Foreign Languages
=================

This document describes how to read and write various Asian and European languages in Mule.

Chinese
=======

This section describes how to read and write Chinese (both simplified and traditional hanzi) in Mule.  To make Chinese the primary environment, the following line should be included in the $MULE/lisp/site-init.el file at the compile time:

     (set-primary-environment 'chinese)

If your system administrator did not do this setting, you have to include the above line in your ~/.emacs file.

To print Chinese text, see the online manual m2ps(1) and see m2ps.

Chinese Character Sets
----------------------

There are two character sets for Chinese, i.e., GB and BIG5.  GB is for the simplified characters used in P.R.C.  On the other hand, BIG5 is for the traditional characters used in Hong Kong and Taiwan.  Mule can handle both of them.  You can make a file which contains both GB characters and BIG5 characters, but care should be taken in this case. If you want to make such files, see Coding-system for Chinese.

     [NOTE] BIG5 roughly corresponds to the first and the second plains of CNS 11643.  CNS stands for Chinese National Standard, which defines a Chinese character set.  Although Mule can also read/write/display CNS character sets, input methods for CNS is not yet available.

Chinese Fonts
-------------

Unless you have a terminal that supports GB/BIG5 and will run Mule exclusively on it, you have to use the X window system on which appropriate GB/BIG5 fonts are installed.  You should be able to read the following two lines if Chinese fonts are appropriately installed:

     GB :    $AVPND(B $AFUM(;0(B $A::So(B $ADc:C(B
     BIG5 :  $(0GnM$(B $(0N]0*Hd(B $(0*/=((B $(0+$)p(B

If you cannot read the above lines, get Chinese fonts from Mule's FTP sites (see FAQ-Mule) and install them.  In addition to GB and BIG5 fonts, you also need SiSheng fonts if you want to use cWnn to input Chinese.  (For cWnn, see Using cWnn.)

Bear in mind that all fonts used in Mule must be of fixed width. Furthermore, the width of the Chinese characters must be exactly twice as wide as the ASCII characters, and the width of the Sisheng characters must be the same as the ASCII characters.  For the detail of font specification, see Font (mule).

Coding-system for Chinese
-------------------------

When you read/write a file containing Chinese characters, you must specify what kind of format is used.  In the world of Mule, this format is called coding-system.  You must specify an appropriate coding-system in your ~/.emacs file, depending on your needs.  We will explain three cases one by one.

 1. To edit files containing GB and ASCII

     There are several ways to distinguish GB characters from ASCII characters.  The most frequently used method utilises the 8th bit as a flag.  If the 8th bit is set to 1, the character represents a GB. Otherwise, an ASCII.  This method is adopted in cxterm. If you use exclusively GB and ASCII, this method would be convenient.  This is the default coding-system in Mule's Chinese environment.

 2. To edit files containing BIG5 and ASCII

     If you want to use BIG5 as the primary coding-system, add the following lines in your ~/.emacs file:

          (set-default-file-coding-system '*big5*)
          (set-display-coding-system '*big5*)
          (set-keyboard-coding-system '*big5*)
          (setq-default quail-current-package (assoc "py-b5" quail-package-alist))

 3. To edit files containing GB, BIG5 and ASCII

     First of all, be aware of this fact: Mule seems to be the only software that can handle GB and BIG5 simultaneously.  You cannot display GB and BIG5 simultaneouly in cxterm, for example.

     If you dare to include GB and BIG5 in the same file, we recommend you to include the following line in your ~/.emacs file:

          (set-default-file-coding-system *junet*)

     With this coding-system, you can include not only GB and BIG5, but also Japanese, Hangul, European languages, etc. in a single file.  The coding-system *junet* inserts special codes, called escape sequences, at the boundaries of two different character sets.  The 8th bits are always set to zero.

     You can also use the next one instead of using *junet*:

          (set-default-file-coding-system *euc-china*)

     In this case, GB characters are saved with their 8th bits set to one. All other character sets are saved with their 8th bits set to zero, and are distinguished from one another by escape sequences.

     Yet another alternative is the following:

          (set-default-file-coding-system *ctext*)

     You cannot specify *big5* as file-coding-system if the file contains both GB and BIG5.

Using cWnn
----------

The primary method for inputing Chinese is to communicate with cserver of cWnn via Egg system.  cserver is a network-wide pinyin-hanzi conversion server.  It receives pinyin sequences and returns hanzis.

To use cserver, cWnn (version 4.108 or later) should have been installed.  cWnn is bound to Wnn, and available from FTP sites of Mule. SiSheng fonts are also necessary. (See Chinese Fonts.)

Note that the current version of Egg supports only GB characters. If you want to input BIG5, or if you cannot use cserver for some reason, see Quail for Chinese.

To use cserver, you must specify the hostname on which cserver is running.  Add the following lines in your ~/.emacs file:

     (set-cwnn-host-name "hostname")

"hostname" must be replaced by the real hostname on which cserver is really running.

To input chinese, type C-\.  Make sure that the mode-line has changed.  Now you can enter pinyin.  You may type several words at once. Then hit SPC to convert what you entered.  If the resulting hanzi is different from what you want, hit SPC again.  Each time you hit SPC, cserver returns another alternative.

Here are some important key bindings in the conversion mode:

SPC
     get another alternative

RET
     confirm (accept that hanzi)

C-f
     move to next word

C-b
     move to previous word

C-i
     make current word shorter

C-o
     make current word longer

C-g
     quit

At the very first time of usig cserver, you may be asked if you want to make dictionaries.  Just type yes to all questions.

To quit from Chinese input mode, type C-\ again.

For more information, see Egg (egg).

Quail for Chinese
-----------------

For those who want to input BIG5 or who cannot use cserver for some reason, Mule provides another input method called quail.  Quail is included in the standard distribution of Mule.  If you are familiar with cxterm, it would be very easy to use quail, as quail supports all of the input method provided by X11R5 cxterm.

All input methods called XXX.tit in X11R5 cxterm are already registered in Mule.  To use some of them, just type C-] and select a package you want by M-s.  The following packages are avairalbe now.

     py, tonepy, sw, punct, qj, ccdospy, ctcps3, etzy, py-b5, zozy, qj-b5,
     punct-b5

In the document of X11R5 cxterm, each input method is explained as follows.  (Quoted from cxterm/dict/tit/README.)

[GB input methods]

py
     Standard PinYin input method

qj
     Quan Jiao -- double-byte ASCII in GB coding

punct
     Punctuation marks input table

sw
     CCDOS style ShouWei input method (first & last part)

tonepy
     Standard PinYin input method with tone 1-5

ccdospy
     CCDOS style abbreviated PinYin input method

ctlau
     Sidney Lau's Cantonese transcription scheme

[BIG5 input methods]

py-b5
     Standard PinYin input method with tones

qj-b5
     Quan Jiao -- double-byte ASCII in BIG5 coding

punct-b5
     Punctuation marks input table

ctlaob
     Sidney Lau's Cantonese transcription scheme

zozy
     ETen ZhuYin (phonetic) input in second keyboard layout as in ZeroOne, DACHEN system, etc.

etzy
     ETen ZhuYin (phonetic) input in ETen keyboard layout

In quail, you can toggle ASCII input mode and Chinese input mode by typing C-].  M-z in quail-mode shows a help.

     [NOTE] You can easily create a quail-package from cxterm's tit format file.  Please try the following command from your shell,

          % mule -batch -l quail/tit -f batch-tit-to-quail [dirname|filename] ...

Running Mule in cxterm
----------------------

You can use various hanzi input method of cxterm by running Mule in a cxterm window.  In this case you can use the latest veresion of cxterm. To run Mule in a cxterm window, execute the following command:

     % mule -nw

Make sure that you have configured cxterm so that it matches Mule's coding-system.  Set cxterm to GB-mode if you use *euc-china* in Mule; to BIG5-mode if you use *big5*.  Note that you cannot use GB and BIG5 simultaneously in cxterm.

PIG-mode
--------

PIG-mode is a very convenient system.  It converts several characters at once, accepts abbreviated pinyin input, etc.  It is available via anonymous FTP from the following sites:

     etlport.etl.go.jp [192.31.197.99]: /pub/mule/contrib
     sh.wide.ad.jp [133.4.11.11]: /JAPAN/mule/mule-1.0/contrib
     ftp.mei.co.jp [132.182.49.2]:/public/free/gnu/emacs/Mule/contrib
     ftp.funet.fi [128.214.6.100]:/pub/gnu/emacs/mule/mule-1.0/contrib

A useful readme file is included.

According to burt@dfki.uni-kl.de, the definition of the following function is missing:

     (defun pig-parse-cz (string)
      (let ((indx 0) list)
       (while (string-match "\\([^0-5]+[0-5]\\)-*" string indx)
        (setq list (cons (substring string (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))
                         list))
        (setq indx (match-end 0)))
       (nreverse list)))

Chinese News
------------

It is possible to read the articles posted to alt.chinese.text and alt.chinese.text.big5 if you use GNUS and gnusutil together in Mule.

Add the following line in your ~/.emacs file:

     (setq gnus-group-mode-hook 'gnusutil-initialize)

Now you can read alt.chinese.text and alt.chinese.text.big5 in hanzi.

Once you install gnusutil, no special procedure is required to post an article to those newsgroups.  You can write your article in hanzi and can post it as if it were written in ASCII.  gnusutil automatically converts your hanzi article to appropriate format.  Use a GB input method for alt.chinese.text, and a BIG5 input method for alt.chinese.text.big5.

Japanese
========

[IN PREPARATION]

This section describes how to read and write Japanese in Mule.  To make Japanese the primary environment, the following line should be included in the $MULE/lisp/site-init.el file at the compile time:

     (set-primary-environment 'japanese)

If your system administrator did not do this setting, you have to include the above line in your ~/.emacs file.

To print Japanese text, see the online manual m2ps(1) and see m2ps.

Korean
======

This section describes how to read and write Korean in Mule.  To make Korean the primary environment, the following line should be included in the $MULE/lisp/site-init.el file at the compile time:

     (set-primary-environment 'korean)

If your system administrator did not do this setting, you have to include the above line in your ~/.emacs file.

To print Korean text, see the online manual m2ps(1) and see m2ps.

Korean Character Set
--------------------

Mule uses the KSC5601 character set for displaying Korean.  Unless you have a terminal that supports KSC5601 and will run Mule exclusively on it, you have use the X window system on which appropriate KSC5601 fonts are installed.

If the Korean fonts have been properly installed, you should be able to read the following text:

     Mule $(C(B GNU Emacs $(C8&(B $(C:9<v(B $(C>p>n?!(B $(C4k@GR(B $(C<v(B $(C(B $(C0-H-GQ(B $(C?!5pEM(B
     $(C(B.
     GNU Emacs Ver.18 $(C;(B $(C1bCJ7N(B $(CGQ(B Mule Ver.1 $(C0z(B GNU Emacs Ver.19 $(C8&(B $(C1bCJ(B
     $(C7N(B $(CGQ(B Mule Ver.2 $(C0!(B $(C=4O4Y(B. $(C1]HD4B(B Mule Ver.2 $(C88(B $(C039_Ł(B $(C0h<S5I(B $(C0M(B
     $(C(B.

Bear in mind that all fonts used in Mule must be of fixed width. Furthermore, the width of the Korean characters must be exactly twice as wide as the ASCII characters.  For the detail of font specification, see Font (mule).

In most cases, the coding-system that you want to use for file I/O would be either *iso-2022-kr* or *euc-korea*.

*iso-2022-kr* is the coding-system that is used in Korea for e-mail communication.  It is a 7-bit encoding and uses locking shift. In the current version of Mule, it is the default file-coding-system for Korean.

On the other hand, *euc-korea* is an 8-bit encoding.  If the 8th bit is set to zero, it represents an ASCII character; if set to one, a Korean character.  If you rarely use other character sets, this coding-system would be useful.  To use *euc-korea* for file I/O, add the following line in your ~/.emacs file:

     (set-default-file-coding-system *euc-korea*)

Another frequently used coding-system is *junet*.  It is the default coding-system in the mule@etl.go.jp mailing list for multilingual communication.  To use *junet* for file I/O, add the following line to your ~/.emacs file:

     (set-default-file-coding-system *junet*)

Inputing Hangul
---------------

To input Hangul, use the Quail system.  The Quail system converts one or more ASCII characters into a Hangul.  There are two different Quail packages for Hangul, namely hangul and hangul3.

hangul uses the translation table below:

     $(CGQ1[(B: $(C$!(B $(C$"(B $(C$$(B $(C$'(B $(C$((B $(C$)(B $(C$1(B $(C$2(B $(C$3(B $(C$5(B $(C$6(B $(C$7(B $(C$8(B $(C$9(B $(C$:(B $(C$;(B $(C$<(B
     KEY:   r  R  s  e  E  f  a  q  Q  t  T  d  w  W  c  z  x

     $(CGQ1[(B: $(C$=(B $(C$>(B $(C$?(B $(C$A(B $(C$C(B $(C$D(B $(C$F(B $(C$E(B $(C$G(B $(C$K(B $(C$L(B $(C$P(B $(C$Q(B $(C$S(B $(C$(B $(C(B
     KEY:   v  g  k  i  j  p  P  u  h  y  n  b  m  l  o  O

Here are some examples:

     <key sequence>        r       k       r       k
     <string inserted>    $(C$!(B      $(C0!(B      $(C0"(B      $(C0!0!(B

     <key sequence>        r       k       r    <M-SPC>    k
     <string inserted>    $(C$!(B      $(C0!(B      $(C0"(B      $(C0"(B      $(C0"$?(B

On the other hand, hangul3 uses the translation table below:

     $(CCJ<:(B:  $(C$!(B  $(C$"(B  $(C$$(B  $(C$'(B  $(C$((B  $(C$)(B  $(C$1(B  $(C$2(B  $(C$3(B  $(C$5(B  $(C$6(B  $(C$7(B  $(C$8(B  $(C$9(B  $(C$:(B  $(C$;(B  $(C$<(B
     KEY :   k  kk   h   u  uu   y   i   ;  ;;   n  nn   j   l  ll   o   0   '

     $(CCJ<:(B:  $(C$=(B  $(C$>(B  $(C$?(B  $(C$(B  $(C$A(B  $(C$B(B  $(C$C(B  $(C$D(B  $(C$E(B  $(C$F(B  $(C$G(B  $(C$H(B  $(C$I(B  $(C$J(B  $(C$K(B  $(C$L(B  $(C$M(B
     KEY :   p   m   f   r   6   R   t   c   e   7   v  /f  /r  /d   4   b  9t
     also:                                           /                   9

     $(CCJ<:(B:  $(C$N(B  $(C$O(B  $(C$P(B  $(C$Q(B  $(C$R(B  $(C$S(B  $(C$!(B  $(C$"(B  $(C$#(B  $(C$$(B  $(C$%(B  $(C$&(B  $(C$'(B  $(C$)(B  $(C$*(B  $(C$+(B  $(C$)(B
     KEY :  9c  9d   5   g   8   d   x   F  xq   s  s!   S   A   w   D   C  w3

     $(CCJ<:(B:  $(C$-(B  $(C$.(B  $(C$0(B  $(C$1(B  $(C$2(B  $(C$4(B  $(C$5(B  $(C$6(B  $(C$7(B  $(C$8(B  $(C$:(B  $(C$;(B  $(C$<(B  $(C$=(B  $(C$>(B
     KEY :  wq  wW   V   z   3   X   q   2   a   !   Z   E   W   Q   1

An example follows:

     <key sequence>        k       f       x
     <string inserted>    $(C$!(B      $(C0!(B      $(C0"(B

Hit C-] to turn into quail-mode.  If you do not see the string [$(CGQ1[(B 2$(C9z=D(B] or [$(CGQ1[(B 3$(C9z=D(B] in the mode-line, then hit M-s and specify the package name hangul or hangul3. SPC works as the completion key.  If you hit RET without specifying a package name, the default package (shown in the parentheses) will be used.

To exit quail-mode, hit C-] once again.

For the detail of the Quail system, see Usage of Quail (quail).

Inputing Hanja
--------------

To input Hanja, also use the Quail system.  The package name for Hanja input is hanja-ksc.  To specify this package, hit M-s in quail-mode and input hanja-ksc.  Make sure the mode-line shows the string "2$(C9z=D(BKSC$(CySm.(B".

For the detail of the Quail system, see Usage of Quail (quail).

Thai
====

This section describes how to read and write Thai in Mule.  To make Thai the primary environment, the following line should be included in the $MULE/lisp/site-init.el file at the compile time:

     (set-primary-environment 'thai)

If your system administrator did not do this setting, you have to include the above line in your ~/.emacs file.

To print Thai text, see the online manual m2ps(1) and see m2ps.

Thai Character Set
------------------

Mule uses the TIS620 character set for displaying Thai.  Unless you have a terminal that supports TIS620 and will run Mule exclusively on it, you have to use the X window system on which appropriate TIS620 fonts are installed.

Furthermore, you have to increase Mule's line spaces to display vowels and tone marks.  If you are using a 12x24 pixels ASCII font, start up Mule with the following command:

     % mule -lsp 5+0

If the Thai fonts have been properly installed, you should be able to read the following text, which contains both ASCII and Thai characters:

     Mule 0-T¤×1Í editor GNU Emacs 0·Õè10¶Ù1¡à0¾Ôè1Á¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒÃ¶ã0Ëé1ã0ªé1ä0´é10¡Ñ1ºÀÒÉÒËÅÒÂ æ ÀÒÉÒ-A
     0-T»Ñ1¨0¨Ø10ºÑ1¹0¹Õé1 0ÁÕ1 Mule 0ÃØè1¹ 1 0«Öè1§ã0ªé1 GNU Emacs 0ÃØè1¹ 18 à0»ç1¹°Ò¹ áÅÐ Mule 0ÃØè1¹ 2 0«Öè1§ã0ªé1-A
     GNU Emacs 0-TÃØè1¹ 19 à0»ç1¹°Ò¹  à©¾ÒÐ Mule 0ÃØè1¹ 2 à0·è1Ò0¹Ñé1¹0·Õè1¨Ð0¶Ù1¡0¾Ñ1²¹Ò»0ÃÑ1º»0ÃØ1§0µè1Íä»-A

Bear in mind that all fonts used in Mule must be of fixed width. Furthermore, the width of the Thai characters must be the same as the ASCII characters.  For the detail of font specification, see Font (mule).

In most cases, the coding-system that you want to use in file I/O would be either *tis620* or *junet*.

*tis620* is an 8-bit encoding.  If the 8th bit is set to zero, it represents an ASCII character; if set to one, a Thai character.  In the current version of Mule, it is the primary coding-system for Thai.  If you rarely use other character sets, this coding-system would be useful.

On the other hand, *junet* is a 7-bit encoding and uses escape sequences.  It is the default coding-system in the mule@etl.go.jp mailing list for multilingual communication.  To use *junet* for file I/O, add the following line to your ~/.emacs file:

     (set-default-file-coding-system *junet*)

Inputing Thai
-------------

To input Thai characters, use the Quail system.  The Quail system converts one or more ASCII characters into a Thai character.

Hit C-] to turn into quail-mode.  If you do not see the string [Thai] in the mode-line, then hit M-s and specify the package name thai.  SPC works as the completion key.  If you hit RET without specifying a package name, the default package (shown in the parentheses) will be used.

The Thai keymap in quail-mode looks like this:

     -TÅ# /ñ _ò Àó ¶ô ØÙ Ö0Ñé1 ¤õ µö ¨÷ ¢ø ªù ßï £¥-A
      -Tæð ä\" Ó® ¾± Ð¸ Ñí Õê Ã³ ¹Ï Â­ º° Å,-A
       -T¿Ä Ë¦ ¡¯ ´â à¬ éç èë ÒÉ ÊÈ Ç« §Æ-A
        -T¼( ») á© ÍÎ ÔÚ ×ì 0·î1 Á² ãÌ ½?-A

The difference from the ordinal Thai keyboards are:

  * -Tß and ï are assigned to \ and |-A

  * -T£ and ¥ are assigned to ` and ~-A

  * We don't know where to assign characters -Tú and û-A

To exit quail-mode, hit C-] once again.

For the detail of the Quail system, see Usage of Quail (quail).

Vietnamese
==========

This section describes how to read and write Vietnamese in Mule.  To make Vietnamese the primary environment, the following line should be included in the $MULE/lisp/site-init.el file at the compile time:

     (set-primary-environment 'viet)

If your system administrator did not do this setting, you have to include the above line in your ~/.emacs file.

To print Vietnamese text, see the online manual m2ps(1) and see m2ps.  Note that you have to use coco (COde COnversion library) to print Vietnamese text.  The best way is to use the any2ps shell script.  Both coco and any2ps can be found in Mule FTP sites.

Vietnamese Character Set
------------------------

Mule supports both VISCII and VSCII fonts to display Vietnamese text. Unless you have a terminal that supports either VISCII or VSCII, and will run Mule exclusively on it, you have to use the X window system on which appropriate Vietnamese fonts are installed.

The default is set to VISCII.  If you have a VISCII terminal or VISCII fonts for the X window system, you do not have to do anything special. On the other hand, if you are going to use either a VSCII terminal or VSCII fonts, include the following two lines in your ~/.emacs file:

     (x-set-ccl lc-vn-1 ccl-x-vn-1-vscii)
     (x-set-ccl lc-vn-2 ccl-x-vn-2-vscii)

If the fonts have been properly installed, you should be able to read the following text, which contains both ASCII and Vietnamese characters:

     Mule l-1à mµt sñ gia công v« ða ngôn ngæ cho GNU Emacs [MULtilingual-A
     Enhancement to GNU Emacs].  Kh-1ông nhæng nó có th¬ xØ lý chæ ASCII (7-A
     bit) v-1à ISO Latin-1 (8 bit) mà còn có th¬ xØ lý Nh§t ngæ, Hoa ngæ, Hàn-A
     ng-1æ (16 bit) mã hóa theo tiêu chu¦n ISO2022 và các d¸ bän (thí dø nhß-A
     EUC, Compound Text).  -2ð-1¯i v¾i Hoa ngæ, Mule có th¬ phøc vø cho cä GB lçn-A
     Big5.  Ngo-1ài ra, hi®n nay chúng tôi cûng phøc vø cho chæ Thái dña trên-A
     TIS620 m-1£c d¥u tiêu chu¦n này không tuân theo ISO nhßng r¤t ph± thông ·-A
     Th-1ái Lan.-A

Bear in mind that all fonts used in Mule must be of fixed width. Furthermore, the width of the Vietnamese characters must be the same as the ASCII characters.  For the detail of font specification, see Font (mule).

Mule supports three coding-systems for Vietnamese, i.e., *viscii*, *vscii* and *viqr*.  These are all 8-bit coding systems.  The coding-system is independent of the fonts.  For example, you can use a VISCII font to display text written in *vscii*, and vice versa.  The default coding-system is set to *viscii*.  If you want to change this, include either

     (setq *coding-category-bin* '*vscii*)
     (set-default-file-coding-system '*vscii*)

or

     (setq *coding-category-bin* '*viqr*)
     (set-default-file-coding-system '*viqr*)

in your ~/.emacs file.

All of the three coding-systems can represent only Vietnames and ASCII.  If you want to use other foreign languages at the same time, add the following line in your ~/.emacs file:

     (set-default-file-coding-system '*junet*)

The *junet* coding-system is a 7-bit encoding and uses escape sequences.  It is the default coding-system in the mule@etl.go.jp mailing list for multilingual communication.

Inputing Vietnamese
-------------------

To input Vietnamese characters, use the Quail system.  The Quail system converts one or more ASCII characters into a Vietnamese character.

Hit C-] to turn into quail-mode.  If you do not see the string [VIQR] in the mode-line, then hit M-s and specify the package name viqr.  SPC works as the completion key.  If you hit RET without specifying a package name, the default package (shown in the parentheses) will be used.

The following table shows how to put diacritical marks:

        effect   | postfix | examples
     ------------+---------+----------
        breve    |    (    | a( -> -1å-A
      circumflex |    ^    | a^ -> -1â-A
        horn     |    +    | o+ -> -1½-A
     ------------+---------+----------
        acute    |    '    | a' -> -1á-A
        grave    |    `    | a` -> -1à-A
      hook above |    ?    | a? -> -1ä-A
        tilde    |    ~    | a~ -> -1ã-A
       dot below |    .    | a. -> -1Õ-A
     ------------+---------+----------
        d bar    |   dd    | dd -> -1ð-A
     ------------+---------+----------
      no compose |    \    | a\. -> a.
     ------------+---------+----------
      combination|   (~    | a(~ -> -1Ç-A

To exit quail-mode, hit C-] once again.

For the detail of the Quail system, see Usage of Quail (quail).

Latin Script Languages
======================

This section describes how to read and write Latin script languages (roughly speaking, European languages) in Mule.  To make Latin script the primary environment, the following line should be included in the $MULE/lisp/site-init.el file at the compile time:

     (set-primary-environment 'european)

If your system administrator did not do this setting, you have to include the above line in your ~/.emacs file.

By default, the above line makes Mule use ISO 8859-1 (aka Latin-1 or CTEXT) as the primary character set.  If you want to use latin-2, latin-3, etc., see Other Latin Character Sets.

To print Latin script text, see the online manual m2ps(1) and see m2ps.

Latin-1
-------