annotate summa/latin/sth3057.html @ 28:544e12f679ad

convert to xml
author ht
date Tue, 24 Nov 2009 19:27:32 +0000
parents 4006eb4882de
children d777cc3962f2
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28
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, II&ordf;-IIae q.
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23 57-60</title>
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24 </head>
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25 <body>
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26 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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27 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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29 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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30 <div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione LVII ad
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31 LX</div>
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32 <br />
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33 <div class="centro">
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34 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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35 <tr>
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36 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border=
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37 "0" alt=
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38 "Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)"
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39 align="middle" /></th>
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40 </tr>
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41 </table>
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42 <br />
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43 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1897 editum<br />
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44 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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45 magneticas<br />
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46 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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47 <br /></span><br />
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48 <hr />
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49 <br />
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50 <p><a href="sth3047.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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52 <a href="sth3061.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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53 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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54 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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55 //<![CDATA[
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56 <!--
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57 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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63 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="iopera.html">Opera omnia');
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249 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41566">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 arg. 2');
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250 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41567">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 arg. 3');
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251 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41568">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 s. c.');
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252 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41569">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 co.');
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253 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41570">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 ad 1');
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254 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41571">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 ad 2');
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255 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41572">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 ad 3');
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256 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41573">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 arg. 1');
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257 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41574">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 arg. 2');
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258 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41575">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 arg. 3');
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259 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41576">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 s. c.');
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260 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41577">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 co.');
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261 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41578">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 ad 1');
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262 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41579">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 ad 2');
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263 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41580">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 ad 3');
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264 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41581">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 arg. 1');
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265 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41582">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 arg. 2');
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266 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41583">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 arg. 3');
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267 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41584">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 s. c.');
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268 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41585">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 co.');
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269 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41586">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 ad 1');
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270 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41587">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 ad 2');
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271 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41588">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 ad 3');
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272 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41589">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 1');
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273 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41590">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 2');
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274 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41591">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 3');
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275 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41592">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 s. c.');
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276 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41593">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 co.');
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277 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41594">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 1');
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278 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41595">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 2');
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279 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41596">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 3');
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280 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41597">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 arg. 1');
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281 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41598">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 arg. 2');
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282 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41599">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 arg. 3');
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283 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41600">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 arg. 4');
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284 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41601">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 s. c.');
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285 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41602">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 co.');
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286 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41603">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 ad 1');
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287 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41604">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 ad 2');
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288 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41605">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 ad 3');
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289 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#41606">II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 ad 4');
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290 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
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291 document.write('<BR><BR>');
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292 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
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293 document.write('<\/FORM>');
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294 // -->
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295 //]]>
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296 </script><br />
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297 <hr />
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298 <br /></div>
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299 <div class="D">Quaestio 57</div>
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300 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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301 <p title="II-II q. 57 pr."><a name="41383"><span class=
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302 "ref">[41383] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 pr.</span></a> Consequenter post
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303 prudentiam considerandum est de iustitia. Circa quam quadruplex
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304 consideratio occurrit, prima est de iustitia; secunda, de partibus
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305 eius; tertia, de dono ad hoc pertinente; quarta, de praeceptis ad
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306 iustitiam pertinentibus. Circa iustitiam vero consideranda sunt
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307 quatuor, primo quidem, de iure; secundo, de ipsa iustitia; tertio,
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308 de iniustitia; quarto, de iudicio. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor.
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309 Primo, utrum ius sit obiectum iustitiae. Secundo, utrum ius
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310 convenienter dividatur in ius naturale et positivum. Tertio, utrum
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311 ius gentium sit ius naturale. Quarto, utrum ius dominativum et
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312 paternum debeat specialiter distingui.</p>
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313 <br />
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314 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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315 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41384"><span class=
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316 "ref">[41384] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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317 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ius non sit obiectum iustitiae. Dicit
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318 enim celsus iurisconsultus quod ius est ars boni et aequi. Ars
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319 autem non est obiectum iustitiae, sed est per se virtus
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320 intellectualis. Ergo ius non est obiectum iustitiae.</p>
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321 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41385"><span class=
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322 "ref">[41385] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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323 lex, sicut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., iuris est species. Lex
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324 autem non est obiectum iustitiae, sed magis prudentiae, unde et
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325 philosophus legispositivam partem prudentiae ponit. Ergo ius non
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326 est obiectum iustitiae.</p>
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327 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41386"><span class=
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328 "ref">[41386] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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329 iustitia principaliter subiicit hominem Deo, dicit enim Augustinus,
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330 libro de moribus Eccles., quod <i>iustitia est amor Deo tantum
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331 serviens, et ob hoc bene imperans ceteris, quae homini subiecta
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332 sunt</i>. Sed ius non pertinet ad divina, sed solum ad humana,
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333 dicit enim Isidorus, in libro Etymol., quod <i>fas lex divina est,
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334 ius autem lex humana</i>. Ergo ius non est obiectum iustitiae.</p>
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335 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41387"><span class=
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336 "ref">[41387] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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337 est quod Isidorus dicit, in eodem, quod ius dictum est quia est
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338 iustum. Sed iustum est obiectum iustitiae, dicit enim philosophus,
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339 in V Ethic., quod <i>omnes talem habitum volunt dicere iustitiam a
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340 quo operativi iustorum sunt</i>. Ergo ius est obiectum
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341 iustitiae.</p>
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342 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 1 co."><a name="41388"><span class=
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343 "ref">[41388] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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344 dicendum quod iustitiae proprium est inter alias virtutes ut
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345 ordinet hominem in his quae sunt ad alterum. Importat enim
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346 aequalitatem quandam, ut ipsum nomen demonstrat, dicuntur enim
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347 vulgariter ea quae adaequantur iustari. Aequalitas autem ad alterum
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348 est. Aliae autem virtutes perficiunt hominem solum in his quae ei
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349 conveniunt secundum seipsum. Sic igitur illud quod est rectum in
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350 operibus aliarum virtutum, ad quod tendit intentio virtutis quasi
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351 in proprium obiectum, non accipitur nisi per comparationem ad
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352 agentem. Rectum vero quod est in opere iustitiae, etiam praeter
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353 comparationem ad agentem, constituitur per comparationem ad alium,
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354 illud enim in opere nostro dicitur esse iustum quod respondet
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355 secundum aliquam aequalitatem alteri, puta recompensatio mercedis
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356 debitae pro servitio impenso. Sic igitur iustum dicitur aliquid,
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357 quasi habens rectitudinem iustitiae, ad quod terminatur actio
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358 iustitiae, etiam non considerato qualiter ab agente fiat. Sed in
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359 aliis virtutibus non determinatur aliquid rectum nisi secundum quod
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360 aliqualiter fit ab agente. Et propter hoc specialiter iustitiae
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361 prae aliis virtutibus determinatur secundum se obiectum, quod
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362 vocatur iustum. Et hoc quidem est ius. Unde manifestum est quod ius
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363 est obiectum iustitiae.</p>
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364 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41389"><span class=
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365 "ref">[41389] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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366 ergo dicendum quod consuetum est quod nomina a sui prima
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367 impositione detorqueantur ad alia significanda, sicut nomen
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368 medicinae impositum est primo ad significandum remedium quod
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369 praestatur infirmo ad sanandum, deinde tractum est ad significandum
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370 artem qua hoc fit. Ita etiam hoc nomen ius primo impositum est ad
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371 significandum ipsam rem iustam; postmodum autem derivatum est ad
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372 artem qua cognoscitur quid sit iustum; et ulterius ad significandum
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373 locum in quo ius redditur, sicut dicitur aliquis comparere in iure;
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374 et ulterius dicitur etiam ius quod redditur ab eo ad cuius officium
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375 pertinet iustitiam facere, licet etiam id quod decernit sit
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376 iniquum.</p>
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377 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41390"><span class=
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378 "ref">[41390] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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379 dicendum quod sicut eorum quae per artem exterius fiunt quaedam
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380 ratio in mente artificis praeexistit, quae dicitur regula artis;
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381 ita etiam illius operis iusti quod ratio determinat quaedam ratio
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382 praeexistit in mente, quasi quaedam prudentiae regula. Et hoc si in
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383 scriptum redigatur, vocatur lex, est enim lex, secundum Isidorum,
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384 constitutio scripta. Et ideo lex non est ipsum ius, proprie
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385 loquendo, sed aliqualis ratio iuris.</p>
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386 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41391"><span class=
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387 "ref">[41391] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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388 dicendum quod quia iustitia aequalitatem importat, Deo autem non
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389 possumus aequivalens recompensare, inde est quod iustum, secundum
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390 perfectam rationem, non possumus reddere Deo. Et propter hoc non
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391 dicitur proprie ius lex divina, sed fas, quia videlicet sufficit
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392 Deo ut impleamus quod possumus. Iustitia tamen ad hoc tendit ut
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393 homo, quantum potest, Deo recompenset, totaliter animam ei
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394 subiiciens.</p>
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395 <br />
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396 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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397 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41392"><span class=
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398 "ref">[41392] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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399 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ius non convenienter
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400 dividatur in ius naturale et ius positivum. Illud enim quod est
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401 naturale est immutabile, et idem apud omnes. Non autem invenitur in
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diff changeset
402 rebus humanis aliquid tale, quia omnes regulae iuris humani in
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diff changeset
403 aliquibus casibus deficiunt, nec habent suam virtutem ubique. Ergo
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diff changeset
404 non est aliquod ius naturale.</p>
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diff changeset
405 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41393"><span class=
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diff changeset
406 "ref">[41393] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
407 illud dicitur esse positivum quod ex voluntate humana procedit. Sed
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diff changeset
408 non ideo aliquid est iustum quia a voluntate humana procedit,
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diff changeset
409 alioquin voluntas hominis iniusta esse non posset. Ergo, cum iustum
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diff changeset
410 sit idem quod ius, videtur quod nullum sit ius positivum.</p>
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diff changeset
411 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41394"><span class=
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diff changeset
412 "ref">[41394] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
413 ius divinum non est ius naturale, cum excedat naturam humanam.
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414 Similiter etiam non est ius positivum, quia non innititur
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415 auctoritati humanae, sed auctoritati divinae. Ergo inconvenienter
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diff changeset
416 dividitur ius per naturale et positivum.</p>
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diff changeset
417 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41395"><span class=
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diff changeset
418 "ref">[41395] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
419 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod <i>politici iusti hoc
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420 quidem naturale est, hoc autem legale</i>, idest lege positum.</p>
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421 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 2 co."><a name="41396"><span class=
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diff changeset
422 "ref">[41396] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
423 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ius, sive iustum, est aliquod opus
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diff changeset
424 adaequatum alteri secundum aliquem aequalitatis modum. Dupliciter
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diff changeset
425 autem potest alicui homini aliquid esse adaequatum. Uno quidem
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diff changeset
426 modo, ex ipsa natura rei, puta cum aliquis tantum dat ut tantundem
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427 recipiat. Et hoc vocatur ius naturale. Alio modo aliquid est
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428 adaequatum vel commensuratum alteri ex condicto, sive ex communi
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diff changeset
429 placito, quando scilicet aliquis reputat se contentum si tantum
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diff changeset
430 accipiat. Quod quidem potest fieri dupliciter. Uno modo, per
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diff changeset
431 aliquod privatum condictum, sicut quod firmatur aliquo pacto inter
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432 privatas personas. Alio modo, ex condicto publico, puta cum totus
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433 populus consentit quod aliquid habeatur quasi adaequatum et
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434 commensuratum alteri; vel cum hoc ordinat princeps, qui curam
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435 populi habet et eius personam gerit. Et hoc dicitur ius
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436 positivum.</p>
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diff changeset
437 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41397"><span class=
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diff changeset
438 "ref">[41397] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
439 ergo dicendum quod illud quod est naturale habenti naturam
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440 immutabilem, oportet quod sit semper et ubique tale. Natura autem
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441 hominis est mutabilis. Et ideo id quod naturale est homini potest
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diff changeset
442 aliquando deficere. Sicut naturalem aequalitatem habet ut deponenti
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diff changeset
443 depositum reddatur, et si ita esset quod natura humana semper esset
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diff changeset
444 recta, hoc esset semper servandum. Sed quia quandoque contingit
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diff changeset
445 quod voluntas hominis depravatur, est aliquis casus in quo
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446 depositum non est reddendum, ne homo perversam voluntatem habens
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diff changeset
447 male eo utatur, ut puta si furiosus vel hostis reipublicae arma
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diff changeset
448 deposita reposcat.</p>
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diff changeset
449 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41398"><span class=
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diff changeset
450 "ref">[41398] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
451 dicendum quod voluntas humana ex communi condicto potest aliquid
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diff changeset
452 facere iustum in his quae secundum se non habent aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
453 repugnantiam ad naturalem iustitiam. Et in his habet locum ius
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diff changeset
454 positivum. Unde philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod legale iustum
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diff changeset
455 est <i>quod ex principio quidem nihil differt sic vel aliter,
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456 quando autem ponitur, differt</i>. Sed si aliquid de se
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diff changeset
457 repugnantiam habeat ad ius naturale, non potest voluntate humana
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diff changeset
458 fieri iustum, puta si statuatur quod liceat furari vel adulterium
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diff changeset
459 committere. Unde dicitur Isaiae X, <i>vae qui condunt leges
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460 iniquas</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
461 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41399"><span class=
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diff changeset
462 "ref">[41399] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
463 dicendum quod ius divinum dicitur quod divinitus promulgatur. Et
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diff changeset
464 hoc quidem partim est de his quae sunt naturaliter iusta, sed tamen
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diff changeset
465 eorum iustitia homines latet, partim autem est de his quae fiunt
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466 iusta institutione divina. Unde etiam ius divinum per haec duo
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467 distingui potest, sicut et ius humanum. Sunt enim in lege divina
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468 quaedam praecepta quia bona, et prohibita quia mala, quaedam vero
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469 bona quia praecepta, et mala quia prohibita.</p>
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diff changeset
470 <br />
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diff changeset
471 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
472 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41400"><span class=
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diff changeset
473 "ref">[41400] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
474 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ius gentium sit idem cum iure
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diff changeset
475 naturali. Non enim omnes homines conveniunt nisi in eo quod est eis
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476 naturale. Sed in iure gentium omnes homines conveniunt, dicit enim
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diff changeset
477 iurisconsultus quod ius gentium est quo gentes humanae utuntur.
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diff changeset
478 Ergo ius gentium est ius naturale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
479 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41401"><span class=
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diff changeset
480 "ref">[41401] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
481 servitus inter homines est naturalis, quidam enim sunt naturaliter
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482 servi, ut philosophus probat, in I Polit. Sed servitutes pertinent
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diff changeset
483 ad ius gentium, ut Isidorus dicit. Ergo ius gentium est ius
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484 naturale.</p>
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diff changeset
485 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41402"><span class=
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diff changeset
486 "ref">[41402] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
487 ius, ut dictum est, dividitur per ius naturale et positivum. Sed
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diff changeset
488 ius gentium non est ius positivum, non enim omnes gentes unquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
489 convenerunt ut ex communi condicto aliquid statuerent. Ergo ius
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diff changeset
490 gentium est ius naturale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
491 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41403"><span class=
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diff changeset
492 "ref">[41403] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
493 est quod Isidorus dicit, quod ius aut naturale est, aut civile, aut
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diff changeset
494 gentium. Et ita ius gentium distinguitur a iure naturali.</p>
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diff changeset
495 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 3 co."><a name="41404"><span class=
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diff changeset
496 "ref">[41404] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
497 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ius sive iustum naturale est quod
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diff changeset
498 ex sui natura est adaequatum vel commensuratum alteri. Hoc autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
499 potest contingere dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum absolutam sui
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diff changeset
500 considerationem, sicut masculus ex sui ratione habet
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diff changeset
501 commensurationem ad feminam ut ex ea generet, et parens ad filium
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diff changeset
502 ut eum nutriat. Alio modo aliquid est naturaliter alteri
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diff changeset
503 commensuratum non secundum absolutam sui rationem, sed secundum
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504 aliquid quod ex ipso consequitur, puta proprietas possessionum. Si
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diff changeset
505 enim consideretur iste ager absolute, non habet unde magis sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
506 huius quam illius, sed si consideretur quantum ad opportunitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
507 colendi et ad pacificum usum agri, secundum hoc habet quandam
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diff changeset
508 commensurationem ad hoc quod sit unius et non alterius, ut patet
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diff changeset
509 per philosophum, in II Polit. Absolute autem apprehendere aliquid
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diff changeset
510 non solum convenit homini, sed etiam aliis animalibus. Et ideo ius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
511 quod dicitur naturale secundum primum modum, commune est nobis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
512 aliis animalibus. A iure autem naturali sic dicto recedit ius
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diff changeset
513 gentium, ut iurisconsultus dicit, <i>quia illud omnibus animalibus,
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diff changeset
514 hoc solum hominibus inter se commune est</i>. Considerare autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
515 aliquid comparando ad id quod ex ipso sequitur, est proprium
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diff changeset
516 rationis. Et ideo hoc quidem est naturale homini secundum rationem
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diff changeset
517 naturalem, quae hoc dictat. Et ideo dicit Gaius iurisconsultus,
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diff changeset
518 <i>quod naturalis ratio inter omnes homines constituit, id apud
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diff changeset
519 omnes gentes custoditur, vocaturque ius gentium</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
520 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41405"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
521 "ref">[41405] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
522 patet responsio ad primum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
523 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41406"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
524 "ref">[41406] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
525 dicendum quod hunc hominem esse servum, absolute considerando,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
526 magis quam alium, non habet rationem naturalem, sed solum secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
527 aliquam utilitatem consequentem, inquantum utile est huic quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
528 regatur a sapientiori, et illi quod ab hoc iuvetur, ut dicitur in I
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parents: 26
diff changeset
529 Polit. Et ideo servitus pertinens ad ius gentium est naturalis
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530 secundo modo, sed non primo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
531 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41407"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
532 "ref">[41407] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
533 dicendum quod quia ea quae sunt iuris gentium naturalis ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
534 dictat, puta ex propinquo habentia aequitatem; inde est quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
535 indigent aliqua speciali institutione, sed ipsa naturalis ratio ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
536 instituit, ut dictum est in auctoritate inducta.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
537 <br />
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diff changeset
538 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
539 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41408"><span class=
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diff changeset
540 "ref">[41408] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
541 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non debeat specialiter distingui ius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
542 paternum et dominativum. Ad iustitiam enim pertinet reddere
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diff changeset
543 unicuique quod suum est; ut dicit Ambrosius, in I de officiis. Sed
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diff changeset
544 ius est obiectum iustitiae, sicut dictum est. Ergo ius ad
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diff changeset
545 unumquemque aequaliter pertinet. Et sic non debet distingui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
546 specialiter ius patris et domini.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
547 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41409"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
548 "ref">[41409] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
549 ratio iusti est lex, ut dictum est. Sed lex respicit commune bonum
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diff changeset
550 civitatis et regni, ut supra habitum est, non autem respicit bonum
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diff changeset
551 privatum unius personae, aut etiam unius familiae. Non ergo debet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
552 esse aliquod speciale ius vel iustum dominativum vel paternum, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
553 dominus et pater pertineant ad domum, ut dicitur in I Polit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
554 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41410"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
555 "ref">[41410] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
556 multae aliae sunt differentiae graduum in hominibus, ut puta quod
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diff changeset
557 quidam sunt milites, quidam sacerdotes, quidam principes. Ergo ad
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diff changeset
558 eos debet aliquod speciale iustum determinari.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
559 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41411"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
560 "ref">[41411] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
561 est quod philosophus, in V Ethic., specialiter a iusto politico
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parents: 26
diff changeset
562 distinguit dominativum et paternum, et alia huiusmodi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
563 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 4 co."><a name="41412"><span class=
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diff changeset
564 "ref">[41412] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
565 dicendum quod ius, sive iustum dicitur per commensurationem ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
566 alterum. Alterum autem potest dici dupliciter. Uno modo, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
567 simpliciter est alterum, sicut quod est omnino distinctum, sicut
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diff changeset
568 apparet in duobus hominibus quorum unus non est sub altero, sed
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diff changeset
569 ambo sunt sub uno principe civitatis. Et inter tales, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
570 philosophum, in V Ethic., est simpliciter iustum. Alio modo dicitur
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diff changeset
571 aliquid alterum non simpliciter, sed quasi aliquid eius existens.
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diff changeset
572 Et hoc modo in rebus humanis filius est aliquid patris, quia
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diff changeset
573 quodammodo est pars eius, ut dicitur in VIII Ethic.; et servus est
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diff changeset
574 aliquid domini, quia est instrumentum eius, ut dicitur in I Polit.
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diff changeset
575 Et ideo patris ad filium non est comparatio sicut ad simpliciter
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diff changeset
576 alterum, et propter hoc non est ibi simpliciter iustum, sed quoddam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
577 iustum, scilicet paternum. Et eadem ratione nec inter dominum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
578 servum, sed est inter eos dominativum iustum. Uxor autem, quamvis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
579 sit aliquid viri, quia comparatur ad eam sicut ad proprium corpus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
580 ut patet per apostolum, ad Ephes. V; tamen magis distinguitur a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
581 viro quam filius a patre vel servus a domino, assumitur enim in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
582 quandam socialem vitam matrimonii. Et ideo, ut philosophus dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
583 inter virum et uxorem plus est de ratione iusti quam inter patrem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
584 et filium, vel dominum et servum. Quia tamen vir et uxor habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
585 immediatam relationem ad domesticam communitatem, ut patet in I
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parents: 26
diff changeset
586 Polit.; ideo inter eos non est etiam simpliciter politicum iustum,
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587 sed magis iustum oeconomicum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
588 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41413"><span class=
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diff changeset
589 "ref">[41413] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
590 ergo dicendum quod ad iustitiam pertinet reddere ius suum
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parents: 26
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591 unicuique, supposita tamen diversitate unius ad alterum, si quis
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diff changeset
592 enim sibi det quod sibi debetur, non proprie vocatur hoc iustum. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
593 quia quod est filii est patris, et quod est servi est domini, ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 non est proprie iustitia patris ad filium, vel domini ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
595 servum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
596 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41414"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
597 "ref">[41414] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
598 dicendum quod filius, inquantum filius, est aliquid patris; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
599 similiter servus, inquantum servus, est aliquid domini. Uterque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 tamen prout consideratur ut quidam homo, est aliquid secundum se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 subsistens ab aliis distinctum. Et ideo inquantum uterque est homo,
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diff changeset
602 aliquo modo ad eos est iustitia. Et propter hoc etiam aliquae leges
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parents: 26
diff changeset
603 dantur de his quae sunt patris ad filium, vel domini ad servum. Sed
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diff changeset
604 inquantum uterque est aliquid alterius, secundum hoc deficit ibi
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diff changeset
605 perfecta ratio iusti vel iuris.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 <p title="II-II q. 57 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41415"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
607 "ref">[41415] II&ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
608 dicendum quod omnes aliae diversitates personarum quae sunt in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
609 civitate, habent immediatam relationem ad communitatem civitatis et
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diff changeset
610 ad principem ipsius. Et ideo ad eos est iustum secundum perfectam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
611 rationem iustitiae. Distinguitur tamen istud iustum secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
612 diversa officia. Unde et dicitur ius militare vel ius magistratuum
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613 aut sacerdotum, non propter defectum a simpliciter iusto, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
614 dicitur ius paternum et dominativum, sed propter hoc quod unicuique
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diff changeset
615 conditioni personae secundum proprium officium aliquid proprium
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616 debetur.</p>
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617 <br />
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618 <div class="D">Quaestio 58</div>
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diff changeset
619 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
620 <p title="II-II q. 58 pr."><a name="41416"><span class=
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diff changeset
621 "ref">[41416] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
622 considerandum est de iustitia. Circa quam quaeruntur duodecim.
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diff changeset
623 Primo, quid sit iustitia. Secundo, utrum iustitia semper sit ad
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diff changeset
624 alterum. Tertio, utrum sit virtus. Quarto, utrum sit in voluntate
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diff changeset
625 sicut in subiecto. Quinto, utrum sit virtus generalis. Sexto, utrum
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diff changeset
626 secundum quod est generalis, sit idem in essentia cum omni virtute.
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diff changeset
627 Septimo, utrum sit aliqua iustitia particularis. Octavo, utrum
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628 iustitia particularis habeat propriam materiam. Nono, utrum sit
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diff changeset
629 circa passiones, vel circa operationes tantum. Decimo, utrum medium
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diff changeset
630 iustitiae sit medium rei. Undecimo, utrum actus iustitiae sit
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diff changeset
631 reddere unicuique quod suum est. Duodecimo, utrum iustitia sit
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632 praecipua inter alias virtutes morales.</p>
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633 <br />
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diff changeset
634 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
635 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41417"><span class=
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diff changeset
636 "ref">[41417] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
637 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter definiatur a
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diff changeset
638 iurisperitis quod <i>iustitia est constans et perpetua voluntas ius
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diff changeset
639 suum unicuique tribuens. Iustitia enim</i>, secundum philosophum,
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diff changeset
640 in V Ethic., <i>est habitus a quo sunt aliqui operativi iustorum,
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diff changeset
641 et a quo operantur et volunt iusta</i>. Sed voluntas nominat
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parents: 26
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642 potentiam, vel etiam actum. Ergo inconvenienter iustitia dicitur
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643 esse voluntas.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
644 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41418"><span class=
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diff changeset
645 "ref">[41418] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
646 rectitudo voluntatis non est voluntas, alioquin, si voluntas esset
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diff changeset
647 sua rectitudo, sequeretur quod nulla voluntas esset perversa. Sed
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648 secundum Anselmum, in libro de veritate, iustitia est rectitudo.
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649 Ergo iustitia non est voluntas.</p>
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diff changeset
650 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41419"><span class=
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diff changeset
651 "ref">[41419] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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652 sola Dei voluntas est perpetua. Si ergo iustitia est perpetua
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653 voluntas, in solo Deo erit iustitia.</p>
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diff changeset
654 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="41420"><span class=
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diff changeset
655 "ref">[41420] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
656 omne perpetuum est constans, quia est immutabile. Superflue ergo
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657 utrumque ponitur in definitione iustitiae, et perpetuum et
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658 constans.</p>
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diff changeset
659 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="41421"><span class=
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diff changeset
660 "ref">[41421] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
661 reddere ius unicuique pertinet ad principem. Si igitur iustitia sit
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662 ius suum unicuique tribuens, sequetur quod iustitia non sit nisi in
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diff changeset
663 principe. Quod est inconveniens.</p>
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diff changeset
664 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 arg. 6"><a name="41422"><span class=
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diff changeset
665 "ref">[41422] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
666 Augustinus dicit, in libro de moribus Eccles., quod <i>iustitia est
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diff changeset
667 amor Deo tantum serviens</i>. Non ergo reddit unicuique quod suum
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668 est.</p>
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diff changeset
669 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 co."><a name="41423"><span class=
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diff changeset
670 "ref">[41423] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
671 dicendum quod praedicta iustitiae definitio conveniens est, si
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672 recte intelligatur. Cum enim omnis virtus sit habitus qui est
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673 principium boni actus, necesse est quod virtus definiatur per actum
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674 bonum circa propriam materiam virtutis. Est autem iustitia circa ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
675 quae ad alterum sunt sicut circa propriam materiam, ut infra
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diff changeset
676 patebit. Et ideo actus iustitiae per comparationem ad propriam
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diff changeset
677 materiam et obiectum tangitur cum dicitur, ius suum unicuique
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diff changeset
678 tribuens, quia, ut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., iustus dicitur
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diff changeset
679 quia ius custodit. Ad hoc autem quod aliquis actus circa quamcumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
680 materiam sit virtuosus, requiritur quod sit voluntarius, et quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
681 sit stabilis et firmus, quia philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
682 ad virtutis actum requiritur primo quidem quod operetur sciens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
683 secundo autem quod eligens et propter debitum finem, tertio quod
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diff changeset
684 immobiliter operetur. Primum autem horum includitur in secundo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 quia quod per ignorantiam agitur est involuntarium, ut dicitur in
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diff changeset
686 III Ethic. et ideo in definitione iustitiae primo ponitur voluntas,
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diff changeset
687 ad ostendendum quod actus iustitiae debet esse voluntarius. Additur
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diff changeset
688 autem de constantia et perpetuitate, ad designandum actus
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diff changeset
689 firmitatem. Et ideo praedicta definitio est completa definitio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
690 iustitiae, nisi quod actus ponitur pro habitu, qui per actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 specificatur, habitus enim ad actum dicitur. Et si quis vellet in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 debitam formam definitionis reducere, posset sic dicere, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
693 iustitia est habitus secundum quem aliquis constanti et perpetua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
694 voluntate ius suum unicuique tribuit. Et quasi est eadem definitio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
695 cum ea quam philosophus ponit, in V Ethic., dicens quod <i>iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 est habitus secundum quem aliquis dicitur operativus secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 electionem iusti</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
698 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41424"><span class=
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diff changeset
699 "ref">[41424] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
700 ergo dicendum quod voluntas hic nominat actum, non potentiam. Est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 autem consuetum quod apud auctores habitus per actus definiantur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 sicut Augustinus dicit, super Ioan., quod fides est credere quod
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703 non vides.</p>
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diff changeset
704 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41425"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 "ref">[41425] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 dicendum quod neque etiam iustitia est essentialiter rectitudo, sed
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diff changeset
707 causaliter tantum, est enim habitus secundum quem aliquis recte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 operatur et vult.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41426"><span class=
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diff changeset
710 "ref">[41426] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 dicendum quod voluntas potest dici perpetua dupliciter. Uno modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
712 ex parte ipsius actus, qui perpetuo durat. Et sic solius Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
713 voluntas est perpetua. Alio modo, ex parte obiecti, quia scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 aliquis vult perpetuo facere aliquid. Et hoc requiritur ad rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 iustitiae. Non enim sufficit ad rationem iustitiae quod aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 velit ad horam in aliquo negotio servare iustitiam, quia vix
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parents: 26
diff changeset
717 invenitur aliquis qui velit in omnibus iniuste agere, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 requiritur quod homo habeat voluntatem perpetuo et in omnibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
719 iustitiam conservandi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
720 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="41427"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
721 "ref">[41427] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
722 dicendum quod quia perpetuum non accipitur secundum durationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
723 perpetuam actus voluntatis, non superflue additur constans, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
724 sicut per hoc quod dicitur perpetua voluntas designatur quod
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diff changeset
725 aliquis gerat in proposito perpetuo iustitiam conservandi, ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
726 etiam per hoc quod dicitur constans designatur quod in hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
727 proposito firmiter perseveret.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
728 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="41428"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 "ref">[41428] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 dicendum quod iudex reddit quod suum est per modum imperantis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 dirigentis, quia iudex est iustum animatum, et princeps est custos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
732 iusti, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Sed subditi reddunt quod suum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
733 unicuique per modum executionis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 1 ad 6"><a name="41429"><span class=
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diff changeset
735 "ref">[41429] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
736 dicendum quod sicut in dilectione Dei includitur dilectio proximi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 ut supra dictum est; ita etiam in hoc quod homo servit Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 includitur quod unicuique reddat quod debet.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
739 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
740 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
741 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41430"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
742 "ref">[41430] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
743 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod iustitia non semper sit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
744 alterum. Dicit enim apostolus, ad Rom. III, quod <i>iustitia Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
745 est per fidem Iesu Christi</i>. Sed fides non dicitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
746 comparationem unius hominis ad alterum. Ergo neque iustitia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
747 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41431"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
748 "ref">[41431] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
749 secundum Augustinum, in libro de moribus Eccles., ad iustitiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
750 pertinet, ob hoc quod servit Deo, <i>bene imperare ceteris, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
751 homini sunt subiecta</i>. Sed appetitus sensitivus est homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
752 subiectus, ut patet Gen. IV, ubi dicitur, subter te erit appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
753 eius, scilicet peccati, et tu dominaberis illius. Ergo ad iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
754 pertinet dominari proprio appetitui. Et sic erit iustitia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
755 seipsum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
756 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41432"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
757 "ref">[41432] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
758 iustitia Dei est aeterna. Sed nihil aliud fuit Deo coaeternum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 de ratione iustitiae non est quod sit ad alterum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
760 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="41433"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
761 "ref">[41433] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
762 sicut operationes quae sunt ad alterum indigent rectificari, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
763 etiam operationes quae sunt ad seipsum. Sed per iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
764 rectificantur operationes, secundum illud Prov. XI, <i>iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
765 simplicis dirigit viam eius</i>. Ergo iustitia non solum est circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
766 ea quae sunt ad alterum, sed etiam circa ea quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
767 seipsum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
768 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41434"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
769 "ref">[41434] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
770 est quod Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., quod <i>iustitiae ea ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
771 est qua societas hominum inter ipsos, et vitae communitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
772 continetur</i>. Sed hoc importat respectum ad alterum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
773 iustitia est solum circa ea quae sunt ad alterum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
774 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 2 co."><a name="41435"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
775 "ref">[41435] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
776 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum nomen iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
777 aequalitatem importet, ex sua ratione iustitia habet quod sit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
778 alterum, nihil enim est sibi aequale, sed alteri. Et quia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
779 iustitiam pertinet actus humanos rectificare, ut dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
780 necesse est quod alietas ista quam requirit iustitia, sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
781 diversorum agere potentium. Actiones autem sunt suppositorum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
782 totorum, non autem, proprie loquendo, partium et formarum, seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
783 potentiarum, non enim proprie dicitur quod manus percutiat, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
784 homo per manum; neque proprie dicitur quod calor calefaciat, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
785 ignis per calorem. Secundum tamen similitudinem quandam haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
786 dicuntur. Iustitia ergo proprie dicta requirit diversitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
787 suppositorum, et ideo non est nisi unius hominis ad alium. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
788 secundum similitudinem accipiuntur in uno et eodem homine diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
789 principia actionum quasi diversa agentia, sicut ratio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
790 irascibilis et concupiscibilis. Et ideo metaphorice in uno et eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
791 homine dicitur esse iustitia, secundum quod ratio imperat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
792 irascibili et concupiscibili, et secundum quod hae obediunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
793 rationi, et universaliter secundum quod unicuique parti hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
794 attribuitur quod ei convenit. Unde philosophus, in V Ethic., hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
795 iustitiam appellat secundum metaphoram dictam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
796 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41436"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
797 "ref">[41436] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
798 ergo dicendum quod iustitia quae fit per fidem in nobis, est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
799 quam iustificatur impius, quae quidem in ipsa debita ordinatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
800 partium animae consistit, sicut supra dictum est, cum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
801 iustificatione impii ageretur. Hoc autem pertinet ad iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
802 metaphorice dictam, quae potest inveniri etiam in aliquo solitariam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
803 vitam agente.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
804 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41437"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
805 "ref">[41437] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
806 patet responsio ad secundum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
807 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41438"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
808 "ref">[41438] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
809 dicendum quod iustitia Dei est ab aeterno secundum voluntatem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
810 propositum aeternum, et in hoc praecipue iustitia consistit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 Quamvis secundum effectum non sit ab aeterno, quia nihil est Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 coaeternum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
813 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="41439"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
814 "ref">[41439] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 dicendum quod actiones quae sunt hominis ad seipsum sufficienter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 rectificantur rectificatis passionibus per alias virtutes morales.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 Sed actiones quae sunt ad alterum indigent speciali rectificatione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
818 non solum per comparationem ad agentem, sed etiam per comparationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
819 ad eum ad quem sunt. Et ideo circa eas est specialis virtus, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 est iustitia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
821 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
822 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
823 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41440"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 "ref">[41440] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iustitia non sit virtus. Dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
826 Luc. XVII, <i>cum feceritis omnia quae praecepta sunt vobis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 dicite, servi inutiles sumus, quod debuimus facere fecimus</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
828 non est inutile facere opus virtutis, dicit enim Ambrosius, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
829 de Offic., <i>utilitatem non pecuniarii lucri aestimationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
830 dicimus, sed acquisitionem pietatis</i>. Ergo facere quod quis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 debet facere non est opus virtutis. Est autem opus iustitiae. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
832 iustitia non est virtus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
833 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41441"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
834 "ref">[41441] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 quod fit ex necessitate non est meritorium. Sed reddere alicui quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
836 suum est, quod pertinet ad iustitiam, est necessitatis. Ergo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
837 est meritorium. Actibus autem virtutum meremur. Ergo iustitia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
838 est virtus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
839 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41442"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 "ref">[41442] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 omnis virtus moralis est circa agibilia. Ea autem quae exterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 constituuntur non sunt agibilia, sed factibilia, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
843 philosophum, in IX Metaphys. Cum igitur ad iustitiam pertineat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 exterius facere aliquod opus secundum se iustum, videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 iustitia non sit virtus moralis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
846 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41443"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
847 "ref">[41443] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
848 est quod Gregorius dicit, in II Moral., quod in quatuor virtutibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 scilicet temperantia, prudentia, fortitudine et iustitia, tota boni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 operis structura consurgit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 3 co."><a name="41444"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
852 "ref">[41444] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 dicendum quod virtus humana est <i>quae bonum reddit actum humanum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 et ipsum hominem bonum facit</i>. Quod quidem convenit iustitiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 Actus enim hominis bonus redditur ex hoc quod attingit regulam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 rationis, secundum quam humani actus rectificantur. Unde cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 iustitia operationes humanas rectificet, manifestum est quod opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
858 hominis bonum reddit. Et ut Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
859 iustitia praecipue viri boni nominantur</i>. Unde, sicut ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
860 dicit, in ea virtutis splendor est maximus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
861 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41445"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 "ref">[41445] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 ergo dicendum quod cum aliquis facit quod debet, non affert
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 utilitatem lucri ei cui facit quod debet, sed solum abstinet a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 damno eius. Sibi tamen facit utilitatem, inquantum spontanea et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 prompta voluntate facit illud quod debet, quod est virtuose agere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 Unde dicitur Sap. VIII quod <i>sapientia Dei sobrietatem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 iustitiam docet, prudentiam et virtutem</i>; quibus in vita nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 est utilius hominibus, scilicet virtuosis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41446"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 "ref">[41446] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 dicendum quod duplex est necessitas. Una coactionis, et haec, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 repugnat voluntati, tollit rationem meriti. Alia autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
874 necessitas ex obligatione praecepti, sive ex necessitate finis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 quando scilicet aliquis non potest consequi finem virtutis nisi hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 faciat. Et talis necessitas non excludit rationem meriti, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 aliquis hoc quod sic est necessarium voluntarie agit. Excludit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
878 tamen gloriam supererogationis, secundum illud I ad Cor. IX, <i>si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 evangelizavero, non est mihi gloria, necessitas enim mihi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 incumbit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
881 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41447"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
882 "ref">[41447] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
883 dicendum quod iustitia non consistit circa exteriores res quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 ad facere, quod pertinet ad artem, sed quantum ad hoc quod utitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
885 eis ad alterum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
888 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41448"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 "ref">[41448] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iustitia non sit in voluntate sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
891 subiecto. Iustitia enim quandoque veritas dicitur. Sed veritas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
892 est voluntatis, sed intellectus. Ergo iustitia non est in voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
893 sicut in subiecto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41449"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 "ref">[41449] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
896 iustitia est circa ea quae sunt ad alterum. Sed ordinare aliquid ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 alterum est rationis. Iustitia ergo non est in voluntate sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
898 subiecto, sed magis in ratione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41450"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 "ref">[41450] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 iustitia non est virtus intellectualis, cum non ordinetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
902 cognitionem. Unde relinquitur quod sit virtus moralis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 subiectum virtutis moralis est rationale per participationem, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 est irascibilis et concupiscibilis, ut patet per philosophum, in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 Ethic. Ergo iustitia non est in voluntate sicut in subiecto, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 magis in irascibili et concupiscibili.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
907 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41451"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
908 "ref">[41451] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
909 est quod Anselmus dicit, quod <i>iustitia est rectitudo voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
910 propter se servata</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
911 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 4 co."><a name="41452"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
912 "ref">[41452] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 dicendum quod illa potentia est subiectum virtutis ad cuius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
914 potentiae actum rectificandum virtus ordinatur. Iustitia autem non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
915 ordinatur ad dirigendum aliquem actum cognoscitivum, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
916 dicimur iusti ex hoc quod recte aliquid cognoscimus. Et ideo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
917 subiectum iustitiae non est intellectus vel ratio, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 potentia cognoscitiva. Sed quia iusti dicimur in hoc quod aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
919 recte agimus; proximum autem principium actus est vis appetitiva;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
920 necesse est quod iustitia sit in aliqua vi appetitiva sicut in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
921 subiecto. Est autem duplex appetitus, scilicet voluntas, quae est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
922 in ratione; et appetitus sensitivus consequens apprehensionem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
923 sensus, qui dividitur per irascibilem et concupiscibilem, ut in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
924 primo habitum est. Reddere autem unicuique quod suum est non potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
925 procedere ex appetitu sensitivo, quia apprehensio sensitiva non se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
926 extendit ad hoc quod considerare possit proportionem unius ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
927 alterum, sed hoc est proprium rationis. Unde iustitia non potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
928 esse sicut in subiecto in irascibili vel concupiscibili, sed solum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
929 in voluntate. Et ideo philosophus definit iustitiam per actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
930 voluntatis, ut ex supradictis patet.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
931 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41453"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
932 "ref">[41453] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
933 ergo dicendum quod quia voluntas est appetitus rationalis, ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
934 rectitudo rationis, quae veritas dicitur, voluntati impressa,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
935 propter propinquitatem ad rationem, nomen retinet veritatis. Et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
936 inde est quod quandoque iustitia veritas vocatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
937 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41454"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 "ref">[41454] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
939 dicendum quod voluntas fertur in suum obiectum consequenter ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
940 apprehensionem rationis. Et ideo, quia ratio ordinat in alterum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
941 voluntas potest velle aliquid in ordine ad alterum, quod pertinet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
942 ad iustitiam.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
943 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41455"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 "ref">[41455] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 dicendum quod rationale per participationem non solum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
946 irascibilis et concupiscibilis, sed omnino appetitivum, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
947 in I Ethic., quia omnis appetitus obedit rationi. Sub appetitivo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 autem comprehenditur voluntas. Et ideo voluntas potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 subiectum virtutis moralis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
950 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
951 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
952 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="41456"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
953 "ref">[41456] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iustitia non sit virtus generalis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 Iustitia enim condividitur aliis virtutibus, ut patet Sap. VIII,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
956 <i>sobrietatem et iustitiam docet, prudentiam et virtutem</i>. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 generale non condividitur seu connumeratur speciebus sub illo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
958 generali contentis. Ergo iustitia non est virtus generalis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
959 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="41457"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 "ref">[41457] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 sicut iustitia ponitur virtus cardinalis, ita etiam temperantia et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 fortitudo. Sed temperantia vel fortitudo non ponitur virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
963 generalis. Ergo neque iustitia debet aliquo modo poni virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
964 generalis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
965 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="41458"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
966 "ref">[41458] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
967 iustitia est semper ad alterum, ut supra dictum est. Sed peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 quod est in proximum non est peccatum generale, sed dividitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 contra peccatum quo peccat homo contra seipsum. Ergo etiam neque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 iustitia est virtus generalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 5 s. c."><a name="41459"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
972 "ref">[41459] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
973 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod iustitia est omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
974 virtus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
975 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 5 co."><a name="41460"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
976 "ref">[41460] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
977 dicendum quod iustitia, sicut dictum est, ordinat hominem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
978 comparatione ad alium. Quod quidem potest esse dupliciter. Uno
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
979 modo, ad alium singulariter consideratum. Alio modo, ad alium in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
980 communi, secundum scilicet quod ille qui servit alicui communitati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 servit omnibus hominibus qui sub communitate illa continentur. Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
982 utrumque igitur se potest habere iustitia secundum propriam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 rationem. Manifestum est autem quod omnes qui sub communitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
984 aliqua continentur comparantur ad communitatem sicut partes ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
985 totum. Pars autem id quod est totius est, unde et quodlibet bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 partis est ordinabile in bonum totius. Secundum hoc igitur bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 cuiuslibet virtutis, sive ordinantis aliquem hominem ad seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 sive ordinantis ipsum ad aliquas alias personas singulares, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
989 referibile ad bonum commune, ad quod ordinat iustitia. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 hoc actus omnium virtutum possunt ad iustitiam pertinere, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 quod ordinat hominem ad bonum commune. Et quantum ad hoc iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 dicitur virtus generalis. Et quia ad legem pertinet ordinare in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 bonum commune, ut supra habitum est, inde est quod talis iustitia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
994 praedicto modo generalis, dicitur iustitia legalis, quia scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 per eam homo concordat legi ordinanti actus omnium virtutum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 bonum commune.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="41461"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
998 "ref">[41461] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
999 ergo dicendum quod iustitia condividitur seu connumeratur aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 virtutibus non inquantum est generalis, sed inquantum est specialis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 virtus, ut infra dicetur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="41462"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 "ref">[41462] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 dicendum quod temperantia et fortitudo sunt in appetitu sensitivo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 idest in concupiscibili et irascibili. Huiusmodi autem vires sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 appetitivae quorundam bonorum particularium, sicut et sensus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 particularium cognoscitivus. Sed iustitia est sicut in subiecto in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 appetitu intellectivo, qui potest esse universalis boni, cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 intellectus est apprehensivus. Et ideo iustitia magis potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 virtus generalis quam temperantia vel fortitudo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="41463"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 "ref">[41463] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 dicendum quod illa quae sunt ad seipsum sunt ordinabilia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 alterum, praecipue quantum ad bonum commune. Unde et iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 legalis, secundum quod ordinat ad bonum commune, potest dici virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 generalis; et eadem ratione iniustitia potest dici peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 commune, unde dicitur I Ioan. III quod omne peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1018 iniquitas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="41464"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 "ref">[41464] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iustitia, secundum quod est generalis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 sit idem per essentiam cum omni virtute. Dicit enim philosophus, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 V Ethic., quod virtus et iustitia legalis <i>est eadem omni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 virtuti, esse autem non est idem</i>. Sed illa quae differunt solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 secundum esse, vel secundum rationem, non differunt secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1028 essentiam. Ergo iustitia est idem per essentiam cum omni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 virtute.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="41465"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1031 "ref">[41465] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1032 omnis virtus quae non est idem per essentiam cum omni virtute, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1033 pars virtutis. Sed iustitia praedicta, ut ibidem philosophus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 non est pars virtutis, sed tota virtus. Ergo praedicta iustitia est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1035 idem essentialiter cum omni virtute.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="41466"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 "ref">[41466] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 per hoc quod aliqua virtus ordinat actum suum ad altiorem finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 non diversificatur secundum essentiam habitus, sicut idem est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 essentialiter habitus temperantiae, etiam si actus eius ordinetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 ad bonum divinum. Sed ad iustitiam legalem pertinet quod actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 omnium virtutum ordinentur ad altiorem finem, idest ad bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 commune multitudinis, quod praeeminet bono unius singularis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 personae. Ergo videtur quod iustitia legalis essentialiter sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 omnis virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1046 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 6 arg. 4"><a name="41467"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 "ref">[41467] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 6 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 omne bonum partis ordinabile est ad bonum totius, unde si non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 ordinetur in illud, videtur esse vanum et frustra. Sed illud quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1050 est secundum virtutem non potest esse huiusmodi. Ergo videtur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1051 nullus actus possit esse alicuius virtutis qui non pertineat ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 iustitiam generalem, quae ordinat in bonum commune. Et sic videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 quod iustitia generalis sit idem in essentia cum omni virtute.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 6 s. c."><a name="41468"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 "ref">[41468] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1056 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod <i>multi in propriis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 quidem possunt virtute uti, in his autem quae ad alterum non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 possunt</i>. Et in III Polit. dicit quod <i>non est simpliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 eadem virtus boni viri et boni civis</i>. Sed virtus boni civis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 iustitia generalis, per quam aliquis ordinatur ad bonum commune.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 Ergo non est eadem iustitia generalis cum virtute communi, sed una
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 potest sine alia haberi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 6 co."><a name="41469"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 "ref">[41469] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 dicendum quod generale dicitur aliquid dupliciter. Uno modo, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 praedicationem, sicut animal est generale ad hominem et equum et ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 alia huiusmodi. Et hoc modo generale oportet quod sit idem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 essentialiter cum his ad quae est generale, quia genus pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 essentiam speciei et cadit in definitione eius. Alio modo dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 aliquid generale secundum virtutem, sicut causa universalis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 generalis ad omnes effectus, ut sol ad omnia corpora, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 illuminantur vel immutantur per virtutem ipsius. Et hoc modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 generale non oportet quod sit idem in essentia cum his ad quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 generale, quia non est eadem essentia causae et effectus. Hoc autem
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diff changeset
1075 modo, secundum praedicta, iustitia legalis dicitur esse virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 generalis, inquantum scilicet ordinat actus aliarum virtutum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1077 suum finem, quod est movere per imperium omnes alias virtutes.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 Sicut enim caritas potest dici virtus generalis inquantum ordinat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 actus omnium virtutum ad bonum divinum, ita etiam iustitia legalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 inquantum ordinat actus omnium virtutum ad bonum commune. Sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 ergo caritas, quae respicit bonum divinum ut proprium obiectum, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 quaedam specialis virtus secundum suam essentiam; ita etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1083 iustitia legalis est specialis virtus secundum suam essentiam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 secundum quod respicit commune bonum ut proprium obiectum. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 est in principe principaliter, et quasi architectonice; in subditis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 autem secundario et quasi ministrative. Potest tamen quaelibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 virtus, secundum quod a praedicta virtute, speciali quidem in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1088 essentia, generali autem secundum virtutem, ordinatur ad bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 commune, dici iustitia legalis. Et hoc modo loquendi iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 legalis est idem in essentia cum omni virtute, differt autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 ratione. Et hoc modo loquitur philosophus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="41470"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 "ref">[41470] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 responsio ad primum et secundum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="41471"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 "ref">[41471] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 dicendum quod etiam illa ratio secundum hunc modum procedit de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 iustitia legali, secundum quod virtus imperata a iustitia legali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 iustitia legalis dicitur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 6 ad 4"><a name="41472"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1101 "ref">[41472] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 6 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 dicendum quod quaelibet virtus secundum propriam rationem ordinat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 actum suum ad proprium finem illius virtutis. Quod autem ordinetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 ad ulteriorem finem, sive semper sive aliquando, hoc non habet ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1105 propria ratione, sed oportet esse aliam superiorem virtutem a qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 in illum finem ordinetur. Et sic oportet esse unam virtutem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 superiorem quae ordinet omnes virtutes in bonum commune, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1108 iustitia legalis, et est alia per essentiam ab omni virtute.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="41473"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 "ref">[41473] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit aliqua iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 particularis praeter iustitiam generalem. In virtutibus enim nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 est superfluum, sicut nec in natura. Sed iustitia generalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 sufficienter ordinat hominem circa omnia quae ad alterum sunt. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 non est necessaria aliqua iustitia particularis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="41474"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 "ref">[41474] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 unum et multa non diversificant speciem virtutis. Sed iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 legalis ordinat hominem ad alium secundum ea quae ad multitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 pertinent, ut ex praedictis patet. Ergo non est alia species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 iustitiae quae ordinet hominem ad alterum in his quae pertinent ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1124 unam singularem personam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="41475"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 "ref">[41475] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 inter unam singularem personam et multitudinem civitatis media est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1128 multitudo domestica. Si ergo est iustitia alia particularis per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 comparationem ad unam personam praeter iustitiam generalem, pari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 ratione debet esse alia iustitia oeconomica, quae ordinet hominem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 ad bonum commune unius familiae. Quod quidem non dicitur. Ergo nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 aliqua particularis iustitia est praeter iustitiam legalem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 7 s. c."><a name="41476"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 "ref">[41476] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 est quod Chrysostomus dicit, super illud Matth. V, <i>beati qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 esuriunt et sitiunt iustitiam, iustitiam autem dicit vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 universalem virtutem, vel particularem avaritiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 contrariam</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 7 co."><a name="41477"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 "ref">[41477] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, iustitia legalis non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 essentialiter omnis virtus, sed oportet praeter iustitiam legalem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 quae ordinat hominem immediate ad bonum commune, esse alias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 virtutes quae immediate ordinant hominem circa particularia bona.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 Quae quidem possunt esse vel ad seipsum, vel ad alteram singularem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 personam. Sicut ergo praeter iustitiam legalem oportet esse aliquas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 virtutes particulares quae ordinant hominem in seipso, puta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 temperantiam et fortitudinem; ita etiam praeter iustitiam legalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 oportet esse particularem quandam iustitiam, quae ordinet hominem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 circa ea quae sunt ad alteram singularem personam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="41478"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 "ref">[41478] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1153 ergo dicendum quod iustitia legalis sufficienter quidem ordinat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 hominem in his quae sunt ad alterum, quantum ad commune quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 bonum, immediate; quantum autem ad bonum unius singularis personae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 mediate. Et ideo oportet esse aliquam particularem iustitiam, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 immediate ordinet hominem ad bonum alterius singularis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 personae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="41479"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 "ref">[41479] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 dicendum quod bonum commune civitatis et bonum singulare unius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 personae non differunt solum secundum multum et paucum, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 secundum formalem differentiam, alia enim est ratio boni communis
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diff changeset
1164 et boni singularis, sicut et alia est ratio totius et partis. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 ideo philosophus, in I Polit., dicit quod <i>non bene dicunt qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 dicunt civitatem et domum et alia huiusmodi differre solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 multitudine et paucitate, et non specie</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="41480"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 "ref">[41480] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 dicendum quod domestica multitudo, secundum philosophum, in I
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diff changeset
1171 Polit., distinguitur secundum tres coniugationes, scilicet uxoris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 et viri, patris et filii, domini et servi, quarum personarum una
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 est quasi aliquid alterius. Et ideo ad huiusmodi personam non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 simpliciter iustitia, sed quaedam iustitiae species, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 oeconomica, ut dicitur in V Ethic.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="41481"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 "ref">[41481] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iustitia particularis non habeat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 materiam specialem. Quia super illud Gen. II, <i>fluvius quartus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 ipse est Euphrates</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>Euphrates frugifer
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 interpretatur. Nec dicitur contra quod vadat, quia iustitia ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 omnes animae partes pertinet</i>. Hoc autem non esset si haberet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 materiam specialem, quia quaelibet materia specialis ad aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 specialem potentiam pertinet. Ergo iustitia particularis non habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 materiam specialem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="41482"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 "ref">[41482] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 Augustinus, in libro octogintatrium quaest., dicit quod <i>quatuor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 sunt animae virtutes, quibus in hac vita spiritualiter vivitur,
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diff changeset
1192 scilicet prudentia, temperantia, fortitudo, iustitia</i>, et dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 quod quarta est iustitia, quae per omnes diffunditur. Ergo iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 particularis, quae est una de quatuor virtutibus cardinalibus, non
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diff changeset
1195 habet specialem materiam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="41483"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 "ref">[41483] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1198 iustitia dirigit hominem sufficienter in his quae sunt ad alterum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 Sed per omnia quae sunt huius vitae homo potest ordinari ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 alterum. Ergo materia iustitiae est generalis, non specialis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 8 s. c."><a name="41484"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 "ref">[41484] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 est quod philosophus, in V Ethic., ponit iustitiam particularem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 circa ea specialiter quae pertinent ad communicationem vitae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 8 co."><a name="41485"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 "ref">[41485] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 dicendum quod omnia quaecumque rectificari possunt per rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 sunt materia virtutis moralis, quae definitur per rationem rectam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 ut patet per philosophum, in II Ethic. Possunt autem per rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 rectificari et interiores animae passiones, et exteriores actiones,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 et res exteriores quae in usum hominis veniunt, sed tamen per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 exteriores actiones et per exteriores res, quibus sibi invicem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 homines communicare possunt, attenditur ordinatio unius hominis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 alium; secundum autem interiores passiones consideratur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 rectificatio hominis in seipso. Et ideo, cum iustitia ordinetur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 alterum, non est circa totam materiam virtutis moralis, sed solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 circa exteriores actiones et res secundum quandam rationem obiecti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 specialem, prout scilicet secundum eas unus homo alteri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 coordinatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="41486"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 "ref">[41486] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1222 ergo dicendum quod iustitia pertinet quidem essentialiter ad unam
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diff changeset
1223 partem animae, in qua est sicut in subiecto, scilicet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 voluntatem, quae quidem movet per suum imperium omnes alias animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 partes. Et sic iustitia non directe, sed quasi per quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 redundantiam ad omnes animae partes pertinet.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="41487"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 "ref">[41487] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, virtutes cardinales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 dupliciter accipiuntur. Uno modo, secundum quod sunt speciales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 virtutes habentes determinatas materias. Alio modo, secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 significant quosdam generales modos virtutis. Et hoc modo loquitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 ibi Augustinus. Dicit enim quod prudentia est cognitio rerum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 appetendarum et fugiendarum; temperantia est refrenatio cupiditatis
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diff changeset
1235 ab his quae temporaliter delectant; fortitudo est firmitas animi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 adversus ea quae temporaliter molesta sunt; iustitia est, quae per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 ceteras diffunditur, dilectio Dei et proximi, quae scilicet est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 communis radix totius ordinis ad alterum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="41488"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 "ref">[41488] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 dicendum quod passiones interiores, quae sunt pars materiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 moralis, secundum se non ordinantur ad alterum, quod pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 specialem rationem iustitiae, sed earum effectus sunt ad alterum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 ordinabiles, scilicet operationes exteriores. Unde non sequitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 quod materia iustitiae sit generalis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 <div class="E">Articulus 9</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="41489"><span class=
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diff changeset
1249 "ref">[41489] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
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diff changeset
1250 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iustitia sit circa passiones. Dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 enim philosophus, in II Ethic., quod <i>circa voluptates et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 tristitias est moralis virtus</i>. Voluptas autem, idest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 delectatio, et tristitia sunt passiones quaedam; ut supra habitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 est, cum de passionibus ageretur. Ergo iustitia, cum sit virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 moralis, erit circa passiones.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="41490"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 "ref">[41490] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 per iustitiam rectificantur operationes quae sunt ad alterum. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 operationes huiusmodi rectificari non possunt nisi passiones sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 rectificatae, quia ex inordinatione passionum provenit inordinatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 in praedictis operationibus; propter concupiscentiam enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 venereorum proceditur ad adulterium, et propter superfluum amorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 pecuniae proceditur ad furtum. Ergo oportet quod iustitia sit circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 passiones.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="41491"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 "ref">[41491] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 sicut iustitia particularis est ad alterum, ita etiam et iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 legalis. Sed iustitia legalis est circa passiones, alioquin non se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 extenderet ad omnes virtutes, quarum quaedam manifeste sunt circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 passiones. Ergo iustitia est circa passiones.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 9 s. c."><a name="41492"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 "ref">[41492] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod est circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 operationes.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 9 co."><a name="41493"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 "ref">[41493] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 dicendum quod huius quaestionis veritas ex duobus apparet. Primo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 quidem, ex ipso subiecto iustitiae, quod est voluntas cuius motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 vel actus non sunt passiones, ut supra habitum est; sed solum motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 appetitus sensitivi passiones dicuntur. Et ideo iustitia non est
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diff changeset
1281 circa passiones, sicut temperantia et fortitudo, quae sunt
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diff changeset
1282 irascibilis et concupiscibilis, sunt circa passiones. Alio modo, ex
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diff changeset
1283 parte materiae. Quia iustitia est circa ea quae sunt ad alterum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 Non autem per passiones interiores immediate ad alterum ordinamur.
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diff changeset
1285 Et ideo iustitia circa passiones non est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="41494"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 "ref">[41494] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1288 ergo dicendum quod non quaelibet virtus moralis est circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 voluptates et tristitias sicut circa materiam, nam fortitudo est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 circa timores et audacias. Sed omnis virtus moralis ordinatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 delectationem et tristitiam sicut ad quosdam fines consequentes,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 quia, ut philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., <i>delectatio et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 tristitia est finis principalis, ad quem respicientes unumquodque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 hoc quidem malum, hoc quidem bonum dicimus</i>. Et hoc modo etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 pertinent ad iustitiam, quia non est iustus qui non gaudet iustis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 operationibus, ut dicitur in I Ethic.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="41495"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 "ref">[41495] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1299 dicendum quod operationes exteriores mediae sunt quodammodo inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 res exteriores, quae sunt earum materia, et inter passiones
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 interiores, quae sunt earum principia. Contingit autem quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 esse defectum in uno eorum sine hoc quod sit defectus in alio,
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diff changeset
1303 sicut si aliquis surripiat rem alterius non cupiditate habendi, sed
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diff changeset
1304 voluntate nocendi; vel e converso si aliquis alterius rem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 concupiscat, quam tamen surripere non velit. Rectificatio ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 operationum secundum quod ad exteriora terminantur, pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 iustitiam, sed rectificatio earum secundum quod a passionibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 oriuntur, pertinet ad alias virtutes morales, quae sunt circa
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diff changeset
1309 passiones. Unde surreptionem alienae rei iustitia impedit inquantum
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diff changeset
1310 est contra aequalitatem in exterioribus constituendam, liberalitas
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diff changeset
1311 vero inquantum procedit ab immoderata concupiscentia divitiarum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 Sed quia operationes exteriores non habent speciem ab interioribus
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diff changeset
1313 passionibus, sed magis a rebus exterioribus, sicut ex obiectis;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 ideo, per se loquendo, operationes exteriores magis sunt materia
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diff changeset
1315 iustitiae quam aliarum virtutum moralium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="41496"><span class=
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diff changeset
1317 "ref">[41496] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1318 dicendum quod bonum commune est finis singularum personarum in
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diff changeset
1319 communitate existentium, sicut bonum totius finis est cuiuslibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 partium. Bonum autem unius personae singularis non est finis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 alterius. Et ideo iustitia legalis, quae ordinatur ad bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 commune, magis se potest extendere ad interiores passiones, quibus
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diff changeset
1323 homo aliqualiter disponitur in seipso, quam iustitia particularis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 quae ordinatur ad bonum alterius singularis personae. Quamvis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 iustitia legalis principalius se extendat ad alias virtutes quantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 ad exteriores operationes earum, inquantum scilicet <i>praecipit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 lex fortis opera facere, et quae temperati, et quae mansueti</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 ut dicitur in V Ethic.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 <div class="E">Articulus 10</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 10 arg. 1"><a name="41497"><span class=
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diff changeset
1332 "ref">[41497] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 10 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1333 decimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod medium iustitiae non sit
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diff changeset
1334 medium rei. Ratio enim generis salvatur in omnibus speciebus. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 virtus moralis in II Ethic. definitur esse <i>habitus electivus in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 medietate existens determinata ratione quoad nos</i>. Ergo et in
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diff changeset
1337 iustitia est medium rationis, et non rei.</p>
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diff changeset
1338 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 10 arg. 2"><a name="41498"><span class=
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diff changeset
1339 "ref">[41498] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 10 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
1340 Praeterea, in his quae simpliciter sunt bona non est accipere
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diff changeset
1341 superfluum et diminutum, et per consequens nec medium, sicut patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 de virtutibus, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Sed iustitia est circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 simpliciter bona, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Ergo in iustitia non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1344 medium rei.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 10 arg. 3"><a name="41499"><span class=
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diff changeset
1346 "ref">[41499] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 10 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 Praeterea, in aliis virtutibus ideo dicitur esse medium rationis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 non rei, quia diversimode accipitur per comparationem ad diversas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 personas, quia quod uni est multum, alteri est parum, ut dicitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 II Ethic. Sed hoc etiam observatur in iustitia, non enim eadem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 poena punitur qui percutit principem, et qui percutit privatam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 personam. Ergo etiam iustitia non habet medium rei, sed medium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 rationis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 10 s. c."><a name="41500"><span class=
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diff changeset
1355 "ref">[41500] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 10 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 est quod philosophus, in V Ethic., assignat medium iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 secundum proportionalitatem arithmeticam, quod est medium rei.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 10 co."><a name="41501"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 "ref">[41501] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 10 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, aliae virtutes morales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 consistunt principaliter circa passiones, quarum rectificatio non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 attenditur nisi secundum comparationem ad ipsum hominem cuius sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 passiones, secundum scilicet quod irascitur et concupiscit prout
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 debet secundum diversas circumstantias. Et ideo medium talium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 virtutum non accipitur secundum proportionem unius rei ad alteram,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 sed solum secundum comparationem ad ipsum virtuosum. Et propter hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 in ipsis est medium solum secundum rationem quoad nos. Sed materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 iustitiae est exterior operatio secundum quod ipsa, vel res cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 est usus, debitam proportionem habet ad aliam personam. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 medium iustitiae consistit in quadam proportionis aequalitate rei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 exterioris ad personam exteriorem. Aequale autem est realiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 medium inter maius et minus, ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 iustitia habet medium rei.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 10 ad 1"><a name="41502"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 "ref">[41502] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 10 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 ergo dicendum quod hoc medium rei est etiam medium rationis. Et
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diff changeset
1377 ideo in iustitia salvatur ratio virtutis moralis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 10 ad 2"><a name="41503"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 "ref">[41503] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 10 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 dicendum quod bonum simpliciter dupliciter dicitur. Uno modo, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 est omnibus modis bonum, sicut virtutes sunt bonae. Et sic in his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 quae sunt bona simpliciter non est accipere medium et extrema. Alio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 modo dicitur aliquid simpliciter bonum quia est absolute bonum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 scilicet secundum suam naturam consideratum, quamvis per abusum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 possit fieri malum, sicut patet de divitiis et honoribus. Et in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 talibus potest accipi superfluum, diminutum et medium quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 homines, qui possunt eis uti vel bene vel male. Ei sic circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 simpliciter bona dicitur esse iustitia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 10 ad 3"><a name="41504"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 "ref">[41504] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 10 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 dicendum quod iniuria illata aliam proportionem habet ad principem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 et aliam ad personam privatam. Et ideo oportet aliter adaequare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 utramque iniuriam per vindictam. Quod pertinet ad diversitatem rei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 et non solum ad diversitatem rationis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 <div class="E">Articulus 11</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 11 arg. 1"><a name="41505"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 "ref">[41505] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 11 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1399 undecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod actus iustitiae non sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 reddere unicuique quod suum est. Augustinus enim, XIV de Trin.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 attribuit iustitiae subvenire miseris. Sed in subveniendo miseris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 non tribuimus eis quae sunt eorum, sed magis quae sunt nostra. Ergo
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diff changeset
1403 iustitiae actus non est tribuere unicuique quod suum est.</p>
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diff changeset
1404 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 11 arg. 2"><a name="41506"><span class=
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diff changeset
1405 "ref">[41506] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 11 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
1406 Praeterea, Tullius, in I de Offic., dicit quod beneficentia, quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 benignitatem vel liberalitatem appellari licet, ad iustitiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 pertinet. Sed liberalitatis est de proprio dare alicui, non de eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 quod est eius. Ergo iustitiae actus non est reddere unicuique quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 suum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 11 arg. 3"><a name="41507"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 "ref">[41507] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 11 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 Praeterea, ad iustitiam pertinet non solum res dispensare debito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 modo, sed etiam iniuriosas actiones cohibere, puta homicidia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 adulteria et alia huiusmodi. Sed reddere quod suum est videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 solum ad dispensationem rerum pertinere. Ergo non sufficienter per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 hoc notificatur actus iustitiae quod dicitur actus eius esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 reddere unicuique quod suum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 11 s. c."><a name="41508"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 "ref">[41508] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 11 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 est quod Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>iustitia est quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 unicuique quod suum est tribuit, alienum non vindicat, utilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 propriam negligit ut communem aequitatem custodiat</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 11 co."><a name="41509"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 "ref">[41509] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 11 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, materia iustitiae est operatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 exterior secundum quod ipsa, vel res qua per eam utimur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 proportionatur alteri personae, ad quam per iustitiam ordinamur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 Hoc autem dicitur esse suum uniuscuiusque personae quod ei secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 proportionis aequalitatem debetur. Et ideo proprius actus iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 nihil est aliud quam reddere unicuique quod suum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 11 ad 1"><a name="41510"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 "ref">[41510] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 11 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 ergo dicendum quod iustitiae, cum sit virtus cardinalis, quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 aliae virtutes secundariae adiunguntur, sicut misericordia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 liberalitas et aliae huiusmodi virtutes, ut infra patebit. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 subvenire miseris, quod pertinet ad misericordiam sive pietatem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 liberaliter benefacere, quod pertinet ad liberalitatem, per quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 reductionem attribuitur iustitiae, sicut principali virtuti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 11 ad 2"><a name="41511"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 "ref">[41511] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 11 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 patet responsio ad secundum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 11 ad 3"><a name="41512"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 "ref">[41512] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 11 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 superfluum in his quae ad iustitiam pertinent lucrum, extenso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 nomine, vocatur, sicut et omne quod minus est vocatur damnum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 hoc ideo, quia iustitia prius est exercita, et communius exercetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 in voluntariis commutationibus rerum, puta emptione et venditione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 in quibus proprie haec nomina dicuntur; et exinde derivantur haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 nomina ad omnia circa quae potest esse iustitia. Et eadem ratio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 de hoc quod est reddere unicuique quod suum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 <div class="E">Articulus 12</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 12 arg. 1"><a name="41513"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 "ref">[41513] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 12 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 duodecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod iustitia non praeemineat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 inter omnes virtutes morales. Ad iustitiam enim pertinet reddere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 alteri quod suum est. Ad liberalitatem autem pertinet de proprio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 dare, quod virtuosius est. Ergo liberalitas est maior virtus quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 iustitia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 12 arg. 2"><a name="41514"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 "ref">[41514] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 12 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 Praeterea, nihil ornatur nisi per aliquid dignius se. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 magnanimitas est ornamentum et iustitiae et omnium virtutum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 dicitur in IV Ethic. Ergo magnanimitas est nobilior quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 iustitia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 12 arg. 3"><a name="41515"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 "ref">[41515] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 12 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 Praeterea, virtus est circa difficile et bonum, ut dicitur in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 Ethic. Sed fortitudo est circa magis difficilia quam iustitia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 idest circa pericula mortis, ut dicitur in III Ethic. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 fortitudo est nobilior iustitia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 12 s. c."><a name="41516"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 "ref">[41516] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 12 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 est quod Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>in iustitia virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 splendor est maximus, ex qua boni viri nominantur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 12 co."><a name="41517"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 "ref">[41517] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 12 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 dicendum quod si loquamur de iustitia legali, manifestum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 ipsa est praeclarior inter omnes virtutes morales, inquantum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 commune praeeminet bono singulari unius personae. Et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 philosophus, in V Ethic., dicit quod <i>praeclarissima virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 videtur esse iustitia, et neque est Hesperus neque Lucifer ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 admirabilis</i>. Sed etiam si loquamur de iustitia particulari,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 praecellit inter alias virtutes morales, duplici ratione. Quarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 prima potest sumi ex parte subiecti, quia scilicet est in nobiliori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 parte animae, idest in appetitu rationali, scilicet voluntate;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 aliis virtutibus moralibus existentibus in appetitu sensitivo, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 quem pertinent passiones, quae sunt materia aliarum virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 moralium. Secunda ratio sumitur ex parte obiecti. Nam aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 virtutes laudantur solum secundum bonum ipsius virtuosi. Iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 autem laudatur secundum quod virtuosus ad alium bene se habet, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 sic iustitia quodammodo est bonum alterius, ut dicitur in V Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 Et propter hoc philosophus dicit, in I Rhet., <i>necesse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 maximas esse virtutes eas quae sunt aliis honestissimae, siquidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 est virtus potentia benefactiva. Propter hoc fortes et iustos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 maxime honorant, quoniam fortitudo est utilis aliis in bello,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 iustitia autem et in bello et in pace</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 12 ad 1"><a name="41518"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 "ref">[41518] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 12 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 ergo dicendum quod liberalitas, etsi de suo det, tamen hoc facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 inquantum in hoc considerat propriae virtutis bonum. Iustitia autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 dat alteri quod suum est quasi considerans bonum commune. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 praeterea iustitia observatur ad omnes, liberalitas autem ad omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 se extendere non potest. Et iterum liberalitas, quae de suo dat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 supra iustitiam fundatur, per quam conservatur unicuique quod suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 12 ad 2"><a name="41519"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 "ref">[41519] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 12 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 dicendum quod magnanimitas, inquantum supervenit iustitiae, auget
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 eius bonitatem. Quae tamen sine iustitia nec virtutis rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 haberet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 <p title="II-II q. 58 a. 12 ad 3"><a name="41520"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 "ref">[41520] II&ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 12 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 dicendum quod fortitudo consistit circa difficiliora, non tamen est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 circa meliora, cum sit solum in bello utilis, iustitia autem et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 pace et in bello, sicut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 <div class="D">Quaestio 59</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 <p title="II-II q. 59 pr."><a name="41521"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 "ref">[41521] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 considerandum est de iniustitia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 Primo, utrum iniustitia sit speciale vitium. Secundo, utrum iniusta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 agere sit proprium iniusti. Tertio, utrum aliquis possit iniustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 pati volens. Quarto, utrum iniustitia ex suo genere sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41522"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 "ref">[41522] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iniustitia non sit vitium speciale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 Dicitur enim I Ioan. III, <i>omne peccatum est iniquitas</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 iniquitas videtur idem esse quod iniustitia, quia iustitia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 aequalitas quaedam, unde iniustitia idem videtur esse quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 inaequalitas, sive iniquitas. Ergo iniustitia non est speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41523"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 "ref">[41523] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 nullum speciale peccatum opponitur omnibus virtutibus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 iniustitia opponitur omnibus virtutibus, nam quantum ad adulterium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 opponitur castitati; quantum ad homicidium, opponitur mansuetudini;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 et sic de aliis. Ergo iniustitia non est speciale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41524"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 "ref">[41524] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 iniustitia iustitiae opponitur, quae in voluntate est. Sed omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 peccatum est in voluntate, ut Augustinus dicit. Ergo iniustitia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 est speciale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41525"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 "ref">[41525] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 iniustitia iustitiae opponitur. Sed iustitia est specialis virtus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 Ergo iniustitia est speciale vitium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 1 co."><a name="41526"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 "ref">[41526] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 dicendum quod iniustitia est duplex. Una quidem illegalis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 opponitur legali iustitiae. Et haec quidem secundum essentiam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 speciale vitium, inquantum respicit speciale obiectum, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 bonum commune, quod contemnit. Sed quantum ad intentionem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 vitium generale, quia per contemptum boni communis potest homo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 omnia peccata deduci. Sicut etiam omnia vitia, inquantum repugnant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 bono communi, iniustitiae rationem habent, quasi ab iniustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 derivata, sicut et supra de iustitia dictum est. Alio modo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 iniustitia secundum inaequalitatem quandam ad alterum, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 scilicet homo vult habere plus de bonis, puta divitiis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 honoribus; et minus de malis, puta laboribus et damnis. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 iniustitia habet materiam specialem, et est particulare vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 iustitiae particulari oppositum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41527"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 "ref">[41527] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 ergo dicendum quod sicut iustitia legalis dicitur per comparationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 ad bonum commune humanum, ita iustitia divina dicitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 comparationem ad bonum divinum, cui repugnat omne peccatum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 secundum hoc omne peccatum dicitur iniquitas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41528"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 "ref">[41528] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 dicendum quod iniustitia etiam particularis opponitur indirecte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 omnibus virtutibus, inquantum scilicet exteriores etiam actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 pertinent et ad iustitiam et ad alias virtutes morales, licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 diversimode, sicut supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41529"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 "ref">[41529] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 dicendum quod voluntas, sicut et ratio, se extendit ad materiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 totam moralem, idest ad passiones et ad operationes exteriores quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 sunt ad alterum. Sed iustitia perficit voluntatem solum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 quod se extendit ad operationes quae sunt ad alterum. Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 iniustitia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41530"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 "ref">[41530] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis dicatur iniustus ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 hoc quod facit iniustum. Habitus enim specificantur per obiecta, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 ex supradictis patet. Sed proprium obiectum iustitiae est iustum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 et proprium obiectum iniustitiae est iniustum. Ergo et iustus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 dicendus est aliquis ex hoc quod facit iustum, et iniustus ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 quod facit iniustum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41531"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 "ref">[41531] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., falsam esse opinionem quorundam qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 aestimant in potestate hominis esse ut statim faciat iniustum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 quod iustus non minus possit facere iniustum quam iniustus. Hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 autem non esset nisi facere iniustum esset proprium iniusti. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 aliquis iudicandus est iniustus ex hoc quod facit iniustum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41532"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 "ref">[41532] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 eodem modo se habet omnis virtus ad proprium actum, et eadem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 est de vitiis oppositis. Sed quicumque facit aliquid intemperatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 dicitur intemperatus. Ergo quicumque facit aliquid iniustum dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 iniustus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41533"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 "ref">[41533] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod aliquis facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 iniustum et iniustus non est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1615 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 2 co."><a name="41534"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 "ref">[41534] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 dicendum quod sicut obiectum iustitiae est aliquid aequale in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 exterioribus, ita etiam obiectum iniustitiae est aliquid inaequale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 prout scilicet alicui attribuitur plus vel minus quam sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 competat. Ad hoc autem obiectum comparatur habitus iniustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 mediante proprio actu, qui vocatur iniustificatio. Potest ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 contingere quod qui facit iniustum non est iniustus, dupliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 Uno modo, propter defectum comparationis operationis ad proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 obiectum, quae quidem recipit speciem et nomen a per se obiecto,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 non autem ab obiecto per accidens. In his autem quae sunt propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 finem, per se dicitur aliquid quod est intentum, per accidens autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 quod est praeter intentionem. Et ideo si aliquis faciat aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 quod est iniustum non intendens iniustum facere, puta cum hoc facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 per ignorantiam, non existimans se iniustum facere; tunc non facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 iniustum per se et formaliter loquendo, sed solum per accidens, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 quasi materialiter faciens id quod est iniustum. Et talis operatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 non denominatur iniustificatio. Alio modo potest contingere propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 defectum comparationis ipsius operationis ad habitum. Potest enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 iniustificatio procedere quandoque quidem ex aliqua passione, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 irae vel concupiscentiae, quandoque autem ex electione, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 scilicet ipsa iniustificatio per se placet; et tunc proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 procedit ab habitu, quia unicuique habenti aliquem habitum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 secundum se acceptum quod convenit illi habitui. Facere ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 iniustum ex intentione et electione est proprium iniusti, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 quod iniustus dicitur qui habet iniustitiae habitum. Sed facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 iniustum praeter intentionem, vel ex passione, potest aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 absque habitu iniustitiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41535"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 "ref">[41535] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 ergo dicendum quod obiectum per se et formaliter acceptum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 specificat habitum, non autem prout accipitur materialiter et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 accidens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41536"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 "ref">[41536] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 dicendum quod non est facile cuicumque facere iniustum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 electione, quasi aliquid per se placens et non propter aliud, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 hoc proprium est habentis habitum, ut ibidem philosophus dicit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41537"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 "ref">[41537] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 dicendum quod obiectum temperantiae non est aliquid exterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 constitutum, sicut obiectum iustitiae, sed obiectum temperantiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 idest temperatum, accipitur solum in comparatione ad ipsum hominem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 Et ideo quod est per accidens et praeter intentionem non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 dici temperatum nec materialiter nec formaliter, et similiter neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 intemperatum. Et quantum ad hoc est dissimile in iustitia et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 aliis virtutibus moralibus. Sed quantum ad comparationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 operationis ad habitum, in omnibus similiter se habet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41538"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 "ref">[41538] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis possit pati iniustum volens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 Iniustum enim est inaequale, ut dictum est. Sed aliquis laedendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 seipsum recedit ab aequalitate, sicut et laedendo alium. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 aliquis potest sibi ipsi facere iniustum, sicut et alteri. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 quicumque facit iniustum volens facit. Ergo aliquis volens potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 pati iniustum, maxime a seipso.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41539"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 "ref">[41539] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 nullus secundum legem civilem punitur nisi propter hoc quod facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 aliquam iniustitiam. Sed illi qui interimunt seipsos puniuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 secundum leges civitatum, in hoc quod privabantur antiquitus honore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 sepulturae; ut patet per philosophum, in V Ethic. Ergo aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 potest sibi ipsi facere iniustum. Et ita contingit quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 iniustum patiatur volens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41540"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 "ref">[41540] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 nullus facit iniustum nisi alicui patienti iniustum. Sed contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 quod aliquis faciat iniustum alicui hoc volenti, puta si vendat ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 rem carius quam valeat. Ergo contingit aliquem volentem iniustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 pati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41541"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 "ref">[41541] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 est quod iniustum pati oppositum est ei quod est iniustum facere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 Sed nullus facit iniustum nisi volens. Ergo, per oppositum, nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 patitur iniustum nisi nolens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 3 co."><a name="41542"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 "ref">[41542] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 dicendum quod actio, de sui ratione, procedit ab agente; passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 autem, secundum propriam rationem, est ab alio, unde non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 esse idem, secundum idem, agens et patiens, ut dicitur in III et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 VIII Physic. Principium autem proprium agendi in hominibus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 voluntas. Et ideo illud proprie et per se homo facit quod volens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 facit, et e contrario illud proprie homo patitur quod praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 voluntatem suam patitur; quia inquantum est volens, principium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 ex ipso, et ideo, inquantum est huiusmodi, magis est agens quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 patiens. Dicendum est ergo quod iniustum, per se et formaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 loquendo, nullus potest facere nisi volens, nec pati nisi nolens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 Per accidens autem et quasi materialiter loquendo, potest aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 id quod est de se iniustum vel facere nolens, sicut cum quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 praeter intentionem operatur; vel pati volens, sicut cum quis plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 alteri dat sua voluntate quam debeat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41543"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 "ref">[41543] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 ergo dicendum quod cum aliquis sua voluntate dat alicui id quod ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 non debet, non facit nec iniustitiam nec inaequalitatem. Homo enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 per suam voluntatem possidet res, et ita non est praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 proportionem si aliquid ei subtrahatur secundum propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 voluntatem, vel a seipso vel ab alio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41544"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 "ref">[41544] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 dicendum quod aliqua persona singularis dupliciter potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 considerari. Uno modo, secundum se. Et sic, si sibi aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 nocumentum inferat, potest quidem habere rationem alterius peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 puta intemperantiae vel imprudentiae, non tamen rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 iniustitiae, quia sicut iustitia semper est ad alterum, ita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 iniustitia. Alio modo potest considerari aliquis homo inquantum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 aliquid civitatis, scilicet pars; vel inquantum est aliquid Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 scilicet creatura et imago. Et sic qui occidit seipsum iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 quidem facit non sibi, sed civitati et Deo. Et ideo punitur tam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 secundum legem divinam quam secundum legem humanam, sicut et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 fornicatore apostolus dicit, <i>si quis templum Dei violaverit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 disperdet ipsum Deus</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41545"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 "ref">[41545] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 dicendum quod passio est effectus actionis exterioris. In hoc autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 quod est facere et pati iniustum, id quod materialiter est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 attenditur secundum id quod exterius agitur, prout in se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 consideratur, ut dictum est, id autem quod est ibi formale et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 se, attenditur secundum voluntatem agentis et patientis, ut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 dictis patet. Dicendum est ergo quod aliquem facere iniustum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 alium pati iniustum, materialiter loquendo, semper se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 concomitantur. Sed si formaliter loquamur, potest aliquis facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 iniustum, intendens iniustum facere, tamen alius non patietur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 iniustum, quia volens patietur. Et e converso potest aliquis pati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 iniustum, si nolens id quod est iniustum patiatur, et tamen ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 qui hoc facit ignorans, non faciet iniustum formaliter, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 materialiter tantum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41546"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 "ref">[41546] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non quicumque facit iniustum peccet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 mortaliter. Peccatum enim veniale mortali opponitur. Sed quandoque
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 veniale peccatum est quod aliquis faciat iniustum, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 philosophus, in V Ethic., de iniusta agentibus loquens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 <i>quaecumque non solum ignorantes, sed et propter ignorantiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 peccant, venialia sunt</i>. Ergo non quicumque facit iniustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 mortaliter peccat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41547"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 "ref">[41547] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 qui in aliquo parvo iniustitiam facit, parum a medio declinat. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 hoc videtur esse tolerabile, et inter minima malorum computandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 ut patet per philosophum, in II Ethic. Non ergo quicumque facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 iniustum peccat mortaliter.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41548"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 "ref">[41548] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 caritas est mater omnium virtutum, ex cuius contrarietate aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 peccatum dicitur mortale. Sed non omnia peccata opposita aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 virtutibus sunt mortalia. Ergo etiam neque facere iniustum semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41549"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 "ref">[41549] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 quidquid est contra legem Dei est peccatum mortale. Sed quicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 facit iniustum facit contra praeceptum legis Dei, quia vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 reducitur ad furtum, vel ad adulterium, vel ad homicidium; vel ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 aliquid huiusmodi, ut ex sequentibus patebit. Ergo quicumque facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 iniustum peccat mortaliter.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 4 co."><a name="41550"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 "ref">[41550] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est cum de differentia peccatorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 ageretur, peccatum mortale est quod contrariatur caritati, per quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 est animae vita. Omne autem nocumentum alteri illatum ex se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 caritati repugnat, quae movet ad volendum bonum alterius. Et ideo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 cum iniustitia semper consistat in nocumento alterius, manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 est quod facere iniustum ex genere suo est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41551"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 "ref">[41551] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 ergo dicendum quod verbum philosophi intelligitur de ignorantia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 facti, quam ipse vocat ignorantiam particularium circumstantiarum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 quae meretur veniam, non autem de ignorantia iuris, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 excusat. Qui autem ignorans facit iniustum, non facit iniustum nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 per accidens, ut supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41552"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 "ref">[41552] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 dicendum quod ille qui in parvis facit iniustitiam, deficit a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 perfecta ratione eius quod est iniustum facere, inquantum potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 reputari non esse omnino contra voluntatem eius qui hoc patitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 puta si auferat aliquis alicui unum pomum vel aliquid tale, de quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 probabile sit quod ille inde non laedatur, nec ei displiceat.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 <p title="II-II q. 59 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41553"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 "ref">[41553] II&ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 dicendum quod peccata quae sunt contra alias virtutes non semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 sunt in nocumentum alterius, sed important inordinationem quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 circa passiones humanas. Unde non est similis ratio.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 <div class="D">Quaestio 60</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 <p title="II-II q. 60 pr."><a name="41554"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 "ref">[41554] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 considerandum est de iudicio. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 utrum iudicium sit actus iustitiae. Secundo, utrum sit licitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 iudicare. Tertio, utrum per suspiciones sit iudicandum. Quarto,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 utrum dubia sint in meliorem partem interpretanda. Quinto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 iudicium semper sit secundum leges scriptas proferendum. Sexto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 utrum iudicium per usurpationem pervertatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41555"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 "ref">[41555] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iudicium non sit actus iustitiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 Dicit enim philosophus, in I Ethic., quod <i>unusquisque bene
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 iudicat quae cognoscit</i>, et sic iudicium ad vim cognoscitivam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 pertinere videtur. Vis autem cognoscitiva per prudentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 perficitur. Ergo iudicium magis pertinet ad prudentiam quam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 iustitiam, quae est in voluntate, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41556"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 "ref">[41556] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. II, <i>spiritualis iudicat omnia</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 Sed homo maxime efficitur spiritualis per virtutem caritatis, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 <i>diffunditur in cordibus nostris per spiritum sanctum, qui datus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 est nobis</i>, ut dicitur Rom. V. Ergo iudicium magis pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 caritatem quam ad iustitiam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41557"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 "ref">[41557] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 ad unamquamque virtutem pertinet rectum iudicium circa propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 materiam, quia virtuosus in singulis est regula et mensura,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 secundum philosophum, in libro Ethic. Non ergo iudicium magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 pertinet ad iustitiam quam ad alias virtutes morales.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="41558"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 "ref">[41558] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 iudicium videtur ad solos iudices pertinere. Actus autem iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 invenitur in omnibus iustis. Cum igitur non soli iudices sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 iusti, videtur quod iudicium non sit actus proprius iustitiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41559"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 "ref">[41559] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 est quod in Psalm. dicitur, <i>quoadusque iustitia convertatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 iudicium</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 1 co."><a name="41560"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 "ref">[41560] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 dicendum quod iudicium proprie nominat actum iudicis inquantum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 iudex. Iudex autem dicitur quasi ius dicens. Ius autem est obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 iustitiae, ut supra habitum est. Et ideo iudicium importat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 secundum primam nominis impositionem, definitionem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 determinationem iusti sive iuris. Quod autem aliquis bene definiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 aliquid in operibus virtuosis proprie procedit ex habitu virtutis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 sicut castus recte determinat ea quae pertinent ad castitatem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 ideo iudicium, quod importat rectam determinationem eius quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 iustum, proprie pertinet ad iustitiam. Propter quod philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 dicit, in V Ethic., quod <i>homines ad iudicem confugiunt sicut ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 quandam iustitiam animatam</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41561"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 "ref">[41561] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 ergo dicendum quod nomen iudicii, quod secundum primam impositionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 significat rectam determinationem iustorum, ampliatum est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 significandum rectam determinationem in quibuscumque rebus, tam in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 speculativis quam in practicis. In omnibus tamen ad rectum iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 duo requiruntur. Quorum unum est ipsa virtus proferens iudicium. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 sic iudicium est actus rationis, dicere enim vel definire aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 rationis est. Aliud autem est dispositio iudicantis, ex qua habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 idoneitatem ad recte iudicandum. Et sic in his quae ad iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 pertinent iudicium procedit ex iustitia, sicut et in his quae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 fortitudinem pertinent ex fortitudine. Sic ergo iudicium est quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 actus iustitiae sicut inclinantis ad recte iudicandum, prudentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 autem sicut iudicium proferentis. Unde et synesis, ad prudentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 pertinens, dicitur bene iudicativa, ut supra habitum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41562"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 "ref">[41562] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 dicendum quod homo spiritualis ex habitu caritatis habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 inclinationem ad recte iudicandum de omnibus secundum regulas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 divinas, ex quibus iudicium per donum sapientiae pronuntiat, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 iustus per virtutem prudentiae pronuntiat iudicium ex regulis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 iuris.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41563"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 "ref">[41563] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 dicendum quod aliae virtutes ordinant hominem in seipso, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 iustitia ordinat hominem ad alium, ut ex dictis patet. Homo autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 est dominus eorum quae ad ipsum pertinent, non autem est dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 eorum quae ad alium pertinent. Et ideo in his quae sunt secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 alias virtutes non requiritur nisi iudicium virtuosi, extenso tamen
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 nomine iudicii, ut dictum est. Sed in his quae pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 iustitiam requiritur ulterius iudicium alicuius superioris, <i>qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 utrumque valeat arguere, et ponere manum suam in ambobus</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1889 propter hoc iudicium specialius pertinet ad iustitiam quam ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 aliquam aliam virtutem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="41564"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 "ref">[41564] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 dicendum quod iustitia in principe quidem est sicut virtus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1894 architectonica, quasi imperans et praecipiens quod iustum est, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1895 subditis autem est tanquam virtus executiva et ministrans. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1896 iudicium, quod importat definitionem iusti, pertinet ad iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 secundum quod est principaliori modo in praesidente.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1900 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41565"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 "ref">[41565] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1902 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit licitum iudicare. Non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1903 enim infligitur poena nisi pro illicito. Sed iudicantibus imminet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1904 poena, quam non iudicantes effugiunt, secundum illud Matth. VII,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1905 <i>nolite iudicare, ut non iudicemini</i>. Ergo iudicare est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1906 illicitum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1907 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41566"><span class=
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diff changeset
1908 "ref">[41566] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1909 Rom. XIV dicitur, <i>tu quis es, qui iudicas alienum servum? Suo
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diff changeset
1910 domino stat aut cadit</i>. Dominus autem omnium Deus est. Ergo
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diff changeset
1911 nulli homini licet iudicare.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1912 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41567"><span class=
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diff changeset
1913 "ref">[41567] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1914 nullus homo est sine peccato, secundum illud I Ioan. I, <i>si
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diff changeset
1915 dixerimus quia peccatum non habemus, nosipsos seducimus</i>. Sed
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diff changeset
1916 peccanti non licet iudicare, secundum illud Rom. II,
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diff changeset
1917 <i>inexcusabilis es, o homo omnis qui iudicas, in quo enim alterum
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1918 iudicas, teipsum condemnas; eadem enim agis quae iudicas</i>. Ergo
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diff changeset
1919 nulli est licitum iudicare.</p>
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1920 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41568"><span class=
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diff changeset
1921 "ref">[41568] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1922 est quod dicitur Deut. XVI, <i>iudices et magistros constitues in
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1923 omnibus portis tuis, ut iudicent populum iusto iudicio</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1924 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 2 co."><a name="41569"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1925 "ref">[41569] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1926 dicendum quod iudicium intantum est licitum inquantum est iustitiae
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diff changeset
1927 actus. Sicut autem ex praedictis patet, ad hoc quod iudicium sit
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diff changeset
1928 actus iustitiae tria requiruntur, primo quidem, ut procedat ex
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diff changeset
1929 inclinatione iustitiae; secundo, quod procedat ex auctoritate
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diff changeset
1930 praesidentis; tertio, quod proferatur secundum rectam rationem
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diff changeset
1931 prudentiae. Quodcumque autem horum defuerit, est iudicium vitiosum
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1932 et illicitum. Uno quidem modo, quando est contra rectitudinem
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1933 iustitiae, et sic dicitur iudicium perversum vel iniustum. Alio
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diff changeset
1934 modo, quando homo iudicat in his in quibus non habet auctoritatem,
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diff changeset
1935 et sic dicitur iudicium usurpatum. Tertio modo, quando deest
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diff changeset
1936 certitudo rationis, puta cum aliquis de his iudicat quae sunt dubia
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diff changeset
1937 vel occulta per aliquas leves coniecturas, et sic dicitur iudicium
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1938 suspiciosum vel temerarium.</p>
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diff changeset
1939 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41570"><span class=
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diff changeset
1940 "ref">[41570] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1941 ergo dicendum quod dominus ibi prohibet iudicium temerarium, quod
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diff changeset
1942 est de intentione cordis vel de aliis incertis, ut Augustinus
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diff changeset
1943 dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte. Vel prohibet ibi iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1944 de rebus divinis, de quibus, cum sint supra nos, non debemus
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diff changeset
1945 iudicare, sed simpliciter ea credere, ut Hilarius dicit, super
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diff changeset
1946 Matth. Vel prohibet iudicium quod non sit ex benevolentia, sed ex
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diff changeset
1947 animi amaritudine, ut Chrysostomus dicit.</p>
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diff changeset
1948 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41571"><span class=
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diff changeset
1949 "ref">[41571] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1950 dicendum quod iudex constituitur ut minister Dei. Unde dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1951 Deut. I, <i>quod iustum est iudicate</i>; et postea subdit, <i>quia
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diff changeset
1952 Dei est iudicium</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1953 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41572"><span class=
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diff changeset
1954 "ref">[41572] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1955 dicendum quod illi qui sunt in gravibus peccatis non debent
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diff changeset
1956 iudicare eos qui sunt in eisdem peccatis vel minoribus, ut
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diff changeset
1957 Chrysostomus dicit, super illud Matth. VII, <i>nolite iudicare</i>.
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diff changeset
1958 Et praecipue est hoc intelligendum quando illa peccata sunt
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1959 publica, quia ex hoc generatur scandalum in cordibus aliorum. Si
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1960 autem non sunt publica, sed occulta, et necessitas iudicandi
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1961 immineat propter officium, potest cum humilitate et timore vel
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diff changeset
1962 arguere vel iudicare. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom.
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diff changeset
1963 in monte, <i>si invenerimus nos in eodem vitio esse, congemiscamus,
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diff changeset
1964 et ad pariter conandum invitemus</i>. Nec tamen propter hoc homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1965 sic seipsum condemnat ut novum condemnationis meritum sibi
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diff changeset
1966 acquirat, sed quia, condemnans alium, ostendit se similiter
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diff changeset
1967 condemnabilem esse, propter idem peccatum vel simile.</p>
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diff changeset
1968 <br />
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diff changeset
1969 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1970 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41573"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1971 "ref">[41573] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1972 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iudicium ex suspicione procedens non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1973 sit illicitum. Suspicio enim videtur esse opinio incerta de aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1974 malo, unde et philosophus, in VI Ethic., ponit quod suspicio se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1975 habet et ad verum et ad falsum. Sed de singularibus contingentibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1976 non potest haberi opinio nisi incerta. Cum igitur iudicium humanum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1977 sit circa humanos actus, qui sunt in singularibus et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1978 contingentibus, videtur quod nullum iudicium esset licitum, si ex
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diff changeset
1979 suspicione iudicare non liceret.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1980 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41574"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1981 "ref">[41574] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1982 per iudicium illicitum fit aliqua iniuria proximo. Sed suspicio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1983 mala in sola opinione hominis consistit, et sic non videtur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1984 iniuriam alterius pertinere. Ergo suspicionis iudicium non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1985 illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1986 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41575"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1987 "ref">[41575] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1988 si sit illicitum, oportet quod ad iniustitiam reducatur, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1989 iudicium est actus iustitiae, ut dictum est. Sed iniustitia ex suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1990 genere semper est peccatum mortale, ut supra habitum est. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1991 suspicionis iudicium semper esset peccatum mortale, si esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1992 illicitum. Sed hoc est falsum, quia suspiciones vitare non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1993 possumus, ut dicit Glossa Augustini super illud I ad Cor. IV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1994 <i>nolite ante tempus iudicare</i>. Ergo iudicium suspiciosum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1995 videtur esse illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1996 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41576"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1997 "ref">[41576] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1998 est quod Chrysostomus, super illud Matth. VII, <i>nolite
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1999 iudicare</i> etc., dicit, <i>dominus hoc mandato non prohibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2000 Christianos ex benevolentia alios corripere, sed ne per iactantiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2001 iustitiae suae Christiani Christianos despiciant, ex solis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2002 plerumque suspicionibus odientes ceteros et condemnantes</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2003 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 3 co."><a name="41577"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2004 "ref">[41577] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2005 dicendum quod, sicut Tullius dicit, suspicio importat opinionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2006 mali quando ex levibus indiciis procedit. Et contingit ex tribus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2007 Uno quidem modo, ex hoc quod aliquis in seipso malus est, et ex hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2008 ipso, quasi conscius suae malitiae, faciliter de aliis malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2009 opinatur, secundum illud Eccle. X, <i>in via stultus ambulans, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2010 ipse sit insipiens, omnes stultos aestimat</i>. Alio modo provenit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2011 ex hoc quod aliquis male afficitur ad alterum. Cum enim aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2012 contemnit vel odit aliquem, aut irascitur vel invidet ei, ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2013 levibus signis opinatur mala de ipso, quia unusquisque faciliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2014 credit quod appetit. Tertio modo provenit ex longa experientia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2015 unde philosophus dicit, in II Rhet., quod <i>senes sunt maxime
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2016 suspiciosi, quia multoties experti sunt aliorum defectus</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2017 Primae autem duae suspicionis causae manifeste pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2018 perversitatem affectus. Tertia vero causa diminuit rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2019 suspicionis, inquantum experientia ad certitudinem proficit, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2020 est contra rationem suspicionis. Et ideo suspicio vitium quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2021 importat, et quanto magis procedit suspicio, tanto magis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2022 vitiosum. Est autem triplex gradus suspicionis. Primus quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2023 gradus est ut homo ex levibus indiciis de bonitate alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2024 dubitare incipiat. Et hoc est veniale et leve peccatum, pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 enim <i>ad tentationem humanam, sine qua vita ista non ducitur</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 ut habetur in Glossa super illud I ad Cor. IV, <i>nolite ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2027 tempus iudicare</i>. Secundus gradus est cum aliquis pro certo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2028 malitiam alterius aestimat ex levibus indiciis. Et hoc, si sit de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2029 aliquo gravi, est peccatum mortale, inquantum non est sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 contemptu proximi, unde Glossa ibidem subdit, <i>etsi ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 suspiciones vitare non possumus, quia homines sumus, iudicia tamen,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 idest definitivas firmasque sententias, continere debemus</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 Tertius gradus est cum aliquis iudex ex suspicione procedit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 aliquem condemnandum. Et hoc directe ad iniustitiam pertinet. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2035 est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41578"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 "ref">[41578] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 ergo dicendum quod in humanis actibus invenitur aliqua certitudo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 non quidem sicut in demonstrativis, sed secundum quod convenit tali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2040 materiae, puta cum aliquid per idoneos testes probatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41579"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 "ref">[41579] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 dicendum quod ex hoc ipso quod aliquis malam opinionem habet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 alio sine causa sufficienti, indebite contemnit ipsum. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 iniuriatur ei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41580"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 "ref">[41580] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 dicendum quod quia iustitia et iniustitia est circa exteriores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 operationes, ut dictum est, tunc iudicium suspiciosum directe ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 iniustitiam pertinet quando ad actum exteriorem procedit. Et tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 est peccatum mortale, ut dictum est. Iudicium autem interius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 pertinet ad iustitiam secundum quod comparatur ad exterius iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 ut actus interior ad exteriorem, sicut concupiscentia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 fornicationem, et ira ad homicidium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41581"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 "ref">[41581] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 sic proceditur. Videtur quod dubia non sint in meliorem partem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 interpretanda. Iudicium enim magis esse debet de eo quod ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 pluribus accidit. Sed in pluribus accidit quod aliqui male agant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 <i>quia stultorum infinitus est numerus</i>, ut dicitur Eccle. I;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 <i>proni enim sunt sensus hominis ad malum ab adolescentia sua</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 ut dicitur Gen. VIII. Ergo dubia magis debemus interpretari in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 malum quam in bonum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41582"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 "ref">[41582] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 Augustinus dicit quod ille pie et iuste vivit qui rerum integer est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 aestimator, in neutram partem declinando. Sed ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 interpretatur in melius quod dubium est declinat in alteram partem.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 Ergo hoc non est faciendum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41583"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 "ref">[41583] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 homo debet diligere proximum sicut seipsum. Sed circa seipsum homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 debet dubia interpretari in peiorem partem, secundum illud Iob IX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 <i>verebar omnia opera mea</i>. Ergo videtur quod ea quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 dubia circa proximos sint in peiorem partem interpretanda.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41584"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 "ref">[41584] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 est quod Rom. XIV, super illud, <i>qui non manducat manducantem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 iudicet</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>dubia in meliorem partem sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 interpretanda</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 4 co."><a name="41585"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 "ref">[41585] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ex hoc ipso quod aliquis habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 malam opinionem de alio absque sufficienti causa, iniuriatur ei et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 contemnit ipsum. Nullus autem debet alium contemnere, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 nocumentum quodcumque inferre, absque causa cogente. Et ideo ubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 non apparent manifesta indicia de malitia alicuius, debemus eum ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 bonum habere, in meliorem partem interpretando quod dubium est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41586"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 "ref">[41586] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 ergo dicendum quod potest contingere quod ille qui in meliorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 partem interpretatur, frequentius fallitur. Sed melius est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 aliquis frequenter fallatur habens bonam opinionem de aliquo malo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 homine, quam quod rarius fallatur habens malam opinionem de aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 bono, quia ex hoc fit iniuria alicui, non autem ex primo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41587"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 "ref">[41587] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 dicendum quod aliud est iudicare de rebus, et aliud de hominibus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 In iudicio enim quo de rebus iudicamus non attenditur bonum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 malum ex parte ipsius rei de qua iudicamus, cui nihil nocet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 qualitercumque iudicemus de ipsa, sed attenditur ibi solum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 iudicantis si vere iudicet, vel malum si falso; <i>quia verum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 bonum intellectus, falsum autem est malum ipsius</i>, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 VI Ethic. Et ideo unusquisque debet niti ad hoc quod de rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 iudicet secundum quod sunt. Sed in iudicio quo iudicamus de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 hominibus praecipue attenditur bonum et malum ex parte eius de quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 iudicatur, qui in hoc ipso honorabilis habetur quod bonus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 iudicatur, et contemptibilis si iudicetur malus. Et ideo ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 potius tendere debemus in tali iudicio quod hominem iudicemus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 bonum, nisi manifesta ratio in contrarium appareat. Ipsi autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 homini iudicanti, falsum iudicium quo bene iudicat de alio non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 pertinet ad malum intellectus ipsius, sicut nec ad eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 perfectionem pertinet secundum se cognoscere veritatem singularium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 contingentium, sed magis pertinet ad bonum affectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41588"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 "ref">[41588] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 dicendum quod interpretari aliquid in deteriorem vel meliorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 partem contingit dupliciter. Uno modo, per quandam suppositionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 Et sic, cum debemus aliquibus malis adhibere remedium, sive nostris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 sive alienis, expedit ad hoc ut securius remedium apponatur, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 supponatur id quod deterius est, quia remedium quod est efficax
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 contra maius malum, multo magis est efficax contra minus malum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 Alio modo interpretamur aliquid in bonum vel malum definiendo sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 determinando. Et sic in rerum iudicio debet aliquis niti ad hoc ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 interpretetur unumquodque secundum quod est, in iudicio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 personarum, ut interpretetur in melius, sicut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="41589"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 "ref">[41589] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit semper secundum leges scriptas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 iudicandum. Semper enim vitandum est iniustum iudicium. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 quandoque leges scriptae iniustitiam continent, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 Isaiae X, <i>vae qui condunt leges iniquas, et scribentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 iniustitias scripserunt</i>. Ergo non semper est secundum leges
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 scriptas iudicandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="41590"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 "ref">[41590] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 iudicium oportet esse de singularibus eventibus. Sed nulla lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 scripta potest omnes singulares eventus comprehendere, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 philosophum, in V Ethic. Ergo videtur quod non semper sit secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 leges scriptas iudicandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="41591"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 "ref">[41591] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 lex ad hoc scribitur ut sententia legislatoris manifestetur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 quandoque contingit quod si ipse lator legis praesens esset, aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 iudicaret. Ergo non est semper secundum legem scriptam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 iudicandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 5 s. c."><a name="41592"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 "ref">[41592] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de vera Relig., <i>in istis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 temporalibus legibus, quanquam de his homines iudicent cum eas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 instituerint, tamen cum fuerint institutae et firmatae, non licebit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 iudicibus de ipsis iudicare, sed secundum ipsas</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 5 co."><a name="41593"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 "ref">[41593] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, iudicium nihil est aliud nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 quaedam definitio vel determinatio eius quod iustum est. Fit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 aliquid iustum dupliciter, uno modo, ex ipsa natura rei, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 dicitur ius naturale; alio modo, ex quodam condicto inter homines,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 quod dicitur ius positivum, ut supra habitum est. Leges autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 scribuntur ad utriusque iuris declarationem, aliter tamen et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 aliter. Nam legis Scriptura ius quidem naturale continet, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 instituit, non enim habet robur ex lege, sed ex natura. Ius autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 positivum Scriptura legis et continet et instituit, dans ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 auctoritatis robur. Et ideo necesse est quod iudicium fiat secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 legis Scripturam, alioquin iudicium deficeret vel a iusto naturali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 vel a iusto positivo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="41594"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 "ref">[41594] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 ergo dicendum quod lex scripta, sicut non dat robur iuri naturali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 ita nec potest eius robur minuere vel auferre, quia nec voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 hominis potest immutare naturam. Et ideo si Scriptura legis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 contineat aliquid contra ius naturale, iniusta est, nec habet vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 obligandi, ibi enim ius positivum locum habet ubi quantum ad ius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 naturale nihil differt utrum sic vel aliter fiat, sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 habitum est. Et ideo nec tales Scripturae leges dicuntur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 potius legis corruptiones, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 eas non est iudicandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="41595"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 "ref">[41595] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 dicendum quod sicut leges iniquae secundum se contrariantur iuri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 naturali, vel semper vel ut in pluribus; ita etiam leges quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 recte positae in aliquibus casibus deficiunt, in quibus si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 servarentur, esset contra ius naturale. Et ideo in talibus non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 secundum litteram legis iudicandum, sed recurrendum ad aequitatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 quam intendit legislator. Unde iurisperitus dicit, <i>nulla ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 iuris aut aequitatis benignitas patitur ut quae salubriter pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 utilitate hominum introducuntur, ea nos duriore interpretatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 contra ipsorum commodum producamus ad severitatem</i>. Et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 talibus etiam legislator aliter iudicaret, et, si considerasset,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 lege determinasset.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="41596"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 "ref">[41596] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 patet responsio ad tertium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="41597"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 "ref">[41597] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iudicium per usurpationem non reddatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 perversum. Iustitia enim est quaedam rectitudo in agendis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 nihil deperit veritati a quocumque dicatur, sed a quocumque est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 accipienda. Ergo etiam nihil deperit iustitiae, a quocumque iustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 determinetur, quod pertinet ad rationem iudicii.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="41598"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 "ref">[41598] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 peccata punire ad iudicium pertinet. Sed aliqui laudabiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 leguntur peccata punisse qui tamen auctoritatem non habebant super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 illos quos puniebant, sicut Moyses occidendo Aegyptium, ut habetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 Exod. II; et Phinees, filius Eleazari, Zambri, filium Salomi, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 legitur Num. XXV, <i>et reputatum est ei ad iustitiam</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 dicitur in Psalm. Ergo usurpatio iudicii non pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 iniustitiam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="41599"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 "ref">[41599] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 potestas spiritualis distinguitur a temporali. Sed quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 praelati habentes spiritualem potestatem intromittunt se de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 quae pertinent ad potestatem saecularem. Ergo usurpatum iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 non est illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 6 arg. 4"><a name="41600"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 "ref">[41600] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 sicut ad recte iudicandum requiritur auctoritas, ita etiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 iustitia iudicantis et scientia, ut ex supradictis patet. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 dicitur iudicium esse iniustum si aliquis iudicet non habens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 habitum iustitiae, vel non habens scientiam iuris. Ergo neque etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 iudicium usurpatum, quod fit per defectum auctoritatis, semper erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 iniustum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 6 s. c."><a name="41601"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 "ref">[41601] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 est quod dicitur Rom. XIV, <i>tu quis es, qui iudicas alienum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 servum?</i></p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 6 co."><a name="41602"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 "ref">[41602] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 dicendum quod, cum iudicium sit ferendum secundum leges scriptas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 ut dictum est, ille qui iudicium fert legis dictum quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 interpretatur, applicando ipsum ad particulare negotium. Cum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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2239 eiusdem auctoritatis sit legem interpretari et legem condere, sicut
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2240 lex condi non potest nisi publica auctoritate, ita nec iudicium
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2241 ferri potest nisi publica auctoritate, quae quidem se extendit ad
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2242 eos qui communitati subduntur. Et ideo sicut iniustum esset ut
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2243 aliquis constringeret alium ad legem servandam quae non esset
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2244 publica auctoritate sancita, ita etiam iniustum est si aliquis
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2245 aliquem compellat ferre iudicium quod publica auctoritate non
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2246 fertur.</p>
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2247 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="41603"><span class=
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2248 "ref">[41603] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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2249 ergo dicendum quod pronuntiatio veritatis non importat compulsionem
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2250 ad hoc quod suscipiatur, sed liberum est unicuique eam recipere vel
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2251 non recipere prout vult. Sed iudicium importat quandam impulsionem.
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2252 Et ideo iniustum est quod aliquis iudicetur ab eo qui publicam
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2253 auctoritatem non habet.</p>
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2254 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="41604"><span class=
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2255 "ref">[41604] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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2256 dicendum quod Moyses videtur Aegyptium occidisse quasi ex
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2257 inspiratione divina auctoritatem adeptus, ut videtur per hoc quod
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2258 dicitur Act. VII, quod, <i>percusso Aegyptio, aestimabat Moyses
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2259 intelligere fratres suos quoniam dominus per manum ipsius daret
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2260 salutem Israel</i>. Vel potest dici quod Moyses occidit Aegyptium
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2261 defendendo eum qui iniuriam patiebatur cum moderamine inculpatae
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2262 tutelae. Unde Ambrosius dicit, in libro de Offic., quod <i>qui non
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diff changeset
2263 repellit iniuriam a socio cum potest, tam est in vitio quam ille
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2264 qui facit</i>; et inducit exemplum Moysi. Vel potest dici, sicut
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2265 dicit Augustinus, in quaestionibus Exod., quod <i>sicut terra, ante
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2266 utilia semina, herbarum inutilium fertilitate laudatur; sic illud
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2267 Moysi factum vitiosum quidem fuit, sed magnae fertilitatis signum
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2268 gerebat</i>, inquantum scilicet erat signum virtutis eius qua
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2269 populum liberaturus erat. De Phinee autem dicendum est quod ex
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2270 inspiratione divina, zelo Dei commotus, hoc fecit. Vel quia, licet
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2271 nondum esset summus sacerdos, erat tamen filius summi sacerdotis,
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2272 et ad eum hoc iudicium pertinebat, sicut et ad alios iudices,
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2273 quibus hoc erat praeceptum.</p>
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2274 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="41605"><span class=
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2275 "ref">[41605] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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2276 dicendum quod potestas saecularis subditur spirituali sicut corpus
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2277 animae. Et ideo non est usurpatum iudicium si spiritualis praelatus
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diff changeset
2278 se intromittat de temporalibus quantum ad ea in quibus subditur ei
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2279 saecularis potestas, vel quae ei a saeculari potestate
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2280 relinquuntur.</p>
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2281 <p title="II-II q. 60 a. 6 ad 4"><a name="41606"><span class=
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2282 "ref">[41606] II&ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 6 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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2283 dicendum quod habitus scientiae et iustitiae sunt perfectiones
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2284 singularis personae, et ideo per eorum defectum non dicitur
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2285 usurpatum iudicium, sicut per defectum publicae auctoritatis, ex
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2286 qua iudicium vim coactivam habet.</p>
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diff changeset
2287 <div class="centro"><br />
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2288 <p><a href="sth3047.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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2289 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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diff changeset
2290 <a href="sth3061.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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2291 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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2292 <br />
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2293 <hr />
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2294 <br />
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2295 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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2296 hanc editionem<br />
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diff changeset
2297 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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diff changeset
2298 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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2299 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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2300 </div>
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2301 </body>
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2302 </html>