annotate summa/latin/sth3034.html @ 46:6cfdc13efd8a

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date Sun, 20 Dec 2009 22:10:12 +0000
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, II&ordf;-IIae q.
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23 34-43</title>
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24 </head>
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25 <body>
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26 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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27 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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29 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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30 <div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione XXXIV ad
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31 XLIII</div>
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32 <br />
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33 <div class="centro">
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34 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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35 <tr>
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36 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border=
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37 "0" alt=
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38 "Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)"
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39 align="middle" /></th>
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40 </tr>
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41 </table>
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42 <br />
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43 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1895 editum<br />
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44 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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45 magneticas<br />
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46 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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47 <br /></span><br />
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48 <hr />
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49 <br />
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50 <p><a href="sth3027.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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52 <a href="sth3044.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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53 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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54 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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55 //<![CDATA[
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56 <!--
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57 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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138 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40523">II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 1');
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ht
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ht
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ht
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148 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40533">II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 2');
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ht
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ht
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150 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40535">II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 4');
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151 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40536">II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 s. c.');
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152 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40537">II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 co.');
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153 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40538">II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 1');
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ht
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154 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40539">II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 2');
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155 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40540">II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 3');
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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160 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40545">II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 4');
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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198 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40583">II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 2');
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ht
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ht
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200 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40585">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 pr.');
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201 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40586">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 1');
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ht
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202 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40587">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 2');
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ht
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ht
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ht
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205 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40590">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 s. c.');
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ht
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206 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40591">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 co.');
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ht
parents:
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207 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40592">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 1');
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ht
parents:
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208 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40593">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 2');
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ht
parents:
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209 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40594">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 3');
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ht
parents:
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210 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40595">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 4');
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ht
parents:
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211 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40596">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 1');
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ht
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ht
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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215 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40600">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 co.');
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ht
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216 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40601">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 1');
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ht
parents:
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217 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40602">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 2');
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ht
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218 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40603">II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 3');
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ht
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219 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40604">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 pr.');
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ht
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220 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40605">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 1');
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ht
parents:
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221 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40606">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 2');
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ht
parents:
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222 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40607">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 3');
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ht
parents:
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223 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40608">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 s. c.');
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ht
parents:
diff changeset
224 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40609">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 co.');
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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226 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40611">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 2');
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ht
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227 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40612">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 3');
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ht
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ht
parents:
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ht
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ht
parents:
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ht
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232 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40617">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 co.');
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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235 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40620">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 3');
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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239 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40624">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 s. c.');
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ht
parents:
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240 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40625">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 co.');
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ht
parents:
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241 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40626">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 ad');
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ht
parents:
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242 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40627">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 1');
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ht
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ht
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ht
parents:
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245 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40630">II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 s. c.');
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ht
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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diff changeset
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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diff changeset
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ht
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diff changeset
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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diff changeset
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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parents:
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ht
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ht
parents:
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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321 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40706">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 pr.');
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parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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327 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40712">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 s. c.');
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ht
parents:
diff changeset
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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337 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40722">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 s. c.');
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ht
parents:
diff changeset
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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341 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40726">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 3');
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ht
parents:
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342 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40727">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 1');
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ht
parents:
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343 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40728">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 2');
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
diff changeset
346 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40731">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 co.');
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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350 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40735">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 1');
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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352 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40737">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 3');
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ht
parents:
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353 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40738">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 s. c.');
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ht
parents:
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354 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40739">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 co.');
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ht
parents:
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355 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40740">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 ad');
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ht
parents:
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356 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40741">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 1');
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ht
parents:
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357 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40742">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 2');
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ht
parents:
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358 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40743">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 3');
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ht
parents:
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359 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40744">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 s. c.');
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ht
parents:
diff changeset
360 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40745">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 co.');
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ht
parents:
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ht
parents:
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362 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40747">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 2');
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363 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40748">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 3');
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364 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40749">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 1');
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365 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40750">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 2');
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366 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40751">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 3');
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367 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40752">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 s. c.');
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368 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40753">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 co.');
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369 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40754">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 1');
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370 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40755">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 2');
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371 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40756">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 3');
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372 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40757">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 1');
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373 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40758">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 2');
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374 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40759">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 3');
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375 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40760">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 4');
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376 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40761">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 5');
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377 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40762">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 s. c.');
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378 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40763">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 co.');
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379 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40764">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 1');
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380 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40765">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 2');
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381 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40766">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 3');
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382 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40767">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 4');
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383 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40768">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 5');
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384 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40769">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 1');
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385 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40770">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 2');
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386 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40771">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 3');
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387 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40772">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 4');
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388 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40773">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 5');
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389 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40774">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 s. c.');
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390 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40775">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 co.');
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391 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40776">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 1');
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392 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40777">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 2');
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393 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40778">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 3');
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394 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40779">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 4');
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395 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#40780">II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 5');
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396 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
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397 document.write('<BR><BR>');
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398 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
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399 document.write('<\/FORM>');
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400 // -->
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401 //]]>
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402 </script><br />
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403 <hr />
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404 <br /></div>
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diff changeset
405 <div class="D">Quaestio 34</div>
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406 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
407 <p title="II-II q. 34 pr."><a name="40451"><span class=
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diff changeset
408 "ref">[40451] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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409 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis caritati. Et primo, de odio,
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410 quod opponitur ipsi dilectioni; secundo, de acedia et invidia, quae
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diff changeset
411 opponuntur gaudio caritatis; tertio, de discordia et schismate,
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diff changeset
412 quae opponuntur paci; quarto, de offensione et scandalo, quae
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diff changeset
413 opponuntur beneficentiae et correctioni fraternae. Circa primum
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414 quaeruntur sex, primo, utrum Deus possit odio haberi. Secundo,
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diff changeset
415 utrum odium Dei sit maximum peccatorum. Tertio, utrum odium proximi
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diff changeset
416 semper sit peccatum. Quarto, utrum sit maximum inter peccata quae
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417 sunt in proximum. Quinto, utrum sit vitium capitale. Sexto, ex quo
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418 capitali vitio oriatur.</p>
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419 <br />
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diff changeset
420 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
421 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40452"><span class=
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422 "ref">[40452] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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423 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Deum nullus odio habere possit. Dicit
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424 enim Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>omnibus amabile et
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425 diligibile est ipsum bonum et pulchrum</i>. Sed Deus est ipsa
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426 bonitas et pulchritudo. Ergo a nullo odio habetur.</p>
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427 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40453"><span class=
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diff changeset
428 "ref">[40453] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
429 in apocryphis Esdrae dicitur quod <i>omnia invocant veritatem, et
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430 benignantur in operibus eius</i>. Sed Deus est ipsa veritas, ut
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431 dicitur Ioan. XIV. Ergo omnes diligunt Deum, et nullus eum odio
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432 habere potest.</p>
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433 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40454"><span class=
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diff changeset
434 "ref">[40454] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
435 odium est aversio quaedam. Sed sicut Dionysius dicit, in IV cap. de
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436 Div. Nom., Deus omnia ad seipsum convertit. Ergo nullus eum odio
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437 habere potest.</p>
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438 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40455"><span class=
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diff changeset
439 "ref">[40455] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
440 est, quod dicitur in Psalm., <i>superbia eorum qui te oderunt
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441 ascendit semper</i>; et Ioan. XV, <i>nunc autem et viderunt et
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442 oderunt me et patrem meum</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
443 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 co."><a name="40456"><span class=
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diff changeset
444 "ref">[40456] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
445 dicendum quod, sicut ex supradictis patet, odium est quidam motus
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446 appetitivae potentiae, quae non movetur nisi ab aliquo apprehenso.
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447 Deus autem dupliciter ab homine apprehendi potest, uno modo,
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448 secundum seipsum, puta cum per essentiam videtur; alio modo, per
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449 effectus suos, cum scilicet <i>invisibilia Dei per ea quae facta
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450 sunt intellecta conspiciuntur</i>. Deus autem per essentiam suam
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451 est ipsa bonitas, quam nullus habere odio potest, quia de ratione
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452 boni est ut ametur. Et ideo impossibile est quod aliquis videns
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453 Deum per essentiam eum odio habeat. Sed effectus eius aliqui sunt
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454 qui nullo modo possunt esse contrarii voluntati humanae, quia esse,
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455 vivere et intelligere est appetibile et amabile omnibus, quae sunt
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456 quidam effectus Dei. Unde etiam secundum quod Deus apprehenditur ut
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457 auctor horum effectuum, non potest odio haberi. Sunt autem quidam
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458 effectus Dei qui repugnant inordinatae voluntati, sicut inflictio
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459 poenae; et etiam cohibitio peccatorum per legem divinam, quae
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460 repugnat voluntati depravatae per peccatum. Et quantum ad
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461 considerationem talium effectuum, ab aliquibus Deus odio haberi
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462 potest, inquantum scilicet apprehenditur peccatorum prohibitor et
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463 poenarum inflictor.</p>
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diff changeset
464 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40457"><span class=
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diff changeset
465 "ref">[40457] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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466 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit quantum ad illos qui vident
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467 Dei essentiam, quae est ipsa essentia bonitatis.</p>
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468 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40458"><span class=
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diff changeset
469 "ref">[40458] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
470 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit quantum ad hoc quod apprehenditur
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471 Deus ut causa illorum effectuum qui naturaliter ab hominibus
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472 amantur, inter quos sunt opera veritatis praebentis suam
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473 cognitionem hominibus.</p>
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diff changeset
474 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40459"><span class=
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diff changeset
475 "ref">[40459] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
476 dicendum quod Deus convertit omnia ad seipsum inquantum est essendi
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diff changeset
477 principium, quia omnia, inquantum sunt, tendunt in Dei
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478 similitudinem, qui est ipsum esse.</p>
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diff changeset
479 <br />
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diff changeset
480 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
481 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40460"><span class=
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diff changeset
482 "ref">[40460] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
483 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod odium Dei non sit maximum
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diff changeset
484 peccatorum. Gravissimum enim peccatum est peccatum in spiritum
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diff changeset
485 sanctum, quod est irremissibile, ut dicitur Matth. XII. Sed odium
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486 Dei non computatur inter species peccati in spiritum sanctum; ut ex
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487 supradictis patet. Ergo odium Dei non est gravissimum
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488 peccatorum.</p>
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diff changeset
489 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40461"><span class=
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diff changeset
490 "ref">[40461] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
491 peccatum consistit in elongatione a Deo. Sed magis videtur esse
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492 elongatus a Deo infidelis, qui nec Dei cognitionem habet, quam
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diff changeset
493 fidelis, qui saltem, quamvis Deum odio habet, eum tamen cognoscit.
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diff changeset
494 Ergo videtur quod gravius sit peccatum infidelitatis quam peccatum
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495 odii in Deum.</p>
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diff changeset
496 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40462"><span class=
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diff changeset
497 "ref">[40462] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
498 Deus habetur odio solum ratione suorum effectuum qui repugnant
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499 voluntati, inter quos praecipuum est poena. Sed odire poenam non
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500 est maximum peccatorum. Ergo odium Dei non est maximum
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diff changeset
501 peccatorum.</p>
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diff changeset
502 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40463"><span class=
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diff changeset
503 "ref">[40463] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
504 est quod optimo opponitur pessimum; ut patet per philosophum, in
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diff changeset
505 VIII Ethic. Sed odium Dei opponitur dilectioni Dei, in qua
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diff changeset
506 consistit optimum hominis. Ergo odium Dei est pessimum peccatum
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507 hominis.</p>
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diff changeset
508 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 co."><a name="40464"><span class=
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diff changeset
509 "ref">[40464] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
510 dicendum quod defectus peccati consistit in aversione a Deo, ut
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511 supra dictum est. Huiusmodi autem aversio rationem culpae non
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512 haberet nisi voluntaria esset. Unde ratio culpae consistit in
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513 voluntaria aversione a Deo. Haec autem voluntaria aversio a Deo per
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514 se quidem importatur in odio Dei, in aliis autem peccatis quasi
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515 participative et secundum aliud. Sicut enim voluntas per se
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diff changeset
516 inhaeret ei quod amat, ita secundum se refugit id quod odit, unde
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diff changeset
517 quando aliquis odit Deum, voluntas eius secundum se ab eo
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diff changeset
518 avertitur. Sed in aliis peccatis, puta cum aliquis fornicatur, non
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diff changeset
519 avertitur a Deo secundum se, sed secundum aliud, inquantum scilicet
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diff changeset
520 appetit inordinatam delectationem, quae habet annexam aversionem a
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diff changeset
521 Deo. Semper autem id quod est per se est potius eo quod est
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522 secundum aliud. Unde odium Dei inter alia peccata est gravius.</p>
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523 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40465"><span class=
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diff changeset
524 "ref">[40465] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
525 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Gregorius dicit, XXV Moral., <i>aliud est
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diff changeset
526 bona non facere, aliud est bonorum odisse datorem, sicut aliud est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
527 ex praecipitatione, aliud ex deliberatione peccare</i> ex quo datur
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diff changeset
528 intelligi quod odire Deum, omnium bonorum datorem, sit ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
529 deliberatione peccare, quod est peccatum in spiritum sanctum. Unde
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diff changeset
530 manifestum est quod odium Dei maxime est peccatum in spiritum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
531 sanctum, secundum quod peccatum in spiritum sanctum nominat aliquod
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diff changeset
532 genus speciale peccati. Ideo tamen non computatur inter species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
533 peccati in spiritum sanctum, quia generaliter invenitur in omni
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534 specie peccati in spiritum sanctum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
535 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40466"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
536 "ref">[40466] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
537 dicendum quod ipsa infidelitas non habet rationem culpae nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
538 inquantum est voluntaria. Et ideo tanto est gravior quanto est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
539 magis voluntaria. Quod autem sit voluntaria provenit ex hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
540 aliquis odio habet veritatem quae proponitur. Unde patet quod ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
541 peccati in infidelitate sit ex odio Dei, circa cuius veritatem est
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parents: 26
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542 fides. Et ideo, sicut causa est potior effectu, ita odium Dei est
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543 maius peccatum quam infidelitas.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
544 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40467"><span class=
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diff changeset
545 "ref">[40467] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
546 dicendum quod non quicumque odit poenas odit Deum, poenarum
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547 auctorem, nam multi odiunt poenas qui tamen patienter eas ferunt ex
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parents: 26
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548 reverentia divinae iustitiae. Unde et Augustinus dicit, X Confess.,
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549 quod mala poenalia Deus tolerare iubet, non amari. Sed prorumpere
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550 in odium Dei punientis, hoc est habere odio ipsam Dei iustitiam,
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551 quod est gravissimum peccatum. Unde Gregorius dicit, XXV Moral.,
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552 <i>sicut nonnunquam gravius est peccatum diligere quam perpetrare,
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553 ita nequius est odisse iustitiam quam non fecisse</i>.</p>
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554 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
555 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
556 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40468"><span class=
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diff changeset
557 "ref">[40468] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
558 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omne odium proximi sit peccatum.
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559 Nullum enim peccatum invenitur in praeceptis vel consiliis legis
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diff changeset
560 divinae, secundum illud Prov. VIII. <i>Recti sunt omnes sermones
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561 mei, non est in eis pravum quid nec perversum</i>. Sed Luc. XIV
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562 dicitur, <i>si quis venit ad me et non odit patrem et matrem, non
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563 potest meus esse discipulus</i>. Ergo non omne odium proximi est
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564 peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
565 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40469"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
566 "ref">[40469] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
567 nihil potest esse peccatum secundum quod Deum imitamur. Sed
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568 imitando Deum quosdam odio habemus, dicitur enim Rom. I,
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569 <i>detractores, Deo odibiles</i>. Ergo possumus aliquos odio habere
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570 absque peccato.</p>
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diff changeset
571 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40470"><span class=
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diff changeset
572 "ref">[40470] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
573 nihil naturalium est peccatum, quia <i>peccatum est recessus ab eo
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diff changeset
574 quod est secundum naturam</i>, ut Damascenus dicit, in II libro.
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diff changeset
575 Sed naturale est unicuique rei quod odiat id quod est sibi
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576 contrarium et quod nitatur ad eius corruptionem. Ergo videtur non
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577 esse peccatum quod aliquis habeat odio inimicum suum.</p>
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parents: 26
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578 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40471"><span class=
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diff changeset
579 "ref">[40471] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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580 est quod dicitur I Ioan. II, <i>qui fratrem suum odit in tenebris
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diff changeset
581 est</i>. Sed tenebrae spirituales sunt peccata. Ergo odium proximi
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582 non potest esse sine peccato.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
583 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 co."><a name="40472"><span class=
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diff changeset
584 "ref">[40472] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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585 dicendum quod odium amori opponitur, ut supra dictum est. Unde
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586 tantum habet odium de ratione mali quantum amor habet de ratione
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587 boni. Amor autem debetur proximo secundum id quod a Deo habet,
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588 idest secundum naturam et gratiam, non autem debetur ei amor
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589 secundum id quod habet a seipso et Diabolo, scilicet secundum
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590 peccatum et iustitiae defectum. Et ideo licet habere odio in fratre
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591 peccatum et omne illud quod pertinet ad defectum divinae iustitiae,
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diff changeset
592 sed ipsam naturam et gratiam fratris non potest aliquis habere odio
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593 sine peccato. Hoc autem ipsum quod in fratre odimus culpam et
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diff changeset
594 defectum boni, pertinet ad fratris amorem, eiusdem enim rationis
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595 est quod velimus bonum alicuius et quod odimus malum ipsius. Unde,
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596 simpliciter accipiendo odium fratris, semper est cum peccato.</p>
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diff changeset
597 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40473"><span class=
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diff changeset
598 "ref">[40473] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
599 ergo dicendum quod parentes, quantum ad naturam et affinitatem qua
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600 nobis coniunguntur, sunt a nobis secundum praeceptum Dei honorandi,
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601 ut patet Exod. XX. Odiendi autem sunt quantum ad hoc quod
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diff changeset
602 impedimentum praestant nobis accedendi ad perfectionem divinae
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603 iustitiae.</p>
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diff changeset
604 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40474"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
605 "ref">[40474] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 dicendum quod Deus in detractoribus odio habet culpam, non naturam.
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607 Et sic sine culpa possumus odio detractores habere.</p>
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diff changeset
608 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40475"><span class=
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diff changeset
609 "ref">[40475] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
610 dicendum quod homines secundum bona quae habent a Deo non sunt
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611 nobis contrarii, unde quantum ad hoc sunt amandi. Contrariantur
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612 autem nobis secundum quod contra nos inimicitias exercent, quod ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
613 eorum culpam pertinet, et quantum ad hoc sunt odio habendi. Hoc
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614 enim in eis debemus habere odio, quod nobis sunt inimici.</p>
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615 <br />
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diff changeset
616 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
617 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40476"><span class=
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diff changeset
618 "ref">[40476] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
619 sic proceditur. Videtur quod odium proximi sit gravissimum peccatum
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diff changeset
620 eorum quae in proximo committuntur. Dicitur enim I Ioan. III,
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diff changeset
621 <i>omnis qui odit fratrem suum homicida est</i>. Sed homicidium est
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diff changeset
622 gravissimum peccatorum quae committuntur in proximum. Ergo et
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diff changeset
623 odium.</p>
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diff changeset
624 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40477"><span class=
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diff changeset
625 "ref">[40477] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
626 pessimum opponitur optimo. Sed optimum eorum quae proximo exhibemus
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627 est amor, omnia enim alia ad dilectionem referuntur. Ergo et
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628 pessimum est odium.</p>
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diff changeset
629 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 1"><a name="40478"><span class=
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diff changeset
630 "ref">[40478] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed
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diff changeset
631 contra, malum dicitur quod nocet; secundum Augustinum, in Enchirid.
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632 Sed plus aliquis nocet proximo per alia peccata quam per odium,
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633 puta per furtum et homicidium et adulterium. Ergo odium non est
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diff changeset
634 gravissimum peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
635 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 2"><a name="40479"><span class=
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diff changeset
636 "ref">[40479] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
637 Praeterea, Chrysostomus, exponens illud Matth., <i>qui solverit
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638 unum de mandatis istis minimis</i>, dicit, <i>mandata Moysi, non
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diff changeset
639 occides, non adulterabis, in remuneratione modica sunt, in peccato
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diff changeset
640 autem magna, mandata autem Christi, idest non irascaris, non
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diff changeset
641 concupiscas, in remuneratione magna sunt, in peccato autem
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diff changeset
642 minima</i>. Odium autem pertinet ad interiorem motum, sicut et ira
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643 et concupiscentia. Ergo odium proximi est minus peccatum quam
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644 homicidium.</p>
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diff changeset
645 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 co."><a name="40480"><span class=
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diff changeset
646 "ref">[40480] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
647 dicendum quod peccatum quod committitur in proximum habet rationem
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diff changeset
648 mali ex duobus, uno quidem modo, ex deordinatione eius qui peccat;
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649 alio modo, ex nocumento quod infertur ei contra quem peccatur.
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650 Primo ergo modo odium est maius peccatum quam exteriores actus qui
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651 sunt in proximi nocumentum, quia scilicet per odium deordinatur
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652 voluntas hominis, quae est potissimum in homine, et ex qua est
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653 radix peccati. Unde etiam si exteriores actus inordinati essent
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654 absque inordinatione voluntatis, non essent peccata, puta cum
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655 aliquis ignoranter vel zelo iustitiae hominem occidit. Et si quid
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diff changeset
656 culpae est in exterioribus peccatis quae contra proximum
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657 committuntur, totum est ex interiori odio. Sed quantum ad
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diff changeset
658 nocumentum quod proximo infertur peiora sunt exteriora peccata quam
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659 interius odium.</p>
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diff changeset
660 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="40481"><span class=
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diff changeset
661 "ref">[40481] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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diff changeset
662 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
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diff changeset
663 <br />
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diff changeset
664 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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diff changeset
665 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="40482"><span class=
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diff changeset
666 "ref">[40482] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
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diff changeset
667 sic proceditur. Videtur quod odium sit vitium capitale. Odium enim
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diff changeset
668 directe opponitur caritati. Sed caritas est principalissima
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diff changeset
669 virtutum et mater aliarum. Ergo odium est maxime vitium capitale,
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670 et principium omnium aliorum.</p>
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diff changeset
671 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="40483"><span class=
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diff changeset
672 "ref">[40483] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
673 peccata oriuntur in nobis secundum inclinationem passionum,
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674 secundum illud ad Rom. VII, <i>passiones peccatorum operabantur in
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675 membris nostris, ut fructificarent morti</i>. Sed in passionibus
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676 animae ex amore et odio videntur omnes aliae sequi, ut ex
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677 supradictis patet. Ergo odium debet poni inter vitia capitalia.</p>
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diff changeset
678 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="40484"><span class=
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diff changeset
679 "ref">[40484] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
680 vitium est malum morale. Sed odium principalius respicit malum quam
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681 alia passio. Ergo videtur quod odium debet poni vitium
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682 capitale.</p>
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diff changeset
683 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 s. c."><a name="40485"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
684 "ref">[40485] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., non enumerat odium inter septem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
686 vitia capitalia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
687 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 co."><a name="40486"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
688 "ref">[40486] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
689 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, vitium capitale est ex quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
690 ut frequentius alia vitia oriuntur. Vitium autem est contra naturam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 hominis inquantum est animal rationale. In his autem quae contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 naturam fiunt paulatim id quod est naturae corrumpitur. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
693 oportet quod primo recedatur ab eo quod est minus secundum naturam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
694 et ultimo ab eo quod est maxime secundum naturam, quia id quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
695 primum in constructione est ultimum in resolutione. Id autem quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 est maxime et primo naturale homini est quod diligat bonum, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 praecipue bonum divinum et bonum proximi. Et ideo odium, quod huic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
698 dilectioni opponitur, non est primum in deletione virtutis, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
699 fit per vitia, sed ultimum. Et ideo odium non est vitium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
700 capitale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="40487"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 "ref">[40487] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
703 ergo dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in VII Physic., <i>virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
704 uniuscuiusque rei consistit in hoc quod sit bene disposita secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 suam naturam</i>. Et ideo in virtutibus oportet esse primum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 principale quod est primum et principale in ordine naturali. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
707 propter hoc caritas ponitur principalissima virtutum. Et eadem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 ratione odium non potest esse primum in vitiis, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="40488"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
710 "ref">[40488] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 dicendum quod odium mali quod contrariatur naturali bono est primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
712 inter passiones animae, sicut et amor naturalis boni. Sed odium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
713 boni connaturalis non potest esse primum, sed habet rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 ultimi, quia tale odium attestatur corruptioni naturae iam factae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 sicut et amor extranei boni.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="40489"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
717 "ref">[40489] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 dicendum quod duplex est malum. Quoddam verum, quia scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
719 repugnat naturali bono, et huius mali odium potest habere rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
720 prioritatis inter passiones. Est autem aliud malum non verum, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
721 apparens, quod scilicet est verum bonum et connaturale, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
722 aestimatur ut malum propter corruptionem naturae. Et huiusmodi mali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
723 odium oportet quod sit in ultimo. Hoc autem odium est vitiosum, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
724 autem primum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
725 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
726 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
727 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="40490"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
728 "ref">[40490] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 sic proceditur. Videtur quod odium non oriatur ex invidia. Invidia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 enim est tristitia quaedam de alienis bonis. Odium autem non oritur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 ex tristitia, sed potius e converso, tristamur enim de praesentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
732 malorum quae odimus. Ergo odium non oritur ex invidia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
733 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="40491"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 "ref">[40491] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
735 odium dilectioni opponitur. Sed dilectio proximi refertur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
736 dilectionem Dei, ut supra habitum est. Ergo et odium proximi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 refertur ad odium Dei. Sed odium Dei non causatur ex invidia, non
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diff changeset
738 enim invidemus his qui maxime a nobis distant, sed his qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
739 propinqui videntur, ut patet per philosophum, in II Rhet. Ergo
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diff changeset
740 odium non causatur ex invidia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
741 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="40492"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
742 "ref">[40492] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
743 unius effectus una est causa. Sed odium causatur ex ira, dicit enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
744 Augustinus, in regula, quod ira crescit in odium. Non ergo causatur
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diff changeset
745 odium ex invidia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 s. c."><a name="40493"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
747 "ref">[40493] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
748 est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., quod de invidia oritur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
749 odium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
750 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 co."><a name="40494"><span class=
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diff changeset
751 "ref">[40494] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
752 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, odium proximi est ultimum in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
753 progressu peccati, eo quod opponitur dilectioni qua naturaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
754 proximus diligitur. Quod autem aliquis recedat ab eo quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
755 naturale, contingit ex hoc quod intendit vitare aliquid quod est
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diff changeset
756 naturaliter fugiendum. Naturaliter autem omne animal fugit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
757 tristitiam, sicut et appetit delectationem; sicut patet per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
758 philosophum, in VII et X Ethic. Et ideo sicut ex delectatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 causatur amor, ita ex tristitia causatur odium, sicut enim movemur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 ad diligendum ea quae nos delectant, inquantum ex hoc ipso
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 accipiuntur sub ratione boni; ita movemur ad odiendum ea quae nos
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diff changeset
762 contristant, inquantum ex hoc ipso accipiuntur sub ratione mali.
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diff changeset
763 Unde cum invidia sit tristitia de bono proximi, sequitur quod bonum
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diff changeset
764 proximi reddatur nobis odiosum. Et inde est quod ex invidia oritur
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diff changeset
765 odium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
766 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="40495"><span class=
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diff changeset
767 "ref">[40495] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
768 ergo dicendum quod quia vis appetitiva, sicut et apprehensiva,
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diff changeset
769 reflectitur super suos actus, sequitur quod in motibus appetitivae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
770 virtutis sit quaedam circulatio. Secundum igitur primum processum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 appetitivi motus, ex amore consequitur desiderium, ex quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
772 consequitur delectatio, cum quis consecutus fuerit quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 desiderabat. Et quia hoc ipsum quod est delectari in bono amato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 habet quandam rationem boni, sequitur quod delectatio causet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
775 amorem. Et secundum eandem rationem sequitur quod tristitia causet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
776 odium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="40496"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
778 "ref">[40496] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 dicendum quod alia ratio est de dilectione et odio. Nam dilectionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 obiectum est bonum, quod a Deo in creaturas derivatur, et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
781 dilectio per prius est Dei, et per posterius est proximi. Sed odium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
782 est mali, quod non habet locum in ipso Deo, sed in eius effectibus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 unde etiam supra dictum est quod Deus non habetur odio nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 inquantum apprehenditur secundum suos effectus. Et ideo per prius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 est odium proximi quam odium Dei. Unde, cum invidia ad proximum sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
786 mater odii quod est ad proximum, fit per consequens causa odii quod
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diff changeset
787 est in Deum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
788 <p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="40497"><span class=
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diff changeset
789 "ref">[40497] II&ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
790 dicendum quod nihil prohibet secundum diversas rationes aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
791 oriri ex diversis causis. Et secundum hoc odium potest oriri et ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 ira et ex invidia. Directius tamen oritur ex invidia, per quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 ipsum bonum proximi redditur contristabile et per consequens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 odibile. Sed ex ira oritur odium secundum quoddam augmentum. Nam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
795 primo per iram appetimus malum proximi secundum quandam mensuram,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 prout scilicet habet rationem vindictae, postea autem per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 continuitatem irae pervenitur ad hoc quod homo malum proximi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 absolute desideret, quod pertinet ad rationem odii. Unde patet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
799 odium ex invidia causatur formaliter secundum rationem obiecti; ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 ira autem dispositive.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
801 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 <div class="D">Quaestio 35</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
803 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
804 <p title="II-II q. 35 pr."><a name="40498"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 "ref">[40498] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis gaudio caritatis. Quod quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 est et de bono divino, cui gaudio opponitur acedia; et de bono
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parents: 26
diff changeset
808 proximi, cui gaudio opponitur invidia. Unde primo considerandum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
809 de acedia; secundo, de invidia. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor.
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diff changeset
810 Primo, utrum acedia sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit speciale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 vitium. Tertio, utrum sit mortale peccatum. Quarto, utrum sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 vitium capitale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
813 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
814 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40499"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 "ref">[40499] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 sic proceditur. Videtur quod acedia non sit peccatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
818 <i>Passionibus enim non laudamur neque vituperamur</i>; secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
819 philosophum, in II Ethic. Sed acedia est quaedam passio, est enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 species tristitiae, ut Damascenus dicit, et supra habitum est. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
821 acedia non est peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
822 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40500"><span class=
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diff changeset
823 "ref">[40500] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 nullus defectus corporalis qui statutis horis accidit habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 rationem peccati. Sed acedia est huiusmodi, dicit enim Cassianus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
826 in X Lib. de institutis monasteriorum, <i>maxime acedia circa horam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 sextam monachum inquietat, ut quaedam febris ingruens tempore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
828 praestituto, ardentissimos aestus accensionum suarum solitis ac
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parents: 26
diff changeset
829 statutis horis animae inferens aegrotanti</i>. Ergo acedia non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
830 peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40501"><span class=
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diff changeset
832 "ref">[40501] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
833 illud quod ex radice bona procedit non videtur esse peccatum. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
834 acedia ex bona radice procedit, dicit enim Cassianus, in eodem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 libro, quod acedia provenit ex hoc quod aliquis <i>ingemiscit se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 fructum spiritualem non habere, et absentia longeque posita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
837 magnificat monasteria</i>; quod videtur ad humilitatem pertinere.
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diff changeset
838 Ergo acedia non est peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
839 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40502"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 "ref">[40502] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 omne peccatum est fugiendum, secundum illud Eccli. XXI, <i>quasi a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 facie colubri, fuge peccatum</i>. Sed Cassianus dicit, in eodem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
843 libro, <i>experimento probatum est acediae impugnationem non
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diff changeset
844 declinando fugiendam, sed resistendo superandam</i>. Ergo acedia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 non est peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
846 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40503"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
847 "ref">[40503] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
848 illud quod interdicitur in sacra Scriptura est peccatum. Sed acedia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 est huiusmodi, dicitur enim Eccli. VI, subiice humerum tuum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 porta illam, idest spiritualem sapientiam, et non acedieris in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 vinculis eius. Ergo acedia est peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 co."><a name="40504"><span class=
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diff changeset
853 "ref">[40504] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
854 dicendum quod acedia, secundum Damascenum, est quaedam tristitia
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diff changeset
855 aggravans, quae scilicet ita deprimit animum hominis ut nihil ei
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diff changeset
856 agere libeat; sicuti ea quae sunt acida etiam frigida sunt. Et ideo
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diff changeset
857 acedia importat quoddam taedium operandi, ut patet per hoc quod
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diff changeset
858 dicitur in Glossa super illud Psalm., <i>omnem escam abominata est
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diff changeset
859 anima eorum</i>; et a quibusdam dicitur quod acedia est torpor
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diff changeset
860 mentis bona negligentis inchoare. Huiusmodi autem tristitia semper
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diff changeset
861 est mala, quandoque quidem etiam secundum seipsam; quandoque vero
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diff changeset
862 secundum effectum. Tristitia enim secundum se mala est quae est de
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diff changeset
863 eo quod est apparens malum et vere bonum, sicut e contrario
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diff changeset
864 delectatio mala est quae est de eo quod est apparens bonum et vere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 malum. Cum igitur spirituale bonum sit vere bonum, tristitia quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 est de spirituali bono est secundum se mala. Sed etiam tristitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 quae est de vere malo mala est secundum effectum si sic hominem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 aggravet ut eum totaliter a bono opere retrahat, unde et apostolus,
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diff changeset
869 II ad Cor. II, non vult ut poenitens maiori tristitia de peccato
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diff changeset
870 absorbeatur. Quia igitur acedia, secundum quod hic sumitur, nominat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 tristitiam spiritualis boni, est dupliciter mala, et secundum se et
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diff changeset
872 secundum effectum. Et ideo acedia est peccatum, malum enim in
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diff changeset
873 motibus appetitivis dicimus esse peccatum, ut ex supradictis
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diff changeset
874 patet.</p>
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diff changeset
875 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40505"><span class=
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diff changeset
876 "ref">[40505] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
877 ergo dicendum quod passiones secundum se non sunt peccata, sed
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diff changeset
878 secundum quod applicantur ad aliquod malum, vituperantur; sicut et
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diff changeset
879 laudantur ex hoc quod applicantur ad aliquod bonum. Unde tristitia
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diff changeset
880 secundum se non nominat nec aliquid laudabile nec vituperabile, sed
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diff changeset
881 tristitia de malo vero moderata nominat aliquid laudabile;
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diff changeset
882 tristitia autem de bono, et iterum tristitia immoderata, nominat
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diff changeset
883 aliquid vituperabile. Et secundum hoc acedia ponitur peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
884 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40506"><span class=
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diff changeset
885 "ref">[40506] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
886 dicendum quod passiones appetitus sensitivi et in se possunt esse
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diff changeset
887 peccata venialia, et inclinant animam ad peccatum mortale. Et quia
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diff changeset
888 appetitus sensitivus habet organum corporale, sequitur quod per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 aliquam corporalem transmutationem homo fit habilior ad aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 peccatum. Et ideo potest contingere quod secundum aliquas
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diff changeset
891 transmutationes corporales certis temporibus provenientes aliqua
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diff changeset
892 peccata nos magis impugnent. Omnis autem corporalis defectus de se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 ad tristitiam disponit. Et ideo ieiunantes, circa meridiem, quando
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diff changeset
894 iam incipiunt sentire defectum cibi et urgeri ab aestibus solis,
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diff changeset
895 magis ab acedia impugnantur.</p>
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diff changeset
896 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40507"><span class=
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diff changeset
897 "ref">[40507] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
898 dicendum quod ad humilitatem pertinet ut homo, defectus proprios
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 considerans, seipsum non extollat. Sed hoc non pertinet ad
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diff changeset
900 humilitatem, sed potius ad ingratitudinem, quod bona quae quis a
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diff changeset
901 Deo possidet contemnat. Et ex tali contemptu sequitur acedia, de
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diff changeset
902 his enim tristamur quae quasi mala vel vilia reputamus. Sic igitur
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diff changeset
903 necesse est ut aliquis aliorum bona extollat quod tamen bona sibi
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diff changeset
904 divinitus provisa non contemnat, quia sic ei tristia
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diff changeset
905 redderentur.</p>
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diff changeset
906 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40508"><span class=
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diff changeset
907 "ref">[40508] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
908 dicendum quod peccatum semper est fugiendum, sed impugnatio peccati
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diff changeset
909 quandoque est vincenda fugiendo, quandoque resistendo. Fugiendo
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diff changeset
910 quidem, quando continua cogitatio auget peccati incentivum, sicut
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diff changeset
911 est in luxuria, unde dicitur I ad Cor. VI, <i>fugite
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diff changeset
912 fornicationem</i>. Resistendo autem, quando cogitatio perseverans
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diff changeset
913 tollit incentivum peccati, quod provenit ex aliqua levi
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diff changeset
914 apprehensione. Et hoc contingit in acedia, quia quanto magis
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diff changeset
915 cogitamus de bonis spiritualibus, tanto magis nobis placentia
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diff changeset
916 redduntur; ex quo cessat acedia.</p>
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diff changeset
917 <br />
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diff changeset
918 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
919 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40509"><span class=
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diff changeset
920 "ref">[40509] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
921 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod acedia non sit speciale
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diff changeset
922 vitium. Illud enim quod convenit omni vitio non constituit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 specialis vitii rationem. Sed quodlibet vitium facit hominem
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diff changeset
924 tristari de bono spirituali opposito, nam luxuriosus tristatur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 bono continentiae, et gulosus de bono abstinentiae. Cum ergo acedia
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diff changeset
926 sit tristitia de bono spirituali, sicut dictum est, videtur quod
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diff changeset
927 acedia non sit speciale peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
928 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40510"><span class=
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diff changeset
929 "ref">[40510] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
930 acedia, cum sit tristitia quaedam, gaudio opponitur. Sed gaudium
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diff changeset
931 non ponitur una specialis virtus. Ergo neque acedia debet poni
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diff changeset
932 speciale vitium.</p>
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diff changeset
933 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40511"><span class=
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diff changeset
934 "ref">[40511] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
935 spirituale bonum, cum sit quoddam commune obiectum quod virtus
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diff changeset
936 appetit et vitium refugit, non constituit specialem rationem
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diff changeset
937 virtutis aut vitii nisi per aliquid additum contrahatur. Sed nihil
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diff changeset
938 videtur quod contrahat ipsum ad acediam, si sit vitium speciale,
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diff changeset
939 nisi labor, ex hoc enim aliqui refugiunt spiritualia bona quia sunt
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diff changeset
940 laboriosa; unde et acedia taedium quoddam est. Refugere autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 labores, et quaerere quietem corporalem, ad idem pertinere videtur,
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diff changeset
942 scilicet ad pigritiam. Ergo acedia nihil aliud esset quam pigritia.
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diff changeset
943 Quod videtur esse falsum, nam pigritia sollicitudini opponitur,
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diff changeset
944 acediae autem gaudium. Non ergo acedia est speciale vitium.</p>
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diff changeset
945 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40512"><span class=
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diff changeset
946 "ref">[40512] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
947 est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., distinguit acediam ab aliis
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diff changeset
948 vitiis. Ergo est speciale peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
949 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 co."><a name="40513"><span class=
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diff changeset
950 "ref">[40513] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
951 dicendum quod, cum acedia sit tristitia de spirituali bono, si
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diff changeset
952 accipiatur spirituale bonum communiter, non habebit acedia rationem
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diff changeset
953 specialis vitii, quia sicut dictum est, omne vitium refugit
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diff changeset
954 spirituale bonum virtutis oppositae. Similiter etiam non potest
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diff changeset
955 dici quod sit speciale vitium acedia inquantum refugit spirituale
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diff changeset
956 bonum prout est laboriosum vel molestum corpori, aut delectationis
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diff changeset
957 eius impeditivum, quia hoc etiam non separaret acediam a vitiis
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diff changeset
958 carnalibus, quibus aliquis quietem et delectationem corporis
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diff changeset
959 quaerit. Et ideo dicendum est quod in spiritualibus bonis est
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diff changeset
960 quidam ordo, nam omnia spiritualia bona quae sunt in actibus
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diff changeset
961 singularum virtutum ordinantur ad unum spirituale bonum quod est
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diff changeset
962 bonum divinum, circa quod est specialis virtus, quae est caritas.
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diff changeset
963 Unde ad quamlibet virtutem pertinet gaudere de proprio spirituali
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diff changeset
964 bono, quod consistit in proprio actu, sed ad caritatem pertinet
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diff changeset
965 specialiter illud gaudium spirituale quo quis gaudet de bono
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diff changeset
966 divino. Et similiter illa tristitia qua quis tristatur de bono
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diff changeset
967 spirituali quod est in actibus singularum virtutum non pertinet ad
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diff changeset
968 aliquod vitium speciale, sed ad omnia vitia. Sed tristari de bono
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diff changeset
969 divino, de quo caritas gaudet, pertinet ad speciale vitium, quod
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diff changeset
970 acedia vocatur.</p>
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diff changeset
971 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="40514"><span class=
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diff changeset
972 "ref">[40514] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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diff changeset
973 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
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diff changeset
974 <br />
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diff changeset
975 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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diff changeset
976 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40515"><span class=
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diff changeset
977 "ref">[40515] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
978 sic proceditur. Videtur quod acedia non sit peccatum mortale. Omne
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diff changeset
979 enim peccatum mortale contrariatur praecepto legis Dei. Sed acedia
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diff changeset
980 nulli praecepto contrariari videtur, ut patet discurrenti per
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diff changeset
981 singula praecepta Decalogi. Ergo acedia non est peccatum
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diff changeset
982 mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
983 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40516"><span class=
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diff changeset
984 "ref">[40516] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
985 peccatum operis in eodem genere non est minus quam peccatum cordis.
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diff changeset
986 Sed recedere opere ab aliquo spirituali bono in Deum ducente non
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diff changeset
987 est peccatum mortale, alioquin mortaliter peccaret quicumque
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diff changeset
988 consilia non observaret. Ergo recedere corde per tristitiam ab
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diff changeset
989 huiusmodi spiritualibus operibus non est peccatum mortale. Non ergo
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diff changeset
990 acedia est peccatum mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
991 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40517"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 "ref">[40517] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
993 nullum peccatum mortale in viris perfectis invenitur. Sed acedia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 invenitur in viris perfectis, dicit enim Cassianus, in Lib. X de
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diff changeset
995 institutis coenobiorum, quod <i>acedia est solitariis magis
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diff changeset
996 experta, et in eremo commorantibus infestior hostis ac
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diff changeset
997 frequens</i>. Ergo acedia non est peccatum mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
998 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40518"><span class=
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diff changeset
999 "ref">[40518] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1000 est quod dicitur II ad Cor. VII, tristitia saeculi mortem operatur.
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diff changeset
1001 Sed huiusmodi est acedia, non enim est tristitia secundum Deum,
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diff changeset
1002 quae contra tristitiam saeculi dividitur, quae mortem operatur.
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1003 Ergo est peccatum mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
1004 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 co."><a name="40519"><span class=
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diff changeset
1005 "ref">[40519] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1006 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum mortale dicitur
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diff changeset
1007 quod tollit spiritualem vitam, quae est per caritatem, secundum
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diff changeset
1008 quam Deus nos inhabitat, unde illud peccatum ex suo genere est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 mortale quod de se, secundum propriam rationem, contrariatur
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diff changeset
1010 caritati. Huiusmodi autem est acedia. Nam proprius effectus
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diff changeset
1011 caritatis est gaudium de Deo, ut supra dictum est, acedia autem est
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diff changeset
1012 tristitia de bono spirituali inquantum est bonum divinum. Unde
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diff changeset
1013 secundum suum genus acedia est peccatum mortale. Sed considerandum
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1014 est in omnibus peccatis quae sunt secundum suum genus mortalia quod
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diff changeset
1015 non sunt mortalia nisi quando suam perfectionem consequuntur. Est
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1016 autem consummatio peccati in consensu rationis, loquimur enim nunc
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diff changeset
1017 de peccato humano, quod in actu humano consistit, cuius principium
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diff changeset
1018 est ratio. Unde si sit inchoatio peccati in sola sensualitate, et
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diff changeset
1019 non pertingat usque ad consensum rationis, propter imperfectionem
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diff changeset
1020 actus est peccatum veniale. Sicut in genere adulterii
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diff changeset
1021 concupiscentia quae consistit in sola sensualitate est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 veniale; si tamen pervenitur usque ad consensum rationis, est
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diff changeset
1023 peccatum mortale. Ita etiam et motus acediae in sola sensualitate
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diff changeset
1024 quandoque est, propter repugnantiam carnis ad spiritum, et tunc est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 peccatum veniale. Quandoque vero pertingit usque ad rationem, quae
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diff changeset
1026 consentit in fugam et horrorem et detestationem boni divini, carne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 omnino contra spiritum praevalente. Et tunc manifestum est quod
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diff changeset
1028 acedia est peccatum mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
1029 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40520"><span class=
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diff changeset
1030 "ref">[40520] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1031 ergo dicendum quod acedia contrariatur praecepto de sanctificatione
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diff changeset
1032 sabbati, in quo, secundum quod est praeceptum morale, praecipitur
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diff changeset
1033 quies mentis in Deo, cui contrariatur tristitia mentis de bono
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diff changeset
1034 divino.</p>
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diff changeset
1035 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40521"><span class=
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diff changeset
1036 "ref">[40521] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1037 dicendum quod acedia non est recessus mentalis a quocumque
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diff changeset
1038 spirituali bono, sed a bono divino, cui oportet mentem inhaerere ex
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diff changeset
1039 necessitate. Unde si aliquis contristetur de hoc quod aliquis cogit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 eum implere opera virtutis quae facere non tenetur, non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 peccatum acediae, sed quando contristatur in his quae ei imminent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 facienda propter Deum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40522"><span class=
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diff changeset
1044 "ref">[40522] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 dicendum quod in viris sanctis inveniuntur aliqui imperfecti motus
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diff changeset
1046 acediae, qui tamen non pertingunt usque ad consensum rationis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40523"><span class=
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diff changeset
1050 "ref">[40523] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1051 sic proceditur. Videtur quod acedia non debeat poni vitium
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diff changeset
1052 capitale. Vitium enim capitale dicitur quod movet ad actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 peccatorum, ut supra habitum est. Sed acedia non movet ad agendum,
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diff changeset
1054 sed magis retrahit ab agendo. Ergo non debet poni vitium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 capitale.</p>
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diff changeset
1056 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40524"><span class=
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diff changeset
1057 "ref">[40524] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1058 vitium capitale habet filias sibi deputatas. Assignat autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 Gregorius, XXXI Moral., sex filias acediae, quae sunt <i>malitia,
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diff changeset
1060 rancor, pusillanimitas, desperatio, torpor circa praecepta, vagatio
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diff changeset
1061 mentis circa illicita</i>, quae non videntur convenienter oriri ex
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diff changeset
1062 acedia. Nam rancor idem esse videtur quod odium, quod oritur ex
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diff changeset
1063 invidia, ut supra dictum est. Malitia autem est genus ad omnia
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diff changeset
1064 vitia, et similiter vagatio mentis circa illicita, et in omnibus
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diff changeset
1065 vitiis inveniuntur. Torpor autem circa praecepta idem videtur esse
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diff changeset
1066 quod acedia. Pusillanimitas autem et desperatio ex quibuscumque
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diff changeset
1067 peccatis oriri possunt. Non ergo convenienter ponitur acedia esse
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diff changeset
1068 vitium capitale.</p>
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diff changeset
1069 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40525"><span class=
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diff changeset
1070 "ref">[40525] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1071 Isidorus, in libro de summo bono, distinguit vitium acediae a vitio
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diff changeset
1072 tristitiae, dicens tristitiam esse inquantum recedit a graviori et
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diff changeset
1073 laborioso ad quod tenetur; acediam inquantum se convertit ad
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diff changeset
1074 quietem indebitam. Et dicit de tristitia oriri rancorem,
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diff changeset
1075 pusillanimitatem, amaritudinem, desperationem, de acedia vero dicit
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diff changeset
1076 oriri septem, quae sunt otiositas, somnolentia, importunitas
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diff changeset
1077 mentis, inquietudo corporis, instabilitas, verbositas, curiositas.
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diff changeset
1078 Ergo videtur quod vel a Gregorio vel ab Isidoro male assignetur
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diff changeset
1079 acedia vitium capitale cum suis filiabus.</p>
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diff changeset
1080 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40526"><span class=
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diff changeset
1081 "ref">[40526] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1082 est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., acediam esse vitium capitale
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diff changeset
1083 et habere praedictas filias.</p>
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diff changeset
1084 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 co."><a name="40527"><span class=
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diff changeset
1085 "ref">[40527] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1086 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, vitium capitale dicitur ex
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diff changeset
1087 quo promptum est ut alia vitia oriantur secundum rationem causae
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diff changeset
1088 finalis. Sicut autem homines multa operantur propter delectationem,
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diff changeset
1089 tum ut ipsam consequantur, tum etiam ex eius impetu ad aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 agendum permoti; ita etiam propter tristitiam multa operantur, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 ut ipsam evitent, vel ex eius pondere in aliqua agenda proruentes.
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diff changeset
1092 Unde cum acedia sit tristitia quaedam, ut supra dictum est,
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diff changeset
1093 convenienter ponitur vitium capitale.</p>
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diff changeset
1094 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40528"><span class=
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diff changeset
1095 "ref">[40528] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1096 ergo dicendum quod acedia, aggravando animum, impedit hominem ab
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diff changeset
1097 illis operibus quae tristitiam causant. Sed tamen inducit animum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 aliqua agenda vel quae sunt tristitiae consona, sicut ad plorandum;
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diff changeset
1099 vel etiam ad aliqua per quae tristitia evitatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40529"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1101 "ref">[40529] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1102 dicendum quod Gregorius convenienter assignat filias acediae. Quia
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diff changeset
1103 enim, ut philosophus dicit, in VIII Ethic., <i>nullus diu absque
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diff changeset
1104 delectatione potest manere cum tristitia</i>, necesse est quod ex
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diff changeset
1105 tristitia aliquid dupliciter oriatur, uno modo, ut homo recedat a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 contristantibus; alio modo, ut ad alia transeat in quibus
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diff changeset
1107 delectatur, sicut illi qui non possunt gaudere in spiritualibus
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diff changeset
1108 delectationibus transferunt se ad corporales, secundum philosophum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 in X Ethic. In fuga autem tristitiae talis processus attenditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 quod primo homo fugit contristantia; secundo, etiam impugnat ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 quae tristitiam ingerunt. Spiritualia autem bona, de quibus
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diff changeset
1112 tristatur acedia, sunt et finis et id quod est ad finem. Fuga autem
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diff changeset
1113 finis fit per desperationem. Fuga autem bonorum quae sunt ad finem,
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diff changeset
1114 quantum ad ardua, quae subsunt consiliis, fit per pusillanimitatem;
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diff changeset
1115 quantum autem ad ea quae pertinent ad communem iustitiam, fit per
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diff changeset
1116 torporem circa praecepta. Impugnatio autem contristantium bonorum
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diff changeset
1117 spiritualium quandoque quidem est contra homines qui ad bona
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diff changeset
1118 spiritualia inducunt, et hoc est rancor; quandoque vero se extendit
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diff changeset
1119 ad ipsa spiritualia bona, in quorum detestationem aliquis
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diff changeset
1120 adducitur, et hoc proprie est malitia. Inquantum autem propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 tristitiam a spiritualibus aliquis transfert se ad delectabilia
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diff changeset
1122 exteriora, ponitur filia acediae evagatio circa illicita. Per quod
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diff changeset
1123 patet responsio ad ea quae circa singulas filias obiiciebantur. Nam
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diff changeset
1124 malitia non accipitur hic secundum quod est genus vitiorum, sed
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diff changeset
1125 sicut dictum est. Rancor etiam non accipitur hic communiter pro
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diff changeset
1126 odio, sed pro quadam indignatione, sicut dictum est. Et idem
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diff changeset
1127 dicendum est de aliis.</p>
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diff changeset
1128 <p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40530"><span class=
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diff changeset
1129 "ref">[40530] II&ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1130 dicendum quod etiam Cassianus, in libro de institutis Coenob.,
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diff changeset
1131 distinguit tristitiam ab acedia, sed convenientius Gregorius
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diff changeset
1132 acediam tristitiam nominat. Quia sicut supra dictum est, tristitia
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diff changeset
1133 non est vitium ab aliis distinctum secundum quod aliquis recedit a
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diff changeset
1134 gravi et laborioso opere, vel secundum quascumque alias causas
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diff changeset
1135 aliquis tristetur, sed solum secundum quod contristatur de bono
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diff changeset
1136 divino. Quod pertinet ad rationem acediae, quae intantum convertit
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diff changeset
1137 ad quietem indebitam inquantum aspernatur bonum divinum. Illa autem
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diff changeset
1138 quae Isidorus ponit oriri ex tristitia et acedia reducuntur ad ea
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diff changeset
1139 quae Gregorius ponit. Nam amaritudo, quam ponit Isidorus oriri ex
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diff changeset
1140 tristitia, est quidam effectus rancoris. Otiositas autem et
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diff changeset
1141 somnolentia reducuntur ad torporem circa praecepta, circa quae est
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diff changeset
1142 aliquis otiosus, omnino ea praetermittens et somnolentus, ea
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diff changeset
1143 negligenter implens. Omnia autem alia quinque quae ponit ex acedia
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diff changeset
1144 oriri pertinent ad evagationem mentis circa illicita. Quae quidem
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diff changeset
1145 secundum quod in ipsa arce mentis residet volentis importune ad
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diff changeset
1146 diversa se diffundere, vocatur importunitas mentis; secundum autem
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diff changeset
1147 quod pertinet ad cognitivam, dicitur curiositas; quantum autem ad
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diff changeset
1148 locutionem, dicitur verbositas; quantum autem ad corpus in eodem
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diff changeset
1149 loco non manens, dicitur inquietudo corporis, quando scilicet
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diff changeset
1150 aliquis per inordinatos motus membrorum vagationem indicat mentis;
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diff changeset
1151 quantum autem ad diversa loca, dicitur instabilitas. Vel potest
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diff changeset
1152 accipi instabilitas secundum mutabilitatem propositi.</p>
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diff changeset
1153 <br />
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diff changeset
1154 <div class="D">Quaestio 36</div>
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diff changeset
1155 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
1156 <p title="II-II q. 36 pr."><a name="40531"><span class=
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diff changeset
1157 "ref">[40531] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
1158 considerandum est de invidia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
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diff changeset
1159 Primo, quid sit invidia. Secundo, utrum sit peccatum. Tertio, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 sit peccatum mortale. Quarto, utrum sit vitium capitale, et de
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diff changeset
1161 filiabus eius.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
1164 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40532"><span class=
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diff changeset
1165 "ref">[40532] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1166 sic proceditur. Videtur quod invidia non sit tristitia. Obiectum
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diff changeset
1167 enim tristitiae est malum. Sed obiectum invidiae est bonum, dicit
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diff changeset
1168 enim Gregorius, in V Moral., de invido loquens, <i>tabescentem
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diff changeset
1169 mentem sua poena sauciat, quam felicitas torquet aliena</i>. Ergo
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diff changeset
1170 invidia non est tristitia.</p>
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diff changeset
1171 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40533"><span class=
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diff changeset
1172 "ref">[40533] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1173 similitudo non est causa tristitiae, sed magis delectationis. Sed
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diff changeset
1174 similitudo est causa invidiae, dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhet.,
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diff changeset
1175 <i>invidebunt tales quibus sunt aliqui similes aut secundum genus,
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diff changeset
1176 aut secundum cognationem, aut secundum staturam, aut secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 habitum, aut secundum opinionem</i>. Ergo invidia non est
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diff changeset
1178 tristitia.</p>
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diff changeset
1179 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40534"><span class=
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diff changeset
1180 "ref">[40534] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1181 tristitia ex aliquo defectu causatur, unde illi qui sunt in magno
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diff changeset
1182 defectu sunt ad tristitiam proni, ut supra dictum est, cum de
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diff changeset
1183 passionibus ageretur. Sed illi quibus modicum deficit, et qui sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 amatores honoris, et qui reputantur sapientes, sunt invidi; ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 patet per philosophum, in II Rhet. Ergo invidia non est
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diff changeset
1186 tristitia.</p>
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diff changeset
1187 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40535"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 "ref">[40535] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 tristitia delectationi opponitur. Oppositorum autem non est eadem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 causa. Ergo, cum memoria bonorum habitorum sit causa delectationis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 ut supra dictum est, non erit causa tristitiae. Est autem causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 invidiae, dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhet., quod his aliqui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 invident qui habent aut possederunt quae ipsis conveniebant aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 quae ipsi quandoque possidebant. Ergo invidia non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 tristitia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40536"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 "ref">[40536] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 est quod Damascenus, in II libro, ponit invidiam speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 tristitiae, et dicit quod invidia est tristitia in alienis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 bonis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 co."><a name="40537"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 "ref">[40537] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 dicendum quod obiectum tristitiae est malum proprium. Contingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 autem id quod est alienum bonum apprehendi ut malum proprium. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 secundum hoc de bono alieno potest esse tristitia. Sed hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 contingit dupliciter. Uno modo, quando quis tristatur de bono
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 alicuius inquantum imminet sibi ex hoc periculum alicuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 nocumenti, sicut cum homo tristatur de exaltatione inimici sui,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 timens ne eum laedat. Et talis tristitia non est invidia, sed magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 timoris effectus; ut philosophus dicit, in II Rhet. Alio modo bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 alterius aestimatur ut malum proprium inquantum est diminutivum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 propriae gloriae vel excellentiae. Et hoc modo de bono alterius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 tristatur invidia. Et ideo praecipue de illis bonis homines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 invident in quibus est gloria, et in quibus homines amant honorari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 et in opinione esse; ut philosophus dicit, in II Rhet.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40538"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 "ref">[40538] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet id quod est bonum uni apprehendi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 ut malum alteri. Et secundum hoc tristitia aliqua potest esse de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 bono, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40539"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 "ref">[40539] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 dicendum quod quia invidia est de gloria alterius inquantum
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diff changeset
1224 diminuit gloriam quam quis appetit, consequens est ut ad illos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 tantum invidia habeatur quibus homo vult se aequare vel praeferre
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 in gloria. Hoc autem non est respectu multum a se distantium,
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diff changeset
1227 nullus enim, nisi insanus, studet se aequare vel praeferre in
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diff changeset
1228 gloria his qui sunt multo eo maiores, puta plebeius homo regi; vel
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diff changeset
1229 etiam rex plebeio, quem multum excedit. Et ideo his qui multum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 distant vel loco vel tempore vel statu homo non invidet, sed his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 qui sunt propinqui, quibus se nititur aequare vel praeferre. Nam
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diff changeset
1232 cum illi excedunt in gloria, accidit hoc contra nostram utilitatem,
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diff changeset
1233 et inde causatur tristitia. Similitudo autem delectationem causat
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diff changeset
1234 inquantum concordat voluntati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40540"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 "ref">[40540] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 dicendum quod nullus conatur ad ea in quibus est multum deficiens.
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diff changeset
1238 Et ideo cum aliquis in hoc eum excedat, non invidet. Sed si modicum
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diff changeset
1239 deficiat, videtur quod ad hoc pertingere possit, et sic ad hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 conatur. Unde si frustraretur eius conatus propter excessum gloriae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 alterius, tristatur. Et inde est quod amatores honoris sunt magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 invidi. Et similiter etiam pusillanimes sunt invidi, quia omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 reputant magna, et quidquid boni alicui accidat, reputant se in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 magno superatos esse. Unde et Iob V dicitur, <i>parvulum occidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 invidia</i>. Et dicit Gregorius, in V Moral., quod <i>invidere non
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diff changeset
1246 possumus nisi eis quos nobis in aliquo meliores putamus</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40541"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 "ref">[40541] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 dicendum quod memoria praeteritorum bonorum, inquantum fuerunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 habita, delectationem causat, sed inquantum sunt amissa, causant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 tristitiam. Et inquantum ab aliis habentur, causant invidiam, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 hoc maxime videtur gloriae propriae derogare. Et ideo dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 philosophus, in II Rhet., quod <i>senes invident iunioribus; et
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diff changeset
1254 illi qui multa expenderunt ad aliquid consequendum invident his qui
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diff changeset
1255 parvis expensis illud sunt consecuti</i>; dolent enim de amissione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 suorum bonorum, et de hoc quod alii consecuti sunt bona.</p>
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diff changeset
1257 <br />
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diff changeset
1258 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40542"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 "ref">[40542] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1261 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod invidia non sit peccatum.
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diff changeset
1262 Dicit enim Hieronymus, ad Laetam, de Instruct. filiae, <i>habeat
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diff changeset
1263 socias cum quibus discat, quibus invideat, quarum laudibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 mordeatur</i>. Sed nullus est sollicitandus ad peccandum. Ergo
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diff changeset
1265 invidia non est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1266 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40543"><span class=
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diff changeset
1267 "ref">[40543] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1268 invidia est tristitia de alienis bonis, ut Damascenus dicit. Sed
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diff changeset
1269 hoc quandoque laudabiliter fit, dicitur enim Prov. XXIX, <i>cum
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diff changeset
1270 impii sumpserint principatum, gemet populus</i>. Ergo invidia non
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diff changeset
1271 semper est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1272 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40544"><span class=
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diff changeset
1273 "ref">[40544] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1274 invidia zelum quendam nominat. Sed zelus quidam est bonus, <i>zelus
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diff changeset
1275 domus tuae comedit me</i>. Secundum illud Psalm., ergo invidia non
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diff changeset
1276 semper est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1277 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40545"><span class=
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diff changeset
1278 "ref">[40545] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1279 poena dividitur contra culpam. Sed invidia est quaedam poena, dicit
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diff changeset
1280 enim Gregorius, V Moral., <i>cum devictum cor livoris putredo
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diff changeset
1281 corruperit, ipsa quoque exteriora indicant quam graviter animum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 vesania instigat, color quippe pallore afficitur, oculi
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diff changeset
1283 deprimuntur, mens accenditur, membra frigescunt, fit in cogitatione
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diff changeset
1284 rabies, in dentibus stridor</i>. Ergo invidia non est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1285 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40546"><span class=
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diff changeset
1286 "ref">[40546] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1287 est quod dicitur ad Gal. V, <i>non efficiamur inanis gloriae
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diff changeset
1288 cupidi, invicem provocantes, invicem invidentes</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1289 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 co."><a name="40547"><span class=
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diff changeset
1290 "ref">[40547] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1291 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, invidia est tristitia de alienis
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diff changeset
1292 bonis. Sed haec tristitia potest contingere quatuor modis. Uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 quidem modo, quando aliquis dolet de bono alicuius inquantum ex eo
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diff changeset
1294 timetur nocumentum vel sibi ipsi vel etiam aliis bonis. Et talis
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diff changeset
1295 tristitia non est invidia, ut dictum est; et potest esse sine
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diff changeset
1296 peccato. Unde Gregorius, XXII Moral., ait, <i>evenire plerumque
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diff changeset
1297 solet ut, non amissa caritate, et inimici nos ruina laetificet, et
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diff changeset
1298 rursum eius gloria sine invidiae culpa contristet, cum et ruente eo
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diff changeset
1299 quosdam bene erigi credimus, et proficiente illo plerosque iniuste
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diff changeset
1300 opprimi formidamus</i>. Alio modo potest aliquis tristari de bono
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diff changeset
1301 alterius, non ex eo quod ipse habet bonum, sed ex eo quod nobis
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diff changeset
1302 deest bonum illud quod ipse habet. Et hoc proprie est zelus; ut
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diff changeset
1303 philosophus dicit, in II Rhet. Et si iste zelus sit circa bona
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diff changeset
1304 honesta, laudabilis est, secundum illud I ad Cor. XIV,
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diff changeset
1305 <i>aemulamini spiritualia</i>. Si autem sit de bonis temporalibus,
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diff changeset
1306 potest esse cum peccato, et sine peccato. Tertio modo aliquis
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diff changeset
1307 tristatur de bono alterius inquantum ille cui accidit bonum est eo
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diff changeset
1308 indignus. Quae quidem tristitia non potest oriri ex bonis honestis,
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diff changeset
1309 ex quibus aliquis iustus efficitur; sed sicut philosophus dicit, in
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diff changeset
1310 II Rhet., est de divitiis et de talibus, quae possunt provenire
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diff changeset
1311 dignis et indignis. Et haec tristitia, secundum ipsum, vocatur
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diff changeset
1312 Nemesis, et pertinet ad bonos mores. Sed hoc ideo dicit quia
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diff changeset
1313 considerabat ipsa bona temporalia secundum se, prout possunt magna
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diff changeset
1314 videri non respicientibus ad aeterna. Sed secundum doctrinam fidei,
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diff changeset
1315 temporalia bona quae indignis proveniunt ex iusta Dei ordinatione
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diff changeset
1316 disponuntur vel ad eorum correctionem vel ad eorum damnationem, et
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diff changeset
1317 huiusmodi bona quasi nihil sunt in comparatione ad bona futura,
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diff changeset
1318 quae servantur bonis. Et ideo huiusmodi tristitia prohibetur in
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diff changeset
1319 Scriptura sacra, secundum illud Psalm., <i>noli aemulari in
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diff changeset
1320 malignantibus, neque zelaveris facientes iniquitatem</i>. Et alibi,
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diff changeset
1321 <i>pene effusi sunt gressus mei, quia zelavi super iniquos, pacem
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diff changeset
1322 peccatorum videns</i>. Quarto aliquis tristatur de bonis alicuius
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diff changeset
1323 inquantum alter excedit ipsum in bonis. Et hoc proprie est invidia.
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diff changeset
1324 Et istud semper est pravum, ut etiam philosophus dicit, in II
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diff changeset
1325 Rhet., quia dolet de eo de quo est gaudendum, scilicet de bono
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diff changeset
1326 proximi.</p>
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diff changeset
1327 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40548"><span class=
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diff changeset
1328 "ref">[40548] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1329 ergo dicendum quod ibi sumitur invidia pro zelo quo quis debet
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diff changeset
1330 incitari ad proficiendum cum melioribus.</p>
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diff changeset
1331 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40549"><span class=
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diff changeset
1332 "ref">[40549] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1333 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de tristitia alienorum bonorum
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diff changeset
1334 secundum primum modum.</p>
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diff changeset
1335 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40550"><span class=
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diff changeset
1336 "ref">[40550] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1337 dicendum quod invidia differt a zelo, sicut dictum est. Unde zelus
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diff changeset
1338 aliquis potest esse bonus, sed invidia semper est mala.</p>
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diff changeset
1339 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40551"><span class=
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diff changeset
1340 "ref">[40551] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1341 dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliquod peccatum, ratione alicuius
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diff changeset
1342 adiuncti, poenale esse; ut supra dictum est, cum de peccatis
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diff changeset
1343 ageretur.</p>
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diff changeset
1344 <br />
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diff changeset
1345 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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diff changeset
1346 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40552"><span class=
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diff changeset
1347 "ref">[40552] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1348 sic proceditur. Videtur quod invidia non sit peccatum mortale.
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diff changeset
1349 Invidia enim, cum sit tristitia, est passio appetitus sensitivi.
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diff changeset
1350 Sed in sensualitate non est peccatum mortale, sed solum in ratione;
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diff changeset
1351 ut patet per Augustinum, XII de Trin. Ergo invidia non est peccatum
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diff changeset
1352 mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
1353 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40553"><span class=
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diff changeset
1354 "ref">[40553] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1355 in infantibus non potest esse peccatum mortale. Sed in eis potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 esse invidia, dicit enim Augustinus, in I Confess., <i>vidi ego et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 expertus sum zelantem puerum, nondum loquebatur, et intuebatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 pallidus amaro aspectu collactaneum suum</i>. Ergo invidia non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40554"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 "ref">[40554] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 omne peccatum mortale alicui virtuti contrariatur. Sed invidia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 contrariatur alicui virtuti, sed Nemesi, quae est quaedam passio;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 ut patet per philosophum, in II Rhet. Ergo invidia non est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40555"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 "ref">[40555] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1368 est quod dicitur Iob V, <i>parvulum occidit invidia</i>. Nihil
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diff changeset
1369 autem occidit spiritualiter nisi peccatum mortale. Ergo invidia est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 co."><a name="40556"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 "ref">[40556] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 dicendum quod invidia ex genere suo est peccatum mortale. Genus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 enim peccati ex obiecto consideratur. Invidia autem, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 rationem sui obiecti, contrariatur caritati, per quam est vita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 animae spiritualis, secundum illud I Ioan. III, <i>nos scimus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 quoniam translati sumus de morte ad vitam, quoniam diligimus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 fratres</i>. Utriusque enim obiectum, et caritatis et invidiae, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 bonum proximi, sed secundum contrarium motum, nam caritas gaudet de
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diff changeset
1380 bono proximi, invidia autem de eodem tristatur, ut ex dictis patet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 Unde manifestum est quod invidia ex suo genere est peccatum
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diff changeset
1382 mortale. Sed sicut supra dictum est, in quolibet genere peccati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 mortalis inveniuntur aliqui imperfecti motus in sensualitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 existentes qui sunt peccata venialia, sicut in genere adulterii
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 primus motus concupiscentiae, et in genere homicidii primus motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 irae. Ita etiam et in genere invidiae inveniuntur aliqui primi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 motus quandoque etiam in viris perfectis, qui sunt peccata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 venialia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40557"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 "ref">[40557] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1391 ergo dicendum quod motus invidiae secundum quod est passio
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diff changeset
1392 sensualitatis, est quoddam imperfectum in genere actuum humanorum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 quorum principium est ratio. Unde talis invidia non est peccatum
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diff changeset
1394 mortale. Et similis est ratio de invidia parvulorum, in quibus non
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diff changeset
1395 est usus rationis.</p>
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diff changeset
1396 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40558"><span class=
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diff changeset
1397 "ref">[40558] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Unde patet
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diff changeset
1398 responsio ad secundum.</p>
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diff changeset
1399 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40559"><span class=
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diff changeset
1400 "ref">[40559] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1401 dicendum quod invidia, secundum philosophum, in II Rhet. opponitur
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diff changeset
1402 et Nemesi et misericordiae, sed secundum diversa. Nam misericordiae
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diff changeset
1403 opponitur directe, secundum contrarietatem principalis obiecti,
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diff changeset
1404 invidus enim tristatur de bono proximi; misericors autem tristatur
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diff changeset
1405 de malo proximi. Unde invidi non sunt misericordes, sicut ibidem
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diff changeset
1406 dicitur, nec e converso. Ex parte vero eius de cuius bono tristatur
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diff changeset
1407 invidus, opponitur invidia Nemesi, Nemeseticus enim tristatur de
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diff changeset
1408 bono indigne agentium, secundum illud Psalm., <i>zelavi super
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diff changeset
1409 iniquos, pacem peccatorum videns</i>; invidus autem tristatur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 bono eorum qui sunt digni. Unde patet quod prima contrarietas est
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diff changeset
1411 magis directa quam secunda. Misericordia autem quaedam virtus est,
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diff changeset
1412 et caritatis proprius effectus. Unde invidia misericordiae
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diff changeset
1413 opponitur et caritati.</p>
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diff changeset
1414 <br />
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diff changeset
1415 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
1416 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40560"><span class=
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diff changeset
1417 "ref">[40560] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1418 sic proceditur. Videtur quod invidia non sit vitium capitale. Vitia
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diff changeset
1419 enim capitalia distinguuntur contra filias capitalium vitiorum. Sed
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diff changeset
1420 invidia est filia inanis gloriae, dicit enim philosophus, in II
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diff changeset
1421 Rhet., quod <i>amatores honoris et gloriae magis invident</i>. Ergo
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diff changeset
1422 invidia non est vitium capitale.</p>
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diff changeset
1423 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40561"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 "ref">[40561] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1425 vitia capitalia videntur esse leviora quam alia quae ex eis
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diff changeset
1426 oriuntur, dicit enim Gregorius, XXXI Moral., <i>prima vitia
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diff changeset
1427 deceptae menti quasi sub quadam ratione se ingerunt, sed quae
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diff changeset
1428 sequuntur, dum mentem ad omnem insaniam protrahunt, quasi bestiali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 clamore mentem confundunt</i>. Sed invidia videtur esse gravissimum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 peccatum, dicit enim Gregorius, V Moral., <i>quamvis per omne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 vitium quod perpetratur humano cordi antiqui hostis virus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 infunditur, in hac tamen nequitia tota sua viscera serpens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 concutit, et imprimendae malitiae pestem vomit</i>. Ergo invidia
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diff changeset
1434 non est vitium capitale.</p>
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diff changeset
1435 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40562"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 "ref">[40562] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 videtur quod inconvenienter eius filiae assignentur a Gregorio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 XXXI Moral., ubi dicit quod <i>de invidia oritur odium, susurratio,
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diff changeset
1439 detractio, exultatio in adversis proximi et afflictio in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 prosperis</i>. Exultatio enim in adversis proximi, et afflictio in
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diff changeset
1441 prosperis, idem videtur esse quod invidia, ut ex praemissis patet.
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diff changeset
1442 Non ergo ista debent poni ut filiae invidiae.</p>
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diff changeset
1443 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40563"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 "ref">[40563] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1445 est auctoritas Gregorii, XXXI Moral., qui ponit invidiam vitium
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diff changeset
1446 capitale, et ei praedictas filias assignat.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 co."><a name="40564"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 "ref">[40564] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1449 dicendum quod sicut acedia est tristitia de bono spirituali divino,
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diff changeset
1450 ita invidia est tristitia de bono proximi. Dictum est autem supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 acediam esse vitium capitale, ea ratione quia ex acedia homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 impellitur ad aliqua facienda vel ut fugiat tristitiam vel ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 tristitiae satisfaciat. Unde eadem ratione invidia ponitur vitium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 capitale.</p>
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diff changeset
1455 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40565"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 "ref">[40565] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1457 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Gregorius dicit, in XXXI Moral.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 <i>capitalia vitia tanta sibi coniunctione coniunguntur ut non nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 unum de altero proferatur. Prima namque superbiae soboles inanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 est gloria, quae dum oppressam mentem corruperit, mox invidiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 gignit, quia dum vani nominis potentiam appetit, ne quis hanc alius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 adipisci valeat, tabescit</i>. Non est ergo contra rationem vitii
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 capitalis quod ipsum ex alio oriatur, sed quod non habeat aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 principalem rationem producendi ex se multa genera peccatorum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 Forte tamen propter hoc quod invidia manifeste ex inani gloria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 nascitur, non ponitur vitium capitale neque ab Isidoro, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 summo bono, neque a Cassiano, in libro de Instit. Coenob.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40566"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 "ref">[40566] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 dicendum quod ex verbis illis non habetur quod invidia sit maximum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 peccatorum, sed quod quando Diabolus invidiam suggerit, ad hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 hominem inducit quod ipse principaliter in corde habet; quia sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 ibi inducitur consequenter, <i>invidia Diaboli mors introivit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 orbem terrarum</i>. Est tamen quaedam invidia quae inter gravissima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 peccata computatur, scilicet invidentia fraternae gratiae, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 quod aliquis dolet de ipso augmento gratiae Dei, non solum de bono
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 proximi. Unde ponitur peccatum in spiritum sanctum, quia per hanc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 invidentiam homo quodammodo invidet spiritui sancto, qui in suis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 operibus glorificatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 <p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40567"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 "ref">[40567] II&ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 dicendum quod numerus filiarum invidiae sic potest sumi. Quia in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 conatu invidiae est aliquid tanquam principium, et aliquid tanquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 medium, et aliquid tanquam terminus. Principium quidem est ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 aliquis diminuat gloriam alterius vel in occulto, et sic est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 susurratio; vel manifeste, et sic est detractio. Medium autem est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 quia aliquis intendens diminuere gloriam alterius aut potest, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 sic est exultatio in adversis; aut non potest, et sic est afflictio
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diff changeset
1489 in prosperis. Terminus autem est in ipso odio, quia sicut bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 delectans causat amorem, ita tristitia causat odium, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 dictum est. Afflictio autem in prosperis proximi uno modo est ipsa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 invidia, inquantum scilicet aliquis tristatur de prosperis alicuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 secundum quod habent quandam gloriam. Alio vero modo est filia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 invidiae, secundum quod prospera proximi eveniunt contra conatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 invidentis, qui nititur impedire. Exultatio autem in adversis non
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diff changeset
1496 est directe idem quod invidia, sed ex ea sequitur, nam ex tristitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 de bono proximi, quae est invidia, sequitur exultatio de malo
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diff changeset
1498 eiusdem.</p>
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diff changeset
1499 <br />
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diff changeset
1500 <div class="D">Quaestio 37</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
1502 <p title="II-II q. 37 pr."><a name="40568"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 "ref">[40568] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 considerandum est de peccatis quae opponuntur paci. Et primo, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 discordia, quae est in corde; secundo, de contentione, quae est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 ore; tertio, de his quae pertinent ad opus, scilicet, de schismate,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 rixa et bello. Circa primum quaeruntur duo, primo, utrum discordia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit filia inanis gloriae.</p>
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diff changeset
1509 <br />
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diff changeset
1510 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40569"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 "ref">[40569] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1513 sic proceditur. Videtur quod discordia non sit peccatum. Discordare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 enim ab aliquo est recedere ab alterius voluntate. Sed hoc non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 videtur esse peccatum, quia voluntas proximi non est regula
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diff changeset
1516 voluntatis nostrae, sed sola voluntas divina. Ergo discordia non
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diff changeset
1517 est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1518 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40570"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 "ref">[40570] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 quicumque inducit aliquem ad peccandum, et ipse peccat. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 inducere inter aliquos discordiam non videtur esse peccatum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 dicitur enim Act. XXIII, quod <i>sciens Paulus quia una pars esset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 Sadducaeorum et altera Pharisaeorum, exclamavit in Concilio, viri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 fratres, ego Pharisaeus sum, filius Pharisaeorum, de spe et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 resurrectione mortuorum ego iudicor. Et cum haec dixisset, facta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 est dissensio inter Pharisaeos et Sadducaeos</i>. Ergo discordia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 non est peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40571"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 "ref">[40571] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 peccatum, praecipue mortale, in sanctis viris non invenitur. Sed in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 sanctis viris invenitur discordia, dicitur enim Act. XV, <i>facta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 est dissensio inter Paulum et Barnabam, ita ut discederent ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 invicem</i>. Ergo discordia non est peccatum, et maxime
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40572"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 "ref">[40572] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 est quod ad Gal. V dissensiones, idest discordiae, ponuntur inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 opera carnis, de quibus subditur, <i>qui talia agunt, regnum Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 non consequuntur</i>. Nihil autem excludit a regno Dei nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 peccatum mortale. Ergo discordia est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 co."><a name="40573"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 "ref">[40573] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 dicendum quod discordia concordiae opponitur. Concordia autem, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 supra dictum est, ex caritate causatur, inquantum scilicet caritas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 multorum corda coniungit in aliquid unum, quod est principaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 quidem bonum divinum, secundario autem bonum proximi. Discordia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 igitur ea ratione est peccatum, inquantum huiusmodi concordiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 contrariatur. Sed sciendum quod haec concordia per discordiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 tollitur dupliciter, uno quidem modo, per se; alio vero modo, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 accidens. Per se quidem in humanis actibus et motibus dicitur esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 id quod est secundum intentionem. Unde per se discordat aliquis a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 proximo quando scienter et ex intentione dissentit a bono divino et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 a proximi bono, in quo debet consentire. Et hoc est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 mortale ex suo genere, propter contrarietatem ad caritatem, licet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 primi motus huius discordiae, propter imperfectionem actus, sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 peccata venialia. Per accidens autem in humanis actibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 consideratur ex hoc quod aliquid est praeter intentionem. Unde cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 intentio aliquorum est ad aliquod bonum quod pertinet ad honorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 Dei vel utilitatem proximi, sed unus aestimat hoc esse bonum, alius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 autem habet contrariam opinionem, discordia tunc est per accidens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 contra bonum divinum vel proximi. Et talis discordia non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 peccatum, nec repugnat caritati, nisi huiusmodi discordia sit vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 cum errore circa ea quae sunt de necessitate salutis, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 pertinacia indebite adhibeatur, cum etiam supra dictum est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 concordia quae est caritatis effectus est unio voluntatum, non unio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 opinionum. Ex quo patet quod discordia quandoque est ex peccato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 unius tantum, puta cum unus vult bonum, cui alius scienter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 resistit, quandoque autem est cum peccato utriusque, puta cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 uterque dissentit a bono alterius, et uterque diligit bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 proprium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40574"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 "ref">[40574] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 ergo dicendum quod voluntas unius hominis secundum se considerata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 non est regula voluntatis alterius. Sed inquantum voluntas proximi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 inhaeret voluntati Dei, fit per consequens regula regulata secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 primam regulam. Et ideo discordare a tali voluntate est peccatum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 quia per hoc discordatur a regula divina.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40575"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 "ref">[40575] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 dicendum quod sicut voluntas hominis adhaerens Deo est quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 regula recta, a qua peccatum est discordare; ita etiam voluntas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 hominis Deo contraria est quaedam perversa regula, a qua bonum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 discordare. Facere ergo discordiam per quam tollitur bona concordia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 quam caritas facit, est grave peccatum, unde dicitur Prov. VI,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 <i>sex sunt quae odit dominus, et septimum detestatur anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 eius</i>, et hoc septimum ponit eum qui seminat inter fratres
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 discordias. Sed causare discordiam per quam tollitur mala
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 concordia, scilicet in mala voluntate, est laudabile. Et hoc modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 laudabile fuit quod Paulus dissensionem posuit inter eos qui erant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 concordes in malo, nam et dominus de se dicit, Matth. X, <i>non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 veni pacem mittere, sed gladium</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40576"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 "ref">[40576] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 dicendum quod discordia quae fuit inter Paulum et Barnabam fuit per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 accidens et non per se, uterque enim intendebat bonum, sed uni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 videbatur hoc esse bonum, alii aliud. Quod ad defectum humanum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 pertinebat, non enim erat talis controversia in his quae sunt de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 necessitate salutis. Quamvis hoc ipsum fuerit ex divina providentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 ordinatum, propter utilitatem inde consequentem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40577"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 "ref">[40577] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod discordia non sit filia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 inanis gloriae. Ira enim est aliud vitium ab inani gloria. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 discordia videtur esse filia irae, secundum illud Prov. XV, <i>vir
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 iracundus provocat rixas</i>. Ergo non est filia inanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 gloriae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40578"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 "ref">[40578] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 Augustinus dicit, super Ioan., exponens illud quod habetur Ioan.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 VII, <i>nondum erat spiritus datus, livor separat, caritas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 iungit</i>. Sed discordia nihil est aliud quam quaedam separatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 voluntatum. Ergo discordia procedit ex livore, idest invidia, magis
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diff changeset
1615 quam ex inani gloria.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40579"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 "ref">[40579] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 illud ex quo multa mala oriuntur videtur esse vitium capitale. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 discordia est huiusmodi, quia super illud Matth. XII, <i>omne
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diff changeset
1620 regnum contra se divisum desolabitur</i>, dicit Hieronymus, <i>quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 modo concordia parvae res crescunt, sic discordia maximae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 dilabuntur</i>. Ergo ipsa discordia debet poni vitium capitale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 magis quam filia inanis gloriae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40580"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 "ref">[40580] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 est auctoritas Gregorii, XXXI Moral.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 co."><a name="40581"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 "ref">[40581] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 dicendum quod discordia importat quandam disgregationem voluntatum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 inquantum scilicet voluntas unius stat in uno, et voluntas alterius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 stat in altero. Quod autem voluntas alicuius in proprio sistat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 provenit ex hoc quod aliquis ea quae sunt sua praefert his quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 sunt aliorum. Quod cum inordinate fit, pertinet ad superbiam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 inanem gloriam. Et ideo discordia, per quam unusquisque sequitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 quod suum est et recedit ab eo quod est alterius, ponitur filia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 inanis gloriae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40582"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 "ref">[40582] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 ergo dicendum quod rixa non est idem quod discordia. Nam rixa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 consistit in exteriori opere, unde convenienter causatur ab ira,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 quae movet animum ad nocendum proximo. Sed discordia consistit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 disiunctione motuum voluntatis, quam facit superbia vel inanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 gloria, ratione iam dicta.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40583"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 "ref">[40583] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 dicendum quod in discordia consideratur quidem ut terminus a quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 recessus a voluntate alterius, et quantum ad hoc causatur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 invidia. Ut terminus autem ad quem, accessus ad id quod est sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 proprium, et quantum ad hoc causatur ex inani gloria. Et quia in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 quolibet motu terminus ad quem est potior termino a quo (finis enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 est potior principio), potius ponitur discordia filia inanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 gloriae quam invidiae, licet ex utraque oriri possit secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 diversas rationes, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 <p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40584"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 "ref">[40584] II&ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 dicendum quod ideo concordia magnae res crescunt et per discordiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 dilabuntur, quia virtus quanto est magis unita, tanto est fortior,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 et per separationem diminuitur; ut dicitur in libro de causis. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 patet quod hoc pertinet ad proprium effectum discordiae, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 divisio voluntatum, non autem pertinet ad originem diversorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 vitiorum a discordia, per quod habeat rationem vitii capitalis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 <div class="D">Quaestio 38</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 <p title="II-II q. 38 pr."><a name="40585"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 "ref">[40585] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 considerandum est de contentione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 Primo, utrum contentio sit peccatum mortale. Secundo, utrum sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 filia inanis gloriae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40586"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 "ref">[40586] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 sic proceditur. Videtur quod contentio non sit peccatum mortale.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 Peccatum enim mortale in viris spiritualibus non invenitur. In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 quibus tamen invenitur contentio, secundum illud Luc. XXII,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 <i>facta est contentio inter discipulos Iesu, quis eorum esset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 maior</i>. Ergo contentio non est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40587"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 "ref">[40587] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 nulli bene disposito debet placere peccatum mortale in proximo. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 dicit apostolus, ad Philipp. I, <i>quidam ex contentione Christum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 annuntiant</i>; et postea subdit, <i>et in hoc gaudeo, sed et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 gaudebo</i>. Ergo contentio non est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40588"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 "ref">[40588] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 contingit quod aliqui vel in iudicio vel in disputatione contendunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 non aliquo animo malignandi, sed potius intendentes ad bonum, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 illi qui contra haereticos disputando contendunt. Unde super illud,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 I Reg. XIV, <i>accidit quadam die</i> etc., dicit Glossa,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 <i>Catholici contra haereticos contentiones commovent, ubi prius ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 certamen convocantur</i>. Ergo contentio non est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40589"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 "ref">[40589] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 Iob videtur cum Deo contendisse, secundum illud Iob XXXIX,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 <i>numquid qui contendit cum Deo tam facile conquiescit?</i> Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 tamen Iob non peccavit mortaliter, quia dominus de eo dicit, <i>non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 estis locuti recte coram me, sicut servus meus Iob</i>, ut habetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 Iob ult. Ergo contentio non semper est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40590"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 "ref">[40590] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 est quod contrariatur praecepto apostoli, qui dicit II ad Tim. II,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 <i>noli verbis contendere</i>. Et Gal. V contentio numeratur inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 opera carnis, <i>quae qui agunt, regnum Dei non possident</i>, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 ibidem dicitur. Sed omne quod excludit a regno Dei, et quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 contrariatur praecepto, est peccatum mortale. Ergo contentio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 co."><a name="40591"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 "ref">[40591] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 dicendum quod contendere est contra aliquem tendere. Unde sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 discordia contrarietatem quandam importat in voluntate, ita
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 contentio contrarietatem quandam importat in locutione. Et propter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 hoc etiam cum oratio alicuius per contraria se diffundit, vocatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 contentio, quae ponitur unus color rhetoricus a Tullio, qui dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 <i>contentio est cum ex contrariis rebus oratio efficitur, hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 pacto, habet assentatio iucunda principia, eadem exitus amarissimos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 affert</i>. Contrarietas autem locutionis potest attendi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 dupliciter, uno modo, quantum ad intentionem contendentis; alio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 modo, quantum ad modum. In intentione quidem considerandum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 utrum aliquis contrarietur veritati, quod est vituperabile, vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 falsitati, quod est laudabile. In modo autem considerandum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 utrum talis modus contrariandi conveniat et personis et negotiis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 quia hoc est laudabile (unde et Tullius dicit, in III Rhet.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 <i>quod contentio est oratio acris ad confirmandum et confutandum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 accommodata</i>), vel excedat convenientiam personarum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 negotiorum, et sic contentio est vituperabilis. Si ergo accipiatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 contentio secundum quod importat impugnationem veritatis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 inordinatum modum, sic est peccatum mortale. Et hoc modo definit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 Ambrosius contentionem, dicens, <i>contentio est impugnatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 veritatis cum confidentia clamoris</i>. Si autem contentio dicatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 impugnatio falsitatis cum debito modo acrimoniae, sic contentio est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 laudabilis. Si autem accipiatur contentio secundum quod importat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 impugnationem falsitatis cum inordinato modo, sic potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 peccatum veniale, nisi forte tanta inordinatio fiat in contendendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 quod ex hoc generetur scandalum aliorum. Unde et apostolus, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 dixisset, II ad Tim. II, <i>noli verbis contendere</i>, subdit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 <i>ad nihil enim utile est, nisi ad subversionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 audientium</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40592"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 "ref">[40592] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 ergo dicendum quod in discipulis Christi non erat contentio cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 intentione impugnandi veritatem, quia unusquisque defendebat quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 sibi verum videbatur. Erat tamen in eorum contentione inordinatio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 quia contendebant de quo non erat contendendum, scilicet de primatu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 honoris; nondum enim erant spirituales, sicut Glossa ibidem dicit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 Unde et dominus eos consequenter compescuit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40593"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 "ref">[40593] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 dicendum quod illi qui ex contentione Christum praedicabant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 reprehensibiles erant, quia quamvis non impugnarent veritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 fidei, sed eam praedicarent, impugnabant tamen veritatem quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 hoc quod putabant se suscitare pressuram apostolo veritatem fidei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 praedicanti. Unde apostolus non gaudebat de eorum contentione, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 de fructu qui ex hoc proveniebat, scilicet quod Christus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 annuntiabatur, quia ex malis etiam occasionaliter subsequuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 bona.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40594"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 "ref">[40594] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 dicendum quod secundum completam rationem contentionis prout est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 peccatum mortale, ille in iudicio contendit qui impugnat veritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 iustitiae, et in disputatione contendit qui intendit impugnare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 veritatem doctrinae. Et secundum hoc Catholici non contendunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 contra haereticos, sed potius e converso. Si autem accipiatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 contentio in iudicio vel disputatione secundum imperfectam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 rationem, scilicet secundum quod importat quandam acrimoniam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 locutionis, sic non semper est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40595"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 "ref">[40595] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 dicendum quod contentio ibi sumitur communiter pro disputatione.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 Dixerat enim Iob, XIII cap., <i>ad omnipotentem loquar, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 disputare cum Deo cupio</i>, non tamen intendens neque veritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 impugnare, sed exquirere; neque circa hanc inquisitionem aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 inordinatione vel animi vel vocis uti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40596"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 "ref">[40596] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod contentio non sit filia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 inanis gloriae. Contentio enim affinitatem habet ad zelum, unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 dicitur I ad Cor. III, <i>cum sit inter vos zelus et contentio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 nonne carnales estis, et secundum hominem ambulatis?</i> Zelus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 autem ad invidiam pertinet. Ergo contentio magis ex invidia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 oritur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40597"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 "ref">[40597] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 contentio cum clamore quodam est. Sed clamor ex ira oritur; ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 patet per Gregorium, XXXI Moral. Ergo etiam contentio oritur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 ira.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40598"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 "ref">[40598] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 inter alia scientia praecipue videtur esse materia superbiae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 inanis gloriae, secundum illud I ad Cor. VIII, <i>scientia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 inflat</i>. Sed contentio provenit plerumque ex defectu scientiae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 per quam veritas cognoscitur, non impugnatur. Ergo contentio non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 est filia inanis gloriae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40599"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 "ref">[40599] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 est auctoritas Gregorii, XXXI Moral.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 co."><a name="40600"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 "ref">[40600] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, discordia est filia inanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 gloriae, eo quod discordantium uterque in suo proprio stat, et unus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 alteri non acquiescit; proprium autem superbiae est et inanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 gloriae propriam excellentiam quaerere. Sicut autem discordantes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 aliqui sunt ex hoc quod stant corde in propriis, ita contendentes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 sunt aliqui ex hoc quod unusquisque verbo id quod sibi videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 defendit. Et ideo eadem ratione ponitur contentio filia inanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 gloriae sicut et discordia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40601"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 "ref">[40601] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 ergo dicendum quod contentio, sicut et discordia, habet affinitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 cum invidia quantum ad recessum eius a quo aliquis discordat vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 cum quo contendit. Sed quantum ad id in quo sistit ille qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 contendit, habet convenientiam cum superbia et inani gloria,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 inquantum scilicet in proprio sensu statur, ut supra dictum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40602"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 "ref">[40602] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 dicendum quod clamor assumitur in contentione de qua loquimur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 finem impugnandae veritatis. Unde non est principale in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 contentione. Et ideo non oportet quod contentio ex eodem derivetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 ex quo derivatur clamor.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 <p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40603"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 "ref">[40603] II&ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 dicendum quod superbia et inanis gloria occasionem sumunt praecipue
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 a bonis, etiam sibi contrariis, puta cum de humilitate aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 superbit, est enim huiusmodi derivatio non per se, sed per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 accidens, secundum quem modum nihil prohibet contrarium a contrario
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 oriri. Et ideo nihil prohibet ea quae ex superbia vel inani gloria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 per se et directe oriuntur causari ex contrariis eorum ex quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 occasionaliter superbia oritur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 <div class="D">Quaestio 39</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 <p title="II-II q. 39 pr."><a name="40604"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 "ref">[40604] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis paci pertinentibus ad opus;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 quae sunt schisma, rixa, seditio et bellum. Primo ergo circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 schisma quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum schisma sit speciale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit gravius infidelitate. Tertio, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 potestate schismaticorum. Quarto, de poena eorum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40605"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 "ref">[40605] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 sic proceditur. Videtur quod schisma non sit peccatum speciale.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 Schisma enim, ut Pelagius Papa dicit, scissuram sonat. Sed omne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 peccatum scissuram quandam facit, secundum illud Isaiae LIX,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 <i>peccata vestra diviserunt inter vos et Deum vestrum</i>. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 schisma non est speciale peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40606"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 "ref">[40606] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 illi videntur esse schismatici qui Ecclesiae non obediunt. Sed per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 omne peccatum fit homo inobediens praeceptis Ecclesiae, quia
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diff changeset
1856 peccatum, secundum Ambrosium, est caelestium inobedientia
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diff changeset
1857 mandatorum. Ergo omne peccatum est schisma.</p>
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diff changeset
1858 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40607"><span class=
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diff changeset
1859 "ref">[40607] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1860 haeresis etiam dividit hominem ab unitate fidei. Si ergo schismatis
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diff changeset
1861 nomen divisionem importat, videtur quod non differat a peccato
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diff changeset
1862 infidelitatis quasi speciale peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1863 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40608"><span class=
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diff changeset
1864 "ref">[40608] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1865 est quod Augustinus, contra Faustum, distinguit inter schisma et
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diff changeset
1866 haeresim, dicens quod <i>schisma est eadem opinantem atque eodem
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diff changeset
1867 ritu colentem quo ceteri, solo congregationis delectari dissidio,
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diff changeset
1868 haeresis vero diversa opinatur ab his quae Catholica credit
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diff changeset
1869 Ecclesia</i>. Ergo schisma non est generale peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1870 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 co."><a name="40609"><span class=
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diff changeset
1871 "ref">[40609] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1872 dicendum quod, sicut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., nomen
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diff changeset
1873 schismatis a scissura animorum vocatum est. Scissio autem unitati
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diff changeset
1874 opponitur. Unde peccatum schismatis dicitur quod directe et per se
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diff changeset
1875 opponitur unitati, sicut enim in rebus naturalibus id quod est per
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diff changeset
1876 accidens non constituit speciem, ita etiam nec in rebus moralibus.
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diff changeset
1877 In quibus id quod est intentum est per se, quod autem sequitur
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diff changeset
1878 praeter intentionem est quasi per accidens. Et ideo peccatum
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diff changeset
1879 schismatis proprie est speciale peccatum ex eo quod intendit se ab
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diff changeset
1880 unitate separare quam caritas facit. Quae non solum alteram
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diff changeset
1881 personam alteri unit spirituali dilectionis vinculo, sed etiam
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diff changeset
1882 totam Ecclesiam in unitate spiritus. Et ideo proprie schismatici
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1883 dicuntur qui propria sponte et intentione se ab unitate Ecclesiae
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1884 separant, quae est unitas principalis, nam unitas particularis
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diff changeset
1885 aliquorum ad invicem ordinatur ad unitatem Ecclesiae, sicut
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diff changeset
1886 compositio singulorum membrorum in corpore naturali ordinatur ad
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diff changeset
1887 totius corporis unitatem. Ecclesiae autem unitas in duobus
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diff changeset
1888 attenditur, scilicet in connexione membrorum Ecclesiae ad invicem,
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diff changeset
1889 seu communicatione; et iterum in ordine omnium membrorum Ecclesiae
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diff changeset
1890 ad unum caput; secundum illud ad Coloss. II, <i>inflatus sensu
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diff changeset
1891 carnis suae, et non tenens caput, ex quo totum corpus, per nexus et
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diff changeset
1892 coniunctiones subministratum et constructum, crescit in augmentum
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diff changeset
1893 Dei</i>. Hoc autem caput est ipse Christus, cuius vicem in Ecclesia
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diff changeset
1894 gerit summus pontifex. Et ideo schismatici dicuntur qui subesse
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diff changeset
1895 renuunt summo pontifici, et qui membris Ecclesiae ei subiectis
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diff changeset
1896 communicare recusant.</p>
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diff changeset
1897 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40610"><span class=
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diff changeset
1898 "ref">[40610] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1899 ergo dicendum quod divisio hominis a Deo per peccatum non est
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1900 intenta a peccante, sed praeter intentionem eius accidit ex
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1901 inordinata conversione ipsius ad commutabile bonum. Et ideo non est
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diff changeset
1902 schisma, per se loquendo.</p>
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diff changeset
1903 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40611"><span class=
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diff changeset
1904 "ref">[40611] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1905 dicendum quod non obedire praeceptis cum rebellione quadam
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1906 constituit schismatis rationem. Dico autem cum rebellione, cum et
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1907 pertinaciter praecepta Ecclesiae contemnit, et iudicium eius subire
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1908 recusat. Hoc autem non facit quilibet peccator. Unde non omne
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1909 peccatum est schisma.</p>
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diff changeset
1910 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40612"><span class=
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1911 "ref">[40612] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1912 dicendum quod haeresis et schisma distinguuntur secundum ea quibus
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1913 utrumque per se et directe opponitur. Nam haeresis per se opponitur
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1914 fidei, schisma autem per se opponitur unitati ecclesiasticae
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1915 caritatis. Et ideo sicut fides et caritas sunt diversae virtutes,
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1916 quamvis quicumque careat fide careat caritate; ita etiam schisma et
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1917 haeresis sunt diversa vitia, quamvis quicumque est haereticus sit
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1918 etiam schismaticus, sed non convertitur. Et hoc est quod Hieronymus
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1919 dicit, in Epist. ad Gal., <i>inter schisma et haeresim hoc
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1920 interesse arbitror, quod haeresis perversum dogma habet, schisma ab
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1921 Ecclesia separat</i>. Et tamen sicut amissio caritatis est via ad
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1922 amittendum fidem, secundum illud I ad Tim. I, <i>a quibus quidam
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1923 aberrantes</i>, scilicet a caritate et aliis huiusmodi, conversi
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1924 sunt in vaniloquium; ita etiam schisma est via ad haeresim. Unde
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1925 Hieronymus ibidem subdit quod <i>schisma a principio aliqua in
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1926 parte potest intelligi diversum ab haeresi, ceterum nullum schisma
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1927 est, nisi sibi aliquam haeresim confingat, ut recte ab Ecclesia
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1928 recessisse videatur</i>.</p>
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1929 <br />
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1930 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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1931 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40613"><span class=
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1932 "ref">[40613] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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1933 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod schisma gravius peccatum sit
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1934 quam infidelitas. Maius enim peccatum graviori poena punitur,
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1935 secundum illud Deut. XXV, <i>pro mensura peccati erit et plagarum
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1936 modus</i>. Sed peccatum schismatis gravius invenitur punitum quam
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1937 etiam peccatum infidelitatis sive idololatriae. Legitur enim Exod.
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1938 XXXII quod propter idololatriam sunt aliqui humana manu gladio
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1939 interfecti, de peccato autem schismatis legitur Num. XVI, <i>si
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1940 novam rem fecerit dominus, ut aperiens terra os suum deglutiat eos
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1941 et omnia quae ad illos pertinent, descenderintque viventes in
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1942 Infernum, scietis quod blasphemaverunt dominum</i>. Decem etiam
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1943 tribus, quae vitio schismatis a regno David recesserunt, sunt
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1944 gravissime punitae, ut habetur IV Reg. XVII. Ergo peccatum
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1945 schismatis est gravius peccato infidelitatis.</p>
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1946 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40614"><span class=
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1947 "ref">[40614] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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1948 <i>bonum multitudinis est maius et divinius quam bonum unius</i>;
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1949 ut patet per philosophum, in I Ethic. Sed schisma est contra bonum
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1950 multitudinis, idest contra ecclesiasticam unitatem, infidelitas
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1951 autem est contra bonum particulare unius, quod est fides unius
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1952 hominis singularis. Ergo videtur quod schisma sit gravius peccatum
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1953 quam infidelitas.</p>
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1954 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40615"><span class=
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1955 "ref">[40615] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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1956 maiori malo maius bonum opponitur; ut patet per philosophum, in
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1957 VIII Ethic. Sed schisma opponitur caritati, quae est maior virtus
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1958 quam fides, cui opponitur infidelitas, ut ex praemissis patet. Ergo
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1959 schisma est gravius peccatum quam infidelitas.</p>
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1960 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40616"><span class=
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1961 "ref">[40616] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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1962 quod se habet ex additione ad alterum potius est vel in bono vel in
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1963 malo. Sed haeresis se habet per additionem ad schisma, addit enim
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1964 perversum dogma, ut patet ex auctoritate Hieronymi supra inducta.
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1965 Ergo schisma est minus peccatum quam infidelitas.</p>
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1966 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 co."><a name="40617"><span class=
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1967 "ref">[40617] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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1968 dicendum quod gravitas peccati dupliciter potest considerari, uno
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1969 modo, secundum suam speciem; alio modo, secundum circumstantias. Et
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1970 quia circumstantiae particulares sunt et infinitis modis variari
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1971 possunt, cum quaeritur in communi de duobus peccatis quod sit
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1972 gravius, intelligenda est quaestio de gravitate quae attenditur
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1973 secundum genus peccati. Genus autem seu species peccati attenditur
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1974 ex obiecto; sicut ex supradictis patet. Et ideo illud peccatum quod
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1975 maiori bono contrariatur est ex suo genere gravius, sicut peccatum
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1976 in Deum quam peccatum in proximum. Manifestum est autem quod
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1977 infidelitas est peccatum contra ipsum Deum, secundum quod in se est
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1978 veritas prima, cui fides innititur. Schisma autem est contra
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1979 ecclesiasticam unitatem, quae est quoddam bonum participatum, et
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1980 minus quam sit ipse Deus. Unde manifestum est quod peccatum
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1981 infidelitatis ex suo genere est gravius quam peccatum schismatis,
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1982 licet possit contingere quod aliquis schismaticus gravius peccet
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1983 quam quidam infidelis, vel propter maiorem contemptum, vel propter
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1984 maius periculum quod inducit, vel propter aliquid huiusmodi.</p>
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1985 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40618"><span class=
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1986 "ref">[40618] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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1987 ergo dicendum quod populo illi manifestum erat iam per legem
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1988 susceptam quod erat unus Deus et quod non erant alii dii colendi,
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1989 et hoc erat apud eos per multiplicia signa confirmatum. Et ideo non
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1990 oportebat quod peccantes contra hanc fidem per idololatriam
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1991 punirentur inusitata aliqua et insolita poena, sed solum communi.
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1992 Sed non erat sic notum apud eos quod Moyses deberet esse semper
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1993 eorum princeps. Et ideo rebellantes eius principatui oportebat
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1994 miraculosa et insueta poena puniri. Vel potest dici quod peccatum
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1995 schismatis quandoque gravius est punitum in populo illo quia erat
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1996 ad seditiones et schismata promptus, dicitur enim I Esdr. IV,
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1997 <i>civitas illa a diebus antiquis adversus regem rebellat, et
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1998 seditiones et praelia concitantur in ea</i>. Poena autem maior
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1999 quandoque infligitur pro peccato magis consueto, ut supra habitum
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2000 est, nam poenae sunt medicinae quaedam ad arcendum homines a
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2001 peccato; unde ubi est maior pronitas ad peccandum, debet severior
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2002 poena adhiberi. Decem autem tribus non solum fuerunt punitae pro
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2003 peccato schismatis, sed etiam pro peccato idololatriae, ut ibidem
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2004 dicitur.</p>
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2005 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40619"><span class=
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diff changeset
2006 "ref">[40619] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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2007 dicendum quod sicut bonum multitudinis est maius quam bonum unius
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2008 qui est de multitudine, ita est minus quam bonum extrinsecum ad
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2009 quod multitudo ordinatur, sicut bonum ordinis exercitus est minus
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2010 quam bonum ducis. Et similiter bonum ecclesiasticae unitatis, cui
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2011 opponitur schisma, est minus quam bonum veritatis divinae, cui
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2012 opponitur infidelitas.</p>
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2013 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40620"><span class=
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2014 "ref">[40620] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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2015 dicendum quod caritas habet duo obiecta, unum principale, scilicet
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2016 bonitatem divinam; et aliud secundarium, scilicet bonum proximi.
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2017 Schisma autem et alia peccata quae fiunt in proximum opponuntur
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2018 caritati quantum ad secundarium bonum, quod est minus quam obiectum
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2019 fidei, quod est ipse Deus. Et ideo ista peccata sunt minora quam
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2020 infidelitas. Sed odium Dei, quod opponitur caritati quantum ad
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2021 principale obiectum, non est minus. Tamen inter peccata quae sunt
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2022 in proximum, peccatum schismatis videtur esse maximum, quia est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2023 contra spirituale bonum multitudinis.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2024 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40621"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2027 "ref">[40621] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2028 sic proceditur. Videtur quod schismatici habeant aliquam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2029 potestatem. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro contra Donatist.,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 <i>sicut redeuntes ad Ecclesiam qui priusquam recederent baptizati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 sunt non rebaptizantur, ita redeuntes qui priusquam recederent
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 ordinati sunt non utique rursus ordinantur</i>. Sed ordo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 potestas quaedam. Ergo schismatici habent aliquam potestatem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 retinent ordinem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2035 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40622"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 "ref">[40622] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 Augustinus dicit, in libro de Unic. Bapt., <i>potest sacramentum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 tradere separatus, sicut potest habere separatus</i>. Sed potestas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 tradendi sacramenta est maxima potestas. Ergo schismatici, qui sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2040 ab Ecclesia separati, habent potestatem spiritualem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40623"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 "ref">[40623] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 Urbanus Papa dicit quod <i>ab episcopis quondam Catholice ordinatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 sed in schismate a Romana Ecclesia separatis qui consecrati sunt,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 eos, cum ad Ecclesiae unitatem redierint, servatis propriis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 ordinibus, misericorditer suscipi iubemus, si eos vita et scientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 commendat</i>. Sed hoc non esset nisi spiritualis potestas apud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 schismaticos remaneret. Ergo schismatici habent spiritualem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 potestatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40624"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 "ref">[40624] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 est quod Cyprianus dicit in quadam epistola, et habetur VII, qu. I,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 Can. Novatianus, <i>qui nec unitatem, inquit, spiritus nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 conventionis pacem observat, et se ab Ecclesiae vinculo atque a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 sacerdotum collegio separat, nec episcopi potestatem habere potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 nec honorem</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 co."><a name="40625"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 "ref">[40625] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 dicendum quod duplex est spiritualis potestas, una quidem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 sacramentalis; alia iurisdictionalis. Sacramentalis quidem potestas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 est quae per aliquam consecrationem confertur. Omnes autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 consecrationes Ecclesiae sunt immobiles, manente re quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 consecratur, sicut patet etiam in rebus inanimatis, nam altare
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 semel consecratum non consecratur iterum nisi fuerit dissipatum. Et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 ideo talis potestas secundum suam essentiam remanet in homine qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 per consecrationem eam est adeptus quandiu vivit, sive in schisma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 sive in haeresim labatur, quod patet ex hoc quod rediens ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 Ecclesiam non iterum consecratur. Sed quia potestas inferior non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 debet exire in actum nisi secundum quod movetur a potestate
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 superiori, ut etiam in rebus naturalibus patet; inde est quod tales
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 usum potestatis amittunt, ita scilicet quod non liceat eis sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 potestate uti. Si tamen usi fuerint, eorum potestas effectum habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 in sacramentalibus, quia in his homo non operatur nisi sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 instrumentum Dei; unde effectus sacramentales non excluduntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 propter culpam quamcumque conferentis sacramentum. Potestas autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 iurisdictionalis est quae ex simplici iniunctione hominis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 confertur. Et talis potestas non immobiliter adhaeret. Unde in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 schismaticis et haereticis non manet. Unde non possunt nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 absolvere nec excommunicare nec indulgentias facere, aut aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 huiusmodi, quod si fecerint, nihil est actum. Cum ergo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 tales non habere potestatem spiritualem, intelligendum est vel de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 potestate secunda, vel, si referatur ad primam potestatem, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 referendum ad ipsam essentiam potestatis, sed ad legitimum usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 eius.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="40626"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 "ref">[40626] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40627"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 "ref">[40627] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 sic proceditur. Videtur quod poena schismaticorum non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 conveniens ut excommunicentur. Excommunicatio enim maxime separat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 hominem a communione sacramentorum. Sed Augustinus dicit, in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 contra Donatist., quod Baptisma potest recipi a schismatico. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 videtur quod excommunicatio non est conveniens poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 schismatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40628"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 "ref">[40628] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 ad fideles Christi pertinet ut eos qui sunt dispersi reducant, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 contra quosdam dicitur Ezech. XXXIV, <i>quod abiectum est non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 reduxistis, quod perierat non quaesistis</i>. Sed schismatici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 convenientius reducuntur per aliquos qui eis communicent. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 videtur quod non sint excommunicandi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40629"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 "ref">[40629] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 pro eodem peccato non infligitur duplex poena, secundum illud Nahum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 I, <i>non iudicabit Deus bis in idipsum</i>. Sed pro peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 schismatis aliqui poena temporali puniuntur, ut habetur XXIII, qu.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 V, ubi dicitur, <i>divinae et mundanae leges statuerunt ut ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 Ecclesiae unitate divisi, et eius pacem perturbantes, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 saecularibus potestatibus comprimantur</i>. Non ergo sunt puniendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 per excommunicationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40630"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 "ref">[40630] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 est quod Num. XVI dicitur, <i>recedite a tabernaculis hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 impiorum</i>, qui scilicet schisma fecerant, <i>et nolite tangere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 quae ad eos pertinent, ne involvamini in peccatis eorum</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 co."><a name="40631"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 "ref">[40631] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 dicendum quod per quae peccat quis, per ea debet puniri, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 Sap. XI. Schismaticus autem, ut ex dictis patet, in duobus peccat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 In uno quidem, quia separat se a communione membrorum Ecclesiae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 quantum ad hoc conveniens poena schismaticorum est ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 excommunicentur. In alio vero, quia subdi recusant capiti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 Ecclesiae. Et ideo, quia coerceri nolunt per spiritualem potestatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 Ecclesiae, iustum est ut potestate temporali coerceantur.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40632"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 "ref">[40632] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 ergo dicendum quod Baptismum a schismaticis recipere non licet nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 in articulo necessitatis, quia melius est de hac vita cum signo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 Christi exire, a quocumque detur, etiam si sit Iudaeus vel Paganus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 quam sine hoc signo, quod per Baptismum confertur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40633"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 "ref">[40633] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 dicendum quod per excommunicationem non interdicitur illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 communicatio per quam aliquis salubribus monitis divisos reducit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 Ecclesiae unitatem. Tamen et ipsa separatio quodammodo eos reducit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 dum, de sua separatione confusi, quandoque ad poenitentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 adducuntur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 <p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40634"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 "ref">[40634] II&ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 dicendum quod poenae praesentis vitae sunt medicinales; et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 quando una poena non sufficit ad coercendum hominem, superadditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 altera, sicut et medici diversas medicinas corporales apponunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 quando una non est efficax et ita Ecclesia, quando aliqui per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 excommunicationem non sufficienter reprimuntur, adhibet coercionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 brachii saecularis. Sed si una poena sit sufficiens, non debet alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 adhiberi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 <div class="D">Quaestio 40</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 <p title="II-II q. 40 pr."><a name="40635"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 "ref">[40635] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 considerandum est de bello. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 utrum aliquod bellum sit licitum. Secundo, utrum clericis sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 licitum bellare. Tertio, utrum liceat bellantibus uti insidiis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 Quarto, utrum liceat in diebus festis bellare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40636"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 "ref">[40636] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bellare semper sit peccatum. Poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 enim non infligitur nisi pro peccato. Sed bellantibus a domino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 indicitur poena, secundum illud Matth. XXVI, <i>omnis qui acceperit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 gladium gladio peribit</i>. Ergo omne bellum est illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40637"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 "ref">[40637] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 quidquid contrariatur divino praecepto est peccatum. Sed bellare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 contrariatur divino praecepto, dicitur enim Matth. V, <i>ego dico
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 vobis non resistere malo</i>; et Rom. XII dicitur, <i>non vos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 defendentes, carissimi, sed date locum irae</i>. Ergo bellare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 semper est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40638"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 "ref">[40638] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 nihil contrariatur actui virtutis nisi peccatum. Sed bellum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 contrariatur paci. Ergo bellum semper est peccatum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40639"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 "ref">[40639] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 omne exercitium ad rem licitam licitum est, sicut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 exercitiis scientiarum. Sed exercitia bellorum, quae fiunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 torneamentis, prohibentur ab Ecclesia, quia morientes in huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 tyrociniis ecclesiastica sepultura privantur. Ergo bellum videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 esse simpliciter peccatum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40640"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 "ref">[40640] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 est quod Augustinus dicit, in sermone de puero centurionis, <i>si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 Christiana disciplina omnino bella culparet, hoc potius consilium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 salutis petentibus in Evangelio daretur, ut abiicerent arma, seque
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diff changeset
2190 militiae omnino subtraherent. Dictum est autem eis, neminem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 concutiatis; estote contenti stipendiis vestris. Quibus proprium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 stipendium sufficere praecepit, militare non prohibuit</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 co."><a name="40641"><span class=
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diff changeset
2194 "ref">[40641] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
2195 dicendum quod ad hoc quod aliquod bellum sit iustum, tria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 requiruntur. Primo quidem, auctoritas principis, cuius mandato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 bellum est gerendum. Non enim pertinet ad personam privatam bellum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 movere, quia potest ius suum in iudicio superioris prosequi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 Similiter etiam quia convocare multitudinem, quod in bellis oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 fieri, non pertinet ad privatam personam. Cum autem cura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 reipublicae commissa sit principibus, ad eos pertinet rem publicam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 civitatis vel regni seu provinciae sibi subditae tueri. Et sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 licite defendunt eam materiali gladio contra interiores quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 perturbatores, dum malefactores puniunt, secundum illud apostoli,
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diff changeset
2205 ad Rom. XIII, <i>non sine causa gladium portat, minister enim Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 est, vindex in iram ei qui male agit</i>; ita etiam gladio bellico
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 ad eos pertinet rempublicam tueri ab exterioribus hostibus. Unde et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 principibus dicitur in Psalm., <i>eripite pauperem, et egenum de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 manu peccatoris liberate</i>. Unde Augustinus dicit, contra Faust.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 <i>ordo naturalis, mortalium paci accommodatus, hoc poscit, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 suscipiendi belli auctoritas atque consilium penes principes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 sit</i>. Secundo, requiritur causa iusta, ut scilicet illi qui
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diff changeset
2213 impugnantur propter aliquam culpam impugnationem mereantur. Unde
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diff changeset
2214 Augustinus dicit, in libro quaest., <i>iusta bella solent definiri
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diff changeset
2215 quae ulciscuntur iniurias, si gens vel civitas plectenda est quae
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diff changeset
2216 vel vindicare neglexerit quod a suis improbe factum est, vel
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diff changeset
2217 reddere quod per iniuriam ablatum est</i>. Tertio, requiritur ut
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diff changeset
2218 sit intentio bellantium recta, qua scilicet intenditur vel ut bonum
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diff changeset
2219 promoveatur, vel ut malum vitetur. Unde Augustinus, in libro de
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diff changeset
2220 verbis Dom., <i>apud veros Dei cultores etiam illa bella pacata
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diff changeset
2221 sunt quae non cupiditate aut crudelitate, sed pacis studio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 geruntur, ut mali coerceantur et boni subleventur</i>. Potest autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 contingere quod etiam si sit legitima auctoritas indicentis bellum
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diff changeset
2224 et causa iusta, nihilominus propter pravam intentionem bellum
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diff changeset
2225 reddatur illicitum. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro contra Faust.,
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diff changeset
2226 <i>nocendi cupiditas, ulciscendi crudelitas, implacatus et
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diff changeset
2227 implacabilis animus, feritas rebellandi, libido dominandi, et si
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diff changeset
2228 qua sunt similia, haec sunt quae in bellis iure culpantur</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
2229 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40642"><span class=
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diff changeset
2230 "ref">[40642] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
2231 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in II Lib. contra
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diff changeset
2232 Manich., <i>ille accipit gladium qui, nulla superiori aut legitima
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diff changeset
2233 potestate aut iubente vel concedente, in sanguinem alicuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 armatur</i>. Qui vero ex auctoritate principis vel iudicis, si sit
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diff changeset
2235 persona privata; vel ex zelo iustitiae, quasi ex auctoritate Dei,
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diff changeset
2236 si sit persona publica, gladio utitur, non ipse accipit gladium,
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diff changeset
2237 sed ab alio sibi commisso utitur. Unde ei poena non debetur. Nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 tamen illi etiam qui cum peccato gladio utuntur semper gladio
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diff changeset
2239 occiduntur. Sed ipso suo gladio semper pereunt, quia pro peccato
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diff changeset
2240 gladii aeternaliter puniuntur, nisi poeniteant.</p>
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diff changeset
2241 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40643"><span class=
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diff changeset
2242 "ref">[40643] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
2243 dicendum quod huiusmodi praecepta, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 de Serm. Dom. in monte, semper sunt servanda in praeparatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 animi, ut scilicet semper homo sit paratus non resistere vel non se
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diff changeset
2246 defendere si opus fuerit. Sed quandoque est aliter agendum propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 commune bonum, et etiam illorum cum quibus pugnatur. Unde
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diff changeset
2248 Augustinus dicit, in Epist. ad Marcellinum, <i>agenda sunt multa
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diff changeset
2249 etiam cum invitis benigna quadam asperitate plectendis. Nam cui
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diff changeset
2250 licentia iniquitatis eripitur, utiliter vincitur, quoniam nihil est
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diff changeset
2251 infelicius felicitate peccantium, qua poenalis nutritur impunitas,
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diff changeset
2252 et mala voluntas, velut hostis interior, roboratur</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
2253 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40644"><span class=
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diff changeset
2254 "ref">[40644] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
2255 dicendum quod etiam illi qui iusta bella gerunt pacem intendunt. Et
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diff changeset
2256 ita paci non contrariantur nisi malae, quam dominus non venit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 mittere in terram, ut dicitur Matth. X. Unde Augustinus dicit, ad
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diff changeset
2258 Bonifacium, <i>non quaeritur pax ut bellum exerceatur, sed bellum
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diff changeset
2259 geritur ut pax acquiratur. Esto ergo bellando pacificus, ut eos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 quos expugnas ad pacis utilitatem vincendo perducas</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
2261 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40645"><span class=
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diff changeset
2262 "ref">[40645] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 dicendum quod exercitia hominum ad res bellicas non sunt
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diff changeset
2264 universaliter prohibita, sed inordinata exercitia et periculosa, ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 quibus occisiones et depraedationes proveniunt. Apud antiquos autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 exercitationes ad bella sine huiusmodi periculis erant, et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 vocabantur meditationes armorum, vel bella sine sanguine, ut per
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diff changeset
2268 Hieronymum patet, in quadam epistola.</p>
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diff changeset
2269 <br />
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diff changeset
2270 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40646"><span class=
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diff changeset
2272 "ref">[40646] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
2273 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod clericis et episcopis liceat
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diff changeset
2274 pugnare. Bella enim intantum sunt licita et iusta, sicut dictum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 est, inquantum tuentur pauperes et totam rempublicam ab hostium
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diff changeset
2276 iniuriis. Sed hoc maxime videtur ad praelatos pertinere, dicit enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 Gregorius, in quadam homilia, <i>lupus super oves venit, cum
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diff changeset
2278 quilibet iniustus et raptor fideles quosque atque humiles opprimit.
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diff changeset
2279 Sed is qui pastor videbatur esse et non erat, relinquit oves et
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diff changeset
2280 fugit, quia dum sibi ab eo periculum metuit, resistere eius
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diff changeset
2281 iniustitiae non praesumit</i>. Ergo praelatis et clericis licitum
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diff changeset
2282 est pugnare.</p>
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diff changeset
2283 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40647"><span class=
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diff changeset
2284 "ref">[40647] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
2285 XXIII, qu. VIII, Leo Papa scribit, <i>cum saepe adversa a
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diff changeset
2286 Saracenorum partibus pervenerint nuntia, quidam in Romanorum portum
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diff changeset
2287 Saracenos clam furtiveque venturos esse dicebant. Pro quo nostrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 congregari praecepimus populum, maritimumque ad littus descendere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 decrevimus</i>. Ergo episcopis licet ad bella procedere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40648"><span class=
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diff changeset
2291 "ref">[40648] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
2292 eiusdem rationis esse videtur quod homo aliquid faciat, et quod
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diff changeset
2293 facienti consentiat, secundum illud Rom. I, <i>non solum digni sunt
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diff changeset
2294 morte qui faciunt, sed et qui consentiunt facientibus</i>. Maxime
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diff changeset
2295 autem consentit qui ad aliquid faciendum alios inducit. Licitum
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diff changeset
2296 autem est episcopis et clericis inducere alios ad bellandum,
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diff changeset
2297 dicitur enim XXIII, qu. VIII, quod <i>hortatu et precibus Adriani
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diff changeset
2298 Romanae urbis episcopi, Carolus bellum contra Longobardos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 suscepit</i>. Ergo etiam eis licet pugnare.</p>
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diff changeset
2300 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40649"><span class=
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diff changeset
2301 "ref">[40649] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
2302 illud quod est secundum se honestum et meritorium non est illicitum
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diff changeset
2303 praelatis et clericis. Sed bellare est quandoque et honestum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 meritorium, dicitur enim XXIII, qu. VIII, quod <i>si aliquis pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 veritate fidei et salvatione patriae ac defensione Christianorum
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diff changeset
2306 mortuus fuerit, a Deo caeleste praemium consequetur</i>. Ergo
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diff changeset
2307 licitum est episcopis et clericis bellare.</p>
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diff changeset
2308 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40650"><span class=
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diff changeset
2309 "ref">[40650] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
2310 est quod Petro, in persona episcoporum et clericorum, dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 Matth. XXVI, <i>converte gladium tuum in vaginam</i>. Non ergo
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diff changeset
2312 licet eis pugnare.</p>
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diff changeset
2313 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 co."><a name="40651"><span class=
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diff changeset
2314 "ref">[40651] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
2315 dicendum quod ad bonum societatis humanae plura sunt necessaria.
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diff changeset
2316 Diversa autem a diversis melius et expeditius aguntur quam ab uno;
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diff changeset
2317 ut patet per philosophum, in sua politica. Et quaedam negotia sunt
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diff changeset
2318 adeo sibi repugnantia ut convenienter simul exerceri non possint.
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diff changeset
2319 Et ideo illis qui maioribus deputantur prohibentur minora, sicut
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diff changeset
2320 secundum leges humanas militibus, qui deputantur ad exercitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 bellica, negotiationes interdicuntur. Bellica autem exercitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 maxime repugnant illis officiis quibus episcopi et clerici
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 deputantur, propter duo. Primo quidem, generali ratione, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 bellica exercitia maximas inquietudines habent; unde multum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 impediunt animum a contemplatione divinorum et laude Dei et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 oratione pro populo, quae ad officium pertinent clericorum. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 sicut negotiationes, propter hoc quod nimis implicant animum,
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diff changeset
2328 interdicuntur clericis, ita et bellica exercitia, secundum illud II
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diff changeset
2329 ad Tim. II, <i>nemo militans Deo implicat se saecularibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 negotiis</i>. Secundo, propter specialem rationem. Nam omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 clericorum ordines ordinantur ad altaris ministerium, in quo sub
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 sacramento repraesentatur passio Christi, secundum illud I ad Cor.
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diff changeset
2333 XI, <i>quotiescumque manducabitis panem hunc et calicem bibetis,
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diff changeset
2334 mortem domini annuntiabitis, donec veniat</i>. Et ideo non competit
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diff changeset
2335 eis occidere vel effundere sanguinem, sed magis esse paratos ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 propriam sanguinis effusionem pro Christo, ut imitentur opere quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 gerunt ministerio. Et propter hoc est institutum ut effundentes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 sanguinem, etiam sine peccato, sint irregulares. Nulli autem qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 est deputatus ad aliquod officium licet id per quod suo officio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 incongruus redditur. Unde clericis omnino non licet bella gerere,
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diff changeset
2341 quae ordinantur ad sanguinis effusionem.</p>
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diff changeset
2342 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40652"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 "ref">[40652] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
2344 ergo dicendum quod praelati debent resistere non solum lupis qui
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diff changeset
2345 spiritualiter interficiunt gregem, sed etiam raptoribus et tyrannis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 qui corporaliter vexant, non autem materialibus armis in propria
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diff changeset
2347 persona utendo, sed spiritualibus; secundum illud apostoli, II ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 Cor. X, <i>arma militiae nostrae non sunt carnalia, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 spiritualia</i>. Quae quidem sunt salubres admonitiones, devotae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 orationes, contra pertinaces excommunicationis sententia.</p>
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diff changeset
2351 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40653"><span class=
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diff changeset
2352 "ref">[40653] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
2353 dicendum quod praelati et clerici, ex auctoritate superioris,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 possunt interesse bellis, non quidem ut ipsi propria manu pugnent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 sed ut iuste pugnantibus spiritualiter subveniant suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 exhortationibus et absolutionibus et aliis huiusmodi spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 subventionibus. Sicut et in veteri lege mandabatur, Ios. VI, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 sacerdotes sacris tubis in bellis clangerent. Et ad hoc primo fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 concessum quod episcopi vel clerici ad bella procederent. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 autem aliqui propria manu pugnent, abusionis est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40654"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 "ref">[40654] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, omnis potentia vel ars vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 virtus ad quam pertinet finis habet disponere de his quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 finem. Bella autem carnalia in populo fideli sunt referenda, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 ad finem, ad bonum spirituale divinum, cui clerici deputantur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 ideo ad clericos pertinet disponere et inducere alios ad bellandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 bella iusta. Non enim interdicitur eis bellare quia peccatum sit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 sed quia tale exercitium eorum personae non congruit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40655"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 "ref">[40655] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 dicendum quod, licet exercere bella iusta sit meritorium, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 illicitum redditur clericis propter hoc quod sunt ad opera magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 meritoria deputati. Sicut matrimonialis actus potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 meritorius, et tamen virginitatem voventibus damnabilis redditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 propter obligationem eorum ad maius bonum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40656"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 "ref">[40656] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit licitum in bellis uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 insidiis. Dicitur enim Deut. XVI, <i>iuste quod iustum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 exequeris</i>. Sed insidiae, cum sint fraudes quaedam, videntur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 iniustitiam pertinere. Ergo non est utendum insidiis etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 bellis iustis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40657"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 "ref">[40657] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 insidiae et fraudes fidelitati videntur opponi, sicut et mendacia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 Sed quia ad omnes fidem debemus servare, nulli homini est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 mentiendum; ut patet per Augustinum, in libro contra mendacium. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 ergo fides hosti servanda sit, ut Augustinus dicit, ad Bonifacium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 videtur quod non sit contra hostes insidiis utendum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40658"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 "ref">[40658] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 Matth. VII dicitur, <i>quae vultis ut faciant vobis homines, et vos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 facite illis</i>, et hoc est observandum ad omnes proximos. Inimici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 autem sunt proximi. Cum ergo nullus sibi velit insidias vel fraudes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 parari, videtur quod nullus ex insidiis debeat gerere bella.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40659"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 "ref">[40659] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro quaest., <i>cum iustum bellum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 suscipitur, utrum aperte pugnet aliquis an ex insidiis, nihil ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 iustitiam interest</i>. Et hoc probat auctoritate domini, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 mandavit Iosue ut insidias poneret habitatoribus civitatis hai, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 habetur Ios. VIII.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 co."><a name="40660"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 "ref">[40660] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 dicendum quod insidiae ordinantur ad fallendum hostes. Dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 autem aliquis potest falli ex facto vel dicto alterius uno modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 eo quod ei dicitur falsum, vel non servatur promissum. Et istud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 semper est illicitum. Et hoc modo nullus debet hostes fallere, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 enim quaedam iura bellorum et foedera etiam inter ipsos hostes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 servanda, ut Ambrosius dicit, in libro de officiis. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 potest aliquis falli ex dicto vel facto nostro, quia ei propositum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 aut intellectum non aperimus. Hoc autem semper facere non tenemur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 quia etiam in doctrina sacra multa sunt occultanda, maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 infidelibus, ne irrideant, secundum illud Matth. VII, <i>nolite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 sanctum dare canibus</i>. Unde multo magis ea quae ad impugnandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 inimicos paramus sunt eis occultanda. Unde inter cetera documenta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 rei militaris hoc praecipue ponitur de occultandis consiliis ne ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 hostes perveniant; ut patet in libro stratagematum Frontini. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 talis occultatio pertinet ad rationem insidiarum quibus licitum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 uti in bellis iustis. Nec proprie huiusmodi insidiae vocantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 fraudes; nec iustitiae repugnant; nec ordinatae voluntati, esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 enim inordinata voluntas si aliquis vellet nihil sibi ab aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 occultari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="40661"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 "ref">[40661] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40662"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 "ref">[40662] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in diebus festis non liceat bellare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 Festa enim sunt ordinata ad vacandum divinis, unde intelliguntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 per observationem sabbati, quae praecipitur Exod. XX; sabbatum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 interpretatur requies. Sed bella maximam inquietudinem habent. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 nullo modo est in diebus festis pugnandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40663"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 "ref">[40663] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 Isaiae LVIII reprehenduntur quidam quod in diebus ieiunii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 <i>repetunt debita et committunt lites, pugno percutientes</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 Ergo multo magis in diebus festis illicitum est bellare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40664"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 "ref">[40664] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 nihil est inordinate agendum ad vitandum incommodum temporale. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 bellare in die festo, hoc videtur esse secundum se inordinatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 Ergo pro nulla necessitate temporalis incommodi vitandi debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 aliquis in die festo bellare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40665"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 "ref">[40665] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 est quod I Machab. II dicitur, <i>cogitaverunt laudabiliter Iudaei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 dicentes, omnis homo quicumque venerit ad nos in bello in die
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 sabbatorum, pugnemus adversus eum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 co."><a name="40666"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 "ref">[40666] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 dicendum quod observatio festorum non impedit ea quae ordinantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 hominis salutem etiam corporalem. Unde dominus arguit Iudaeos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 dicens, Ioan. VII, <i>mihi indignamini quia totum hominem salvum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 feci in sabbato?</i> Et inde est quod medici licite possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 medicari homines in die festo. Multo autem magis est conservanda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 salus reipublicae, per quam impediuntur occisiones plurimorum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 innumera mala et temporalia et spiritualia, quam salus corporalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 unius hominis. Et ideo pro tuitione reipublicae fidelium licitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 est iusta bella exercere in diebus festis, si tamen hoc necessitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 exposcat, hoc enim esset tentare Deum, si quis, imminente tali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 necessitate, a bello vellet abstinere. Sed necessitate cessante,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 non est licitum bellare in diebus festis, propter rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 inductas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 <p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="40667"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 "ref">[40667] II&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 <div class="D">Quaestio 41</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 <p title="II-II q. 41 pr."><a name="40668"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 "ref">[40668] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 considerandum est de rixa. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 utrum rixa sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit filia irae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40669"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 "ref">[40669] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 sic proceditur. Videtur quod rixa non semper sit peccatum. Rixa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 enim videtur esse contentio quaedam, dicit enim Isidorus, in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 Etymol., quod <i>rixosus est a rictu canino dictus, semper enim ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 contradicendum paratus est, et iurgio delectatur, et provocat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 contendentem</i>. Sed contentio non semper est peccatum. Ergo neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 rixa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40670"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 "ref">[40670] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 Gen. XXVI dicitur quod <i>servi Isaac foderunt alium puteum, et pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 illo quoque rixati sunt</i>. Sed non est credendum quod familia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 Isaac rixaretur publice, eo non contradicente, si hoc esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 peccatum. Ergo rixa non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40671"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 "ref">[40671] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 rixa videtur esse quoddam particulare bellum. Sed bellum non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 est peccatum. Ergo rixa non semper est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40672"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 "ref">[40672] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 est quod ad Gal. V rixae ponuntur inter opera carnis, <i>quae qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 agunt regnum Dei non consequuntur</i>. Ergo rixae non solum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 peccata, sed etiam sunt peccata mortalia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 co."><a name="40673"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 "ref">[40673] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 dicendum quod sicut contentio importat quandam contradictionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 verborum, ita etiam rixa importat quandam contradictionem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 factis, unde super illud Gal. V dicit Glossa quod rixae sunt quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 ex ira invicem se percutiunt. Et ideo rixa videtur esse quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 privatum bellum, quod inter privatas personas agitur non ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 publica auctoritate, sed magis ex inordinata voluntate. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 rixa semper importat peccatum. Et in eo quidem qui alterum invadit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 iniuste est peccatum mortale, inferre enim nocumentum proximo etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 opere manuali non est absque mortali peccato. In eo autem qui se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 defendit potest esse sine peccato, et quandoque cum peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 veniali, et quandoque etiam cum mortali, secundum diversum motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 animi eius, et diversum modum se defendendi. Nam si solo animo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 repellendi iniuriam illatam, et cum debita moderatione se defendat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 non est peccatum, nec proprie potest dici rixa ex parte eius. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 vero cum animo vindictae vel odii, vel cum excessu debitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 moderationis se defendat, semper est peccatum, sed veniale quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 quando aliquis levis motus odii vel vindictae se immiscet, vel cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 non multum excedat moderatam defensionem; mortale autem quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 obfirmato animo in impugnantem insurgit ad eum occidendum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 graviter laedendum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40674"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 "ref">[40674] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 ergo dicendum quod rixa non simpliciter nominat contentionem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 tria in praemissis verbis Isidori ponuntur quae inordinationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 rixae declarant. Primo quidem, promptitudinem animi ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 contendendum, quod significat cum dicit, semper ad contradicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 paratus, scilicet sive alius bene aut male dicat aut faciat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 Secundo, quia in ipsa contradictione delectatur, unde sequitur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 in iurgio delectatur. Tertio, quia ipse alios provocat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 contradictiones, unde sequitur, et provocat contendentem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40675"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 "ref">[40675] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 dicendum quod ibi non intelligitur quod servi Isaac sint rixati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 sed quod incolae terrae rixati sunt contra eos. Unde illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 peccaverunt, non autem servi Isaac, qui calumniam patiebantur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40676"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 "ref">[40676] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 dicendum quod ad hoc quod iustum sit bellum, requiritur quod fiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 auctoritate publicae potestatis, sicut supra dictum est. Rixa autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 fit ex privato affectu irae vel odii. Si enim minister principis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 aut iudicis publica potestate aliquos invadat qui se defendant, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 dicuntur ipsi rixari, sed illi qui publicae potestati resistunt. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 sic illi qui invadunt non rixantur neque peccant, sed illi qui se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 inordinate defendunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40677"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 "ref">[40677] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod rixa non sit filia irae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 Dicitur enim Iac. IV, <i>unde bella et lites in vobis? Nonne ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 concupiscentiis quae militant in membris vestris?</i> Sed ira non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 pertinet ad concupiscibilem. Ergo rixa non est filia irae, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 magis concupiscentiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40678"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 "ref">[40678] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 Prov. XXVIII dicitur, <i>qui se iactat et dilatat iurgia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 concitat</i>. Sed idem videtur esse rixa quod iurgium. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 quod rixa sit filia superbiae vel inanis gloriae, ad quam pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 se iactare et dilatare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40679"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 "ref">[40679] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 Prov. XVIII dicitur, <i>labia stulti immiscent se rixis</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 stultitia differt ab ira, non enim opponitur mansuetudini, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 magis sapientiae vel prudentiae. Ergo rixa non est filia irae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40680"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 "ref">[40680] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 Prov. X dicitur, <i>odium suscitat rixas</i>. Sed odium oritur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 invidia; ut Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral. Ergo rixa non est filia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 irae, sed invidiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="40681"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 "ref">[40681] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 Prov. XVII dicitur, <i>qui meditatur discordias seminat rixas</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 Sed discordia est filia inanis gloriae, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 et rixa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40682"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 "ref">[40682] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., quod ex ira oritur rixa. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 Prov. XV et XXIX dicitur, <i>vir iracundus provocat rixas</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 co."><a name="40683"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 "ref">[40683] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, rixa importat quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 contradictionem usque ad facta pervenientem, dum unus alterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 laedere molitur. Dupliciter autem unus alium laedere intendit. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 modo, quasi intendens absolute malum ipsius. Et talis laesio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 pertinet ad odium, cuius intentio est ad laedendum inimicum vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 manifesto vel in occulto. Alio modo aliquis intendit alium laedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 eo sciente et repugnante, quod importatur nomine rixae. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 proprie pertinet ad iram, quae est appetitus vindictae, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 sufficit irato quod latenter noceat ei contra quem irascitur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 vult quod ipse sentiat, et quod contra voluntatem suam aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 patiatur in vindictam eius quod fecit, ut patet per ea quae supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 dicta sunt de passione irae. Et ideo rixa proprie oritur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 ira.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40684"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 "ref">[40684] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, omnes passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 irascibilis ex passionibus concupiscibilis oriuntur. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 hoc, illud quod proxime oritur ex ira, oritur etiam ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 concupiscentia sicut ex prima radice.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40685"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 "ref">[40685] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 dicendum quod iactatio et dilatatio sui, quae fit per superbiam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 inanem gloriam, non directe concitat iurgium aut rixam, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 occasionaliter, inquantum scilicet ex hoc concitatur ira, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 aliquis sibi ad iniuriam reputat quod alter ei se praeferat; et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 ex ira sequuntur iurgia et rixae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40686"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 "ref">[40686] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 dicendum quod ira, sicut supra dictum est, impedit iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 rationis, unde habet similitudinem cum stultitia. Et ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 sequitur quod habeant communem effectum, ex defectu enim rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 contingit quod aliquis inordinate alium laedere molitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40687"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 "ref">[40687] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 dicendum quod rixa, etsi quandoque ex odio oriatur, non tamen est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 proprius effectus odii. Quia praeter intentionem odientis est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 rixose et manifeste inimicum laedat, quandoque enim etiam occulte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 laedere quaerit; sed quando videt se praevalere cum rixa et iurgio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 laesionem intendit. Sed rixose aliquem laedere est proprius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 effectus irae, ratione iam dicta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 <p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="40688"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 "ref">[40688] II&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 dicendum quod ex rixis sequitur odium et discordia in cordibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 rixantium. Et ideo ille qui meditatur, idest qui intendit inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 aliquos seminare discordias, procurat quod ad invicem rixantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 sicut quodlibet peccatum potest imperare actum alterius peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 ordinando illum in suum finem. Sed ex hoc non sequitur quod rixa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 sit filia inanis gloriae proprie et directe.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 <div class="D">Quaestio 42</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 <p title="II-II q. 42 pr."><a name="40689"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 "ref">[40689] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 considerandum est de seditione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 utrum sit speciale peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit mortale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40690"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 "ref">[40690] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 sic proceditur. Videtur quod seditio non sit speciale peccatum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 aliis distinctum. Quia ut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 <i>seditiosus est qui dissensionem animorum facit et discordias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 gignit</i>. Sed ex hoc quod aliquis aliquod peccatum procurat, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 peccat alio peccati genere nisi illo quod procurat. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 quod seditio non sit speciale peccatum a discordia distinctum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40691"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 "ref">[40691] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 seditio divisionem quandam importat. Sed nomen etiam schismatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 sumitur a scissura, ut supra dictum est. Ergo peccatum seditionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 non videtur esse distinctum a peccato schismatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40692"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 "ref">[40692] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 omne peccatum speciale ab aliis distinctum vel est vitium capitale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 aut ex aliquo vitio capitali oritur. Sed seditio neque computatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 inter vitia capitalia, neque inter vitia quae ex capitalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 oriuntur, ut patet in XXXI Moral., ubi utraque vitia numerantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 Ergo seditio non est speciale peccatum ab aliis distinctum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40693"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 "ref">[40693] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 est quod II ad Cor. XII seditiones ab aliis peccatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 distinguuntur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 co."><a name="40694"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 "ref">[40694] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 dicendum quod seditio est quoddam peccatum speciale, quod quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 ad aliquid convenit cum bello et rixa, quantum autem ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 differt ab eis. Convenit quidem cum eis in hoc quod importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 quandam contradictionem. Differt autem ab eis in duobus. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 quidem, quia bellum et rixa important mutuam impugnationem in actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 sed seditio potest dici sive fiat huiusmodi impugnatio in actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 sive sit praeparatio ad talem impugnationem. Unde Glossa II ad Cor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 XII dicit quod seditiones sunt tumultus ad pugnam, cum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 aliqui se praeparant et intendunt pugnare. Secundo differunt, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 bellum proprie est contra extraneos et hostes, quasi multitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 ad multitudinem; rixa autem est unius ad unum, vel paucorum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 paucos; seditio autem proprie est inter partes unius multitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 inter se dissentientes, puta cum una pars civitatis excitatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 tumultum contra aliam. Et ideo seditio, quia habet speciale bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 cui opponitur, scilicet unitatem et pacem multitudinis, ideo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 speciale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40695"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 "ref">[40695] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 ergo dicendum quod seditiosus dicitur qui seditionem excitat. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 quia seditio quandam discordiam importat, ideo seditiosus est qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 discordiam facit non quamcumque, sed inter partes alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 multitudinis. Peccatum autem seditionis non solum est in eo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 discordiam seminat, sed etiam in eis qui inordinate ab invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 dissentiunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40696"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 "ref">[40696] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 dicendum quod seditio differt a schismate in duobus. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 quia schisma opponitur spirituali unitati multitudinis, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 unitati ecclesiasticae, seditio autem opponitur temporali vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 saeculari multitudinis unitati, puta civitatis vel regni. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 quia schisma non importat aliquam praeparationem ad pugnam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 corporalem, sed solum importat dissensionem spiritualem, seditio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 autem importat praeparationem ad pugnam corporalem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40697"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 "ref">[40697] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 dicendum quod seditio, sicut et schisma, sub discordia continetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 Utrumque enim est discordia quaedam, non unius ad unum, sed partium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 multitudinis ad invicem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40698"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 "ref">[40698] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod seditio non semper sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 peccatum mortale. Seditio enim importat tumultum ad pugnam; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 patet per Glossam supra inductam. Sed pugna non semper est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 mortale, sed quandoque est iusta et licita, ut supra habitum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 Ergo multo magis seditio potest esse sine peccato mortali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40699"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 "ref">[40699] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 seditio est discordia quaedam, ut dictum est. Sed discordia potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 esse sine peccato mortali, et quandoque etiam sine omni peccato.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 Ergo etiam seditio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40700"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 "ref">[40700] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 laudantur qui multitudinem a potestate tyrannica liberant. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 non de facili potest fieri sine aliqua dissensione multitudinis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 dum una pars multitudinis nititur retinere tyrannum, alia vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 nititur eum abiicere. Ergo seditio potest fieri sine peccato.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40701"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 "ref">[40701] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 est quod apostolus, II ad Cor. XII, prohibet seditiones inter alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 quae sunt peccata mortalia. Ergo seditio est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 co."><a name="40702"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 "ref">[40702] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, seditio opponitur unitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 multitudinis, idest populi, civitatis vel regni. Dicit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 Augustinus, II de Civ. Dei, quod <i>populum determinant sapientes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 non omnem coetum multitudinis, sed coetum iuris consensu et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 utilitatis communione sociatum</i>. Unde manifestum est unitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 cui opponitur seditio esse unitatem iuris et communis utilitatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 Manifestum est ergo quod seditio opponitur et iustitiae et communi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 bono. Et ideo ex suo genere est peccatum mortale, et tanto gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 quanto bonum commune, quod impugnatur per seditionem, est maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 quam bonum privatum, quod impugnatur per rixam. Peccatum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 seditionis primo quidem et principaliter pertinet ad eos qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 seditionem procurant, qui gravissime peccant. Secundo autem, ad eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 qui eos sequuntur, perturbantes bonum commune. Illi vero qui bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 commune defendunt, eis resistentes, non sunt dicendi seditiosi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 sicut nec illi qui se defendunt dicuntur rixosi, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40703"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 "ref">[40703] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 ergo dicendum quod pugna quae est licita fit pro communi utilitate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 sicut supra dictum est. Sed seditio fit contra commune bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 multitudinis. Unde semper est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40704"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 "ref">[40704] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 dicendum quod discordia ab eo quod non est manifeste bonum potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 esse sine peccato. Sed discordia ab eo quod est manifeste bonum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 potest esse sine peccato. Et talis discordia est seditio, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 opponitur utilitati multitudinis, quae est manifeste bonum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 <p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40705"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 "ref">[40705] II&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 dicendum quod regimen tyrannicum non est iustum, quia non ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 ad bonum commune, sed ad bonum privatum regentis, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 philosophum, in III Polit. et in VIII Ethic. Et ideo perturbatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 huius regiminis non habet rationem seditionis, nisi forte quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 sic inordinate perturbatur tyranni regimen quod multitudo subiecta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 maius detrimentum patitur ex perturbatione consequenti quam ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 tyranni regimine. Magis autem tyrannus seditiosus est, qui in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 populo sibi subiecto discordias et seditiones nutrit, ut tutius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 dominari possit. Hoc enim tyrannicum est, cum sit ordinatum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 bonum proprium praesidentis cum multitudinis nocumento.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 <div class="D">Quaestio 43</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 <p title="II-II q. 43 pr."><a name="40706"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 "ref">[40706] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 considerandum restat de vitiis quae beneficentiae opponuntur. Inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 quae alia quidem pertinent ad rationem iustitiae, illa scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 quibus aliquis iniuste proximum laedit, sed contra caritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 specialiter scandalum esse videtur. Et ideo considerandum est hic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 de scandalo. Circa quod quaeruntur octo. Primo, quid sit scandalum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 Secundo, utrum scandalum sit peccatum. Tertio, utrum sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 speciale. Quarto, utrum sit peccatum mortale. Quinto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 perfectorum sit scandalizari. Sexto, utrum eorum sit scandalizare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 Septimo, utrum spiritualia bona sint dimittenda propter scandalum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 Octavo, utrum sint propter scandalum temporalia dimittenda.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40707"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 "ref">[40707] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum inconvenienter definiatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 esse <i>dictum vel factum minus rectum praebens occasionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 ruinae</i>. Scandalum enim peccatum est, ut post dicetur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 secundum Augustinum, XXII contra Faust., <i>peccatum est dictum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 factum vel concupitum contra legem Dei</i>. Ergo praedicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 definitio est insufficiens, quia praetermittitur cogitatum sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 concupitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40708"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 "ref">[40708] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 cum inter actus virtuosos vel rectos unus sit virtuosior vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 rectior altero, illud solum videtur non esse minus rectum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 rectissimum. Si igitur scandalum sit dictum vel factum minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 rectum, sequetur quod omnis actus virtuosus praeter optimum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 scandalum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40709"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 "ref">[40709] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 occasio nominat causam per accidens. Sed id quod est per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 non debet poni in definitione, quia non dat speciem. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 inconvenienter in definitione scandali ponitur occasio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40710"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 "ref">[40710] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 ex quolibet facto alterius potest aliquis sumere occasionem ruinae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 quia causae per accidens sunt indeterminatae. Si igitur scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 est quod praebet alteri occasionem ruinae, quodlibet factum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 dictum poterit esse scandalum. Quod videtur inconveniens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="40711"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 "ref">[40711] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 occasio ruinae datur proximo quando offenditur aut infirmatur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 scandalum dividitur contra offensionem et infirmitatem, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 apostolus, ad Rom. XIV, <i>bonum est non manducare carnem et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 bibere vinum, neque in quo frater tuus offenditur aut scandalizatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 aut infirmatur</i>. Ergo praedicta definitio scandali non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 conveniens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40712"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 "ref">[40712] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 est quod Hieronymus, exponens illud quod habetur Matth. XV, <i>scis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 quia Pharisaei, audito hoc verbo</i>, etc., dicit, <i>quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 legimus, quicumque scandalizaverit, hoc intelligimus, qui dicto vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 facto occasionem ruinae dederit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 co."><a name="40713"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 "ref">[40713] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 dicendum quod, sicut Hieronymus ibidem dicit, <i>quod Graece
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 scandalon dicitur, nos offensionem vel ruinam et impactionem pedis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 possumus dicere</i>. Contingit enim quod quandoque aliquis obex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 ponitur alicui in via corporali, cui impingens disponitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 ruinam, et talis obex dicitur scandalum. Et similiter in processu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 viae spiritualis contingit aliquem disponi ad ruinam spiritualem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 per dictum vel factum alterius, inquantum scilicet aliquis sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 admonitione vel inductione aut exemplo alterum trahit ad peccandum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 Et hoc proprie dicitur scandalum. Nihil autem secundum propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 rationem disponit ad spiritualem ruinam nisi quod habet aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 defectum rectitudinis, quia id quod est perfecte rectum magis munit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 hominem contra casum quam ad ruinam inducat. Et ideo convenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 dicitur quod dictum vel factum minus rectum praebens occasionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 ruinae sit scandalum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40714"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 "ref">[40714] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 ergo dicendum quod cogitatio vel concupiscentia mali latet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 corde, unde non proponitur alteri ut obex disponens ad ruinam. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 propter hoc non potest habere scandali rationem.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40715"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 "ref">[40715] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 dicendum quod minus rectum hic non dicitur quod ab aliquo alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 superatur in rectitudine, sed quod habet aliquem rectitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 defectum, vel quia est secundum se malum, sicut peccata; vel quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 habet speciem mali, sicut cum aliquis recumbit in idolio. Quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 enim hoc secundum se non sit peccatum, si aliquis hoc non corrupta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 intentione faciat; tamen quia habet quandam speciem vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 similitudinem venerationis idoli, potest alteri praebere occasionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 ruinae. Et ideo apostolus monet, I ad Thess. V, <i>ab omni specie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 mala abstinete vos</i>. Et ideo convenienter dicitur minus rectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 ut comprehendantur tam illa quae sunt secundum se peccata, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 illa quae habent speciem mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40716"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 "ref">[40716] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, nihil potest esse homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 sufficiens causa peccati, quod est spiritualis ruina, nisi propria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 voluntas. Et ideo dicta vel facta alterius hominis possunt esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 solum causa imperfecta, aliqualiter inducens ad ruinam. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 hoc non dicitur, dans causam ruinae, sed, dans occasionem, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 significat causam imperfectam, et non semper causam per accidens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 Et tamen nihil prohibet in quibusdam definitionibus poni id quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 est per accidens, quia id quod est secundum accidens uni potest per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 se alteri convenire, sicut in definitione fortunae ponitur causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 per accidens, in II Physic.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40717"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 "ref">[40717] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 dicendum quod dictum vel factum alterius potest esse alteri causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 peccandi dupliciter, uno modo, per se; alio modo, per accidens. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 se quidem, quando aliquis suo malo verbo vel facto intendit alium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 ad peccandum inducere; vel, etiam si ipse hoc non intendat, ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 factum est tale quod de sui ratione habet ut sit inductivum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 peccandum, puta quod aliquis publice facit peccatum vel quod habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 similitudinem peccati. Et tunc ille qui huiusmodi actum facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 proprie dat occasionem ruinae, unde vocatur scandalum activum. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 accidens autem aliquod verbum vel factum unius est alteri causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 peccandi, quando etiam praeter intentionem operantis, et praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 conditionem operis, aliquis male dispositus ex huiusmodi opere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 inducitur ad peccandum, puta cum aliquis invidet bonis aliorum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 tunc ille qui facit huiusmodi actum rectum non dat occasionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 quantum in se est, sed alius sumit occasionem, secundum illud ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 Rom. VII, <i>occasione autem accepta,</i> et cetera. Et ideo hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 est scandalum passivum sine activo, quia ille qui recte agit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 quantum est de se, non dat occasionem ruinae quam alter patitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 Quandoque ergo contingit quod et sit simul scandalum activum in uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 et passivum in altero, puta cum ad inductionem unius alius peccat.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 Quandoque vero est scandalum activum sine passivo, puta cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 inducit verbo vel facto alium ad peccandum, et ille non consentit.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 Quandoque vero est scandalum passivum sine activo, sicut iam dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="40718"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 "ref">[40718] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 dicendum quod infirmitas nominat promptitudinem ad scandalum;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 offensio autem nominat indignationem alicuius contra eum qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 peccat, quae potest esse quandoque sine ruina; scandalum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 importat ipsam impactionem ad ruinam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40719"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 "ref">[40719] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum non sit peccatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 Peccata enim non eveniunt ex necessitate, quia omne peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 voluntarium, ut supra habitum est. Sed Matth. XVIII dicitur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 <i>necesse est ut veniant scandala</i>. Ergo scandalum non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40720"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 "ref">[40720] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 nullum peccatum procedit ex pietatis affectu, quia <i>non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 arbor bona fructus malos facere</i>, ut dicitur Matth. VII. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 aliquod scandalum est ex pietatis affectu, dicit enim dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 Petro, Matth. XVI, <i>scandalum mihi es</i>; ubi dicit Hieronymus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 quod <i>error apostoli, de pietatis affectu veniens, nunquam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 incentivum videtur esse Diaboli</i>. Ergo non omne scandalum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40721"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 "ref">[40721] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 scandalum impactionem quandam importat. Sed non quicumque impingit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 cadit. Ergo scandalum potest esse sine peccato, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 spiritualis casus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40722"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 "ref">[40722] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 est quod scandalum est dictum vel factum minus rectum. Ex hoc autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 habet aliquid rationem peccati quod a rectitudine deficit. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 scandalum semper est cum peccato.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 co."><a name="40723"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 "ref">[40723] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 dicendum quod, sicut iam supra dictum est, duplex est scandalum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 scilicet passivum, in eo qui scandalizatur; et activum, in eo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 scandalizat, dans occasionem ruinae. Scandalum igitur passivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 semper est peccatum in eo qui scandalizatur, non enim scandalizatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 nisi inquantum aliqualiter ruit spirituali ruina, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 peccatum. Potest tamen esse scandalum passivum sine peccato eius ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 cuius facto aliquis scandalizatur, sicut cum aliquis scandalizatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 de his quae alius bene facit. Similiter etiam scandalum activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 semper est peccatum in eo qui scandalizat. Quia vel ipsum opus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 facit est peccatum, vel etiam, si habeat speciem peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 dimittendum est semper propter proximi caritatem, ex qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 unusquisque conatur saluti proximi providere; et sic qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 dimittit contra caritatem agit. Potest tamen esse scandalum activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 sine peccato alterius qui scandalizatur, sicut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40724"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 "ref">[40724] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 ergo dicendum quod hoc quod dicitur, necesse est ut veniant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 scandala, non est intelligendum de necessitate absoluta, sed de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 necessitate conditionali, qua scilicet necesse est praescita vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 praenuntiata a Deo evenire, si tamen coniunctim accipiatur, ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 primo libro dictum est. Vel necesse est evenire scandala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 necessitate finis, quia utilia sunt ad hoc quod qui probati sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 manifesti fiant. Vel necesse est evenire scandala secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 conditionem hominum, qui sibi a peccatis non cavent. Sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 aliquis medicus, videns aliquos indebita diaeta utentes, dicat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 necesse est tales infirmari, quod intelligendum est sub hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 conditione, si diaetam non mutent. Et similiter necesse est evenire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 scandala si homines conversationem malam non mutent.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40725"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 "ref">[40725] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 dicendum quod scandalum ibi large ponitur pro quolibet impedimento.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 Volebat enim Petrus Christi passionem impedire, quodam pietatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 affectu ad Christum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40726"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 "ref">[40726] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 dicendum quod nullus impingit spiritualiter nisi retardetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 aliqualiter a processu in via Dei, quod fit saltem per peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 veniale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40727"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 "ref">[40727] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum non sit speciale peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 Scandalum enim est dictum vel factum minus rectum. Sed omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 peccatum est huiusmodi. Ergo omne peccatum est scandalum. Non ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 scandalum est speciale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40728"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 "ref">[40728] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 omne speciale peccatum, sive omnis specialis iniustitia, invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 separatim ab aliis; ut dicitur in V Ethic. Sed scandalum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 invenitur separatim ab aliis peccatis. Ergo scandalum non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 speciale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40729"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 "ref">[40729] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 omne speciale peccatum constituitur secundum aliquid quod dat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 speciem morali actui. Sed ratio scandali constituitur per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 coram aliis peccatur. In manifesto autem peccare, etsi sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 circumstantia aggravans, non videtur constituere peccati speciem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 Ergo scandalum non est speciale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40730"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 "ref">[40730] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 speciali virtuti speciale peccatum opponitur. Sed scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 opponitur speciali virtuti, scilicet caritati, dicitur enim Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 XIV, <i>si propter cibum frater tuus contristatur, iam non secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 caritatem ambulas</i>. Ergo scandalum est speciale peccatum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 co."><a name="40731"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 "ref">[40731] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, duplex est scandalum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 activum scilicet, et passivum. Passivum quidem scandalum non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 esse speciale peccatum, quia ex dicto vel facto alterius aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 ruere contingit secundum quodcumque genus peccati; nec hoc ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 quod est occasionem peccandi sumere ex dicto vel facto alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 specialem rationem peccati constituit, quia non importat specialem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 deformitatem speciali virtuti oppositam. Scandalum autem activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3014 potest accipi dupliciter, per se scilicet, et per accidens. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 accidens quidem, quando est praeter intentionem agentis, ut puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 cum aliquis suo facto vel verbo inordinato non intendit alteri dare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 occasionem ruinae, sed solum suae satisfacere voluntati. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 etiam scandalum activum non est peccatum speciale, quia quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 per accidens non constituit speciem. Per se autem est activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 scandalum quando aliquis suo inordinato dicto vel facto intendit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 alium trahere ad peccatum. Et sic ex intentione specialis finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 sortitur rationem specialis peccati, finis enim dat speciem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 moralibus, ut supra dictum est. Unde sicut furtum est speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 peccatum, aut homicidium, propter speciale nocumentum proximi quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 intenditur; ita etiam scandalum est speciale peccatum, propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 quod intenditur speciale proximi nocumentum. Et opponitur directe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 correctioni fraternae, in qua attenditur specialis nocumenti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 remotio.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40732"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 "ref">[40732] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 ergo dicendum quod omne peccatum potest materialiter se habere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 scandalum activum. Sed formalem rationem specialis peccati potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 habere ex intentione finis, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40733"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 "ref">[40733] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 dicendum quod scandalum activum potest inveniri separatim ab aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 peccatis, ut puta cum aliquis proximum scandalizat facto quod de se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 non est peccatum, sed habet speciem mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40734"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 "ref">[40734] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 dicendum quod scandalum non habet rationem specialis peccati ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 praedicta circumstantia, sed ex intentione finis, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40735"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 "ref">[40735] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum sit peccatum mortale. Omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 enim peccatum quod contrariatur caritati est peccatum mortale, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 supra dictum est. Sed scandalum contrariatur caritati, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 est. Ergo scandalum est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40736"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 "ref">[40736] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 nulli peccato debetur poena damnationis aeternae nisi mortali. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 scandalo debetur poena damnationis aeternae, secundum illud Matth.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 XVIII, <i>qui scandalizaverit unum de pusillis istis qui in me
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 credunt, expedit ei ut suspendatur mola asinaria in collo eius et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 demergatur in profundum maris</i>. Quia, ut dicit Hieronymus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 <i>multo melius est pro culpa brevem recipere poenam quam aeternis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 servari cruciatibus</i>. Ergo scandalum est peccatum mortale.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40737"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 "ref">[40737] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 omne peccatum quod in Deum committitur est peccatum mortale, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 solum peccatum mortale avertit hominem a Deo. Sed scandalum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 peccatum in Deum, dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor. VIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 <i>percutientes conscientiam fratrum infirmam, in Christum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 peccatis</i>. Ergo scandalum semper est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40738"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 "ref">[40738] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 inducere aliquem ad peccandum venialiter potest esse peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 veniale. Sed hoc pertinet ad rationem scandali. Ergo scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 potest esse peccatum veniale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 co."><a name="40739"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 "ref">[40739] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, scandalum importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 impactionem quandam, per quam aliquis disponitur ad ruinam. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 scandalum passivum quandoque quidem potest esse peccatum veniale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 quasi habens impactionem tantum, puta cum aliquis ex inordinato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 dicto vel facto alterius commovetur motu venialis peccati.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 Quandoque vero est peccatum mortale, quasi habens cum impactione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 ruinam, puta cum aliquis ex inordinato dicto vel facto alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 procedit usque ad peccatum mortale. Scandalum autem activum, si sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 quidem per accidens, potest esse quandoque quidem peccatum veniale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 puta cum aliquis vel actum peccati venialis committit; vel actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 qui non est secundum se peccatum sed habet aliquam speciem mali,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 cum aliqua levi indiscretione. Quandoque vero est peccatum mortale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 sive quia committit actum peccati mortalis; sive quia contemnit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 salutem proximi, ut pro ea conservanda non praetermittat aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 facere quod sibi libuerit. Si vero scandalum activum sit per se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 puta cum intendit inducere alium ad peccandum, si quidem intendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 inducere ad peccandum mortaliter, est peccatum mortale. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 similiter si intendat inducere ad peccandum venialiter per actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 peccati mortalis. Si vero intendat inducere proximum ad peccandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 venialiter per actum peccati venialis, est peccatum veniale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="40740"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 "ref">[40740] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="40741"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 "ref">[40741] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum passivum possit etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 perfectos cadere. Christus enim fuit maxime perfectus. Sed ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3104 dixit Petro, <i>scandalum mihi es</i>. Ergo multo magis alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 perfecti possunt scandalum pati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="40742"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 "ref">[40742] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 scandalum importat impedimentum aliquod quod alicui opponitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 vita spirituali. Sed etiam perfecti viri in processibus spiritualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 vitae impediri possunt, secundum illud I ad Thess. II, <i>voluimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 venire ad vos, ego quidem Paulus, semel et iterum, sed impedivit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 nos Satanas</i>. Ergo etiam perfecti viri possunt scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 pati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="40743"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 "ref">[40743] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 etiam in perfectis viris peccata venialia inveniri possunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 secundum illud I Ioan. I, <i>si dixerimus quoniam peccatum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 habemus, ipsi nos seducimus</i>. Sed scandalum passivum non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 est peccatum mortale, sed quandoque veniale, ut dictum est. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 scandalum passivum potest in perfectis viris inveniri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 s. c."><a name="40744"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 "ref">[40744] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 est quod super illud Matth. XVIII, <i>qui scandalizaverit unum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 pusillis istis</i>, dicit Hieronymus, <i>nota quod qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 scandalizatur parvulus est, maiores enim scandala non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 recipiunt</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 co."><a name="40745"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 "ref">[40745] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 dicendum quod scandalum passivum importat quandam commotionem animi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 a bono in eo qui scandalum patitur. Nullus autem commovetur qui rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 immobili firmiter inhaeret. Maiores autem, sive perfecti, soli Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 inhaerent, cuius est immutabilis bonitas, quia etsi inhaereant suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 praelatis, non inhaerent eis nisi inquantum illi inhaerent Christo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 secundum illud I ad Cor. IV, <i>imitatores mei estote, sicut et ego
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 Christi</i>. Unde quantumcumque videant alios inordinate se habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 dictis vel factis, ipsi a sua rectitudine non recedunt, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 illud Psalm., <i>qui confidunt in domino, sicut mons Sion, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 commovebitur in aeternum qui habitat in Ierusalem</i>. Et ideo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 his qui perfecte Deo adhaerent per amorem scandalum non invenitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 secundum illud Psalm., <i>pax multa diligentibus legem tuam, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 est illis scandalum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="40746"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 "ref">[40746] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, scandalum large ponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 ibi pro quolibet impedimento. Unde dominus Petro dicit, scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 mihi es, quia nitebatur eius propositum impedire circa passionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 subeundam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="40747"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 "ref">[40747] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 dicendum quod in exterioribus actibus perfecti viri possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 impediri. Sed in interiori voluntate per dicta vel facta aliorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 non impediuntur quominus tendant in Deum, secundum illud Rom. VIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 <i>neque mors neque vita poterit nos separare a caritate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 Dei</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="40748"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 "ref">[40748] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 dicendum quod perfecti viri ex infirmitate carnis incidunt interdum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 in aliqua peccata venialia, non autem ex aliorum dictis vel factis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 scandalizantur secundum veram scandali rationem. Sed potest esse in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 eis quaedam appropinquatio ad scandalum, secundum illud Psalm.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 <i>mei pene moti sunt pedes</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="40749"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 "ref">[40749] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum activum possit inveniri in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 viris perfectis. Passio enim est effectus actionis. Sed ex dictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 vel factis perfectorum aliqui passive scandalizantur, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 illud Matth. XV, <i>scis quia Pharisaei, audito hoc verbo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 scandalizati sunt?</i> Ergo in perfectis viris potest inveniri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 scandalum activum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="40750"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 "ref">[40750] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 Petrus post acceptum spiritum sanctum in statu perfectorum erat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 Sed postea gentiles scandalizavit, dicitur enim ad Gal. II, <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 vidissem quod non recte ambularent ad veritatem Evangelii</i>, dixi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 Cephae, idest Petro, coram omnibus, <i>si tu cum Iudaeus sis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 gentiliter et non Iudaice vivis, quomodo gentes cogis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 iudaizare?</i> Ergo scandalum activum potest esse in viris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 perfectis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="40751"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 "ref">[40751] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 scandalum activum quandoque est peccatum veniale. Sed peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 venialia possunt etiam esse in viris perfectis. Ergo scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3185 activum potest esse in viris perfectis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 s. c."><a name="40752"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 "ref">[40752] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 plus repugnat perfectioni scandalum activum quam passivum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 scandalum passivum non potest esse in viris perfectis. Ergo multo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 minus scandalum activum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 co."><a name="40753"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 "ref">[40753] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 dicendum quod scandalum activum proprie est cum aliquis tale
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 aliquid dicit vel facit quod de se tale est ut alterum natum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 inducere ad ruinam, quod quidem est solum id quod inordinate fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 vel dicitur. Ad perfectos autem pertinet ea quae agunt secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 regulam rationis ordinare, secundum illud I ad Cor. XIV, <i>omnia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 honeste et secundum ordinem fiant in vobis</i>. Et praecipue hanc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 cautelam adhibent in his in quibus non solum ipsi offenderent, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 etiam aliis offensionem pararent. Et si quidem in eorum manifestis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 dictis vel factis aliquid ab hac moderatione desit, hoc provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 infirmitate humana, secundum quam a perfectione deficiunt. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 tamen intantum deficiunt ut multum ab ordine rationis recedatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 sed modicum et leviter, quod non est tam magnum ut ex hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 rationabiliter possit ab alio sumi peccandi occasio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="40754"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 "ref">[40754] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 ergo dicendum quod scandalum passivum semper ab aliquo activo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 causatur, sed non semper ab aliquo scandalo activo alterius, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 eiusdem qui scandalizatur; quia scilicet ipse seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 scandalizat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="40755"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3213 "ref">[40755] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 dicendum quod Petrus peccavit quidem, et reprehensibilis fuit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 secundum sententiam Augustini et ipsius Pauli, subtrahens se a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 gentilibus ut vitaret scandalum Iudaeorum, quia hoc incaute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 aliqualiter faciebat, ita quod ex hoc gentiles ad fidem conversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3218 scandalizabantur. Non tamen factum Petri erat tam grave peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 quod merito possent alii scandalizari. Unde patiebantur scandalum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 passivum, non autem erat in Petro scandalum activum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3221 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="40756"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 "ref">[40756] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 dicendum quod peccata venialia perfectorum praecipue consistunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 subitis motibus, qui, cum sint occulti, scandalizare non possunt.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3225 Si qua vero etiam in exterioribus dictis vel factis venialia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 peccata committant, tam levia sunt ut de se scandalizandi virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 non habeant.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3230 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="40757"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 "ref">[40757] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod bona spiritualia sint propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 scandalum dimittenda. Augustinus enim, in libro contra epistolam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 Parmen., docet quod ubi schismatis periculum timetur, a punitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 peccatorum cessandum est. Sed punitio peccatorum est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 spirituale, cum sit actus iustitiae. Ergo bonum spirituale est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 propter scandalum dimittendum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="40758"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 "ref">[40758] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 sacra doctrina maxime videtur esse spiritualis. Sed ab ea est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 cessandum propter scandalum, secundum illud Matth. VII, <i>nolite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 sanctum dare canibus, neque margaritas vestras spargatis ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 porcos, ne conversi dirumpant vos</i>. Ergo bonum spirituale est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3244 dimittendum propter scandalum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="40759"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 "ref">[40759] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 correctio fraterna, cum sit actus caritatis, est quoddam spirituale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 bonum. Sed interdum ex caritate dimittitur, ad vitandum scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 aliorum; ut Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei. Ergo bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 spirituale est propter scandalum dimittendum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="40760"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 "ref">[40760] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 Hieronymus dicit quod dimittendum est propter scandalum omne quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 potest praetermitti salva triplici veritate, scilicet vitae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 iustitiae et doctrinae. Sed impletio consiliorum, et largitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 eleemosynarum, multoties potest praetermitti salva triplici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 veritate praedicta, alioquin semper peccarent omnes qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 praetermittunt. Et tamen haec sunt maxima inter spiritualia opera.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 Ergo spiritualia opera debent praetermitti propter scandalum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 5"><a name="40761"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 "ref">[40761] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 vitatio cuiuslibet peccati est quoddam spirituale bonum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 quodlibet peccatum affert peccanti aliquod spirituale detrimentum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 Sed videtur quod pro scandalo proximi vitando debeat aliquis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 quandoque peccare venialiter, puta cum peccando venialiter impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 peccatum mortale alterius, debet enim homo impedire damnationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 proximi quantum potest sine detrimento propriae salutis, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 tollitur per peccatum veniale. Ergo aliquod bonum spirituale debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 homo praetermittere propter scandalum vitandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 s. c."><a name="40762"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 "ref">[40762] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 est quod Gregorius dicit, super Ezech., <i>si de veritate scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3273 sumitur, utilius nasci permittitur scandalum quam veritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 relinquatur</i>. Sed bona spiritualia maxime pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 veritatem. Ergo bona spiritualia non sunt propter scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 dimittenda.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3277 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 co."><a name="40763"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 "ref">[40763] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 dicendum quod, cum duplex sit scandalum, activum scilicet et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 passivum, quaestio ista non habet locum de scandalo activo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 cum scandalum activum sit dictum vel factum minus rectum, nihil est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 cum scandalo activo faciendum. Habet autem locum quaestio si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 intelligatur de scandalo passivo. Considerandum est igitur quid sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 dimittendum ne alius scandalizetur. Est autem in spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 bonis distinguendum. Nam quaedam horum sunt de necessitate salutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 quae praetermitti non possunt sine peccato mortali. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 autem quod nullus debet mortaliter peccare ut alterius peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 impediat, quia secundum ordinem caritatis plus debet homo suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3289 salutem spiritualem diligere quam alterius. Et ideo ea quae sunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 necessitate salutis praetermitti non debent propter scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 vitandum. In his autem spiritualibus bonis quae non sunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 necessitate salutis videtur distinguendum. Quia scandalum quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 eis oritur quandoque ex malitia procedit, cum scilicet aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 volunt impedire huiusmodi spiritualia bona, scandala concitando, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 hoc est scandalum Pharisaeorum, qui de doctrina domini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 scandalizabantur. Quod esse contemnendum dominus docet, Matth. XV.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 Quandoque vero scandalum procedit ex infirmitate vel ignorantia, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 huiusmodi est scandalum pusillorum. Propter quod sunt spiritualia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 opera vel occultanda, vel etiam interdum differenda, ubi periculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 non imminet, quousque, reddita ratione, huiusmodi scandalum cesset.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 Si autem post redditam rationem huiusmodi scandalum duret, iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 videtur ex malitia esse, et sic propter ipsum non sunt huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 spiritualia opera dimittenda.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="40764"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 "ref">[40764] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 ergo dicendum quod poenarum inflictio non est propter se expetenda,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 sed poenae infliguntur ut medicinae quaedam ad cohibendum peccata.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 Et ideo intantum habent rationem iustitiae inquantum per eas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 peccata cohibentur. Si autem per inflictionem poenarum manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 sit plura et maiora peccata sequi, tunc poenarum inflictio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 continebitur sub iustitia. Et in hoc casu loquitur Augustinus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3312 quando scilicet ex excommunicatione aliquorum imminet periculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 schismatis, tunc enim excommunicationem ferre non pertineret ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 veritatem iustitiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="40765"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 "ref">[40765] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 dicendum quod circa doctrinam duo sunt consideranda, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3318 veritas quae docetur; et ipse actus docendi. Quorum primum est de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 necessitate salutis, ut scilicet contrarium veritati non doceat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 sed veritatem secundum congruentiam temporis et personarum proponat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 ille cui incumbit docendi officium. Et ideo propter nullum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 scandalum quod sequi videatur debet homo, praetermissa veritate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 falsitatem docere. Sed ipse actus docendi inter spirituales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 eleemosynas computatur, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo eadem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 est de doctrina et de aliis misericordiae operibus, de quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 postea dicetur.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="40766"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 "ref">[40766] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 dicendum quod correctio fraterna, sicut supra dictum est, ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3330 ad emendationem fratris. Et ideo intantum computanda est inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 spiritualia bona inquantum hoc consequi potest. Quod non contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 si ex correctione frater scandalizetur. Et ideo si propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 scandalum correctio dimittatur, non dimittitur spirituale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 bonum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="40767"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 "ref">[40767] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 dicendum quod in veritate vitae, doctrinae et iustitiae non solum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 comprehenditur id quod est de necessitate salutis, sed etiam id per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 quod perfectius pervenitur ad salutem, secundum illud I ad Cor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 XII, <i>aemulamini charismata meliora</i>. Unde etiam consilia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 sunt simpliciter praetermittenda, nec etiam misericordiae opera,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 propter scandalum, sed sunt interdum occultanda vel differenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 propter scandalum pusillorum, ut dictum est. Quandoque tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 consiliorum observatio et impletio operum misericordiae sunt de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 necessitate salutis. Quod patet in his qui iam voverunt consilia;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3346 et in his quibus ex debito imminet defectibus aliorum subvenire,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 vel in temporalibus, puta pascendo esurientem, vel in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 spiritualibus, puta docendo ignorantem; sive huiusmodi fiant debita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 propter iniunctum officium, ut patet in praelatis, sive propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 necessitatem indigentis. Et tunc eadem ratio est de huiusmodi sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 de aliis quae sunt de necessitate salutis.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 5"><a name="40768"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 "ref">[40768] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 dicendum quod quidam dixerunt quod peccatum veniale est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 committendum propter vitandum scandalum. Sed hoc implicat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 contraria, si enim faciendum est, iam non est malum neque peccatum;
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diff changeset
3357 nam peccatum non potest esse eligibile. Contingit tamen aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 propter aliquam circumstantiam non esse peccatum veniale quod, illa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 circumstantia sublata, peccatum veniale esset, sicut verbum iocosum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 est peccatum veniale quando absque utilitate dicitur; si autem ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 causa rationabili proferatur, non est otiosum neque peccatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 Quamvis autem per peccatum veniale gratia non tollatur, per quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 est hominis salus; inquantum tamen veniale disponit ad mortale,
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diff changeset
3364 vergit in detrimentum salutis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="40769"><span class=
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diff changeset
3368 "ref">[40769] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 sic proceditur. Videtur quod temporalia sint dimittenda propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 scandalum. Magis enim debemus diligere spiritualem salutem proximi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 quae impeditur per scandalum, quam quaecumque temporalia bona. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 id quod minus diligimus dimittimus propter id quod magis diligimus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 Ergo temporalia magis debemus dimittere ad vitandum scandalum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 proximorum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="40770"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 "ref">[40770] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 secundum regulam Hieronymi, omnia quae possunt praetermitti salva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 triplici veritate, sunt propter scandalum dimittenda. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 temporalia possunt praetermitti salva triplici veritate. Ergo sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 propter scandalum dimittenda.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="40771"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 "ref">[40771] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3383 in temporalibus bonis nihil est magis necessarium quam cibus. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 cibus est praetermittendus propter scandalum, secundum illud Rom.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 XIV, <i>noli cibo tuo illum perdere pro quo Christus mortuus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3386 est</i>. Ergo multo magis omnia alia temporalia sunt propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 scandalum dimittenda.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="40772"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 "ref">[40772] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 temporalia nullo convenientiori modo conservare aut recuperare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 possumus quam per iudicium. Sed iudiciis uti non licet, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 praecipue cum scandalo, dicitur enim Matth. V, <i>ei qui vult tecum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 in iudicio contendere et tunicam tuam tollere, dimitte ei et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 pallium</i>; et I ad Cor. VI, <i>iam quidem omnino delictum est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 vobis quod iudicia habetis inter vos. Quare non magis iniuriam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 accipitis? Quare non magis fraudem patimini?</i> Ergo videtur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3397 temporalia sint propter scandalum dimittenda.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 5"><a name="40773"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 "ref">[40773] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 inter omnia temporalia minus videntur dimittenda quae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 spiritualibus annexa. Sed ista sunt propter scandalum dimittenda,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 apostolus enim, seminans spiritualia, temporalia stipendia non
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diff changeset
3403 accepit, ne offendiculum daret Evangelio Christi, ut patet I ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 Cor. IX; et ex simili causa Ecclesia in aliquibus terris non exigit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 decimas, propter scandalum vitandum. Ergo multo magis alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 temporalia sunt propter scandalum dimittenda.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3407 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 s. c."><a name="40774"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 "ref">[40774] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 est quod beatus Thomas Cantuariensis repetiit res Ecclesiae cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 scandalo regis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3411 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 co."><a name="40775"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 "ref">[40775] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 dicendum quod circa temporalia bona distinguendum est. Aut enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 sunt nostra, aut sunt nobis ad conservandum pro aliis commissa;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 sicut bona Ecclesiae committuntur praelatis, et bona communia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 quibuscumque reipublicae rectoribus. Et talium conservatio, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 et depositorum, imminet his quibus sunt commissa ex necessitate. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 ideo non sunt propter scandalum dimittenda, sicut nec alia quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 sunt de necessitate salutis. Temporalia vero quorum nos sumus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 domini dimittere, ea tribuendo si penes nos ea habeamus, vel non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3421 repetendo si apud alios sint, propter scandalum quandoque quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 debemus, quandoque autem non. Si enim scandalum ex hoc oriatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 propter ignorantiam vel infirmitatem aliorum, quod supra diximus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 esse scandalum pusillorum; tunc vel totaliter dimittenda sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 temporalia; vel aliter scandalum sedandum, scilicet per aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 admonitionem. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 monte, <i>dandum est quod nec tibi nec alteri noceat, quantum ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 homine credi potest. Et cum negaveris quod petit, indicanda est ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 iustitia, et melius ei aliquid dabis, cum petentem iniuste
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 correxeris</i>. Aliquando vero scandalum nascitur ex malitia, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 est scandalum Pharisaeorum. Et propter eos qui sic scandala
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3432 concitant non sunt temporalia dimittenda, quia hoc et noceret bono
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 communi, daretur enim malis rapiendi occasio; et noceret ipsis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 rapientibus, qui retinendo aliena in peccato remanerent. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 Gregorius dicit, in Moral., <i>quidam, dum temporalia nobis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 rapiunt, solummodo sunt tolerandi, quidam vero, servata aequitate,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3437 prohibendi; non sola cura ne nostra subtrahantur, sed ne rapientes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 non sua semetipsos perdant</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="40776"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 "ref">[40776] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 patet solutio ad primum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="40777"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 "ref">[40777] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 dicendum quod si passim permitteretur malis hominibus ut aliena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 raperent, vergeret hoc in detrimentum veritatis vitae et iustitiae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 Et ideo non oportet propter quodcumque scandalum temporalia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 dimitti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="40778"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 "ref">[40778] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 dicendum quod non est de intentione apostoli monere quod cibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 totaliter propter scandalum dimittatur, quia sumere cibum est de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 necessitate salutis. Sed talis cibus est propter scandalum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 dimittendus, secundum illud I ad Cor. VIII, <i>non manducabo carnem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 in aeternum, ne fratrem meum scandalizem</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="40779"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 "ref">[40779] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 dicendum quod secundum Augustinum, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 illud praeceptum domini est intelligendum secundum praeparationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 animi, ut scilicet homo sit paratus prius pati iniuriam vel fraudem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 quam iudicium subire, si hoc expediat. Quandoque tamen non expedit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 ut dictum est. Et similiter intelligendum est verbum apostoli.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 <p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 5"><a name="40780"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 "ref">[40780] II&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 dicendum quod scandalum quod vitabat apostolus ex ignorantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 procedebat gentilium, qui hoc non consueverant. Et ideo ad tempus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 abstinendum erat, ut prius instruerentur hoc esse debitum. Et ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 simili causa Ecclesia abstinet de decimis exigendis in terris in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 quibus non est consuetum decimas solvere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 <div class="centro"><br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 <p><a href="sth3027.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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diff changeset
3472 <a href="sth3044.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 <hr />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 hanc editionem<br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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diff changeset
3481 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 </div>
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diff changeset
3483 </body>
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3484 </html>