quod aliquis rem carius vendat quam valeat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6775 vel vilius emat, ut ex dictis apparet. Sed ille qui, negotiando,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6776 rem carius vendit quam emerit, necesse est quod vel vilius emerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6777 quam valeat, vel carius vendat. Ergo hoc sine peccato fieri non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6778 potest.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6779 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42255"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6780 "ref">[42255] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6781 Hieronymus dicit, <i>negotiatorem clericum, ex inope divitem, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6782 ignobili gloriosum, quasi quandam pestem fuge</i>. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6783 negotiatio clericis interdicenda esse videtur nisi propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6784 peccatum. Ergo negotiando aliquid vilius emere et carius vendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6785 est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6786 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42256"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6787 "ref">[42256] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6788 est quod Augustinus dicit, super illud Psalm., <i>quoniam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6789 cognovi litteraturam, negotiator avidus acquirendi pro damno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6790 blasphemat, pro pretiis rerum mentitur et peierat. Sed haec vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6791 hominis sunt, non artis, quae sine his vitiis agi potest</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6792 negotiari secundum se non est illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6793 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 co."><a name="42257"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6794 "ref">[42257] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6795 dicendum quod ad negotiatores pertinet commutationibus rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6796 insistere. Ut autem philosophus dicit, in I Polit., duplex est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6797 rerum commutatio. Una quidem quasi naturalis et necessaria, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6798 quam scilicet fit commutatio rei ad rem, vel rerum et denariorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6799 propter necessitatem vitae. Et talis commutatio non proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6800 pertinet ad negotiatores, sed magis ad oeconomicos vel politicos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6801 qui habent providere vel domui vel civitati de rebus necessariis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6802 vitam. Alia vero commutationis species est vel denariorum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6803 denarios, vel quarumcumque rerum ad denarios, non propter res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6804 necessarias vitae, sed propter lucrum quaerendum. Et haec quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6805 negotiatio proprie videtur ad negotiatores pertinere. Secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6806 philosophum autem, prima commutatio laudabilis est, quia deservit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6807 naturali necessitati. Secunda autem iuste vituperatur, quia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6808 quantum est de se, deservit cupiditati lucri, quae terminum nescit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6809 sed in infinitum tendit. Et ideo negotiatio, secundum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6810 considerata, quandam turpitudinem habet, inquantum non importat de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6811 sui ratione finem honestum vel necessarium. Lucrum tamen, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6812 negotiationis finis, etsi in sui ratione non importet aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6813 honestum vel necessarium, nihil tamen importat in sui ratione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6814 vitiosum vel virtuti contrarium. Unde nihil prohibet lucrum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6815 ordinari ad aliquem finem necessarium, vel etiam honestum. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6816 negotiatio licita reddetur. Sicut cum aliquis lucrum moderatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6817 quod negotiando quaerit, ordinat ad domus suae sustentationem, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6818 etiam ad subveniendum indigentibus, vel etiam cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6819 negotiationi intendit propter publicam utilitatem, ne scilicet res
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6820 necessariae ad vitam patriae desint, et lucrum expetit non quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6821 finem, sed quasi stipendium laboris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6822 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42258"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6823 "ref">[42258] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6824 ergo dicendum quod verbum Chrysostomi est intelligendum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6825 negotiatione secundum quod ultimum finem in lucro constituit, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6826 praecipue videtur quando aliquis rem non immutatam carius vendit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6827 Si enim rem immutatam carius vendat, videtur praemium sui laboris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6828 accipere. Quamvis et ipsum lucrum possit licite intendi, non sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6829 ultimus finis, sed propter alium finem necessarium vel honestum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6830 dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6831 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42259"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6832 "ref">[42259] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6833 dicendum quod non quicumque carius vendit aliquid quam emerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6834 negotiatur, sed solum qui ad hoc emit ut carius vendat. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6835 emit rem non ut vendat, sed ut teneat, et postmodum propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6836 causam eam vendere velit, non est negotiatio, quamvis carius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6837 vendat. Potest enim hoc licite facere, vel quia in aliquo rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6838 melioravit; vel quia pretium rei est mutatum, secundum diversitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6839 loci vel temporis; vel propter periculum cui se exponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6840 transferendo rem de loco ad locum, vel eam ferri faciendo. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6841 secundum hoc, nec emptio nec venditio est iniusta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6842 <p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42260"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6843 "ref">[42260] II&ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6844 dicendum quod clerici non solum debent abstinere ab his quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6845 secundum se mala, sed etiam ab his quae habent speciem mali. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6846 quidem in negotiatione contingit, tum propter hoc quod est ordinata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6847 ad lucrum terrenum, cuius clerici debent esse contemptores; tum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6848 etiam propter frequentia negotiatorum vitia, quia <i>difficiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6849 exuitur negotiator a peccatis labiorum</i>, ut dicitur Eccli. XXVI.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6850 Est et alia causa, quia negotiatio nimis implicat animum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6851 saecularibus curis, et per consequens a spiritualibus retrahit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6852 unde apostolus dicit, II ad Tim. II, <i>nemo militans Deo implicat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6853 se negotiis saecularibus</i>. Licet tamen clericis uti prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6854 commutationis specie, quae ordinatur ad necessitatem vitae, emendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6855 vel vendendo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6856 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6857 <div class="D">Quaestio 78</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6858 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6859 <p title="II-II q. 78 pr."><a name="42261"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6860 "ref">[42261] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6861 considerandum est de peccato usurae, quod committitur in mutuis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6862 circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum sit peccatum accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6863 pecuniam in pretium pro pecunia mutuata, quod est accipere usuram.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6864 Secundo, utrum liceat pro eodem quamcumque utilitatem accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6865 quasi in recompensationem mutui. Tertio, utrum aliquis restituere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6866 teneatur id quod de pecunia usuraria iusto lucro lucratus est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6867 Quarto, utrum liceat accipere mutuo pecuniam sub usura.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6868 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6869 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6870 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42262"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6871 "ref">[42262] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6872 sic proceditur. Videtur quod accipere usuram pro pecunia mutuata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6873 non sit peccatum. Nullus enim peccat ex hoc quod sequitur exemplum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6874 Christi. Sed dominus de seipso dicit, Luc. XIX, ego veniens cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6875 usuris exegissem illam, scilicet pecuniam mutuatam. Ergo non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6876 peccatum accipere usuram pro mutuo pecuniae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6877 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42263"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6878 "ref">[42263] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6879 sicut dicitur in Psalm., <i>lex domini immaculata</i>, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6880 scilicet peccatum prohibet. Sed in lege divina conceditur aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6881 usura, secundum illud Deut. XXIII, <i>non faenerabis fratri tuo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6882 usuram pecuniam, nec fruges nec quamlibet aliam rem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6883 alieno</i>. Et, quod plus est, etiam in praemium repromittitur pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6884 lege servata, secundum illud Deut. XXVIII, <i>faenerabis gentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6885 multis; et ipse a nullo faenus accipies</i>. Ergo accipere usuram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6886 non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6887 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42264"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6888 "ref">[42264] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6889 in rebus humanis determinatur iustitia per leges civiles. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6890 secundum eas conceditur usuras accipere. Ergo videtur non esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6891 illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6892 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="42265"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6893 "ref">[42265] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6894 praetermittere consilia non obligat ad peccatum. Sed Luc. VI inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6895 alia consilia ponitur, <i>date mutuum, nihil inde sperantes</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6896 Ergo accipere usuram non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6897 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="42266"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6898 "ref">[42266] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6899 pretium accipere quo eo quod quis facere non tenetur, non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6900 esse secundum se peccatum. Sed non in quolibet casu tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6901 pecuniam habens eam proximo mutuare. Ergo licet ei aliquando pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6902 mutuo accipere pretium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6903 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 6"><a name="42267"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6904 "ref">[42267] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6905 argentum monetatum, et in vasa formatum, non differt specie. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6906 licet accipere pretium pro vasis argenteis accommodatis. Ergo etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6907 licet accipere pretium pro mutuo argenti monetati. Usura ergo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6908 est secundum se peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6909 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 7"><a name="42268"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6910 "ref">[42268] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 7</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6911 quilibet potest licite accipere rem quam ei dominus rei voluntarie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6912 tradit. Sed ille qui accipit mutuum voluntarie tradit usuram. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6913 ille qui mutuat licite potest accipere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6914 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42269"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6915 "ref">[42269] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6916 est quod dicitur Exod. XXII, <i>si pecuniam mutuam dederis populo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6917 meo pauperi qui habitat tecum, non urgebis eum quasi exactor, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6918 usuris opprimes</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6919 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 co."><a name="42270"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6920 "ref">[42270] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6921 dicendum quod accipere usuram pro pecunia mutuata est secundum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6922 iniustum, quia venditur id quod non est, per quod manifeste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6923 inaequalitas constituitur, quae iustitiae contrariatur. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6924 evidentiam, sciendum est quod quaedam res sunt quarum usus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6925 ipsarum rerum consumptio, sicut vinum consumimus eo utendo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6926 potum, et triticum consumimus eo utendo ad cibum. Unde in talibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6927 non debet seorsum computari usus rei a re ipsa, sed cuicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6928 conceditur usus, ex hoc ipso conceditur res. Et propter hoc in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6929 talibus per mutuum transfertur dominium. Si quis ergo seorsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6930 vellet vendere vinum et seorsum vellet vendere usum vini, venderet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6931 eandem rem bis, vel venderet id quod non est. Unde manifeste per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6932 iniustitiam peccaret. Et simili ratione, iniustitiam committit qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6933 mutuat vinum aut triticum petens sibi duas recompensationes, unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6934 quidem restitutionem aequalis rei, aliam vero pretium usus, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6935 usura dicitur. Quaedam vero sunt quorum usus non est ipsa rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6936 consumptio, sicut usus domus est inhabitatio, non autem dissipatio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6937 Et ideo in talibus seorsum potest utrumque concedi, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6938 aliquis tradit alteri dominium domus, reservato sibi usu ad aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6939 tempus; vel e converso cum quis concedit alicui usum domus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6940 reservato sibi eius dominio. Et propter hoc licite potest homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6941 accipere pretium pro usu domus, et praeter hoc petere domum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6942 commodatam, sicut patet in conductione et locatione domus. Pecunia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6943 autem, secundum philosophum, in V Ethic. et in I Polit.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6944 principaliter est inventa ad commutationes faciendas, et ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6945 proprius et principalis pecuniae usus est ipsius consumptio sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6946 distractio, secundum quod in commutationes expenditur. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6947 hoc secundum se est illicitum pro usu pecuniae mutuatae accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6948 pretium, quod dicitur usura. Et sicut alia iniuste acquisita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6949 tenetur homo restituere, ita pecuniam quam per usuram accepit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6950 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42271"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6951 "ref">[42271] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6952 ergo dicendum quod usura ibi metaphorice accipitur pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6953 superexcrescentia bonorum spiritualium, quam exigit Deus volens ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6954 in bonis acceptis ab eo semper proficiamus. Quod est ad utilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6955 nostram, non eius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6956 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42272"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6957 "ref">[42272] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6958 dicendum quod Iudaeis prohibitum fuit accipere usuram a fratribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6959 suis, scilicet Iudaeis, per quod datur intelligi quod accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6960 usuram a quocumque homine est simpliciter malum; debemus enim omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6961 hominem habere quasi proximum et fratrem, praecipue in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6962 Evangelii, ad quod omnes vocantur. Unde in Psalm. absolute dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6963 <i>qui pecuniam suam non dedit ad usuram</i>; et Ezech. XVIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6964 <i>qui usuram non acceperit</i>. Quod autem ab extraneis usuram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6965 acciperent, non fuit eis concessum quasi licitum, sed permissum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6966 maius malum vitandum, ne scilicet a Iudaeis, Deum colentibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6967 usuras acciperent, propter avaritiam, cui dediti erant, ut habetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6968 Isaiae LVI. Quod autem in praemium promittitur, faenerabis gentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6969 multis etc., faenus ibi large accipitur pro mutuo, sicut et Eccli.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6970 XXIX dicitur, multi non causa nequitiae non faenerati sunt, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6971 non mutuaverunt. Promittitur ergo in praemium Iudaeis abundantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6972 divitiarum, ex qua contingit quod aliis mutuare possint.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6973 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42273"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6974 "ref">[42273] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6975 dicendum quod leges humanae dimittunt aliqua peccata impunita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6976 propter conditiones hominum imperfectorum, in quibus multae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6977 utilitates impedirentur si omnia peccata districte prohiberentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6978 poenis adhibitis. Et ideo usuras lex humana concessit, non quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6979 existimans eas esse secundum iustitiam, sed ne impedirentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6980 utilitates multorum. Unde in ipso iure civili dicitur quod <i>res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6981 quae usu consumuntur neque ratione naturali neque civili recipiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6982 usumfructum, et quod senatus non fecit earum rerum usumfructum, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6983 enim poterat; sed quasi usumfructum constituit</i>, concedens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6984 scilicet usuras. Et philosophus, naturali ratione ductus, dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6985 I Polit., quod <i>usuraria acquisitio pecuniarum est maxime praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6986 naturam</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6987 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="42274"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6988 "ref">[42274] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6989 dicendum quod dare mutuum non semper tenetur homo, et ideo quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6990 ad hoc ponitur inter consilia. Sed quod homo lucrum de mutuo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6991 quaerat, hoc cadit sub ratione praecepti. Potest tamen dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6992 consilium per comparationem ad dicta Pharisaeorum, qui putabant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6993 usuram aliquam esse licitam, sicut et dilectio inimicorum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6994 consilium. Vel loquitur ibi non de spe usurarii lucri, sed de spe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6995 quae ponitur in homine. Non enim debemus mutuum dare, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6996 quodcumque bonum facere, propter spem hominis, sed propter spem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6997 Dei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6998 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="42275"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6999 "ref">[42275] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7000 dicendum quod ille qui mutuare non tenetur recompensationem potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7001 accipere eius quod fecit, sed non amplius debet exigere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7002 Recompensatur autem sibi secundum aequalitatem iustitiae si tantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7003 ei reddatur quantum mutuavit. Unde si amplius exigat pro usufructu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7004 rei quae alium usum non habet nisi consumptionem substantiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7005 exigit pretium eius quod non est. Et ita est iniusta exactio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7006 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 6"><a name="42276"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7007 "ref">[42276] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7008 dicendum quod usus principalis vasorum argenteorum non est ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7009 eorum consumptio, et ideo usus eorum potest vendi licite, servato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7010 dominio rei. Usus autem principalis pecuniae argenteae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7011 distractio pecuniae in commutationes. Unde non licet eius usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7012 vendere cum hoc quod aliquis velit eius restitutionem quod mutuo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7013 dedit. Sciendum tamen quod secundarius usus argenteorum vasorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7014 posset esse commutatio. Et talem usum eorum vendere non liceret. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7015 similiter potest esse aliquis alius secundarius usus pecuniae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7016 argenteae, ut puta si quis concederet pecuniam signatam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7017 ostentationem, vel ad ponendum loco pignoris. Et talem usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7018 pecuniae licite homo vendere potest.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7019 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 7"><a name="42277"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7020 "ref">[42277] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7021 dicendum quod ille qui dat usuram non simpliciter voluntarie dat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7022 sed cum quadam necessitate, inquantum indiget pecuniam accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7023 mutuo, quam ille qui habet non vult sine usura mutuare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7024 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7025 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7026 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42278"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7027 "ref">[42278] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7028 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis possit pro pecunia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7029 mutuata aliquam aliam commoditatem expetere. Unusquisque enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7030 licite potest suae indemnitati consulere. Sed quandoque damnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7031 aliquis patitur ex hoc quod pecuniam mutuat. Ergo licitum est ei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7032 supra pecuniam mutuatam, aliquid aliud pro damno expetere, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7033 etiam exigere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7034 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42279"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7035 "ref">[42279] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7036 unusquisque tenetur ex quodam debito honestatis aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7037 recompensare ei qui sibi gratiam fecit, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7038 ille qui alicui in necessitate constituto pecuniam mutuat, gratiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7039 facit, unde et gratiarum actio ei debetur. Ergo ille qui recipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7040 tenetur naturali debito aliquid recompensare. Sed non videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7041 illicitum obligare se ad aliquid ad quod quis ex naturali iure
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7042 tenetur. Ergo non videtur esse illicitum si aliquis, pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7043 alteri mutuans, in obligationem deducat aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7044 recompensationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7045 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42280"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7046 "ref">[42280] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7047 sicut est quoddam munus a manu, ita est munus a lingua, et ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7048 obsequio, ut dicit Glossa Isaiae XXXIII, <i>beatus qui excutit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7049 manus suas ab omni munere</i>. Sed licet accipere servitium, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7050 etiam laudem, ab eo cui quis pecuniam mutuavit. Ergo, pari ratione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7051 licet quodcumque aliud munus accipere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7052 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="42281"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7053 "ref">[42281] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7054 eadem videtur esse comparatio dati ad datum et mutuati ad mutuatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7055 Sed licet pecuniam accipere pro alia pecunia data. Ergo licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7056 accipere recompensationem alterius mutui pro pecunia mutuata.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7057 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="42282"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7058 "ref">[42282] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7059 magis a se pecuniam alienat qui, eam mutuando, dominium transfert,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7060 quam qui eam mercatori vel artifici committit. Sed licet lucrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7061 accipere de pecunia commissa mercatori vel artifici. Ergo licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7062 etiam lucrum accipere de pecunia mutuata.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7063 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 6"><a name="42283"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7064 "ref">[42283] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7065 pro pecunia mutuata potest homo pignus accipere, cuius usus posset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7066 aliquo pretio vendi, sicut cum impignoratur ager vel domus quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7067 inhabitatur. Ergo licet aliquod lucrum habere de pecunia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7068 mutuata.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7069 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 7"><a name="42284"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7070 "ref">[42284] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 7</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7071 contingit quandoque quod aliquis carius vendit res suas ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7072 mutui; aut vilius emit quod est alterius; vel etiam pro dilatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7073 pretium auget, vel pro acceleratione diminuit, in quibus omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7074 videtur aliqua recompensatio fieri quasi pro mutuo pecuniae. Hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7075 autem non manifeste apparet illicitum. Ergo videtur licitum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7076 aliquod commodum de pecunia mutuata expectare, vel etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7077 exigere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7078 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42285"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7079 "ref">[42285] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7080 est quod Ezech. XVIII dicitur, inter alia quae ad virum iustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7081 requiruntur, <i>usuram et superabundantiam non acceperit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7082 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 co."><a name="42286"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7083 "ref">[42286] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7084 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in IV Ethic., omne illud pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7085 pecunia habetur cuius pretium potest pecunia mensurari. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7086 sicut si aliquis pro pecunia mutuata, vel quacumque alia re quae ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7087 ipso usu consumitur, pecuniam accipit ex pacto tacito vel expresso,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7088 peccat contra iustitiam, ut dictum est; ita etiam quicumque ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7089 pacto tacito vel expresso quodcumque aliud acceperit cuius pretium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7090 pecunia mensurari potest, simile peccatum incurrit. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7091 accipiat aliquid huiusmodi non quasi exigens, nec quasi ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7092 obligatione tacita vel expressa, sed sicut gratuitum donum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7093 peccat, quia etiam antequam pecuniam mutuasset, licite poterat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7094 aliquod donum gratis accipere, nec peioris conditionis efficitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7095 per hoc quod mutuavit. Recompensationem vero eorum quae pecunia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7096 mensurantur licet pro mutuo exigere, puta benevolentiam et amorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7097 eius qui mutuavit, vel aliquid huiusmodi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7098 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42287"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7099 "ref">[42287] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7100 ergo dicendum quod ille qui mutuum dat potest absque peccato in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7101 pactum deducere cum eo qui mutuum accipit recompensationem damni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7102 per quod subtrahitur sibi aliquid quod debet habere, hoc enim non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7103 est vendere usum pecuniae, sed damnum vitare. Et potest esse quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7104 accipiens mutuum maius damnum evitet quam dans incurret, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7105 accipiens mutuum cum sua utilitate damnum alterius recompensat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7106 Recompensationem vero damni quod consideratur in hoc quod de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7107 pecunia non lucratur, non potest in pactum deducere, quia non debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7108 vendere id quod nondum habet et potest impediri multipliciter ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7109 habendo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7110 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42288"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7111 "ref">[42288] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7112 dicendum quod recompensatio alicuius beneficii dupliciter fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7113 potest. Uno quidem modo, ex debito iustitiae, ad quod aliquis ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7114 certo pacto obligari potest. Et hoc debitum attenditur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7115 quantitatem beneficii quod quis accepit. Et ideo ille qui accipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7116 mutuum pecuniae, vel cuiuscumque similis rei cuius usus est eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7117 consumptio, non tenetur ad plus recompensandum quam mutuo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7118 acceperit. Unde contra iustitiam est si ad plus reddendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7119 obligetur. Alio modo tenetur aliquis ad recompensandum beneficium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7120 ex debito amicitiae, in quo magis consideratur affectus ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7121 aliquis beneficium contulit quam etiam quantitas eius quod fecit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7122 Et tali debito non competit civilis obligatio, per quam inducitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7123 quaedam necessitas, ut non spontanea recompensatio fiat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7124 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42289"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7125 "ref">[42289] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7126 dicendum quod si aliquis ex pecunia mutuata expectet vel exigat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7127 quasi per obligationem pacti taciti vel expressi, recompensationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7128 muneris ab obsequio vel lingua, perinde est ac si expectaret vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7129 exigeret munus a manu, quia utrumque pecunia aestimari potest, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7130 patet in his qui locant operas suas, quas manu vel lingua exercent.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7131 Si vero munus ab obsequio vel lingua non quasi ex obligatione rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7132 exhibeat, sed ex benevolentia, quae sub aestimatione pecuniae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7133 cadit, licet hoc accipere et exigere et expectare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7134 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="42290"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7135 "ref">[42290] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7136 dicendum quod pecunia non potest vendi pro pecunia ampliori quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7137 sit quantitas pecuniae mutuatae, quae restituenda est, nec ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7138 aliquid est exigendum aut expectandum nisi benevolentiae affectus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7139 qui sub aestimatione pecuniae non cadit, ex quo potest procedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7140 spontanea mutuatio. Repugnat autem ei obligatio ad mutuum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7141 posterum faciendum, quia etiam talis obligatio pecunia aestimari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7142 posset. Et ideo licet simul mutuanti unum aliquid aliud mutuare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7143 non autem licet eum obligare ad mutuum in posterum faciendum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7144 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="42291"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7145 "ref">[42291] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7146 dicendum quod ille qui mutuat pecuniam transfert dominium pecuniae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7147 in eum cui mutuat. Unde ille cui pecunia mutuatur sub suo periculo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7148 tenet eam, et tenetur integre restituere. Unde non debet amplius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7149 exigere ille qui mutuavit. Sed ille qui committit pecuniam suam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7150 mercatori vel artifici per modum societatis cuiusdam, non transfert
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7151 dominium pecuniae suae in illum, sed remanet eius, ita quod cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7152 periculo ipsius mercator de ea negotiatur vel artifex operatur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7153 ideo licite potest partem lucri inde provenientis expetere, tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7154 de re sua.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7155 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 6"><a name="42292"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7156 "ref">[42292] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7157 dicendum quod si quis pro pecunia sibi mutuata obliget rem aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7158 cuius usus pretio aestimari potest, debet usum illius rei ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7159 mutuavit computare in restitutionem eius quod mutuavit. Alioquin,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7160 si usum illius rei quasi gratis sibi superaddi velit, idem est ac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7161 si pecuniam acciperet pro mutuo, quod est usurarium, nisi forte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7162 esset talis res cuius usus sine pretio soleat concedi inter amicos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7163 sicut patet de libro accommodato.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7164 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 7"><a name="42293"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7165 "ref">[42293] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7166 dicendum quod si aliquis carius velit vendere res suas quam sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7167 iustum pretium, ut de pecunia solvenda emptorem expectet, usura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7168 manifeste committitur, quia huiusmodi expectatio pretii solvendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7169 habet rationem mutui; unde quidquid ultra iustum pretium pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7170 huiusmodi expectatione exigitur, est quasi pretium mutui, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7171 pertinet ad rationem usurae. Similiter etiam si quis emptor velit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7172 rem emere vilius quam sit iustum pretium, eo quod pecuniam ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7173 solvit quam possit ei tradi, est peccatum usurae, quia etiam ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7174 anticipatio solutionis pecuniae habet mutui rationem, cuius quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7175 pretium est quod diminuitur de iusto pretio rei emptae. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7176 aliquis de iusto pretio velit diminuere ut pecuniam prius habeat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7177 non peccat peccato usurae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7178 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7179 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7180 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42294"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7181 "ref">[42294] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7182 sic proceditur. Videtur quod quidquid aliquis de pecunia usuraria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7183 lucratus fuerit, reddere teneatur. Dicit enim apostolus, ad Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7184 XI, <i>si radix sancta, et rami</i>. Ergo, eadem ratione, si radix
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7185 infecta, et rami. Sed radix fuit usuraria. Ergo et quidquid ex ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7186 acquisitum est, est usurarium. Ergo tenetur ad restitutionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7187 illius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7188 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42295"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7189 "ref">[42295] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7190 sicut dicitur extra, de usuris, in illa decretali, <i>cum tu sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7191 asseris, possessiones quae de usuris sunt comparatae debent vendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7192 et ipsarum pretia his a quibus sunt extorta restitui</i>. Ergo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7193 eadem ratione, quidquid aliud ex pecunia usuraria acquiritur debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7194 restitui.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7195 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42296"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7196 "ref">[42296] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7197 illud quod aliquis emit de pecunia usuraria debetur sibi ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7198 pecuniae quam dedit. Non ergo habet maius ius in re quam acquisivit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7199 quam in pecunia quam dedit. Sed pecuniam usurariam tenebatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7200 restituere. Ergo et illud quod ex ea acquirit tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7201 restituere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7202 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42297"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7203 "ref">[42297] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7204 quilibet potest licite tenere id quod legitime acquisivit. Sed id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7205 quod acquiritur per pecuniam usurariam interdum legitime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7206 acquiritur. Ergo licite potest retineri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7207 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 co."><a name="42298"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7208 "ref">[42298] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7209 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, res quaedam sunt quarum usus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7210 est ipsarum rerum consumptio, quae non habent usumfructum, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7211 iura. Et ideo si talia fuerint per usuram extorta, puta denarii,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7212 triticum, vinum aut aliquid huiusmodi, non tenetur homo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7213 restituendum nisi id quod accepit, quia id quod de tali re est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7214 acquisitum non est fructus huius rei, sed humanae industriae. Nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7215 forte per detentionem talis rei alter sit damnificatus, amittendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7216 aliquid de bonis suis, tunc enim tenetur ad recompensationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7217 nocumenti. Quaedam vero res sunt quarum usus non est earum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7218 consumptio, et talia habent usumfructum, sicut domus et ager et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7219 alia huiusmodi. Et ideo si quis domum alterius vel agrum per usuram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7220 extorsisset, non solum teneretur restituere domum vel agrum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7221 etiam fructus inde perceptos, quia sunt fructus rerum quarum alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7222 est dominus, et ideo ei debentur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7223 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42299"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7224 "ref">[42299] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7225 ergo dicendum quod radix non solum habet rationem materiae, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7226 pecunia usuraria, sed habet etiam aliqualiter rationem causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7227 activae, inquantum administrat nutrimentum. Et ideo non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7228 simile.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7229 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42300"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7230 "ref">[42300] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7231 dicendum quod possessiones quae de usuris sunt comparatae non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7232 eorum quorum fuerunt usurae, sed illorum qui eas emerunt. Sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7233 tamen obligatae illis a quibus fuerunt usurae acceptae, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7234 alia bona usurarii. Et ideo non praecipitur quod assignentur illae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7235 possessiones his a quibus fuerunt acceptae usurae, quia forte plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7236 valent quam usurae quas dederunt, sed praecipitur quod vendantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7237 possessiones et earum pretia restituantur, scilicet secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7238 quantitatem usurae acceptae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7239 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42301"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7240 "ref">[42301] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7241 dicendum quod illud quod acquiritur de pecunia usuraria debetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7242 quidem acquirenti propter pecuniam usurariam datam sicut propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7243 causam instrumentalem, sed propter suam industriam sicut propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7244 causam principalem. Et ideo plus iuris habet in re acquisita de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7245 pecunia usuraria quam in ipsa pecunia usuraria.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7246 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7247 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7248 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42302"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7249 "ref">[42302] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7250 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat pecuniam accipere mutuo sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7251 usura. Dicit enim apostolus, Rom. I, quod <i>digni sunt morte non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7252 solum qui faciunt peccata, sed etiam qui consentiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7253 facientibus</i>. Sed ille qui accipit pecuniam mutuo sub usuris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7254 consentit usurario in suo peccato, et praebet ei occasionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7255 peccandi. Ergo etiam ipse peccat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7256 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42303"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7257 "ref">[42303] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7258 pro nullo commodo temporali debet aliquis alteri quamcumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7259 occasionem praebere peccandi, hoc enim pertinet ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7260 scandali activi, quod semper est peccatum, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7261 ille qui petit mutuum ab usurario expresse dat ei occasionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7262 peccandi. Ergo pro nullo commodo temporali excusatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7263 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42304"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7264 "ref">[42304] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7265 non minor videtur esse necessitas quandoque deponendi pecuniam suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7266 apud usurarium quam mutuum accipiendi ab ipso. Sed deponere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7267 pecuniam apud usurarium videtur esse omnino illicitum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7268 illicitum esset deponere gladium apud furiosum, vel virginem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7269 committere luxurioso, seu cibum guloso. Ergo neque licitum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7270 accipere mutuum ab usurario.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7271 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42305"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7272 "ref">[42305] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7273 ille qui iniuriam patitur non peccat, secundum philosophum, in V
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7274 Ethic., unde iustitia non est media inter duo vitia, ut ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7275 dicitur. Sed usurarius peccat inquantum facit iniustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7276 accipienti mutuum sub usuris. Ergo ille qui accipit mutuum sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7277 usuris non peccat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7278 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 co."><a name="42306"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7279 "ref">[42306] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7280 dicendum quod inducere hominem ad peccandum nullo modo licet, uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7281 tamen peccato alterius ad bonum licitum est, quia et Deus utitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7282 omnibus peccatis ad aliquod bonum, ex quolibet enim malo elicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7283 aliquod bonum, ut dicitur in Enchiridio. Et ideo Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7284 Publicolae quaerenti utrum liceret uti iuramento eius qui per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7285 falsos deos iurat, in quo manifeste peccat eis reverentiam divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7286 adhibens, respondit quod <i>qui utitur fide illius qui per falsos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7287 deos iurat, non ad malum sed ad bonum, non peccato illius se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7288 sociat, quo per Daemonia iuravit, sed pacto bono eius, quo fidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7289 servavit</i>. Si tamen induceret eum ad iurandum per falsos deos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7290 peccaret. Ita etiam in proposito dicendum est quod nullo modo licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7291 inducere aliquem ad mutuandum sub usuris, licet tamen ab eo qui hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7292 paratus est facere et usuras exercet, mutuum accipere sub usuris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7293 propter aliquod bonum, quod est subventio suae necessitatis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7294 alterius. Sicut etiam licet ei qui incidit in latrones manifestare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7295 bona quae habet, quae latrones diripiendo peccant, ad hoc quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7296 occidatur, exemplo decem virorum qui dixerunt ad Ismahel, <i>noli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7297 occidere nos, quia habemus thesaurum in agro</i>, ut dicitur Ierem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7298 XLI.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7299 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42307"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7300 "ref">[42307] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7301 ergo dicendum quod ille qui accipit pecuniam mutuo sub usuris non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7302 consentit in peccatum usurarii, sed utitur eo. Nec placet ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7303 usurarum acceptio, sed mutuatio, quae est bona.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7304 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42308"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7305 "ref">[42308] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7306 dicendum quod ille qui accipit pecuniam mutuo sub usuris non dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7307 usurario occasionem usuras accipiendi, sed mutuandi, ipse autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7308 usurarius sumit occasionem peccandi ex malitia cordis sui. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7309 scandalum passivum est ex parte sua, non autem activum ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7310 petentis mutuum. Nec tamen propter huiusmodi scandalum passivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
7311 debet alius a mutuo petendo desistere, si indigeat, quia huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
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7312 passivum scandalum non provenit ex infirmitate vel ignorantia, sed
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7313 ex malitia.</p>
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7314 <p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42309"><span class=
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7315 "ref">[42309] II&ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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7316 dicendum quod si quis committeret pecuniam suam usurario non
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7317 habenti alias unde usuras exerceret; vel hac intentione committeret
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7318 ut inde copiosius per usuram lucraretur; daret materiam peccanti.
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7319 Unde et ipse esset particeps culpae. Si autem aliquis usurario
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7320 alias habenti unde usuras exerceat, pecuniam suam committat ut
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7321 tutius servetur, non peccat, sed utitur homine peccatore ad
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7322 bonum.</p>
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7323 <div class="centro"><br />
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7324 <p><a href="sth3057.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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7325 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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7326 <a href="sth3079.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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7327 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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7328 <br />
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7329 <hr />
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7330 <br />
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7331 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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7332 hanc editionem<br />
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7333 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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7334 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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7335 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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7336 </div>
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7337 </body>
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7338 </html>