annotate summa/latin/sth2085.html @ 46:6cfdc13efd8a

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date Sun, 20 Dec 2009 22:10:12 +0000
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, I&ordf;-IIae q.
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23 85-89</title>
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24 </head>
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25 <body>
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26 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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27 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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29 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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30 <div class="dos">prima pars secundae partis a quaestione LXXXV ad
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31 LXXXIX</div>
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32 <br />
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33 <div class="centro">
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34 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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35 <tr>
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36 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border=
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37 "0" alt=
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38 "Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)"
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39 align="middle" /></th>
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40 </tr>
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41 </table>
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42 <br />
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43 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1892 editum<br />
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44 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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45 magneticas<br />
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46 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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47 <br /></span><br />
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48 <hr />
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49 <br />
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50 <p><a href="sth2075.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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52 <a href="sth2090.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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53 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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54 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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55 //<![CDATA[
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56 <!--
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57 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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138 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37255">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 1 arg. 1');
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ht
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139 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37256">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 1 arg. 2');
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ht
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140 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37257">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 1 arg. 3');
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ht
parents:
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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146 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37263">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 arg. 1');
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ht
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147 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37264">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 arg. 2');
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ht
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148 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37265">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 arg. 3');
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ht
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149 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37266">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 s. c.');
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ht
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150 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37267">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 co.');
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ht
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151 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37268">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 ad 1');
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ht
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152 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37269">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 ad 2');
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ht
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153 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37270">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 ad 3');
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ht
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154 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37271">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 1');
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ht
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155 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37272">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 2');
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ht
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156 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37273">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 3');
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ht
parents:
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157 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37274">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 4');
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ht
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158 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37275">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 s. c.');
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ht
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159 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37276">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 co.');
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ht
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160 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37277">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 1');
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ht
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161 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37278">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 2');
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ht
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162 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37279">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 3');
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ht
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163 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37280">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 4');
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164 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37281">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 arg. 1');
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ht
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165 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37282">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 arg. 2');
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ht
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166 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37283">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 arg. 3');
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ht
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167 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37284">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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168 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37285">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 co.');
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ht
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169 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37286">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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170 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37287">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 ad 2');
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ht
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171 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37288">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 ad 3');
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172 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37289">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 arg. 1');
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173 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37290">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 arg. 2');
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ht
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174 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37291">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 arg. 3');
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ht
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175 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37292">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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176 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37293">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 co.');
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177 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37294">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 ad 1');
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178 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37295">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 ad 2');
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179 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37296">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 ad 3');
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180 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37297">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 arg. 1');
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ht
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181 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37298">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 arg. 2');
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ht
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182 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37299">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 arg. 3');
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ht
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183 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37300">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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ht
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185 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37302">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 ad 1');
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186 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37303">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 ad 2');
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187 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37304">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 ad 3');
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188 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37305">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 arg. 1');
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ht
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189 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37306">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 arg. 2');
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ht
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190 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37307">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 arg. 3');
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ht
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191 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37308">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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192 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37309">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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193 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37310">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 ad 1');
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ht
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194 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37311">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 ad 2');
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ht
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195 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37312">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 ad 3');
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196 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37313">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 arg. 1');
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ht
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197 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37314">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 arg. 2');
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ht
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198 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37315">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 arg. 3');
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ht
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199 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37316">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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200 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37317">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 co.');
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ht
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201 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37318">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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202 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37319">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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203 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37320">I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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204 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37321">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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205 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37322">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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206 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37323">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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207 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37324">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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208 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37325">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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209 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37326">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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210 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37327">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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211 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37328">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 1');
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ht
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212 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37329">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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213 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37330">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 3');
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ht
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214 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37331">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 4');
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ht
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215 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37332">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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216 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37333">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 arg. 2');
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ht
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217 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37334">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 arg. 3');
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218 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37335">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 s. c.');
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219 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37336">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 co.');
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220 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37337">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 ad 1');
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ht
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221 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37338">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 ad 2');
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ht
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222 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37339">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 ad 3');
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ht
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223 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37340">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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224 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37341">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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225 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37342">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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226 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37343">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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227 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37344">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 co.');
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ht
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228 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37345">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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229 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37346">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 ad 2');
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ht
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230 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37347">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 ad 3');
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ht
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231 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37348">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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232 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37349">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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233 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37350">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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234 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37351">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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235 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37352">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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236 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37353">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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237 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37354">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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238 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37355">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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239 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37356">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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240 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37357">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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241 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37358">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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242 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37359">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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243 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37360">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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244 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37361">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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245 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37362">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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246 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37363">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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247 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37364">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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248 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37365">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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249 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37366">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 arg. 1');
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250 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37367">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 arg. 2');
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251 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37368">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 arg. 3');
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252 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37369">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 s. c.');
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253 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37370">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 co.');
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254 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37371">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 ad 1');
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255 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37372">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 ad 2');
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256 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37373">I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 ad 3');
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257 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37374">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 pr.');
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258 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37375">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 arg. 1');
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259 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37376">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 arg. 2');
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260 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37377">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 arg. 3');
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261 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37378">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 s. c.');
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262 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37379">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 co.');
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263 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37380">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 ad 1');
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264 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37381">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 ad 2');
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265 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37382">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 ad 3');
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266 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37383">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 1');
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267 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37384">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 2');
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268 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37385">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 3');
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269 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37386">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 4');
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270 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37387">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 s. c.');
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271 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37388">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 co.');
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272 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37389">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 1');
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273 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37390">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 2');
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274 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37391">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 3');
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275 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37392">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 4');
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276 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37393">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 arg. 1');
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277 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37394">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 arg. 2');
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278 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37395">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 arg. 3');
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279 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37396">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 s. c.');
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280 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37397">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 co.');
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281 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37398">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 ad 1');
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282 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37399">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 ad 2');
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283 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37400">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 ad 3');
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284 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37401">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 arg. 1');
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285 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37402">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 arg. 2');
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286 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37403">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 arg. 3');
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287 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37404">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 s. c.');
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288 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37405">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 co.');
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289 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37406">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 ad 1');
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290 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37407">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 ad 2');
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291 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37408">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 ad 3');
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292 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37409">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 arg. 1');
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293 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37410">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 arg. 2');
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294 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37411">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 arg. 3');
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295 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37412">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 s. c.');
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296 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37413">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 co.');
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297 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37414">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 ad 1');
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298 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37415">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 ad 2');
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299 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37416">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 ad 3');
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300 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37417">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 arg. 1');
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301 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37418">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 arg. 2');
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302 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37419">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 arg. 3');
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303 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37420">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 s. c.');
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304 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37421">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 co.');
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305 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37422">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 ad 1');
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306 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37423">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 ad 2');
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307 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37424">I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 ad 3');
28
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308 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
26
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309 document.write('<BR><BR>');
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310 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
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311 document.write('<\/FORM>');
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312 // -->
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313 //]]>
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314 </script><br />
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315 <hr />
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316 <br /></div>
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317 <div class="D">Quaestio 85</div>
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318 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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319 <p title="I-II q. 85 pr."><a name="37183"><span class="ref">[37183]
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320 I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
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321 effectibus peccati. Et primo quidem, de corruptione boni naturae;
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322 secundo, de macula animae; tertio, de reatu poenae. Circa primum
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323 quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum bonum naturae diminuatur per peccatum.
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324 Secundo, utrum totaliter tolli possit. Tertio, de quatuor
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325 vulneribus quae Beda ponit, quibus natura humana vulnerata est
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326 propter peccatum. Quarto, utrum privatio modi, speciei et ordinis,
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327 sit effectus peccati. Quinto, utrum mors et alii defectus
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328 corporales sint effectus peccati. Sexto, utrum sint aliquo modo
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329 homini naturales.</p>
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330 <br />
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331 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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332 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37184"><span class=
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333 "ref">[37184] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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334 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum non diminuat bonum naturae.
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335 Peccatum enim hominis non est gravius quam peccatum Daemonis. Sed
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336 bona naturalia in Daemonibus manent integra post peccatum, ut
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337 Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo peccatum etiam bonum
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338 naturae humanae non diminuit.</p>
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339 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37185"><span class=
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340 "ref">[37185] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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341 transmutato posteriori, non transmutatur prius, manet enim
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342 substantia eadem, transmutatis accidentibus. Sed natura praeexistit
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343 actioni voluntariae. Ergo, facta deordinatione circa actionem
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344 voluntariam per peccatum, non transmutatur propter hoc natura, ita
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345 quod bonum naturae diminuatur.</p>
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346 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37186"><span class=
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347 "ref">[37186] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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348 peccatum est actus quidam, diminutio autem passio. Nullum autem
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349 agens, ex hoc ipso quod agit, patitur, potest autem contingere quod
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350 in unum agat, et ab alio patiatur. Ergo ille qui peccat, per
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351 peccatum non diminuit bonum suae naturae.</p>
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352 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="37187"><span class=
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353 "ref">[37187] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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354 nullum accidens agit in suum subiectum, quia quod patitur, est
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355 potentia ens; quod autem subiicitur accidenti, iam est actu ens
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356 secundum accidens illud. Sed peccatum est in bono naturae sicut
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357 accidens in subiecto. Ergo peccatum non diminuit bonum naturae,
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358 diminuere enim quoddam agere est.</p>
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359 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37188"><span class=
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360 "ref">[37188] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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361 est quod, sicut dicitur Luc. X, <i>homo descendens a Ierusalem in
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362 Iericho, idest in defectum peccati, expoliatur gratuitis et
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363 vulneratur in naturalibus</i>, ut Beda exponit. Ergo peccatum
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364 diminuit bonum naturae.</p>
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diff changeset
365 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 co."><a name="37189"><span class=
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366 "ref">[37189] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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367 dicendum quod bonum naturae humanae potest tripliciter dici. Primo,
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368 ipsa principia naturae, ex quibus natura constituitur, et
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369 proprietates ex his causatae, sicut potentiae animae et alia
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370 huiusmodi. Secundo, quia homo a natura habet inclinationem ad
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371 virtutem, ut supra habitum est, ipsa inclinatio ad virtutem est
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372 quoddam bonum naturae. Tertio modo potest dici bonum naturae donum
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373 originalis iustitiae, quod fuit in primo homine collatum toti
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374 humanae naturae. Primum igitur bonum naturae nec tollitur nec
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375 diminuitur per peccatum. Tertium vero bonum naturae totaliter est
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376 ablatum per peccatum primi parentis. Sed medium bonum naturae,
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377 scilicet ipsa naturalis inclinatio ad virtutem, diminuitur per
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378 peccatum. Per actus enim humanos fit quaedam inclinatio ad similes
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379 actus, ut supra habitum est. Oportet autem quod ex hoc quod aliquid
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380 inclinatur ad unum contrariorum, diminuatur inclinatio eius ad
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381 aliud. Unde cum peccatum sit contrarium virtuti, ex hoc ipso quod
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382 homo peccat, diminuitur bonum naturae quod est inclinatio ad
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383 virtutem.</p>
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384 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37190"><span class=
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385 "ref">[37190] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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386 ergo dicendum quod Dionysius loquitur de bono primo naturae, quod
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387 est esse, vivere et intelligere; ut patet eius verba intuenti.</p>
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388 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37191"><span class=
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diff changeset
389 "ref">[37191] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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390 dicendum quod natura, etsi sit prior quam voluntaria actio, tamen
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391 habet inclinationem ad quandam voluntariam actionem. Unde ipsa
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392 natura secundum se non variatur propter variationem voluntariae
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393 actionis, sed ipsa inclinatio variatur ex illa parte qua ordinatur
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394 ad terminum.</p>
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diff changeset
395 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37192"><span class=
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diff changeset
396 "ref">[37192] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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397 dicendum quod actio voluntaria procedit ex diversis potentiis,
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398 quarum una est activa et alia passiva. Et ex hoc contingit quod per
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399 actiones voluntarias causatur aliquid, vel aufertur ab homine sic
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400 agente, ut supra dictum est, cum de generatione habituum
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401 ageretur.</p>
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402 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="37193"><span class=
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403 "ref">[37193] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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404 dicendum quod accidens non agit effective in subiectum; agit tamen
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405 formaliter in ipsum, eo modo loquendi quo dicitur quod albedo facit
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406 album. Et sic nihil prohibet quod peccatum diminuat bonum naturae,
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407 eo tamen modo quo est ipsa diminutio boni naturae, inquantum
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408 pertinet ad inordinationem actus. Sed quantum ad inordinationem
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409 agentis, oportet dicere quod talis inordinatio causatur per hoc
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410 quod in actibus animae aliquid est activum et aliquid passivum,
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411 sicut sensibile movet appetitum sensitivum, et appetitus sensitivus
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412 inclinat rationem et voluntatem, ut supra dictum est. Et ex hoc
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413 causatur inordinatio, non quidem ita quod accidens agat in proprium
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414 subiectum; sed secundum quod obiectum agit in potentiam, et una
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415 potentia agit in aliam, et deordinat ipsam.</p>
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416 <br />
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417 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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418 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37194"><span class=
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419 "ref">[37194] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
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420 sic proceditur. Videtur quod totum bonum humanae naturae possit per
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421 peccatum auferri. Bonum enim naturae humanae finitum est, cum et
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422 ipsa natura humana sit finita. Sed quodlibet finitum totaliter
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423 consumitur, facta continua ablatione. Cum ergo bonum naturae
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424 continue per peccatum diminui possit, videtur quod possit quandoque
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425 totaliter consumi.</p>
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426 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37195"><span class=
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427 "ref">[37195] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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428 eorum quae sunt unius naturae, similis est ratio de toto et de
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429 partibus, sicut patet in aere et in aqua et carne, et omnibus
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430 corporibus similium partium. Sed bonum naturae est totaliter
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431 uniforme. Cum igitur pars eius possit auferri per peccatum, totum
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432 etiam per peccatum auferri posse videtur.</p>
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433 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37196"><span class=
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434 "ref">[37196] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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435 bonum naturae quod per peccatum minuitur, est habilitas ad
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436 virtutem. Sed in quibusdam propter peccatum habilitas praedicta
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437 totaliter tollitur, ut patet in damnatis, qui reparari ad virtutem
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438 non possunt, sicut nec caecus ad visum. Ergo peccatum potest
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439 totaliter tollere bonum naturae.</p>
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440 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37197"><span class=
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441 "ref">[37197] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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442 est quod Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod malum non est nisi in
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443 bono. Sed malum culpae non potest esse in bono virtutis vel
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444 gratiae, quia est ei contrarium. Ergo oportet quod sit in bono
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445 naturae. Non ergo totaliter tollit ipsum.</p>
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446 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 co."><a name="37198"><span class=
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447 "ref">[37198] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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448 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, bonum naturae quod per peccatum
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449 diminuitur, est naturalis inclinatio ad virtutem. Quae quidem
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450 convenit homini ex hoc ipso quod rationalis est, ex hoc enim habet
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451 quod secundum rationem operetur, quod est agere secundum virtutem.
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452 Per peccatum autem non potest totaliter ab homine tolli quod sit
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453 rationalis, quia iam non esset capax peccati. Unde non est
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454 possibile quod praedictum naturae bonum totaliter tollatur. Cum
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455 autem inveniatur huiusmodi bonum continue diminui per peccatum,
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456 quidam ad huius manifestationem usi sunt quodam exemplo, in quo
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457 invenitur aliquod finitum in infinitum diminui, nunquam tamen
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458 totaliter consumi. Dicit enim philosophus, in III Physic., quod si
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459 ab aliqua magnitudine finita continue auferatur aliquid secundum
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460 eandem quantitatem, totaliter tandem consumetur, puta si a
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461 quacumque quantitate finita semper subtraxero mensuram palmi. Si
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462 vero fiat subtractio semper secundum eandem proportionem, et non
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463 secundum eandem quantitatem, poterit in infinitum subtrahi, puta,
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464 si quantitas dividatur in duas partes, et a dimidio subtrahatur
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465 dimidium, ita in infinitum poterit procedi; ita tamen quod semper
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466 quod posterius subtrahitur, erit minus eo quod prius subtrahebatur.
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467 Sed hoc in proposito non habet locum, non enim sequens peccatum
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468 minus diminuit bonum naturae quam praecedens, sed forte magis, si
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469 sit gravius. Et ideo aliter est dicendum quod praedicta inclinatio
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470 intelligitur ut media inter duo, fundatur enim sicut in radice in
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471 natura rationali, et tendit in bonum virtutis sicut in terminum et
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472 finem. Dupliciter igitur potest intelligi eius diminutio, uno modo,
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473 ex parte radicis; alio modo, ex parte termini. Primo quidem modo
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474 non diminuitur per peccatum, eo quod peccatum non diminuit ipsam
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475 naturam, ut supra dictum est. Sed diminuitur secundo modo,
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476 inquantum scilicet ponitur impedimentum pertingendi ad terminum. Si
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477 autem primo modo diminueretur, oporteret quod quandoque totaliter
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478 consumeretur, natura rationali totaliter consumpta. Sed quia
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479 diminuitur ex parte impedimenti quod apponitur ne pertingat ad
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480 terminum, manifestum est quod diminui quidem potest in infinitum,
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481 quia in infinitum possunt impedimenta apponi, secundum quod homo
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482 potest in infinitum addere peccatum peccato, non tamen potest
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483 totaliter consumi, quia semper manet radix talis inclinationis.
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484 Sicut patet in diaphano corpore, quod quidem habet inclinationem ad
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485 susceptionem lucis ex hoc ipso quod est diaphanum, diminuitur autem
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486 haec inclinatio vel habilitas ex parte nebularum supervenientium,
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487 cum tamen semper maneat in radice naturae.</p>
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488 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37199"><span class=
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489 "ref">[37199] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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490 ergo dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit quando fit diminutio per
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491 subtractionem. Hic autem fit diminutio per appositionem
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492 impedimenti, quod neque tollit neque diminuit radicem
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493 inclinationis, ut dictum est.</p>
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494 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37200"><span class=
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495 "ref">[37200] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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496 dicendum quod inclinatio naturalis est quidem tota uniformis, sed
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497 tamen habet respectum et ad principium et ad terminum, secundum
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498 quam diversitatem quodammodo diminuitur et quodammodo non
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499 diminuitur.</p>
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500 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37201"><span class=
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diff changeset
501 "ref">[37201] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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502 dicendum quod etiam in damnatis manet naturalis inclinatio ad
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503 virtutem, alioquin non esset in eis remorsus conscientiae. Sed quod
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504 non reducatur in actum, contingit quia deest gratia, secundum
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505 divinam iustitiam. Sicut etiam in caeco remanet aptitudo ad
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506 videndum in ipsa radice naturae, inquantum est animal naturaliter
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507 habens visum, sed non reducitur in actum, quia deest causa quae
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508 reducere possit formando organum quod requiritur ad videndum.</p>
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509 <br />
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510 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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diff changeset
511 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37202"><span class=
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diff changeset
512 "ref">[37202] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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513 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter ponantur vulnera
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514 naturae esse, ex peccato consequentia, infirmitas, ignorantia,
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515 malitia et concupiscentia. Non enim idem est effectus et causa
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516 eiusdem. Sed ista ponuntur causae peccatorum, ut ex supradictis
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517 patet. Ergo non debent poni effectus peccati.</p>
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518 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37203"><span class=
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diff changeset
519 "ref">[37203] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
520 malitia nominat quoddam peccatum. Non ergo debet poni inter
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521 effectus peccati.</p>
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diff changeset
522 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37204"><span class=
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diff changeset
523 "ref">[37204] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
524 concupiscentia est quiddam naturale, cum sit actus virtutis
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525 concupiscibilis. Sed illud quod est naturale, non debet poni vulnus
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526 naturae. Ergo concupiscentia non debet poni vulnus naturae.</p>
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527 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="37205"><span class=
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diff changeset
528 "ref">[37205] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
529 dictum est quod idem est peccare ex infirmitate, et ex passione.
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530 Sed concupiscentia passio quaedam est. Ergo non debet contra
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531 infirmitatem dividi.</p>
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diff changeset
532 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="37206"><span class=
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diff changeset
533 "ref">[37206] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
534 Augustinus, in libro de natura et gratia, ponit duo poenalia animae
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535 peccanti, scilicet ignorantiam et difficultatem, ex quibus oritur
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536 error et cruciatus, quae quidem quatuor non concordant istis
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537 quatuor. Ergo videtur quod alterum eorum insufficienter
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538 ponatur.</p>
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539 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37207"><span class=
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diff changeset
540 "ref">[37207] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> In
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diff changeset
541 contrarium est auctoritas Bedae.</p>
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diff changeset
542 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 co."><a name="37208"><span class=
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diff changeset
543 "ref">[37208] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
544 dicendum quod per iustitiam originalem perfecte ratio continebat
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545 inferiores animae vires, et ipsa ratio a Deo perficiebatur ei
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546 subiecta. Haec autem originalis iustitia subtracta est per peccatum
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diff changeset
547 primi parentis, sicut iam dictum est. Et ideo omnes vires animae
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548 remanent quodammodo destitutae proprio ordine, quo naturaliter
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549 ordinantur ad virtutem, et ipsa destitutio vulneratio naturae
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550 dicitur. Sunt autem quatuor potentiae animae quae possunt esse
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551 subiecta virtutum, ut supra dictum est, scilicet ratio, in qua est
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552 prudentia; voluntas, in qua est iustitia; irascibilis, in qua est
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553 fortitudo; concupiscibilis, in qua est temperantia. Inquantum ergo
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554 ratio destituitur suo ordine ad verum, est vulnus ignorantiae;
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555 inquantum vero voluntas destituitur ordine ad bonum, est vulnus
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556 malitiae; inquantum vero irascibilis destituitur suo ordine ad
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557 arduum, est vulnus infirmitatis; inquantum vero concupiscentia
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diff changeset
558 destituitur ordine ad delectabile moderatum ratione, est vulnus
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559 concupiscentiae. Sic igitur ita quatuor sunt vulnera inflicta toti
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560 humanae naturae ex peccato primi parentis. Sed quia inclinatio ad
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diff changeset
561 bonum virtutis in unoquoque diminuitur per peccatum actuale, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
562 dictis patet, et ista sunt quatuor vulnera ex aliis peccatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
563 consequentia, inquantum scilicet per peccatum et ratio hebetatur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
564 praecipue in agendis; et voluntas induratur ad bonum; et maior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
565 difficultas bene agendi accrescit; et concupiscentia magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
566 exardescit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
567 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="37209"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
568 "ref">[37209] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
569 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet id quod est effectus unius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
570 peccati, esse causam peccati alterius. Ex hoc enim quod anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
571 deordinatur per peccatum praecedens, facilius inclinatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
572 peccandum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
573 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="37210"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
574 "ref">[37210] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
575 dicendum quod malitia non sumitur hic pro peccato, sed pro quadam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
576 pronitate voluntatis ad malum; secundum quod dicitur Gen. VIII,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
577 <i>proni sunt sensus hominis ad malum ab adolescentia sua</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
578 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="37211"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
579 "ref">[37211] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
580 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, concupiscentia intantum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
581 naturalis homini, inquantum subditur rationi. Quod autem excedat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
582 limites rationis, hoc est homini contra naturam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
583 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="37212"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
584 "ref">[37212] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
585 dicendum quod infirmitas communiter potest dici omnis passio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
586 inquantum debilitat robur animae et impedit rationem. Sed Beda
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parents: 26
diff changeset
587 accepit infirmitatem stricte, secundum quod opponitur fortitudini,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
588 quae pertinet ad irascibilem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
589 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="37213"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
590 "ref">[37213] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
591 dicendum quod difficultas quae ponitur in libro Augustini, includit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
592 ista tria quae pertinent ad appetitivas potentias, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
593 malitiam, infirmitatem et concupiscentiam, ex his enim tribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 contingit quod aliquis non facile tendit in bonum. Error autem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
595 dolor sunt vulnera consequentia, ex hoc enim aliquis dolet, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
596 infirmatur circa ea quae concupiscit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
597 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
598 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
599 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37214"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 "ref">[37214] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 sic proceditur. Videtur quod privatio modi, speciei et ordinis, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
602 sit effectus peccati. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de natura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
603 boni, quod <i>ubi haec tria magna sunt, magnum bonum est; ubi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
604 parva, parvum; ubi nulla, nullum</i>. Sed peccatum non annullat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
605 bonum naturae. Ergo non privat modum, speciem et ordinem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37215"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
607 "ref">[37215] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
608 nihil est causa sui ipsius. Sed ipsum peccatum est privatio modi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
609 speciei et ordinis, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro de natura boni.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
610 Ergo privatio modi, speciei et ordinis, non est effectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
611 peccati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
612 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37216"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
613 "ref">[37216] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
614 diversa peccata diversos habent effectus. Sed modus, species et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
615 ordo, cum sint quaedam diversa, diversas privationes habere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
616 videntur. Ergo per diversa peccata privantur. Non ergo est effectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
617 cuiuslibet peccati privatio modi, speciei et ordinis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
618 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37217"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
619 "ref">[37217] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
620 est quod peccatum est in anima sicut infirmitas in corpore;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
621 secundum illud Psalmi VI, <i>miserere mei, domine, quoniam infirmus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
622 sum</i>. Sed infirmitas privat modum, speciem et ordinem ipsius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
623 corporis. Ergo peccatum privat modum, speciem et ordinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
624 animae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
625 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 co."><a name="37218"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
626 "ref">[37218] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
627 dicendum quod, sicut in primo dictum est, modus, species et ordo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
628 consequuntur unumquodque bonum creatum inquantum huiusmodi, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
629 etiam unumquodque ens. Omne enim esse et bonum consideratur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
630 aliquam formam, secundum quam sumitur species. Forma autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
631 uniuscuiusque rei, qualiscumque sit, sive substantialis sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
632 accidentalis, est secundum aliquam mensuram, unde et in VIII
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parents: 26
diff changeset
633 Metaphys. dicitur quod formae rerum sunt sicut numeri. Et ex hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
634 habet modum quendam, qui mensuram respicit. Ex forma vero sua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
635 unumquodque ordinatur ad aliud. Sic igitur secundum diversos gradus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
636 bonorum, sunt diversi gradus modi, speciei et ordinis. Est ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
637 quoddam bonum pertinens ad ipsam substantiam naturae, quod habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
638 suum modum, speciem et ordinem, et illud nec privatur nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
639 diminuitur per peccatum. Est etiam quoddam bonum naturalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
640 inclinationis, et hoc etiam habet suum modum, speciem et ordinem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
641 et hoc diminuitur per peccatum, ut dictum est, sed non totaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
642 tollitur. Est etiam quoddam bonum virtutis et gratiae, quod etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
643 habet suum modum, speciem et ordinem, et hoc totaliter tollitur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
644 peccatum mortale. Est etiam quoddam bonum quod est ipse actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
645 ordinatus, quod etiam habet suum modum, speciem et ordinem, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
646 huius privatio est essentialiter ipsum peccatum. Et sic patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
647 qualiter peccatum et est privatio modi, speciei et ordinis; et
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diff changeset
648 privat vel diminuit modum, speciem et ordinem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
649 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37219"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
650 "ref">[37219] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet
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diff changeset
651 responsio ad duo prima.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
652 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="37220"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
653 "ref">[37220] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
654 dicendum quod modus, species et ordo se consequuntur, sicut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
655 dictis patet. Unde simul privantur et diminuuntur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
656 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
657 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
658 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="37221"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
659 "ref">[37221] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
660 sic proceditur. Videtur quod mors et alii corporales defectus non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
661 sint effectus peccati. Si enim causa fuerit aequalis, et effectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
662 erit aequalis. Sed huiusmodi defectus non sunt aequales in omnibus,
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diff changeset
663 sed in quibusdam huiusmodi defectus magis abundant, cum tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
664 peccatum originale sit in omnibus aequale, sicut dictum est, cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
665 videntur huiusmodi defectus maxime esse effectus. Ergo mors et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
666 huiusmodi defectus non sunt effectus peccati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
667 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="37222"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
668 "ref">[37222] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
669 remota causa, removetur effectus. Sed remoto omni peccato per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
670 Baptismum vel poenitentiam, non removentur huiusmodi defectus. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
671 non sunt effectus peccati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
672 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="37223"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
673 "ref">[37223] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
674 peccatum actuale habet plus de ratione culpae quam originale. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
675 peccatum actuale non transmutat naturam corporis ad aliquem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
676 defectum. Ergo multo minus peccatum originale. Non ergo mors et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
677 alii defectus corporales sunt effectus peccati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
678 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 s. c."><a name="37224"><span class=
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diff changeset
679 "ref">[37224] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
680 est quod apostolus dicit, Rom. V, <i>per unum hominem peccatum in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
681 hunc mundum intravit, et per peccatum mors</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
682 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 co."><a name="37225"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
683 "ref">[37225] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
684 dicendum quod aliquid est causa alterius dupliciter, uno quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 modo, per se; alio modo, per accidens. Per se quidem est causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
686 alterius quod secundum virtutem suae naturae vel formae producit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
687 effectum, unde sequitur quod effectus sit per se intentus a causa.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
688 Unde cum mors et huiusmodi defectus sint praeter intentionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
689 peccantis, manifestum est quod peccatum non est per se causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
690 istorum defectuum. Per accidens autem aliquid est causa alterius,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 si sit causa removendo prohibens, sicut dicitur in VIII Physic.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 quod <i>divellens columnam, per accidens movet lapidem columnae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
693 superpositum</i>. Et hoc modo peccatum primi parentis est causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
694 mortis et omnium huiusmodi defectuum in natura humana, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
695 per peccatum primi parentis sublata est originalis iustitia, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 quam non solum inferiores animae vires continebantur sub ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 absque omni deordinatione, sed totum corpus continebatur sub anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
698 absque omni defectu, ut in primo habitum est. Et ideo, subtracta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
699 hac originali iustitia per peccatum primi parentis, sicut vulnerata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
700 est humana natura quantum ad animam per deordinationem potentiarum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 ut supra dictum est; ita etiam est corruptibilis effecta per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 deordinationem ipsius corporis. Subtractio autem originalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
703 iustitiae habet rationem poenae, sicut etiam subtractio gratiae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
704 Unde etiam mors, et omnes defectus corporales consequentes, sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 quaedam poenae originalis peccati. Et quamvis huiusmodi defectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 non sint intenti a peccante, sunt tamen ordinati secundum iustitiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
707 Dei punientis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="37226"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 "ref">[37226] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
710 ergo dicendum quod aequalitas causae per se, causat aequalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 effectum, augmentata enim vel diminuta causa per se, augetur vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
712 diminuitur effectus. Sed aequalitas causae removentis prohibens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
713 non ostendit aequalitatem effectuum. Si quis enim aequali impulsu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 divellat duas columnas, non sequitur quod lapides superpositi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 aequaliter moveantur, sed ille velocius movebitur qui gravior erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 secundum proprietatem suae naturae, cui relinquitur remoto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
717 prohibente. Sic igitur, remota originali iustitia, natura corporis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 humani relicta est sibi, et secundum hoc, secundum diversitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
719 naturalis complexionis, quorundam corpora pluribus defectibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
720 subiacent, quorundam vero paucioribus, quamvis existente originali
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diff changeset
721 peccato aequali.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
722 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="37227"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
723 "ref">[37227] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
724 dicendum quod culpa originalis et actualis removetur ab eodem a quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
725 etiam removentur et huiusmodi defectus, secundum illud apostoli,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
726 Rom. VIII, <i>vivificabit mortalia corpora vestra per inhabitantem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
727 spiritum eius in vobis</i>, sed utrumque fit secundum ordinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
728 divinae sapientiae, congruo tempore. Oportet enim quod ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 immortalitatem et impassibilitatem gloriae, quae in Christo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 inchoata est, et per Christum nobis acquisita, perveniamus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 conformati prius passionibus eius. Unde oportet quod ad tempus
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diff changeset
732 passibilitas in nostris corporibus remaneat, ad impassibilitatem
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diff changeset
733 gloriae promerendam conformiter Christo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="37228"><span class=
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diff changeset
735 "ref">[37228] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
736 dicendum quod in peccato actuali duo possumus considerare, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 ipsam substantiam actus, et rationem culpae. Ex parte quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 substantiae actus, potest peccatum actuale aliquem defectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
739 corporalem causare, sicut ex superfluo cibo aliqui infirmantur et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
740 moriuntur. Sed ex parte culpae, privat gratiam quae datur homini ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
741 rectificandum animae actus, non autem ad cohibendum defectus
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diff changeset
742 corporales, sicut originalis iustitia cohibebat. Et ideo peccatum
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diff changeset
743 actuale non causat huiusmodi defectus, sicut originale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
744 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
745 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="37229"><span class=
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diff changeset
747 "ref">[37229] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
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diff changeset
748 sic proceditur. Videtur quod mors et huiusmodi defectus sint homini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
749 naturales. <i>Corruptibile enim et incorruptibile differunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
750 genere</i>, ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Sed homo est eiusdem generis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
751 cum aliis animalibus, quae sunt naturaliter corruptibilia. Ergo
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diff changeset
752 homo est naturaliter corruptibilis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
753 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="37230"><span class=
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diff changeset
754 "ref">[37230] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
755 omne quod est compositum ex contrariis, est naturaliter
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diff changeset
756 corruptibile, quasi habens in se causam corruptionis suae. Sed
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diff changeset
757 corpus humanum est huiusmodi. Ergo est naturaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
758 corruptibile.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="37231"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 "ref">[37231] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 calidum naturaliter consumit humidum. Vita autem hominis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
762 conservatur per calidum et humidum. Cum igitur operationes vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
763 expleantur per actum caloris naturalis, ut dicitur in II de anima,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
764 videtur quod mors et huiusmodi defectus sint homini naturales.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
765 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 s. c. 1"><a name="37232"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
766 "ref">[37232] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 6 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed
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diff changeset
767 contra, quidquid est homini naturale, Deus in homine fecit. Sed
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diff changeset
768 Deus mortem non fecit, ut dicitur Sap. I. Ergo mors non est homini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
769 naturalis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
770 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 s. c. 2"><a name="37233"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 "ref">[37233] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 6 s. c. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
772 id quod est secundum naturam, non potest dici poena nec malum, quia
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diff changeset
773 unicuique rei est conveniens id quod est ei naturale. Sed mors et
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diff changeset
774 huiusmodi defectus sunt poena peccati originalis, ut supra dictum
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diff changeset
775 est. Ergo non sunt homini naturales.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
776 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 s. c. 3"><a name="37234"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 "ref">[37234] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 6 s. c. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
778 materia proportionatur formae, et quaelibet res suo fini. Finis
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diff changeset
779 autem hominis est beatitudo perpetua, ut supra dictum est. Forma
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diff changeset
780 etiam humani corporis est anima rationalis, quae est
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diff changeset
781 incorruptibilis, ut in primo habitum est. Ergo corpus humanum est
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diff changeset
782 naturaliter incorruptibile.</p>
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diff changeset
783 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 co."><a name="37235"><span class=
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diff changeset
784 "ref">[37235] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
785 dicendum quod de unaquaque re corruptibili dupliciter loqui
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diff changeset
786 possumus, uno modo, secundum naturam universalem; alio modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 secundum naturam particularem. Natura quidem particularis est
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diff changeset
788 propria virtus activa et conservativa uniuscuiusque rei. Et
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diff changeset
789 secundum hanc, omnis corruptio et defectus est contra naturam, ut
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diff changeset
790 dicitur in II de caelo, quia huiusmodi virtus intendit esse et
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diff changeset
791 conservationem eius cuius est. Natura vero universalis est virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 activa in aliquo universali principio naturae, puta in aliquo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 caelestium corporum; vel alicuius superioris substantiae, secundum
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diff changeset
794 quod etiam Deus a quibusdam dicitur natura naturans. Quae quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
795 virtus intendit bonum et conservationem universi, ad quod exigitur
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diff changeset
796 alternatio generationis et corruptionis in rebus. Et secundum hoc,
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diff changeset
797 corruptiones et defectus rerum sunt naturales, non quidem secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 inclinationem formae, quae est principium essendi et perfectionis;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
799 sed secundum inclinationem materiae, quae proportionaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 attribuitur tali formae secundum distributionem universalis
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diff changeset
801 agentis. Et quamvis omnis forma intendat perpetuum esse quantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 potest, nulla tamen forma rei corruptibilis potest assequi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
803 perpetuitatem sui, praeter animam rationalem, eo quod ipsa non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
804 subiecta omnino materiae corporali, sicut aliae formae; quinimmo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 habet propriam operationem immaterialem, ut in primo habitum est.
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diff changeset
806 Unde ex parte suae formae, naturalior est homini incorruptio quam
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diff changeset
807 aliis rebus corruptibilibus. Sed quia et ipsa habet materiam ex
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diff changeset
808 contrariis compositam, ex inclinatione materiae sequitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
809 corruptibilitas in toto. Et secundum hoc, homo est naturaliter
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diff changeset
810 corruptibilis secundum naturam materiae sibi relictae, sed non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 secundum naturam formae. Primae autem tres rationes procedunt ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 parte materiae, aliae vero tres procedunt ex parte formae. Unde ad
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diff changeset
813 earum solutionem, considerandum est quod forma hominis, quae est
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diff changeset
814 anima rationalis, secundum suam incorruptibilitatem proportionata
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diff changeset
815 est suo fini, qui est beatitudo perpetua. Sed corpus humanum, quod
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diff changeset
816 est corruptibile secundum suam naturam consideratum, quodammodo
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diff changeset
817 proportionatum est suae formae, et quodammodo non. Duplex enim
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diff changeset
818 conditio potest attendi in aliqua materia, una scilicet quam agens
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diff changeset
819 eligit; alia quae non est ab agente electa, sed est secundum
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diff changeset
820 conditionem naturalem materiae. Sicut faber ad faciendum cultellum
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diff changeset
821 eligit materiam duram et ductilem, quae subtiliari possit ut sit
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diff changeset
822 apta incisioni, et secundum hanc conditionem ferrum est materia
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diff changeset
823 proportionata cultello, sed hoc quod ferrum sit frangibile et
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diff changeset
824 rubiginem contrahens, consequitur ex naturali dispositione ferri,
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diff changeset
825 nec hoc eligit artifex in ferro, sed magis repudiaret si posset.
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diff changeset
826 Unde haec dispositio materiae non est proportionata intentioni
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diff changeset
827 artificis, nec intentioni artis. Similiter corpus humanum est
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diff changeset
828 materia electa a natura quantum ad hoc, quod est temperatae
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diff changeset
829 complexionis, ut possit esse convenientissimum organum tactus et
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diff changeset
830 aliarum virtutum sensitivarum et motivarum. Sed quod sit
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diff changeset
831 corruptibile, hoc est ex conditione materiae, nec est electum a
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diff changeset
832 natura, quin potius natura eligeret materiam incorruptibilem, si
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diff changeset
833 posset. Sed Deus, cui subiacet omnis natura, in ipsa institutione
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diff changeset
834 hominis supplevit defectum naturae, et dono iustitiae originalis
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diff changeset
835 dedit corpori incorruptibilitatem quandam, ut in primo dictum est.
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diff changeset
836 Et secundum hoc dicitur quod Deus mortem non fecit, et quod mors
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837 est poena peccati.</p>
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diff changeset
838 <p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 ad arg."><a name="37236"><span class=
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diff changeset
839 "ref">[37236] I&ordf;-IIae q. 85 a. 6 ad arg.</span></a> Unde patet
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diff changeset
840 responsio ad obiecta.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 <div class="D">Quaestio 86</div>
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diff changeset
843 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
844 <p title="I-II q. 86 pr."><a name="37237"><span class="ref">[37237]
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diff changeset
845 I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
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diff changeset
846 macula peccati. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum macula
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diff changeset
847 animae sit effectus peccati. Secundo, utrum remaneat in anima post
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diff changeset
848 actum peccati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
851 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37238"><span class=
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diff changeset
852 "ref">[37238] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
853 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum non causet aliquam maculam in
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diff changeset
854 anima. Natura enim superior non potest inquinari ex contactu
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diff changeset
855 naturae inferioris, unde radius solaris non inquinatur per tactum
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diff changeset
856 corporum fetidorum, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro contra quinque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 haereses. Sed anima humana est multo superioris naturae quam res
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diff changeset
858 commutabiles, ad quas peccando convertitur. Ergo ex eis maculam non
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diff changeset
859 contrahit peccando.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
860 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37239"><span class=
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diff changeset
861 "ref">[37239] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
862 peccatum est principaliter in voluntate, ut supra dictum est.
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diff changeset
863 Voluntas autem est in ratione, ut dicitur in III de anima. Sed
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diff changeset
864 ratio, sive intellectus, non maculatur ex consideratione
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diff changeset
865 quarumcumque rerum, sed magis perficitur. Ergo nec voluntas ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 peccato maculatur.</p>
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diff changeset
867 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37240"><span class=
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diff changeset
868 "ref">[37240] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
869 si peccatum maculam causat, aut macula illa est aliquid positive,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 aut est privatio pura. Si sit aliquid positive, non potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 nisi dispositio vel habitus, nihil enim aliud videtur ex actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 causari. Dispositio autem et habitus non est, contingit enim,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 remota dispositione vel habitu, adhuc remanere maculam; ut patet in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 eo qui peccavit mortaliter prodigalitate, et postea transmutatur,
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diff changeset
875 mortaliter peccando, in habitum vitii oppositi. Non ergo macula
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 ponit aliquid positive in anima. Similiter etiam nec est privatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 pura. Quia omnia peccata conveniunt ex parte aversionis et
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diff changeset
878 privationis gratiae. Sequeretur ergo quod omnium peccatorum esset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 macula una. Ergo macula non est effectus peccati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37241"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
881 "ref">[37241] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
882 est quod dicitur, Eccli. XLVII, Salomoni, <i>dedisti maculam in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
883 gloria tua</i>. Et Ephes. V, <i>ut exhiberet sibi gloriosam
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diff changeset
884 Ecclesiam non habentem maculam aut rugam</i>. Et utrobique loquitur
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diff changeset
885 de macula peccati. Ergo macula est effectus peccati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 co."><a name="37242"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 "ref">[37242] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 dicendum quod macula proprie dicitur in corporalibus, quando
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diff changeset
889 aliquod corpus nitidum perdit suum nitorem ex contactu alterius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 corporis, sicut vestis et aurum et argentum, aut aliud huiusmodi.
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diff changeset
891 In rebus autem spiritualibus ad similitudinem huius oportet maculam
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diff changeset
892 dici. Habet autem anima hominis duplicem nitorem, unum quidem ex
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diff changeset
893 refulgentia luminis naturalis rationis, per quam dirigitur in suis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 actibus; alium vero ex refulgentia divini luminis, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 sapientiae et gratiae, per quam etiam homo perficitur ad bene et
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diff changeset
896 decenter agendum. Est autem quasi quidam animae tactus, quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 inhaeret aliquibus rebus per amorem. Cum autem peccat, adhaeret
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 rebus aliquibus contra lumen rationis et divinae legis, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 supradictis patet. Unde ipsum detrimentum nitoris ex tali contactu
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diff changeset
900 proveniens, macula animae metaphorice vocatur.</p>
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diff changeset
901 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37243"><span class=
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diff changeset
902 "ref">[37243] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
903 ergo dicendum quod anima non inquinatur ex rebus inferioribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 virtute earum, quasi agentibus eis in animam, sed magis e converso
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 anima sua actione se inquinat, inordinate eis inhaerendo, contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 lumen rationis et divinae legis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37244"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 "ref">[37244] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 dicendum quod actio intellectus perficitur secundum quod res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
910 intelligibiles sunt in intellectu per modum ipsius intellectus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
911 ideo intellectus ex eis non inficitur, sed magis perficitur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
912 actus voluntatis consistit in motu ad ipsas res, ita quod amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 conglutinat animam rei amatae. Et ex hoc anima maculatur, quando in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 ordinate inhaeret; secundum illud Osee IX, <i>facti sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 abominabiles, sicut ea quae dilexerunt</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37245"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 "ref">[37245] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 dicendum quod macula non est aliquid positive in anima, nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 significat privationem solam, sed significat privationem quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
920 nitoris animae in ordine ad suam causam, quae est peccatum. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 diversa peccata diversas maculas inducunt. Et est simile de umbra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
922 quae est privatio luminis ex obiecto alicuius corporis, et secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 diversitatem corporum obiectorum diversificantur umbrae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37246"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
927 "ref">[37246] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
928 sic proceditur. Videtur quod macula non maneat in anima post actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
929 peccati. Nihil enim manet in anima post actum, nisi habitus vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
930 dispositio. Sed macula non est habitus vel dispositio, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
931 habitum est. Ergo macula non manet in anima post actum peccati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37247"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
933 "ref">[37247] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 hoc modo se habet macula ad peccatum, sicut umbra ad corpus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 supra dictum est. Sed transeunte corpore, non manet umbra. Ergo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 transeunte actu peccati, non manet macula.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37248"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 "ref">[37248] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 omnis effectus dependet ex sua causa. Causa autem maculae est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
940 peccati. Ergo, remoto actu peccati, non remanet macula in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 anima.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37249"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 "ref">[37249] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 est quod dicitur Iosue XXII, <i>an parum vobis est quod peccastis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 in Beelphegor, et usque in praesentem diem macula huius sceleris in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 vobis permanet?</i></p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 co."><a name="37250"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 "ref">[37250] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 dicendum quod macula peccati remanet in anima, etiam transeunte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 actu peccati. Cuius ratio est quia macula, sicut dictum est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 importat quendam defectum nitoris propter recessum a lumine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
952 rationis vel divinae legis. Et ideo quandiu homo manet extra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
953 huiusmodi lumen, manet in eo macula peccati, sed postquam redit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 lumen divinum et ad lumen rationis, quod fit per gratiam, tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 macula cessat. Licet autem cesset actus peccati, quo homo discessit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
956 a lumine rationis vel legis divinae, non tamen statim homo ad illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 redit in quo fuerat, sed requiritur aliquis motus voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
958 contrarius primo motui. Sicut si aliquis sit distans alicui per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
959 aliquem motum, non statim cessante motu fit ei propinquus, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 oportet quod appropinquet rediens per motum contrarium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37251"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 "ref">[37251] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
963 ergo dicendum quod post actum peccati nihil positive remanet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
964 anima nisi dispositio vel habitus, remanet tamen aliquid privative,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
965 scilicet privatio coniunctionis ad divinum lumen.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
966 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37252"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
967 "ref">[37252] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 dicendum quod, transeunte obstaculo corporis, remanet corpus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 diaphanum in aequali propinquitate et habitudine ad corpus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 illuminans, et ideo statim umbra transit. Sed remoto actu peccati,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 non remanet anima in eadem habitudine ad Deum. Unde non est similis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
972 ratio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
973 <p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37253"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
974 "ref">[37253] I&ordf;-IIae q. 86 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
975 dicendum quod actus peccati facit distantiam a Deo, quam quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
976 distantiam sequitur defectus nitoris, hoc modo sicut motus localis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
977 facit localem distantiam. Unde sicut, cessante motu, non tollitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
978 distantia localis; ita nec, cessante actu peccati, tollitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 macula.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
980 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 <div class="D">Quaestio 87</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
982 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 <p title="I-II q. 87 pr."><a name="37254"><span class="ref">[37254]
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
984 I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de reatu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
985 poenae. Et primo, de ipso reatu; secundo, de mortali et veniali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 peccato, quae distinguuntur secundum reatum. Circa primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum reatus poenae sit effectus peccati.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 Secundo, utrum peccatum possit esse poena alterius peccati. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 utrum aliquod peccatum faciat reum aeterna poena. Quarto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 faciat reum poena infinita secundum quantitatem. Quinto, utrum omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 peccatum faciat reum aeterna et infinita poena. Sexto, utrum reatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 poenae possit remanere post peccatum. Septimo, utrum omnis poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 inferatur pro aliquo peccato. Octavo, utrum unus sit reus poenae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 pro peccato alterius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37255"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
998 "ref">[37255] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
999 sic proceditur. Videtur quod reatus poenae non sit effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 peccati. Quod enim per accidens se habet ad aliquid, non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 esse proprius effectus eius. Sed reatus poenae per accidens se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 habet ad peccatum, cum sit praeter intentionem peccantis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 reatus poenae non est effectus peccati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37256"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 "ref">[37256] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 malum non est causa boni. Sed poena bona est, cum sit iusta, et a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 Deo. Ergo non est effectus peccati, quod est malum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37257"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 "ref">[37257] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 Augustinus dicit, in I Confess., quod <i>omnis inordinatus animus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 sibi ipsi est poena</i>. Sed poena non causat reatum alterius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 poenae, quia sic iretur in infinitum. Ergo peccatum non causat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 reatum poenae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37258"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 "ref">[37258] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 est quod dicitur Rom. II, <i>tribulatio et angustia in animam omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 operantis malum</i>. Sed operari malum est peccare. Ergo peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1018 inducit poenam, quae nomine tribulationis et angustiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 designatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 co."><a name="37259"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 "ref">[37259] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 dicendum quod ex rebus naturalibus ad res humanas derivatur ut id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 quod contra aliquid insurgit, ab eo detrimentum patiatur. Videmus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 enim in rebus naturalibus quod unum contrarium vehementius agit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 altero contrario superveniente, propter quod aquae calefactae magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 congelantur, ut dicitur in I Meteor. Unde in hominibus hoc ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 naturali inclinatione invenitur, ut unusquisque deprimat eum qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1028 contra ipsum insurgit. Manifestum est autem quod quaecumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 continentur sub aliquo ordine, sunt quodammodo unum in ordine ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 principium ordinis. Unde quidquid contra ordinem aliquem insurgit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1031 consequens est ut ab ipso ordine, vel principe ordinis, deprimatur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1032 Cum autem peccatum sit actus inordinatus, manifestum est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1033 quicumque peccat, contra aliquem ordinem agit. Et ideo ab ipso
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 ordine consequens est quod deprimatur. Quae quidem depressio poena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1035 est. Unde secundum tres ordines quibus subditur humana voluntas,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 triplici poena potest homo puniri. Primo quidem enim subditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 humana natura ordini propriae rationis; secundo, ordini exterioris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 hominis gubernantis vel spiritualiter vel temporaliter, politice
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 seu oeconomice; tertio, subditur universali ordini divini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 regiminis. Quilibet autem horum ordinum per peccatum pervertitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 dum ille qui peccat, agit et contra rationem, et contra legem
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diff changeset
1042 humanam, et contra legem divinam. Unde triplicem poenam incurrit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 unam quidem a seipso, quae est conscientiae remorsus, aliam vero ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 homine, tertiam vero a Deo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37260"><span class=
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diff changeset
1046 "ref">[37260] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 ergo dicendum quod poena consequitur peccatum inquantum malum est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 ratione suae inordinationis. Unde sicut malum est per accidens in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 actu peccantis, praeter intentionem ipsius, ita et reatus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1050 poenae.</p>
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diff changeset
1051 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37261"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 "ref">[37261] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 dicendum quod poena quidem iusta esse potest et a Deo et ab homine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 inflicta, unde ipsa poena non est effectus peccati directe, sed
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diff changeset
1055 solum dispositive. Sed peccatum facit hominem esse reum poenae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1056 quod est malum, dicit enim Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 <i>puniri non est malum, sed fieri poena dignum</i>. Unde reatus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 poenae directe ponitur effectus peccati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37262"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 "ref">[37262] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 dicendum quod poena illa inordinati animi debetur peccato ex hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 quod ordinem rationis pervertit. Fit autem reus alterius poenae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 per hoc quod pervertit ordinem legis divinae vel humanae.</p>
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diff changeset
1064 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37263"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 "ref">[37263] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1068 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum non possit esse poena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 peccati. Poenae enim sunt inductae ut per eas homines reducantur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 bonum virtutis, ut patet per philosophum, in X Ethic. Sed per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 peccatum non reducitur homo in bonum virtutis, sed in oppositum.
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diff changeset
1072 Ergo peccatum non est poena peccati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37264"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 "ref">[37264] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 poenae iustae sunt a Deo, ut patet per Augustinum, in libro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 octoginta trium quaest. Peccatum autem non est a Deo, et est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1077 iniustum. Non ergo peccatum potest esse poena peccati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37265"><span class=
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diff changeset
1079 "ref">[37265] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1080 de ratione poenae est quod sit contra voluntatem. Sed peccatum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 a voluntate, ut ex supradictis patet. Ergo peccatum non potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 poena peccati.</p>
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diff changeset
1083 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37266"><span class=
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diff changeset
1084 "ref">[37266] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1085 est quod Gregorius dicit, super Ezech., quod quaedam peccata sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 poenae peccati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 co."><a name="37267"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1088 "ref">[37267] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 dicendum quod de peccato dupliciter loqui possumus, per se, et per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 accidens. Per se quidem nullo modo peccatum potest esse poena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 peccati. Peccatum enim per se consideratur secundum quod egreditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 a voluntate, sic enim habet rationem culpae. De ratione autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 poenae est quod sit contra voluntatem, ut in primo habitum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 Unde manifestum est quod nullo modo, per se loquendo, peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 potest esse poena peccati. Per accidens autem peccatum potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 poena peccati, tripliciter. Primo quidem, ex parte causae quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 remotio prohibentis. Sunt enim causae inclinantes ad peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 passiones, tentatio Diaboli, et alia huiusmodi; quae quidem causae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 impediuntur per auxilium divinae gratiae, quae subtrahitur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 peccatum. Unde cum ipsa subtractio gratiae sit quaedam poena, et a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1101 Deo, ut supra dictum est; sequitur quod per accidens etiam peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 quod ex hoc sequitur, poena dicatur. Et hoc modo loquitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 apostolus, Rom. I, dicens, <i>propter quod tradidit eos Deus in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 desideria cordis eorum</i>, quae sunt animae passiones, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1105 scilicet deserti homines ab auxilio divinae gratiae, vincuntur a
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diff changeset
1106 passionibus. Et hoc modo semper peccatum dicitur esse poena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 praecedentis peccati. Alio modo ex parte substantiae actus, quae
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diff changeset
1108 afflictionem inducit, sive sit actus interior, ut patet in ira et
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diff changeset
1109 invidia; sive actus exterior, ut patet cum aliqui gravi labore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 opprimuntur et damno, ut expleant actum peccati, secundum illud
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diff changeset
1111 Sap. V, <i>lassati sumus in via iniquitatis</i>. Tertio modo, ex
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diff changeset
1112 parte effectus, ut scilicet aliquod peccatum dicatur poena respectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 effectus consequentis. Et his duobus ultimis modis, unum peccatum
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diff changeset
1114 non solum est poena praecedentis peccati, sed etiam sui.</p>
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diff changeset
1115 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37268"><span class=
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diff changeset
1116 "ref">[37268] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1117 ergo dicendum quod hoc etiam quod aliqui puniuntur a Deo, dum
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diff changeset
1118 permittit eos in aliqua peccata profluere, ad bonum virtutis
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diff changeset
1119 ordinatur. Quandoque quidem etiam ipsorum qui peccant, cum scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 post peccatum humiliores et cautiores resurgunt. Semper autem est
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diff changeset
1121 ad emendationem aliorum, qui videntes aliquos ruere de peccato in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 peccatum, magis reformidant peccare. In aliis autem duobus modis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 manifestum est quod poena ordinatur ad emendationem quia hoc ipsum
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diff changeset
1124 quod homo laborem et detrimentum patitur in peccando, natum est
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diff changeset
1125 retrahere homines a peccato.</p>
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diff changeset
1126 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37269"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 "ref">[37269] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1128 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de peccato secundum se.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37270"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 "ref">[37270] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Et similiter
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diff changeset
1131 dicendum est ad tertium.</p>
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diff changeset
1132 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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diff changeset
1134 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37271"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 "ref">[37271] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 sic proceditur. Videtur quod nullum peccatum inducat reatum
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diff changeset
1137 aeternae poenae. Poena enim iusta adaequatur culpae, iustitia enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 aequalitas est. Unde dicitur Isaiae XXVII, <i>in mensura contra
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diff changeset
1139 mensuram, cum abiecta fuerit, iudicabit eam</i>. Sed peccatum est
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diff changeset
1140 temporale. Ergo non inducit reatum poenae aeternae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37272"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 "ref">[37272] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1143 poenae medicinae quaedam sunt, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Sed nulla
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 medicina debet esse infinita, quia ordinatur ad finem; <i>quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 autem ordinatur ad finem, non est infinitum</i>, ut philosophus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 dicit, in I Polit. Ergo nulla poena debet esse infinita.</p>
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diff changeset
1147 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37273"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 "ref">[37273] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1149 nullus semper facit aliquid, nisi propter se in ipso delectetur.
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diff changeset
1150 <i>Sed Deus non delectatur in perditione hominum</i>, ut dicitur
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diff changeset
1151 Sap. I. Ergo non puniet homines poena sempiterna.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="37274"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 "ref">[37274] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1154 nihil quod est per accidens, est infinitum. Sed poena est per
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diff changeset
1155 accidens, non est enim secundum naturam eius qui punitur. Ergo non
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diff changeset
1156 potest in infinitum durare.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37275"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 "ref">[37275] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1159 est quod dicitur Matth. XXV, <i>ibunt hi in supplicium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 aeternum</i>. Et Marc. III dicitur, <i>qui autem blasphemaverit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 spiritum sanctum, non habebit remissionem in aeternum, sed erit
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diff changeset
1162 reus aeterni delicti</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1163 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 co."><a name="37276"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 "ref">[37276] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1165 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum ex hoc inducit
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diff changeset
1166 reatum poenae, quod pervertit aliquem ordinem. Manente autem causa,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 manet effectus. Unde quandiu perversitas ordinis remanet, necesse
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diff changeset
1168 est quod remaneat reatus poenae. Pervertit autem aliquis ordinem
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diff changeset
1169 quandoque quidem reparabiliter, quandoque autem irreparabiliter.
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diff changeset
1170 Semper enim defectus quo subtrahitur principium, irreparabilis est,
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diff changeset
1171 si autem salvetur principium, eius virtute defectus reparari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 possunt. Sicut si corrumpatur principium visivum, non potest fieri
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diff changeset
1173 visionis reparatio, nisi sola virtute divina, si vero, salvo
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diff changeset
1174 principio visivo, aliqua impedimenta adveniant visioni, reparari
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diff changeset
1175 possunt per naturam vel per artem. Cuiuslibet autem ordinis est
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diff changeset
1176 aliquod principium, per quod aliquis fit particeps illius ordinis.
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diff changeset
1177 Et ideo si per peccatum corrumpatur principium ordinis quo voluntas
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diff changeset
1178 hominis subditur Deo, erit inordinatio, quantum est de se,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 irreparabilis, etsi reparari possit virtute divina. Principium
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diff changeset
1180 autem huius ordinis est ultimus finis, cui homo inhaeret per
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diff changeset
1181 caritatem. Et ideo quaecumque peccata avertunt a Deo, caritatem
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diff changeset
1182 auferentia, quantum est de se, inducunt reatum aeternae poenae.</p>
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diff changeset
1183 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="37277"><span class=
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diff changeset
1184 "ref">[37277] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1185 ergo dicendum quod poena peccato proportionatur secundum
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diff changeset
1186 acerbitatem, tam in iudicio divino quam in humano, sicut Augustinus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 dicit, XXI de Civ. Dei, in nullo iudicio requiritur ut poena
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diff changeset
1188 adaequetur culpae secundum durationem. Non enim quia adulterium vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 homicidium in momento committitur, propter hoc momentanea poena
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diff changeset
1190 punitur, sed quandoque quidem perpetuo carcere vel exilio,
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diff changeset
1191 quandoque etiam morte. In qua non consideratur occisionis mora, sed
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diff changeset
1192 potius quod in perpetuum auferatur a societate viventium, et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 repraesentat suo modo aeternitatem poenae inflictae divinitus.
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diff changeset
1194 Iustum autem est, secundum Gregorium, quod qui in suo aeterno
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diff changeset
1195 peccavit contra Deum, in aeterno Dei puniatur. Dicitur autem
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diff changeset
1196 aliquis in suo aeterno peccasse, non solum secundum continuationem
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diff changeset
1197 actus in tota hominis vita durantis, sed quia ex hoc ipso quod
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diff changeset
1198 finem in peccato constituit, voluntatem habet in aeternum peccandi.
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diff changeset
1199 Unde dicit Gregorius, XXXIV Moral., quod <i>iniqui voluissent sine
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diff changeset
1200 fine vivere, ut sine fine potuissent in iniquitatibus
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diff changeset
1201 permanere</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1202 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="37278"><span class=
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diff changeset
1203 "ref">[37278] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1204 dicendum quod poena etiam quae secundum leges humanas infligitur,
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diff changeset
1205 non semper est medicinalis ei qui punitur, sed solum aliis, sicut
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diff changeset
1206 cum latro suspenditur, non ut ipse emendetur, sed propter alios, ut
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diff changeset
1207 saltem metu poenae peccare desistant; secundum illud Prov. XIX,
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diff changeset
1208 <i>pestilente flagellato, stultus sapientior erit</i>. Sic igitur
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diff changeset
1209 et aeternae poenae reproborum a Deo inflictae, sunt medicinales his
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diff changeset
1210 qui consideratione poenarum abstinent a peccatis; secundum illud
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diff changeset
1211 Psalmi LIX, <i>dedisti metuentibus te significationem, ut fugiant a
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diff changeset
1212 facie arcus, ut liberentur dilecti tui</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1213 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="37279"><span class=
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diff changeset
1214 "ref">[37279] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1215 dicendum quod Deus non delectatur in poenis propter ipsas; sed
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diff changeset
1216 delectatur in ordine suae iustitiae, quae haec requirit.</p>
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diff changeset
1217 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="37280"><span class=
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diff changeset
1218 "ref">[37280] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1219 dicendum quod poena, etsi per accidens ordinetur ad naturam, per se
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diff changeset
1220 tamen ordinatur ad privationem ordinis et ad Dei iustitiam. Et
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diff changeset
1221 ideo, durante inordinatione, semper durat poena.</p>
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diff changeset
1222 <br />
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diff changeset
1223 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
1224 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37281"><span class=
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diff changeset
1225 "ref">[37281] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1226 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccato debeatur poena infinita
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diff changeset
1227 secundum quantitatem. Dicitur enim Ierem. X, <i>corripe me, domine,
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diff changeset
1228 veruntamen in iudicio, et non in furore tuo, ne forte ad nihilum
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diff changeset
1229 redigas me</i>. Ira autem vel furor Dei metaphorice significat
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diff changeset
1230 vindictam divinae iustitiae, redigi autem in nihilum est poena
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diff changeset
1231 infinita, sicut et ex nihilo aliquid facere est virtutis infinitae.
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diff changeset
1232 Ergo secundum vindictam divinam, peccatum punitur poena infinita
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diff changeset
1233 secundum quantitatem.</p>
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diff changeset
1234 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37282"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 "ref">[37282] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 quantitati culpae respondet quantitas poenae; secundum illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 Deuteron. XXV, <i>pro mensura peccati erit et plagarum modus</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 Sed peccatum quod contra Deum committitur, est infinitum, tanto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 enim gravius est peccatum, quanto maior est persona contra quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 peccatur, sicut gravius peccatum est percutere principem quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 percutere hominem privatum; Dei autem magnitudo est infinita. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 poena infinita debetur pro peccato quod contra Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 committitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37283"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 "ref">[37283] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 dupliciter est aliquid infinitum, duratione scilicet, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 quantitate. Sed duratione est poena infinita. Ergo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 quantitate.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37284"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 "ref">[37284] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 est quia secundum hoc omnium mortalium peccatorum poenae essent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 aequales, non enim est infinitum infinito maius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 co."><a name="37285"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 "ref">[37285] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 dicendum quod poena proportionatur peccato. In peccato autem duo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 sunt. Quorum unum est aversio ab incommutabili bono, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 infinitum, unde ex hac parte peccatum est infinitum. Aliud quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 in peccato, est inordinata conversio ad commutabile bonum. Et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 hac parte peccatum est finitum, tum quia ipsum bonum commutabile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 est finitum; tum quia ipsa conversio est finita, non enim possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 esse actus creaturae infiniti. Ex parte igitur aversionis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 respondet peccato poena damni, quae etiam est infinita, est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 amissio infiniti boni, scilicet Dei. Ex parte autem inordinatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 conversionis, respondet ei poena sensus, quae etiam est finita.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37286"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 "ref">[37286] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 ergo dicendum quod omnino redigi in nihilum eum qui peccat, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 convenit divinae iustitiae, quia repugnat perpetuitati poenae, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 est secundum divinam iustitiam, ut dictum est. Sed in nihilum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 redigi dicitur qui spiritualibus bonis privatur; secundum illud I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 Cor. XIII, <i>si non habuero caritatem, nihil sum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="37287"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 "ref">[37287] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de peccato ex parte aversionis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 sic enim homo contra Deum peccat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="37288"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 "ref">[37288] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 dicendum quod duratio poenae respondet durationi culpae, non quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 ex parte actus, sed ex parte maculae, qua durante manet reatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 poenae. Sed acerbitas poenae respondet gravitati culpae. Culpa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 autem quae est irreparabilis, de se habet quod perpetuo duret, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 ideo debetur ei poena aeterna. Non autem ex parte conversionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 habet infinitatem, et ideo non debetur ei ex hac parte poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 infinita secundum quantitatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="37289"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 "ref">[37289] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 sic proceditur. Videtur quod omne peccatum inducat reatum poenae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 aeternae. Poena enim, ut dictum est, proportionatur culpae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 poena aeterna differt a temporali in infinitum. Nullum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 peccatum differre videtur ab altero in infinitum, cum omne peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 sit humanus actus, qui infinitus esse non potest. Cum ergo alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 peccato debeatur poena aeterna, sicut dictum est, videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 nulli peccato debeatur poena temporalis tantum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="37290"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 "ref">[37290] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 peccatum originale est minimum peccatorum, unde et Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 dicit, in Enchirid., quod <i>mitissima poena est eorum qui pro solo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 peccato originali puniuntur</i>. Sed peccato originali debetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 poena perpetua, nunquam enim videbunt regnum Dei pueri qui sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 Baptismo decesserunt cum originali peccato; ut patet per id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 dominus dicit, Ioan. III, <i>nisi quis renatus fuerit denuo, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 potest videre regnum Dei</i>. Ergo multo magis omnium aliorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 peccatorum poena erit aeterna.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="37291"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 "ref">[37291] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 peccato non debetur maior poena ex hoc quod alteri peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 adiungitur, cum utrumque peccatum suam habeat poenam taxatam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 secundum divinam iustitiam. Sed peccato veniali debetur poena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 aeterna, si cum mortali peccato inveniatur in aliquo damnato, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 in Inferno nulla potest esse remissio. Ergo peccato veniali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1313 simpliciter debetur poena aeterna. Nulli ergo peccato debetur poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 temporalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 s. c."><a name="37292"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 "ref">[37292] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1317 est quod Gregorius dicit, in IV Dialog., quod quaedam leviores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1318 culpae post hanc vitam remittuntur. Non ergo omnia peccata aeterna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 poena puniuntur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 co."><a name="37293"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 "ref">[37293] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum causat reatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 poenae aeternae, inquantum irreparabiliter repugnat ordini divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 iustitiae, per hoc scilicet quod contrariatur ipsi principio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 ordinis, quod est ultimus finis. Manifestum est autem quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 quibusdam peccatis est quidem aliqua inordinatio, non tamen per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 contrarietatem ad ultimum finem, sed solum circa ea quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 finem, inquantum plus vel minus debite eis intenditur, salvato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 tamen ordine ad ultimum finem, puta cum homo, etsi nimis ad aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 rem temporalem afficiatur, non tamen pro ea vellet Deum offendere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 aliquid contra praeceptum eius faciendo. Unde huiusmodi peccatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 non debetur aeterna poena, sed temporalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1333 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="37294"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 "ref">[37294] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 ergo dicendum quod peccata non differunt in infinitum ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 conversionis ad bonum commutabile, in qua consistit substantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1337 actus, differunt autem in infinitum ex parte aversionis. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 quaedam peccata committuntur per aversionem ab ultimo fine, quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1339 vero per inordinationem circa ea quae sunt ad finem. Finis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 ultimus ab his quae sunt ad finem, in infinitum differt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="37295"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 "ref">[37295] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 dicendum quod peccato originali non debetur poena aeterna ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1344 suae gravitatis, sed ratione conditionis subiecti, scilicet hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 qui sine gratia invenitur, per quam solam fit remissio poenae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="37296"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 "ref">[37296] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 dicendum est ad tertium, de veniali peccato. Aeternitas enim poenae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 non respondet quantitati culpae, sed irremissibilitati ipsius, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="37297"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 "ref">[37297] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1355 sic proceditur. Videtur quod reatus poenae non remaneat post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 peccatum. Remota enim causa, removetur effectus. Sed peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 causa reatus poenae. Ergo, remoto peccato, cessat reatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 poenae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="37298"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 "ref">[37298] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 peccatum removetur per hoc quod homo ad virtutem redit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 virtuoso non debetur poena, sed magis praemium. Ergo, remoto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 peccato, non remanet reatus poenae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="37299"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 "ref">[37299] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 poenae sunt medicinae, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Sed postquam aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 iam est ab infirmitate curatus, non adhibetur sibi medicina. Ergo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 remoto peccato, non remanet debitum poenae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 s. c."><a name="37300"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 "ref">[37300] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 est quod dicitur II Reg. XII, quod <i>David dixit ad Nathan,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 peccavi domino. Dixitque Nathan ad David, dominus quoque transtulit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 peccatum tuum, non morieris. Veruntamen quia blasphemare fecisti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 inimicos nomen domini, filius qui natus est tibi, morte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 morietur</i>. Punitur ergo aliquis a Deo etiam postquam ei peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 dimittitur. Et sic reatus poenae remanet, peccato remoto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 co."><a name="37301"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 "ref">[37301] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 dicendum quod in peccato duo possunt considerari, scilicet actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 culpae, et macula sequens. Planum est autem quod, cessante actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 peccati, remanet reatus, in omnibus peccatis actualibus. Actus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 peccati facit hominem reum poenae, inquantum transgreditur ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 divinae iustitiae; ad quem non redit nisi per quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 recompensationem poenae, quae ad aequalitatem iustitiae reducit; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 scilicet qui plus voluntati suae indulsit quam debuit, contra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 mandatum Dei agens, secundum ordinem divinae iustitiae, aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 contra illud quod vellet, spontaneus vel invitus patiatur. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 etiam in iniuriis hominibus factis observatur, ut per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 recompensationem poenae reintegretur aequalitas iustitiae. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 patet quod, cessante actu peccati vel iniuriae illatae, adhuc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 remanet debitum poenae. Sed si loquamur de ablatione peccati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 quantum ad maculam, sic manifestum est quod macula peccati ab anima
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 auferri non potest, nisi per hoc quod anima Deo coniungitur, per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 cuius distantiam detrimentum proprii nitoris incurrebat, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 macula, ut supra dictum est. Coniungitur autem homo Deo per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 voluntatem. Unde macula peccati ab homine tolli non potest nisi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 voluntas hominis ordinem divinae iustitiae acceptet, ut scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 vel ipse poenam sibi spontaneus assumat in recompensationem culpae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 praeteritae, vel etiam a Deo illatam patienter sustineat, utroque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 enim modo poena rationem satisfactionis habet. Poena autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 satisfactoria diminuit aliquid de ratione poenae. Est enim de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 ratione poenae quod sit contra voluntatem. Poena autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 satisfactoria, etsi secundum absolutam considerationem sit contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 voluntatem, tamen tunc, et pro hoc, est voluntaria. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 simpliciter est voluntaria, secundum quid autem involuntaria, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 patet ex his quae supra de voluntario et involuntario dicta sunt.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 Dicendum est ergo quod, remota macula culpae, potest quidem
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diff changeset
1408 remanere reatus non poenae simpliciter, sed satisfactoriae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="37302"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 "ref">[37302] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 ergo dicendum quod sicut, cessante actu peccati, remanet macula, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 supra dictum est; ita etiam potest remanere reatus. Cessante vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 macula, non remanet reatus secundum eandem rationem, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="37303"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 "ref">[37303] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 dicendum quod virtuoso non debetur poena simpliciter, potest tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 sibi deberi poena ut satisfactoria, quia hoc ipsum ad virtutem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 pertinet, ut satisfaciat pro his in quibus offendit vel Deum vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 hominem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="37304"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 "ref">[37304] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 dicendum quod, remota macula, sanatum est vulnus peccati quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 voluntatem. Requiritur autem adhuc poena ad sanationem aliarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 virium animae, quae per peccatum praecedens deordinatae fuerunt, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 scilicet per contraria curentur. Requiritur etiam ad restituendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 aequalitatem iustitiae; et ad amovendum scandalum aliorum, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 aedificentur in poena qui sunt scandalizati in culpa; ut patet ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 exemplo de David inducto.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="37305"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 "ref">[37305] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omnis poena sit propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 culpam. Dicitur enim Ioan. IX, de caeco nato, <i>neque hic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 peccavit, neque parentes eius, ut nasceretur caecus</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 similiter videmus quod multi pueri, etiam baptizati, graves poenas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 patiuntur, ut puta febres, Daemonum oppressiones, et multa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 huiusmodi, cum tamen in eis non sit peccatum, postquam sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 baptizati. Et antequam sint baptizati, non est in eis plus de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 peccato quam in aliis pueris, qui haec non patiuntur. Non ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 omnis poena est pro peccato.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="37306"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 "ref">[37306] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 eiusdem rationis esse videtur quod peccatores prosperentur, et quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 aliqui innocentes puniantur. Utrumque autem in rebus humanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 frequenter invenimus, dicitur enim de iniquis in Psalmo LXXII,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 <i>in labore hominum non sunt, et cum hominibus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 flagellabuntur</i>; et Iob XXI, <i>impii vivunt, sublevati sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 confortatique divitiis</i>; et Habacuc I, dicitur, <i>quare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 respicis contemptores et taces, conculcante impio iustiorem se?</i>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 Non ergo omnis poena infligitur pro culpa.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="37307"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 "ref">[37307] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 de Christo dicitur I Pet. II, quod <i>peccatum non fecit, nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 inventus est dolus in ore eius</i>. Et tamen ibidem dicitur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 <i>passus est pro nobis</i>. Ergo non semper poena a Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 dispensatur pro culpa.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 s. c."><a name="37308"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 "ref">[37308] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 est quod dicitur Iob IV, <i>quis unquam innocens periit? Aut quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 recti deleti sunt? Quin potius vidi eos qui operantur iniquitatem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 flante Deo, periisse</i>. Et Augustinus dicit, in I Retract., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 <i>omnis poena iusta est, et pro peccato aliquo impenditur</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 co."><a name="37309"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 "ref">[37309] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, poena potest dupliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 considerari, simpliciter, et inquantum est satisfactoria. Poena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 quidem satisfactoria est quodammodo voluntaria. Et quia contingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 eos qui differunt in reatu poenae, esse unum secundum voluntatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 unione amoris, inde est quod interdum aliquis qui non peccavit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 poenam voluntarius pro alio portat, sicut etiam in rebus humanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 videmus quod aliquis in se transfert alterius debitum. Si vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 loquamur de poena simpliciter, secundum quod habet rationem poenae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 sic semper habet ordinem ad culpam propriam, sed quandoque quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 ad culpam actualem, puta quando aliquis vel a Deo vel ab homine pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 peccato commisso punitur; quandoque vero ad culpam originalem. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 hoc quidem vel principaliter, vel consequenter. Principaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 quidem poena originalis peccati est quod natura humana sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 relinquitur, destituta auxilio originalis iustitiae, sed ad hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 consequuntur omnes poenalitates quae ex defectu naturae in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 hominibus contingunt. Sciendum tamen est quod quandoque aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 videtur esse poenale, quod tamen non habet simpliciter rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 poenae. Poena enim est species mali, ut in primo dictum est. Malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 autem est privatio boni. Cum autem sint plura hominis bona,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 scilicet animae, corporis, et exteriorum rerum; contingit interdum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 quod homo patiatur detrimentum in minori bono, ut augeatur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 maiori, sicut cum patitur detrimentum pecuniae propter sanitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 corporis, vel in utroque horum propter salutem animae et propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 gloriam Dei. Et tunc tale detrimentum non est simpliciter malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 hominis, sed secundum quid. Unde non dicit simpliciter rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 poenae, sed medicinae, nam et medici austeras potiones propinant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 infirmis, ut conferant sanitatem. Et quia huiusmodi non proprie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 habent rationem poenae, non reducuntur ad culpam sicut ad causam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 nisi pro tanto, quia hoc ipsum quod oportet humanae naturae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 medicinas poenales exhibere, est ex corruptione naturae, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 poena originalis peccati. In statu enim innocentiae non oportuisset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 aliquem ad profectum virtutis inducere per poenalia exercitia. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 hoc ipsum quod est poenale in talibus reducitur ad originalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 culpam sicut ad causam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="37310"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 "ref">[37310] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 ergo dicendum quod huiusmodi defectus eorum qui nascuntur, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 etiam puerorum, sunt effectus et poenae originalis peccati, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 dictum est. Et manent etiam post Baptismum, propter causam superius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 dictam. Et quod non sint aequaliter in omnibus, contingit propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 naturae diversitatem, quae sibi relinquitur, ut supra dictum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 Ordinantur tamen huiusmodi defectus, secundum divinam providentiam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 ad salutem hominum, vel eorum qui patiuntur, vel aliorum, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 poenis admonentur; et etiam ad gloriam Dei.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="37311"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 "ref">[37311] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 dicendum quod bona temporalia et corporalia sunt quidem aliqua bona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 hominis, sed parva, bona vero spiritualia sunt magna hominis bona.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 Pertinet igitur ad divinam iustitiam ut virtuosis det spiritualia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 bona; et de temporalibus bonis vel malis tantum det eis, quantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 sufficit ad virtutem, ut enim Dionysius dicit, VIII cap. de Div.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 Nom., <i>divinae iustitiae est non emollire optimorum fortitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 materialium donationibus</i>. Aliis vero hoc ipsum quod temporalia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 dantur, in malum spiritualium cedit. Unde in Psalmo LXXII
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 concluditur, <i>ideo tenuit eos superbia</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="37312"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 "ref">[37312] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 dicendum quod Christus poenam sustinuit satisfactoriam non pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 suis, sed pro nostris peccatis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="37313"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 "ref">[37313] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis puniatur pro peccato alterius.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 Dicitur enim Exodi XX, <i>ego sum Deus Zelotes, visitans
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 iniquitatem patrum in filios in tertiam et quartam generationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 his qui oderunt me</i>. Et Matth. XXIII dicitur, <i>ut veniat super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 vos omnis sanguis iustus qui effusus est super terram</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="37314"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 "ref">[37314] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 iustitia humana derivatur a iustitia divina. Sed secundum iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 humanam aliquando filii puniuntur pro parentibus, sicut patet in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 crimine laesae maiestatis. Ergo etiam secundum divinam iustitiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 unus punitur pro peccato alterius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="37315"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 "ref">[37315] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 si dicatur filius non puniri pro peccato patris, sed pro peccato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 proprio, inquantum imitatur malitiam paternam, non magis hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 diceretur de filiis quam de extraneis, qui simili poena puniuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 his quorum peccata imitantur. Non ergo videtur quod filii pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 peccatis propriis puniantur, sed pro peccatis parentum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 s. c."><a name="37316"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 "ref">[37316] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 est quod dicitur Ezech. XVIII, <i>filius non portabit iniquitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 patris</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 co."><a name="37317"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 "ref">[37317] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 dicendum quod, si loquamur de poena satisfactoria, quae voluntarie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 assumitur, contingit quod unus portet poenam alterius inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 sunt quodammodo unum, sicut iam dictum est. Si autem loquamur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 poena pro peccato inflicta, inquantum habet rationem poenae, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 solum unusquisque pro peccato suo punitur, quia actus peccati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 aliquid personale est. Si autem loquamur de poena quae habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 rationem medicinae, sic contingit quod unus punitur pro peccato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 alterius. Dictum est enim quod detrimenta corporalium rerum, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 etiam ipsius corporis, sunt quaedam poenales medicinae ordinatae ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 salutem animae. Unde nihil prohibet talibus poenis aliquem puniri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 pro peccato alterius, vel a Deo vel ab homine, utpote filios pro
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diff changeset
1565 patribus, et subditos pro dominis, inquantum sunt quaedam res
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 eorum. Ita tamen quod, si filius vel subditus est particeps culpae,
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diff changeset
1567 huiusmodi poenalis defectus habet rationem poenae quantum ad
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diff changeset
1568 utrumque, scilicet eum qui punitur, et eum pro quo punitur. Si vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 non sit particeps culpae, habet rationem poenae quantum ad eum pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 quo punitur, quantum vero ad eum qui punitur, rationem medicinae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 tantum, nisi per accidens, inquantum peccato alterius consentit;
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diff changeset
1572 ordinatur enim ei ad bonum animae, si patienter sustineat. Poenae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 vero spirituales non sunt medicinales tantum, quia bonum animae non
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diff changeset
1574 ordinatur ad aliud melius bonum. Unde in bonis animae nullus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 patitur detrimentum sine culpa propria. Et propter hoc etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 talibus poenis, ut dicit Augustinus in epistola ad avitum, unus non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 punitur pro alio, quia quantum ad animam, filius non est res
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 patris. Unde et huius causam dominus assignans, dicit, Ezech.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 XVIII, <i>omnes animae meae sunt</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="37318"><span class=
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diff changeset
1581 "ref">[37318] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1582 ergo dicendum quod utrumque dictum videtur esse referendum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 poenas temporales vel corporales, inquantum filii sunt res quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 parentum, et successores praedecessorum. Vel si referatur ad poenas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 spirituales, hoc dicitur propter imitationem culpae, unde in Exodo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 additur, <i>his qui oderunt me</i>; et in Matthaeo dicitur, <i>et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 vos implete mensuram patrum vestrorum</i>. Dicit autem puniri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 peccata patrum in filiis, quia filii, in peccatis parentum nutriti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 proniores sunt ad peccandum, tum propter consuetudinem; tum etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 propter exemplum, patrum quasi auctoritatem sequentes. Sunt etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 maiori poena digni, si, poenas patrum videntes, correcti non sunt.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 Ideo autem addidit, in tertiam et quartam generationem, quia tantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 consueverunt homines vivere, ut tertiam et quartam generationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 videant; et sic mutuo videre possunt et filii peccata patrum ad
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diff changeset
1595 imitandum, et patres poenas filiorum ad dolendum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="37319"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 "ref">[37319] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 dicendum quod poenae illae sunt corporales et temporales quas
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diff changeset
1599 iustitia humana uni pro peccato alterius infligit. Et sunt remedia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 quaedam, vel medicinae, contra culpas sequentes, ut vel ipsi qui
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diff changeset
1601 puniuntur, vel alii, cohibeantur a similibus culpis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 <p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="37320"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 "ref">[37320] I&ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 dicendum quod magis dicuntur puniri pro peccatis aliorum propinqui
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diff changeset
1605 quam extranei, tum quia poena propinquorum quodammodo redundat in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 illos qui peccaverunt, ut dictum est, inquantum filius est quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 res patris. Tum etiam quia et domestica exempla, et domesticae
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diff changeset
1608 poenae, magis movent. Unde quando aliquis nutritus est in peccatis
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diff changeset
1609 parentum, vehementius ea sequitur; et si ex eorum poenis non est
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diff changeset
1610 deterritus, obstinatior videtur; unde et maiori poena dignus.</p>
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diff changeset
1611 <br />
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diff changeset
1612 <div class="D">Quaestio 88</div>
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diff changeset
1613 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
1614 <p title="I-II q. 88 pr."><a name="37321"><span class="ref">[37321]
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diff changeset
1615 I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 pr.</span></a> Deinde, quia peccatum veniale et
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diff changeset
1616 mortale distinguuntur secundum reatum, considerandum est de eis. Et
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diff changeset
1617 primo, considerandum est de veniali per comparationem ad mortale;
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diff changeset
1618 secundo, de veniali secundum se. Circa primum quaeruntur sex.
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diff changeset
1619 Primo, utrum veniale peccatum convenienter dividatur contra
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diff changeset
1620 mortale. Secundo, utrum distinguantur genere. Tertio, utrum veniale
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diff changeset
1621 peccatum sit dispositio ad mortale. Quarto, utrum veniale peccatum
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diff changeset
1622 possit fieri mortale. Quinto, utrum circumstantia aggravans possit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 de veniali peccato facere mortale. Sexto, utrum peccatum mortale
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diff changeset
1624 possit fieri veniale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37322"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 "ref">[37322] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1629 sic proceditur. Videtur quod veniale peccatum non convenienter
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diff changeset
1630 dividatur contra mortale. Dicit enim Augustinus, XXII libro contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 Faustum, <i>peccatum est dictum vel factum vel concupitum contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 legem aeternam</i>. Sed esse contra legem aeternam, dat peccato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 quod sit mortale. Ergo omne peccatum est mortale. Non ergo peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 veniale dividitur contra mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37323"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 "ref">[37323] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1637 apostolus dicit, I Cor. X, <i>sive manducatis, sive bibitis, sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 aliquid aliud facitis, omnia in gloriam Dei facite</i>. Sed contra
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diff changeset
1639 hoc praeceptum facit quicumque peccat, non enim peccatum fit
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diff changeset
1640 propter gloriam Dei. Cum ergo facere contra praeceptum sit peccatum
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diff changeset
1641 mortale, videtur quod quicumque peccat, mortaliter peccet.</p>
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diff changeset
1642 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37324"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 "ref">[37324] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1644 quicumque amore alicui rei inhaeret, inhaeret ei vel sicut fruens,
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diff changeset
1645 vel sicut utens; ut patet per Augustinum, in I de Doctr. Christ.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 Sed nullus peccans inhaeret bono commutabili quasi utens, non enim
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diff changeset
1647 refert ipsum ad bonum quod nos beatos facit, quod proprie est uti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 ut Augustinus dicit ibidem. Ergo quicumque peccat, fruitur bono
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 commutabili. <i>Sed frui rebus utendis est humana perversitas</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 ut Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest. Cum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 perversitas peccatum mortale nominet, videtur quod quicumque
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diff changeset
1652 peccat, mortaliter peccet.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="37325"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 "ref">[37325] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 quicumque accedit ad unum terminum, ex hoc ipso recedit ab alio.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 Sed quicumque peccat, accedit ad bonum commutabile. Ergo recedit a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 bono incommutabili. Ergo peccat mortaliter. Non ergo convenienter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 peccatum veniale contra mortale dividitur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37326"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 "ref">[37326] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 est quod Augustinus dicit, in Homil. XLI super Ioan., <i>quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 crimen est quod damnationem meretur, veniale autem est quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 meretur damnationem</i>. Sed crimen nominat peccatum mortale. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 veniale peccatum convenienter dividitur contra mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 co."><a name="37327"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 "ref">[37327] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 dicendum quod aliqua, secundum quod proprie accipiuntur, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 videntur esse opposita, quae si metaphorice accipiantur, opponi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 inveniuntur, sicut ridere non opponitur ei quod est arescere; sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 secundum quod ridere metaphorice de prato dicitur propter eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 floritionem et virorem, opponitur ei quod est arescere. Similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 si mortale proprie accipiatur, prout refertur ad mortem corporalem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 non videtur oppositionem habere cum veniali, nec ad idem genus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 pertinere. Sed si mortale accipiatur metaphorice, secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 dicitur in peccatis, mortale opponitur ei quod est veniale. Cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 enim peccatum sit quaedam infirmitas animae, ut supra habitum est,
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diff changeset
1677 peccatum aliquod mortale dicitur ad similitudinem morbi, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 dicitur mortalis ex eo quod inducit defectum irreparabilem per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 destitutionem alicuius principii, ut dictum est. Principium autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 spiritualis vitae, quae est secundum virtutem, est ordo ad ultimum
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diff changeset
1681 finem, ut supra dictum est. Qui quidem si destitutus fuerit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 reparari non potest per aliquod principium intrinsecum, sed solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 per virtutem divinam, ut supra dictum est, quia inordinationes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 eorum quae sunt ad finem, reparantur ex fine, sicut error qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 accidit circa conclusiones, per veritatem principiorum. Defectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 ergo ordinis ultimi finis non potest per aliquid aliud reparari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 quod sit principalius; sicut nec error qui est circa principia. Et
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diff changeset
1688 ideo huiusmodi peccata dicuntur mortalia, quasi irreparabilia.
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diff changeset
1689 Peccata autem quae habent inordinationem circa ea quae sunt ad
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diff changeset
1690 finem, conservato ordine ad ultimum finem, reparabilia sunt. Et
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diff changeset
1691 haec dicuntur venialia, tunc enim peccatum veniam habet, quando
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diff changeset
1692 reatus poenae tollitur, qui cessat cessante peccato, ut dictum est.
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diff changeset
1693 Secundum hoc ergo, mortale et veniale opponuntur sicut reparabile
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diff changeset
1694 et irreparabile. Et hoc dico per principium interius, non autem per
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diff changeset
1695 comparationem ad virtutem divinam, quae omnem morbum et corporalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 et spiritualem potest reparare. Et propter hoc veniale peccatum
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diff changeset
1697 convenienter dividitur contra mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
1698 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37328"><span class=
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diff changeset
1699 "ref">[37328] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1700 ergo dicendum quod divisio peccati venialis et mortalis non est
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diff changeset
1701 divisio generis in species, quae aequaliter participent rationem
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diff changeset
1702 generis, sed analogi in ea de quibus praedicatur secundum prius et
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diff changeset
1703 posterius. Et ideo perfecta ratio peccati, quam Augustinus ponit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 convenit peccato mortali. Peccatum autem veniale dicitur peccatum
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diff changeset
1705 secundum rationem imperfectam, et in ordine ad peccatum mortale,
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diff changeset
1706 sicut accidens dicitur ens in ordine ad substantiam, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 imperfectam rationem entis. Non enim est contra legem, quia
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diff changeset
1708 venialiter peccans non facit quod lex prohibet, nec praetermittit
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diff changeset
1709 id ad quod lex per praeceptum obligat; sed facit praeter legem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 quia non observat modum rationis quem lex intendit.</p>
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diff changeset
1711 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37329"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 "ref">[37329] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1713 dicendum quod illud praeceptum apostoli est affirmativum, unde non
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diff changeset
1714 obligat ad semper. Et sic non facit contra hoc praeceptum quicumque
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diff changeset
1715 non actu refert in gloriam Dei omne quod facit. Sufficit ergo quod
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diff changeset
1716 aliquis habitualiter referat se et omnia sua in Deum, ad hoc quod
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diff changeset
1717 non semper mortaliter peccet, cum aliquem actum non refert in
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diff changeset
1718 gloriam Dei actualiter. Veniale autem peccatum non excludit
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diff changeset
1719 habitualem ordinationem actus humani in gloriam Dei, sed solum
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diff changeset
1720 actualem, quia non excludit caritatem, quae habitualiter ordinat in
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diff changeset
1721 Deum. Unde non sequitur quod ille qui peccat venialiter, peccet
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diff changeset
1722 mortaliter.</p>
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diff changeset
1723 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37330"><span class=
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diff changeset
1724 "ref">[37330] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1725 dicendum quod ille qui peccat venialiter, inhaeret bono temporali
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diff changeset
1726 non ut fruens, quia non constituit in eo finem; sed ut utens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 referens in Deum non actu, sed habitu.</p>
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diff changeset
1728 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="37331"><span class=
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diff changeset
1729 "ref">[37331] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 dicendum quod bonum commutabile non accipitur ut terminus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 contrapositus incommutabili bono, nisi quando constituitur in eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 finis. Quod enim est ad finem, non habet rationem termini.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37332"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 "ref">[37332] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum veniale et mortale non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 differant genere, ita scilicet quod aliquod sit peccatum mortale ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 genere, et aliquod veniale ex genere. Bonum enim et malum ex genere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 in actibus humanis accipitur per comparationem ad materiam sive ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 obiectum, ut supra dictum est. Sed secundum quodlibet obiectum vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 materiam, contingit peccare mortaliter et venialiter, quodlibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 enim bonum commutabile potest homo diligere vel infra Deum, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 est peccare venialiter, vel supra Deum quod est peccare mortaliter.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 Ergo peccatum veniale et mortale non differunt genere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37333"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 "ref">[37333] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 sicut dictum est supra, peccatum mortale dicitur quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 irreparabile, peccatum autem veniale quod est reparabile. Sed esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 irreparabile convenit peccato quod fit ex malitia, quod secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 quosdam irremissibile dicitur, esse autem reparabile convenit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 peccato quod fit per infirmitatem vel ignorantiam, quod dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 remissibile. Ergo peccatum mortale et veniale differunt sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 peccatum quod est ex malitia commissum, vel ex infirmitate et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 ignorantia. Sed secundum hoc non differunt peccata genere, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 causa, ut supra dictum est. Ergo peccatum veniale et mortale non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 differunt genere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37334"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 "ref">[37334] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 supra dictum est quod subiti motus tam sensualitatis quam rationis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 sunt peccata venialia. Sed subiti motus inveniuntur in quolibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 peccati genere. Ergo non sunt aliqua peccata venialia ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 genere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37335"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 "ref">[37335] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 est quod Augustinus, in sermone de Purgatorio, enumerat quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 genera peccatorum venialium, et quaedam genera peccatorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 mortalium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 co."><a name="37336"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 "ref">[37336] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 dicendum quod peccatum veniale a venia dicitur. Potest igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 aliquod peccatum dici veniale uno modo, quia est veniam consecutum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 et sic dicit Ambrosius quod <i>omne peccatum per poenitentiam fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 veniale</i>. Et hoc dicitur veniale ex eventu. Alio modo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 veniale, quia non habet in se unde veniam non consequatur vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 totaliter vel in parte. In parte quidem, sicut cum habet in se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 aliquid diminuens culpam, ut cum fit ex infirmitate vel ignorantia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 Et hoc dicitur veniale ex causa. In toto autem, ex eo quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 tollit ordinem ad ultimum finem, unde non meretur poenam aeternam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 sed temporalem. Et de hoc veniali ad praesens intendimus. De primis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 enim duobus constat quod non habent genus aliquod determinatum. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 veniale tertio modo dictum, potest habere genus determinatum, ita
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 quod aliquod peccatum dicatur veniale ex genere, et aliquod mortale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 ex genere, secundum quod genus vel species actus determinantur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 obiecto. Cum enim voluntas fertur in aliquid quod secundum se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 repugnat caritati, per quam homo ordinatur in ultimum finem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 peccatum ex suo obiecto habet quod sit mortale. Unde est mortale ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 genere, sive sit contra dilectionem Dei, sicut blasphemia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 periurium, et huiusmodi; sive contra dilectionem proximi, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 homicidium, adulterium, et similia. Unde huiusmodi sunt peccata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 mortalia ex suo genere. Quandoque vero voluntas peccantis fertur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 id quod in se continet quandam inordinationem, non tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 contrariatur dilectioni Dei et proximi, sicut verbum otiosum, risus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 superfluus, et alia huiusmodi. Et talia sunt peccata venialia ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 suo genere. Sed quia actus morales recipiunt rationem boni et mali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 non solum ex obiecto, sed etiam ex aliqua dispositione agentis, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 supra habitum est; contingit quandoque quod id quod est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 veniale ex genere ratione sui obiecti, fit mortale ex parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 agentis, vel quia in eo constituit finem ultimum, vel quia ordinat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 ipsum ad aliquid quod est peccatum mortale ex genere, puta cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 aliquis ordinat verbum otiosum ad adulterium committendum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 Similiter etiam ex parte agentis contingit quod aliquod peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 quod ex suo genere est mortale, fit veniale, propter hoc scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 quod actus est imperfectus, idest non deliberatus ratione, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 principium proprium mali actus, sicut supra dictum est de subitis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 motibus infidelitatis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37337"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 "ref">[37337] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 ergo dicendum quod ex hoc ipso quod aliquis eligit id quod repugnat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 divinae caritati, convincitur praeferre illud caritati divinae, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 per consequens plus amare ipsum quam Deum. Et ideo aliqua peccata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 ex genere, quae de se repugnant caritati, habent quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 diligatur supra Deum. Et sic sunt ex genere suo mortalia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37338"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 "ref">[37338] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de peccato veniali ex causa.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37339"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 "ref">[37339] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de peccato quod est veniale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 propter imperfectionem actus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37340"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 "ref">[37340] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum veniale non sit dispositio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 mortale. Unum enim oppositum non disponit ad aliud. Sed peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 veniale et mortale ex opposito dividuntur, ut dictum est. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 peccatum veniale non est dispositio ad mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37341"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 "ref">[37341] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 actus disponit ad aliquid simile in specie sibi, unde in II Ethic.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 dicitur quod <i>ex similibus actibus generantur similes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 dispositiones et habitus</i>. Sed peccatum mortale et veniale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 differunt genere seu specie, ut dictum est. Ergo peccatum veniale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 non disponit ad mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37342"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 "ref">[37342] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 si peccatum dicatur veniale quia disponit ad mortale, oportebit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 quod quaecumque disponunt ad mortale peccatum, sint peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 venialia. Sed omnia bona opera disponunt ad peccatum mortale, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 enim Augustinus, in regula, quod superbia bonis operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 insidiatur, ut pereant. Ergo etiam bona opera erunt peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 venialia, quod est inconveniens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37343"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 "ref">[37343] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 est quod dicitur Eccli. XIX, <i>qui spernit minima, paulatim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 defluit</i>. Sed ille qui peccat venialiter, videtur minima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 spernere. Ergo paulatim disponitur ad hoc quod totaliter defluat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 per peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 co."><a name="37344"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 "ref">[37344] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 dicendum quod disponens est quodammodo causa. Unde secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 duplicem modum causae, est duplex dispositionis modus. Est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 causa quaedam movens directe ad effectum, sicut calidum calefacit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 Est etiam causa indirecte movens, removendo prohibens, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 removens columnam dicitur removere lapidem superpositum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 secundum hoc, actus peccati dupliciter ad aliquid disponit. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 quidem modo, directe, et sic disponit ad actum similem secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 speciem. Et hoc modo, primo et per se peccatum veniale ex genere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 non disponit ad mortale ex genere, cum differant specie. Sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 hunc modum peccatum veniale potest disponere, per quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 consequentiam, ad peccatum quod est mortale ex parte agentis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 Augmentata enim dispositione vel habitu per actus peccatorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 venialium, intantum potest libido peccandi crescere, quod ille qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 peccat, finem suum constituet in peccato veniali, nam unicuique
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 habenti habitum, inquantum huiusmodi, finis est operatio secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 habitum. Et sic, multoties peccando venialiter, disponetur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 peccatum mortale. Alio modo actus humanus disponit ad aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 removendo prohibens. Et hoc modo peccatum veniale ex genere potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 disponere ad peccatum mortale ex genere. Qui enim peccat venialiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 ex genere, praetermittit aliquem ordinem, et ex hoc quod consuescit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 voluntatem suam in minoribus debito ordini non subiicere,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 disponitur ad hoc quod etiam voluntatem suam non subiiciat ordini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 ultimi finis, eligendo id quod est peccatum mortale ex genere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="37345"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 "ref">[37345] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 ergo dicendum quod peccatum veniale et mortale non dividuntur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 opposito, sicut duae species unius generis, ut dictum est, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 sicut accidens contra substantiam dividitur. Unde sicut accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 potest esse dispositio ad formam substantialem, ita et veniale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 peccatum ad mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="37346"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 "ref">[37346] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 dicendum quod peccatum veniale non est simile mortali in specie,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 est tamen simile ei in genere, inquantum utrumque importat defectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 debiti ordinis, licet aliter et aliter, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="37347"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 "ref">[37347] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1889 dicendum quod opus bonum non est per se dispositio ad mortale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 peccatum, potest tamen esse materia vel occasio peccati mortalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 per accidens. Sed peccatum veniale per se disponit ad mortale, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1894 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1895 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37348"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1896 "ref">[37348] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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1897 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum veniale possit fieri mortale.
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1898 Dicit enim Augustinus, exponens illud Ioan. III, <i>qui incredulus
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1899 est filio, non videbit vitam</i>, peccata minima (idest venialia),
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1900 si negligantur, occidunt. Sed ex hoc dicitur peccatum mortale, quod
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1901 spiritualiter occidit animam. Ergo peccatum veniale potest fieri
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1902 mortale.</p>
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1903 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37349"><span class=
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1904 "ref">[37349] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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1905 motus sensualitatis ante consensum rationis est peccatum veniale,
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1906 post consensum vero est peccatum mortale, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
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1907 peccatum veniale potest fieri mortale.</p>
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1908 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37350"><span class=
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1909 "ref">[37350] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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1910 peccatum veniale et mortale differunt sicut morbus curabilis et
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1911 incurabilis, ut dictum est. Sed morbus curabilis potest fieri
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1912 incurabilis. Ergo peccatum veniale potest fieri mortale.</p>
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1913 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="37351"><span class=
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1914 "ref">[37351] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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1915 dispositio potest fieri habitus. Sed peccatum veniale est
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1916 dispositio ad mortale, ut dictum est. Ergo veniale peccatum potest
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1917 fieri mortale.</p>
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1918 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37352"><span class=
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1919 "ref">[37352] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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1920 ea quae differunt in infinitum, non transmutantur in invicem. Sed
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1921 peccatum mortale et veniale differunt in infinitum, ut ex
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1922 praedictis patet. Ergo veniale non potest fieri mortale.</p>
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1923 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 co."><a name="37353"><span class=
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1924 "ref">[37353] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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1925 dicendum quod peccatum veniale fieri mortale, potest tripliciter
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1926 intelligi. Uno modo sic quod idem actus numero, primo sit peccatum
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1927 veniale, et postea mortale. Et hoc esse non potest. Quia peccatum
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1928 principaliter consistit in actu voluntatis, sicut et quilibet actus
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1929 moralis. Unde non dicitur unus actus moraliter, si voluntas
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1930 mutetur, quamvis etiam actio secundum naturam sit continua. Si
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1931 autem voluntas non mutetur, non potest esse quod de veniali fiat
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1932 mortale. Alio modo potest intelligi ut id quod est veniale ex
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1933 genere, fiat mortale. Et hoc quidem possibile est, inquantum
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1934 constituitur in eo finis, vel inquantum refertur ad mortale
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1935 peccatum sicut ad finem, ut dictum est. Tertio modo potest
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1936 intelligi ita quod multa venialia peccata constituant unum peccatum
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1937 mortale. Quod si sic intelligatur quod ex multis peccatis
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1938 venialibus integraliter constituatur unum peccatum mortale, falsum
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1939 est. Non enim omnia peccata venialia de mundo, possunt habere
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1940 tantum de reatu, quantum unum peccatum mortale. Quod patet ex parte
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1941 durationis, quia peccatum mortale habet reatum poenae aeternae,
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1942 peccatum autem veniale reatum poenae temporalis, ut dictum est.
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1943 Patet etiam ex parte poenae damni, quia peccatum mortale meretur
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1944 carentiam visionis divinae, cui nulla alia poena comparari potest
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1945 ut Chrysostomus dicit. Patet etiam ex parte poenae sensus, quantum
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1946 ad vermem conscientiae, licet forte quantum ad poenam ignis, non
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1947 sint improportionales poenae. Si vero intelligatur quod multa
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1948 peccata venialia faciunt unum mortale dispositive, sic verum est,
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1949 sicut supra ostensum est, secundum duos modos dispositionis, quo
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1950 peccatum veniale disponit ad mortale.</p>
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1951 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37354"><span class=
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1952 "ref">[37354] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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1953 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur in illo sensu, quod multa
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1954 peccata venialia dispositive causant mortale.</p>
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1955 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="37355"><span class=
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1956 "ref">[37355] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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1957 dicendum quod ille idem motus sensualitatis qui praecessit
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1958 consensum rationis nunquam fiet peccatum mortale, sed ipse actus
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1959 rationis consentientis.</p>
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1960 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="37356"><span class=
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1961 "ref">[37356] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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1962 dicendum quod morbus corporalis non est actus, sed dispositio
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1963 quaedam permanens, unde eadem manens, potest mutari. Sed peccatum
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1964 veniale est actus transiens, qui resumi non potest. Et quantum ad
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1965 hoc, non est simile.</p>
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1966 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="37357"><span class=
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1967 "ref">[37357] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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1968 dicendum quod dispositio quae fit habitus, est sicut imperfectum in
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1969 eadem specie, sicut imperfecta scientia, dum perficitur, fit
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1970 habitus. Sed veniale peccatum est dispositio alterius generis,
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1971 sicut accidens ad formam substantialem, in quam nunquam
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1972 mutatur.</p>
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1973 <br />
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1974 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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1975 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="37358"><span class=
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1976 "ref">[37358] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
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1977 sic proceditur. Videtur quod circumstantia possit de veniali
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1978 peccato facere mortale. Dicit enim Augustinus, in sermone de
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1979 Purgatorio, quod <i>si diu teneatur iracundia, et ebrietas si
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1980 assidua sit, transeunt in numerum peccatorum mortalium</i>. Sed ira
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1981 et ebrietas non sunt ex suo genere peccata mortalia, sed venialia,
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1982 alioquin semper essent mortalia. Ergo circumstantia facit peccatum
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1983 veniale esse mortale.</p>
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1984 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="37359"><span class=
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1985 "ref">[37359] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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1986 Magister dicit, XXIV dist. II libri Sent., quod delectatio, si sit
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1987 morosa, est peccatum mortale; si autem non sit morosa, est peccatum
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1988 veniale. Sed morositas est quaedam circumstantia. Ergo
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1989 circumstantia facit de peccato veniali mortale.</p>
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1990 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="37360"><span class=
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1991 "ref">[37360] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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1992 plus differunt malum et bonum quam veniale peccatum et mortale,
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1993 quorum utrumque est in genere mali. Sed circumstantia facit de actu
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1994 bono malum, sicut patet cum quis dat eleemosynam propter inanem
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1995 gloriam. Ergo multo magis potest facere de peccato veniali
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1996 mortale.</p>
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1997 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 s. c."><a name="37361"><span class=
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1998 "ref">[37361] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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1999 est quod, cum circumstantia sit accidens, quantitas eius non potest
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2000 excedere quantitatem ipsius actus, quam habet ex suo genere, semper
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2001 enim subiectum praeeminet accidenti. Si igitur actus ex suo genere
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2002 sit peccatum veniale, non poterit per circumstantiam fieri peccatum
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2003 mortale, cum peccatum mortale in infinitum quodammodo excedat
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2004 quantitatem venialis, ut ex dictis patet.</p>
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2005 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 co."><a name="37362"><span class=
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diff changeset
2006 "ref">[37362] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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2007 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de circumstantiis
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2008 ageretur, circumstantia, inquantum huiusmodi, est accidens actus
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2009 moralis, contingit tamen circumstantiam accipi ut differentiam
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diff changeset
2010 specificam actus moralis, et tunc amittit rationem circumstantiae,
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2011 et constituit speciem moralis actus. Hoc autem contingit in
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2012 peccatis quando circumstantia addit deformitatem alterius generis
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2013 sicut cum aliquis accedit ad non suam, est actus deformis
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2014 deformitate opposita castitati; sed si accedat ad non suam quae est
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2015 alterius uxor, additur deformitas opposita iustitiae, contra quam
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2016 est ut aliquis usurpet rem alienam; et secundum hoc huiusmodi
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2017 circumstantia constituit novam speciem peccati, quae dicitur
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2018 adulterium. Impossibile est autem quod circumstantia de peccato
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2019 veniali faciat mortale, nisi afferat deformitatem alterius generis.
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2020 Dictum est enim quod peccatum veniale habet deformitatem per hoc
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2021 quod importat deordinationem circa ea quae sunt ad finem, peccatum
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2022 autem mortale habet deformitatem per hoc quod importat
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diff changeset
2023 deordinationem respectu ultimi finis. Unde manifestum est quod
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2024 circumstantia non potest de veniali peccato facere mortale, manens
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diff changeset
2025 circumstantia, sed solum tunc quando transfert in aliam speciem, et
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2026 fit quodammodo differentia specifica moralis actus.</p>
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2027 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="37363"><span class=
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diff changeset
2028 "ref">[37363] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
2029 ergo dicendum quod diuturnitas non est circumstantia trahens in
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diff changeset
2030 aliam speciem, similiter nec frequentia vel assiduitas, nisi forte
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2031 per accidens ex aliquo supervenienti. Non enim aliquid acquirit
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diff changeset
2032 novam speciem ex hoc quod multiplicatur vel protelatur, nisi forte
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diff changeset
2033 in actu protelato vel multiplicato superveniat aliquid quod variet
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2034 speciem, puta inobedientia vel contemptus, vel aliquid huiusmodi.
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2035 Dicendum est ergo quod, cum ira sit motus animi ad nocendum
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2036 proximo, si sit tale nocumentum in quod tendit motus irae, quod ex
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2037 genere suo sit peccatum mortale, sicut homicidium vel furtum, talis
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2038 ira ex genere suo est peccatum mortale. Sed quod sit peccatum
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2039 veniale, habet ex imperfectione actus, inquantum est motus subitus
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2040 sensualitatis. Si vero sit diuturna, redit ad naturam sui generis
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diff changeset
2041 per consensum rationis. Si vero nocumentum in quod tendit motus
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diff changeset
2042 irae, esset veniale ex genere suo, puta cum aliquis in hoc
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2043 irascitur contra aliquem, quod vult ei dicere aliquod verbum leve
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2044 et iocosum, quod modicum ipsum contristet; non erit ira peccatum
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2045 mortale, quantumcumque sit diuturna; nisi forte per accidens, puta
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2046 si ex hoc grave scandalum oriatur, vel propter aliquid huiusmodi.
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2047 De ebrietate vero dicendum est quod secundum suam rationem habet
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2048 quod sit peccatum mortale, quod enim homo absque necessitate reddat
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2049 se impotentem ad utendum ratione, per quam homo in Deum ordinatur
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2050 et multa peccata occurrentia vitat, ex sola voluptate vini,
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2051 expresse contrariatur virtuti. Sed quod sit peccatum veniale,
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2052 contingit propter ignorantiam quandam vel infirmitatem, puta cum
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2053 homo nescit virtutem vini, aut propriam debilitatem, unde non putat
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2054 se inebriari, tunc enim non imputatur ei ebrietas ad peccatum, sed
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2055 solum superabundantia potus. Sed quando frequenter inebriatur, non
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2056 potest per hanc ignorantiam excusari quin videatur voluntas eius
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2057 eligere magis pati ebrietatem, quam abstinere a vino superfluo.
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2058 Unde redit peccatum ad suam naturam.</p>
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2059 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="37364"><span class=
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diff changeset
2060 "ref">[37364] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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2061 dicendum quod delectatio morosa non dicitur esse peccatum mortale,
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2062 nisi in his quae ex suo genere sunt peccata mortalia; in quibus si
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2063 delectatio non morosa sit, peccatum veniale est ex imperfectione
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2064 actus, sicut et de ira dictum est. Dicitur enim ira diuturna, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 delectatio morosa, propter approbationem rationis deliberantis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="37365"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 "ref">[37365] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 dicendum quod circumstantia non facit de bono actu malum, nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 constituens speciem peccati, ut supra etiam habitum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="37366"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 "ref">[37366] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum mortale possit fieri veniale.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 Aequaliter enim distat peccatum veniale a mortali, et e contrario.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 Sed peccatum veniale fit mortale, ut dictum est. Ergo etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 peccatum mortale potest fieri veniale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="37367"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 "ref">[37367] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 peccatum veniale et mortale ponuntur differre secundum hoc, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 peccans mortaliter diligit creaturam plus quam Deum, peccans autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 venialiter diligit creaturam infra Deum. Contingit autem quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 aliquis committens id quod est ex genere suo peccatum mortale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 diligat creaturam infra Deum, puta si aliquis, nesciens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 fornicationem simplicem esse peccatum mortale et contrariam divino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 amori, fornicetur, ita tamen quod propter divinum amorem paratus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 esset fornicationem praetermittere, si sciret fornicando se contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 divinum amorem agere. Ergo peccabit venialiter. Et sic peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 mortale potest fieri veniale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="37368"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 "ref">[37368] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 sicut dictum est, plus differt bonum a malo quam veniale a mortali.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 Sed actus qui est de se malus, potest fieri bonus, sicut homicidium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 potest fieri actus iustitiae, sicut patet in iudice qui occidit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 latronem. Ergo multo magis peccatum mortale potest fieri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 veniale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 s. c."><a name="37369"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 "ref">[37369] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 est quod aeternum nunquam potest fieri temporale. Sed peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 mortale meretur poenam aeternam, peccatum autem veniale poenam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 temporalem. Ergo peccatum mortale nunquam potest fieri veniale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 co."><a name="37370"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 "ref">[37370] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 dicendum quod veniale et mortale differunt sicut perfectum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 imperfectum in genere peccati, ut dictum est. Imperfectum autem per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 aliquam additionem potest ad perfectionem venire. Unde et veniale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 per hoc quod additur ei deformitas pertinens ad genus peccati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 mortalis, efficitur mortale, sicut cum quis dicit verbum otiosum ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 fornicetur. Sed id quod est perfectum, non potest fieri imperfectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 per additionem. Et ideo peccatum mortale non fit veniale per hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 quod additur ei aliqua deformitas pertinens ad genus peccati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 venialis, non enim diminuitur peccatum eius qui fornicatur ut dicat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 verbum otiosum, sed magis aggravatur propter deformitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 adiunctam. Potest tamen id quod est ex genere mortale, esse veniale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 propter imperfectionem actus, quia non perfecte pertingit ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 rationem actus moralis, cum non sit deliberatus sed subitus, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 dictis patet. Et hoc fit per subtractionem quandam, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 deliberatae rationis. Et quia a ratione deliberata habet speciem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 moralis actus, inde est quod per talem subtractionem solvitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 species.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="37371"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 "ref">[37371] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 ergo dicendum quod veniale differt a mortali sicut imperfectum a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 perfecto, ut puer a viro. Fit autem ex puero vir, sed non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 convertitur. Unde ratio non cogit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="37372"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 "ref">[37372] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 dicendum quod, si sit talis ignorantia quae peccatum omnino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 excuset, sicut est furiosi vel amentis, tunc ex tali ignorantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 fornicationem committens nec mortaliter nec venialiter peccat. Si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 vero sit ignorantia non invincibilis, tunc ignorantia ipsa est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 peccatum, et continet in se defectum divini amoris, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 negligit homo addiscere ea per quae potest se in divino amore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 conservare.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 <p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="37373"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 "ref">[37373] I&ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro contra mendacium,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 <i>ea quae sunt secundum se mala, nullo fine bene fieri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 possunt</i>. Homicidium autem est occisio innocentis, et hoc nullo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 modo bene fieri potest. Sed iudex qui occidit latronem, vel miles
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 qui occidit hostem reipublicae, non appellantur homicidae, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 Augustinus dicit, in libro de libero arbitrio.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 <div class="D">Quaestio 89</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 <p title="I-II q. 89 pr."><a name="37374"><span class="ref">[37374]
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 peccato veniali secundum se. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 utrum peccatum veniale causet maculam in anima. Secundo, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 distinctione peccati venialis, prout figuratur per lignum, faenum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 et stipulam, I Cor. III. Tertio, utrum homo in statu innocentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 potuerit peccare venialiter. Quarto, utrum Angelus bonus vel malus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 possit peccare venialiter. Quinto, utrum primi motus infidelium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 sint peccata venialia. Sexto, utrum peccatum veniale possit esse in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 aliquo simul cum solo peccato originali.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37375"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 "ref">[37375] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum veniale causet maculam in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 anima. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de Poenit., quod peccata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 venialia, si multiplicentur, decorem nostrum ita exterminant, ut a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 caelestis sponsi amplexibus nos separent. Sed nihil aliud est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 macula quam detrimentum decoris. Ergo peccata venialia causant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 maculam in anima.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37376"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 "ref">[37376] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 peccatum mortale causat maculam in anima propter inordinationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 actus et affectus ipsius peccantis. Sed in peccato veniali est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 quaedam deordinatio actus et affectus. Ergo peccatum veniale causat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 maculam in anima.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37377"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 "ref">[37377] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 macula animae causatur ex contactu rei temporalis per amorem, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 supra dictum est. Sed in peccato veniali anima inordinato amore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 contingit rem temporalem. Ergo peccatum veniale inducit maculam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 anima.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37378"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 "ref">[37378] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 est quod dicitur Ephes. V, <i>ut exhiberet ipse sibi gloriosam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 Ecclesiam non habentem maculam</i>; Glossa, <i>idest aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 peccatum criminale</i>. Ergo proprium peccati mortalis esse videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 quod maculam in anima causet.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 co."><a name="37379"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 "ref">[37379] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 dicendum quod, sicut ex dictis patet, macula importat detrimentum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 nitoris ex aliquo contactu, sicut in corporalibus patet, ex quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 per similitudinem nomen maculae ad animam transfertur. Sicut autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 in corpore est duplex nitor, unus quidem ex intrinseca dispositione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 membrorum et coloris, alius autem ex exteriori claritate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 superveniente; ita etiam in anima est duplex nitor, unus quidem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 habitualis, quasi intrinsecus, alius autem actualis, quasi exterior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 fulgor. Peccatum autem veniale impedit quidem nitorem actualem, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 tamen habitualem, quia non excludit neque diminuit habitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 caritatis et aliarum virtutum, ut infra patebit, sed solum impedit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 earum actum. Macula autem importat aliquid manens in re maculata,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 unde magis videtur pertinere ad detrimentum habitualis nitoris quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 actualis. Unde, proprie loquendo, peccatum veniale non causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 maculam in anima. Et si alicubi dicatur maculam inducere, hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 secundum quid, inquantum impedit nitorem qui est ex actibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 virtutum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37380"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 "ref">[37380] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur in eo casu in quo multa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 peccata venialia dispositive inducunt ad mortale. Aliter enim non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 separarent ab amplexu caelestis sponsi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37381"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 "ref">[37381] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 dicendum quod inordinatio actus in peccato mortali corrumpit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 habitum virtutis, non autem in peccato veniali.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37382"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 "ref">[37382] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 dicendum quod in peccato mortali anima per amorem contingit rem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 temporalem quasi finem, et per hoc totaliter impeditur influxus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 splendoris gratiae, qui provenit in eos qui Deo adhaerent ut ultimo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 fini per caritatem. Sed in peccato veniali non adhaeret homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 creaturae tanquam fini ultimo. Unde non est simile.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37383"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 "ref">[37383] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter peccata venialia per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 lignum, faenum et stipulam designentur. Lignum enim, faenum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 stipula dicuntur superaedificari spirituali fundamento. Sed peccata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 venialia sunt praeter spirituale aedificium, sicut etiam quaelibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 falsae opiniones sunt praeter scientiam. Ergo peccata venialia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 convenienter designantur per lignum, faenum et stipulam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37384"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 "ref">[37384] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 ille qui aedificat lignum, faenum et stipulam, sic salvus erit
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diff changeset
2231 quasi per ignem. Sed quandoque ille qui committit peccata venialia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 non erit salvus etiam per ignem, puta cum peccata venialia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 inveniuntur in eo qui decedit cum peccato mortali. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 inconvenienter per lignum, faenum et stipulam peccata venialia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 designantur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37385"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 "ref">[37385] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 secundum apostolum, alii sunt qui aedificant aurum, argentum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 lapides pretiosos, idest amorem Dei et proximi et bona opera; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 alii qui aedificant lignum, faenum et stipulam. Sed peccata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 venialia committunt etiam illi qui diligunt Deum et proximum, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 bona opera faciunt, dicitur enim I Ioan. I, <i>si dixerimus quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 peccatum non habemus, nosipsos seducimus</i>. Ergo non convenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 designantur peccata venialia per ista tria.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="37386"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 "ref">[37386] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 multo plures differentiae et gradus sunt peccatorum venialium quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 tres. Ergo inconvenienter sub his tribus comprehenduntur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37387"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 "ref">[37387] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 est quod apostolus dicit de eo qui superaedificat lignum, faenum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 stipulam, quod salvus erit quasi per ignem, et sic patietur poenam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 sed non aeternam. Reatus autem poenae temporalis proprie pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 ad peccatum veniale, ut dictum est. Ergo per illa tria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 significantur peccata venialia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 co."><a name="37388"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 "ref">[37388] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 dicendum quod quidam intellexerunt fundamentum esse fidem informem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 super quam aliqui aedificant bona opera, quae significantur per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 aurum, argentum et lapides pretiosos; quidam vero peccata etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 mortalia, quae significantur, secundum eos, per lignum, faenum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 stipulam. Sed hanc expositionem improbat Augustinus, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 fide et operibus, quia, ut apostolus dicit, ad Gal. V, qui opera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 carnis facit, regnum Dei non consequetur, quod est salvum fieri;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 apostolus autem dicit quod ille qui aedificat lignum, faenum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 stipulam, salvus erit quasi per ignem. Unde non potest intelligi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 quod per lignum, faenum et stipulam peccata mortalia designentur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 Quidam vero dicunt quod per lignum, faenum et stipulam
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diff changeset
2269 significantur opera bona, quae superaedificantur quidem spirituali
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diff changeset
2270 aedificio, sed tamen commiscent se eis peccata venialia sicut, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 aliquis habet curam rei familiaris, quod bonum est, commiscet se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 superfluus amor vel uxoris vel filiorum vel possessionum, sub Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 tamen, ita scilicet quod pro his homo nihil vellet facere contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 Deum. Sed hoc iterum non videtur convenienter dici. Manifestum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 enim quod omnia opera bona referuntur ad caritatem Dei et proximi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 unde pertinent ad aurum, argentum et lapides pretiosos. Non ergo ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 lignum, faenum et stipulam. Et ideo dicendum est quod ipsa peccata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 venialia quae admiscent se procurantibus terrena, significantur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 lignum, faenum et stipulam. Sicut enim huiusmodi congregantur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 domo, et non pertinent ad substantiam aedificii, et possunt comburi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 aedificio remanente; ita etiam peccata venialia multiplicantur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 homine, manente spirituali aedificio; et pro istis patitur ignem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 vel temporalis tribulationis in hac vita, vel Purgatorii post hanc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 vitam; et tamen salutem consequitur aeternam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37389"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 "ref">[37389] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 ergo dicendum quod peccata venialia non dicuntur superaedificari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 spirituali fundamento quasi directe supra ipsum posita, sed quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 ponuntur iuxta ipsum; sicut accipitur ibi, super flumina Babylonis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 idest iuxta. Quia peccata venialia non destruunt spirituale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 aedificium, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37390"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 "ref">[37390] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 dicendum quod non dicitur de quocumque aedificante lignum, faenum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 et stipulam, quod salvus sit quasi per ignem, sed solum de eo qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 aedificat supra fundamentum. Quod quidem non est fides informis, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 quidam aestimabant, sed fides formata caritate, secundum illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 Ephes. III, <i>in caritate radicati et fundati</i>. Ille ergo qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 decedit cum peccato mortali et venialibus, habet quidem lignum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 faenum et stipulam, sed non superaedificata supra fundamentum
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diff changeset
2301 spirituale. Et ideo non erit salvus sic quasi per ignem.</p>
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diff changeset
2302 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37391"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 "ref">[37391] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
2304 dicendum quod illi qui sunt abstracti a cura temporalium rerum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 etsi aliquando venialiter peccent, tamen levia peccata venialia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 committunt, et frequentissime per fervorem caritatis purgantur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 Unde tales non superaedificant venialia, quia in eis modicum
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diff changeset
2308 manent. Sed peccata venialia ipsorum qui circa terrena occupantur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 diutius manent, quia non ita frequenter recurrere possunt ad
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diff changeset
2310 huiusmodi peccata delenda per caritatis fervorem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="37392"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 "ref">[37392] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in I de caelo, omnia tribus
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diff changeset
2314 includuntur, scilicet principio, medio et fine. Et secundum hoc,
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diff changeset
2315 omnes gradus venialium peccatorum ad tria reducuntur, scilicet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 lignum, quod diutius manet in igne; ad stipulam, quae citissime
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diff changeset
2317 expeditur; ad faenum, quod medio modo se habet. Secundum enim quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 peccata venialia sunt maioris vel minoris adhaerentiae vel
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diff changeset
2319 gravitatis, citius vel tardius per ignem purgantur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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diff changeset
2322 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37393"><span class=
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diff changeset
2323 "ref">[37393] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 sic proceditur. Videtur quod homo in statu innocentiae potuerit
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diff changeset
2325 peccare venialiter. Quia super illud I ad Tim. II, <i>Adam non est
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diff changeset
2326 seductus</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>inexpertus divinae severitatis, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 eo falli potuit, ut crederet veniale esse commissum</i>. Sed hoc
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diff changeset
2328 non credidisset, nisi venialiter peccare potuisset. Ergo venialiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2329 peccare potuit, non peccando mortaliter.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37394"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 "ref">[37394] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad Litt., <i>non est arbitrandum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 quod esset hominem deiecturus tentator, nisi praecessisset in anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 hominis quaedam elatio comprimenda</i>. Elatio autem deiectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 praecedens, quae facta est per peccatum mortale, non potuit esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 nisi peccatum veniale. Similiter etiam in eodem Augustinus dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 quod <i>virum sollicitavit aliqua experiendi cupiditas, cum
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diff changeset
2338 mulierem videret, sumpto vetito pomo, non esse mortuam</i>. Videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 etiam in Eva fuisse aliquis infidelitatis motus, in hoc quod de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 verbis domini dubitavit, ut patet per hoc quod dixit, ne forte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 moriamur, ut habetur Gen. III. Haec autem videntur esse venialia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 peccata. Ergo homo potuit venialiter peccare, antequam mortaliter
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diff changeset
2343 peccaret.</p>
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diff changeset
2344 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37395"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 "ref">[37395] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 peccatum mortale magis opponitur integritati primi status quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 peccatum veniale. Sed homo potuit peccare mortaliter, non obstante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 integritate primi status. Ergo etiam potuit peccare venialiter.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37396"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 "ref">[37396] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 est quod cuilibet peccato debetur aliqua poena. Sed nihil poenale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 esse potuit in statu innocentiae, ut Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 Dei. Ergo non potuit peccare aliquo peccato quo non eiiceretur ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 illo integritatis statu. Sed peccatum veniale non mutat statum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 hominis. Ergo non potuit peccare venialiter.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 co."><a name="37397"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 "ref">[37397] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 dicendum quod communiter ponitur quod homo in statu innocentiae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 potuit venialiter peccare. Hoc autem non est sic intelligendum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 quasi id quod nobis est veniale, si ipse committeret, esset sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 mortale, propter altitudinem sui status. Dignitas enim personae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 quaedam circumstantia aggravans peccatum, non tamen transfert in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 aliam speciem, nisi forte superveniente deformitate inobedientiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 vel voti, vel alicuius huiusmodi, quod in proposito dici non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 potest. Unde id quod est de se veniale, non potuit transferri in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 mortale, propter dignitatem primi status. Sic ergo intelligendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 est quod non potuit peccare venialiter, quia non potuit esse ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 committeret aliquid quod esset de se veniale, antequam integritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 primi status amitteret peccando mortaliter. Cuius ratio est quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 peccatum veniale in nobis contingit vel propter imperfectionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 actus, sicut subiti motus in genere peccatorum mortalium, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 propter inordinationem existentem circa ea quae sunt ad finem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 servato debito ordine ad finem. Utrumque autem horum contingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 propter quendam defectum ordinis, ex eo quod inferius non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 continetur firmiter sub superiori. Quod enim in nobis insurgat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 subitus motus sensualitatis, contingit ex hoc quod sensualitas non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 est omnino subdita rationi. Quod vero insurgat subitus motus in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 ratione ipsa, provenit in nobis ex hoc quod ipsa executio actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 rationis non subditur deliberationi quae est ex altiori bono, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 supra dictum est. Quod vero humanus animus inordinetur circa ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 quae sunt ad finem, servato debito ordine ad finem, provenit ex hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 quod ea quae sunt ad finem non ordinantur infallibiliter sub fine,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 qui tenet summum locum, quasi principium in appetibilibus, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 dictum est. In statu autem innocentiae, ut in primo habitum est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 erat infallibilis ordinis firmitas, ut semper inferius contineretur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 sub superiori, quandiu summum hominis contineretur sub Deo, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 etiam Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ. Dei. Et ideo oportebat quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 inordinatio in homine non esset, nisi inciperet ab hoc quod summum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 hominis non subderetur Deo; quod fit per peccatum mortale. Ex quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 patet quod homo in statu innocentiae non potuit peccare venialiter,
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diff changeset
2391 antequam peccaret mortaliter.</p>
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diff changeset
2392 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="37398"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 "ref">[37398] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
2394 ergo dicendum quod veniale non sumitur ibi secundum quod nunc de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 veniali loquimur, sed dicitur veniale quod est facile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 remissibile.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="37399"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 "ref">[37399] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 dicendum quod illa elatio quae praecessit in animo hominis, fuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 primum hominis peccatum mortale, dicitur autem praecessisse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 deiectionem eius in exteriorem actum peccati. Huiusmodi autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 elationem subsecuta est et experiendi cupiditas in viro, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 dubitatio in muliere; quae ex hoc solo in quandam elationem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 prorupit, quod praecepti mentionem a serpente audivit, quasi nollet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 sub praecepto contineri.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="37400"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 "ref">[37400] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 dicendum quod peccatum mortale intantum opponitur integritati primi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 status, quod corrumpit ipsum, quod peccatum veniale facere non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 potest. Et quia non potest simul esse quaecumque inordinatio cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 integritate primi status, consequens est quod primus homo non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 potuerit peccare venialiter, antequam peccaret mortaliter.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37401"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 "ref">[37401] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus bonus vel malus possit peccare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 venialiter. Homo enim cum Angelis convenit in superiori animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 parte, quae mens vocatur; secundum illud Gregorii, in Homil.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 <i>homo intelligit cum Angelis</i>. Sed homo secundum superiorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 partem animae potest peccare venialiter. Ergo et Angelus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37402"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 "ref">[37402] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 quicumque potest quod est plus, potest etiam quod est minus. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 Angelus potuit diligere bonum creatum plus quam Deum, quod fecit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 peccando mortaliter. Ergo etiam potuit bonum creatum diligere infra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 Deum inordinate, venialiter peccando.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37403"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 "ref">[37403] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 Angeli mali videntur aliqua facere quae sunt ex genere suo venialia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 peccata, provocando homines ad risum, et ad alias huiusmodi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 levitates. Sed circumstantia personae non facit de veniali mortale,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 ut dictum est, nisi speciali prohibitione superveniente, quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 est in proposito. Ergo Angelus potest peccare venialiter.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37404"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 "ref">[37404] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 est quod maior est perfectio Angeli quam perfectio hominis in primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 statu. Sed homo in primo statu non potuit peccare venialiter. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 multo minus Angelus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 co."><a name="37405"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 "ref">[37405] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 dicendum quod intellectus Angeli, sicut in primo dictum est, non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 est discursivus, ut scilicet procedat a principiis in conclusiones,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 seorsum utrumque intelligens, sicut in nobis contingit. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 oportet quod quandocumque considerat conclusiones, consideret eas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 prout sunt in principiis. In appetibilibus autem, sicut multoties
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 dictum est, fines sunt sicut principia; ea vero quae sunt ad finem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 sunt sicut conclusiones. Unde mens Angeli non fertur in ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 sunt ad finem, nisi secundum quod constant sub ordine finis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 Propter hoc ex natura sua habent quod non possit in eis esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 deordinatio circa ea quae sunt ad finem, nisi simul sit deordinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 circa finem ipsum, quod est per peccatum mortale. Sed Angeli boni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 non moventur in ea quae sunt ad finem, nisi in ordine ad finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 debitum, qui est Deus. Et propter hoc omnes eorum actus sunt actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 caritatis. Et sic in eis non potest esse peccatum veniale. Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 vero mali in nihil moventur nisi in ordine ad finem peccati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 superbiae ipsorum. Et ideo in omnibus peccant mortaliter,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 quaecumque propria voluntate agunt. Secus autem est de appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 naturalis boni qui est in eis, ut in primo dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37406"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 "ref">[37406] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 ergo dicendum quod homo convenit quidem cum Angelis in mente, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 in intellectu; sed differt in modo intelligendi, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="37407"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 "ref">[37407] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 dicendum quod Angelus non potuit minus diligere creaturam quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 Deum, nisi simul referens eam in Deum, sicut in ultimum finem, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 aliquem finem inordinatum, ratione iam dicta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="37408"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 "ref">[37408] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 dicendum quod omnia illa quae videntur esse venialia, Daemones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 procurant ut homines ad sui familiaritatem attrahant, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 deducant eos in peccatum mortale. Unde in omnibus talibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 mortaliter peccant, propter intentionem finis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="37409"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 "ref">[37409] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 sic proceditur. Videtur quod primi motus sensualitatis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 infidelibus sint peccata mortalia. Dicit enim apostolus, ad Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 VIII, quod <i>nihil est damnationis his qui sunt in Christo Iesu,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 qui non secundum carnem ambulant</i>, et loquitur ibi de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 concupiscentia sensualitatis, ut ex praemissis apparet. Haec ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 causa est quare concupiscere non sit damnabile his qui non secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 carnem ambulant, consentiendo scilicet concupiscentiae, quia sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 in Christo Iesu. Sed infideles non sunt in Christo Iesu. Ergo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 infidelibus est damnabile. Primi igitur motus infidelium sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 peccata mortalia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="37410"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 "ref">[37410] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 Anselmus dicit, in libro de gratia et Lib. Arb., <i>qui non sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 Christo, sentientes carnem, sequuntur damnationem, etiam si non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 secundum carnem ambulant</i>. Sed damnatio non debetur nisi peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 mortali. Ergo, cum homo sentiat carnem secundum primum motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 concupiscentiae, videtur quod primus motus concupiscentiae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 infidelibus sit peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="37411"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 "ref">[37411] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 Anselmus dicit, in eodem libro, <i>sic factus est homo, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 concupiscentiam sentire non deberet</i>. Hoc autem debitum videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 homini remissum per gratiam baptismalem, quam infideles non habent.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 Ergo quandocumque infidelis concupiscit, etiam si non consentiat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 peccat mortaliter, contra debitum faciens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 s. c."><a name="37412"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 "ref">[37412] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 est quod dicitur Act. X, <i>non est personarum acceptor Deus</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 Quod ergo uni non imputat ad damnationem, nec alteri. Sed primos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 motus fidelibus non imputat ad damnationem. Ergo etiam nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 infidelibus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 co."><a name="37413"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 "ref">[37413] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 dicendum quod irrationabiliter dicitur quod primi motus infidelium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 sint peccata mortalia, si eis non consentiatur. Et hoc patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 dupliciter. Primo quidem, quia ipsa sensualitas non potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 subiectum peccati mortalis, ut supra habitum est. Est autem eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 natura sensualitatis in infidelibus et fidelibus. Unde non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 esse quod solus motus sensualitatis in infidelibus sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 mortale. Alio modo, ex statu ipsius peccantis. Nunquam enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 dignitas personae diminuit peccatum, sed magis auget, ut ex supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 dictis patet. Unde nec peccatum est minus in fideli quam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 infideli, sed multo maius. Nam et infidelium peccata magis merentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 veniam, propter ignorantiam, secundum illud I ad Tim. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 <i>misericordiam Dei consecutus sum, quia ignorans feci in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 incredulitate mea</i>; et peccata fidelium aggravantur propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 gratiae sacramenta, secundum illud Heb. X, <i>quanto magis putatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 deteriora mereri supplicia, qui sanguinem testamenti, in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 sanctificatus est, pollutum duxerit?</i></p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="37414"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 "ref">[37414] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 ergo dicendum quod apostolus loquitur de damnatione debita peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 originali, quae aufertur per gratiam Iesu Christi, quamvis maneat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 concupiscentiae fomes. Unde hoc quod fideles concupiscunt, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 in eis signum damnationis originalis peccati, sicut est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 infidelibus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="37415"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 "ref">[37415] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Et hoc etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 modo intelligendum est dictum Anselmi. Unde patet solutio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 secundum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="37416"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 "ref">[37416] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 dicendum quod illud debitum non concupiscendi erat per originalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 iustitiam. Unde id quod opponitur tali debito, non pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 peccatum actuale, sed ad peccatum originale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="37417"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 "ref">[37417] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum veniale possit esse in aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 cum solo originali. Dispositio enim praecedit habitum. Sed veniale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 est dispositio ad mortale, ut supra dictum est. Ergo veniale in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 infideli, cui non remittitur originale, invenitur ante mortale. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 sic quandoque infideles habent peccata venialia cum originali, sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 mortalibus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="37418"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 "ref">[37418] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 minus habet de connexione et convenientia veniale cum mortali, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 mortale peccatum cum mortali. Sed infidelis subiectus originali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 peccato, potest committere unum peccatum mortale et non aliud. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 etiam potest committere peccatum veniale, et non mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="37419"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 "ref">[37419] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 determinari potest tempus in quo puer primo potest esse actor
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2563 peccati actualis. Ad quod tempus cum pervenerit, potest ad minus
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2564 per aliquod breve spatium stare, quin peccet mortaliter, quia hoc
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2565 etiam in maximis sceleratis contingit. In illo autem spatio,
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2566 quantumcumque brevi, potest peccare venialiter. Ergo peccatum
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2567 veniale potest esse in aliquo cum originali peccato, absque
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2568 mortali.</p>
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2569 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 s. c."><a name="37420"><span class=
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2570 "ref">[37420] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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2571 est quia pro peccato originali puniuntur homines in Limbo puerorum,
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2572 ubi non est poena sensus, ut infra dicetur. In Inferno autem
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2573 detruduntur homines propter solum peccatum mortale. Ergo non erit
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2574 locus in quo possit puniri ille qui habet peccatum veniale cum
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2575 originali solo.</p>
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2576 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 co."><a name="37421"><span class=
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2577 "ref">[37421] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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2578 dicendum quod impossibile est quod peccatum veniale sit in aliquo
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2579 cum originali peccato, absque mortali. Cuius ratio est quia
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2580 antequam ad annos discretionis perveniat, defectus aetatis,
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2581 prohibens usum rationis, excusat eum a peccato mortali, unde multo
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2582 magis excusat eum a peccato veniali, si committat aliquid quod sit
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2583 ex genere suo tale. Cum vero usum rationis habere inceperit, non
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2584 omnino excusatur a culpa venialis et mortalis peccati. Sed primum
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2585 quod tunc homini cogitandum occurrit, est deliberare de seipso. Et
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2586 si quidem seipsum ordinaverit ad debitum finem, per gratiam
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2587 consequetur remissionem originalis peccati. Si vero non ordinet
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2588 seipsum ad debitum finem, secundum quod in illa aetate est capax
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2589 discretionis, peccabit mortaliter, non faciens quod in se est. Et
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2590 ex tunc non erit in eo peccatum veniale sine mortali, nisi postquam
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2591 totum fuerit sibi per gratiam remissum.</p>
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2592 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="37422"><span class=
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2593 "ref">[37422] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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2594 ergo dicendum quod veniale non est dispositio ex necessitate
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2595 praecedens mortale, sed contingenter, sicut labor disponit
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2596 quandoque ad febrem, non autem sicut calor disponit ad formam
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2597 ignis.</p>
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diff changeset
2598 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="37423"><span class=
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2599 "ref">[37423] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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2600 dicendum quod non impeditur peccatum veniale esse simul cum solo
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2601 originali propter distantiam eius vel convenientiam; sed propter
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2602 defectum usus rationis, ut dictum est.</p>
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2603 <p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="37424"><span class=
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2604 "ref">[37424] I&ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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2605 dicendum quod ab aliis peccatis mortalibus potest puer incipiens
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2606 habere usum rationis, per aliquod tempus abstinere, sed a peccato
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2607 omissionis praedictae non liberatur, nisi quam cito potest, se
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2608 convertat ad Deum. Primum enim quod occurrit homini discretionem
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2609 habenti est quod de seipso cogitet, ad quem alia ordinet sicut ad
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2610 finem, finis enim est prior in intentione. Et ideo hoc est tempus
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2611 pro quo obligatur ex Dei praecepto affirmativo, quo dominus dicit,
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2612 <i>convertimini ad me, et ego convertar ad vos</i>, Zachariae
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2613 I.</p>
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2614 <div class="centro"><br />
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2615 <p><a href="sth2075.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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2616 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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2617 <a href="sth2090.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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2618 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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2619 <br />
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2620 <hr />
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2621 <br />
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2622 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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2623 hanc editionem<br />
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2624 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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2625 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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2626 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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2627 </div>
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2628 </body>
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2629 </html>