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annotate summa/latin/sth1077.html @ 46:6cfdc13efd8a

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author ht
date Sun, 20 Dec 2009 22:10:12 +0000
parents 544e12f679ad
children d777cc3962f2
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, I&ordf; q. 77-83</title>
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23 </head>
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24 <body>
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25 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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26 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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27 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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29 <div class="dos">prima pars a quaestione LXXVII ad quaestionem
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30 LXXXIII</div>
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31 <br />
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32 <div class="centro">
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33 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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34 <tr>
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35 <th><img src="icons/ghent190.jpg" width="120" height="190" border=
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36 "0" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Justo Ghent depictus" align=
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37 "middle" /></th>
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38 </tr>
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39 </table>
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40 <br />
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41 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1889 editum<br />
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42 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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43 magneticas<br />
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44 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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45 <br /></span><br />
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46 <hr />
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47 <br />
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48 <p><a href="sth1075.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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49 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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50 <a href="sth1084.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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52 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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53 //<![CDATA[
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54 <!--
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55 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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99 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31625">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 4 arg. 1');
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100 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31626">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 4 arg. 2');
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107 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31633">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 5 arg. 1');
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115 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31641">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 6 arg. 1');
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123 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31649">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 7 arg. 1');
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129 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31655">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 7 ad 2');
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131 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31657">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 arg. 1');
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139 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31665">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
140 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31666">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
141 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31667">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
142 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31668">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
143 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31669">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 ad 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
144 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31670">I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 ad 6');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
145 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31671">I&ordf; q. 78 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
146 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31672">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
147 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31673">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
148 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31674">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
149 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31675">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
150 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31676">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
151 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31677">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
152 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31678">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
153 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31679">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
154 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31680">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
155 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31681">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
156 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31682">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
157 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31683">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
158 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31684">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
159 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31685">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
160 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31686">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
161 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31687">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
162 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31688">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
163 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31689">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
164 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31690">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
165 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31691">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
166 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31692">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
167 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31693">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
168 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31694">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
169 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31695">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
170 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31696">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
171 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31697">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
172 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31698">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
173 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31699">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
174 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31700">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
175 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31701">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
176 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31702">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
177 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31703">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
178 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31704">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
179 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31705">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
180 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31706">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 6');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
181 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31707">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
182 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31708">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
183 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31709">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
184 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31710">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
185 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31711">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
186 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31712">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
187 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31713">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
188 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31714">I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 6');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
189 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31715">I&ordf; q. 79 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
190 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31716">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
191 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31717">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
192 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31718">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
193 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31719">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
194 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31720">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
195 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31721">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
196 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31722">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
197 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31723">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
198 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31724">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
199 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31725">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
200 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31726">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
201 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31727">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
202 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31728">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
203 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31729">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
204 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31730">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
205 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31731">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
206 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31732">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
207 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31733">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
208 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31734">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
209 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31735">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
210 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31736">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
211 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31737">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
212 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31738">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
213 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31739">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
214 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31740">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
215 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31741">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
216 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31742">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
217 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31743">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
218 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31744">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
219 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31745">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
220 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31746">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
221 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31747">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
222 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31748">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
223 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31749">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
224 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31750">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
225 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31751">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
226 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31752">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
227 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31753">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
228 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31754">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
229 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31755">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
230 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31756">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
231 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31757">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
232 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31758">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
233 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31759">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
234 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31760">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
235 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31761">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
236 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31762">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
237 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31763">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
238 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31764">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
239 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31765">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
240 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31766">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
241 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31767">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
242 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31768">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
243 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31769">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
244 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31770">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
245 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31771">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
246 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31772">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
247 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31773">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
248 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31774">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
249 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31775">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
250 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31776">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
251 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31777">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
252 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31778">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
253 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31779">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
254 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31780">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
255 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31781">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
256 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31782">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
257 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31783">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
258 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31784">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
259 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31785">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
260 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31786">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
261 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31787">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
262 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31788">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
263 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31789">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
264 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31790">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
265 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31791">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
266 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31792">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
267 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31793">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
268 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31794">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
269 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31795">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
270 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31796">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
271 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31797">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
272 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31798">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
273 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31799">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
274 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31800">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
275 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31801">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
276 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31802">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
277 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31803">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
278 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31804">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
279 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31805">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
280 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31806">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
281 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31807">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
282 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31808">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
283 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31809">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
284 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31810">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
285 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31811">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
286 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31812">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
287 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31813">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
288 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31814">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
289 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31815">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
290 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31816">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
291 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31817">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
292 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31818">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
293 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31819">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
294 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31820">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
295 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31821">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
296 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31822">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
297 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31823">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
298 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31824">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
299 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31825">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
300 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31826">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
301 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31827">I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
302 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31828">I&ordf; q. 80 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
303 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31829">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
304 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31830">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
305 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31831">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
306 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31832">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
307 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31833">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
308 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31834">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
309 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31835">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
310 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31836">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
311 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31837">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
312 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31838">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
313 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31839">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
314 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31840">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
315 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31841">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
316 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31842">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
317 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31843">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
318 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31844">I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
319 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31845">I&ordf; q. 81 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
320 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31846">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
321 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31847">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
322 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31848">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
323 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31849">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
324 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31850">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
325 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31851">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
326 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31852">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
327 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31853">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
328 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31854">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
329 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31855">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
330 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31856">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
331 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31857">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
332 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31858">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
333 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31859">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
334 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31860">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
335 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31861">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
336 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31862">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
337 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31863">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
338 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31864">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
339 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31865">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
340 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31866">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
341 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31867">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
342 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31868">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
343 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31869">I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
344 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31870">I&ordf; q. 82 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
345 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31871">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
346 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31872">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
347 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31873">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
348 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31874">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
349 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31875">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
350 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31876">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
351 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31877">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
352 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31878">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
353 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31879">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
354 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31880">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
355 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31881">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
356 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31882">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
357 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31883">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
358 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31884">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
359 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31885">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
360 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31886">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
361 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31887">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
362 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31888">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
363 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31889">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
364 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31890">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
365 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31891">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
366 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31892">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
367 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31893">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
368 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31894">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
369 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31895">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
370 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31896">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
371 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31897">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
372 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31898">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
373 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31899">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 co.');
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374 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31900">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents:
diff changeset
375 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31901">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents:
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376 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31902">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents:
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377 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31903">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents:
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378 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31904">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents:
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379 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31905">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents:
diff changeset
380 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31906">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents:
diff changeset
381 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31907">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 co.');
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parents:
diff changeset
382 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31908">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents:
diff changeset
383 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31909">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents:
diff changeset
384 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31910">I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents:
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385 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31911">I&ordf; q. 83 pr.');
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parents:
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386 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31912">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents:
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387 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31913">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents:
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388 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31914">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents:
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389 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31915">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents:
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390 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31916">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 5');
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parents:
diff changeset
391 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31917">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 s. c.');
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ht
parents:
diff changeset
392 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31918">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 co.');
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parents:
diff changeset
393 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31919">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents:
diff changeset
394 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31920">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents:
diff changeset
395 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31921">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents:
diff changeset
396 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31922">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents:
diff changeset
397 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31923">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 ad 5');
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parents:
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398 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31924">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents:
diff changeset
399 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31925">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents:
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400 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31926">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 arg. 3');
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ht
parents:
diff changeset
401 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31927">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents:
diff changeset
402 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31928">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 co.');
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parents:
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403 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31929">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents:
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404 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31930">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents:
diff changeset
405 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31931">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents:
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406 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31932">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents:
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407 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31933">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents:
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408 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31934">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents:
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409 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31935">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents:
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410 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31936">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 co.');
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parents:
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411 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31937">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents:
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412 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31938">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 ad 2');
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413 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31939">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 ad 3');
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414 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31940">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 arg. 1');
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415 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31941">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents:
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416 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31942">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 arg. 3');
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417 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31943">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 s. c.');
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418 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31944">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 co.');
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419 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31945">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 ad 1');
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420 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31946">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 ad 2');
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421 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#31947">I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 ad 3');
28
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diff changeset
422 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
26
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parents:
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423 document.write('<BR><BR>');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
424 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
28
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diff changeset
425 document.write('<\/FORM>');
26
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426 // -->
28
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427 //]]>
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428 </script><br />
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diff changeset
429 <hr />
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diff changeset
430 <br /></div>
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diff changeset
431 <div class="D">Quaestio 77</div>
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432 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
433 <p title="I q. 77 pr."><a name="31590"><span class="ref">[31590]
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diff changeset
434 I&ordf; q. 77 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de his quae
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435 pertinent ad potentias animae. Et primo, in generali; secundo, in
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diff changeset
436 speciali. Circa primum quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum essentia
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diff changeset
437 animae sit eius potentia. Secundo, utrum sit una tantum potentia
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438 animae, vel plures. Tertio, quomodo potentiae animae distinguantur.
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439 Quarto, de ordine ipsarum ad invicem. Quinto, utrum anima sit
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440 subiectum omnium potentiarum. Sexto, utrum potentiae fluant ab
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441 essentia animae. Septimo, utrum potentia una oriatur ex alia.
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442 Octavo, utrum omnes potentiae animae remaneant in ea post
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443 mortem.</p>
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444 <br />
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diff changeset
445 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
446 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31591"><span class=
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diff changeset
447 "ref">[31591] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
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diff changeset
448 proceditur. Videtur quod ipsa essentia animae sit eius potentia.
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449 Dicit enim Augustinus, in IX de Trin., quod <i>mens, notitia et
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450 amor sunt substantialiter in anima, vel, ut idem dicam,
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451 essentialiter</i>. Et in X dicit quod <i>memoria, intelligentia et
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452 voluntas sunt una vita, una mens, una essentia</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
453 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31592"><span class=
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diff changeset
454 "ref">[31592] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, anima
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455 est nobilior quam materia prima. Sed materia prima est sua
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456 potentia. Ergo multo magis anima.</p>
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diff changeset
457 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31593"><span class=
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diff changeset
458 "ref">[31593] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, forma
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459 substantialis est simplicior quam accidentalis, cuius signum est,
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460 quod forma substantialis non intenditur vel remittitur, sed in
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461 indivisibili consistit. Forma autem accidentalis est ipsa sua
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462 virtus. Ergo multo magis forma substantialis, quae est anima.</p>
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diff changeset
463 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="31594"><span class=
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diff changeset
464 "ref">[31594] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
465 potentia sensitiva est qua sentimus, et potentia intellectiva qua
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466 intelligimus. Sed id quo primo sentimus et intelligimus est anima,
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diff changeset
467 secundum philosophum, in II de anima. Ergo anima est suae
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468 potentiae.</p>
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diff changeset
469 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="31595"><span class=
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diff changeset
470 "ref">[31595] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, omne
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diff changeset
471 quod non est de essentia rei, est accidens. Si ergo potentia animae
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472 est praeter essentiam eius, sequitur quod sit accidens. Quod est
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diff changeset
473 contra Augustinum, in IX de Trin., ubi dicit quod <i>praedicta non
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474 sunt in anima sicut in subiecto, ut color aut figura in corpore,
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475 aut ulla alia qualitas aut quantitas, quidquid enim tale est, non
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476 excedit subiectum in quo est; mens autem potest etiam alia amare et
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477 cognoscere</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
478 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 6"><a name="31596"><span class=
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diff changeset
479 "ref">[31596] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea, forma
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diff changeset
480 simplex subiectum esse non potest. Anima autem est forma simplex,
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diff changeset
481 cum non sit composita ex materia et forma, ut supra dictum est. Non
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482 ergo potentia animae potest esse in ipsa sicut in subiecto.</p>
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diff changeset
483 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 7"><a name="31597"><span class=
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diff changeset
484 "ref">[31597] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 arg. 7</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
485 accidens non est principium substantialis differentiae. Sed
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diff changeset
486 sensibile et rationale sunt substantiales differentiae, et sumuntur
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487 a sensu et ratione, quae sunt potentiae animae. Ergo potentiae
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488 animae non sunt accidentia. Et ita videtur quod potentia animae sit
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489 eius essentia.</p>
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diff changeset
490 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31598"><span class=
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diff changeset
491 "ref">[31598] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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diff changeset
492 quod Dionysius dicit, XI cap. Caelest. Hier., quod <i>caelestes
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diff changeset
493 spiritus dividuntur in essentiam, virtutem et operationem</i>.
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494 Multo igitur magis in anima aliud est essentia, et aliud virtus
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495 sive potentia.</p>
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diff changeset
496 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 co."><a name="31599"><span class=
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diff changeset
497 "ref">[31599] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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498 quod impossibile est dicere quod essentia animae sit eius potentia;
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499 licet hoc quidam posuerint. Et hoc dupliciter ostenditur, quantum
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500 ad praesens. Primo quia, cum potentia et actus dividant ens et
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diff changeset
501 quodlibet genus entis, oportet quod ad idem genus referatur
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502 potentia et actus. Et ideo, si actus non est in genere substantiae,
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diff changeset
503 potentia quae dicitur ad illum actum, non potest esse in genere
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504 substantiae. Operatio autem animae non est in genere substantiae;
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diff changeset
505 sed in solo Deo, cuius operatio est eius substantia. Unde Dei
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diff changeset
506 potentia, quae est operationis principium, est ipsa Dei essentia.
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507 Quod non potest esse verum neque in anima, neque in aliqua
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508 creatura; ut supra etiam de Angelo dictum est. Secundo, hoc etiam
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509 impossibile apparet in anima. Nam anima secundum suam essentiam est
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510 actus. Si ergo ipsa essentia animae esset immediatum operationis
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511 principium, semper habens animam actu haberet opera vitae; sicut
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512 semper habens animam actu est vivum. Non enim, inquantum est forma,
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513 est actus ordinatus ad ulteriorem actum, sed est ultimus terminus
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514 generationis. Unde quod sit in potentia adhuc ad alium actum, hoc
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515 non competit ei secundum suam essentiam, inquantum est forma; sed
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516 secundum suam potentiam. Et sic ipsa anima, secundum quod subest
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517 suae potentiae, dicitur actus primus, ordinatus ad actum secundum.
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518 Invenitur autem habens animam non semper esse in actu operum vitae.
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519 Unde etiam in definitione animae dicitur quod est actus corporis
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520 potentia vitam habentis, quae tamen potentia non abiicit animam.
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521 Relinquitur ergo quod essentia animae non est eius potentia. Nihil
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522 enim est in potentia secundum actum, inquantum est actus.</p>
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523 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31600"><span class=
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diff changeset
524 "ref">[31600] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
525 dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de mente secundum quod noscit se
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diff changeset
526 et amat se. Sic ergo notitia et amor, inquantum referuntur ad ipsam
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diff changeset
527 ut cognitam et amatam, substantialiter vel essentialiter sunt in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
528 anima, quia ipsa substantia vel essentia animae cognoscitur et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
529 amatur. Et similiter intelligendum est quod alibi dicit, quod sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
530 una vita, una mens, una essentia. Vel, sicut quidam dicunt, haec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
531 locutio verificatur secundum modum quo totum potestativum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
532 praedicatur de suis partibus, quod medium est inter totum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
533 universale et totum integrale. Totum enim universale adest cuilibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
534 parti secundum totam suam essentiam et virtutem, ut animal homini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
535 et equo, et ideo proprie de singulis partibus praedicatur. Totum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
536 vero integrale non est in qualibet parte, neque secundum totam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
537 essentiam, neque secundum totam virtutem. Et ideo nullo modo de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
538 singulis partibus praedicatur; sed aliquo modo, licet improprie,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
539 praedicatur de omnibus simul, ut si dicamus quod paries, tectum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
540 fundamentum sunt domus. Totum vero potentiale adest singulis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
541 partibus secundum totam suam essentiam, sed non secundum totam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
542 virtutem. Et ideo quodammodo potest praedicari de qualibet parte;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
543 sed non ita proprie sicut totum universale. Et per hunc modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
544 Augustinus dicit quod memoria, intelligentia et voluntas sunt una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
545 animae essentia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
546 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31601"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
547 "ref">[31601] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
548 dicendum quod actus ad quem est in potentia materia prima, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
549 substantialis forma. Et ideo potentia materiae non est aliud quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
550 eius essentia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
551 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31602"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
552 "ref">[31602] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
553 dicendum quod actio est compositi, sicut et esse, existentis enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
554 est agere. Compositum autem per formam substantialem habet esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
555 substantialiter; per virtutem autem quae consequitur formam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
556 substantialem, operatur. Unde sic se habet forma accidentalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
557 activa ad formam substantialem agentis (ut calor ad formam ignis),
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parents: 26
diff changeset
558 sicut se habet potentia animae ad animam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
559 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31603"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
560 "ref">[31603] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
561 dicendum quod hoc ipsum quod forma accidentalis est actionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
562 principium, habet a forma substantiali. Et ideo forma substantialis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
563 est primum actionis principium, sed non proximum. Et secundum hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
564 philosophus dicit quod <i>id quo intelligimus et sentimus, est
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diff changeset
565 anima</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
566 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="31604"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
567 "ref">[31604] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
568 dicendum quod, si accidens accipiatur secundum quod dividitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
569 contra substantiam, sic nihil potest esse medium inter substantiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
570 et accidens, quia dividuntur secundum affirmationem et negationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
571 scilicet secundum esse in subiecto et non esse in subiecto. Et hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
572 modo, cum potentia animae non sit eius essentia, oportet quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
573 accidens, et est in secunda specie qualitatis. Si vero accipiatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
574 accidens secundum quod ponitur unum quinque universalium, sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
575 aliquid est medium inter substantiam et accidens. Quia ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
576 substantiam pertinet quidquid est essentiale rei, non autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
577 quidquid est extra essentiam, potest sic dici accidens, sed solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
578 id quod non causatur ex principiis essentialibus speciei. Proprium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
579 enim non est de essentia rei, sed ex principiis essentialibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
580 speciei causatur, unde medium est inter essentiam et accidens sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
581 dictum. Et hoc modo potentiae animae possunt dici mediae inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
582 substantiam et accidens, quasi proprietates animae naturales. Quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
583 autem Augustinus dicit, quod notitia et amor non sunt in anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
584 sicut accidentia in subiecto, intelligitur secundum modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
585 praedictum, prout comparantur ad animam, non sicut ad amantem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
586 cognoscentem; sed prout comparantur ad eam sicut ad amatam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
587 cognitam. Et hoc modo procedit sua probatio, quia si amor esset in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
588 anima amata sicut in subiecto, sequeretur quod accidens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
589 transcenderet suum subiectum; cum etiam alia sint amata per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
590 animam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
591 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 6"><a name="31605"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
592 "ref">[31605] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
593 quod anima, licet non sit composita ex materia et forma, habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 tamen aliquid de potentialitate admixtum ut supra dictum est. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
595 ideo potest esse subiectum accidentis. Propositio autem inducta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
596 locum habet in Deo, qui est actus purus, in qua materia Boetius eam
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diff changeset
597 introducit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
598 <p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 7"><a name="31606"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
599 "ref">[31606] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 1 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 dicendum quod rationale et sensibile, prout sunt differentiae, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 sumuntur a potentiis sensus et rationis; sed ab ipsa anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
602 sensitiva et rationali. Quia tamen formae substantiales, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
603 secundum se sunt nobis ignotae, innotescunt per accidentia; nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
604 prohibet interdum accidentia loco differentiarum substantialium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
605 poni.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
607 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
608 <p title="I q. 77 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31607"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
609 "ref">[31607] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
610 proceditur. Videtur quod non sint plures potentiae animae. Anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
611 enim intellectiva maxime ad divinam similitudinem accedit. Sed in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
612 Deo est una et simplex potentia. Ergo et in anima intellectiva.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
613 <p title="I q. 77 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31608"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
614 "ref">[31608] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
615 quanto virtus est superior, tanto est magis unita. Sed anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
616 intellectiva excedit omnes alias formas in virtute. Ergo maxime
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parents: 26
diff changeset
617 debet habere unam virtutem seu potentiam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
618 <p title="I q. 77 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31609"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
619 "ref">[31609] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
620 operari est existentis in actu. Sed per eandem essentiam animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
621 homo habet esse secundum diversos gradus perfectionis, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
622 habitum est. Ergo per eandem potentiam animae operatur diversas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
623 operationes diversorum graduum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
624 <p title="I q. 77 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31610"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
625 "ref">[31610] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
626 quod philosophus, in II de anima ponit plures animae potentias.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
627 <p title="I q. 77 a. 2 co."><a name="31611"><span class=
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diff changeset
628 "ref">[31611] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
629 quod necesse est ponere plures animae potentias. Ad cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
630 evidentiam, considerandum est quod, sicut philosophus dicit in II
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parents: 26
diff changeset
631 de caelo, quae sunt in rebus infima, non possunt consequi perfectam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
632 bonitatem, sed aliquam imperfectam consequuntur paucis motibus;
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diff changeset
633 superiora vero his adipiscuntur perfectam bonitatem motibus multis;
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634 his autem superiora sunt quae adipiscuntur perfectam bonitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
635 motibus paucis; summa vero perfectio invenitur in his quae absque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
636 motu perfectam possident bonitatem. Sicut infime est ad sanitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
637 dispositus qui non potest perfectam consequi sanitatem, sed aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
638 modicam consequitur paucis remediis; melius autem dispositus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
639 qui potest perfectam consequi sanitatem, sed remediis multis; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
640 adhuc melius, qui remediis paucis; optime autem, qui absque remedio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
641 perfectam sanitatem habet. Dicendum est ergo quod res quae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
642 infra hominem, quaedam particularia bona consequuntur, et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
643 quasdam paucas et determinatas operationes habent et virtutes. Homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
644 autem potest consequi universalem et perfectam bonitatem, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
645 potest adipisci beatitudinem. Est tamen in ultimo gradu, secundum
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diff changeset
646 naturam, eorum quibus competit beatitudo, et ideo multis et
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diff changeset
647 diversis operationibus et virtutibus indiget anima humana. Angelis
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diff changeset
648 vero minor diversitas potentiarum competit. In Deo vero non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
649 aliqua potentia vel actio, praeter eius essentiam. Est et alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
650 ratio quare anima humana abundat diversitate potentiarum, videlicet
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diff changeset
651 quia est in confinio spiritualium et corporalium creaturarum, et
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diff changeset
652 ideo concurrunt in ipsa virtutes utrarumque creaturarum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
653 <p title="I q. 77 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31612"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
654 "ref">[31612] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
655 dicendum quod in hoc ipso magis ad similitudinem Dei accedit anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
656 intellectiva quam creaturae inferiores, quod perfectam bonitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
657 consequi potest; licet per multa et diversa; in quo deficit a
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diff changeset
658 superioribus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
659 <p title="I q. 77 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31613"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
660 "ref">[31613] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
661 dicendum quod virtus unita est superior, si ad aequalia se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
662 extendat. Sed virtus multiplicata est superior, si plura ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
663 subiiciantur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
664 <p title="I q. 77 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31614"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
665 "ref">[31614] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
666 dicendum quod unius rei est unum esse substantiale, sed possunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
667 esse operationes plures. Et ideo est una essentia animae, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
668 potentiae plures.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
669 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
670 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
671 <p title="I q. 77 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31615"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
672 "ref">[31615] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
673 proceditur. Videtur quod potentiae non distinguantur per actus et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
674 obiecta. Nihil enim determinatur ad speciem per illud quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
675 posterius, vel extrinsecum est. Actus autem est posterior potentia;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
676 obiectum autem est extrinsecum. Ergo per ea potentiae non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
677 distinguuntur secundum speciem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
678 <p title="I q. 77 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31616"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
679 "ref">[31616] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
680 contraria sunt quae maxime differunt. Si igitur potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
681 distinguerentur penes obiecta, sequeretur quod contrariorum non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
682 esset eadem potentia. Quod patet esse falsum fere in omnibus, nam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
683 potentia visiva eadem est albi et nigri, et gustus idem est dulcis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
684 et amari.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 <p title="I q. 77 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31617"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
686 "ref">[31617] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
687 remota causa, removetur effectus. Si igitur potentiarum differentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
688 esset ex differentia obiectorum, idem obiectum non pertineret ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
689 diversas potentias. Quod patet esse falsum, nam idem est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
690 potentia cognoscitiva cognoscit, et appetitiva appetit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 <p title="I q. 77 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="31618"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 "ref">[31618] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
693 quod per se est causa alicuius, in omnibus causat illud. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
694 quaedam obiecta diversa, quae pertinent ad diversas potentias,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
695 pertinent etiam ad aliquam unam potentiam, sicut sonus et color
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 pertinent ad visum et auditum, quae sunt diversae potentiae; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 tamen pertinent ad unam potentiam sensus communis. Non ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
698 potentiae distinguuntur secundum differentiam obiectorum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
699 <p title="I q. 77 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31619"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
700 "ref">[31619] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 posteriora distinguuntur secundum priora. Sed philosophus dicit II
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 de anima, quod <i>priores potentiis actus et operationes secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
703 rationem sunt</i>; et adhuc his priora sunt opposita, sive obiecta.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
704 Ergo potentiae distinguuntur secundum actus et obiecta.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 <p title="I q. 77 a. 3 co."><a name="31620"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 "ref">[31620] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
707 quod potentia, secundum illud quod est potentia, ordinatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 actum. Unde oportet rationem potentiae accipi ex actu ad quem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 ordinatur, et per consequens oportet quod ratio potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
710 diversificetur, ut diversificatur ratio actus. Ratio autem actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 diversificatur secundum diversam rationem obiecti. Omnis enim actio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
712 vel est potentiae activae, vel passivae. Obiectum autem comparatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
713 ad actum potentiae passivae, sicut principium et causa movens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 color enim inquantum movet visum, est principium visionis. Ad actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 autem potentiae activae comparatur obiectum ut terminus et finis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 sicut augmentativae virtutis obiectum est quantum perfectum, quod
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diff changeset
717 est finis augmenti. Ex his autem duobus actio speciem recipit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 scilicet ex principio, vel ex fine seu termino, differt enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
719 calefactio ab infrigidatione, secundum quod haec quidem a calido,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
720 scilicet activo, ad calidum; illa autem a frigido ad frigidum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
721 procedit. Unde necesse est quod potentiae diversificentur secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
722 actus et obiecta. Sed tamen considerandum est quod ea quae sunt per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
723 accidens, non diversificant speciem. Quia enim coloratum accidit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
724 animali, non diversificantur species animalis per differentiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
725 coloris, sed per differentiam eius quod per se accidit animali, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
726 differentiam scilicet animae sensitivae, quae quandoque invenitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
727 cum ratione, quandoque sine ratione. Unde rationale et irrationale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
728 sunt differentiae divisivae animalis, diversas eius species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 constituentes. Sic igitur non quaecumque diversitas obiectorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 diversificat potentias animae; sed differentia eius ad quod per se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 potentia respicit. Sicut sensus per se respicit passibilem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
732 qualitatem, quae per se dividitur in colorem, sonum et huiusmodi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
733 et ideo alia potentia sensitiva est coloris, scilicet visus, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 alia soni, scilicet auditus. Sed passibili qualitati, ut colorato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
735 accidit esse musicum vel grammaticum, vel magnum et parvum, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
736 hominem vel lapidem. Et ideo penes huiusmodi differentias potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 animae non distinguuntur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 <p title="I q. 77 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31621"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
739 "ref">[31621] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
740 dicendum quod actus, licet sit posterior potentia in esse, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
741 tamen prior in intentione et secundum rationem, sicut finis agente.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
742 Obiectum autem, licet sit extrinsecum, est tamen principium vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
743 finis actionis. Principio autem et fini proportionantur ea quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
744 sunt intrinseca rei.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
745 <p title="I q. 77 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31622"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 "ref">[31622] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
747 dicendum quod, si potentia aliqua per se respiceret unum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
748 contrariorum sicut obiectum, oporteret quod contrarium ad aliam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
749 potentiam pertineret. Sed potentia animae non per se respicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
750 propriam rationem contrarii, sed communem rationem utriusque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
751 contrariorum, sicut visus non respicit per se rationem albi, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
752 rationem coloris. Et hoc ideo, quia unum contrariorum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
753 quodammodo ratio alterius, cum se habeant sicut perfectum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
754 imperfectum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
755 <p title="I q. 77 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31623"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
756 "ref">[31623] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
757 dicendum quod nihil prohibet id quod est subiecto idem esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
758 diversum secundum rationem. Et ideo potest ad diversas potentias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 animae pertinere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 <p title="I q. 77 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="31624"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 "ref">[31624] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
762 dicendum quod potentia superior per se respicit universaliorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
763 rationem obiecti, quam potentia inferior, quia quanto potentia est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
764 superior, tanto ad plura se extendit. Et ideo multa conveniunt in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
765 una ratione obiecti, quam per se respicit superior potentia, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
766 tamen differunt secundum rationes quas per se respiciunt inferiores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
767 potentiae. Et inde est quod diversa obiecta pertinent ad diversas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 inferiores potentias, quae tamen uni superiori potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
769 subduntur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
770 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
772 <p title="I q. 77 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31625"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 "ref">[31625] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 proceditur. Videtur quod in potentiis animae non sit ordo. In his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
775 enim quae cadunt sub una divisione, non est prius et posterius, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
776 sunt naturaliter simul. Sed potentiae animae contra se invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 dividuntur. Ergo inter eas non est ordo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
778 <p title="I q. 77 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31626"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 "ref">[31626] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 potentiae animae comparantur ad obiecta, et ad ipsam animam. Sed ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
781 parte animae, inter eas non est ordo, quia anima est una. Similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
782 etiam nec ex parte obiectorum, cum sint diversa et penitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 disparata, ut patet de colore et sono. In potentiis ergo animae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 est ordo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 <p title="I q. 77 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31627"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
786 "ref">[31627] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 potentiis ordinatis hoc invenitur, quod operatio unius dependet ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
788 operatione alterius. Sed actus unius potentiae animae non dependet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
789 ab actu alterius, potest enim visus exire in actum absque auditu,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
790 et e converso. Non ergo inter potentias animae est ordo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
791 <p title="I q. 77 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31628"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 "ref">[31628] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 quod philosophus, in II de anima, comparat partes sive potentias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 animae figuris. Sed figurae habent ordinem ad invicem. Ergo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
795 potentiae animae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 <p title="I q. 77 a. 4 co."><a name="31629"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 "ref">[31629] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 quod, cum anima sit una, potentiae vero plures; ordine autem quodam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
799 ab uno in multitudinem procedatur; necesse est inter potentias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 animae ordinem esse. Triplex autem ordo inter eas attenditur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
801 Quorum duo considerantur secundum dependentiam unius potentiae ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 altera, tertius autem accipitur secundum ordinem obiectorum.
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diff changeset
803 Dependentia autem unius potentiae ab altera dupliciter accipi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
804 potest, uno modo, secundum naturae ordinem, prout perfecta sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 naturaliter imperfectis priora; alio modo, secundum ordinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 generationis et temporis, prout ex imperfecto ad perfectum venitur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 Secundum igitur primum potentiarum ordinem, potentiae intellectivae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
808 sunt priores potentiis sensitivis, unde dirigunt eas et imperant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
809 eis. Et similiter potentiae sensitivae hoc ordine sunt priores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
810 potentiis animae nutritivae. Secundum vero ordinem secundum, e
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 converso se habet. Nam potentiae animae nutritivae sunt priores, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 via generationis, potentiis animae sensitivae, unde ad earum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
813 actiones praeparant corpus. Et similiter est de potentiis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
814 sensitivis respectu intellectivarum. Secundum autem ordinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 tertium, ordinantur quaedam vires sensitivae ad invicem, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 visus, auditus et olfactus. Nam visibile est prius naturaliter,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 quia est commune superioribus et inferioribus corporibus. Sonus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
818 autem audibilis fit in aere, qui est naturaliter prior commixtione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
819 elementorum, quam consequitur odor.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 <p title="I q. 77 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31630"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
821 "ref">[31630] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
822 dicendum quod alicuius generis species se habent secundum prius et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
823 posterius, sicut numeri et figurae, quantum ad esse; licet simul
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 esse dicantur inquantum suscipiunt communis generis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 praedicationem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
826 <p title="I q. 77 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31631"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 "ref">[31631] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
828 dicendum quod ordo iste potentiarum animae est et ex parte animae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
829 quae secundum ordinem quendam habet aptitudinem ad diversos actus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
830 licet sit una secundum essentiam; et ex parte obiectorum; et etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 ex parte actuum, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
832 <p title="I q. 77 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31632"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
833 "ref">[31632] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
834 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de illis potentiis in quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 attenditur ordo solum secundum tertium modum. Illae autem potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 quae ordinantur secundum alios duos modos, ita se habent quod actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
837 unius dependet ab altera.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
838 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
839 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 <p title="I q. 77 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="31633"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 "ref">[31633] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 proceditur. Videtur quod omnes potentiae animae sint in anima sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
843 in subiecto. Sicut enim se habent potentiae corporis ad corpus, ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 se habent potentiae animae ad animam. Sed corpus est subiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 corporalium potentiarum. Ergo anima est subiectum potentiarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
846 animae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
847 <p title="I q. 77 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="31634"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
848 "ref">[31634] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 operationes potentiarum animae attribuuntur corpori propter animam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 quia, ut dicitur in II de anima, <i>anima est quo sentimus et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 intelligimus primum</i>. Sed propria principia operationum animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 sunt potentiae. Ergo potentiae per prius sunt in anima.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 <p title="I q. 77 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="31635"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 "ref">[31635] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 Augustinus dicit, XII super Gen. ad Litt., quod anima quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 sentit non per corpus, immo sine corpore, ut est timor et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 huiusmodi; quaedam vero sentit per corpus. Sed si potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
858 sensitiva non esset in sola anima sicut in subiecto, nihil posset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
859 sine corpore sentire. Ergo anima est subiectum potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
860 sensitivae; et pari ratione, omnium aliarum potentiarum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
861 <p title="I q. 77 a. 5 s. c."><a name="31636"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 "ref">[31636] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 quod philosophus dicit, in libro de somno et vigilia quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 <i>sentire non est proprium animae neque corporis, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 coniuncti</i>. Potentia ergo sensitiva est in coniuncto sicut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 subiecto. Non ergo sola anima est subiectum omnium potentiarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 suarum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 <p title="I q. 77 a. 5 co."><a name="31637"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 "ref">[31637] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 quod illud est subiectum operativae potentiae, quod est potens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 operari, omne enim accidens denominat proprium subiectum. Idem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 autem est quod potest operari, et quod operatur. Unde oportet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 eius sit potentia sicut subiecti, cuius est operatio; ut etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 philosophus dicit, in principio de somno et vigilia. Manifestum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 autem ex supra dictis quod quaedam operationes sunt animae, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 exercentur sine organo corporali, ut intelligere et velle. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 potentiae quae sunt harum operationum principia, sunt in anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
878 sicut in subiecto. Quaedam vero operationes sunt animae, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 exercentur per organa corporalia; sicut visio per oculum, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 auditus per aurem. Et simile est de omnibus aliis operationibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
881 nutritivae et sensitivae partis. Et ideo potentiae quae sunt talium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
882 operationum principia, sunt in coniuncto sicut in subiecto, et non
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diff changeset
883 in anima sola.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 <p title="I q. 77 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="31638"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
885 "ref">[31638] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 dicendum quod omnes potentiae dicuntur esse animae, non sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 subiecti, sed sicut principii, quia per animam coniunctum habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 quod tales operationes operari possit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 <p title="I q. 77 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="31639"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 "ref">[31639] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 dicendum quod omnes huiusmodi potentiae per prius sunt in anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 quam in coniuncto, non sicut in subiecto, sed sicut in
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diff changeset
893 principio.</p>
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diff changeset
894 <p title="I q. 77 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="31640"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 "ref">[31640] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 dicendum quod opinio Platonis fuit quod sentire est operatio animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 propria, sicut et intelligere. In multis autem quae ad philosophiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 pertinent, Augustinus utitur opinionibus Platonis, non asserendo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 sed recitando. Tamen, quantum ad praesens pertinet, hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 dicitur anima quaedam sentire cum corpore et quaedam sine corpore,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 dupliciter potest intelligi. Uno modo, quod hoc quod dico cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 corpore vel sine corpore, determinet actum sentiendi secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 exit a sentiente. Et sic nihil sentit sine corpore, quia actio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 sentiendi non potest procedere ab anima nisi per organum corporale.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 Alio modo potest intelligi ita quod praedicta determinent actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 sentiendi ex parte obiecti quod sentitur. Et sic quaedam sentit cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 corpore, idest in corpore existentia, sicut cum sentit vulnus vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 aliquid huiusmodi, quaedam vero sentit sine corpore, idest non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 existentia in corpore, sed solum in apprehensione animae, sicut cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 sentit se tristari vel gaudere de aliquo audito.</p>
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diff changeset
911 <br />
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diff changeset
912 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 <p title="I q. 77 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="31641"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 "ref">[31641] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 proceditur. Videtur quod potentiae animae non fluant ab eius
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diff changeset
916 essentia. Ab uno enim simplici non procedunt diversa. Essentia
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diff changeset
917 autem animae est una et simplex. Cum ergo potentiae animae sint
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diff changeset
918 multae et diversae, non possunt procedere ab eius essentia.</p>
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diff changeset
919 <p title="I q. 77 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="31642"><span class=
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diff changeset
920 "ref">[31642] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, illud
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diff changeset
921 a quo aliud procedit, est causa eius. Sed essentia animae non
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diff changeset
922 potest dici causa potentiarum; ut patet discurrenti per singula
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 causarum genera. Ergo potentiae animae non fluunt ab eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 essentia.</p>
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diff changeset
925 <p title="I q. 77 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="31643"><span class=
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diff changeset
926 "ref">[31643] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
927 emanatio quendam motum nominat. Sed nihil movetur a seipso, ut
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diff changeset
928 probatur in VII libro Physic.; nisi forte ratione partis, sicut
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diff changeset
929 animal dicitur moveri a seipso, quia una pars eius est movens et
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diff changeset
930 alia mota. Neque etiam anima movetur, ut probatur in I de anima.
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diff changeset
931 Non ergo anima causat in se suas potentias.</p>
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diff changeset
932 <p title="I q. 77 a. 6 s. c."><a name="31644"><span class=
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diff changeset
933 "ref">[31644] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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diff changeset
934 potentiae animae sunt quaedam proprietates naturales ipsius. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 subiectum est causa propriorum accidentium, unde et ponitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 definitione accidentis, ut patet in VII Metaphys. Ergo potentiae
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diff changeset
937 animae procedunt ab eius essentia sicut a causa.</p>
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diff changeset
938 <p title="I q. 77 a. 6 co."><a name="31645"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 "ref">[31645] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
940 quod forma substantialis et accidentalis partim conveniunt, et
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diff changeset
941 partim differunt. Conveniunt quidem in hoc, quod utraque est actus,
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diff changeset
942 et secundum utramque est aliquid quodammodo in actu. Differunt
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diff changeset
943 autem in duobus. Primo quidem, quia forma substantialis facit esse
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diff changeset
944 simpliciter, et eius subiectum est ens in potentia tantum. Forma
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diff changeset
945 autem accidentalis non facit esse simpliciter; sed esse tale, aut
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diff changeset
946 tantum, aut aliquo modo se habens, subiectum enim eius est ens in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 actu. Unde patet quod actualitas per prius invenitur in forma
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 substantiali quam in eius subiecto, et quia primum est causa in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 quolibet genere, forma substantialis causat esse in actu in suo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 subiecto. Sed e converso, actualitas per prius invenitur in
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diff changeset
951 subiecto formae accidentalis, quam in forma accidentali, unde
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diff changeset
952 actualitas formae accidentalis causatur ab actualitate subiecti.
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diff changeset
953 Ita quod subiectum, inquantum est in potentia, est susceptivum
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diff changeset
954 formae accidentalis, inquantum autem est in actu, est eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 productivum. Et hoc dico de proprio et per se accidente, nam
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diff changeset
956 respectu accidentis extranei, subiectum est susceptivum tantum;
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diff changeset
957 productivum vero talis accidentis est agens extrinsecum. Secundo
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diff changeset
958 autem differunt substantialis forma et accidentalis, quia, cum
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diff changeset
959 minus principale sit propter principalius, materia est propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 formam substantialem; sed e converso, forma accidentalis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 propter completionem subiecti. Manifestum est autem ex dictis quod
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diff changeset
962 potentiarum animae subiectum est vel ipsa anima sola, quae potest
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diff changeset
963 esse subiectum accidentis secundum quod habet aliquid
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diff changeset
964 potentialitatis, ut supra dictum est; vel compositum. Compositum
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diff changeset
965 autem est in actu per animam. Unde manifestum est quod omnes
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diff changeset
966 potentiae animae, sive subiectum earum sit anima sola, sive
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diff changeset
967 compositum, fluunt ab essentia animae sicut a principio, quia iam
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diff changeset
968 dictum est quod accidens causatur a subiecto secundum quod est
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diff changeset
969 actu, et recipitur in eo inquantum est in potentia.</p>
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diff changeset
970 <p title="I q. 77 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="31646"><span class=
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diff changeset
971 "ref">[31646] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
972 dicendum quod ab uno simplici possunt naturaliter multa procedere
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diff changeset
973 ordine quodam. Et iterum propter diversitatem recipientium. Sic
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diff changeset
974 igitur ab una essentia animae procedunt multae et diversae
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diff changeset
975 potentiae, tum propter ordinem potentiarum, tum etiam secundum
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diff changeset
976 diversitatem organorum corporalium.</p>
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diff changeset
977 <p title="I q. 77 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="31647"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
978 "ref">[31647] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 dicendum quod subiectum est causa proprii accidentis et finalis, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
980 quodammodo activa; et etiam ut materialis, inquantum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 susceptivum accidentis. Et ex hoc potest accipi quod essentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
982 animae est causa omnium potentiarum sicut finis et sicut principium
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diff changeset
983 activum; quarundam autem sicut susceptivum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
984 <p title="I q. 77 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="31648"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
985 "ref">[31648] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 dicendum quod emanatio propriorum accidentium a subiecto non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 per aliquam transmutationem; sed per aliquam naturalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 resultationem, sicut ex uno naturaliter aliud resultat, ut ex luce
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 color.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 <p title="I q. 77 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="31649"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 "ref">[31649] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 proceditur. Videtur quod una potentia animae non oriatur ab alia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 Eorum enim quae simul esse incipiunt, unum non oritur ab alio. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 omnes potentiae animae sunt simul animae concreatae. Ergo una earum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 ab alia non oritur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
998 <p title="I q. 77 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="31650"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
999 "ref">[31650] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1000 potentia animae oritur ab anima sicut accidens a subiecto. Sed una
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 potentia animae non potest esse subiectum alterius, quia accidentis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 non est accidens. Ergo una potentia non oritur ab alia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 <p title="I q. 77 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="31651"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 "ref">[31651] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 oppositum non oritur a suo opposito, sed unumquodque oritur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 simili secundum speciem. Potentiae autem animae ex opposito
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 dividuntur, sicut diversae species. Ergo una earum non procedit ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 alia.</p>
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diff changeset
1009 <p title="I q. 77 a. 7 s. c."><a name="31652"><span class=
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diff changeset
1010 "ref">[31652] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 potentiae cognoscuntur per actus. Sed actus unius potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 causatur ab alio; sicut actus phantasiae ab actu sensus. Ergo una
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diff changeset
1013 potentia animae causatur ab alia.</p>
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diff changeset
1014 <p title="I q. 77 a. 7 co."><a name="31653"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 "ref">[31653] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
1016 quod in his quae secundum ordinem naturalem procedunt ab uno, sicut
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diff changeset
1017 primum est causa omnium, ita quod est primo propinquius, est
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diff changeset
1018 quodammodo causa eorum quae sunt magis remota. Ostensum est autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 supra quod inter potentias animae est multiplex ordo. Et ideo una
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diff changeset
1020 potentia animae ab essentia animae procedit mediante alia. Sed quia
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diff changeset
1021 essentia animae comparatur ad potentias et sicut principium activum
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diff changeset
1022 et finale, et sicut principium susceptivum, vel seorsum per se vel
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diff changeset
1023 simul cum corpore; agens autem et finis est perfectius, susceptivum
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diff changeset
1024 autem principium, inquantum huiusmodi, est minus perfectum,
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diff changeset
1025 consequens est quod potentiae animae quae sunt priores secundum
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diff changeset
1026 ordinem perfectionis et naturae, sint principia aliarum per modum
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diff changeset
1027 finis et activi principii. Videmus enim quod sensus est propter
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diff changeset
1028 intellectum, et non e converso. Sensus etiam est quaedam deficiens
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diff changeset
1029 participatio intellectus, unde secundum naturalem originem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 quodammodo est ab intellectu, sicut imperfectum a perfecto. Sed
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diff changeset
1031 secundum viam susceptivi principii, e converso potentiae
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diff changeset
1032 imperfectiores inveniuntur principia respectu aliarum, sicut anima,
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diff changeset
1033 secundum quod habet potentiam sensitivam, consideratur sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 subiectum et materiale quoddam respectu intellectus. Et propter
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diff changeset
1035 hoc, imperfectiores potentiae sunt priores in via generationis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 prius enim animal generatur quam homo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 <p title="I q. 77 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="31654"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 "ref">[31654] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 dicendum quod, sicut potentia animae ab essentia fluit, non per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 transmutationem, sed per naturalem quandam resultationem, et est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 simul cum anima; ita est etiam de una potentia respectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 alterius.</p>
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diff changeset
1043 <p title="I q. 77 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="31655"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 "ref">[31655] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 dicendum quod accidens per se non potest esse subiectum accidentis;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1046 sed unum accidens per prius recipitur in substantia quam aliud,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 sicut quantitas quam qualitas. Et hoc modo unum accidens dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 esse subiectum alterius, ut superficies coloris, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 substantia uno accidente mediante recipit aliud. Et similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1050 potest dici de potentiis animae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1051 <p title="I q. 77 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="31656"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 "ref">[31656] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 dicendum quod potentiae animae opponuntur ad invicem oppositione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 perfecti et imperfecti; sicut etiam species numerorum et figurarum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 Haec autem oppositio non impedit originem unius ab alio, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1056 imperfecta naturaliter a perfectis procedunt.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="31657"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 "ref">[31657] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 proceditur. Videtur quod omnes potentiae animae remaneant in anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 a corpore separata. Dicitur enim in libro de spiritu et anima, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 <i>anima recedit a corpore, secum trahens sensum et imaginationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 rationem et intellectum et intelligentiam, concupiscibilitatem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 irascibilitatem</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="31658"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 "ref">[31658] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 potentiae animae sunt eius naturales proprietates. Sed proprium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 semper inest, et nunquam separatur ab eo cuius est proprium. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 potentiae animae sunt in ea etiam post mortem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="31659"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 "ref">[31659] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 potentiae animae, etiam sensitivae, non debilitantur debilitato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 corpore, quia, ut dicitur in I de anima, <i>si senex accipiat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 oculum iuvenis, videbit utique sicut et iuvenis</i>. Sed debilitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 est via ad corruptionem. Ergo potentiae animae non corrumpuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1077 corrupto corpore, sed manent in anima separata.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="31660"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 "ref">[31660] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 memoria est potentia animae sensitivae, ut philosophus probat. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 memoria manet in anima separata, dicitur enim, Luc. XVI, diviti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 epuloni in Inferno secundum animam existenti, <i>recordare quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1083 recepisti bona in vita tua</i>. Ergo memoria manet in anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 separata; et per consequens aliae potentiae sensitivae partis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 arg. 5"><a name="31661"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 "ref">[31661] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 gaudium et tristitia sunt in concupiscibili, quae est potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1088 sensitivae partis. Manifestum est autem animas separatas tristari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 et gaudere de praemiis vel poenis quas habent. Ergo vis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 concupiscibilis manet in anima separata.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 arg. 6"><a name="31662"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 "ref">[31662] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 Augustinus dicit, XII super Gen. ad Litt., quod sicut anima, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 corpus iacet sine sensu nondum penitus mortuum, videt quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 secundum imaginariam visionem; ita cum fuerit a corpore penitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 separata per mortem. Sed imaginatio est potentia sensitivae partis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 Ergo potentia sensitivae partis manet in anima separata; et per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 consequens omnes aliae potentiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 s. c."><a name="31663"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 "ref">[31663] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1101 quod dicitur in libro de Eccles. Dogmat., <i>ex duabus tantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 substantiis constat homo, anima cum ratione sua, et carne cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 sensibus suis</i>. Ergo, defuncta carne, potentiae sensitivae non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 manent.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1105 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 co."><a name="31664"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 "ref">[31664] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 quod, sicut iam dictum est, omnes potentiae animae comparantur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1108 animam solam sicut ad principium. Sed quaedam potentiae comparantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 ad animam solam sicut ad subiectum, ut intellectus et voluntas. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 huiusmodi potentiae necesse est quod maneant in anima, corpore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 destructo. Quaedam vero potentiae sunt in coniuncto sicut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 subiecto, sicut omnes potentiae sensitivae partis et nutritivae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 Destructo autem subiecto, non potest accidens remanere. Unde,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 corrupto coniuncto, non manent huiusmodi potentiae actu; sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 virtute tantum manent in anima, sicut in principio vel radice. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 sic falsum est, quod quidam dicunt huiusmodi potentias in anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 remanere etiam corpore corrupto. Et multo falsius, quod dicunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 etiam actus harum potentiarum remanere in anima separata, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 talium potentiarum nulla est actio nisi per organum corporeum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="31665"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 "ref">[31665] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 dicendum quod liber ille auctoritatem non habet. Unde quod ibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 scriptum est, eadem facilitate contemnitur, qua dicitur. Tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1124 potest dici quod trahit secum anima huiusmodi potentias, non actu,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 sed virtute.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="31666"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 "ref">[31666] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1128 dicendum quod huiusmodi potentiae quas dicimus actu in anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 separata non manere, non sunt proprietates solius animae, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 coniuncti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="31667"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 "ref">[31667] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 dicendum quod dicuntur non debilitari huiusmodi potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 debilitato corpore, quia anima manet immutabilis, quae est virtuale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 principium huiusmodi potentiarum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="31668"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 "ref">[31668] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 dicendum quod illa recordatio accipitur eo modo quo Augustinus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 ponit memoriam in mente; non eo modo quo ponitur pars animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 sensitivae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 ad 5"><a name="31669"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 "ref">[31669] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 dicendum quod tristitia et gaudium sunt in anima separata, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 secundum appetitum sensitivum, sed secundum appetitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 intellectivum; sicut etiam in Angelis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 <p title="I q. 77 a. 8 ad 6"><a name="31670"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 "ref">[31670] I&ordf; q. 77 a. 8 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 quod Augustinus loquitur ibi inquirendo, non asserendo. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 quaedam ibi dicta retractat.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 <div class="D">Quaestio 78</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 <p title="I q. 78 pr."><a name="31671"><span class="ref">[31671]
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 I&ordf; q. 78 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de potentiis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 animae in speciali. Ad considerationem autem theologi pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 inquirere specialiter solum de potentiis intellectivis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 appetitivis, in quibus virtutes inveniuntur. Sed quia cognitio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 harum potentiarum quodammodo dependet ex aliis, ideo nostra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 consideratio de potentiis animae in speciali erit tripartita, primo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 namque considerandum est de his quae sunt praeambula ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 intellectum; secundo, de potentiis intellectivis; tertio, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 potentiis appetitivis. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 generibus potentiarum animae. Secundo, de speciebus vegetativae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 partis. Tertio, de sensibus exterioribus. Quarto, de sensibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 interioribus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 <p title="I q. 78 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31672"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 "ref">[31672] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 proceditur. Videtur quod non sint quinque genera potentiarum animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 distinguenda, scilicet vegetativum, sensitivum, appetitivum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 motivum secundum locum, et intellectivum. Potentiae enim animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 dicuntur partes ipsius. Sed tantum tres partes animae communiter ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 omnibus assignantur, scilicet anima vegetabilis, anima sensibilis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 et anima rationalis. Ergo tantum tria sunt genera potentiarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 animae, et non quinque.</p>
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diff changeset
1177 <p title="I q. 78 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31673"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 "ref">[31673] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 potentiae animae sunt principia operum vitae. Sed quatuor modis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 dicitur aliquid vivere. Dicit enim philosophus, in II de anima,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 <i>multipliciter ipso vivere dicto, etsi unum aliquod horum insit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 solum, aliquid dicimus vivere; ut intellectus, et sensus, motus et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 status secundum locum, adhuc autem motus secundum alimentum, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 decrementum et augmentum</i>. Ergo tantum quatuor sunt genera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 potentiarum animae, appetitivo excluso.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 <p title="I q. 78 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31674"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 "ref">[31674] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 illud quod est commune omnibus potentiis, non debet deputari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 aliquod speciale animae genus. Sed appetere convenit cuilibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 potentiae animae. Visus enim appetit visibile conveniens, unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 dicitur Eccli. XL, <i>gratiam et speciem desiderabit oculus, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 super hoc virides sationes</i>. Et eadem ratione, quaelibet alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 potentia desiderat obiectum sibi conveniens. Ergo non debet poni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 appetitivum unum speciale genus potentiarum animae.</p>
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diff changeset
1195 <p title="I q. 78 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="31675"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 "ref">[31675] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 principium movens in animalibus est sensus, aut intellectus, aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 appetitus, ut dicitur in III de anima. Non ergo motivum debet poni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 speciale genus animae praeter praedicta.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 <p title="I q. 78 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31676"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 "ref">[31676] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 quod philosophus dicit, in II de anima, <i>potentias autem dicimus
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diff changeset
1203 vegetativum sensitivum, appetitivum, motivum secundum locum, et
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diff changeset
1204 intellectivum</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1205 <p title="I q. 78 a. 1 co."><a name="31677"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 "ref">[31677] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 quod quinque sunt genera potentiarum animae, quae numerata sunt.
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diff changeset
1208 Tres vero dicuntur animae. Quatuor vero dicuntur modi vivendi. Et
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diff changeset
1209 huius diversitatis ratio est, quia diversae animae distinguuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 secundum quod diversimode operatio animae supergreditur operationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 naturae corporalis, tota enim natura corporalis subiacet animae, et
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diff changeset
1212 comparatur ad ipsam sicut materia et instrumentum. Est ergo quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 operatio animae, quae intantum excedit naturam corpoream, quod
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diff changeset
1214 neque etiam exercetur per organum corporale. Et talis est operatio
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diff changeset
1215 animae rationalis. Est autem alia operatio animae infra istam, quae
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diff changeset
1216 quidem fit per organum corporale, non tamen per aliquam corpoream
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diff changeset
1217 qualitatem. Et talis est operatio animae sensibilis, quia etsi
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diff changeset
1218 calidum et frigidum, et humidum et siccum, et aliae huiusmodi
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diff changeset
1219 qualitates corporeae requirantur ad operationem sensus; non tamen
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diff changeset
1220 ita quod mediante virtute talium qualitatum operatio animae
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diff changeset
1221 sensibilis procedat; sed requiruntur solum ad debitam dispositionem
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diff changeset
1222 organi. Infima autem operationum animae est, quae fit per organum
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diff changeset
1223 corporeum, et virtute corporeae qualitatis. Supergreditur tamen
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diff changeset
1224 operationem naturae corporeae, quia motiones corporum sunt ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 exteriori principio, huiusmodi autem operationes sunt a principio
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diff changeset
1226 intrinseco; hoc enim commune est omnibus operationibus animae; omne
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diff changeset
1227 enim animatum aliquo modo movet seipsum. Et talis est operatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 animae vegetabilis, digestio enim, et ea quae consequuntur, fit
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diff changeset
1229 instrumentaliter per actionem caloris, ut dicitur in II de anima.
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diff changeset
1230 Genera vero potentiarum animae distinguuntur secundum obiecta.
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diff changeset
1231 Quanto enim potentia est altior, tanto respicit universalius
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diff changeset
1232 obiectum, ut supra dictum est. Obiectum autem operationis animae in
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diff changeset
1233 triplici ordine potest considerari. Alicuius enim potentiae animae
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diff changeset
1234 obiectum est solum corpus animae unitum. Et hoc genus potentiarum
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diff changeset
1235 animae dicitur vegetativum, non enim vegetativa potentia agit nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 in corpus cui anima unitur. Est autem aliud genus potentiarum
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diff changeset
1237 animae, quod respicit universalius obiectum, scilicet omne corpus
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diff changeset
1238 sensibile; et non solum corpus animae unitum. Est autem aliud genus
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diff changeset
1239 potentiarum animae, quod respicit adhuc universalius obiectum,
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diff changeset
1240 scilicet non solum corpus sensibile, sed universaliter omne ens. Ex
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diff changeset
1241 quo patet quod ista duo secunda genera potentiarum animae habent
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diff changeset
1242 operationem non solum respectu rei coniunctae, sed etiam respectu
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diff changeset
1243 rei extrinsecae. Cum autem operans oporteat aliquo modo coniungi
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diff changeset
1244 suo obiecto circa quod operatur, necesse est extrinsecam rem, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 est obiectum operationis animae, secundum duplicem rationem ad
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diff changeset
1246 animam comparari. Uno modo, secundum quod nata est animae coniungi
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diff changeset
1247 et in anima esse per suam similitudinem. Et quantum ad hoc, sunt
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diff changeset
1248 duo genera potentiarum, scilicet sensitivum, respectu obiecti minus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 communis, quod est corpus sensibile; et intellectivum, respectu
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diff changeset
1250 obiecti communissimi, quod est ens universale. Alio vero modo,
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diff changeset
1251 secundum quod ipsa anima inclinatur et tendit in rem exteriorem. Et
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diff changeset
1252 secundum hanc etiam comparationem, sunt duo genera potentiarum
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diff changeset
1253 animae, unum quidem, scilicet appetitivum, secundum quod anima
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diff changeset
1254 comparatur ad rem extrinsecam ut ad finem, qui est primum in
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diff changeset
1255 intentione; aliud autem motivum secundum locum, prout anima
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diff changeset
1256 comparatur ad rem exteriorem sicut ad terminum operationis et
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diff changeset
1257 motus; ad consequendum enim aliquod desideratum et intentum, omne
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diff changeset
1258 animal movetur. Modi vero vivendi distinguuntur secundum gradus
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diff changeset
1259 viventium. Quaedam enim viventia sunt, in quibus est tantum
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diff changeset
1260 vegetativum, sicut in plantis. Quaedam vero, in quibus cum
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diff changeset
1261 vegetativo est etiam sensitivum, non tamen motivum secundum locum;
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diff changeset
1262 sicut sunt immobilia animalia, ut conchilia. Quaedam vero sunt,
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diff changeset
1263 quae supra hoc habent motivum secundum locum; ut perfecta animalia,
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diff changeset
1264 quae multis indigent ad suam vitam, et ideo indigent motu, ut vitae
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diff changeset
1265 necessaria procul posita quaerere possint. Quaedam vero viventia
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diff changeset
1266 sunt, in quibus cum his est intellectivum, scilicet in hominibus.
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diff changeset
1267 Appetitivum autem non constituit aliquem gradum viventium, quia in
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diff changeset
1268 quibuscumque est sensus, est etiam appetitus, ut dicitur in II
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diff changeset
1269 libro de anima.</p>
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diff changeset
1270 <p title="I q. 78 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31678"><span class=
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diff changeset
1271 "ref">[31678] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
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diff changeset
1272 solvuntur duo prima obiecta.</p>
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diff changeset
1273 <p title="I q. 78 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31679"><span class=
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diff changeset
1274 "ref">[31679] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1275 dicendum quod appetitus naturalis est inclinatio cuiuslibet rei in
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diff changeset
1276 aliquid, ex natura sua, unde naturali appetitu quaelibet potentia
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diff changeset
1277 desiderat sibi conveniens. Sed appetitus animalis consequitur
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diff changeset
1278 formam apprehensam. Et ad huiusmodi appetitum requiritur specialis
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diff changeset
1279 animae potentia, et non sufficit sola apprehensio. Res enim
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diff changeset
1280 appetitur prout est in sua natura, non est autem secundum suam
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diff changeset
1281 naturam in virtute apprehensiva, sed secundum suam similitudinem.
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diff changeset
1282 Unde patet quod visus appetit naturaliter visibile solum ad suum
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diff changeset
1283 actum, scilicet ad videndum, animal autem appetit rem visam per vim
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diff changeset
1284 appetitivam, non solum ad videndum, sed etiam ad alios usus. Si
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diff changeset
1285 autem non indigeret anima rebus perceptis a sensu, nisi propter
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diff changeset
1286 actiones sensuum, scilicet ut eas sentiret; non oporteret
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diff changeset
1287 appetitivum ponere speciale genus inter potentias animae, quia
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diff changeset
1288 sufficeret appetitus naturalis potentiarum.</p>
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diff changeset
1289 <p title="I q. 78 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31680"><span class=
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diff changeset
1290 "ref">[31680] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1291 dicendum quod, quamvis sensus et appetitus sint principia moventia
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diff changeset
1292 in animalibus perfectis, non tamen sensus et appetitus, inquantum
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diff changeset
1293 huiusmodi, sufficiunt ad movendum, nisi superadderetur eis aliqua
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diff changeset
1294 virtus, nam in immobilibus animalibus est sensus et appetitus, non
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diff changeset
1295 tamen habent vim motivam. Haec autem vis motiva non solum est in
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diff changeset
1296 appetitu et sensu ut imperante motum; sed etiam est in ipsis
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diff changeset
1297 partibus corporis, ut sint habilia ad obediendum appetitui animae
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diff changeset
1298 moventis. Cuius signum est, quod quando membra removentur a sua
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diff changeset
1299 dispositione naturali, non obediunt appetitui ad motum.</p>
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diff changeset
1300 <br />
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diff changeset
1301 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
1302 <p title="I q. 78 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31681"><span class=
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diff changeset
1303 "ref">[31681] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
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diff changeset
1304 proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter partes vegetativae
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diff changeset
1305 assignentur, scilicet nutritivum, augmentativum, et generativum.
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diff changeset
1306 Huiusmodi enim vires dicuntur naturales. Sed potentiae animae sunt
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diff changeset
1307 supra vires naturales. Ergo huiusmodi vires non debent poni
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diff changeset
1308 potentiae animae.</p>
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diff changeset
1309 <p title="I q. 78 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31682"><span class=
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diff changeset
1310 "ref">[31682] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad id
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diff changeset
1311 quod est commune viventibus et non viventibus, non debet aliqua
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diff changeset
1312 potentia animae deputari. Sed generatio est communis omnibus
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diff changeset
1313 generabilibus et corruptibilibus, tam viventibus quam non
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diff changeset
1314 viventibus. Ergo vis generativa non debet poni potentia animae.</p>
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diff changeset
1315 <p title="I q. 78 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31683"><span class=
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diff changeset
1316 "ref">[31683] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, anima
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diff changeset
1317 potentior est quam natura corporea. Sed natura corporea eadem
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diff changeset
1318 virtute activa dat speciem et debitam quantitatem. Ergo multo magis
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diff changeset
1319 anima. Non est ergo alia potentia animae augmentativa a
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diff changeset
1320 generativa.</p>
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diff changeset
1321 <p title="I q. 78 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="31684"><span class=
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diff changeset
1322 "ref">[31684] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1323 unaquaeque res conservatur in esse per id per quod esse habet. Sed
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diff changeset
1324 potentia generativa est per quam acquiritur esse viventis. Ergo per
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diff changeset
1325 eandem res viva conservatur. Sed ad conservationem rei viventis
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diff changeset
1326 ordinatur vis nutritiva, ut dicitur in II de anima, est enim
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diff changeset
1327 potentia potens salvare suscipiens ipsam. Non debet ergo distingui
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diff changeset
1328 nutritiva potentia a generativa.</p>
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diff changeset
1329 <p title="I q. 78 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31685"><span class=
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diff changeset
1330 "ref">[31685] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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diff changeset
1331 quod philosophus dicit, in II de anima, quod opera huius animae
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diff changeset
1332 sunt generare, et alimento uti, et iterum augmentum facere.</p>
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diff changeset
1333 <p title="I q. 78 a. 2 co."><a name="31686"><span class=
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diff changeset
1334 "ref">[31686] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
1335 quod tres sunt potentiae vegetativae partis. Vegetativum enim, ut
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diff changeset
1336 dictum est, habet pro obiecto ipsum corpus vivens per animam, ad
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diff changeset
1337 quod quidem corpus triplex animae operatio est necessaria. Una
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diff changeset
1338 quidem, per quam esse acquirat, et ad hoc ordinatur potentia
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diff changeset
1339 generativa. Alia vero, per quam corpus vivum acquirit debitam
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diff changeset
1340 quantitatem, et ad hoc ordinatur vis augmentativa. Alia vero, per
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diff changeset
1341 quam corpus viventis salvatur et in esse, et in quantitate debita,
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diff changeset
1342 et ad hoc ordinatur vis nutritiva. Est tamen quaedam differentia
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diff changeset
1343 attendenda inter has potentias. Nam nutritiva et augmentativa
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diff changeset
1344 habent suum effectum in eo in quo sunt, quia ipsum corpus unitum
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diff changeset
1345 animae augetur et conservatur per vim augmentativam et nutritivam
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diff changeset
1346 in eadem anima existentem. Sed vis generativa habet effectum suum,
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diff changeset
1347 non in eodem corpore, sed in alio, quia nihil est generativum sui
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diff changeset
1348 ipsius. Et ideo vis generativa quodammodo appropinquat ad
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diff changeset
1349 dignitatem animae sensitivae, quae habet operationem in res
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diff changeset
1350 exteriores, licet excellentiori modo et universaliori, supremum
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diff changeset
1351 enim inferioris naturae attingit id quod est infimum superioris, ut
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diff changeset
1352 patet per Dionysium, in VII cap. de Div. Nom. Et ideo inter istas
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diff changeset
1353 tres potentias finalior et principalior et perfectior est
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diff changeset
1354 generativa, ut dicitur in II de anima, est enim rei iam perfectae
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diff changeset
1355 facere alteram qualis ipsa est. Generativae autem deserviunt et
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diff changeset
1356 augmentativa et nutritiva, augmentativae vero nutritiva.</p>
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diff changeset
1357 <p title="I q. 78 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31687"><span class=
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diff changeset
1358 "ref">[31687] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
1359 dicendum quod huiusmodi vires dicuntur naturales, tum quia habent
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diff changeset
1360 effectum similem naturae, quae etiam dat esse et quantitatem et
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diff changeset
1361 conservationem (licet hae vires habeant hoc altiori modo), tum quia
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diff changeset
1362 hae vires exercent suas actiones instrumentaliter per qualitates
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diff changeset
1363 activas et passivas, quae sunt naturalium actionum principia.</p>
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diff changeset
1364 <p title="I q. 78 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31688"><span class=
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diff changeset
1365 "ref">[31688] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1366 dicendum quod generatio in rebus inanimatis est totaliter ab
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diff changeset
1367 extrinseco. Sed generatio viventium est quodam altiori modo, per
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diff changeset
1368 aliquid ipsius viventis, quod est semen, in quo est aliquod
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diff changeset
1369 principium corporis formativum. Et ideo oportet esse aliquam
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diff changeset
1370 potentiam rei viventis, per quam semen huiusmodi praeparetur, et
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diff changeset
1371 haec est vis generativa.</p>
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diff changeset
1372 <p title="I q. 78 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31689"><span class=
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diff changeset
1373 "ref">[31689] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1374 dicendum quod, quia generatio viventium est ex aliquo semine,
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diff changeset
1375 oportet quod in principio animal generetur parvae quantitatis. Et
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diff changeset
1376 propter hoc necesse est quod habeat potentiam animae, per quam ad
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diff changeset
1377 debitam quantitatem perducatur. Sed corpus inanimatum generatur ex
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diff changeset
1378 materia determinata ab agente extrinseco, et ideo simul recipit
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diff changeset
1379 speciem et quantitatem secundum materiae conditionem.</p>
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diff changeset
1380 <p title="I q. 78 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="31690"><span class=
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diff changeset
1381 "ref">[31690] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1382 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, operatio vegetativi principii
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diff changeset
1383 completur mediante calore, cuius est humidum consumere. Et ideo, ad
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diff changeset
1384 restaurationem humidi deperditi, necesse est habere potentiam
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diff changeset
1385 nutritivam, per quam alimentum convertatur in substantiam corporis.
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diff changeset
1386 Quod etiam est necessarium ad actum virtutis augmentativae et
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diff changeset
1387 generativae.</p>
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diff changeset
1388 <br />
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diff changeset
1389 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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diff changeset
1390 <p title="I q. 78 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31691"><span class=
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diff changeset
1391 "ref">[31691] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
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diff changeset
1392 proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter distinguantur quinque
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diff changeset
1393 sensus exteriores. Sensus enim est cognoscitivus accidentium. Sunt
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diff changeset
1394 autem multa genera accidentium. Cum ergo potentiae distinguantur
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diff changeset
1395 per obiecta, videtur quod sensus multiplicentur secundum numerum
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diff changeset
1396 qui est in generibus accidentium.</p>
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diff changeset
1397 <p title="I q. 78 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31692"><span class=
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diff changeset
1398 "ref">[31692] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1399 magnitudo et figura, et alia quae dicuntur sensibilia communia, non
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diff changeset
1400 sunt sensibilia per accidens, sed contra ea dividuntur in II de
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diff changeset
1401 anima. Diversitas autem per se obiectorum diversificat potentias.
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diff changeset
1402 Cum ergo plus differant magnitudo et figura a colore quam sonus;
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diff changeset
1403 videtur quod multo magis debeat esse alia potentia sensitiva
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diff changeset
1404 cognoscitiva magnitudinis aut figurae, quam coloris et soni.</p>
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diff changeset
1405 <p title="I q. 78 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31693"><span class=
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diff changeset
1406 "ref">[31693] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, unus
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diff changeset
1407 sensus est unius contrarietatis; sicut visus albi et nigri. Sed
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diff changeset
1408 tactus est cognoscitivus plurium contrarietatum, scilicet calidi et
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diff changeset
1409 frigidi, humidi et sicci, et huiusmodi. Ergo non est sensus unus,
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diff changeset
1410 sed plures. Ergo plures sensus sunt quam quinque.</p>
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diff changeset
1411 <p title="I q. 78 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="31694"><span class=
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diff changeset
1412 "ref">[31694] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1413 species non dividitur contra genus. Sed gustus est tactus quidam.
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diff changeset
1414 Ergo non debet poni alter sensus praeter tactum.</p>
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diff changeset
1415 <p title="I q. 78 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31695"><span class=
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diff changeset
1416 "ref">[31695] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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diff changeset
1417 quod philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod <i>non est alter
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diff changeset
1418 sensus praeter quinque</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1419 <p title="I q. 78 a. 3 co."><a name="31696"><span class=
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diff changeset
1420 "ref">[31696] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
1421 quod rationem distinctionis et numeri sensuum exteriorum quidam
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diff changeset
1422 accipere voluerunt ex parte organorum, in quibus aliquod
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diff changeset
1423 elementorum dominatur, vel aqua, vel aer, vel aliquid huiusmodi.
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diff changeset
1424 Quidam autem ex parte medii, quod est vel coniunctum, vel
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diff changeset
1425 extrinsecum; et hoc vel aer, vel aqua, vel aliquid huiusmodi.
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diff changeset
1426 Quidam autem ex diversa natura sensibilium qualitatum, secundum
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diff changeset
1427 quod est qualitas simplicis corporis, vel sequens complexionem. Sed
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diff changeset
1428 nihil istorum conveniens est. Non enim potentiae sunt propter
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diff changeset
1429 organa, sed organa propter potentias, unde non propter hoc sunt
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diff changeset
1430 diversae potentiae, quia sunt diversa organa; sed ideo natura
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diff changeset
1431 instituit diversitatem in organis, ut congruerent diversitati
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diff changeset
1432 potentiarum. Et similiter diversa media diversis sensibus
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diff changeset
1433 attribuit, secundum quod erat conveniens ad actus potentiarum.
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diff changeset
1434 Naturas autem sensibilium qualitatum cognoscere non est sensus, sed
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diff changeset
1435 intellectus. Accipienda est ergo ratio numeri et distinctionis
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diff changeset
1436 exteriorum sensuum, secundum illud quod proprie et per se ad sensum
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diff changeset
1437 pertinet. Est autem sensus quaedam potentia passiva, quae nata est
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diff changeset
1438 immutari ab exteriori sensibili. Exterius ergo immutativum est quod
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diff changeset
1439 per se a sensu percipitur, et secundum cuius diversitatem
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diff changeset
1440 sensitivae potentiae distinguuntur. Est autem duplex immutatio, una
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diff changeset
1441 naturalis, et alia spiritualis. Naturalis quidem, secundum quod
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diff changeset
1442 forma immutantis recipitur in immutato secundum esse naturale,
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diff changeset
1443 sicut calor in calefacto. Spiritualis autem, secundum quod forma
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diff changeset
1444 immutantis recipitur in immutato secundum esse spirituale; ut forma
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diff changeset
1445 coloris in pupilla, quae non fit per hoc colorata. Ad operationem
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diff changeset
1446 autem sensus requiritur immutatio spiritualis, per quam intentio
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diff changeset
1447 formae sensibilis fiat in organo sensus. Alioquin, si sola
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diff changeset
1448 immutatio naturalis sufficeret ad sentiendum, omnia corpora
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diff changeset
1449 naturalia sentirent dum alterantur. Sed in quibusdam sensibus
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diff changeset
1450 invenitur immutatio spiritualis tantum, sicut in visu. In quibusdam
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diff changeset
1451 autem, cum immutatione spirituali, etiam naturalis; vel ex parte
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diff changeset
1452 obiecti tantum, vel etiam ex parte organi. Ex parte autem obiecti,
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diff changeset
1453 invenitur transmutatio naturalis, secundum locum quidem, in sono,
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diff changeset
1454 qui est obiectum auditus, nam sonus ex percussione causatur et
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diff changeset
1455 aeris commotione. Secundum alterationem vero, in odore, qui est
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diff changeset
1456 obiectum olfactus, oportet enim per calidum alterari aliquo modo
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diff changeset
1457 corpus, ad hoc quod spiret odorem. Ex parte autem organi, est
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diff changeset
1458 immutatio naturalis in tactu et gustu, nam et manus tangens calida
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diff changeset
1459 calefit, et lingua humectatur per humiditatem saporum. Organum vero
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diff changeset
1460 olfactus aut auditus nulla naturali immutatione immutatur in
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diff changeset
1461 sentiendo, nisi per accidens. Visus autem, quia est absque
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diff changeset
1462 immutatione naturali et organi et obiecti, est maxime spiritualis,
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diff changeset
1463 et perfectior inter omnes sensus, et communior. Et post hoc
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diff changeset
1464 auditus, et deinde olfactus, qui habent immutationem naturalem ex
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diff changeset
1465 parte obiecti. Motus tamen localis est perfectior et naturaliter
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diff changeset
1466 prior quam motus alterationis, ut probatur in VIII Physic. Tactus
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diff changeset
1467 autem et gustus sunt maxime materiales, de quorum distinctione post
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diff changeset
1468 dicetur. Et inde est quod alii tres sensus non fiunt per medium
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diff changeset
1469 coniunctum, ne aliqua naturalis transmutatio pertingat ad organum,
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diff changeset
1470 ut accidit in his duobus sensibus.</p>
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diff changeset
1471 <p title="I q. 78 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31697"><span class=
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diff changeset
1472 "ref">[31697] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
1473 dicendum quod non omnia accidentia habent vim immutativam secundum
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diff changeset
1474 se; sed solae qualitates tertiae speciei, secundum quas contingit
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diff changeset
1475 alteratio. Et ideo solae huiusmodi qualitates sunt obiecta sensuum,
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diff changeset
1476 quia, ut dicitur in VII Physic., <i>secundum eadem alteratur
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diff changeset
1477 sensus, secundum quae alterantur corpora inanimata</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1478 <p title="I q. 78 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31698"><span class=
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diff changeset
1479 "ref">[31698] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1480 dicendum quod magnitudo et figura et huiusmodi, quae dicuntur
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diff changeset
1481 communia sensibilia, sunt media inter sensibilia per accidens et
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diff changeset
1482 sensibilia propria, quae sunt obiecta sensuum. Nam sensibilia
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diff changeset
1483 propria primo et per se immutant sensum; cum sint qualitates
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diff changeset
1484 alterantes. Sensibilia vero communia omnia reducuntur ad
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diff changeset
1485 quantitatem. Et de magnitudine quidem et numero, patet quod sunt
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diff changeset
1486 species quantitatis. Figura autem est qualitas circa quantitatem;
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diff changeset
1487 cum consistat ratio figurae in terminatione magnitudinis. Motus
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diff changeset
1488 autem et quies sentiuntur, secundum quod subiectum uno modo vel
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diff changeset
1489 pluribus modis se habet secundum magnitudinem subiecti vel localis
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diff changeset
1490 distantiae, quantum ad motum augmenti et motum localem; vel etiam
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diff changeset
1491 secundum sensibiles qualitates, ut in motu alterationis, et sic
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diff changeset
1492 sentire motum et quietem est quodammodo sentire unum et multa.
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diff changeset
1493 Quantitas autem est proximum subiectum qualitatis alterativae, ut
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diff changeset
1494 superficies coloris. Et ideo sensibilia communia non movent sensum
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diff changeset
1495 primo et per se, sed ratione sensibilis qualitatis; ut superficies
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diff changeset
1496 ratione coloris. Nec tamen sunt sensibilia per accidens, quia
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diff changeset
1497 huiusmodi sensibilia aliquam diversitatem faciunt in immutatione
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diff changeset
1498 sensus. Alio enim modo immutatur sensus a magna superficie, et a
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diff changeset
1499 parva, quia etiam ipsa albedo dicitur magna vel parva, et ideo
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diff changeset
1500 dividitur secundum proprium subiectum.</p>
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diff changeset
1501 <p title="I q. 78 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31699"><span class=
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diff changeset
1502 "ref">[31699] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1503 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus videtur dicere in II de anima,
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diff changeset
1504 sensus tactus est unus genere, sed dividitur in multos sensus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 secundum speciem; et propter hoc est diversarum contrarietatum. Qui
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diff changeset
1506 tamen non separantur ab invicem secundum organum, sed per totum
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diff changeset
1507 corpus se concomitantur; et ideo eorum distinctio non apparet.
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diff changeset
1508 Gustus autem, qui est perceptivus dulcis et amari, concomitatur
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diff changeset
1509 tactum in lingua, non autem per totum corpus; et ideo de facili a
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diff changeset
1510 tactu distinguitur. Posset tamen dici quod omnes illae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 contrarietates, et singulae conveniunt in uno genere proximo, et
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diff changeset
1512 omnes in uno genere communi, quod est obiectum tactus secundum
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diff changeset
1513 rationem communem. Sed illud genus commune est innominatum; sicut
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diff changeset
1514 etiam genus proximum calidi et frigidi est innominatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1515 <p title="I q. 78 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="31700"><span class=
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diff changeset
1516 "ref">[31700] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1517 dicendum quod sensus gustus, secundum dictum philosophi, est
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diff changeset
1518 quaedam species tactus quae est in lingua tantum. Non autem
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diff changeset
1519 distinguitur a tactu in genere, sed a tactu quantum ad illas
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diff changeset
1520 species quae per totum corpus diffunduntur. Si vero tactus sit unus
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diff changeset
1521 sensus tantum, propter unam rationem communem obiecti, dicendum
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diff changeset
1522 erit quod secundum rationem diversam immutationis, distinguitur
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diff changeset
1523 gustus a tactu. Nam tactus immutatur naturali immutatione, et non
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diff changeset
1524 solum spirituali, quantum ad organum suum, secundum qualitatem quae
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diff changeset
1525 ei proprie obiicitur. Gustus autem organum non immutatur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 necessitate naturali immutatione secundum qualitatem quae ei
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diff changeset
1527 proprie obiicitur, ut scilicet lingua fiat dulcis vel amara; sed
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diff changeset
1528 secundum praeambulam qualitatem, in qua fundatur sapor, scilicet
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diff changeset
1529 secundum humorem, qui est obiectum tactus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31701"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 "ref">[31701] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 proceditur. Videtur quod interiores sensus inconvenienter
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diff changeset
1535 distinguantur. Commune enim non dividitur contra proprium. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 sensus communis non debet enumerari inter vires interiores
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diff changeset
1537 sensitivas, praeter sensus exteriores proprios.</p>
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diff changeset
1538 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31702"><span class=
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diff changeset
1539 "ref">[31702] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad id
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diff changeset
1540 ad quod sufficit sensus proprius et exterior, non oportet ponere
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diff changeset
1541 aliquam vim apprehensivam interiorem. Sed ad iudicandum de
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diff changeset
1542 sensibilibus, sufficiunt sensus proprii et exteriores, unusquisque
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diff changeset
1543 enim sensus iudicat de proprio obiecto. Similiter etiam videntur
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diff changeset
1544 sufficere ad hoc quod percipiant suos actus, quia cum actio sensus
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diff changeset
1545 sit quodammodo medium inter potentiam et obiectum, videtur quod
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diff changeset
1546 multo magis visus possit suam visionem, tanquam sibi propinquiorem,
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diff changeset
1547 percipere, quam colorem; et sic de aliis. Non ergo necessarium fuit
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diff changeset
1548 ad hoc ponere interiorem potentiam, quae dicatur sensus
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diff changeset
1549 communis.</p>
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diff changeset
1550 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31703"><span class=
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diff changeset
1551 "ref">[31703] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1552 secundum philosophum, phantasticum et memorativum sunt passiones
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 primi sensitivi. Sed passio non dividitur contra subiectum. Ergo
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diff changeset
1554 memoria et phantasia non debent poni aliae potentiae praeter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 sensum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="31704"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 "ref">[31704] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 intellectus minus dependet a sensu, quam quaecumque potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 sensitivae partis. Sed intellectus nihil cognoscit nisi accipiendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 a sensu, unde dicitur in I posteriorum, quod <i>quibus deest unus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 sensus, deficit una scientia</i>. Ergo multo minus debet poni una
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 potentia sensitivae partis ad percipiendum intentiones quas non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 percipit sensus, quam vocant aestimativam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="31705"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 "ref">[31705] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 cogitativae, qui est conferre et componere et dividere, et actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 reminiscitivae, qui est quodam syllogismo uti ad inquirendum, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 minus distant ab actu aestimativae et memorativae, quam actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 aestimativae ab actu phantasiae. Debent ergo vel cogitativa et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 reminiscitiva poni aliae vires praeter aestimativam et memorativam;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 vel aestimativa et memorativa non debent poni aliae vires praeter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 phantasiam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 arg. 6"><a name="31706"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 "ref">[31706] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 Augustinus, XII super Gen. ad Litt., ponit tria genera visionum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 scilicet corporalem, quae fit per sensum; et spiritualem, quae fit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 per imaginationem sive phantasiam; et intellectualem, quae fit per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 intellectum. Non est ergo aliqua vis interior quae sit media inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 sensum et intellectum, nisi imaginativa tantum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31707"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 "ref">[31707] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 quod Avicenna, in suo libro de anima, ponit quinque potentias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 sensitivas interiores, scilicet sensum communem, phantasiam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 imaginativam, aestimativam, et memorativam.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 co."><a name="31708"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 "ref">[31708] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 quod, cum natura non deficiat in necessariis, oportet esse tot
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 actiones animae sensitivae, quot sufficiant ad vitam animalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 perfecti. Et quaecumque harum actionum non possunt reduci in unum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 principium, requirunt diversas potentias, cum potentia animae nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 aliud sit quam proximum principium operationis animae. Est autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 considerandum quod ad vitam animalis perfecti requiritur quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 solum apprehendat rem apud praesentiam sensibilis, sed etiam apud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 eius absentiam. Alioquin, cum animalis motus et actio sequantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 apprehensionem, non moveretur animal ad inquirendum aliquid absens;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 cuius contrarium apparet maxime in animalibus perfectis, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 moventur motu processivo; moventur enim ad aliquid absens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 apprehensum. Oportet ergo quod animal per animam sensitivam non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 solum recipiat species sensibilium, cum praesentialiter immutatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 ab eis; sed etiam eas retineat et conservet. Recipere autem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 retinere reducuntur in corporalibus ad diversa principia, nam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 humida bene recipiunt, et male retinent; e contrario autem est de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 siccis. Unde, cum potentia sensitiva sit actus organi corporalis,
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diff changeset
1604 oportet esse aliam potentiam quae recipiat species sensibilium, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 quae conservet. Rursus considerandum est quod, si animal moveretur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 solum propter delectabile et contristabile secundum sensum, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 esset necessarium ponere in animali nisi apprehensionem formarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 quas percipit sensus, in quibus delectatur aut horret. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 necessarium est animali ut quaerat aliqua vel fugiat, non solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 quia sunt convenientia vel non convenientia ad sentiendum, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 etiam propter aliquas alias commoditates et utilitates, sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 nocumenta, sicut ovis videns lupum venientem fugit, non propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 indecentiam coloris vel figurae, sed quasi inimicum naturae; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 similiter avis colligit paleam, non quia delectet sensum, sed quia
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diff changeset
1615 est utilis ad nidificandum. Necessarium est ergo animali quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 percipiat huiusmodi intentiones, quas non percipit sensus exterior.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 Et huius perceptionis oportet esse aliquod aliud principium, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 perceptio formarum sensibilium sit ex immutatione sensibilis, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 autem perceptio intentionum praedictarum. Sic ergo ad receptionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 formarum sensibilium ordinatur sensus proprius et communis, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 quorum distinctione post dicetur. Ad harum autem formarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 retentionem aut conservationem ordinatur phantasia, sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 imaginatio, quae idem sunt, est enim phantasia sive imaginatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 quasi thesaurus quidam formarum per sensum acceptarum. Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 apprehendendum autem intentiones quae per sensum non accipiuntur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 ordinatur vis aestimativa. Ad conservandum autem eas, vis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 memorativa, quae est thesaurus quidam huiusmodi intentionum. Cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 signum est, quod principium memorandi fit in animalibus ex aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 huiusmodi intentione, puta quod est nocivum vel conveniens. Et ipsa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 ratio praeteriti, quam attendit memoria, inter huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 intentiones computatur. Considerandum est autem quod, quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 formas sensibiles, non est differentia inter hominem et alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 animalia, similiter enim immutantur a sensibilibus exterioribus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 Sed quantum ad intentiones praedictas, differentia est, nam alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 animalia percipiunt huiusmodi intentiones solum naturali quodam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 instinctu, homo autem etiam per quandam collationem. Et ideo quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 in aliis animalibus dicitur aestimativa naturalis, in homine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 dicitur cogitativa, quae per collationem quandam huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 intentiones adinvenit. Unde etiam dicitur ratio particularis, cui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 medici assignant determinatum organum, scilicet mediam partem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 capitis, est enim collativa intentionum individualium, sicut ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 intellectiva intentionum universalium. Ex parte autem memorativae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 non solum habet memoriam, sicut cetera animalia, in subita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 recordatione praeteritorum; sed etiam reminiscentiam, quasi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 syllogistice inquirendo praeteritorum memoriam, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 individuales intentiones. Avicenna vero ponit quintam potentiam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 mediam inter aestimativam et imaginativam, quae componit et dividit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 formas imaginatas; ut patet cum ex forma imaginata auri et forma
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 imaginata montis componimus unam formam montis aurei, quem nunquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 vidimus. Sed ista operatio non apparet in aliis animalibus ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 homine, in quo ad hoc sufficit virtus imaginativa. Cui etiam hanc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 actionem attribuit Averroes, in libro quodam quem fecit de sensu et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 sensibilibus. Et sic non est necesse ponere nisi quatuor vires
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 interiores sensitivae partis, scilicet sensum communem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 imaginationem, aestimativam et memorativam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31709"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 "ref">[31709] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 dicendum quod sensus interior non dicitur communis per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 praedicationem, sicut genus; sed sicut communis radix et principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 exteriorum sensuum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31710"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 "ref">[31710] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 dicendum quod sensus proprius iudicat de sensibili proprio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 discernendo ipsum ab aliis quae cadunt sub eodem sensu, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 discernendo album a nigro vel a viridi. Sed discernere album a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 dulci non potest neque visus neque gustus, quia oportet quod qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 inter aliqua discernit, utrumque cognoscat. Unde oportet ad sensum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 communem pertinere discretionis iudicium, ad quem referantur, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 ad communem terminum, omnes apprehensiones sensuum; a quo etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 percipiantur intentiones sensuum, sicut cum aliquis videt se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 videre. Hoc enim non potest fieri per sensum proprium, qui non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 cognoscit nisi formam sensibilis a quo immutatur; in qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 immutatione perficitur visio, et ex qua immutatione sequitur alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 immutatio in sensu communi, qui visionem percipit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31711"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 "ref">[31711] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 dicendum quod, sicut una potentia oritur ab anima, alia mediante,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 ut supra dictum est; ita etiam anima subiicitur alii potentiae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 mediante alia. Et secundum hunc modum, phantasticum et memorativum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 dicuntur passiones primi sensitivi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="31712"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 "ref">[31712] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 dicendum quod, licet intellectus operatio oriatur a sensu, tamen in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 re apprehensa per sensum intellectus multa cognoscit quae sensus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 percipere non potest. Et similiter aestimativa, licet inferiori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 modo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="31713"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 "ref">[31713] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 dicendum quod illam eminentiam habet cogitativa et memorativa in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 homine, non per id quod est proprium sensitivae partis; sed per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 aliquam affinitatem et propinquitatem ad rationem universalem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 secundum quandam refluentiam. Et ideo non sunt aliae vires, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 eaedem, perfectiores quam sint in aliis animalibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 <p title="I q. 78 a. 4 ad 6"><a name="31714"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 "ref">[31714] I&ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 quod Augustinus spiritualem visionem dicit esse, quae fit per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 similitudines corporum in absentia corporum. Unde patet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 communis est omnibus interioribus apprehensionibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 <div class="D">Quaestio 79</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 <p title="I q. 79 pr."><a name="31715"><span class="ref">[31715]
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 I&ordf; q. 79 pr.</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de potentiis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 intellectivis. Circa quod quaeruntur tredecim. Primo, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 intellectus sit potentia animae, vel eius essentia. Secundo, si est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 potentia, utrum sit potentia passiva. Tertio, si est potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 passiva, utrum sit ponere aliquem intellectum agentem. Quarto,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 utrum sit aliquid animae. Quinto, utrum intellectus agens sit unus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 omnium. Sexto, utrum memoria sit in intellectu. Septimo, utrum sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 alia potentia ab intellectu. Octavo, utrum ratio sit alia potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 ab intellectu. Nono, utrum ratio superior et inferior sint diversae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 potentiae. Decimo, utrum intelligentia sit alia potentia praeter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 intellectum. Undecimo, utrum intellectus speculativus et practicus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 sint diversae potentiae. Duodecimo, utrum synderesis sit aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 potentia intellectivae partis. Tertiodecimo, utrum conscientia sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 aliqua potentia intellectivae partis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 <p title="I q. 79 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31716"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 "ref">[31716] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus non sit aliqua potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 animae, sed sit ipsa eius essentia. Intellectus idem enim videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 esse quod mens. Sed mens non est potentia animae sed essentia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 dicit enim Augustinus, IX de Trin., <i>mens et spiritus non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 relative dicuntur, sed essentiam demonstrant</i>. Ergo intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 est ipsa essentia animae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 <p title="I q. 79 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31717"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 "ref">[31717] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 diversa genera potentiarum animae non uniuntur in aliqua potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 una, sed in sola essentia animae. Appetitivum autem et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 intellectivum sunt diversa genera potentiarum animae, ut dicitur in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 II de anima; conveniunt autem in mente, quia Augustinus, X de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 Trin., ponit intelligentiam et voluntatem in mente. Ergo mens et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 intellectus est ipsa essentia animae, et non aliqua eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 potentia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 <p title="I q. 79 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31718"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 "ref">[31718] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 secundum Gregorium, in homilia ascensionis, homo intelligit cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 Angelis. Sed Angeli dicuntur mentes et intellectus. Ergo mens et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 intellectus hominis non est aliqua potentia animae, sed ipsa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 anima.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 <p title="I q. 79 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="31719"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 "ref">[31719] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 hoc convenit alicui substantiae quod sit intellectiva, quia est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 immaterialis. Sed anima est immaterialis per suam essentiam. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 videtur quod anima per suam essentiam sit intellectiva.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 <p title="I q. 79 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31720"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 "ref">[31720] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 quod philosophus ponit intellectivum potentiam animae, ut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 II de anima.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 <p title="I q. 79 a. 1 co."><a name="31721"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 "ref">[31721] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 quod necesse est dicere, secundum praemissa, quod intellectus sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 aliqua potentia animae, et non ipsa animae essentia. Tunc enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 solum immediatum principium operationis est ipsa essentia rei
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 operantis, quando ipsa operatio est eius esse, sicut enim potentia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 se habet ad operationem ut ad suum actum, ita se habet essentia ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 esse. In solo Deo autem idem est intelligere quod suum esse. Unde
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 in solo Deo intellectus est eius essentia, in aliis autem creaturis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 intellectualibus intellectus est quaedam potentia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 intelligentis.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 <p title="I q. 79 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31722"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 "ref">[31722] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 dicendum quod sensus accipitur aliquando pro potentia, aliquando
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 vero pro ipsa anima sensitiva, denominatur enim anima sensitiva
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 nomine principalioris suae potentiae, quae est sensus. Et similiter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 anima intellectiva quandoque nominatur nomine intellectus, quasi a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 principaliori sua virtute; sicut dicitur in I de anima, quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 intellectus est substantia quaedam. Et etiam hoc modo Augustinus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 dicit quod mens est spiritus, vel essentia.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 <p title="I q. 79 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31723"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 "ref">[31723] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 dicendum quod appetitivum et intellectivum sunt diversa genera
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 potentiarum animae, secundum diversas rationes obiectorum. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 appetitivum partim convenit cum intellectivo, et partim cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 sensitivo, quantum ad modum operandi per organum corporale, vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 sine huiusmodi organo, nam appetitus sequitur apprehensionem. Et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 secundum hoc Augustinus ponit voluntatem in mente, et philosophus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 in ratione.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 <p title="I q. 79 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31724"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 "ref">[31724] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 dicendum quod in Angelis non est alia vis nisi intellectiva, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 voluntas, quae ad intellectum consequitur. Et propter hoc Angelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 dicitur mens vel intellectus, quia tota virtus sua in hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 consistit. Anima autem habet multas alias vires, sicut sensitivas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 et nutritivas, et ideo non est simile.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 <p title="I q. 79 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31725"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 "ref">[31725] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 dicendum quod ipsa immaterialitas substantiae intelligentis creatae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 non est eius intellectus; sed ex immaterialitate habet virtutem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 intelligendum. Unde non oportet quod intellectus sit substantia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 animae, sed eius virtus et potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 <p title="I q. 79 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31726"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 "ref">[31726] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus non sit potentia passiva.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 Patitur enim unumquodque secundum materiam; sed agit ratione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 formae. Sed virtus intellectiva consequitur immaterialitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 substantiae intelligentis. Ergo videtur quod intellectus non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 potentia passiva.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 <p title="I q. 79 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31727"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 "ref">[31727] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 potentia intellectiva est incorruptibilis, ut supra dictum est. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 intellectus si est passivus, est corruptibilis, ut dicitur in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 de anima. Ergo potentia intellectiva non est passiva.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 <p title="I q. 79 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31728"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 "ref">[31728] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, agens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 est nobilius patiente, ut dicit Augustinus XII super Gen. ad Litt.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 et Aristoteles in III de anima. Potentiae autem vegetativae partis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 omnes sunt activae, quae tamen sunt infimae inter potentias animae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 Ergo multo magis potentiae intellectivae, quae sunt supremae, omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 sunt activae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 <p title="I q. 79 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31729"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 "ref">[31729] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 quod philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod <i>intelligere est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 pati quoddam</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 <p title="I q. 79 a. 2 co."><a name="31730"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 "ref">[31730] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 quod pati tripliciter dicitur. Uno modo, propriissime, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 quando aliquid removetur ab eo quod convenit sibi secundum naturam,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 aut secundum propriam inclinationem; sicut cum aqua frigiditatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 amittit per calefactionem, et cum homo aegrotat aut tristatur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 Secundo modo, minus proprie dicitur aliquis pati ex eo quod aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 ab ipso abiicitur, sive sit ei conveniens, sive non conveniens. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 secundum hoc dicitur pati non solum qui aegrotat, sed etiam qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 sanatur; non solum qui tristatur, sed etiam qui laetatur; vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 quocumque modo aliquis alteretur vel moveatur. Tertio modo, dicitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 aliquid pati communiter, ex hoc solo quod id quod est in potentia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 ad aliquid, recipit illud ad quod erat in potentia, absque hoc quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 aliquid abiiciatur. Secundum quem modum, omne quod exit de potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 in actum, potest dici pati, etiam cum perficitur. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 intelligere nostrum est pati. Quod quidem hac ratione apparet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 Intellectus enim, sicut supra dictum est, habet operationem circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 ens in universali. Considerari ergo potest utrum intellectus sit in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 actu vel potentia, ex hoc quod consideratur quomodo intellectus se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 habeat ad ens universale. Invenitur enim aliquis intellectus qui ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 ens universale se habet sicut actus totius entis, et talis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 intellectus divinus, qui est Dei essentia, in qua originaliter et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 virtualiter totum ens praeexistit sicut in prima causa. Et ideo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 intellectus divinus non est in potentia, sed est actus purus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 Nullus autem intellectus creatus potest se habere ut actus respectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 totius entis universalis, quia sic oporteret quod esset ens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 infinitum. Unde omnis intellectus creatus, per hoc ipsum quod est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 non est actus omnium intelligibilium, sed comparatur ad ipsa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 intelligibilia sicut potentia ad actum. Potentia autem dupliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 se habet ad actum. Est enim quaedam potentia quae semper est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 perfecta per actum; sicut diximus de materia corporum caelestium.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 Quaedam autem potentia est, quae non semper est in actu, sed de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 potentia procedit in actum; sicut invenitur in generabilibus et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 corruptibilibus. Intellectus igitur angelicus semper est in actu
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 suorum intelligibilium, propter propinquitatem ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 intellectum, qui est actus purus, ut supra dictum est. Intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 autem humanus, qui est infimus in ordine intellectuum, et maxime
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 remotus a perfectione divini intellectus, est in potentia respectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 intelligibilium, et in principio est sicut tabula rasa in qua nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 est scriptum, ut philosophus dicit in III de anima. Quod manifeste
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 apparet ex hoc, quod in principio sumus intelligentes solum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 potentia, postmodum autem efficimur intelligentes in actu. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 igitur patet quod intelligere nostrum est quoddam pati, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 tertium modum passionis. Et per consequens intellectus est potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 passiva.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 <p title="I q. 79 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31731"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 "ref">[31731] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de primo et secundo modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 passionis, qui sunt proprii materiae primae. Tertius autem modus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 passionis est cuiuscumque in potentia existentis quod in actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 reducitur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 <p title="I q. 79 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31732"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 "ref">[31732] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 dicendum quod intellectus passivus secundum quosdam dicitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 appetitus sensitivus, in quo sunt animae passiones; qui etiam in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 Ethic. dicitur rationalis per participationem, quia obedit rationi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 Secundum alios autem intellectus passivus dicitur virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 cogitativa, quae nominatur ratio particularis. Et utroque modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 passivum accipi potest secundum primos duos modos passionis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 inquantum talis intellectus sic dictus, est actus alicuius organi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 corporalis. Sed intellectus qui est in potentia ad intelligibilia,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 quem Aristoteles ob hoc nominat intellectum possibilem, non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 passivus nisi tertio modo, quia non est actus organi corporalis. Et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 ideo est incorruptibilis.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 <p title="I q. 79 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31733"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 "ref">[31733] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 dicendum quod agens est nobilius patiente, si ad idem actio et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 passio referantur, non autem semper, si ad diversa. Intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 autem est vis passiva respectu totius entis universalis.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 Vegetativum autem est activum respectu cuiusdam entis particularis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 scilicet corporis coniuncti. Unde nihil prohibet huiusmodi passivum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1889 esse nobilius tali activo.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 <p title="I q. 79 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31734"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 "ref">[31734] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1894 proceditur. Videtur quod non sit ponere intellectum agentem. Sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1895 enim se habet sensus ad sensibilia, ita se habet intellectus noster
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1896 ad intelligibilia. Sed quia sensus est in potentia ad sensibilia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 non ponitur sensus agens, sed sensus patiens tantum. Ergo, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 intellectus noster sit in potentia ad intelligibilia, videtur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 non debeat poni intellectus agens, sed possibilis tantum.</p>
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diff changeset
1900 <p title="I q. 79 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31735"><span class=
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diff changeset
1901 "ref">[31735] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
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diff changeset
1902 dicatur quod in sensu etiam est aliquod agens, sicut lumen, contra,
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diff changeset
1903 lumen requiritur ad visum inquantum facit medium lucidum in actu,
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diff changeset
1904 nam color ipse secundum se est motivus lucidi. Sed in operatione
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diff changeset
1905 intellectus non ponitur aliquod medium quod necesse sit fieri in
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1906 actu. Ergo non est necessarium ponere intellectum agentem.</p>
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diff changeset
1907 <p title="I q. 79 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31736"><span class=
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diff changeset
1908 "ref">[31736] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1909 similitudo agentis recipitur in patiente secundum modum patientis.
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diff changeset
1910 Sed intellectus possibilis est virtus immaterialis. Ergo
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diff changeset
1911 immaterialitas eius sufficit ad hoc quod recipiantur in eo formae
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diff changeset
1912 immaterialiter. Sed ex hoc ipso aliqua forma est intelligibilis in
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diff changeset
1913 actu, quod est immaterialis. Ergo nulla necessitas est ponere
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diff changeset
1914 intellectum agentem, ad hoc quod faciat species intelligibiles in
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diff changeset
1915 actu.</p>
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diff changeset
1916 <p title="I q. 79 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31737"><span class=
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diff changeset
1917 "ref">[31737] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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diff changeset
1918 quod philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod <i>sicut in omni
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diff changeset
1919 natura ita et in anima est aliquid quo est omnia fieri, et aliquid
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diff changeset
1920 quo est omnia facere</i>. Est ergo ponere intellectum agentem.</p>
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diff changeset
1921 <p title="I q. 79 a. 3 co."><a name="31738"><span class=
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diff changeset
1922 "ref">[31738] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
1923 quod, secundum opinionem Platonis, nulla necessitas erat ponere
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diff changeset
1924 intellectum agentem ad faciendum intelligibilia in actu; sed forte
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diff changeset
1925 ad praebendum lumen intelligibile intelligenti, ut infra dicetur.
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diff changeset
1926 Posuit enim Plato formas rerum naturalium sine materia subsistere,
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diff changeset
1927 et per consequens eas intelligibiles esse, quia ex hoc est aliquid
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diff changeset
1928 intelligibile actu, quod est immateriale. Et huiusmodi vocabat
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diff changeset
1929 species, sive ideas, ex quarum participatione dicebat etiam
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diff changeset
1930 materiam corporalem formari, ad hoc quod individua naturaliter
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diff changeset
1931 constituerentur in propriis generibus et speciebus; et intellectus
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diff changeset
1932 nostros, ad hoc quod de generibus et speciebus rerum scientiam
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1933 haberent. Sed quia Aristoteles non posuit formas rerum naturalium
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1934 subsistere sine materia; formae autem in materia existentes non
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diff changeset
1935 sunt intelligibiles actu, sequebatur quod naturae seu formae rerum
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1936 sensibilium, quas intelligimus, non essent intelligibiles actu.
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diff changeset
1937 Nihil autem reducitur de potentia in actum, nisi per aliquod ens
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diff changeset
1938 actu, sicut sensus fit in actu per sensibile in actu. Oportebat
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diff changeset
1939 igitur ponere aliquam virtutem ex parte intellectus, quae faceret
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diff changeset
1940 intelligibilia in actu, per abstractionem specierum a conditionibus
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diff changeset
1941 materialibus. Et haec est necessitas ponendi intellectum
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diff changeset
1942 agentem.</p>
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diff changeset
1943 <p title="I q. 79 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31739"><span class=
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diff changeset
1944 "ref">[31739] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
1945 dicendum quod sensibilia inveniuntur actu extra animam, et ideo non
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diff changeset
1946 oportuit ponere sensum agentem. Et sic patet quod in parte
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1947 nutritiva omnes potentiae sunt activae; in parte autem sensitiva,
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1948 omnes passivae; in parte vero intellectiva est aliquid activum, et
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diff changeset
1949 aliquid passivum.</p>
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diff changeset
1950 <p title="I q. 79 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31740"><span class=
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diff changeset
1951 "ref">[31740] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1952 dicendum quod circa effectum luminis est duplex opinio. Quidam enim
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1953 dicunt quod lumen requiritur ad visum, ut faciat colores actu
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diff changeset
1954 visibiles. Et secundum hoc, similiter requiritur, et propter idem,
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diff changeset
1955 intellectus agens ad intelligendum, propter quod lumen ad videndum.
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1956 Secundum alios vero, lumen requiritur ad videndum, non propter
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diff changeset
1957 colores, ut fiant actu visibiles; sed ut medium fiat actu lucidum,
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diff changeset
1958 ut Commentator dicit in II de anima. Et secundum hoc, similitudo
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diff changeset
1959 qua Aristoteles assimilat intellectum agentem lumini, attenditur
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diff changeset
1960 quantum ad hoc, quod sicut hoc est necessarium ad videndum, ita
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diff changeset
1961 illud ad intelligendum; sed non propter idem.</p>
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diff changeset
1962 <p title="I q. 79 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31741"><span class=
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diff changeset
1963 "ref">[31741] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1964 dicendum quod, supposito agente, bene contingit diversimode recipi
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diff changeset
1965 eius similitudinem in diversis propter eorum dispositionem
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diff changeset
1966 diversam. Sed si agens non praeexistit, nihil ad hoc faciet
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1967 dispositio recipientis. Intelligibile autem in actu non est aliquid
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1968 existens in rerum natura, quantum ad naturam rerum sensibilium,
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1969 quae non subsistunt praeter materiam. Et ideo ad intelligendum non
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diff changeset
1970 sufficeret immaterialitas intellectus possibilis, nisi adesset
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1971 intellectus agens, qui faceret intelligibilia in actu per modum
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1972 abstractionis.</p>
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diff changeset
1973 <br />
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diff changeset
1974 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
1975 <p title="I q. 79 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31742"><span class=
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diff changeset
1976 "ref">[31742] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
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diff changeset
1977 proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus agens non sit aliquid animae
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diff changeset
1978 nostrae. Intellectus enim agentis effectus est illuminare ad
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diff changeset
1979 intelligendum. Sed hoc fit per aliquid quod est altius anima;
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diff changeset
1980 secundum illud Ioan. I, <i>erat lux vera, quae illuminat omnem
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diff changeset
1981 hominem venientem in hunc mundum</i>. Ergo videtur quod intellectus
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diff changeset
1982 agens non sit aliquid animae.</p>
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diff changeset
1983 <p title="I q. 79 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31743"><span class=
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diff changeset
1984 "ref">[31743] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1985 philosophus, in III de anima, attribuit intellectui agenti quod non
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diff changeset
1986 aliquando intelligit et aliquando non intelligit. Sed anima nostra
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diff changeset
1987 non semper intelligit; sed aliquando intelligit et aliquando non
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diff changeset
1988 intelligit. Ergo intellectus agens non est aliquid animae
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diff changeset
1989 nostrae.</p>
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diff changeset
1990 <p title="I q. 79 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31744"><span class=
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diff changeset
1991 "ref">[31744] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, agens
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diff changeset
1992 et patiens sufficiunt ad agendum. Si igitur intellectus possibilis
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diff changeset
1993 est aliquid animae nostrae, qui est virtus passiva, et similiter
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diff changeset
1994 intellectus agens, qui est virtus activa; sequitur quod homo semper
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diff changeset
1995 poterit intelligere cum voluerit, quod patet esse falsum. Non est
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diff changeset
1996 ergo intellectus agens aliquid animae nostrae.</p>
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diff changeset
1997 <p title="I q. 79 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="31745"><span class=
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diff changeset
1998 "ref">[31745] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1999 philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod intellectus agens est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2000 substantia actu ens. Nihil autem est respectu eiusdem in actu et in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2001 potentia. Si ergo intellectus possibilis, qui est in potentia ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2002 omnia intelligibilia, est aliquid animae nostrae; videtur
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diff changeset
2003 impossibile quod intellectus agens sit aliquid animae nostrae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2004 <p title="I q. 79 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="31746"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2005 "ref">[31746] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, si
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diff changeset
2006 intellectus agens est aliquid animae nostrae, oportet quod sit
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diff changeset
2007 aliqua potentia. Non est enim nec passio nec habitus, nam habitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2008 et passiones non habent rationem agentis respectu passionum animae;
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diff changeset
2009 sed magis passio est ipsa actio potentiae passivae, habitus autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2010 est aliquid quod ex actibus consequitur. Omnis autem potentia fluit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2011 ab essentia animae. Sequeretur ergo quod intellectus agens ab
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diff changeset
2012 essentia animae procederet. Et sic non inesset animae per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2013 participationem ab aliquo superiori intellectu, quod est
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diff changeset
2014 inconveniens. Non ergo intellectus agens est aliquid animae
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diff changeset
2015 nostrae.</p>
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diff changeset
2016 <p title="I q. 79 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31747"><span class=
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diff changeset
2017 "ref">[31747] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2018 quod philosophus dicit, III de anima quod <i>necesse est in anima
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diff changeset
2019 has esse differentias</i>, scilicet intellectum possibilem, et
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diff changeset
2020 agentem.</p>
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diff changeset
2021 <p title="I q. 79 a. 4 co."><a name="31748"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2022 "ref">[31748] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
2023 quod intellectus agens de quo philosophus loquitur, est aliquid
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diff changeset
2024 animae. Ad cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod supra animam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 intellectivam humanam necesse est ponere aliquem superiorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 intellectum, a quo anima virtutem intelligendi obtineat. Semper
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diff changeset
2027 enim quod participat aliquid, et quod est mobile, et quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2028 imperfectum, praeexigit ante se aliquid quod est per essentiam suam
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diff changeset
2029 tale, et quod est immobile et perfectum. Anima autem humana
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 intellectiva dicitur per participationem intellectualis virtutis,
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diff changeset
2031 cuius signum est, quod non tota est intellectiva, sed secundum
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diff changeset
2032 aliquam sui partem. Pertingit etiam ad intelligentiam veritatis cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 quodam discursu et motu, arguendo. Habet etiam imperfectam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 intelligentiam, tum quia non omnia intelligit; tum quia in his quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2035 intelligit, de potentia procedit ad actum. Oportet ergo esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 aliquem altiorem intellectum, quo anima iuvetur ad intelligendum.
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diff changeset
2037 Posuerunt ergo quidam hunc intellectum secundum substantiam
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diff changeset
2038 separatum, esse intellectum agentem, qui quasi illustrando
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diff changeset
2039 phantasmata, facit ea intelligibilia actu. Sed, dato quod sit
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diff changeset
2040 aliquis talis intellectus agens separatus, nihilominus tamen
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diff changeset
2041 oportet ponere in ipsa anima humana aliquam virtutem ab illo
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diff changeset
2042 intellectu superiori participatam, per quam anima humana facit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 intelligibilia in actu. Sicut et in aliis rebus naturalibus
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diff changeset
2044 perfectis, praeter universales causas agentes, sunt propriae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 virtutes inditae singulis rebus perfectis, ab universalibus
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diff changeset
2046 agentibus derivatae, non enim solus sol generat hominem, sed est in
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diff changeset
2047 homine virtus generativa hominis; et similiter in aliis animalibus
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diff changeset
2048 perfectis. Nihil autem est perfectius in inferioribus rebus anima
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diff changeset
2049 humana. Unde oportet dicere quod in ipsa sit aliqua virtus derivata
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diff changeset
2050 a superiori intellectu, per quam possit phantasmata illustrare. Et
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diff changeset
2051 hoc experimento cognoscimus, dum percipimus nos abstrahere formas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 universales a conditionibus particularibus, quod est facere actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 intelligibilia. Nulla autem actio convenit alicui rei, nisi per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 aliquod principium formaliter ei inhaerens; ut supra dictum est,
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diff changeset
2055 cum de intellectu possibili ageretur. Ergo oportet virtutem quae
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diff changeset
2056 est principium huius actionis, esse aliquid in anima. Et ideo
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diff changeset
2057 Aristoteles comparavit intellectum agentem lumini, quod est aliquid
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diff changeset
2058 receptum in aere. Plato autem intellectum separatum imprimentem in
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diff changeset
2059 animas nostras, comparavit soli; ut Themistius dicit in commentario
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diff changeset
2060 tertii de anima. Sed intellectus separatus, secundum nostrae fidei
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diff changeset
2061 documenta, est ipse Deus, qui est creator animae, et in quo solo
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diff changeset
2062 beatificatur, ut infra patebit. Unde ab ipso anima humana lumen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 intellectuale participat, secundum illud Psalmi IV, <i>signatum est
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diff changeset
2064 super nos lumen vultus tui, domine</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
2065 <p title="I q. 79 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31749"><span class=
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diff changeset
2066 "ref">[31749] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
2067 dicendum quod illa lux vera illuminat sicut causa universalis, a
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diff changeset
2068 qua anima humana participat quandam particularem virtutem, ut
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diff changeset
2069 dictum est.</p>
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diff changeset
2070 <p title="I q. 79 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31750"><span class=
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diff changeset
2071 "ref">[31750] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
2072 dicendum quod philosophus illa verba non dicit de intellectu
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diff changeset
2073 agente, sed de intellectu in actu. Unde supra de ipso praemiserat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 idem autem est secundum actum scientia rei. Vel, si intelligatur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 intellectu agente, hoc dicitur quia non est ex parte intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 agentis hoc quod quandoque intelligimus et quandoque non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 intelligimus; sed ex parte intellectus qui est in potentia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 <p title="I q. 79 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31751"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 "ref">[31751] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 dicendum quod, si intellectus agens compararetur ad intellectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 possibilem ut obiectum agens ad potentiam, sicut visibile in actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 ad visum; sequeretur quod statim omnia intelligeremus, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 intellectus agens sit quo est omnia facere. Nunc autem non se habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 ut obiectum, sed ut faciens obiecta in actu, ad quod requiritur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 praeter praesentiam intellectus agentis, praesentia phantasmatum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 et bona dispositio virium sensitivarum, et exercitium in huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 opere; quia per unum intellectum fiunt etiam alia intellecta, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 per terminos propositiones, et per prima principia conclusiones. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 quantum ad hoc, non differt utrum intellectus agens sit aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 animae, vel aliquid separatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 <p title="I q. 79 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="31752"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 "ref">[31752] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 dicendum quod anima intellectiva est quidem actu immaterialis, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 est in potentia ad determinatas species rerum. Phantasmata autem, e
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 converso, sunt quidem actu similitudines specierum quarundam, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 sunt potentia immaterialia. Unde nihil prohibet unam et eandem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 animam, inquantum est immaterialis in actu, habere aliquam virtutem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 per quam faciat immaterialia in actu abstrahendo a conditionibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 individualis materiae, quae quidem virtus dicitur intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 agens; et aliam virtutem receptivam huiusmodi specierum, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 dicitur intellectus possibilis, inquantum est in potentia ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 huiusmodi species.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 <p title="I q. 79 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="31753"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 "ref">[31753] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 dicendum quod, cum essentia animae sit immaterialis, a supremo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 intellectu creata, nihil prohibet virtutem quae a supremo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 intellectu participatur, per quam abstrahit a materia, ab essentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 ipsius procedere, sicut et alias eius potentias.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 <p title="I q. 79 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="31754"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 "ref">[31754] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
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diff changeset
2113 proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus agens sit unus in omnibus.
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diff changeset
2114 Nihil enim quod est separatum a corpore, multiplicatur secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 multiplicationem corporum. Sed intellectus agens est separatus, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 dicitur in III de anima. Ergo non multiplicatur in multis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 corporibus hominum, sed est unus in omnibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 <p title="I q. 79 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="31755"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 "ref">[31755] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 intellectus agens facit universale, quod est unum in multis. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 illud quod est causa unitatis, magis est unum. Ergo intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 agens est unus in omnibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 <p title="I q. 79 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="31756"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 "ref">[31756] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 homines conveniunt in primis conceptionibus intellectus. His autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 assentiunt per intellectum agentem. Ergo conveniunt omnes in uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 intellectu agente.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 <p title="I q. 79 a. 5 s. c."><a name="31757"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 "ref">[31757] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 quod philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod intellectus agens est
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diff changeset
2131 sicut lumen. Non autem est idem lumen in diversis illuminatis. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 non est idem intellectus agens in diversis hominibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 <p title="I q. 79 a. 5 co."><a name="31758"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 "ref">[31758] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 quod veritas huius quaestionis dependet ex praemissis. Si enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 intellectus agens non esset aliquid animae, sed esset quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 substantia separata, unus esset intellectus agens omnium hominum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 Et hoc intelligunt qui ponunt unitatem intellectus agentis. Si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 autem intellectus agens sit aliquid animae, ut quaedam virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 ipsius, necesse est dicere quod sint plures intellectus agentes,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 secundum pluralitatem animarum, quae multiplicantur secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 multiplicationem hominum, ut supra dictum est. Non enim potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 quod una et eadem virtus numero sit diversarum substantiarum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 <p title="I q. 79 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="31759"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 "ref">[31759] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 dicendum quod philosophus probat intellectum agentem esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 separatum, per hoc quod possibilis est separatus; quia, ut ipse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 dicit, agens est honorabilius patiente. Intellectus autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 possibilis dicitur separatus, quia non est actus alicuius organi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 corporalis. Et secundum hunc modum etiam intellectus agens dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 separatus, non quasi sit aliqua substantia separata.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 <p title="I q. 79 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="31760"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 "ref">[31760] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 dicendum quod intellectus agens causat universale abstrahendo a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 materia. Ad hoc autem non requiritur quod sit unus in omnibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 habentibus intellectum, sed quod sit unus in omnibus secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 habitudinem ad omnia a quibus abstrahit universale, respectu quorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 universale est unum. Et hoc competit intellectui agenti inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 est immaterialis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 <p title="I q. 79 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="31761"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 "ref">[31761] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
2162 dicendum quod omnia quae sunt unius speciei, communicant in actione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 consequente naturam speciei, et per consequens in virtute, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 actionis principium, non quod sit eadem numero in omnibus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 Cognoscere autem prima intelligibilia est actio consequens speciem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 humanam. Unde oportet quod omnes homines communicent in virtute
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 quae est principium huius actionis, et haec est virtus intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 agentis. Non tamen oportet quod sit eadem numero in omnibus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 Oportet tamen quod ab uno principio in omnibus derivetur. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 illa communicatio hominum in primis intelligibilibus, demonstrat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 unitatem intellectus separati, quem Plato comparat soli; non autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 unitatem intellectus agentis, quem Aristoteles comparat lumini.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 <p title="I q. 79 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="31762"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 "ref">[31762] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 proceditur. Videtur quod memoria non sit in parte intellectiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 animae. Dicit enim Augustinus, XII de Trin., quod ad partem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 superiorem animae pertinent quae non sunt hominibus pecoribusque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 communia. Sed memoria est hominibus pecoribusque communis, dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 enim ibidem quod <i>possunt pecora sentire per corporis sensus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 corporalia, et ea mandare memoriae</i>. Ergo memoria non pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 ad partem animae intellectivam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 <p title="I q. 79 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="31763"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 "ref">[31763] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 memoria praeteritorum est. Sed praeteritum dicitur secundum aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 determinatum tempus. Memoria igitur est cognoscitiva alicuius sub
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 determinato tempore; quod est cognoscere aliquid sub hic et nunc.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 Hoc autem non est intellectus, sed sensus. Memoria igitur non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 in parte intellectiva, sed solum in parte sensitiva.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 <p title="I q. 79 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="31764"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 "ref">[31764] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 memoria conservantur species rerum quae actu non cogitantur. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 hoc non est possibile accidere in intellectu, quia intellectus fit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 in actu per hoc quod informatur specie intelligibili; intellectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 autem esse in actu, est ipsum intelligere in actu; et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 intellectus omnia intelligit in actu, quorum species apud se habet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 Non ergo memoria est in parte intellectiva.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 <p title="I q. 79 a. 6 s. c."><a name="31765"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 "ref">[31765] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 quod Augustinus dicit, X de Trin., quod <i>memoria, intelligentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 et voluntas sunt una mens</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 <p title="I q. 79 a. 6 co."><a name="31766"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 "ref">[31766] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 quod, cum de ratione memoriae sit conservare species rerum quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 actu non apprehenduntur, hoc primum considerari oportet, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 species intelligibiles sic in intellectu conservari possint. Posuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 enim Avicenna hoc esse impossibile. In parte enim sensitiva dicebat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 hoc accidere, quantum ad aliquas potentias, inquantum sunt actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 organorum corporalium, in quibus conservari possunt aliquae species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 absque actuali apprehensione. In intellectu autem, qui caret organo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 corporali, nihil existit nisi intelligibiliter. Unde oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 intelligi in actu illud cuius similitudo in intellectu existit. Sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 ergo, secundum ipsum, quam cito aliquis actu desinit intelligere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 aliquam rem, desinit esse illius rei species in intellectu, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 oportet, si denuo vult illam rem intelligere, quod convertat se ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 intellectum agentem, quem ponit substantiam separatam, ut ab illo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 effluant species intelligibiles in intellectum possibilem. Et ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 exercitio et usu convertendi se ad intellectum agentem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 relinquitur, secundum ipsum, quaedam habilitas in intellectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 possibili convertendi se ad intellectum agentem, quam dicebat esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 habitum scientiae. Secundum igitur hanc positionem, nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 conservatur in parte intellectiva, quod non actu intelligatur. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 non poterit poni memoria in parte intellectiva, secundum hunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 modum. Sed haec opinio manifeste repugnat dictis Aristotelis. Dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 enim, in III de anima, quod, cum intellectus possibilis <i>sic fiat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 singula ut sciens, dicitur qui secundum actum; et quod hoc accidit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 cum possit operari per seipsum. Est quidem igitur et tunc potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 quodammodo; non tamen similiter ut ante addiscere aut invenire</i>.
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diff changeset
2230 Dicitur autem intellectus possibilis fieri singula, secundum quod
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diff changeset
2231 recipit species singulorum. Ex hoc ergo quod recipit species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 intelligibilium, habet quod possit operari cum voluerit, non autem
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diff changeset
2233 quod semper operetur, quia et tunc est quodammodo in potentia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 licet aliter quam ante intelligere; eo scilicet modo quo sciens in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 habitu est in potentia ad considerandum in actu. Repugnat etiam
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diff changeset
2236 praedicta positio rationi. Quod enim recipitur in aliquo, recipitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 in eo secundum modum recipientis. Intellectus autem est magis
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diff changeset
2238 stabilis naturae et immobilis, quam materia corporalis. Si ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 materia corporalis formas quas recipit, non solum tenet dum per eas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 agit in actu, sed etiam postquam agere per eas cessaverit; multo
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diff changeset
2241 fortius intellectus immobiliter et inamissibiliter recipit species
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diff changeset
2242 intelligibiles, sive a sensibilibus acceptas, sive etiam ab aliquo
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diff changeset
2243 superiori intellectu effluxas. Sic igitur, si memoria accipiatur
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diff changeset
2244 solum pro vi conservativa specierum, oportet dicere memoriam esse
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diff changeset
2245 in intellectiva parte. Si vero de ratione memoriae sit quod eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 obiectum sit praeteritum, ut praeteritum; memoria in parte
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 intellectiva non erit, sed sensitiva tantum, quae est apprehensiva
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 particularium. Praeteritum enim, ut praeteritum, cum significet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 esse sub determinato tempore, ad conditionem particularis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 pertinet.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 <p title="I q. 79 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="31767"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 "ref">[31767] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 dicendum quod memoria, secundum quod est conservativa specierum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 non est nobis pecoribusque communis. Species enim conservantur non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 in parte animae sensitiva tantum, sed magis in coniuncto; cum vis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 memorativa sit actus organi cuiusdam. Sed intellectus secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 seipsum est conservativus specierum, praeter concomitantiam organi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 corporalis. Unde philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod <i>anima
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 est locus specierum, non tota, sed intellectus</i>.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 <p title="I q. 79 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="31768"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 "ref">[31768] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 dicendum quod praeteritio potest ad duo referri, scilicet ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 obiectum quod cognoscitur; et ad cognitionis actum. Quae quidem duo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 simul coniunguntur in parte sensitiva, quae est apprehensiva
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 alicuius per hoc quod immutatur a praesenti sensibili, unde simul
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 animal memoratur se prius sensisse in praeterito, et se sensisse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 quoddam praeteritum sensibile. Sed quantum ad partem intellectivam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 pertinet, praeteritio accidit, et non per se convenit, ex parte
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 obiecti intellectus. Intelligit enim intellectus hominem, inquantum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 est homo, homini autem, inquantum est homo, accidit vel in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 praesenti vel in praeterito vel in futuro esse. Ex parte vero
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 actus, praeteritio per se accipi potest etiam in intellectu, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 in sensu. Quia intelligere animae nostrae est quidam particularis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 actus, in hoc vel in illo tempore existens, secundum quod dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 homo intelligere nunc vel heri vel cras. Et hoc non repugnat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 intellectualitati, quia huiusmodi intelligere, quamvis sit quoddam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 particulare, tamen est immaterialis actus, ut supra de intellectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 dictum est; et ideo sicut intelligit seipsum intellectus, quamvis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 ipse sit quidam singularis intellectus, ita intelligit suum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 intelligere, quod est singularis actus vel in praeterito vel in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 praesenti vel in futuro existens. Sic igitur salvatur ratio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 memoriae, quantum ad hoc quod est praeteritorum, in intellectu,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 secundum quod intelligit se prius intellexisse, non autem secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 quod intelligit praeteritum, prout est hic et nunc.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 <p title="I q. 79 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="31769"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 "ref">[31769] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 dicendum quod species intelligibilis aliquando est in intellectu in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 potentia tantum, et tunc dicitur intellectus esse in potentia.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 Aliquando autem secundum ultimam completionem actus, et tunc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 intelligit actu. Aliquando medio modo se habet inter potentiam et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 actum, et tunc dicitur esse intellectus in habitu. Et secundum hunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 modum intellectus conservat species, etiam quando actu non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 intelligit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 <p title="I q. 79 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="31770"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 "ref">[31770] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 proceditur. Videtur quod alia potentia sit memoria intellectiva, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 alia intellectus. Augustinus enim, in X de Trin., ponit in mente
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 memoriam, intelligentiam et voluntatem. Manifestum est autem quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 memoria est alia potentia a voluntate. Ergo similiter est alia ab
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 intellectu.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 <p title="I q. 79 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="31771"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 "ref">[31771] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, eadem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 ratio distinctionis est potentiarum sensitivae partis et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 intellectivae. Sed memoria in parte sensitiva est alia potentia a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 sensu, ut supra dictum est. Ergo memoria partis intellectivae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 alia potentia ab intellectu.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 <p title="I q. 79 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="31772"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 "ref">[31772] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 secundum Augustinum, memoria, intelligentia et voluntas sunt sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 invicem aequalia, et unum eorum ab alio oritur. Hoc autem esse non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 posset, si memoria esset eadem potentia cum intellectu. Non est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 ergo eadem potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 <p title="I q. 79 a. 7 s. c."><a name="31773"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 "ref">[31773] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 ratione memoriae est, quod sit thesaurus vel locus conservativus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 specierum. Hoc autem philosophus, in III de anima, attribuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 intellectui, ut dictum est. Non ergo in parte intellectiva est alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 potentia memoria ab intellectu.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 <p title="I q. 79 a. 7 co."><a name="31774"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 "ref">[31774] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 quod, sicut supra dictum est, potentiae animae distinguuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 secundum diversas rationes obiectorum; eo quod ratio cuiuslibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 potentiae consistit in ordine ad id ad quod dicitur, quod est eius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 obiectum. Dictum est etiam supra quod, si aliqua potentia secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 propriam rationem ordinetur ad aliquod obiectum secundum communem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 rationem obiecti, non diversificabitur illa potentia secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 diversitates particularium differentiarum, sicut potentia visiva,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 quae respicit suum obiectum secundum rationem colorati, non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 diversificatur per diversitatem albi et nigri. Intellectus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 respicit suum obiectum secundum communem rationem entis; eo quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 intellectus possibilis est quo est omnia fieri. Unde secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 nullam differentiam entium, diversificatur differentia intellectus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 possibilis. Diversificatur tamen potentia intellectus agentis, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 intellectus possibilis, quia respectu eiusdem obiecti, aliud
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 principium oportet esse potentiam activam, quae facit obiectum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 in actu; et aliud potentiam passivam, quae movetur ab obiecto in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 actu existente. Et sic potentia activa comparatur ad suum obiectum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 ut ens in actu ad ens in potentia, potentia autem passiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 comparatur ad suum obiectum e converso, ut ens in potentia ad ens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 in actu. Sic igitur nulla alia differentia potentiarum in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 intellectu esse potest, nisi possibilis et agentis. Unde patet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 memoria non est alia potentia ab intellectu, ad rationem enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 potentiae passivae pertinet conservare, sicut et recipere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 <p title="I q. 79 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="31775"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 "ref">[31775] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 dicendum quod, quamvis in III dist. I Sent. dicatur quod memoria,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 intelligentia et voluntas sint tres vires; tamen hoc non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 secundum intentionem Augustini, qui expresse dicit in XIV de Trin.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 quod <i>si accipiatur memoria, intelligentia et voluntas, secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 quod semper praesto sunt animae, sive cogitentur sive non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 cogitentur, ad solam memoriam pertinere videntur. Intelligentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 autem nunc dico qua intelligimus cogitantes; et eam voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 sive amorem vel dilectionem, quae istam prolem parentemque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 coniungit</i>. Ex quo patet quod ista tria non accipit Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 pro tribus potentiis; sed memoriam accipit pro habituali animae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 retentione, intelligentiam autem pro actu intellectus, voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 autem pro actu voluntatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 <p title="I q. 79 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="31776"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 "ref">[31776] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 dicendum quod praeteritum et praesens possunt esse propriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 differentiae potentiarum sensitivarum diversificativae; non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 potentiarum intellectivarum, ratione supra dicta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 <p title="I q. 79 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="31777"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 "ref">[31777] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 dicendum quod intelligentia oritur ex memoria, sicut actus ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 habitu. Et hoc modo etiam aequatur ei; non autem sicut potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 potentiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 <p title="I q. 79 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="31778"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 "ref">[31778] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 proceditur. Videtur quod ratio sit alia potentia ab intellectu. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 libro enim de spiritu et anima dicitur, <i>cum ab inferioribus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 superiora ascendere volumus, prius occurrit nobis sensus, deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 imaginatio, deinde ratio, deinde intellectus</i>. Est ergo alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 potentia ratio ab intellectu, sicut imaginatio a ratione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 <p title="I q. 79 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="31779"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 "ref">[31779] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 Boetius dicit, in libro de Consol., quod intellectus comparatur ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 rationem sicut aeternitas ad tempus. Sed non est eiusdem virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 esse in aeternitate et esse in tempore. Ergo non est eadem potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 ratio et intellectus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 <p title="I q. 79 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="31780"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 "ref">[31780] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 communicat cum Angelis in intellectu, cum brutis vero in sensu. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 ratio, quae est propria hominis, qua animal rationale dicitur, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 alia potentia a sensu. Ergo pari ratione est alia potentia ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 intellectu, qui proprie convenit Angelis, unde et intellectuales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 dicuntur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 <p title="I q. 79 a. 8 s. c."><a name="31781"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 "ref">[31781] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 quod Augustinus dicit, III super Gen. ad Litt., quod <i>illud quo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 homo irrationabilibus animalibus antecellit, est ratio, vel mens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 vel intelligentia, vel si quo alio vocabulo commodius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 appellatur</i>. Ratio ergo et intellectus et mens sunt una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 <p title="I q. 79 a. 8 co."><a name="31782"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 "ref">[31782] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 quod ratio et intellectus in homine non possunt esse diversae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 potentiae. Quod manifeste cognoscitur, si utriusque actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 consideretur. Intelligere enim est simpliciter veritatem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 intelligibilem apprehendere. Ratiocinari autem est procedere de uno
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 intellecto ad aliud, ad veritatem intelligibilem cognoscendam. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 ideo Angeli, qui perfecte possident, secundum modum suae naturae,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 cognitionem intelligibilis veritatis, non habent necesse procedere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 de uno ad aliud; sed simpliciter et absque discursu veritatem rerum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 apprehendunt, ut Dionysius dicit, VII cap. de Div. Nom. Homines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 autem ad intelligibilem veritatem cognoscendam perveniunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 procedendo de uno ad aliud, ut ibidem dicitur, et ideo rationales
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 dicuntur. Patet ergo quod ratiocinari comparatur ad intelligere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 sicut moveri ad quiescere, vel acquirere ad habere, quorum unum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 perfecti, aliud autem imperfecti. Et quia motus semper ab immobili
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 procedit, et ad aliquid quietum terminatur; inde est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 ratiocinatio humana, secundum viam inquisitionis vel inventionis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 procedit a quibusdam simpliciter intellectis, quae sunt prima
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 principia; et rursus, in via iudicii, resolvendo redit ad prima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 principia, ad quae inventa examinat. Manifestum est autem quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 quiescere et moveri non reducuntur ad diversas potentias, sed ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 unam et eandem, etiam in naturalibus rebus, quia per eandem naturam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 aliquid movetur ad locum, et quiescit in loco. Multo ergo magis per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 eandem potentiam intelligimus et ratiocinamur. Et sic patet quod in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 homine eadem potentia est ratio et intellectus.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 <p title="I q. 79 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="31783"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 "ref">[31783] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 dicendum quod illa enumeratio fit secundum ordinem actuum, non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 secundum distinctionem potentiarum. Quamvis liber ille non sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 magnae auctoritatis.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 <p title="I q. 79 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="31784"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 "ref">[31784] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 responsio ex dictis. Aeternitas enim comparatur ad tempus, sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 immobile ad mobile. Et ideo Boetius comparavit intellectum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 aeternitati, rationem vero tempori.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 <p title="I q. 79 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="31785"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 "ref">[31785] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 dicendum quod alia animalia sunt ita infra hominem, quod non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 possunt attingere ad cognoscendam veritatem, quam ratio inquirit.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 Homo vero attingit ad cognoscendam intelligibilem veritatem, quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 Angeli cognoscunt; sed imperfecte. Et ideo vis cognoscitiva
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 Angelorum non est alterius generis a vi cognoscitiva rationis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 comparatur ad ipsam ut perfectum ad imperfectum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 <div class="E">Articulus 9</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 <p title="I q. 79 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="31786"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 "ref">[31786] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 proceditur. Videtur quod ratio superior et inferior sint diversae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 potentiae. Dicit enim Augustinus, XII de Trin., quod imago
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 Trinitatis est in superiori parte rationis, non autem in inferiori.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 Sed partes animae sunt ipsae eius potentiae. Ergo duae potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 sunt ratio superior et inferior.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 <p title="I q. 79 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="31787"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 "ref">[31787] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 oritur a seipso. Sed ratio inferior oritur a superiori, et ab ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 regulatur et dirigitur. Ergo ratio superior est alia potentia ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 inferiori.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 <p title="I q. 79 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="31788"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 "ref">[31788] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., quod scientificum animae quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 cognoscit anima necessaria, est aliud principium et alia pars
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 animae ab opinativo et ratiocinativo, quo cognoscit contingentia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 Et hoc probat per hoc, quia <i>ad ea quae sunt genere altera,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 altera genere particula animae</i> ordinatur; contingens autem et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 necessarium sunt altera genere, sicut corruptibile et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 incorruptibile. Cum autem idem sit necessarium quod aeternum, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 temporale idem quod contingens; videtur quod idem sit quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 philosophus vocat scientificum, et superior pars rationis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 secundum Augustinum intendit aeternis conspiciendis et consulendis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 et quod idem sit quod philosophus vocat ratiocinativum vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 opinativum, et inferior ratio, quae secundum Augustinum intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 temporalibus disponendis. Est ergo alia potentia animae ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 superior, et ratio inferior.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 <p title="I q. 79 a. 9 arg. 4"><a name="31789"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 "ref">[31789] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 Damascenus dicit quod <i>ex imaginatione fit opinio; deinde mens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 diiudicans opinionem sive vera sit sive falsa, diiudicat veritatem;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 unde et mens dicitur a metiendo. De quibus igitur iudicatum est iam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 et determinatum vere, dicitur intellectus</i>. Sic igitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 opinativum, quod est ratio inferior, est aliud a mente et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 intellectu, per quod potest intelligi ratio superior.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 <p title="I q. 79 a. 9 s. c."><a name="31790"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 "ref">[31790] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 quod Augustinus dicit, XII de Trin., quod ratio superior et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 inferior non nisi per officia distinguuntur. Non ergo sunt duae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 potentiae.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 <p title="I q. 79 a. 9 co."><a name="31791"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 "ref">[31791] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 quod ratio superior et inferior, secundum quod ab Augustino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 accipiuntur, nullo modo duae potentiae animae esse possunt. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 enim quod ratio superior est quae intendit aeternis conspiciendis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 aut consulendis, conspiciendis quidem, secundum quod ea in seipsis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 speculatur; consulendis vero, secundum quod ex eis accipit regulas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 agendorum. Ratio vero inferior ab ipso dicitur, quae intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 temporalibus rebus. Haec autem duo, scilicet temporalia et aeterna,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 comparantur ad cognitionem nostram hoc modo, quod unum eorum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 medium ad cognoscendum alterum. Nam secundum viam inventionis, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 res temporales in cognitionem devenimus aeternorum, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 apostoli, ad Rom. I, <i>invisibilia Dei per ea quae facta sunt,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 intellecta, conspiciuntur</i>, in via vero iudicii, per aeterna iam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 cognita de temporalibus iudicamus, et secundum rationes aeternorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 temporalia disponimus. Potest autem contingere quod medium, et id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 ad quod per medium pervenitur, ad diversos habitus pertineant,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 sicut principia prima indemonstrabilia pertinent ad habitum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 intellectus, conclusiones vero ex his deductae ad habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 scientiae. Et ideo ex principiis geometriae contingit aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 concludere in alia scientia, puta in perspectiva. Sed eadem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 potentia rationis est, ad quam pertinet et medium et ultimum. Est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 enim actus rationis quasi quidam motus de uno in aliud perveniens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 idem autem est mobile quod pertransiens medium pertingit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 terminum. Unde una et eadem potentia rationis est ratio superior et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 inferior. Sed distinguuntur, secundum Augustinum, per officia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 actuum, et secundum diversos habitus, nam superiori rationi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 attribuitur sapientia, inferiori vero scientia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 <p title="I q. 79 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="31792"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 "ref">[31792] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 dicendum quod secundum quamcumque rationem partitionis potest pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 dici. Inquantum ergo ratio dividitur secundum diversa officia,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 ratio superior et inferior partitiones dicuntur, et non quia sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 diversae potentiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 <p title="I q. 79 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="31793"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 "ref">[31793] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 dicendum quod ratio inferior dicitur a superiori deduci, vel ab ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 regulari, inquantum principia quibus utitur inferior ratio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 deducuntur et diriguntur a principiis superioris rationis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 <p title="I q. 79 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="31794"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 "ref">[31794] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 dicendum quod scientificum de quo philosophus loquitur non est idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 quod ratio superior, nam necessaria scibilia inveniuntur etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 rebus temporalibus, de quibus est scientia naturalis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 mathematica. Opinativum autem et ratiocinativum in minus est quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 ratio inferior, quia est contingentium tantum. Nec tamen est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 simpliciter dicendum quod sit alia potentia qua intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 cognoscit necessaria, et alia qua cognoscit contingentia, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 utraque cognoscit secundum eandem rationem obiecti, scilicet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 secundum rationem entis et veri. Unde et necessaria, quae habent
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 perfectum esse in veritate, perfecte cognoscit; utpote ad eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 quidditatem pertingens, per quam propria accidentia de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 demonstrat. Contingentia vero imperfecte cognoscit; sicut et habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 imperfectum esse et veritatem. Perfectum autem et imperfectum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 actu non diversificant potentiam; sed diversificant actus quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 ad modum agendi, et per consequens principia actuum et ipsos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 habitus. Et ideo philosophus posuit duas particulas animae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 scientificum et ratiocinativum, non quia sunt duae potentiae; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 quia distinguuntur secundum diversam aptitudinem ad recipiendum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 diversos habitus, quorum diversitatem ibi inquirere intendit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 Contingentia enim et necessaria, etsi differant secundum propria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 genera, conveniunt tamen in communi ratione entis, quam respicit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 intellectus, ad quam diversimode se habent secundum perfectum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 imperfectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 <p title="I q. 79 a. 9 ad 4"><a name="31795"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 "ref">[31795] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 9 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 dicendum quod illa distinctio Damasceni est secundum diversitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 actuum, non secundum diversitatem potentiarum. Opinio enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 significat actum intellectus qui fertur in unam partem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 contradictionis cum formidine alterius. Diiudicare vero, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 mensurare, est actus intellectus applicantis principia certa ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 examinationem propositorum. Et ex hoc sumitur nomen mentis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 Intelligere autem est cum quadam approbatione diiudicatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 inhaerere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 <div class="E">Articulus 10</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 <p title="I q. 79 a. 10 arg. 1"><a name="31796"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 "ref">[31796] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 arg. 1</span></a> Ad decimum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 proceditur. Videtur quod intelligentia sit alia potentia ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 intellectu. Dicitur enim in libro de spiritu et anima, quod <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 ab inferioribus ad superiora ascendere volumus, prius occurrit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 nobis sensus, deinde imaginatio, deinde ratio, postea intellectus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 et postea intelligentia</i>. Sed imaginatio et sensus sunt diversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 potentiae. Ergo et intellectus et intelligentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 <p title="I q. 79 a. 10 arg. 2"><a name="31797"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 "ref">[31797] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 Boetius dicit, in V de Consol., quod <i>ipsum hominem aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 sensus, aliter imaginatio, aliter ratio, aliter intelligentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 intuetur</i>. Sed intellectus est eadem potentia cum ratione. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 videtur quod intelligentia sit alia potentia quam intellectus;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 sicut ratio est alia potentia quam imaginatio et sensus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 <p title="I q. 79 a. 10 arg. 3"><a name="31798"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 "ref">[31798] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 actus sunt praevii potentiis, ut dicitur in II de anima. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 intelligentia est quidam actus ab aliis actibus qui attribuuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 intellectui divisus. Dicit enim Damascenus quod <i>primus motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 intelligentia dicitur; quae vero circa aliquid est intelligentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 intentio vocatur; quae permanens et figurans animam ad id quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 intelligitur, excogitatio dicitur; excogitatio vero in eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 manens, et seipsam examinans et diiudicans, phronesis dicitur</i>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 (idest sapientia); <i>phronesis autem dilatata facit cogitationem,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 idest interius dispositum sermonem; ex quo aiunt provenire sermonem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 per linguam enarratum</i>. Ergo videtur quod intelligentia sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 quaedam specialis potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 <p title="I q. 79 a. 10 s. c."><a name="31799"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 "ref">[31799] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 quod philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod <i>intelligentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 indivisibilium est, in quibus non est falsum</i>. Sed huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 cognoscere pertinet ad intellectum. Ergo intelligentia non est alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 potentia praeter intellectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 <p title="I q. 79 a. 10 co."><a name="31800"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 "ref">[31800] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 quod hoc nomen intelligentia proprie significat ipsum actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 intellectus qui est intelligere. In quibusdam tamen libris de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 Arabico translatis, substantiae separatae quas nos Angelos dicimus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 intelligentiae vocantur; forte propter hoc, quod huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 substantiae semper actu intelligunt. In libris tamen de Graeco
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 translatis, dicuntur intellectus seu mentes. Sic ergo intelligentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 ab intellectu non distinguitur sicut potentia a potentia; sed sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 actus a potentia. Invenitur enim talis divisio etiam a philosophis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 Quandoque enim ponunt quatuor intellectus, scilicet intellectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 agentem, possibilem, et in habitu, et adeptum. Quorum quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 intellectus agens et possibilis sunt diversae potentiae; sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 in omnibus est alia potentia activa, et alia passiva. Alia vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 tria distinguuntur secundum tres status intellectus possibilis, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 quandoque est in potentia tantum, et sic dicitur possibilis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 quandoque autem in actu primo, qui est scientia, et sic dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 intellectus in habitu; quandoque autem in actu secundo, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 considerare, et sic dicitur intellectus in actu, sive intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 adeptus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 <p title="I q. 79 a. 10 ad 1"><a name="31801"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 "ref">[31801] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 dicendum quod, si recipi debet illa auctoritas, intelligentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 ponitur pro actu intellectus. Et sic dividitur contra intellectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 sicut actus contra potentiam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 <p title="I q. 79 a. 10 ad 2"><a name="31802"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 "ref">[31802] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 dicendum quod Boetius accipit intelligentiam pro actu intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 qui transcendit actum rationis. Unde ibidem dicit quod <i>ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 tantum humani generis est, sicut intelligentia sola divini</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 proprium enim Dei est quod absque omni investigatione omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 intelligat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 <p title="I q. 79 a. 10 ad 3"><a name="31803"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 "ref">[31803] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 10 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 dicendum quod omnes illi actus quos Damascenus enumerat, sunt unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 potentiae, scilicet intellectivae. Quae primo quidem simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 aliquid apprehendit, et hic actus dicitur intelligentia. Secundo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 vero, id quod apprehendit, ordinat ad aliquid aliud cognoscendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 vel operandum, et hic vocatur intentio. Dum vero persistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 inquisitione illius quod intendit, vocatur excogitatio. Dum vero id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 quod est excogitatum examinat ad aliqua certa, dicitur scire vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 sapere; quod est phronesis, vel sapientiae, nam sapientiae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 iudicare, ut dicitur in I Metaphys. Ex quo autem habet aliquid pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 certo, quasi examinatum, cogitat quomodo possit illud aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 manifestare, et haec est dispositio interioris sermonis; ex qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 procedit exterior locutio. Non enim omnis differentia actuum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 potentias diversificat; sed solum illa quae non potest reduci in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 idem principium, ut supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 <div class="E">Articulus 11</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 <p title="I q. 79 a. 11 arg. 1"><a name="31804"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 "ref">[31804] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 arg. 1</span></a> Ad undecimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 sic proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus speculativus et practicus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 sint diversae potentiae. Apprehensivum enim et motivum sunt diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 genera potentiarum, ut patet in II de anima. Sed intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 speculativus est apprehensivus tantum, intellectus autem practicus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 est motivus. Ergo sunt diversae potentiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 <p title="I q. 79 a. 11 arg. 2"><a name="31805"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 "ref">[31805] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 diversa ratio obiecti diversificat potentiam. Sed obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 speculativi intellectus est verum, practici autem bonum; quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 differunt ratione. Ergo intellectus speculativus et practicus sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 diversae potentiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 <p title="I q. 79 a. 11 arg. 3"><a name="31806"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 "ref">[31806] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 parte intellectiva intellectus practicus comparatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 speculativum, sicut aestimativa ad imaginativam in parte sensitiva.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 Sed aestimativa differt ab imaginativa sicut potentia a potentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 ut supra dictum est. Ergo et intellectus practicus a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 speculativo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 <p title="I q. 79 a. 11 s. c."><a name="31807"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 "ref">[31807] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 quod dicitur in III de anima, quod intellectus speculativus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 extensionem fit practicus. Una autem potentia non mutatur in aliam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 Ergo intellectus speculativus et practicus non sunt diversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 potentiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 <p title="I q. 79 a. 11 co."><a name="31808"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 "ref">[31808] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 quod intellectus practicus et speculativus non sunt diversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 potentiae. Cuius ratio est quia, ut supra dictum est, id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 accidentaliter se habet ad obiecti rationem quam respicit aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 potentia, non diversificat potentiam, accidit enim colorato quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 sit homo, aut magnum aut parvum; unde omnia huiusmodi eadem visiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 potentia apprehenduntur. Accidit autem alicui apprehenso per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 intellectum, quod ordinetur ad opus, vel non ordinetur. Secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 hoc autem differunt intellectus speculativus et practicus. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 intellectus speculativus est, qui quod apprehendit, non ordinat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 opus, sed ad solam veritatis considerationem, practicus vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 intellectus dicitur, qui hoc quod apprehendit, ordinat ad opus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 hoc est quod philosophus dicit in III de anima, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 <i>speculativus differt a practico, fine</i>. Unde et a fine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 denominatur uterque, hic quidem speculativus, ille vero practicus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 idest operativus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 <p title="I q. 79 a. 11 ad 1"><a name="31809"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 "ref">[31809] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 dicendum quod intellectus practicus est motivus, non quasi exequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 motum, sed quasi dirigens ad motum. Quod convenit ei secundum modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 suae apprehensionis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 <p title="I q. 79 a. 11 ad 2"><a name="31810"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 "ref">[31810] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 dicendum quod verum et bonum se invicem includunt, nam verum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 quoddam bonum, alioquin non esset appetibile; et bonum est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 verum, alioquin non esset intelligibile. Sicut igitur obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 appetitus potest esse verum, inquantum habet rationem boni, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 cum aliquis appetit veritatem cognoscere; ita obiectum intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 practici est bonum ordinabile ad opus, sub ratione veri.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 Intellectus enim practicus veritatem cognoscit, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 speculativus; sed veritatem cognitam ordinat ad opus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 <p title="I q. 79 a. 11 ad 3"><a name="31811"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 "ref">[31811] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 11 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 dicendum quod multae differentiae diversificant sensitivas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 potentias, quae non diversificant potentias intellectivas, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 <div class="E">Articulus 12</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 <p title="I q. 79 a. 12 arg. 1"><a name="31812"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 "ref">[31812] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 arg. 1</span></a> Ad duodecimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 sic proceditur. Videtur quod synderesis sit quaedam specialis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 potentia ab aliis distincta. Ea enim quae cadunt sub una divisione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 videntur esse unius generis. Sed in Glossa Hieronymi Ezech. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 dividitur synderesis contra irascibilem et concupiscibilem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 rationalem; quae sunt quaedam potentiae. Ergo synderesis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 quaedam potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 <p title="I q. 79 a. 12 arg. 2"><a name="31813"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 "ref">[31813] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 opposita sunt unius generis. Sed synderesis et sensualitas opponi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 videntur, quia synderesis semper inclinat ad bonum, sensualitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 autem semper ad malum; unde per serpentem significatur, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 per Augustinum, XII de Trin. Videtur ergo quod synderesis sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 potentia, sicut et sensualitas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 <p title="I q. 79 a. 12 arg. 3"><a name="31814"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 "ref">[31814] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 Augustinus dicit, in libro de libero arbitrio, quod in naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 iudicatorio adsunt quaedam <i>regulae et semina virtutum et vera et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 incommutabilia</i>, haec autem dicimus synderesim. Cum ergo regulae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 incommutabiles quibus iudicamus, pertineant ad rationem secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 sui superiorem partem, ut Augustinus dicit XII de Trin.; videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 quod synderesis sit idem quod ratio. Et ita est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 <p title="I q. 79 a. 12 s. c."><a name="31815"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 "ref">[31815] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 s. c.</span></a> <i>Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 potentiae rationales se habent ad opposita</i>, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 philosophum. Synderesis autem non se habet ad opposita, sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 bonum tantum inclinat. Ergo synderesis non est potentia. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 esset potentia, oporteret quod esset rationalis potentia, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 invenitur in brutis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 <p title="I q. 79 a. 12 co."><a name="31816"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 "ref">[31816] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 quod synderesis non est potentia, sed habitus, licet quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 posuerint synderesim esse quandam potentiam ratione altiorem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 quidam vero dixerint eam esse ipsam rationem, non ut est ratio, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 ut est natura. Ad huius autem evidentiam, considerandum est quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 sicut supra dictum est, ratiocinatio hominis, cum sit quidam motus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 ab intellectu progreditur aliquorum, scilicet naturaliter notorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 absque investigatione rationis, sicut a quodam principio immobili,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 et ad intellectum etiam terminatur, inquantum iudicamus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 principia per se naturaliter nota, de his quae ratiocinando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 invenimus. Constat autem quod, sicut ratio speculativa ratiocinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 de speculativis, ita ratio practica ratiocinatur de operabilibus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 Oportet igitur naturaliter nobis esse indita, sicut principia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 speculabilium, ita et principia operabilium. Prima autem principia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 speculabilium nobis naturaliter indita, non pertinent ad aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 specialem potentiam; sed ad quendam specialem habitum, qui dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 intellectus principiorum, ut patet in VI Ethic. Unde et principia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 operabilium nobis naturaliter indita, non pertinent ad specialem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 potentiam; sed ad specialem habitum naturalem, quem dicimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 synderesim. Unde et synderesis dicitur instigare ad bonum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 murmurare de malo, inquantum per prima principia procedimus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 inveniendum, et iudicamus inventa. Patet ergo quod synderesis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 est potentia, sed habitus naturalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 <p title="I q. 79 a. 12 ad 1"><a name="31817"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 "ref">[31817] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 dicendum quod illa divisio Hieronymi attenditur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 diversitatem actuum, non secundum diversitatem potentiarum. Diversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 autem actus possunt esse unius potentiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 <p title="I q. 79 a. 12 ad 2"><a name="31818"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 "ref">[31818] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 dicendum quod similiter oppositio sensualitatis et synderesis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 attenditur secundum oppositionem actuum; non sicut diversarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 specierum unius generis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 <p title="I q. 79 a. 12 ad 3"><a name="31819"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 "ref">[31819] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 12 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 dicendum quod huiusmodi incommutabiles rationes sunt prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 principia operabilium, circa quae non contingit errare; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 attribuuntur rationi sicut potentiae, et synderesi sicut habitui.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 Unde et utroque, scilicet ratione et synderesi, naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 iudicamus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 <div class="E">Articulus 13</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 <p title="I q. 79 a. 13 arg. 1"><a name="31820"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 "ref">[31820] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 tertiumdecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod conscientia sit quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 potentia. Dicit enim Origenes quod <i>conscientia est spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 corrector et paedagogus animae sociatus, quo separatur a malis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 adhaeret bonis</i>. Sed spiritus in anima nominat potentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 aliquam, vel ipsam mentem, secundum illud Ephes. IV, <i>renovamini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 spiritu mentis vestrae</i>; vel ipsam imaginationem; unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 imaginaria visio spiritualis vocatur, ut patet per Augustinum, XII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 super Gen. ad Litt. Est ergo conscientia quaedam potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 <p title="I q. 79 a. 13 arg. 2"><a name="31821"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 "ref">[31821] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 nihil est peccati subiectum nisi potentia animae. Sed conscientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 est subiectum peccati, dicitur enim ad Tit. I, de quibusdam, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 <i>inquinatae sunt eorum mens et conscientia</i>. Ergo videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 conscientia sit potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 <p title="I q. 79 a. 13 arg. 3"><a name="31822"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 "ref">[31822] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 necesse est quod conscientia sit vel actus, vel habitus, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 potentia. Sed non est actus, quia non semper maneret in homine. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 est habitus, non enim esset unum quid conscientia, sed multa; per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 multos enim habitus cognoscitivos dirigimur in agendis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 conscientia est potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 <p title="I q. 79 a. 13 s. c."><a name="31823"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 "ref">[31823] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 conscientia deponi potest, non autem potentia. Ergo conscientia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 est potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 <p title="I q. 79 a. 13 co."><a name="31824"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 "ref">[31824] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 quod conscientia, proprie loquendo, non est potentia, sed actus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 hoc patet tum ex ratione nominis, tum etiam ex his quae secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 communem usum loquendi, conscientiae attribuuntur. Conscientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 enim, secundum proprietatem vocabuli, importat ordinem scientiae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 aliquid, nam conscientia dicitur cum alio scientia. Applicatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 autem scientiae ad aliquid fit per aliquem actum. Unde ex ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 ratione nominis patet quod conscientia sit actus. Idem autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 apparet ex his quae conscientiae attribuuntur. Dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 conscientia testificari, ligare vel instigare, et etiam accusare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 vel remordere sive reprehendere. Et haec omnia consequuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 applicationem alicuius nostrae cognitionis vel scientiae ad ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 agimus. Quae quidem applicatio fit tripliciter. Uno modo, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 quod recognoscimus aliquid nos fecisse vel non fecisse, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 illud Eccle. VII, <i>scit conscientia tua te crebro maledixisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 aliis</i>, et secundum hoc, conscientia dicitur testificari. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 modo applicatur secundum quod per nostram conscientiam iudicamus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 aliquid esse faciendum vel non faciendum, et secundum hoc, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 conscientia instigare vel ligare. Tertio modo applicatur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 quod per conscientiam iudicamus quod aliquid quod est factum, sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 bene factum vel non bene factum, et secundum hoc, conscientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 dicitur excusare vel accusare, seu remordere. Patet autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 omnia haec consequuntur actualem applicationem scientiae ad ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 agimus. Unde proprie loquendo, conscientia nominat actum. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 tamen habitus est principium actus, quandoque nomen conscientiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 attribuitur primo habitui naturali, scilicet synderesi, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 Hieronymus, in Glossa Ezech. I, synderesim conscientiam nominat; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 Basilius naturale iudicatorium; et Damascenus dicit quod est lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 intellectus nostri. Consuetum enim est quod causae et effectus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 invicem nominentur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 <p title="I q. 79 a. 13 ad 1"><a name="31825"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 "ref">[31825] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 dicendum quod conscientia dicitur spiritus, secundum quod spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 pro mente ponitur, quia est quoddam mentis dictamen.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 <p title="I q. 79 a. 13 ad 2"><a name="31826"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 "ref">[31826] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 dicendum quod inquinatio dicitur esse in conscientia, non sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 subiecto, sed sicut cognitum in cognitione, inquantum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 aliquis scit se esse inquinatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 <p title="I q. 79 a. 13 ad 3"><a name="31827"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 "ref">[31827] I&ordf; q. 79 a. 13 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 dicendum quod actus, etsi non semper maneat in se, semper tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 manet in sua causa, quae est potentia et habitus. Habitus autem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 quibus conscientia informatur, etsi multi sint, omnes tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 efficaciam habent ab uno primo, scilicet ab habitu primorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 principiorum, qui dicitur synderesis. Unde specialiter hic habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 interdum conscientia nominatur, ut supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 <div class="D">Quaestio 80</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 <p title="I q. 80 pr."><a name="31828"><span class="ref">[31828]
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 I&ordf; q. 80 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de potentiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 appetitivis. Et circa hoc consideranda sunt quatuor, primo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 appetitivo in communi; secundo, de sensualitate; tertio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 voluntate; quarto, de libero arbitrio. Circa primum quaeruntur duo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 Primo, utrum debeat poni appetitus aliqua specialis potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 animae. Secundo, utrum appetitus dividatur in appetitum sensitivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 et intellectivum, sicut in potentias diversas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 <p title="I q. 80 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31829"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 "ref">[31829] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 proceditur. Videtur quod appetitus non sit aliqua specialis animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 potentia. Ad ea enim quae sunt communia animatis et inanimatis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 est aliqua potentia animae assignanda. Sed appetere est commune
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 animatis et inanimatis quia bonum est quod omnia appetunt, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 dicitur in I Ethic. Ergo appetitus non est specialis potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 animae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 <p title="I q. 80 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31830"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 "ref">[31830] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 potentiae distinguuntur secundum obiecta. Sed idem est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 cognoscimus et appetimus. Ergo vim appetitivam non oportet esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 aliam praeter vim apprehensivam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 <p title="I q. 80 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31831"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 "ref">[31831] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 commune non distinguitur contra proprium. Sed quaelibet potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 animae appetit quoddam particulare appetibile, scilicet obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 sibi conveniens. Ergo respectu huius obiecti quod est appetibile in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 communi, non oportet accipi aliquam potentiam ab aliis distinctam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 quae appetitiva dicatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 <p title="I q. 80 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31832"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 "ref">[31832] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 quod philosophus, in II de anima, distinguit appetitivum ab aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 potentiis. Damascenus etiam, in II libro distinguit vires
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 appetitivas a cognitivis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 <p title="I q. 80 a. 1 co."><a name="31833"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 "ref">[31833] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 quod necesse est ponere quandam potentiam animae appetitivam. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod quamlibet formam sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 aliqua inclinatio, sicut ignis ex sua forma inclinatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 superiorem locum, et ad hoc quod generet sibi simile. Forma autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 in his quae cognitionem participant, altiori modo invenitur quam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 his quae cognitione carent. In his enim quae cognitione carent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 invenitur tantummodo forma ad unum esse proprium determinans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 unumquodque, quod etiam naturale uniuscuiusque est. Hanc igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 formam naturalem sequitur naturalis inclinatio, quae appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 naturalis vocatur. In habentibus autem cognitionem, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 determinatur unumquodque ad proprium esse naturale per formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 naturalem, quod tamen est receptivum specierum aliarum rerum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 sensus recipit species omnium sensibilium, et intellectus omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 intelligibilium, ut sic anima hominis sit omnia quodammodo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 sensum et intellectum, in quo quodammodo cognitionem habentia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 Dei similitudinem appropinquant, in quo omnia praeexistunt, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 Dionysius dicit. Sicut igitur formae altiori modo existunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 habentibus cognitionem supra modum formarum naturalium, ita oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 quod in eis sit inclinatio supra modum inclinationis naturalis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 quae dicitur appetitus naturalis. Et haec superior inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 pertinet ad vim animae appetitivam, per quam animal appetere potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 ea quae apprehendit, non solum ea ad quae inclinatur ex forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 naturali. Sic igitur necesse est ponere aliquam potentiam animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 appetitivam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 <p title="I q. 80 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31834"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 "ref">[31834] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 dicendum quod appetere invenitur in habentibus cognitionem, supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 modum communem quo invenitur in omnibus, ut dictum est. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 oportet ad hoc determinari aliquam potentiam animae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 <p title="I q. 80 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31835"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 "ref">[31835] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 dicendum quod id quod apprehenditur et appetitur, est idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 subiecto, sed differt ratione, apprehenditur enim ut est ens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 sensibile vel intelligibile; appetitur vero ut est conveniens aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 bonum. Diversitas autem rationum in obiectis requiritur ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 diversitatem potentiarum; non autem materialis diversitas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 <p title="I q. 80 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31836"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 "ref">[31836] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 dicendum quod unaquaeque potentia animae est quaedam forma seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 natura, et habet naturalem inclinationem in aliquid. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 unaquaeque appetit obiectum sibi conveniens naturali appetitu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 Supra quem est appetitus animalis consequens apprehensionem, quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 appetitur aliquid non ea ratione qua est conveniens ad actum huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 vel illius potentiae, utpote visio ad videndum et auditio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 audiendum; sed quia est conveniens simpliciter animali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 <p title="I q. 80 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31837"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 "ref">[31837] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 proceditur. Videtur quod appetitus sensitivus et intellectivus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 sint diversae potentiae. Potentiae enim non diversificantur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 accidentales differentias, ut supra dictum est. Sed accidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 appetibili quod sit apprehensum per sensum vel intellectum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 appetitus sensitivus et intellectivus non sunt diversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 potentiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 <p title="I q. 80 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31838"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 "ref">[31838] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 cognitio intellectiva est universalium, et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 distinguitur a sensitiva, quae est singularium. Sed ista distinctio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 non habet locum ex parte appetitivae, cum enim appetitus sit motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 ab anima ad res, quae sunt singulares, omnis appetitus videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 rei singularis. Non ergo appetitus intellectivus debet distingui a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 sensitivo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 <p title="I q. 80 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31839"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 "ref">[31839] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 sub apprehensivo ordinatur appetitivum ut inferior potentia, ita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 motivum. Sed non est aliud motivum in homine consequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 intellectum, quam in aliis animalibus consequens sensum. Ergo, pari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 ratione, neque est aliud appetitivum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 <p title="I q. 80 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31840"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 "ref">[31840] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 quod philosophus, in III de anima, distinguit duplicem appetitum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 et dicit quod appetitus superior movet inferiorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 <p title="I q. 80 a. 2 co."><a name="31841"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 "ref">[31841] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 quod necesse est dicere appetitum intellectivum esse aliam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 potentiam a sensitivo. Potentia enim appetitiva est potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 passiva, quae nata est moveri ab apprehenso, unde appetibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 apprehensum est movens non motum, appetitus autem movens motum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 dicitur in III de anima, et XII Metaphys. Passiva autem et mobilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 distinguuntur secundum distinctionem activorum et motivorum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 oportet motivum esse proportionatum mobili, et activum passivo; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 ipsa potentia passiva propriam rationem habet ex ordine ad suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 activum. Quia igitur est alterius generis apprehensum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 intellectum et apprehensum per sensum, consequens est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 appetitus intellectivus sit alia potentia a sensitivo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 <p title="I q. 80 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31842"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 "ref">[31842] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 dicendum quod appetibili non accidit esse apprehensum per sensum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 vel intellectum, sed per se ei convenit, nam appetibile non movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 appetitum nisi inquantum est apprehensum. Unde differentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 apprehensi sunt per se differentiae appetibilis. Unde potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 appetitivae distinguuntur secundum differentiam apprehensorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 sicut secundum propria obiecta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 <p title="I q. 80 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31843"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 "ref">[31843] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 dicendum quod appetitus intellectivus, etsi feratur in res quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 sunt extra animam singulares, fertur tamen in eas secundum aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 rationem universalem; sicut cum appetit aliquid quia est bonum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 Unde philosophus dicit in sua rhetorica, quod odium potest esse de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 aliquo universali, puta cum odio habemus omne latronum genus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 Similiter etiam per appetitum intellectivum appetere possumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 immaterialia bona, quae sensus non apprehendit; sicut scientiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 virtutes, et alia huiusmodi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 <p title="I q. 80 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31844"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 "ref">[31844] I&ordf; q. 80 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in III de anima, opinio universalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 non movet nisi mediante particulari, et similiter appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 superior movet mediante inferiori. Et ideo non est alia vis motiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 consequens intellectum et sensum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 <div class="D">Quaestio 81</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 <p title="I q. 81 pr."><a name="31845"><span class="ref">[31845]
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3014 I&ordf; q. 81 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 sensualitate. Circa quam quaeruntur tria. Primo, utrum sensualitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 sit vis appetitiva tantum. Secundo, utrum dividatur sensualitas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 irascibilem et concupiscibilem, sicut in diversas potentias.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 Tertio, utrum irascibilis et concupiscibilis obediant rationi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 <p title="I q. 81 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31846"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 "ref">[31846] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 proceditur. Videtur quod sensualitas non solum sit appetitiva, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 etiam cognitiva. Dicit enim Augustinus, XII de Trin., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 <i>sensualis animae motus, qui in corporis sensus intenditur, nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 pecoribusque communis est</i>. Sed corporis sensus sub vi cognitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 continentur. Ergo sensualitas est vis cognitiva.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 <p title="I q. 81 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31847"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 "ref">[31847] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 cadunt sub una divisione, videntur esse unius generis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 Augustinus, in XII de Trin., dividit sensualitatem contra rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 superiorem et inferiorem; quae ad cognitionem pertinent. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 sensualitas etiam est vis cognitiva.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 <p title="I q. 81 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31848"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 "ref">[31848] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 sensualitas in tentatione hominis tenet locum serpentis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 serpens in tentatione primorum parentum se habuit ut nuntians et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 proponens peccatum; quod est vis cognitivae. Ergo sensualitas est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 vis cognitiva.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 <p title="I q. 81 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31849"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 "ref">[31849] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 quod sensualitas definitur esse <i>appetitus rerum ad corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 pertinentium</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 <p title="I q. 81 a. 1 co."><a name="31850"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 "ref">[31850] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 quod nomen sensualitatis sumptum videtur a sensuali motu, de quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 Augustinus loquitur XII de Trin., sicut ab actu sumitur nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 potentiae, ut a visione visus. Motus autem sensualis est appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 apprehensionem sensitivam consequens. Actus enim apprehensivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 virtutis non ita proprie dicitur motus, sicut actio appetitus, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 operatio virtutis apprehensivae perficitur in hoc, quod res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 apprehensae sunt in apprehendente; operatio autem virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 appetitivae perficitur in hoc, quod appetens inclinatur in rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 appetibilem. Et ideo operatio apprehensivae virtutis assimilatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 quieti, operatio autem virtutis appetitivae magis assimilatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 motui. Unde per sensualem motum intelligitur operatio appetitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 virtutis. Et sic sensualitas est nomen appetitus sensitivi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 <p title="I q. 81 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31851"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 "ref">[31851] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 dicendum quod per hoc quod dicit Augustinus quod sensualis animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 motus intenditur in corporis sensus, non datur intelligi quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 corporis sensus sub sensualitate comprehendantur, sed magis quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 motus sensualitatis sit inclinatio quaedam ad sensus corporis, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 scilicet appetimus ea quae per corporis sensus apprehenduntur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 sic corporis sensus pertinent ad sensualitatem quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 praeambuli.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 <p title="I q. 81 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31852"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 "ref">[31852] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 dicendum quod sensualitas dividitur contra rationem superiorem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 inferiorem, inquantum communicant in actu motionis, vis enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 cognitiva, ad quam pertinet ratio superior et inferior, est motiva,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 sicut et appetitiva, ad quam pertinet sensualitas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 <p title="I q. 81 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31853"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 "ref">[31853] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 dicendum quod serpens non solum ostendit et proposuit peccatum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 etiam, inclinavit in effectum peccati. Et quantum ad hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 sensualitas per serpentem significatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 <p title="I q. 81 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31854"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 "ref">[31854] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 proceditur. Videtur quod appetitus sensitivus non distinguatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 irascibilem et concupiscibilem, sicut in potentias diversas. Eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 enim potentia animae est unius contrarietatis, ut visus albi et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 nigri, ut dicitur in II de anima. Sed conveniens et nocivum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 contraria. Cum ergo concupiscibilis respiciat conveniens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 irascibilis vero nocivum, videtur quod eadem potentia animae sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 irascibilis et concupiscibilis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 <p title="I q. 81 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31855"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 "ref">[31855] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 appetitus sensitivus non est nisi convenientium secundum sensum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 Sed conveniens secundum sensum est obiectum concupiscibilis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 nullus appetitus sensitivus est a concupiscibili differens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 <p title="I q. 81 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31856"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 "ref">[31856] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, odium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 est in irascibili, dicit enim Hieronymus, super Matth.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 <i>possideamus in irascibili odium vitiorum</i>. Sed odium, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 contrarietur amori, est in concupiscibili. Ergo eadem vis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 concupiscibilis et irascibilis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 <p title="I q. 81 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31857"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 "ref">[31857] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 quod Gregorius Nyssenus et Damascenus ponunt duas vires,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 irascibilem et concupiscibilem, partes appetitus sensitivi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3104 <p title="I q. 81 a. 2 co."><a name="31858"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 "ref">[31858] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 quod appetitus sensitivus est una vis in genere, quae sensualitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 dicitur; sed dividitur in duas potentias, quae sunt species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 appetitus sensitivi, scilicet in irascibilem et concupiscibilem. Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 cuius evidentiam, considerari oportet quod in rebus naturalibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 corruptibilibus, non solum oportet esse inclinationem ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 consequendum convenientia et refugiendum nociva; sed etiam ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 resistendum corrumpentibus et contrariis, quae convenientibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 impedimentum praebent et ingerunt nocumenta. Sicut ignis habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 naturalem inclinationem non solum ut recedat ab inferiori loco, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 sibi non convenit, et tendat in locum superiorem sibi convenientem;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 sed etiam quod resistat corrumpentibus et impedientibus. Quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 igitur appetitus sensitivus est inclinatio consequens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 apprehensionem sensitivam, sicut appetitus naturalis est inclinatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 consequens formam naturalem; necesse est quod in parte sensitiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 sint duae appetitivae potentiae. Una, per quam anima simpliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 inclinatur ad prosequendum ea quae sunt convenientia secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 sensum, et ad refugiendum nociva, et haec dicitur concupiscibilis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 Alia vero, per quam animal resistit impugnantibus, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 convenientia impugnant et nocumenta inferunt, et haec vis vocatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 irascibilis. Unde dicitur quod eius obiectum est arduum, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 scilicet tendit ad hoc quod superet contraria, et superemineat eis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 Hae autem duae inclinationes non reducuntur in unum principium,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 quia interdum anima tristibus se ingerit, contra inclinationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 concupiscibilis, ut secundum inclinationem irascibilis impugnet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 contraria. Unde etiam passiones irascibilis repugnare videntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 passionibus concupiscibilis, nam concupiscentia accensa minuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 iram, et ira accensa minuit concupiscentiam, ut in pluribus. Patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 etiam ex hoc, quod irascibilis est quasi propugnatrix et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 defensatrix concupiscibilis, dum insurgit contra ea quae impediunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 convenientia, quae concupiscibilis appetit, et ingerunt nociva,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 quae concupiscibilis refugit. Et propter hoc, omnes passiones
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 irascibilis incipiunt a passionibus concupiscibilis, et in eas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 terminantur; sicut ira nascitur ex illata tristitia, et vindictam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 inferens, in laetitiam terminatur. Propter hoc etiam pugnae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 animalium sunt de concupiscibilibus, scilicet de cibis et venereis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 ut dicitur in VIII de animalibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 <p title="I q. 81 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31859"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 "ref">[31859] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 dicendum quod vis concupiscibilis est et convenientis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 inconvenientis. Sed irascibilis est ad resistendum inconvenienti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 quod impugnat.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 <p title="I q. 81 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31860"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 "ref">[31860] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 dicendum quod, sicut in apprehensivis virtutibus in parte sensitiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 est aliqua vis aestimativa, scilicet quae est perceptiva eorum quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 sensum non immutant, ut supra dictum est; ita etiam in appetitu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 sensitivo est aliqua vis appetens aliquid quod non est conveniens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 secundum delectationem sensus, sed secundum quod est utile animali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 ad suam defensionem. Et haec est vis irascibilis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 <p title="I q. 81 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31861"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 "ref">[31861] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 dicendum quod odium simpliciter pertinet ad concupiscibilem; sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 ratione impugnationis quae ex odio causatur, potest ad irascibilem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 pertinere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 <p title="I q. 81 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31862"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 "ref">[31862] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 proceditur. Videtur quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 obediant rationi. Irascibilis enim et concupiscibilis sunt partes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 sensualitatis. Sed sensualitas non obedit rationi, unde per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 serpentem significatur, ut dicit Augustinus, XII de Trin. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 irascibilis et concupiscibilis non obediunt rationi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 <p title="I q. 81 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31863"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 "ref">[31863] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 obedit alicui, non repugnat ei. Sed irascibilis et concupiscibilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 repugnant rationi; secundum illud apostoli, ad Rom. VII, <i>video
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 aliam legem in membris meis, repugnantem legi mentis meae</i>. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 irascibilis et concupiscibilis non obediunt rationi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 <p title="I q. 81 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31864"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 "ref">[31864] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 rationali parte animae inferior est vis appetitiva, ita etiam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 vis sensitiva. Sed sensitiva pars animae non obedit rationi, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 enim audimus nec videmus quando volumus. Ergo similiter neque vires
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 sensitivi appetitus, scilicet irascibilis et concupiscibilis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 obediunt rationi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 <p title="I q. 81 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31865"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 "ref">[31865] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 quod Damascenus dicit, quod <i>obediens et persuasibile rationi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3185 dividitur in concupiscentiam et iram</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 <p title="I q. 81 a. 3 co."><a name="31866"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 "ref">[31866] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis obediunt superiori parti, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 qua est intellectus sive ratio et voluntas, dupliciter, uno modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 quidem, quantum ad rationem; alio vero modo, quantum ad voluntatem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 Rationi quidem obediunt quantum ad ipsos suos actus. Cuius ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 est, quia appetitus sensitivus in aliis quidem animalibus natus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 moveri ab aestimativa virtute; sicut ovis aestimans lupum inimicum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 timet. Loco autem aestimativae virtutis est in homine, sicut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 dictum est, vis cogitativa; quae dicitur a quibusdam ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 particularis, eo quod est collativa intentionum individualium. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 ab ea natus est moveri in homine appetitus sensitivus. Ipsa autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 ratio particularis nata est moveri et dirigi secundum rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 universalem, unde in syllogisticis ex universalibus propositionibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 concluduntur conclusiones singulares. Et ideo patet quod ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 universalis imperat appetitui sensitivo, qui distinguitur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 concupiscibilem et irascibilem, et hic appetitus ei obedit. Et quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 deducere universalia principia in conclusiones singulares, non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 opus simplicis intellectus, sed rationis; ideo irascibilis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 concupiscibilis magis dicuntur obedire rationi, quam intellectui.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 Hoc etiam quilibet experiri potest in seipso, applicando enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 aliquas universales considerationes, mitigatur ira aut timor aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 aliquid huiusmodi, vel etiam instigatur. Voluntati etiam subiacet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 appetitus sensitivus, quantum ad executionem, quae fit per vim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 motivam. In aliis enim animalibus statim ad appetitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 concupiscibilis et irascibilis sequitur motus sicut ovis, timens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 lupum statim fugit, quia non est in eis aliquis superior appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3213 qui repugnet. Sed homo non statim movetur secundum appetitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 irascibilis et concupiscibilis; sed expectatur imperium voluntatis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 quod est appetitus superior. In omnibus enim potentiis motivis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 ordinatis, secundum movens non movet nisi virtute primi moventis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 unde appetitus inferior non sufficit movere, nisi appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3218 superior consentiat. Et hoc est quod philosophus dicit, in III de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 anima, quod <i>appetitus superior movet appetitum inferiorem, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 sphaera superior inferiorem</i>. Hoc ergo modo irascibilis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3221 concupiscibilis rationi subduntur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 <p title="I q. 81 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31867"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 "ref">[31867] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 dicendum quod sensualitas significatur per serpentem, quantum ad id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3225 quod est proprium sibi ex parte sensitivae partis. Irascibilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 autem et concupiscibilis magis nominant sensitivum appetitum ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 parte actus, ad quem inducuntur ex ratione, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 <p title="I q. 81 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31868"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 "ref">[31868] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3230 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in I politicorum, <i>est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 quidem in animali contemplari et despoticum principatum, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 politicum, anima quidem enim corpori dominatur despotico
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 principatu; intellectus autem appetitui, politico et regali</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 Dicitur enim despoticus principatus, quo aliquis principatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 servis, qui non habent facultatem in aliquo resistendi imperio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 praecipientis, quia nihil sui habent. Principatus autem politicus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 et regalis dicitur, quo aliquis principatur liberis, qui, etsi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 subdantur regimini praesidentis, tamen habent aliquid proprium, ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 quo possunt reniti praecipientis imperio. Sic igitur anima dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 dominari corpori despotico principatu, quia corporis membra in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 nullo resistere possunt imperio animae, sed statim ad appetitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 animae movetur manus et pes, et quodlibet membrum quod natum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 moveri voluntario motu. Intellectus autem, seu ratio, dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3244 principari irascibili et concupiscibili politico principatu, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 appetitus sensibilis habet aliquid proprium, unde potest reniti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 imperio rationis. Natus est enim moveri appetitus sensitivus, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 solum ab aestimativa in aliis animalibus, et cogitativa in homine,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 quam dirigit universalis ratio; sed etiam ab imaginativa et sensu.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 Unde experimur irascibilem vel concupiscibilem rationi repugnare,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 per hoc quod sentimus vel imaginamur aliquod delectabile quod ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 vetat, vel triste quod ratio praecipit. Et sic per hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 irascibilis et concupiscibilis in aliquo rationi repugnant, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 excluditur quin ei obediant.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 <p title="I q. 81 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31869"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 "ref">[31869] I&ordf; q. 81 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 dicendum quod sensus exteriores indigent ad suos actus exterioribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 sensibilibus, quibus immutentur, quorum praesentia non est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 potestate rationis. Sed vires interiores, tam appetitivae quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 apprehensivae, non indigent exterioribus rebus. Et ideo subduntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 imperio rationis, quae potest non solum instigare vel mitigare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 affectus appetitivae virtutis, sed etiam formare imaginativae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 virtutis phantasmata.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 <div class="D">Quaestio 82</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 <p title="I q. 82 pr."><a name="31870"><span class="ref">[31870]
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 I&ordf; q. 82 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de voluntate.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 Circa quam quaeruntur quinque. Primo, utrum voluntas aliquid ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 necessitate appetat. Secundo, utrum omnia ex necessitate appetat.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 Tertio, utrum sit eminentior potentia quam intellectus. Quarto,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 utrum voluntas moveat intellectum. Quinto, utrum voluntas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 distinguatur per irascibilem et concupiscibilem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3273 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 <p title="I q. 82 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31871"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 "ref">[31871] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
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diff changeset
3277 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas nihil ex necessitate appetat.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 Dicit enim Augustinus, in V de Civ. Dei, quod si aliquid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 necessarium, non est voluntarium. Sed omne quod voluntas appetit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 est voluntarium. Ergo nihil quod voluntas appetit, est necessario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 desideratum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 <p title="I q. 82 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31872"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 "ref">[31872] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 potestates rationales, secundum philosophum, se habent ad opposita.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 Sed voluntas est potestas rationalis, quia, ut dicitur in III de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 anima, voluntas in ratione est. Ergo voluntas se habet ad opposita.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 Ad nihil ergo de necessitate determinatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 <p title="I q. 82 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31873"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3289 "ref">[31873] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 secundum voluntatem sumus domini nostrorum actuum. Sed eius quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 necessitate est, non sumus domini. Ergo actus voluntatis non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 de necessitate esse.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 <p title="I q. 82 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31874"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 "ref">[31874] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 quod Augustinus dicit, in XIII de Trin., quod <i>beatitudinem omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 una voluntate appetunt</i>. Si autem non esset necessarium sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 contingens, deficeret ad minus in paucioribus. Ergo voluntas ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 necessitate aliquid vult.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 <p title="I q. 82 a. 1 co."><a name="31875"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 "ref">[31875] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 quod necessitas dicitur multipliciter. Necesse est enim quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 potest non esse. Quod quidem convenit alicui, uno modo ex principio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 intrinseco, sive materiali, sicut cum dicimus quod omne compositum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 ex contrariis necesse est corrumpi; sive formali, sicut cum dicimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 quod necesse est triangulum habere tres angulos aequales duobus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 rectis. Et haec est necessitas naturalis et absoluta. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 convenit alicui quod non possit non esse, ex aliquo extrinseco, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 fine vel agente. Fine quidem, sicut cum aliquis non potest sine hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 consequi, aut bene consequi finem aliquem, ut cibus dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 necessarius ad vitam, et equus ad iter. Et haec vocatur necessitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 finis; quae interdum etiam utilitas dicitur. Ex agente autem hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3312 alicui convenit, sicut cum aliquis cogitur ab aliquo agente, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 quod non possit contrarium agere. Et haec vocatur necessitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 coactionis. Haec igitur coactionis necessitas omnino repugnat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 voluntati. Nam hoc dicimus esse violentum, quod est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 inclinationem rei. Ipse autem motus voluntatis est inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 quaedam in aliquid. Et ideo sicut dicitur aliquid naturale quia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3318 secundum inclinationem naturae, ita dicitur aliquid voluntarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 quia est secundum inclinationem voluntatis. Sicut ergo impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 est quod aliquid simul sit violentum et naturale; ita impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 est quod aliquid simpliciter sit coactum sive violentum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 voluntarium. Necessitas autem finis non repugnat voluntati, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 ad finem non potest perveniri nisi uno modo, sicut ex voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 transeundi mare, fit necessitas in voluntate ut velit navem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 Similiter etiam nec necessitas naturalis repugnat voluntati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 Quinimmo necesse est quod, sicut intellectus ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 inhaeret primis principiis, ita voluntas ex necessitate inhaereat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 ultimo fini, qui est beatitudo, finis enim se habet in operativis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 sicut principium in speculativis, ut dicitur in II Physic. Oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3330 enim quod illud quod naturaliter alicui convenit et immobiliter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 sit fundamentum et principium omnium aliorum, quia natura rei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 primum in unoquoque, et omnis motus procedit ab aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 immobili.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 <p title="I q. 82 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31876"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 "ref">[31876] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 dicendum quod verbum Augustini est intelligendum de necessario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 necessitate coactionis. Necessitas autem naturalis non aufert
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 libertatem voluntatis, ut ipsemet in eodem libro dicit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 <p title="I q. 82 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31877"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 "ref">[31877] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 dicendum quod voluntas secundum quod aliquid naturaliter vult,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 magis respondet intellectui naturalium principiorum, quam rationi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 quae ad opposita se habet. Unde secundum hoc, magis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 intellectualis quam rationalis potestas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 <p title="I q. 82 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31878"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3346 "ref">[31878] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 dicendum quod sumus domini nostrorum actuum secundum quod possumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 hoc vel illud eligere. Electio autem non est de fine, sed de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 quae sunt ad finem, ut dicitur in III Ethic. Unde appetitus ultimi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 finis non est de his quorum domini sumus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 <p title="I q. 82 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31879"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 "ref">[31879] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas ex necessitate omnia velit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 quaecumque vult. Dicit enim Dionysius, IV de Div. Nom., quod malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 est praeter voluntatem. Ex necessitate ergo voluntas tendit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 bonum sibi propositum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 <p title="I q. 82 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31880"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 "ref">[31880] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 obiectum voluntatis comparatur ad ipsam sicut movens ad mobile. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 motus mobilis necessario consequitur ex movente. Ergo videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 obiectum voluntatis ex necessitate moveat ipsam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 <p title="I q. 82 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31881"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 "ref">[31881] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 apprehensum secundum sensum est obiectum appetitus sensitivi, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 apprehensum secundum intellectum est obiectum intellectivi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 appetitus, qui dicitur voluntas. Sed apprehensum secundum sensum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 necessitate movet appetitum sensitivum, dicit enim Augustinus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 super Gen. ad Litt., quod animalia moventur visis. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 quod apprehensum secundum intellectum ex necessitate moveat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 voluntatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 <p title="I q. 82 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31882"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 "ref">[31882] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 quod Augustinus dicit, quod <i>voluntas est qua peccatur et recte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 vivitur</i>, et sic se habet ad opposita. Non ergo ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 vult quaecumque vult.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 <p title="I q. 82 a. 2 co."><a name="31883"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 "ref">[31883] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 quod voluntas non ex necessitate vult quaecumque vult. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 evidentiam, considerandum est quod sicut intellectus naturaliter et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 ex necessitate inhaeret primis principiis, ita voluntas ultimo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3383 fini, ut iam dictum est. Sunt autem quaedam intelligibilia quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 habent necessariam connexionem ad prima principia; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 contingentes propositiones, ad quarum remotionem non sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3386 remotio primorum principiorum. Et talibus non ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 assentit intellectus. Quaedam autem propositiones sunt necessariae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 quae habent connexionem necessariam cum primis principiis; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 conclusiones demonstrabiles, ad quarum remotionem sequitur remotio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 primorum principiorum. Et his intellectus ex necessitate assentit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 cognita connexione necessaria conclusionum ad principia per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 demonstrationis deductionem, non autem ex necessitate assentit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 antequam huiusmodi necessitatem connexionis per demonstrationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 cognoscat. Similiter etiam est ex parte voluntatis. Sunt enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 quaedam particularia bona, quae non habent necessariam connexionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 ad beatitudinem, quia sine his potest aliquis esse beatus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3397 huiusmodi voluntas non de necessitate inhaeret. Sunt autem quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 habentia necessariam connexionem ad beatitudinem, quibus scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 homo Deo inhaeret, in quo solo vera beatitudo consistit. Sed tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 antequam per certitudinem divinae visionis necessitas huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 connexionis demonstretur, voluntas non ex necessitate Deo inhaeret,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 nec his quae Dei sunt. Sed voluntas videntis Deum per essentiam, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 necessitate inhaeret Deo, sicut nunc ex necessitate volumus esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 beati. Patet ergo quod voluntas non ex necessitate vult quaecumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 vult.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 <p title="I q. 82 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31884"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3407 "ref">[31884] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 dicendum quod voluntas in nihil potest tendere nisi sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 boni. Sed quia bonum est multiplex, propter hoc non ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 determinatur ad unum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3411 <p title="I q. 82 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31885"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 "ref">[31885] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 dicendum quod movens tunc ex necessitate causat motum in mobili,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 quando potestas moventis excedit mobile, ita quod tota eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 possibilitas moventi subdatur. Cum autem possibilitas voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 sit respectu boni universalis et perfecti, non subiicitur eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 possibilitas tota alicui particulari bono. Et ideo non ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 necessitate movetur ab illo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 <p title="I q. 82 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31886"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 "ref">[31886] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3421 dicendum quod vis sensitiva non est vis collativa diversorum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 ratio, sed simpliciter aliquid unum apprehendit. Et ideo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 illud unum determinate movet appetitum sensitivum. Sed ratio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 collativa plurium, et ideo ex pluribus moveri potest appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 intellectivus, scilicet voluntas, et non ex uno ex necessitate.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 <p title="I q. 82 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31887"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 "ref">[31887] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas sit altior potentia quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 intellectus. Bonum enim et finis est obiectum voluntatis. Sed finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3432 est prima et altissima causarum. Ergo voluntas est prima et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 altissima potentiarum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 <p title="I q. 82 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31888"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 "ref">[31888] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 naturales inveniuntur procedere de imperfectis ad perfecta. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3437 etiam in potentiis animae apparet, proceditur enim de sensu ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 intellectum, qui est nobilior. Sed naturalis processus est de actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 intellectus in actum voluntatis. Ergo voluntas est perfectior et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 nobilior potentia quam intellectus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 <p title="I q. 82 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31889"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 "ref">[31889] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 habitus sunt proportionati potentiis, sicut perfectiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 perfectibilibus. Sed habitus quo perficitur voluntas, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 caritas, est nobilior habitibus quibus perficitur intellectus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 dicitur enim I ad Cor. XIII, <i>si noverim mysteria omnia, et si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 habuero omnem fidem, caritatem autem non habeam, nihil sum</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 Ergo voluntas est altior potentia quam intellectus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 <p title="I q. 82 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31890"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 "ref">[31890] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 quod philosophus, in X Ethic., ponit altissimam potentiam animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 esse intellectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 <p title="I q. 82 a. 3 co."><a name="31891"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 "ref">[31891] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 quod eminentia alicuius ad alterum potest attendi dupliciter, uno
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 modo, simpliciter; alio modo, secundum quid. Consideratur autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 aliquid tale simpliciter, prout est secundum seipsum tale, secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 quid autem, prout dicitur tale secundum respectum ad alterum. Si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 ergo intellectus et voluntas considerentur secundum se, sic
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 intellectus eminentior invenitur. Et hoc apparet ex comparatione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 obiectorum ad invicem. Obiectum enim intellectus est simplicius et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 magis absolutum quam obiectum voluntatis, nam obiectum intellectus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 est ipsa ratio boni appetibilis; bonum autem appetibile, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 ratio est in intellectu, est obiectum voluntatis. Quanto autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 aliquid est simplicius et abstractius, tanto secundum se est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 nobilius et altius. Et ideo obiectum intellectus est altius quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 obiectum voluntatis. Cum ergo propria ratio potentiae sit secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 ordinem ad obiectum, sequitur quod secundum se et simpliciter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 intellectus sit altior et nobilior voluntate. Secundum quid autem,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 et per comparationem ad alterum, voluntas invenitur interdum altior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 intellectu; ex eo scilicet quod obiectum voluntatis in altiori re
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3472 invenitur quam obiectum intellectus. Sicut si dicerem auditum esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 secundum quid nobiliorem visu, inquantum res aliqua cuius est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 sonus, nobilior est aliqua re cuius est color, quamvis color sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 nobilior et simplicior sono. Ut enim supra dictum est, actio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 intellectus consistit in hoc quod ratio rei intellectae est in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 intelligente; actus vero voluntatis perficitur in hoc quod voluntas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 inclinatur ad ipsam rem prout in se est. Et ideo philosophus dicit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 in VI Metaphys., quod bonum et malum, quae sunt obiecta voluntatis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 sunt in rebus; verum et falsum, quae sunt obiecta intellectus, sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 in mente. Quando igitur res in qua est bonum, est nobilior ipsa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 anima, in qua est ratio intellecta; per comparationem ad talem rem,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 voluntas est altior intellectu. Quando vero res in qua est bonum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 est infra animam; tunc etiam per comparationem ad talem rem,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 intellectus est altior voluntate. Unde melior est amor Dei quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 cognitio, e contrario autem melior est cognitio rerum corporalium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 quam amor. Simpliciter tamen intellectus est nobilior quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3488 voluntas.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 <p title="I q. 82 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31892"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3490 "ref">[31892] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 dicendum quod ratio causae accipitur secundum comparationem unius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 ad alterum, et in tali comparatione ratio boni principalior
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 invenitur, sed verum dicitur magis absolute, et ipsius boni
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 rationem significat. Unde et bonum quoddam verum est. Sed rursus et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3495 ipsum verum est quoddam bonum; secundum quod intellectus res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 quaedam est, et verum finis ipsius. Et inter alios fines iste finis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3497 est excellentior; sicut intellectus inter alias potentias.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 <p title="I q. 82 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31893"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 "ref">[31893] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3500 dicendum quod illud quod est prius generatione et tempore, est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 imperfectius, quia in uno et eodem potentia tempore praecedit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3502 actum, et imperfectio perfectionem. Sed illud quod est prius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 simpliciter et secundum naturae ordinem, est perfectius, sic enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 actus est prior potentia. Et hoc modo intellectus est prior
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 voluntate, sicut motivum mobili, et activum passivo, bonum enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 intellectum movet voluntatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 <p title="I q. 82 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31894"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 "ref">[31894] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 dicendum quod illa ratio procedit de voluntate secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 comparationem ad id quod supra animam est. Virtus enim caritatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 est qua Deum amamus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 <p title="I q. 82 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31895"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3515 "ref">[31895] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas non moveat intellectum. Movens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 enim est nobilius et prius moto, quia movens est agens; agens autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 est nobilius patiente, ut Augustinus dicit XII super Gen. ad Litt.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3519 et philosophus in III de anima. Sed intellectus est prior et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 nobilior voluntate, ut supra dictum est. Ergo voluntas non movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 intellectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 <p title="I q. 82 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31896"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 "ref">[31896] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3524 movens non movetur a moto, nisi forte per accidens. Sed intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 movet voluntatem, quia appetibile apprehensum per intellectum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 movens non motum; appetitus autem movens motum. Ergo intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 non movetur a voluntate.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 <p title="I q. 82 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31897"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 "ref">[31897] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 velle possumus nisi sit intellectum. Si igitur ad intelligendum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3531 movet voluntas volendo intelligere, oportebit quod etiam illud
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 velle praecedat aliud intelligere, et illud intelligere aliud
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 velle, et sic in infinitum, quod est impossibile. Non ergo voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 movet intellectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 <p title="I q. 82 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31898"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 "ref">[31898] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 quod Damascenus dicit, quod <i>in nobis est percipere quamcumque
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 volumus artem, et non percipere</i>. In nobis autem est aliquid per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3539 voluntatem; percipimus autem artes per intellectum. Voluntas ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 movet intellectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 <p title="I q. 82 a. 4 co."><a name="31899"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 "ref">[31899] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 quod aliquid dicitur movere dupliciter. Uno modo, per modum finis;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 sicut dicitur quod finis movet efficientem. Et hoc modo intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 movet voluntatem, quia bonum intellectum est obiectum voluntatis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 et movet ipsam ut finis. Alio modo dicitur aliquid movere per modum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3547 agentis; sicut alterans movet alteratum, et impellens movet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 impulsum. Et hoc modo voluntas movet intellectum, et omnes animae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 vires; ut Anselmus dicit in libro de similitudinibus. Cuius ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 est, quia in omnibus potentiis activis ordinatis, illa potentia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 quae respicit finem universalem, movet potentias quae respiciunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 fines particulares. Et hoc apparet tam in naturalibus quam in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 politicis. Caelum enim, quod agit ad universalem conservationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 generabilium et corruptibilium, movet omnia inferiora corpora,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 quorum unumquodque agit ad conservationem propriae speciei, vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 etiam individui. Rex etiam, qui intendit bonum commune totius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3557 regni, movet per suum imperium singulos praepositos civitatum, qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 singulis civitatibus curam regiminis impendunt. Obiectum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 voluntatis est bonum et finis in communi. Quaelibet autem potentia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 comparatur ad aliquod bonum proprium sibi conveniens; sicut visus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 ad perceptionem coloris, intellectus ad cognitionem veri. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 voluntas per modum agentis movet omnes animae potentias ad suos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3563 actus, praeter vires naturales vegetativae partis, quae nostro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 arbitrio non subduntur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 <p title="I q. 82 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31900"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3566 "ref">[31900] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 dicendum quod intellectus dupliciter considerari potest, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 secundum quod intellectus est apprehensivus entis et veri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 universalis; alio modo, secundum quod est quaedam res, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 particularis potentia habens determinatum actum. Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 voluntas dupliciter considerari potest, uno modo, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 communitatem sui obiecti, prout scilicet est appetitiva boni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 communis; alio modo, secundum quod est quaedam determinata animae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 potentia habens determinatum actum. Si ergo comparentur intellectus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 et voluntas secundum rationem communitatis obiectorum utriusque,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 sic dictum est supra quod intellectus est simpliciter altior et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3577 nobilior voluntate. Si autem consideretur intellectus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 communitatem sui obiecti, et voluntas secundum quod est quaedam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 determinata potentia, sic iterum intellectus est altior et prior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 voluntate, quia sub ratione entis et veri, quam apprehendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 intellectus, continetur voluntas ipsa, et actus eius, et obiectum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 ipsius. Unde intellectus intelligit voluntatem, et actum eius, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3583 obiectum ipsius, sicut et alia specialia intellecta, ut lapidem aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 lignum, quae continentur sub communi ratione entis et veri. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 consideretur voluntas secundum communem rationem sui obiecti, quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 est bonum, intellectus autem secundum quod est quaedam res et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 potentia specialis; sic sub communi ratione boni continetur, velut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 quoddam speciale, et intellectus ipse, et ipsum intelligere, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 obiectum eius, quod est verum, quorum quodlibet est quoddam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 speciale bonum. Et secundum hoc voluntas est altior intellectu, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 potest ipsum movere. Ex his ergo apparet ratio quare hae potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 suis actibus invicem se includunt, quia intellectus intelligit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 voluntatem velle, et voluntas vult intellectum intelligere. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 simili ratione bonum continetur sub vero, inquantum est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 verum intellectum; et verum continetur sub bono, inquantum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 quoddam bonum desideratum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 <p title="I q. 82 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31901"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 "ref">[31901] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 dicendum quod intellectus alio modo movet voluntatem, quam voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 intellectum, ut iam dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3601 <p title="I q. 82 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31902"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 "ref">[31902] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 dicendum quod non oportet procedere in infinitum, sed statur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 intellectu sicut in primo. Omnem enim voluntatis motum necesse est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 quod praecedat apprehensio, sed non omnem apprehensionem praecedit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 motus voluntatis; sed principium consiliandi et intelligendi est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 aliquod intellectivum principium altius intellectu nostro, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 Deus, ut etiam Aristoteles dicit in VII Ethicae Eudemicae, et per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 hunc modum ostendit quod non est procedere in infinitum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 <p title="I q. 82 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="31903"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 "ref">[31903] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 proceditur. Videtur quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis distingui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3615 debeant in appetitu superiori, qui est voluntas. Vis enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 concupiscibilis dicitur a concupiscendo; et irascibilis ab
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 irascendo. Sed aliqua concupiscentia est quae non potest pertinere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3618 ad appetitum sensitivum, sed solum ad intellectivum, qui est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 voluntas; sicut concupiscentia sapientiae, de qua dicitur Sap. VI,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3620 <i>concupiscentia sapientiae perducit ad regnum perpetuum</i>. Est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 etiam quaedam ira quae non potest pertinere ad appetitum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 sensitivum, sed intellectivum tantum; sicut cum irascimur contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 vitia. Unde et Hieronymus, super Matth., monet ut <i>odium vitiorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3624 possideamus in irascibili</i>. Ergo irascibilis et concupiscibilis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 distingui debent in appetitu intellectivo, sicut et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 sensitivo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 <p title="I q. 82 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="31904"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 "ref">[31904] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 secundum quod communiter dicitur, caritas est in concupiscibili,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 spes autem in irascibili. Non autem possunt esse in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 sensitivo, quia non sunt sensibilium obiectorum, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3632 intelligibilium. Ergo concupiscibilis et irascibilis sunt ponenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 in parte intellectiva.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 <p title="I q. 82 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="31905"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 "ref">[31905] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 libro de spiritu et anima dicitur quod has potentias (scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 irascibilem et concupiscibilem, et rationalem) <i>habet anima
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3638 antequam corpori misceatur</i>. Sed nulla potentia sensitivae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 partis est animae tantum, sed coniuncti, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3640 irascibilis et concupiscibilis sunt in voluntate, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 appetitus intellectivus.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 <p title="I q. 82 a. 5 s. c."><a name="31906"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 "ref">[31906] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 quod Gregorius Nyssenus, dicit, quod irrationalis pars animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3645 dividitur in desiderativum et irascitivum; et idem dicit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 Damascenus, in libro II. Et philosophus dicit, in III de anima quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 <i>voluntas in ratione est, in irrationali autem parte animae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3648 concupiscentia et ira, vel desiderium et animus</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3649 <p title="I q. 82 a. 5 co."><a name="31907"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3650 "ref">[31907] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis non sunt partes intellectivi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 appetitus, qui dicitur voluntas. Quia, sicut supra dictum est,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 potentia quae ordinatur ad aliquod obiectum secundum communem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3654 rationem, non diversificatur per differentias speciales sub illa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 ratione communi contentas. Sicut quia visus respicit visibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 secundum rationem colorati, non multiplicantur visivae potentiae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 secundum diversas species colorum, si autem esset aliqua potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 quae esset albi inquantum est album, et non inquantum est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 coloratum, diversificaretur a potentia quae esset nigri inquantum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3660 est nigrum. Appetitus autem sensitivus non respicit communem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3661 rationem boni, quia nec sensus apprehendit universale. Et ideo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 secundum diversas rationes particularium bonorum, diversificantur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 partes appetitus sensitivi, nam concupiscibilis respicit propriam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3664 rationem boni, inquantum est delectabile secundum sensum, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 conveniens naturae; irascibilis autem respicit rationem boni,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 secundum quod est repulsivum et impugnativum eius quod infert
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 nocumentum. Sed voluntas respicit bonum sub communi ratione boni.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3668 Et ideo non diversificantur in ipsa, quae est appetitus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 intellectivus, aliquae potentiae appetitivae, ut sit in appetitu
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3670 intellectivo alia potentia irascibilis, et alia concupiscibilis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 sicut etiam ex parte intellectus non multiplicantur vires
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 apprehensivae, licet multiplicentur ex parte sensus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3673 <p title="I q. 82 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="31908"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 "ref">[31908] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3675 dicendum quod amor, concupiscentia, et huiusmodi, dupliciter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 accipiuntur. Quandoque quidem secundum quod sunt quaedam passiones,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 cum quadam scilicet concitatione animi provenientes. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3678 communiter accipiuntur, et hoc modo sunt solum in appetitu
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 sensitivo. Alio modo significant simplicem affectum, absque
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3680 passione vel animi concitatione. Et sic sunt actus voluntatis. Et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 hoc etiam modo attribuuntur Angelis et Deo. Sed prout sic
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 accipiuntur, non pertinent ad diversas potentias, sed ad unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 tantum potentiam, quae dicitur voluntas.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3684 <p title="I q. 82 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="31909"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3685 "ref">[31909] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 dicendum quod ipsa voluntas potest dici irascibilis, prout vult
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3687 impugnare malum, non ex impetu passionis, sed ex iudicio rationis.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 Et eodem modo potest dici concupiscibilis, propter desiderium boni.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 Et sic in irascibili et concupiscibili sunt caritas et spes; idest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3690 in voluntate secundum quod habet ordinem ad huiusmodi actus. Sic
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 etiam potest intelligi quod dicitur in libro de spiritu et anima,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3692 quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis sunt animae antequam uniatur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 corpori (ut tamen intelligatur ordo naturae, et non temporis),
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3694 licet non sit necessarium verbis illius libri fidem adhibere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 <p title="I q. 82 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="31910"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 "ref">[31910] I&ordf; q. 82 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Unde patet solutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 ad tertium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3698 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 <div class="D">Quaestio 83</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3700 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3701 <p title="I q. 83 pr."><a name="31911"><span class="ref">[31911]
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 I&ordf; q. 83 pr.</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de libero arbitrio.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum homo sit liberi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3704 arbitrii. Secundo, quid sit liberum arbitrium, utrum sit potentia,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 vel actus, vel habitus. Tertio si est potentia, utrum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 appetitiva, vel cognitiva. Quarto, si est appetitiva, utrum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 eadem potentia cum voluntate, vel alia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3710 <p title="I q. 83 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31912"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3711 "ref">[31912] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3712 proceditur. Videtur quod homo non sit liberi arbitrii. Quicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 enim est liberi arbitrii, facit quod vult. Sed homo non facit quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 vult, dicitur enim Rom. VII, <i>non enim quod volo bonum, hoc ago;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3715 sed quod odi malum, illud facio</i>. Ergo homo non est liberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 arbitrii.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3717 <p title="I q. 83 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31913"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 "ref">[31913] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 quicumque est liberi arbitrii, eius est velle et non velle, operari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3720 et non operari. Sed hoc non est hominis, dicitur enim ad Rom. IX,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 non est volentis, scilicet velle, neque currentis, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 currere. Ergo homo non est liberi arbitrii.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 <p title="I q. 83 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31914"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 "ref">[31914] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> <i>Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 liberum est quod sui causa est</i>, ut dicitur in I Metaphys. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3726 ergo movetur ab alio, non est liberum. Sed Deus movet voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3727 dicitur enim Prov. XXI, <i>cor regis in manu Dei, et quocumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 voluerit vertet illud</i>; et Philipp. II, <i>Deus est qui operatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 in nobis velle et perficere</i>. Ergo homo non est liberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 arbitrii.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3731 <p title="I q. 83 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="31915"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 "ref">[31915] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3733 quicumque est liberi arbitrii, est dominus suorum actuum. Sed homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 non est dominus suorum actuum, quia, ut dicitur Ierem. X, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 est in homine via eius, nec viri est ut dirigat gressus suos</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 Ergo homo non est liberi arbitrii.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3737 <p title="I q. 83 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="31916"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 "ref">[31916] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3739 philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., <i>qualis unusquisque est, talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 finis videtur ei</i>. Sed non est in potestate nostra aliquales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 esse, sed hoc nobis est a natura. Ergo naturale est nobis quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3742 aliquem finem sequamur. Non ergo ex libero arbitrio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 <p title="I q. 83 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31917"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 "ref">[31917] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 quod dicitur Eccli. XV, <i>Deus ab initio constituit hominem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3746 reliquit eum in manu consilii sui</i>. Glossa, idest in libertate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 arbitrii.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3748 <p title="I q. 83 a. 1 co."><a name="31918"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 "ref">[31918] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 quod homo est liberi arbitrii, alioquin frustra essent consilia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3751 exhortationes, praecepta, prohibitiones, praemia et poenae. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3752 cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod quaedam agunt absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 iudicio, sicut lapis movetur deorsum; et similiter omnia cognitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 carentia. Quaedam autem agunt iudicio, sed non libero; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3755 animalia bruta. Iudicat enim ovis videns lupum, eum esse fugiendum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 naturali iudicio, et non libero, quia non ex collatione, sed ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 naturali instinctu hoc iudicat. Et simile est de quolibet iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 brutorum animalium. Sed homo agit iudicio, quia per vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 cognoscitivam iudicat aliquid esse fugiendum vel prosequendum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3760 quia iudicium istud non est ex naturali instinctu in particulari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3761 operabili, sed ex collatione quadam rationis; ideo agit libero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 iudicio, potens in diversa ferri. Ratio enim circa contingentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3763 habet viam ad opposita; ut patet in dialecticis syllogismis, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3764 rhetoricis persuasionibus. Particularia autem operabilia sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3765 quaedam contingentia, et ideo circa ea iudicium rationis ad diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 se habet, et non est determinatum ad unum. Et pro tanto necesse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 quod homo sit liberi arbitrii, ex hoc ipso quod rationalis est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 <p title="I q. 83 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31919"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3769 "ref">[31919] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, appetitus sensitivus, etsi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 obediat rationi, tamen potest in aliquo repugnare, concupiscendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 contra illud quod ratio dictat. Hoc ergo est bonum quod homo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3773 facit cum vult, scilicet non concupiscere contra rationem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 Glossa Augustini ibidem dicit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 <p title="I q. 83 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31920"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3776 "ref">[31920] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3777 dicendum quod verbum illud apostoli non sic est intelligendum quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 homo non velit et non currat libero arbitrio, sed quia liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 arbitrium ad hoc non est sufficiens, nisi moveatur et iuvetur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3780 Deo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3781 <p title="I q. 83 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31921"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 "ref">[31921] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 dicendum quod liberum arbitrium est causa sui motus, quia homo per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3784 liberum arbitrium seipsum movet ad agendum. Non tamen hoc est de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 necessitate libertatis, quod sit prima causa sui id quod liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 est, sicut nec ad hoc quod aliquid sit causa alterius, requiritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 quod sit prima causa eius. Deus igitur est prima causa movens et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 naturales causas et voluntarias. Et sicut naturalibus causis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 movendo eas, non aufert quin actus earum sint naturales; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3790 movendo causas voluntarias, non aufert quin actiones earum sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 voluntariae, sed potius hoc in eis facit, operatur enim in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3792 unoquoque secundum eius proprietatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3793 <p title="I q. 83 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31922"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 "ref">[31922] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 dicendum quod dicitur non esse in homine via eius, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 executiones electionum, in quibus homo impediri potest, velit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 nolit. Electiones autem ipsae sunt in nobis, supposito tamen divino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 auxilio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 <p title="I q. 83 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="31923"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3800 "ref">[31923] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3801 dicendum quod qualitas hominis est duplex, una naturalis, et alia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 superveniens. Naturalis autem qualitas accipi potest vel circa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 partem intellectivam; vel circa corpus et virtutes corpori annexas.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 Ex eo igitur quod homo est aliqualis qualitate naturali quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 attenditur secundum intellectivam partem, naturaliter homo appetit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3806 ultimum finem, scilicet beatitudinem. Qui quidem appetitus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3807 naturalis est, et non subiacet libero arbitrio, ut ex supradictis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3808 patet. Ex parte vero corporis et virtutum corpori annexarum, potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 esse homo aliqualis naturali qualitate, secundum quod est talis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 complexionis, vel talis dispositionis, ex quacumque impressione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3811 corporearum causarum, quae non possunt in intellectivam partem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3812 imprimere, eo quod non est alicuius corporis actus. Sic igitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 qualis unusquisque est secundum corpoream qualitatem, talis finis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 videtur ei, quia ex huiusmodi dispositione homo inclinatur ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 eligendum aliquid vel repudiandum. Sed istae inclinationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3816 subiacent iudicio rationis, cui obedit inferior appetitus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3817 dictum est. Unde per hoc libertati arbitrii non praeiudicatur.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3818 Qualitates autem supervenientes sunt sicut habitus et passiones,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 secundum quae aliquis magis inclinatur in unum quam in alterum.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 Tamen istae etiam inclinationes subiacent iudicio rationis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 huiusmodi etiam qualitates ei subiacent, inquantum in nobis est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 tales qualitates acquirere, vel causaliter vel dispositive, vel a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3823 nobis excludere. Et sic nihil est quod libertati arbitrii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3824 repugnet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3825 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3826 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 <p title="I q. 83 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31924"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 "ref">[31924] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3829 proceditur. Videtur quod liberum arbitrium non sit potentia.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3830 Arbitrium enim liberum nihil est aliud quam liberum iudicium.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 Iudicium autem non nominat potentiam, sed actum. Ergo liberum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3832 arbitrium non est potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3833 <p title="I q. 83 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31925"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 "ref">[31925] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3835 liberum arbitrium dicitur esse facultas voluntatis et rationis.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3836 Facultas autem nominat facilitatem potestatis, quae quidem est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3837 habitum. Ergo liberum arbitrium est habitus. Bernardus etiam dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3838 quod liberum arbitrium est habitus animae liber sui. Non ergo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3839 potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3840 <p title="I q. 83 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31926"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3841 "ref">[31926] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3842 potentia naturalis tollitur per peccatum. Sed liberum arbitrium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3843 tollitur per peccatum, Augustinus enim dicit quod <i>homo male
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3844 utens libero arbitrio, et se perdit et ipsum</i>. Ergo liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3845 arbitrium non est potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3846 <p title="I q. 83 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31927"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3847 "ref">[31927] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3848 quod nihil est subiectum habitus, ut videtur, nisi potentia. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3849 liberum arbitrium est subiectum gratiae; qua sibi assistente, bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3850 eligit. Ergo liberum arbitrium est potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3851 <p title="I q. 83 a. 2 co."><a name="31928"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3852 "ref">[31928] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3853 quod, quamvis liberum arbitrium nominet quendam actum secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3854 propriam significationem vocabuli; secundum tamen communem usum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3855 loquendi, liberum arbitrium dicimus id quod est huius actus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3856 principium, scilicet quo homo libere iudicat. Principium autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3857 actus in nobis est et potentia et habitus, dicimur enim aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3858 cognoscere et per scientiam, et per intellectivam potentiam.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3859 Oportet ergo quod liberum arbitrium vel sit potentia, vel sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3860 habitus, vel sit potentia cum aliquo habitu. Quod autem non sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3861 habitus, neque potentia cum habitu, manifeste apparet ex duobus.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3862 Primo quidem, quia si est habitus, oportet quod sit habitus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3863 naturalis, hoc enim est naturale homini, quod sit liberi arbitrii.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3864 Nullus autem habitus naturalis adest nobis ad ea quae subsunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3865 libero arbitrio, quia ad ea respectu quorum habemus habitus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3866 naturales, naturaliter inclinamur, sicut ad assentiendum primis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3867 principiis; ea autem ad quae naturaliter inclinamur, non subsunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3868 libero arbitrio, sicut dictum est de appetitu beatitudinis. Unde
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3869 contra propriam rationem liberi arbitrii est, quod sit habitus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3870 naturalis. Contra naturalitatem autem eius est, quod sit habitus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3871 non naturalis. Et sic relinquitur quod nullo modo sit habitus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3872 Secundo hoc apparet, quia habitus dicuntur secundum quos <i>nos
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3873 habemus ad passiones vel ad actus bene vel male</i>, ut dicitur in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3874 II Ethic., nam per temperantiam bene nos habemus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3875 concupiscentias, per intemperantiam autem male; per scientiam etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3876 bene nos habemus ad actum intellectus, dum verum cognoscimus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3877 habitum autem contrarium male. Liberum autem arbitrium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3878 indifferenter se habet ad bene eligendum vel male. Unde impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3879 est quod liberum arbitrium sit habitus. Relinquitur ergo quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3880 potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3881 <p title="I q. 83 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31929"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3882 "ref">[31929] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3883 dicendum quod consuetum est potentiam significari nomine actus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3884 sic per hunc actum qui est liberum iudicium, nominatur potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3885 quae est huius actus principium. Alioquin, si liberum arbitrium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3886 nominaret actum, non semper maneret in homine.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3887 <p title="I q. 83 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31930"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3888 "ref">[31930] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3889 dicendum quod facultas nominat quandoque potestatem expeditam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3890 operandum. Et sic facultas ponitur in definitione liberi arbitrii.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3891 Bernardus autem accipit habitum non secundum quod dividitur contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3892 potentiam, sed secundum quod significat habitudinem quandam, qua
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3893 aliquo modo se aliquis habet ad actum. Quod quidem est tam per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3894 potentiam quam per habitum, nam per potentiam homo se habet ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3895 potens operari, per habitum autem ut aptus ad operandum bene vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3896 male.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3897 <p title="I q. 83 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31931"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3898 "ref">[31931] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3899 dicendum quod homo peccando liberum arbitrium dicitur perdidisse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3900 non quantum ad libertatem naturalem, quae est a coactione; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3901 quantum ad libertatem quae est a culpa et a miseria. De qua infra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3902 in tractatu moralium dicetur, in secunda parte huius operis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3903 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3904 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3905 <p title="I q. 83 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31932"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3906 "ref">[31932] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3907 proceditur. Videtur quod liberum arbitrium non sit potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3908 appetitiva, sed cognitiva. Dicit enim Damascenus quod <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3909 rationali confestim comitatur liberum arbitrium</i>. Sed ratio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3910 potentia cognitiva. Ergo liberum arbitrium est potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3911 cognitiva.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3912 <p title="I q. 83 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31933"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3913 "ref">[31933] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3914 liberum arbitrium dicitur quasi liberum iudicium. Sed iudicare est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3915 actus cognitivae virtutis. Ergo liberum arbitrium est cognitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3916 potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3917 <p title="I q. 83 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31934"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3918 "ref">[31934] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3919 liberum arbitrium praecipue pertinet electio. Sed electio videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3920 ad cognitionem pertinere, quia electio importat quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3921 comparationem unius ad alterum, quod est proprium cognitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3922 virtutis. Ergo liberum arbitrium est potentia cognitiva.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3923 <p title="I q. 83 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31935"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3924 "ref">[31935] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3925 quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>electio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3926 desiderium eorum quae sunt in nobis</i>. Sed desiderium est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3927 appetitivae virtutis. Ergo et electio. Liberum autem arbitrium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3928 secundum quod eligimus. Ergo liberum arbitrium est virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3929 appetitiva.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3930 <p title="I q. 83 a. 3 co."><a name="31936"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3931 "ref">[31936] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3932 quod proprium liberi arbitrii est electio, ex hoc enim liberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3933 arbitrii esse dicimur, quod possumus unum recipere, alio recusato,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3934 quod est eligere. Et ideo naturam liberi arbitrii ex electione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3935 considerare oportet. Ad electionem autem concurrit aliquid ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3936 cognitivae virtutis, et aliquid ex parte appetitivae, ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3937 quidem cognitivae, requiritur consilium, per quod diiudicatur quid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3938 sit alteri praeferendum; ex parte autem appetitivae, requiritur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3939 quod appetendo acceptetur id quod per consilium diiudicatur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3940 ideo Aristoteles in VI Ethic. sub dubio derelinquit utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3941 principalius pertineat electio ad vim appetitivam, vel ad vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3942 cognitivam, dicit enim quod electio vel est intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3943 appetitivus, vel appetitus intellectivus. Sed in III Ethic. in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3944 magis declinat quod sit appetitus intellectivus, nominans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3945 electionem desiderium consiliabile. Et huius ratio est, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3946 proprium obiectum electionis est illud quod est ad finem, hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3947 autem, inquantum huiusmodi, habet rationem boni quod dicitur utile,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3948 unde cum bonum, inquantum huiusmodi, sit obiectum appetitus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3949 sequitur quod electio sit principaliter actus appetitivae virtutis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3950 Et sic liberum arbitrium est appetitiva potentia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3951 <p title="I q. 83 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31937"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3952 "ref">[31937] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3953 dicendum quod potentiae appetitivae concomitantur apprehensivas. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3954 secundum hoc dicit Damascenus quod <i>cum rationali confestim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3955 comitatur liberum arbitrium</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3956 <p title="I q. 83 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31938"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3957 "ref">[31938] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3958 dicendum quod iudicium est quasi conclusio et determinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3959 consilii. Determinatur autem consilium, primo quidem per sententiam
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diff changeset
3960 rationis, et secundo per acceptationem appetitus, unde philosophus
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diff changeset
3961 dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>ex consiliari iudicantes desideramus
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diff changeset
3962 secundum consilium</i>. Et hoc modo ipsa electio dicitur quoddam
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diff changeset
3963 iudicium, a quo nominatur liberum arbitrium.</p>
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diff changeset
3964 <p title="I q. 83 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31939"><span class=
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diff changeset
3965 "ref">[31939] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
3966 dicendum quod ista collatio quae importatur in nomine electionis,
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diff changeset
3967 pertinet ad consilium praecedens, quod est rationis. Appetitus
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diff changeset
3968 enim, quamvis non sit collativus, tamen inquantum a vi cognitiva
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diff changeset
3969 conferente movetur, habet quandam collationis similitudinem, dum
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diff changeset
3970 unum alteri praeoptat.</p>
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diff changeset
3971 <br />
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diff changeset
3972 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
3973 <p title="I q. 83 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31940"><span class=
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diff changeset
3974 "ref">[31940] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
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diff changeset
3975 proceditur. Videtur quod liberum arbitrium sit alia potentia a
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diff changeset
3976 voluntate. Dicit enim Damascenus, in libro II, quod aliud est
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diff changeset
3977 thelesis, aliud vero bulesis, thelesis autem est voluntas; bulesis
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diff changeset
3978 autem videtur arbitrium liberum, quia bulesis, secundum ipsum, est
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diff changeset
3979 voluntas quae est circa aliquid quasi unius per comparationem ad
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diff changeset
3980 alterum. Ergo videtur quod liberum arbitrium sit alia potentia a
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diff changeset
3981 voluntate.</p>
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diff changeset
3982 <p title="I q. 83 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31941"><span class=
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diff changeset
3983 "ref">[31941] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
3984 potentiae cognoscuntur per actus. Sed electio, quae est actus
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diff changeset
3985 liberi arbitrii, est aliud a voluntate, ut dicitur in III Ethic.,
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diff changeset
3986 <i>quia voluntas est de fine, electio autem de iis quae sunt ad
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diff changeset
3987 finem</i>. Ergo liberum arbitrium est alia potentia a
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diff changeset
3988 voluntate.</p>
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diff changeset
3989 <p title="I q. 83 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31942"><span class=
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diff changeset
3990 "ref">[31942] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
3991 voluntas est appetitus intellectivus. Sed ex parte intellectus sunt
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3992 duae potentiae, scilicet agens et possibilis. Ergo etiam ex parte
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3993 appetitus intellectivi debet esse alia potentia praeter voluntatem.
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3994 Et haec non videtur esse nisi liberum arbitrium. Ergo liberum
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3995 arbitrium est alia potentia praeter voluntatem.</p>
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diff changeset
3996 <p title="I q. 83 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31943"><span class=
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diff changeset
3997 "ref">[31943] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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diff changeset
3998 quod Damascenus dicit, in III libro, quod liberum arbitrium nihil
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3999 aliud est quam voluntas.</p>
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diff changeset
4000 <p title="I q. 83 a. 4 co."><a name="31944"><span class=
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diff changeset
4001 "ref">[31944] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
4002 quod potentias appetitivas oportet esse proportionatas potentiis
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4003 apprehensivis, ut supra dictum est. Sicut autem ex parte
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diff changeset
4004 apprehensionis intellectivae se habent intellectus et ratio, ita ex
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diff changeset
4005 parte appetitus intellectivi se habent voluntas et liberum
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4006 arbitrium, quod nihil aliud est quam vis electiva. Et hoc patet ex
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diff changeset
4007 habitudine obiectorum et actuum. Nam intelligere importat simplicem
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diff changeset
4008 acceptionem alicuius rei, unde intelligi dicuntur proprie
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diff changeset
4009 principia, quae sine collatione per seipsa cognoscuntur.
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diff changeset
4010 Ratiocinari autem proprie est devenire ex uno in cognitionem
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diff changeset
4011 alterius, unde proprie de conclusionibus ratiocinamur, quae ex
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diff changeset
4012 principiis innotescunt. Similiter ex parte appetitus, velle
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diff changeset
4013 importat simplicem appetitum alicuius rei, unde voluntas dicitur
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4014 esse de fine, qui propter se appetitur. Eligere autem est appetere
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diff changeset
4015 aliquid propter alterum consequendum, unde proprie est eorum quae
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4016 sunt ad finem. Sicut autem se habet in cognitivis principium ad
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4017 conclusionem, cui propter principia assentimus; ita in appetitivis
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4018 se habet finis ad ea quae sunt ad finem, quae propter finem
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4019 appetuntur. Unde manifestum est quod sicut se habet intellectus ad
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diff changeset
4020 rationem, ita se habet voluntas ad vim electivam, idest ad liberum
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4021 arbitrium. Ostensum est autem supra quod eiusdem potentiae est
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diff changeset
4022 intelligere et ratiocinari, sicut eiusdem virtutis est quiescere et
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4023 moveri. Unde etiam eiusdem potentiae est velle et eligere. Et
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diff changeset
4024 propter hoc voluntas et liberum arbitrium non sunt duae potentiae,
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diff changeset
4025 sed una.</p>
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diff changeset
4026 <p title="I q. 83 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31945"><span class=
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diff changeset
4027 "ref">[31945] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
4028 dicendum quod bulesis distinguitur a thelesi, non propter
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diff changeset
4029 diversitatem potentiarum, sed propter differentiam actuum.</p>
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diff changeset
4030 <p title="I q. 83 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31946"><span class=
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diff changeset
4031 "ref">[31946] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
4032 dicendum quod electio et voluntas, idest ipsum velle, sunt diversi
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4033 actus, sed tamen pertinent ad unam potentiam, sicut etiam
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diff changeset
4034 intelligere et ratiocinari, ut dictum est.</p>
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diff changeset
4035 <p title="I q. 83 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31947"><span class=
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diff changeset
4036 "ref">[31947] I&ordf; q. 83 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
4037 dicendum quod intellectus comparatur ad voluntatem ut movens. Et
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diff changeset
4038 ideo non oportet in voluntate distinguere agens et possibile.</p>
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diff changeset
4039 <div class="centro"><br />
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4040 <p><a href="sth1075.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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4041 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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diff changeset
4042 <a href="sth1084.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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4043 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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4044 <br />
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diff changeset
4045 <hr />
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4046 <br />
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4047 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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diff changeset
4048 hanc editionem<br />
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diff changeset
4049 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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diff changeset
4050 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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4051 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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diff changeset
4052 </div>
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4053 </body>
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4054 </html>