Mercurial > hg > xemacs-beta
view man/make-stds.texi @ 1315:70921960b980
[xemacs-hg @ 2003-02-20 08:19:28 by ben]
check in makefile fixes et al
Makefile.in.in: Major surgery. Move all stuff related to building anything in the
src/ directory into src/. Simplify the dependencies -- everything
in src/ is dependent on the single entry `src' in MAKE_SUBDIRS.
Remove weirdo targets like `all-elc[s]', dump-elc[s], etc.
mule/mule-msw-init.el: Removed.
Delete this file.
mule/mule-win32-init.el: New file, with stuff from mule-msw-init.el -- not just for MS Windows
native, boys and girls!
bytecomp.el: Change code inserted to catch trying to load a Mule-only .elc
file in a non-Mule XEmacs. Formerly you got the rather cryptic
"The required feature `mule' cannot be provided". Now you get
"Loading this file requires Mule support".
finder.el: Remove dependency on which directory this function is invoked
from.
update-elc.el: Don't mess around with ../src/BYTECOMPILE_CHANGE. Now that
Makefile.in.in and xemacs.mak are in sync, both of them use
NEEDTODUMP and the other one isn't used.
dumped-lisp.el: Rewrite in terms of `list' and `nconc' instead of assemble-list, so
we can have arbitrary forms, not just `when-feature'.
very-early-lisp.el: Nuke this file.
finder-inf.el, packages.el, update-elc.el, update-elc-2.el, loadup.el, make-docfile.el: Eliminate references to very-early-lisp.
msw-glyphs.el: Comment clarification.
xemacs.mak: Add macros DO_TEMACS, DO_XEMACS, and a few others; this macro
section is now completely in sync with src/Makefile.in.in. Copy
check-features, load-shadows, and rebuilding finder-inf.el from
src/Makefile.in.in. The main build/dump/recompile process is now
synchronized with src/Makefile.in.in. Change `WARNING' to `NOTE'
and `error checking' to `error-checking' TO avoid tripping
faux warnings and errors in the VC++ IDE.
Makefile.in.in: Major surgery. Move all stuff related to building anything in the
src/ directory from top-level Makefile.in.in to here. Simplify
the dependencies. Rearrange into logical subsections.
Synchronize the main compile/dump/build-elcs section with
xemacs.mak, which is already clean and in good working order.
Remove weirdo targets like `all-elc[s]', dump-elc[s], etc. Add
additional levels of macros \(e.g. DO_TEMACS, DO_XEMACS,
TEMACS_BATCH, XEMACS_BATCH, XEMACS_BATCH_PACKAGES) to factor out
duplicated stuff. Clean up handling of "HEAP_IN_DATA" (Cygwin) so
it doesn't need to ignore the return value from dumping. Add
.NO_PARALLEL since various aspects of building and dumping must be
serialized but do not always have dependencies between them
(this is impossible in some cases). Everything related to src/
now gets built in one pass in this directory by just running
`make' (except the Makefiles themselves and config.h, paths.h,
Emacs.ad.h, and other generated .h files).
console.c: Update list of possibly valid console types.
emacs.c: Rationalize the specifying and handling of the type of the first
frame. This was originally prompted by a workspace in which I got
GTK to compile under C++ and in the process fixed it so it could
coexist with X in the same build -- hence, a combined
TTY/X/MS-Windows/GTK build is now possible under Cygwin. (However,
you can't simultaneously *display* more than one kind of device
connection -- but getting that to work is not that difficult.
Perhaps a project for a bored grad student. I (ben) would do it
but don't see the use.) To make sense of this, I added new
switches that can be used to specifically indicate the window
system: -x [aka --use-x], -tty \[aka --use-tty], -msw [aka
--use-ms-windows], -gtk [aka --use-gtk], and -gnome [aka
--use-gnome, same as --use-gtk]. -nw continues as an alias for
-tty. When none have been given, XEmacs checks for other
parameters implying particular device types (-t -> tty, -display
-> x [or should it have same treatment as DISPLAY below?]), and
has ad-hoc logic afterwards: if env var DISPLAY is set, use x (or
gtk? perhaps should check whether gnome is running), else MS
Windows if it exsits, else TTY if it exists, else stream, and you
must be running in batch mode. This also fixes an existing bug
whereby compiling with no x, no mswin, no tty, when running non-
interactively (e.g. to dump) I get "sorry, must have TTY support".
emacs.c: Turn on Vstack_trace_on_error so that errors are debuggable even
when occurring extremely early in reinitialization.
emacs.c: Try to make sure that the user can see message output under
Windows (i.e. it doesn't just disappear right away) regardless of
when it occurs, e.g. in the middle of creating the first frame.
emacs.c: Define new function `emacs-run-status', indicating whether XEmacs
is noninteractive or interactive, whether raw,
post-dump/pdump-load or run-temacs, whether we are dumping,
whether pdump is in effect.
event-stream.c: It's "mommas are fat", not "momas are fat".
Fix other typo.
event-stream.c: Conditionalize in_menu_callback check on HAVE_MENUBARS,
because it won't exist on w/o menubar support,
lisp.h: More hackery on RETURN_NOT_REACHED. Cygwin v3.2 DOES complain here
if RETURN_NOT_REACHED() is blank, as it is for GCC 2.5+. So make it
blank only for GCC 2.5 through 2.999999999999999.
Declare Vstack_trace_on_error.
profile.c: Need to include "profile.h" to fix warnings.
sheap.c: Don't fatal() when need to rerun Make, just stderr_out() and exit(0).
That way we can distinguish between a dumping failing expectedly
(due to lack of stack space, triggering another dump) and unexpectedly,
in which case, we want to stop building. (or go on, if -K is given)
syntax.c, syntax.h: Use ints where they belong, and enum syntaxcode's where they belong,
and fix warnings thereby.
syntax.h: Fix crash caused by an edge condition in the syntax-cache macros.
text.h: Spacing fixes.
xmotif.h: New file, to get around shadowing warnings.
EmacsManager.c, event-Xt.c, glyphs-x.c, gui-x.c, input-method-motif.c, xmmanagerp.h, xmprimitivep.h: Include xmotif.h.
alloc.c: Conditionalize in_malloc on ERROR_CHECK_MALLOC.
config.h.in, file-coding.h, fileio.c, getloadavg.c, select-x.c, signal.c, sysdep.c, sysfile.h, systime.h, text.c, unicode.c: Eliminate HAVE_WIN32_CODING_SYSTEMS, use WIN32_ANY instead.
Replace defined (WIN32_NATIVE) || defined (CYGWIN) with WIN32_ANY.
lisp.h: More futile attempts to walk and chew gum at the same time when
dealing with subr's that don't return.
author | ben |
---|---|
date | Thu, 20 Feb 2003 08:19:44 +0000 |
parents | 4a83dda7ae93 |
children | aa5ed11f473b |
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line source
@comment This file is included by both standards.texi and make.texinfo. @comment It was broken out of standards.texi on 1/6/93 by roland. @node Makefile Conventions @chapter Makefile Conventions @comment standards.texi does not print an index, but make.texinfo does. @cindex makefile, conventions for @cindex conventions for makefiles @cindex standards for makefiles This @ifinfo node @end ifinfo @iftex @ifset CODESTD section @end ifset @ifclear CODESTD chapter @end ifclear @end iftex describes conventions for writing the Makefiles for GNU programs. Using Automake will help you write a Makefile that follows these conventions. @menu * Makefile Basics:: General Conventions for Makefiles * Utilities in Makefiles:: Utilities in Makefiles * Command Variables:: Variables for Specifying Commands * Directory Variables:: Variables for Installation Directories * Standard Targets:: Standard Targets for Users * Install Command Categories:: Three categories of commands in the `install' rule: normal, pre-install and post-install. @end menu @node Makefile Basics @section General Conventions for Makefiles Every Makefile should contain this line: @example SHELL = /bin/sh @end example @noindent to avoid trouble on systems where the @code{SHELL} variable might be inherited from the environment. (This is never a problem with GNU @code{make}.) Different @code{make} programs have incompatible suffix lists and implicit rules, and this sometimes creates confusion or misbehavior. So it is a good idea to set the suffix list explicitly using only the suffixes you need in the particular Makefile, like this: @example .SUFFIXES: .SUFFIXES: .c .o @end example @noindent The first line clears out the suffix list, the second introduces all suffixes which may be subject to implicit rules in this Makefile. Don't assume that @file{.} is in the path for command execution. When you need to run programs that are a part of your package during the make, please make sure that it uses @file{./} if the program is built as part of the make or @file{$(srcdir)/} if the file is an unchanging part of the source code. Without one of these prefixes, the current search path is used. The distinction between @file{./} (the @dfn{build directory}) and @file{$(srcdir)/} (the @dfn{source directory}) is important because users can build in a separate directory using the @samp{--srcdir} option to @file{configure}. A rule of the form: @smallexample foo.1 : foo.man sedscript sed -e sedscript foo.man > foo.1 @end smallexample @noindent will fail when the build directory is not the source directory, because @file{foo.man} and @file{sedscript} are in the source directory. When using GNU @code{make}, relying on @samp{VPATH} to find the source file will work in the case where there is a single dependency file, since the @code{make} automatic variable @samp{$<} will represent the source file wherever it is. (Many versions of @code{make} set @samp{$<} only in implicit rules.) A Makefile target like @smallexample foo.o : bar.c $(CC) -I. -I$(srcdir) $(CFLAGS) -c bar.c -o foo.o @end smallexample @noindent should instead be written as @smallexample foo.o : bar.c $(CC) -I. -I$(srcdir) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@@ @end smallexample @noindent in order to allow @samp{VPATH} to work correctly. When the target has multiple dependencies, using an explicit @samp{$(srcdir)} is the easiest way to make the rule work well. For example, the target above for @file{foo.1} is best written as: @smallexample foo.1 : foo.man sedscript sed -e $(srcdir)/sedscript $(srcdir)/foo.man > $@@ @end smallexample GNU distributions usually contain some files which are not source files---for example, Info files, and the output from Autoconf, Automake, Bison or Flex. Since these files normally appear in the source directory, they should always appear in the source directory, not in the build directory. So Makefile rules to update them should put the updated files in the source directory. However, if a file does not appear in the distribution, then the Makefile should not put it in the source directory, because building a program in ordinary circumstances should not modify the source directory in any way. Try to make the build and installation targets, at least (and all their subtargets) work correctly with a parallel @code{make}. @node Utilities in Makefiles @section Utilities in Makefiles Write the Makefile commands (and any shell scripts, such as @code{configure}) to run in @code{sh}, not in @code{csh}. Don't use any special features of @code{ksh} or @code{bash}. The @code{configure} script and the Makefile rules for building and installation should not use any utilities directly except these: @c dd find @c gunzip gzip md5sum @c mkfifo mknod tee uname @example cat cmp cp diff echo egrep expr false grep install-info ln ls mkdir mv pwd rm rmdir sed sleep sort tar test touch true @end example The compression program @code{gzip} can be used in the @code{dist} rule. Stick to the generally supported options for these programs. For example, don't use @samp{mkdir -p}, convenient as it may be, because most systems don't support it. It is a good idea to avoid creating symbolic links in makefiles, since a few systems don't support them. The Makefile rules for building and installation can also use compilers and related programs, but should do so via @code{make} variables so that the user can substitute alternatives. Here are some of the programs we mean: @example ar bison cc flex install ld ldconfig lex make makeinfo ranlib texi2dvi yacc @end example Use the following @code{make} variables to run those programs: @example $(AR) $(BISON) $(CC) $(FLEX) $(INSTALL) $(LD) $(LDCONFIG) $(LEX) $(MAKE) $(MAKEINFO) $(RANLIB) $(TEXI2DVI) $(YACC) @end example When you use @code{ranlib} or @code{ldconfig}, you should make sure nothing bad happens if the system does not have the program in question. Arrange to ignore an error from that command, and print a message before the command to tell the user that failure of this command does not mean a problem. (The Autoconf @samp{AC_PROG_RANLIB} macro can help with this.) If you use symbolic links, you should implement a fallback for systems that don't have symbolic links. Additional utilities that can be used via Make variables are: @example chgrp chmod chown mknod @end example It is ok to use other utilities in Makefile portions (or scripts) intended only for particular systems where you know those utilities exist. @node Command Variables @section Variables for Specifying Commands Makefiles should provide variables for overriding certain commands, options, and so on. In particular, you should run most utility programs via variables. Thus, if you use Bison, have a variable named @code{BISON} whose default value is set with @samp{BISON = bison}, and refer to it with @code{$(BISON)} whenever you need to use Bison. File management utilities such as @code{ln}, @code{rm}, @code{mv}, and so on, need not be referred to through variables in this way, since users don't need to replace them with other programs. Each program-name variable should come with an options variable that is used to supply options to the program. Append @samp{FLAGS} to the program-name variable name to get the options variable name---for example, @code{BISONFLAGS}. (The names @code{CFLAGS} for the C compiler, @code{YFLAGS} for yacc, and @code{LFLAGS} for lex, are exceptions to this rule, but we keep them because they are standard.) Use @code{CPPFLAGS} in any compilation command that runs the preprocessor, and use @code{LDFLAGS} in any compilation command that does linking as well as in any direct use of @code{ld}. If there are C compiler options that @emph{must} be used for proper compilation of certain files, do not include them in @code{CFLAGS}. Users expect to be able to specify @code{CFLAGS} freely themselves. Instead, arrange to pass the necessary options to the C compiler independently of @code{CFLAGS}, by writing them explicitly in the compilation commands or by defining an implicit rule, like this: @smallexample CFLAGS = -g ALL_CFLAGS = -I. $(CFLAGS) .c.o: $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< @end smallexample Do include the @samp{-g} option in @code{CFLAGS}, because that is not @emph{required} for proper compilation. You can consider it a default that is only recommended. If the package is set up so that it is compiled with GCC by default, then you might as well include @samp{-O} in the default value of @code{CFLAGS} as well. Put @code{CFLAGS} last in the compilation command, after other variables containing compiler options, so the user can use @code{CFLAGS} to override the others. @code{CFLAGS} should be used in every invocation of the C compiler, both those which do compilation and those which do linking. Every Makefile should define the variable @code{INSTALL}, which is the basic command for installing a file into the system. Every Makefile should also define the variables @code{INSTALL_PROGRAM} and @code{INSTALL_DATA}. (The default for @code{INSTALL_PROGRAM} should be @code{$(INSTALL)}; the default for @code{INSTALL_DATA} should be @code{$@{INSTALL@} -m 644}.) Then it should use those variables as the commands for actual installation, for executables and nonexecutables respectively. Use these variables as follows: @example $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(bindir)/foo $(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(libdir)/libfoo.a @end example Optionally, you may prepend the value of @code{DESTDIR} to the target filename. Doing this allows the installer to create a snapshot of the installation to be copied onto the real target filesystem later. Do not set the value of @code{DESTDIR} in your Makefile, and do not include it in any installed files. With support for @code{DESTDIR}, the above examples become: @example $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/foo $(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/libfoo.a @end example @noindent Always use a file name, not a directory name, as the second argument of the installation commands. Use a separate command for each file to be installed. @node Directory Variables @section Variables for Installation Directories Installation directories should always be named by variables, so it is easy to install in a nonstandard place. The standard names for these variables are described below. They are based on a standard filesystem layout; variants of it are used in SVR4, 4.4BSD, GNU/Linux, Ultrix v4, and other modern operating systems. These two variables set the root for the installation. All the other installation directories should be subdirectories of one of these two, and nothing should be directly installed into these two directories. @table @code @item prefix @vindex prefix A prefix used in constructing the default values of the variables listed below. The default value of @code{prefix} should be @file{/usr/local}. When building the complete GNU system, the prefix will be empty and @file{/usr} will be a symbolic link to @file{/}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@prefix@@}.) Running @samp{make install} with a different value of @code{prefix} from the one used to build the program should @emph{not} recompile the program. @item exec_prefix @vindex exec_prefix A prefix used in constructing the default values of some of the variables listed below. The default value of @code{exec_prefix} should be @code{$(prefix)}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@exec_prefix@@}.) Generally, @code{$(exec_prefix)} is used for directories that contain machine-specific files (such as executables and subroutine libraries), while @code{$(prefix)} is used directly for other directories. Running @samp{make install} with a different value of @code{exec_prefix} from the one used to build the program should @emph{not} recompile the program. @end table Executable programs are installed in one of the following directories. @table @code @item bindir @vindex bindir The directory for installing executable programs that users can run. This should normally be @file{/usr/local/bin}, but write it as @file{$(exec_prefix)/bin}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@bindir@@}.) @item sbindir @vindex sbindir The directory for installing executable programs that can be run from the shell, but are only generally useful to system administrators. This should normally be @file{/usr/local/sbin}, but write it as @file{$(exec_prefix)/sbin}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@sbindir@@}.) @item libexecdir @vindex libexecdir @comment This paragraph adjusted to avoid overfull hbox --roland 5jul94 The directory for installing executable programs to be run by other programs rather than by users. This directory should normally be @file{/usr/local/libexec}, but write it as @file{$(exec_prefix)/libexec}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@libexecdir@@}.) @end table Data files used by the program during its execution are divided into categories in two ways. @itemize @bullet @item Some files are normally modified by programs; others are never normally modified (though users may edit some of these). @item Some files are architecture-independent and can be shared by all machines at a site; some are architecture-dependent and can be shared only by machines of the same kind and operating system; others may never be shared between two machines. @end itemize This makes for six different possibilities. However, we want to discourage the use of architecture-dependent files, aside from object files and libraries. It is much cleaner to make other data files architecture-independent, and it is generally not hard. Therefore, here are the variables Makefiles should use to specify directories: @table @samp @item datadir The directory for installing read-only architecture independent data files. This should normally be @file{/usr/local/share}, but write it as @file{$(prefix)/share}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@datadir@@}.) As a special exception, see @file{$(infodir)} and @file{$(includedir)} below. @item sysconfdir The directory for installing read-only data files that pertain to a single machine--that is to say, files for configuring a host. Mailer and network configuration files, @file{/etc/passwd}, and so forth belong here. All the files in this directory should be ordinary ASCII text files. This directory should normally be @file{/usr/local/etc}, but write it as @file{$(prefix)/etc}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@sysconfdir@@}.) Do not install executables here in this directory (they probably belong in @file{$(libexecdir)} or @file{$(sbindir)}). Also do not install files that are modified in the normal course of their use (programs whose purpose is to change the configuration of the system excluded). Those probably belong in @file{$(localstatedir)}. @item sharedstatedir The directory for installing architecture-independent data files which the programs modify while they run. This should normally be @file{/usr/local/com}, but write it as @file{$(prefix)/com}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@sharedstatedir@@}.) @item localstatedir The directory for installing data files which the programs modify while they run, and that pertain to one specific machine. Users should never need to modify files in this directory to configure the package's operation; put such configuration information in separate files that go in @file{$(datadir)} or @file{$(sysconfdir)}. @file{$(localstatedir)} should normally be @file{/usr/local/var}, but write it as @file{$(prefix)/var}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@localstatedir@@}.) @item libdir The directory for object files and libraries of object code. Do not install executables here, they probably ought to go in @file{$(libexecdir)} instead. The value of @code{libdir} should normally be @file{/usr/local/lib}, but write it as @file{$(exec_prefix)/lib}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@libdir@@}.) @item infodir The directory for installing the Info files for this package. By default, it should be @file{/usr/local/info}, but it should be written as @file{$(prefix)/info}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@infodir@@}.) @item lispdir The directory for installing any Emacs Lisp files in this package. By default, it should be @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp}, but it should be written as @file{$(prefix)/share/emacs/site-lisp}. If you are using Autoconf, write the default as @samp{@@lispdir@@}. In order to make @samp{@@lispdir@@} work, you need the following lines in your @file{configure.in} file: @example lispdir='$@{datadir@}/emacs/site-lisp' AC_SUBST(lispdir) @end example @item includedir @c rewritten to avoid overfull hbox --roland The directory for installing header files to be included by user programs with the C @samp{#include} preprocessor directive. This should normally be @file{/usr/local/include}, but write it as @file{$(prefix)/include}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@includedir@@}.) Most compilers other than GCC do not look for header files in directory @file{/usr/local/include}. So installing the header files this way is only useful with GCC. Sometimes this is not a problem because some libraries are only really intended to work with GCC. But some libraries are intended to work with other compilers. They should install their header files in two places, one specified by @code{includedir} and one specified by @code{oldincludedir}. @item oldincludedir The directory for installing @samp{#include} header files for use with compilers other than GCC. This should normally be @file{/usr/include}. (If you are using Autoconf, you can write it as @samp{@@oldincludedir@@}.) The Makefile commands should check whether the value of @code{oldincludedir} is empty. If it is, they should not try to use it; they should cancel the second installation of the header files. A package should not replace an existing header in this directory unless the header came from the same package. Thus, if your Foo package provides a header file @file{foo.h}, then it should install the header file in the @code{oldincludedir} directory if either (1) there is no @file{foo.h} there or (2) the @file{foo.h} that exists came from the Foo package. To tell whether @file{foo.h} came from the Foo package, put a magic string in the file---part of a comment---and @code{grep} for that string. @end table Unix-style man pages are installed in one of the following: @table @samp @item mandir The top-level directory for installing the man pages (if any) for this package. It will normally be @file{/usr/local/man}, but you should write it as @file{$(prefix)/man}. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@mandir@@}.) @item man1dir The directory for installing section 1 man pages. Write it as @file{$(mandir)/man1}. @item man2dir The directory for installing section 2 man pages. Write it as @file{$(mandir)/man2} @item @dots{} @strong{Don't make the primary documentation for any GNU software be a man page. Write a manual in Texinfo instead. Man pages are just for the sake of people running GNU software on Unix, which is a secondary application only.} @item manext The file name extension for the installed man page. This should contain a period followed by the appropriate digit; it should normally be @samp{.1}. @item man1ext The file name extension for installed section 1 man pages. @item man2ext The file name extension for installed section 2 man pages. @item @dots{} Use these names instead of @samp{manext} if the package needs to install man pages in more than one section of the manual. @end table And finally, you should set the following variable: @table @samp @item srcdir The directory for the sources being compiled. The value of this variable is normally inserted by the @code{configure} shell script. (If you are using Autconf, use @samp{srcdir = @@srcdir@@}.) @end table For example: @smallexample @c I have changed some of the comments here slightly to fix an overfull @c hbox, so the make manual can format correctly. --roland # Common prefix for installation directories. # NOTE: This directory must exist when you start the install. prefix = /usr/local exec_prefix = $(prefix) # Where to put the executable for the command `gcc'. bindir = $(exec_prefix)/bin # Where to put the directories used by the compiler. libexecdir = $(exec_prefix)/libexec # Where to put the Info files. infodir = $(prefix)/info @end smallexample If your program installs a large number of files into one of the standard user-specified directories, it might be useful to group them into a subdirectory particular to that program. If you do this, you should write the @code{install} rule to create these subdirectories. Do not expect the user to include the subdirectory name in the value of any of the variables listed above. The idea of having a uniform set of variable names for installation directories is to enable the user to specify the exact same values for several different GNU packages. In order for this to be useful, all the packages must be designed so that they will work sensibly when the user does so. @node Standard Targets @section Standard Targets for Users All GNU programs should have the following targets in their Makefiles: @table @samp @item all Compile the entire program. This should be the default target. This target need not rebuild any documentation files; Info files should normally be included in the distribution, and DVI files should be made only when explicitly asked for. By default, the Make rules should compile and link with @samp{-g}, so that executable programs have debugging symbols. Users who don't mind being helpless can strip the executables later if they wish. @item install Compile the program and copy the executables, libraries, and so on to the file names where they should reside for actual use. If there is a simple test to verify that a program is properly installed, this target should run that test. Do not strip executables when installing them. Devil-may-care users can use the @code{install-strip} target to do that. If possible, write the @code{install} target rule so that it does not modify anything in the directory where the program was built, provided @samp{make all} has just been done. This is convenient for building the program under one user name and installing it under another. The commands should create all the directories in which files are to be installed, if they don't already exist. This includes the directories specified as the values of the variables @code{prefix} and @code{exec_prefix}, as well as all subdirectories that are needed. One way to do this is by means of an @code{installdirs} target as described below. Use @samp{-} before any command for installing a man page, so that @code{make} will ignore any errors. This is in case there are systems that don't have the Unix man page documentation system installed. The way to install Info files is to copy them into @file{$(infodir)} with @code{$(INSTALL_DATA)} (@pxref{Command Variables}), and then run the @code{install-info} program if it is present. @code{install-info} is a program that edits the Info @file{dir} file to add or update the menu entry for the given Info file; it is part of the Texinfo package. Here is a sample rule to install an Info file: @comment This example has been carefully formatted for the Make manual. @comment Please do not reformat it without talking to roland@gnu.ai.mit.edu. @smallexample $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info: foo.info $(POST_INSTALL) # There may be a newer info file in . than in srcdir. -if test -f foo.info; then d=.; \ else d=$(srcdir); fi; \ $(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/foo.info $(DESTDIR)$@@; \ # Run install-info only if it exists. # Use `if' instead of just prepending `-' to the # line so we notice real errors from install-info. # We use `$(SHELL) -c' because some shells do not # fail gracefully when there is an unknown command. if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' \ >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ install-info --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir \ $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info; \ else true; fi @end smallexample When writing the @code{install} target, you must classify all the commands into three categories: normal ones, @dfn{pre-installation} commands and @dfn{post-installation} commands. @xref{Install Command Categories}. @item uninstall Delete all the installed files---the copies that the @samp{install} target creates. This rule should not modify the directories where compilation is done, only the directories where files are installed. The uninstallation commands are divided into three categories, just like the installation commands. @xref{Install Command Categories}. @item install-strip Like @code{install}, but strip the executable files while installing them. In simple cases, this target can use the @code{install} target in a simple way: @smallexample install-strip: $(MAKE) INSTALL_PROGRAM='$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) -s' \ install @end smallexample But if the package installs scripts as well as real executables, the @code{install-strip} target can't just refer to the @code{install} target; it has to strip the executables but not the scripts. @code{install-strip} should not strip the executables in the build directory which are being copied for installation. It should only strip the copies that are installed. Normally we do not recommend stripping an executable unless you are sure the program has no bugs. However, it can be reasonable to install a stripped executable for actual execution while saving the unstripped executable elsewhere in case there is a bug. @comment The gratuitous blank line here is to make the table look better @comment in the printed Make manual. Please leave it in. @item clean Delete all files from the current directory that are normally created by building the program. Don't delete the files that record the configuration. Also preserve files that could be made by building, but normally aren't because the distribution comes with them. Delete @file{.dvi} files here if they are not part of the distribution. @item distclean Delete all files from the current directory that are created by configuring or building the program. If you have unpacked the source and built the program without creating any other files, @samp{make distclean} should leave only the files that were in the distribution. @item mostlyclean Like @samp{clean}, but may refrain from deleting a few files that people normally don't want to recompile. For example, the @samp{mostlyclean} target for GCC does not delete @file{libgcc.a}, because recompiling it is rarely necessary and takes a lot of time. @item maintainer-clean Delete almost everything from the current directory that can be reconstructed with this Makefile. This typically includes everything deleted by @code{distclean}, plus more: C source files produced by Bison, tags tables, Info files, and so on. The reason we say ``almost everything'' is that running the command @samp{make maintainer-clean} should not delete @file{configure} even if @file{configure} can be remade using a rule in the Makefile. More generally, @samp{make maintainer-clean} should not delete anything that needs to exist in order to run @file{configure} and then begin to build the program. This is the only exception; @code{maintainer-clean} should delete everything else that can be rebuilt. The @samp{maintainer-clean} target is intended to be used by a maintainer of the package, not by ordinary users. You may need special tools to reconstruct some of the files that @samp{make maintainer-clean} deletes. Since these files are normally included in the distribution, we don't take care to make them easy to reconstruct. If you find you need to unpack the full distribution again, don't blame us. To help make users aware of this, the commands for the special @code{maintainer-clean} target should start with these two: @smallexample @@echo 'This command is intended for maintainers to use; it' @@echo 'deletes files that may need special tools to rebuild.' @end smallexample @item TAGS Update a tags table for this program. @c ADR: how? @item info Generate any Info files needed. The best way to write the rules is as follows: @smallexample info: foo.info foo.info: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi $(MAKEINFO) $(srcdir)/foo.texi @end smallexample @noindent You must define the variable @code{MAKEINFO} in the Makefile. It should run the @code{makeinfo} program, which is part of the Texinfo distribution. Normally a GNU distribution comes with Info files, and that means the Info files are present in the source directory. Therefore, the Make rule for an info file should update it in the source directory. When users build the package, ordinarily Make will not update the Info files because they will already be up to date. @item dvi Generate DVI files for all Texinfo documentation. For example: @smallexample dvi: foo.dvi foo.dvi: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/foo.texi @end smallexample @noindent You must define the variable @code{TEXI2DVI} in the Makefile. It should run the program @code{texi2dvi}, which is part of the Texinfo distribution.@footnote{@code{texi2dvi} uses @TeX{} to do the real work of formatting. @TeX{} is not distributed with Texinfo.} Alternatively, write just the dependencies, and allow GNU @code{make} to provide the command. @item dist Create a distribution tar file for this program. The tar file should be set up so that the file names in the tar file start with a subdirectory name which is the name of the package it is a distribution for. This name can include the version number. For example, the distribution tar file of GCC version 1.40 unpacks into a subdirectory named @file{gcc-1.40}. The easiest way to do this is to create a subdirectory appropriately named, use @code{ln} or @code{cp} to install the proper files in it, and then @code{tar} that subdirectory. Compress the tar file with @code{gzip}. For example, the actual distribution file for GCC version 1.40 is called @file{gcc-1.40.tar.gz}. The @code{dist} target should explicitly depend on all non-source files that are in the distribution, to make sure they are up to date in the distribution. @ifset CODESTD @xref{Releases, , Making Releases}. @end ifset @ifclear CODESTD @xref{Releases, , Making Releases, standards, GNU Coding Standards}. @end ifclear @item check Perform self-tests (if any). The user must build the program before running the tests, but need not install the program; you should write the self-tests so that they work when the program is built but not installed. @end table The following targets are suggested as conventional names, for programs in which they are useful. @table @code @item installcheck Perform installation tests (if any). The user must build and install the program before running the tests. You should not assume that @file{$(bindir)} is in the search path. @item installdirs It's useful to add a target named @samp{installdirs} to create the directories where files are installed, and their parent directories. There is a script called @file{mkinstalldirs} which is convenient for this; you can find it in the Texinfo package. @c It's in /gd/gnu/lib/mkinstalldirs. You can use a rule like this: @comment This has been carefully formatted to look decent in the Make manual. @comment Please be sure not to make it extend any further to the right.--roland @smallexample # Make sure all installation directories (e.g. $(bindir)) # actually exist by making them if necessary. installdirs: mkinstalldirs $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs $(bindir) $(datadir) \ $(libdir) $(infodir) \ $(mandir) @end smallexample @noindent or, if you wish to support @code{DESTDIR}, @smallexample # Make sure all installation directories (e.g. $(bindir)) # actually exist by making them if necessary. installdirs: mkinstalldirs $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs \ $(DESTDIR)$(bindir) $(DESTDIR)$(datadir) \ $(DESTDIR)$(libdir) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir) \ $(DESTDIR)$(mandir) @end smallexample This rule should not modify the directories where compilation is done. It should do nothing but create installation directories. @end table @node Install Command Categories @section Install Command Categories @cindex pre-installation commands @cindex post-installation commands When writing the @code{install} target, you must classify all the commands into three categories: normal ones, @dfn{pre-installation} commands and @dfn{post-installation} commands. Normal commands move files into their proper places, and set their modes. They may not alter any files except the ones that come entirely from the package they belong to. Pre-installation and post-installation commands may alter other files; in particular, they can edit global configuration files or data bases. Pre-installation commands are typically executed before the normal commands, and post-installation commands are typically run after the normal commands. The most common use for a post-installation command is to run @code{install-info}. This cannot be done with a normal command, since it alters a file (the Info directory) which does not come entirely and solely from the package being installed. It is a post-installation command because it needs to be done after the normal command which installs the package's Info files. Most programs don't need any pre-installation commands, but we have the feature just in case it is needed. To classify the commands in the @code{install} rule into these three categories, insert @dfn{category lines} among them. A category line specifies the category for the commands that follow. A category line consists of a tab and a reference to a special Make variable, plus an optional comment at the end. There are three variables you can use, one for each category; the variable name specifies the category. Category lines are no-ops in ordinary execution because these three Make variables are normally undefined (and you @emph{should not} define them in the makefile). Here are the three possible category lines, each with a comment that explains what it means: @smallexample $(PRE_INSTALL) # @r{Pre-install commands follow.} $(POST_INSTALL) # @r{Post-install commands follow.} $(NORMAL_INSTALL) # @r{Normal commands follow.} @end smallexample If you don't use a category line at the beginning of the @code{install} rule, all the commands are classified as normal until the first category line. If you don't use any category lines, all the commands are classified as normal. These are the category lines for @code{uninstall}: @smallexample $(PRE_UNINSTALL) # @r{Pre-uninstall commands follow.} $(POST_UNINSTALL) # @r{Post-uninstall commands follow.} $(NORMAL_UNINSTALL) # @r{Normal commands follow.} @end smallexample Typically, a pre-uninstall command would be used for deleting entries from the Info directory. If the @code{install} or @code{uninstall} target has any dependencies which act as subroutines of installation, then you should start @emph{each} dependency's commands with a category line, and start the main target's commands with a category line also. This way, you can ensure that each command is placed in the right category regardless of which of the dependencies actually run. Pre-installation and post-installation commands should not run any programs except for these: @example [ basename bash cat chgrp chmod chown cmp cp dd diff echo egrep expand expr false fgrep find getopt grep gunzip gzip hostname install install-info kill ldconfig ln ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mknod mv printenv pwd rm rmdir sed sort tee test touch true uname xargs yes @end example @cindex binary packages The reason for distinguishing the commands in this way is for the sake of making binary packages. Typically a binary package contains all the executables and other files that need to be installed, and has its own method of installing them---so it does not need to run the normal installation commands. But installing the binary package does need to execute the pre-installation and post-installation commands. Programs to build binary packages work by extracting the pre-installation and post-installation commands. Here is one way of extracting the pre-installation commands: @smallexample make -n install -o all \ PRE_INSTALL=pre-install \ POST_INSTALL=post-install \ NORMAL_INSTALL=normal-install \ | gawk -f pre-install.awk @end smallexample @noindent where the file @file{pre-install.awk} could contain this: @smallexample $0 ~ /^\t[ \t]*(normal_install|post_install)[ \t]*$/ @{on = 0@} on @{print $0@} $0 ~ /^\t[ \t]*pre_install[ \t]*$/ @{on = 1@} @end smallexample The resulting file of pre-installation commands is executed as a shell script as part of installing the binary package.