--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/src/fileio.c	Mon Aug 13 11:28:15 2007 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,4337 @@
+/* File IO for XEmacs.
+   Copyright (C) 1985-1988, 1992-1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   Copyright (C) 1996 Ben Wing.
+
+This file is part of XEmacs.
+
+XEmacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any
+later version.
+
+XEmacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with XEmacs; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
+the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.  */
+
+/* Synched up with: Mule 2.0, FSF 19.30. */
+/* More syncing: FSF Emacs 19.34.6 by Marc Paquette <marcpa@cam.org> */
+
+#include <config.h>
+#include "lisp.h"
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#include "buffer.h"
+#include "events.h"
+#include "frame.h"
+#include "insdel.h"
+#include "lstream.h"
+#include "redisplay.h"
+#include "sysdep.h"
+#include "window.h"             /* minibuf_level */
+#ifdef FILE_CODING
+#include "file-coding.h"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBGEN_H            /* Must come before sysfile.h */
+#include <libgen.h>
+#endif
+#include "sysfile.h"
+#include "sysproc.h"
+#include "syspwd.h"
+#include "systime.h"
+#include "sysdir.h"
+
+#ifdef HPUX
+#include <netio.h>
+#ifdef HPUX_PRE_8_0
+#include <errnet.h>
+#endif /* HPUX_PRE_8_0 */
+#endif /* HPUX */
+
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+#define NOMINMAX 1
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <direct.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#endif /* not WINDOWSNT */
+
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+#define CORRECT_DIR_SEPS(s) \
+  do { if ('/' == DIRECTORY_SEP) dostounix_filename (s); \
+    else unixtodos_filename (s); \
+  } while (0)
+#define IS_DRIVE(x) isalpha (x)
+/* Need to lower-case the drive letter, or else expanded
+   filenames will sometimes compare inequal, because
+   `expand-file-name' doesn't always down-case the drive letter.  */
+#define DRIVE_LETTER(x) tolower (x)
+#endif /* WINDOWSNT */
+
+int lisp_to_time (Lisp_Object, time_t *);
+Lisp_Object time_to_lisp (time_t);
+
+/* Nonzero during writing of auto-save files */
+static int auto_saving;
+
+/* Set by auto_save_1 to mode of original file so Fwrite_region_internal
+   will create a new file with the same mode as the original */
+static int auto_save_mode_bits;
+
+/* Alist of elements (REGEXP . HANDLER) for file names
+   whose I/O is done with a special handler.  */
+Lisp_Object Vfile_name_handler_alist;
+
+/* Format for auto-save files */
+Lisp_Object Vauto_save_file_format;
+
+/* Lisp functions for translating file formats */
+Lisp_Object Qformat_decode, Qformat_annotate_function;
+
+/* Functions to be called to process text properties in inserted file.  */
+Lisp_Object Vafter_insert_file_functions;
+
+/* Functions to be called to create text property annotations for file.  */
+Lisp_Object Vwrite_region_annotate_functions;
+
+/* During build_annotations, each time an annotation function is called,
+   this holds the annotations made by the previous functions.  */
+Lisp_Object Vwrite_region_annotations_so_far;
+
+/* File name in which we write a list of all our auto save files.  */
+Lisp_Object Vauto_save_list_file_name;
+
+int disable_auto_save_when_buffer_shrinks;
+
+Lisp_Object Vdirectory_sep_char;
+
+/* These variables describe handlers that have "already" had a chance
+   to handle the current operation.
+
+   Vinhibit_file_name_handlers is a list of file name handlers.
+   Vinhibit_file_name_operation is the operation being handled.
+   If we try to handle that operation, we ignore those handlers.  */
+
+static Lisp_Object Vinhibit_file_name_handlers;
+static Lisp_Object Vinhibit_file_name_operation;
+
+Lisp_Object Qfile_error, Qfile_already_exists;
+
+Lisp_Object Qauto_save_hook;
+Lisp_Object Qauto_save_error;
+Lisp_Object Qauto_saving;
+
+Lisp_Object Qcar_less_than_car;
+
+Lisp_Object Qcompute_buffer_file_truename;
+
+EXFUN (Frunning_temacs_p, 0);
+
+/* signal a file error when errno contains a meaningful value. */
+
+DOESNT_RETURN
+report_file_error (CONST char *string, Lisp_Object data)
+{
+  /* #### dmoore - This uses current_buffer, better make sure no one
+     has GC'd the current buffer.  File handlers are giving me a headache
+     maybe I'll just always protect current_buffer around all of those
+     calls. */
+
+  signal_error (Qfile_error,
+                Fcons (build_translated_string (string),
+		       Fcons (lisp_strerror (errno), data)));
+}
+
+void
+maybe_report_file_error (CONST char *string, Lisp_Object data,
+			 Lisp_Object class, Error_behavior errb)
+{
+  /* Optimization: */
+  if (ERRB_EQ (errb, ERROR_ME_NOT))
+    return;
+
+  maybe_signal_error (Qfile_error,
+		      Fcons (build_translated_string (string),
+			     Fcons (lisp_strerror (errno), data)),
+		      class, errb);
+}
+
+/* signal a file error when errno does not contain a meaningful value. */
+
+DOESNT_RETURN
+signal_file_error (CONST char *string, Lisp_Object data)
+{
+  signal_error (Qfile_error,
+                list2 (build_translated_string (string), data));
+}
+
+void
+maybe_signal_file_error (CONST char *string, Lisp_Object data,
+			 Lisp_Object class, Error_behavior errb)
+{
+  /* Optimization: */
+  if (ERRB_EQ (errb, ERROR_ME_NOT))
+    return;
+  maybe_signal_error (Qfile_error,
+		      list2 (build_translated_string (string), data),
+		      class, errb);
+}
+
+DOESNT_RETURN
+signal_double_file_error (CONST char *string1, CONST char *string2,
+			  Lisp_Object data)
+{
+  signal_error (Qfile_error,
+                list3 (build_translated_string (string1),
+		       build_translated_string (string2),
+		       data));
+}
+
+void
+maybe_signal_double_file_error (CONST char *string1, CONST char *string2,
+				Lisp_Object data, Lisp_Object class,
+				Error_behavior errb)
+{
+  /* Optimization: */
+  if (ERRB_EQ (errb, ERROR_ME_NOT))
+    return;
+  maybe_signal_error (Qfile_error,
+		      list3 (build_translated_string (string1),
+			     build_translated_string (string2),
+			     data),
+		      class, errb);
+}
+
+DOESNT_RETURN
+signal_double_file_error_2 (CONST char *string1, CONST char *string2,
+			    Lisp_Object data1, Lisp_Object data2)
+{
+  signal_error (Qfile_error,
+                list4 (build_translated_string (string1),
+		       build_translated_string (string2),
+		       data1, data2));
+}
+
+void
+maybe_signal_double_file_error_2 (CONST char *string1, CONST char *string2,
+				  Lisp_Object data1, Lisp_Object data2,
+				  Lisp_Object class, Error_behavior errb)
+{
+  /* Optimization: */
+  if (ERRB_EQ (errb, ERROR_ME_NOT))
+    return;
+  maybe_signal_error (Qfile_error,
+		      list4 (build_translated_string (string1),
+			     build_translated_string (string2),
+			     data1, data2),
+		      class, errb);
+}
+
+
+/* Just like strerror(3), except return a lisp string instead of char *.
+   The string needs to be converted since it may be localized.
+   Perhaps this should use strerror-coding-system instead? */
+Lisp_Object
+lisp_strerror (int errnum)
+{
+  return build_ext_string (strerror (errnum), FORMAT_NATIVE);
+}
+
+static Lisp_Object
+close_file_unwind (Lisp_Object fd)
+{
+  if (CONSP (fd))
+    {
+      if (INTP (XCAR (fd)))
+	close (XINT (XCAR (fd)));
+
+      free_cons (XCONS (fd));
+    }
+  else
+    close (XINT (fd));
+
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+static Lisp_Object
+delete_stream_unwind (Lisp_Object stream)
+{
+  Lstream_delete (XLSTREAM (stream));
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Restore point, having saved it as a marker.  */
+
+static Lisp_Object
+restore_point_unwind (Lisp_Object point_marker)
+{
+  BUF_SET_PT (current_buffer, marker_position (point_marker));
+  return Fset_marker (point_marker, Qnil, Qnil);
+}
+
+/* Versions of read() and write() that allow quitting out of the actual
+   I/O.  We don't use immediate_quit (i.e. direct longjmp() out of the
+   signal handler) because that's way too losing.
+
+   (#### Actually, longjmp()ing out of the signal handler may not be
+   as losing as I thought.  See sys_do_signal() in sysdep.c.) */
+
+ssize_t
+read_allowing_quit (int fildes, void *buf, size_t size)
+{
+  QUIT;
+  return sys_read_1 (fildes, buf, size, 1);
+}
+
+ssize_t
+write_allowing_quit (int fildes, CONST void *buf, size_t size)
+{
+  QUIT;
+  return sys_write_1 (fildes, buf, size, 1);
+}
+
+
+Lisp_Object Qexpand_file_name;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_truename;
+Lisp_Object Qsubstitute_in_file_name;
+Lisp_Object Qdirectory_file_name;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_name_directory;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_name_nondirectory;
+Lisp_Object Qunhandled_file_name_directory;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_name_as_directory;
+Lisp_Object Qcopy_file;
+Lisp_Object Qmake_directory_internal;
+Lisp_Object Qdelete_directory;
+Lisp_Object Qdelete_file;
+Lisp_Object Qrename_file;
+Lisp_Object Qadd_name_to_file;
+Lisp_Object Qmake_symbolic_link;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_exists_p;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_executable_p;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_readable_p;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_symlink_p;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_writable_p;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_directory_p;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_regular_p;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_accessible_directory_p;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_modes;
+Lisp_Object Qset_file_modes;
+Lisp_Object Qfile_newer_than_file_p;
+Lisp_Object Qinsert_file_contents;
+Lisp_Object Qwrite_region;
+Lisp_Object Qverify_visited_file_modtime;
+Lisp_Object Qset_visited_file_modtime;
+
+/* If FILENAME is handled specially on account of its syntax,
+   return its handler function.  Otherwise, return nil.  */
+
+DEFUN ("find-file-name-handler", Ffind_file_name_handler, 1, 2, 0, /*
+Return FILENAME's handler function for OPERATION, if it has one.
+Otherwise, return nil.
+A file name is handled if one of the regular expressions in
+`file-name-handler-alist' matches it.
+
+If OPERATION equals `inhibit-file-name-operation', then we ignore
+any handlers that are members of `inhibit-file-name-handlers',
+but we still do run any other handlers.  This lets handlers
+use the standard functions without calling themselves recursively.
+*/
+       (filename, operation))
+{
+  /* This function does not GC */
+  /* This function can be called during GC */
+  /* This function must not munge the match data.  */
+  Lisp_Object chain, inhibited_handlers;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+
+  if (EQ (operation, Vinhibit_file_name_operation))
+    inhibited_handlers = Vinhibit_file_name_handlers;
+  else
+    inhibited_handlers = Qnil;
+
+  EXTERNAL_LIST_LOOP (chain, Vfile_name_handler_alist)
+    {
+      Lisp_Object elt = XCAR (chain);
+      if (CONSP (elt))
+	{
+	  Lisp_Object string = XCAR (elt);
+	  if (STRINGP (string)
+	      && (fast_lisp_string_match (string, filename) >= 0))
+	    {
+	      Lisp_Object handler = XCDR (elt);
+	      if (NILP (Fmemq (handler, inhibited_handlers)))
+		return handler;
+	    }
+	}
+      QUIT;
+    }
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+static Lisp_Object
+call2_check_string (Lisp_Object fn, Lisp_Object arg0, Lisp_Object arg1)
+{
+  /* This function can call lisp */
+  Lisp_Object result = call2 (fn, arg0, arg1);
+  CHECK_STRING (result);
+  return result;
+}
+
+static Lisp_Object
+call2_check_string_or_nil (Lisp_Object fn, Lisp_Object arg0, Lisp_Object arg1)
+{
+  /* This function can call lisp */
+  Lisp_Object result = call2 (fn, arg0, arg1);
+  if (!NILP (result))
+    CHECK_STRING (result);
+  return result;
+}
+
+static Lisp_Object
+call3_check_string (Lisp_Object fn, Lisp_Object arg0,
+                    Lisp_Object arg1, Lisp_Object arg2)
+{
+  /* This function can call lisp */
+  Lisp_Object result = call3 (fn, arg0, arg1, arg2);
+  CHECK_STRING (result);
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+DEFUN ("file-name-directory", Ffile_name_directory, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return the directory component in file name NAME.
+Return nil if NAME does not include a directory.
+Otherwise return a directory spec.
+Given a Unix syntax file name, returns a string ending in slash.
+*/
+       (file))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  Bufbyte *beg;
+  Bufbyte *p;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (file);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (file, Qfile_name_directory);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2_check_string_or_nil (handler, Qfile_name_directory, file);
+
+#ifdef FILE_SYSTEM_CASE
+  file = FILE_SYSTEM_CASE (file);
+#endif
+  beg = XSTRING_DATA (file);
+  p = beg + XSTRING_LENGTH (file);
+
+  while (p != beg && !IS_ANY_SEP (p[-1])
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+	 /* only recognize drive specifier at beginning */
+	 && !(p[-1] == ':' && p == beg + 2)
+#endif
+    ) p--;
+
+  if (p == beg)
+    return Qnil;
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+  /* Expansion of "c:" to drive and default directory.  */
+  /* (NT does the right thing.)  */
+  if (p == beg + 2 && beg[1] == ':')
+    {
+      /* MAXPATHLEN+1 is guaranteed to be enough space for getdefdir.  */
+      Bufbyte *res = alloca (MAXPATHLEN + 1);
+      if (getdefdir (toupper (*beg) - 'A' + 1, res))
+	{
+	  char *c=((char *) res) + strlen ((char *) res);
+	  if (!IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (*c))
+	    {
+	      *c++ = DIRECTORY_SEP;
+	      *c = '\0';
+	    }
+	  beg = res;
+	  p = beg + strlen ((char *) beg);
+	}
+    }
+#endif /* WINDOWSNT */
+  return make_string (beg, p - beg);
+}
+
+DEFUN ("file-name-nondirectory", Ffile_name_nondirectory, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return file name NAME sans its directory.
+For example, in a Unix-syntax file name,
+this is everything after the last slash,
+or the entire name if it contains no slash.
+*/
+       (file))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  Bufbyte *beg, *p, *end;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (file);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (file, Qfile_name_nondirectory);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2_check_string (handler, Qfile_name_nondirectory, file);
+
+  beg = XSTRING_DATA (file);
+  end = p = beg + XSTRING_LENGTH (file);
+
+  while (p != beg && !IS_ANY_SEP (p[-1])
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+	 /* only recognize drive specifier at beginning */
+	 && !(p[-1] == ':' && p == beg + 2)
+#endif
+    ) p--;
+
+  return make_string (p, end - p);
+}
+
+DEFUN ("unhandled-file-name-directory", Funhandled_file_name_directory, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return a directly usable directory name somehow associated with FILENAME.
+A `directly usable' directory name is one that may be used without the
+intervention of any file handler.
+If FILENAME is a directly usable file itself, return
+\(file-name-directory FILENAME).
+The `call-process' and `start-process' functions use this function to
+get a current directory to run processes in.
+*/
+  (filename))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (filename, Qunhandled_file_name_directory);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2 (handler, Qunhandled_file_name_directory,
+		  filename);
+
+  return Ffile_name_directory (filename);
+}
+
+
+static char *
+file_name_as_directory (char *out, char *in)
+{
+  int size = strlen (in);
+
+  if (size == 0)
+    {
+      out[0] = '.';
+      out[1] = DIRECTORY_SEP;
+      out[2] = '\0';
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      strcpy (out, in);
+      /* Append a slash if necessary */
+      if (!IS_ANY_SEP (out[size-1]))
+	{
+	  out[size] = DIRECTORY_SEP;
+	  out[size + 1] = '\0';
+	}
+    }
+  return out;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("file-name-as-directory", Ffile_name_as_directory, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return a string representing file FILENAME interpreted as a directory.
+This operation exists because a directory is also a file, but its name as
+a directory is different from its name as a file.
+The result can be used as the value of `default-directory'
+or passed as second argument to `expand-file-name'.
+For a Unix-syntax file name, just appends a slash,
+except for (file-name-as-directory \"\") => \"./\".
+*/
+       (file))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  char *buf;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (file);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (file, Qfile_name_as_directory);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2_check_string (handler, Qfile_name_as_directory, file);
+
+  buf = (char *) alloca (XSTRING_LENGTH (file) + 10);
+  return build_string (file_name_as_directory
+		       (buf, (char *) XSTRING_DATA (file)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert from directory name to filename.
+ * On UNIX, it's simple: just make sure there isn't a terminating /
+ *
+ * Value is nonzero if the string output is different from the input.
+ */
+
+static int
+directory_file_name (CONST char *src, char *dst)
+{
+  long slen;
+
+  slen = strlen (src);
+  /* Process as Unix format: just remove any final slash.
+     But leave "/" unchanged; do not change it to "".  */
+  strcpy (dst, src);
+#ifdef APOLLO
+  /* Handle // as root for apollo's.  */
+  if ((slen > 2 && dst[slen - 1] == '/')
+      || (slen > 1 && dst[0] != '/' && dst[slen - 1] == '/'))
+    dst[slen - 1] = 0;
+#else
+  if (slen > 1
+      && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (dst[slen - 1])
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+      && !IS_ANY_SEP (dst[slen - 2])
+#endif /* WINDOWSNT */
+      )
+    dst[slen - 1] = 0;
+#endif /* APOLLO */
+  return 1;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("directory-file-name", Fdirectory_file_name, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return the file name of the directory named DIR.
+This is the name of the file that holds the data for the directory DIR.
+This operation exists because a directory is also a file, but its name as
+a directory is different from its name as a file.
+In Unix-syntax, this function just removes the final slash.
+*/
+       (directory))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  char *buf;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (directory);
+
+#if 0 /* #### WTF? */
+  if (NILP (directory))
+    return Qnil;
+#endif
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (directory, Qdirectory_file_name);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2_check_string (handler, Qdirectory_file_name, directory);
+  buf = (char *) alloca (XSTRING_LENGTH (directory) + 20);
+  directory_file_name ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (directory), buf);
+  return build_string (buf);
+}
+
+/* Fmake_temp_name used to be a simple wrapper around mktemp(), but it
+   proved too broken for our purposes (it supported only 26 or 62
+   unique names under some implementations).  For example, this
+   arbitrary limit broke generation of Gnus Incoming* files.
+
+   This implementation is better than what one usually finds in libc.
+   --hniksic */
+
+DEFUN ("make-temp-name", Fmake_temp_name, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Generate temporary file name starting with PREFIX.
+The Emacs process number forms part of the result, so there is no
+danger of generating a name being used by another process.
+
+In addition, this function makes an attempt to choose a name that
+does not specify an existing file.  To make this work, PREFIX should
+be an absolute file name.
+*/
+       (prefix))
+{
+  static char tbl[64] = {
+    'A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H',
+    'I','J','K','L','M','N','O','P',
+    'Q','R','S','T','U','V','W','X',
+    'Y','Z','a','b','c','d','e','f',
+    'g','h','i','j','k','l','m','n',
+    'o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v',
+    'w','x','y','z','0','1','2','3',
+    '4','5','6','7','8','9','-','_' };
+  static unsigned count, count_initialized_p;
+
+  Lisp_Object val;
+  Bytecount len;
+  Bufbyte *p, *data;
+  unsigned pid;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (prefix);
+
+  /* I was tempted to apply Fexpand_file_name on PREFIX here, but it's
+     a bad idea because:
+
+     1) It might change the prefix, so the resulting string might not
+     begin with PREFIX.  This violates the principle of least
+     surprise.
+
+     2) It breaks under many unforeseeable circumstances, such as with
+     the code that uses (make-temp-name "") instead of
+     (make-temp-name "./").
+
+     3) It might yield unexpected (to stat(2)) results in the presence
+     of EFS and file name handlers.  */
+
+  len = XSTRING_LENGTH (prefix);
+  val = make_uninit_string (len + 6);
+  data = XSTRING_DATA (val);
+  memcpy (data, XSTRING_DATA (prefix), len);
+  p = data + len;
+
+  /* VAL is created by adding 6 characters to PREFIX.  The first three
+     are the PID of this process, in base 64, and the second three are
+     incremented if the file already exists.  This ensures 262144
+     unique file names per PID per PREFIX.  */
+
+  pid = (unsigned)getpid ();
+  *p++ = tbl[pid & 63], pid >>= 6;
+  *p++ = tbl[pid & 63], pid >>= 6;
+  *p++ = tbl[pid & 63], pid >>= 6;
+
+  /* Here we try to minimize useless stat'ing when this function is
+     invoked many times successively with the same PREFIX.  We achieve
+     this by initializing count to a random value, and incrementing it
+     afterwards.  */
+  if (!count_initialized_p)
+    {
+      count = (unsigned)time (NULL);
+      /* Dumping temacs with a non-zero count_initialized_p wouldn't
+         make much sense.  */
+      if (NILP (Frunning_temacs_p ()))
+	count_initialized_p = 1;
+    }
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      struct stat ignored;
+      unsigned num = count;
+
+      p[0] = tbl[num & 63], num >>= 6;
+      p[1] = tbl[num & 63], num >>= 6;
+      p[2] = tbl[num & 63], num >>= 6;
+
+      /* Poor man's congruential RN generator.  Replace with ++count
+         for debugging.  */
+      count += 25229;
+      count %= 225307;
+
+      QUIT;
+
+      if (stat ((CONST char *) data, &ignored) < 0)
+	{
+	  /* We want to return only if errno is ENOENT.  */
+	  if (errno == ENOENT)
+	    return val;
+
+	  /* The error here is dubious, but there is little else we
+	     can do.  The alternatives are to return nil, which is
+	     as bad as (and in many cases worse than) throwing the
+	     error, or to ignore the error, which will likely result
+	     in inflooping.  */
+	  report_file_error ("Cannot create temporary name for prefix",
+			     list1 (prefix));
+	  return Qnil; /* not reached */
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+
+DEFUN ("expand-file-name", Fexpand_file_name, 1, 2, 0, /*
+Convert filename NAME to absolute, and canonicalize it.
+Second arg DEFAULT-DIRECTORY is directory to start with if NAME is relative
+ (does not start with slash); if DEFAULT-DIRECTORY is nil or missing,
+the current buffer's value of default-directory is used.
+File name components that are `.' are removed, and
+so are file name components followed by `..', along with the `..' itself;
+note that these simplifications are done without checking the resulting
+file names in the file system.
+An initial `~/' expands to your home directory.
+An initial `~USER/' expands to USER's home directory.
+See also the function `substitute-in-file-name'.
+*/
+       (name, default_directory))
+{
+  /* This function can GC */
+  Bufbyte *nm;
+
+  Bufbyte *newdir, *p, *o;
+  int tlen;
+  Bufbyte *target;
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+  int drive = 0;
+  int collapse_newdir = 1;
+#else
+  struct passwd *pw;
+#endif /* WINDOWSNT */
+  int length;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+#ifdef __CYGWIN32__
+  char *user;
+#endif
+
+  CHECK_STRING (name);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (name, Qexpand_file_name);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call3_check_string (handler, Qexpand_file_name, name,
+			       default_directory);
+
+  /* Use the buffer's default-directory if DEFAULT_DIRECTORY is omitted.  */
+  if (NILP (default_directory))
+    default_directory = current_buffer->directory;
+  if (! STRINGP (default_directory))
+    default_directory = build_string ("/");
+
+  if (!NILP (default_directory))
+    {
+      handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (default_directory, Qexpand_file_name);
+      if (!NILP (handler))
+	return call3 (handler, Qexpand_file_name, name, default_directory);
+    }
+
+  o = XSTRING_DATA (default_directory);
+
+  /* Make sure DEFAULT_DIRECTORY is properly expanded.
+     It would be better to do this down below where we actually use
+     default_directory.  Unfortunately, calling Fexpand_file_name recursively
+     could invoke GC, and the strings might be relocated.  This would
+     be annoying because we have pointers into strings lying around
+     that would need adjusting, and people would add new pointers to
+     the code and forget to adjust them, resulting in intermittent bugs.
+     Putting this call here avoids all that crud.
+
+     The EQ test avoids infinite recursion.  */
+  if (! NILP (default_directory) && !EQ (default_directory, name)
+      /* Save time in some common cases - as long as default_directory
+	 is not relative, it can be canonicalized with name below (if it
+	 is needed at all) without requiring it to be expanded now.  */
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+      /* Detect MSDOS file names with drive specifiers.  */
+      && ! (IS_DRIVE (o[0]) && (IS_DEVICE_SEP (o[1]) && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (o[2])))
+      /* Detect Windows file names in UNC format.  */
+      && ! (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (o[0]) && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (o[1]))
+
+#else /* not WINDOWSNT */
+
+      /* Detect Unix absolute file names (/... alone is not absolute on
+	 DOS or Windows).  */
+      && ! (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (o[0]))
+#endif /* not WINDOWSNT */
+      )
+    {
+      struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+      GCPRO1 (name);
+      default_directory = Fexpand_file_name (default_directory, Qnil);
+      UNGCPRO;
+    }
+
+#ifdef FILE_SYSTEM_CASE
+  name = FILE_SYSTEM_CASE (name);
+#endif
+
+ /* #### dmoore - this is ugly, clean this up.  Looks like nm pointing
+    into name should be safe during all of this, though. */
+  nm = XSTRING_DATA (name);
+
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+  /* We will force directory separators to be either all \ or /, so make
+     a local copy to modify, even if there ends up being no change. */
+  nm = strcpy (alloca (strlen (nm) + 1), nm);
+
+  /* Find and remove drive specifier if present; this makes nm absolute
+     even if the rest of the name appears to be relative. */
+  {
+    Bufbyte *colon = strrchr (nm, ':');
+
+    if (colon)
+      /* Only recognize colon as part of drive specifier if there is a
+	 single alphabetic character preceding the colon (and if the
+	 character before the drive letter, if present, is a directory
+	 separator); this is to support the remote system syntax used by
+	 ange-ftp, and the "po:username" syntax for POP mailboxes. */
+    look_again:
+      if (nm == colon)
+	nm++;
+      else if (IS_DRIVE (colon[-1])
+	       && (colon == nm + 1 || IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (colon[-2])))
+	{
+	  drive = colon[-1];
+	  nm = colon + 1;
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  while (--colon >= nm)
+	    if (colon[0] == ':')
+	      goto look_again;
+	}
+  }
+
+  /* If we see "c://somedir", we want to strip the first slash after the
+     colon when stripping the drive letter.  Otherwise, this expands to
+     "//somedir".  */
+  if (drive && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[0]) && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[1]))
+    nm++;
+#endif /* WINDOWSNT */
+
+  /* If nm is absolute, look for /./ or /../ sequences; if none are
+     found, we can probably return right away.  We will avoid allocating
+     a new string if name is already fully expanded.  */
+  if (
+      IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[0])
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+      && (drive || IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[1]))
+#endif
+      )
+    {
+      /* If it turns out that the filename we want to return is just a
+	 suffix of FILENAME, we don't need to go through and edit
+	 things; we just need to construct a new string using data
+	 starting at the middle of FILENAME.  If we set lose to a
+	 non-zero value, that means we've discovered that we can't do
+	 that cool trick.  */
+      int lose = 0;
+
+      p = nm;
+      while (*p)
+	{
+	  /* Since we know the name is absolute, we can assume that each
+	     element starts with a "/".  */
+
+	  /* "." and ".." are hairy.  */
+	  if (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[0])
+	      && p[1] == '.'
+	      && (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[2])
+		  || p[2] == 0
+		  || (p[2] == '.' && (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[3])
+				      || p[3] == 0))))
+	    lose = 1;
+	  p++;
+	}
+      if (!lose)
+	{
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+	  /* Make sure directories are all separated with / or \ as
+	     desired, but avoid allocation of a new string when not
+	     required. */
+	  CORRECT_DIR_SEPS (nm);
+	  if (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[1]))
+	    {
+	      if (strcmp (nm, XSTRING_DATA (name)) != 0)
+		name = build_string (nm);
+	    }
+	  /* drive must be set, so this is okay */
+	  else if (strcmp (nm - 2, XSTRING_DATA (name)) != 0)
+	    {
+	      name = make_string (nm - 2, p - nm + 2);
+	      XSTRING_DATA (name)[0] = DRIVE_LETTER (drive);
+	      XSTRING_DATA (name)[1] = ':';
+	    }
+	  return name;
+#else /* not WINDOWSNT */
+	  if (nm == XSTRING_DATA (name))
+	    return name;
+	  return build_string ((char *) nm);
+#endif /* not WINDOWSNT */
+	}
+    }
+
+  /* At this point, nm might or might not be an absolute file name.  We
+     need to expand ~ or ~user if present, otherwise prefix nm with
+     default_directory if nm is not absolute, and finally collapse /./
+     and /foo/../ sequences.
+
+     We set newdir to be the appropriate prefix if one is needed:
+       - the relevant user directory if nm starts with ~ or ~user
+       - the specified drive's working dir (DOS/NT only) if nm does not
+         start with /
+       - the value of default_directory.
+
+     Note that these prefixes are not guaranteed to be absolute (except
+     for the working dir of a drive).  Therefore, to ensure we always
+     return an absolute name, if the final prefix is not absolute we
+     append it to the current working directory.  */
+
+  newdir = 0;
+
+  if (nm[0] == '~')		/* prefix ~ */
+    {
+      if (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[1])
+	  || nm[1] == 0)	/* ~ by itself */
+	{
+	  char * newdir_external = get_home_directory ();
+
+	  if (newdir_external == NULL)
+	    newdir = (Bufbyte *) "";
+	  else
+	    GET_C_CHARPTR_INT_FILENAME_DATA_ALLOCA (newdir_external, newdir);
+
+	  nm++;
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+	  collapse_newdir = 0;
+#endif
+	}
+      else			/* ~user/filename */
+	{
+	  for (p = nm; *p && (!IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (*p)); p++)
+	    DO_NOTHING;
+	  o = (Bufbyte *) alloca (p - nm + 1);
+	  memcpy (o, (char *) nm, p - nm);
+	  o [p - nm] = 0;
+
+	  /* #### marcpa's syncing note: FSF uses getpwnam even on NT,
+	     which does not work.  The following works only if ~USER
+	     names the user who runs this instance of XEmacs.  While
+	     NT is single-user (for the moment) you still can have
+	     multiple user profiles users defined, each with its HOME.
+	     Therefore, the following should be reworked to handle
+	     this case.  */
+#ifdef  WINDOWSNT
+	  /* Now if the file given is "~foo/file" and HOME="c:/", then
+	     we want the file to be named "c:/file" ("~foo" becomes
+	     "c:/").  The variable o has "~foo", so we can use the
+	     length of that string to offset nm.  August Hill, 31 Aug
+	     1998.  */
+	  newdir = (Bufbyte *) get_home_directory();
+	  dostounix_filename (newdir);
+	  nm += strlen(o) + 1;
+#else  /* not WINDOWSNT */
+#ifdef __CYGWIN32__
+	  if ((user = user_login_name (NULL)) != NULL)
+	    {
+	      /* Does the user login name match the ~name? */
+	      if (strcmp (user, (char *) o + 1) == 0)
+	        {
+		  newdir = (Bufbyte *) get_home_directory();
+	          nm = p;
+		}
+	    }
+          if (! newdir)
+            {
+#endif /* __CYGWIN32__ */
+	  /* Jamie reports that getpwnam() can get wedged by SIGIO/SIGALARM
+	     occurring in it. (It can call select()). */
+	  slow_down_interrupts ();
+	  pw = (struct passwd *) getpwnam ((char *) o + 1);
+	  speed_up_interrupts ();
+	  if (pw)
+	    {
+	      newdir = (Bufbyte *) pw -> pw_dir;
+	      nm = p;
+	    }
+#ifdef __CYGWIN32__
+	    }
+#endif
+#endif /* not WINDOWSNT */
+
+	  /* If we don't find a user of that name, leave the name
+	     unchanged; don't move nm forward to p.  */
+	}
+    }
+
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+  /* On DOS and Windows, nm is absolute if a drive name was specified;
+     use the drive's current directory as the prefix if needed.  */
+  if (!newdir && drive)
+    {
+      /* Get default directory if needed to make nm absolute. */
+      if (!IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[0]))
+	{
+	  newdir = alloca (MAXPATHLEN + 1);
+	  if (!getdefdir (toupper (drive) - 'A' + 1, newdir))
+	    newdir = NULL;
+	}
+      if (!newdir)
+	{
+	  /* Either nm starts with /, or drive isn't mounted. */
+	  newdir = alloca (4);
+	  newdir[0] = DRIVE_LETTER (drive);
+	  newdir[1] = ':';
+	  newdir[2] = '/';
+	  newdir[3] = 0;
+	}
+    }
+#endif /* WINDOWSNT */
+
+  /* Finally, if no prefix has been specified and nm is not absolute,
+     then it must be expanded relative to default_directory. */
+
+  if (1
+#ifndef WINDOWSNT
+      /* /... alone is not absolute on DOS and Windows. */
+      && !IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[0])
+#else
+      && !(IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[0]) && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[1]))
+#endif
+      && !newdir)
+    {
+      newdir = XSTRING_DATA (default_directory);
+    }
+
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+  if (newdir)
+    {
+      /* First ensure newdir is an absolute name. */
+      if (
+	  /* Detect MSDOS file names with drive specifiers.  */
+	  ! (IS_DRIVE (newdir[0])
+	     && IS_DEVICE_SEP (newdir[1]) && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (newdir[2]))
+	  /* Detect Windows file names in UNC format.  */
+	  && ! (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (newdir[0]) && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (newdir[1]))
+	  /* Detect drive spec by itself */
+	  && ! (IS_DEVICE_SEP (newdir[1]) && newdir[2] == 0)
+	  )
+	{
+	  /* Effectively, let newdir be (expand-file-name newdir cwd).
+	     Because of the admonition against calling expand-file-name
+	     when we have pointers into lisp strings, we accomplish this
+	     indirectly by prepending newdir to nm if necessary, and using
+	     cwd (or the wd of newdir's drive) as the new newdir. */
+
+	  if (IS_DRIVE (newdir[0]) && newdir[1] == ':')
+	    {
+	      drive = newdir[0];
+	      newdir += 2;
+	    }
+	  if (!IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[0]))
+	    {
+	      char * tmp = alloca (strlen (newdir) + strlen (nm) + 2);
+	      file_name_as_directory (tmp, newdir);
+	      strcat (tmp, nm);
+	      nm = tmp;
+	    }
+	  newdir = alloca (MAXPATHLEN + 1);
+	  if (drive)
+	    {
+	      if (!getdefdir (toupper (drive) - 'A' + 1, newdir))
+		newdir = "/";
+	    }
+	  else
+	    getwd (newdir);
+	}
+
+      /* Strip off drive name from prefix, if present. */
+      if (IS_DRIVE (newdir[0]) && newdir[1] == ':')
+	{
+	  drive = newdir[0];
+	  newdir += 2;
+	}
+
+      /* Keep only a prefix from newdir if nm starts with slash
+         (/ /server/share for UNC, nothing otherwise).  */
+      if (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[0]) && collapse_newdir)
+	{
+	  if (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (newdir[0]) && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (newdir[1]))
+	    {
+	      newdir = strcpy (alloca (strlen (newdir) + 1), newdir);
+	      p = newdir + 2;
+	      while (*p && !IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (*p)) p++;
+	      p++;
+	      while (*p && !IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (*p)) p++;
+	      *p = 0;
+	    }
+	  else
+	    newdir = "";
+	}
+    }
+#endif /* WINDOWSNT */
+
+  if (newdir)
+    {
+      /* Get rid of any slash at the end of newdir, unless newdir is
+	 just // (an incomplete UNC name).  */
+      length = strlen ((char *) newdir);
+      if (length > 1 && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (newdir[length - 1])
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+	  && !(length == 2 && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (newdir[0]))
+#endif
+	  )
+	{
+	  Bufbyte *temp = (Bufbyte *) alloca (length);
+	  memcpy (temp, newdir, length - 1);
+	  temp[length - 1] = 0;
+	  newdir = temp;
+	}
+      tlen = length + 1;
+    }
+  else
+    tlen = 0;
+
+  /* Now concatenate the directory and name to new space in the stack frame */
+  tlen += strlen ((char *) nm) + 1;
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+  /* Add reserved space for drive name.  (The Microsoft x86 compiler
+     produces incorrect code if the following two lines are combined.)  */
+  target = (Bufbyte *) alloca (tlen + 2);
+  target += 2;
+#else  /* not WINDOWSNT */
+  target = (Bufbyte *) alloca (tlen);
+#endif /* not WINDOWSNT */
+  *target = 0;
+
+  if (newdir)
+    {
+      if (nm[0] == 0 || IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (nm[0]))
+	strcpy ((char *) target, (char *) newdir);
+      else
+	file_name_as_directory ((char *) target, (char *) newdir);
+    }
+
+  strcat ((char *) target, (char *) nm);
+
+  /* ASSERT (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (target[0])) if not VMS */
+
+  /* Now canonicalize by removing /. and /foo/.. if they appear.  */
+
+  p = target;
+  o = target;
+
+  while (*p)
+    {
+      if (!IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (*p))
+	{
+	  *o++ = *p++;
+	}
+      else if (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[0])
+	       && p[1] == '.'
+	       && (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[2])
+		   || p[2] == 0))
+	{
+	  /* If "/." is the entire filename, keep the "/".  Otherwise,
+	     just delete the whole "/.".  */
+	  if (o == target && p[2] == '\0')
+	    *o++ = *p;
+	  p += 2;
+	}
+      else if (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[0]) && p[1] == '.' && p[2] == '.'
+	       /* `/../' is the "superroot" on certain file systems.  */
+	       && o != target
+	       && (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[3]) || p[3] == 0))
+	{
+	  while (o != target && (--o) && !IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (*o))
+	    ;
+	  /* Keep initial / only if this is the whole name.  */
+	  if (o == target && IS_ANY_SEP (*o) && p[3] == 0)
+	    ++o;
+	  p += 3;
+	}
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+      /* if drive is set, we're not dealing with an UNC, so
+	 multiple dir-seps are redundant (and reportedly cause trouble
+	 under win95) */
+      else if (drive && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[0]) && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[1]))
+	  ++p;
+#endif
+      else
+	{
+	  *o++ = *p++;
+	}
+    }
+
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+  /* At last, set drive name, except for network file name.  */
+  if (drive)
+    {
+      target -= 2;
+      target[0] = DRIVE_LETTER (drive);
+      target[1] = ':';
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      assert (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (target[0]) && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (target[1]));
+    }
+  CORRECT_DIR_SEPS (target);
+#endif /* WINDOWSNT */
+
+  return make_string (target, o - target);
+}
+
+#if 0 /* FSFmacs */
+/* another older version of expand-file-name; */
+#endif
+
+DEFUN ("file-truename", Ffile_truename, 1, 2, 0, /*
+Return the canonical name of the given FILE.
+Second arg DEFAULT is directory to start with if FILE is relative
+ (does not start with slash); if DEFAULT is nil or missing,
+ the current buffer's value of default-directory is used.
+No component of the resulting pathname will be a symbolic link, as
+ in the realpath() function.
+*/
+       (filename, default_))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  Lisp_Object expanded_name;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+
+  expanded_name = Fexpand_file_name (filename, default_);
+
+  if (!STRINGP (expanded_name))
+    return Qnil;
+
+  GCPRO1 (expanded_name);
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (expanded_name, Qfile_truename);
+  UNGCPRO;
+
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2_check_string (handler, Qfile_truename, expanded_name);
+
+  {
+    char resolved_path[MAXPATHLEN];
+    Extbyte *path;
+    Extbyte *p;
+    Extcount elen = XSTRING_LENGTH (expanded_name);
+
+    GET_STRING_FILENAME_DATA_ALLOCA (expanded_name,path,elen);
+    p = path;
+    if (elen > MAXPATHLEN)
+      goto toolong;
+    
+    /* Try doing it all at once. */
+    /* !! Does realpath() Mule-encapsulate?
+       Answer: Nope! So we do it above */
+    if (!xrealpath ((char *) path, resolved_path))
+      {
+	/* Didn't resolve it -- have to do it one component at a time. */
+	/* "realpath" is a typically useless, stupid un*x piece of crap.
+	   It claims to return a useful value in the "error" case, but since
+	   there is no indication provided of how far along the pathname
+	   the function went before erring, there is no way to use the
+	   partial result returned.  What a piece of junk. */
+	for (;;)
+	  {
+	    p = (Extbyte *) memchr (p + 1, '/', elen - (p + 1 - path));
+	    if (p)
+	      *p = 0;
+
+	    /* memset (resolved_path, 0, sizeof (resolved_path)); */
+	    if (xrealpath ((char *) path, resolved_path))
+	      {
+		if (p)
+		  *p = '/';
+		else
+		  break;
+
+	      }
+	    else if (errno == ENOENT || errno == EACCES)
+	      {
+		/* Failed on this component.  Just tack on the rest of
+		   the string and we are done. */
+		int rlen = strlen (resolved_path);
+
+		/* "On failure, it returns NULL, sets errno to indicate
+		   the error, and places in resolved_path the absolute pathname
+		   of the path component which could not be resolved." */
+		if (p)
+		  {
+		    int plen = elen - (p - path);
+
+		    if (rlen > 1 && resolved_path[rlen - 1] == '/')
+		      rlen = rlen - 1;
+
+		    if (plen + rlen + 1 > countof (resolved_path))
+		      goto toolong;
+
+		    resolved_path[rlen] = '/';
+		    memcpy (resolved_path + rlen + 1, p + 1, plen + 1 - 1);
+		  }
+		break;
+	      }
+	    else
+	      goto lose;
+	  }
+      }
+
+    {
+      int rlen = strlen (resolved_path);
+      if (elen > 0 && XSTRING_BYTE (expanded_name, elen - 1) == '/'
+          && !(rlen > 0 && resolved_path[rlen - 1] == '/'))
+	{
+	  if (rlen + 1 > countof (resolved_path))
+	    goto toolong;
+	  resolved_path[rlen] = '/';
+	  resolved_path[rlen + 1] = 0;
+	  rlen = rlen + 1;
+	}
+      return make_ext_string ((Bufbyte *) resolved_path, rlen, FORMAT_BINARY);
+    }
+
+  toolong:
+    errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
+    goto lose;
+  lose:
+    report_file_error ("Finding truename", list1 (expanded_name));
+  }
+  return Qnil;	/* suppress compiler warning */
+}
+
+
+DEFUN ("substitute-in-file-name", Fsubstitute_in_file_name, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Substitute environment variables referred to in FILENAME.
+`$FOO' where FOO is an environment variable name means to substitute
+the value of that variable.  The variable name should be terminated
+with a character not a letter, digit or underscore; otherwise, enclose
+the entire variable name in braces.
+If `/~' appears, all of FILENAME through that `/' is discarded.
+
+*/
+       (string))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  Bufbyte *nm;
+
+  Bufbyte *s, *p, *o, *x, *endp;
+  Bufbyte *target = 0;
+  int total = 0;
+  int substituted = 0;
+  Bufbyte *xnm;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (string);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (string, Qsubstitute_in_file_name);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2_check_string_or_nil (handler, Qsubstitute_in_file_name,
+				      string);
+
+  nm = XSTRING_DATA (string);
+  endp = nm + XSTRING_LENGTH (string);
+
+  /* If /~ or // appears, discard everything through first slash. */
+
+  for (p = nm; p != endp; p++)
+    {
+      if ((p[0] == '~'
+#if defined (APOLLO) || defined (WINDOWSNT) || defined (__CYGWIN32__)
+	   /* // at start of file name is meaningful in Apollo and
+	      WindowsNT systems */
+	   || (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[0]) && p - 1 != nm)
+#else /* not (APOLLO || WINDOWSNT || __CYGWIN32__) */
+	   || IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[0])
+#endif /* not (APOLLO || WINDOWSNT || __CYGWIN32__) */
+	   )
+	  && p != nm
+	  && (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[-1])))
+	{
+	  nm = p;
+	  substituted = 1;
+	}
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+      /* see comment in expand-file-name about drive specifiers */
+      else if (IS_DRIVE (p[0]) && p[1] == ':'
+	       && p > nm && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[-1]))
+	{
+	  nm = p;
+	  substituted = 1;
+	}
+#endif /* WINDOWSNT */
+    }
+
+  /* See if any variables are substituted into the string
+     and find the total length of their values in `total' */
+
+  for (p = nm; p != endp;)
+    if (*p != '$')
+      p++;
+    else
+      {
+	p++;
+	if (p == endp)
+	  goto badsubst;
+	else if (*p == '$')
+	  {
+	    /* "$$" means a single "$" */
+	    p++;
+	    total -= 1;
+	    substituted = 1;
+	    continue;
+	  }
+	else if (*p == '{')
+	  {
+	    o = ++p;
+	    while (p != endp && *p != '}') p++;
+	    if (*p != '}') goto missingclose;
+	    s = p;
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    o = p;
+	    while (p != endp && (isalnum (*p) || *p == '_')) p++;
+	    s = p;
+	  }
+
+	/* Copy out the variable name */
+	target = (Bufbyte *) alloca (s - o + 1);
+	strncpy ((char *) target, (char *) o, s - o);
+	target[s - o] = 0;
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+	strupr (target); /* $home == $HOME etc.  */
+#endif /* WINDOWSNT */
+
+	/* Get variable value */
+	o = (Bufbyte *) egetenv ((char *) target);
+	if (!o) goto badvar;
+	total += strlen ((char *) o);
+	substituted = 1;
+      }
+
+  if (!substituted)
+    return string;
+
+  /* If substitution required, recopy the string and do it */
+  /* Make space in stack frame for the new copy */
+  xnm = (Bufbyte *) alloca (XSTRING_LENGTH (string) + total + 1);
+  x = xnm;
+
+  /* Copy the rest of the name through, replacing $ constructs with values */
+  for (p = nm; *p;)
+    if (*p != '$')
+      *x++ = *p++;
+    else
+      {
+	p++;
+	if (p == endp)
+	  goto badsubst;
+	else if (*p == '$')
+	  {
+	    *x++ = *p++;
+	    continue;
+	  }
+	else if (*p == '{')
+	  {
+	    o = ++p;
+	    while (p != endp && *p != '}') p++;
+	    if (*p != '}') goto missingclose;
+	    s = p++;
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    o = p;
+	    while (p != endp && (isalnum (*p) || *p == '_')) p++;
+	    s = p;
+	  }
+
+	/* Copy out the variable name */
+	target = (Bufbyte *) alloca (s - o + 1);
+	strncpy ((char *) target, (char *) o, s - o);
+	target[s - o] = 0;
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+	strupr (target); /* $home == $HOME etc.  */
+#endif /* WINDOWSNT */
+
+	/* Get variable value */
+	o = (Bufbyte *) egetenv ((char *) target);
+	if (!o)
+	  goto badvar;
+
+	strcpy ((char *) x, (char *) o);
+	x += strlen ((char *) o);
+      }
+
+  *x = 0;
+
+  /* If /~ or // appears, discard everything through first slash. */
+
+  for (p = xnm; p != x; p++)
+    if ((p[0] == '~'
+#if defined (APOLLO) || defined (WINDOWSNT)
+	 || (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[0]) && p - 1 != xnm)
+#else /* not (APOLLO || WINDOWSNT) */
+	 || IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[0])
+#endif /* APOLLO || WINDOWSNT */
+	 )
+	/* don't do p[-1] if that would go off the beginning --jwz */
+	&& p != nm && p > xnm && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[-1]))
+      xnm = p;
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+    else if (IS_DRIVE (p[0]) && p[1] == ':'
+	     && p > nm && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (p[-1]))
+	xnm = p;
+#endif
+
+  return make_string (xnm, x - xnm);
+
+ badsubst:
+  error ("Bad format environment-variable substitution");
+ missingclose:
+  error ("Missing \"}\" in environment-variable substitution");
+ badvar:
+  error ("Substituting nonexistent environment variable \"%s\"",
+	 target);
+
+  /* NOTREACHED */
+  return Qnil;	/* suppress compiler warning */
+}
+
+/* A slightly faster and more convenient way to get
+   (directory-file-name (expand-file-name FOO)).  */
+
+Lisp_Object
+expand_and_dir_to_file (Lisp_Object filename, Lisp_Object defdir)
+{
+  /* This function can call lisp */
+  Lisp_Object abspath;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  abspath = Fexpand_file_name (filename, defdir);
+  GCPRO1 (abspath);
+  /* Remove final slash, if any (unless path is root).
+     stat behaves differently depending!  */
+  if (XSTRING_LENGTH (abspath) > 1
+      && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (XSTRING_BYTE (abspath, XSTRING_LENGTH (abspath) - 1))
+      && !IS_DEVICE_SEP (XSTRING_BYTE (abspath, XSTRING_LENGTH (abspath) - 2)))
+    /* We cannot take shortcuts; they might be wrong for magic file names.  */
+    abspath = Fdirectory_file_name (abspath);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  return abspath;
+}
+
+/* Signal an error if the file ABSNAME already exists.
+   If INTERACTIVE is nonzero, ask the user whether to proceed,
+   and bypass the error if the user says to go ahead.
+   QUERYSTRING is a name for the action that is being considered
+   to alter the file.
+   *STATPTR is used to store the stat information if the file exists.
+   If the file does not exist, STATPTR->st_mode is set to 0.  */
+
+static void
+barf_or_query_if_file_exists (Lisp_Object absname, CONST char *querystring,
+			      int interactive, struct stat *statptr)
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  struct stat statbuf;
+
+  /* stat is a good way to tell whether the file exists,
+     regardless of what access permissions it has.  */
+  if (stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (absname), &statbuf) >= 0)
+    {
+      Lisp_Object tem;
+
+      if (interactive)
+	{
+	  Lisp_Object prompt;
+	  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+	  prompt = emacs_doprnt_string_c
+	    ((CONST Bufbyte *) GETTEXT ("File %s already exists; %s anyway? "),
+	     Qnil, -1, XSTRING_DATA (absname),
+	     GETTEXT (querystring));
+
+	  GCPRO1 (prompt);
+	  tem = call1 (Qyes_or_no_p, prompt);
+	  UNGCPRO;
+	}
+      else
+        tem = Qnil;
+
+      if (NILP (tem))
+	Fsignal (Qfile_already_exists,
+		 list2 (build_translated_string ("File already exists"),
+			absname));
+      if (statptr)
+	*statptr = statbuf;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (statptr)
+	statptr->st_mode = 0;
+    }
+  return;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("copy-file", Fcopy_file, 2, 4,
+       "fCopy file: \nFCopy %s to file: \np\nP", /*
+Copy FILE to NEWNAME.  Both args must be strings.
+Signals a `file-already-exists' error if file NEWNAME already exists,
+unless a third argument OK-IF-ALREADY-EXISTS is supplied and non-nil.
+A number as third arg means request confirmation if NEWNAME already exists.
+This is what happens in interactive use with M-x.
+Fourth arg KEEP-TIME non-nil means give the new file the same
+last-modified time as the old one.  (This works on only some systems.)
+A prefix arg makes KEEP-TIME non-nil.
+*/
+       (filename, newname, ok_if_already_exists, keep_time))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  int ifd, ofd, n;
+  char buf[16 * 1024];
+  struct stat st, out_st;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  int speccount = specpdl_depth ();
+  struct gcpro gcpro1, gcpro2;
+  /* Lisp_Object args[6]; */
+  int input_file_statable_p;
+
+  GCPRO2 (filename, newname);
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+  CHECK_STRING (newname);
+  filename = Fexpand_file_name (filename, Qnil);
+  newname = Fexpand_file_name (newname, Qnil);
+
+  /* If the input file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (filename, Qcopy_file);
+  /* Likewise for output file name.  */
+  if (NILP (handler))
+    handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (newname, Qcopy_file);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+  {
+    UNGCPRO;
+    return call5 (handler, Qcopy_file, filename, newname,
+		  ok_if_already_exists, keep_time);
+  }
+
+  /* When second argument is a directory, copy the file into it.
+     (copy-file "foo" "bar/") == (copy-file "foo" "bar/foo")
+   */
+  if (!NILP (Ffile_directory_p (newname)))
+    {
+      Lisp_Object args[3];
+      struct gcpro ngcpro1;
+      int i = 1;
+
+      args[0] = newname;
+      args[1] = Qnil; args[2] = Qnil;
+      NGCPRO1 (*args);
+      ngcpro1.nvars = 3;
+      if (XSTRING_BYTE (newname, XSTRING_LENGTH (newname) - 1) != '/')
+	args[i++] = build_string ("/");
+      args[i++] = Ffile_name_nondirectory (filename);
+      newname = Fconcat (i, args);
+      NUNGCPRO;
+    }
+
+  if (NILP (ok_if_already_exists)
+      || INTP (ok_if_already_exists))
+    barf_or_query_if_file_exists (newname, "copy to it",
+				  INTP (ok_if_already_exists), &out_st);
+  else if (stat ((CONST char *) XSTRING_DATA (newname), &out_st) < 0)
+    out_st.st_mode = 0;
+
+  ifd = interruptible_open ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (filename), O_RDONLY | OPEN_BINARY, 0);
+  if (ifd < 0)
+    report_file_error ("Opening input file", list1 (filename));
+
+  record_unwind_protect (close_file_unwind, make_int (ifd));
+
+  /* We can only copy regular files and symbolic links.  Other files are not
+     copyable by us. */
+  input_file_statable_p = (fstat (ifd, &st) >= 0);
+
+#ifndef WINDOWSNT
+  if (out_st.st_mode != 0
+      && st.st_dev == out_st.st_dev && st.st_ino == out_st.st_ino)
+    {
+      errno = 0;
+      report_file_error ("Input and output files are the same",
+			 list2 (filename, newname));
+    }
+#endif
+
+#if defined (S_ISREG) && defined (S_ISLNK)
+  if (input_file_statable_p)
+    {
+      if (!(S_ISREG (st.st_mode))
+	  /* XEmacs: have to allow S_ISCHR in order to copy /dev/null */
+#ifdef S_ISCHR
+	  && !(S_ISCHR (st.st_mode))
+#endif
+	  && !(S_ISLNK (st.st_mode)))
+	{
+#if defined (EISDIR)
+	  /* Get a better looking error message. */
+	  errno = EISDIR;
+#endif /* EISDIR */
+	report_file_error ("Non-regular file", list1 (filename));
+	}
+    }
+#endif /* S_ISREG && S_ISLNK */
+
+  ofd = open( (char *) XSTRING_DATA (newname),
+	      O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | OPEN_BINARY, CREAT_MODE);
+  if (ofd < 0)
+    report_file_error ("Opening output file", list1 (newname));
+
+  {
+    Lisp_Object ofd_locative = noseeum_cons (make_int (ofd), Qnil);
+
+    record_unwind_protect (close_file_unwind, ofd_locative);
+
+    while ((n = read_allowing_quit (ifd, buf, sizeof (buf))) > 0)
+    {
+      if (write_allowing_quit (ofd, buf, n) != n)
+	report_file_error ("I/O error", list1 (newname));
+    }
+
+    /* Closing the output clobbers the file times on some systems.  */
+    if (close (ofd) < 0)
+      report_file_error ("I/O error", list1 (newname));
+
+    if (input_file_statable_p)
+    {
+      if (!NILP (keep_time))
+      {
+        EMACS_TIME atime, mtime;
+        EMACS_SET_SECS_USECS (atime, st.st_atime, 0);
+        EMACS_SET_SECS_USECS (mtime, st.st_mtime, 0);
+        if (set_file_times ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (newname), atime,
+			    mtime))
+	  report_file_error ("I/O error", list1 (newname));
+      }
+      chmod ((CONST char *) XSTRING_DATA (newname),
+	     st.st_mode & 07777);
+    }
+
+    /* We'll close it by hand */
+    XCAR (ofd_locative) = Qnil;
+
+    /* Close ifd */
+    unbind_to (speccount, Qnil);
+  }
+
+  UNGCPRO;
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("make-directory-internal", Fmake_directory_internal, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Create a directory.  One argument, a file name string.
+*/
+       (dirname_))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  char dir [MAXPATHLEN];
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (dirname_);
+  dirname_ = Fexpand_file_name (dirname_, Qnil);
+
+  GCPRO1 (dirname_);
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (dirname_, Qmake_directory_internal);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return (call2 (handler, Qmake_directory_internal, dirname_));
+
+  if (XSTRING_LENGTH (dirname_) > (Bytecount) (sizeof (dir) - 1))
+    {
+      return Fsignal (Qfile_error,
+		      list3 (build_translated_string ("Creating directory"),
+			     build_translated_string ("pathame too long"),
+			     dirname_));
+    }
+  strncpy (dir, (char *) XSTRING_DATA (dirname_),
+	   XSTRING_LENGTH (dirname_) + 1);
+
+  if (dir [XSTRING_LENGTH (dirname_) - 1] == '/')
+    dir [XSTRING_LENGTH (dirname_) - 1] = 0;
+
+  if (mkdir (dir, 0777) != 0)
+    report_file_error ("Creating directory", list1 (dirname_));
+
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("delete-directory", Fdelete_directory, 1, 1, "FDelete directory: ", /*
+Delete a directory.  One argument, a file name or directory name string.
+*/
+       (dirname_))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (dirname_);
+
+  GCPRO1 (dirname_);
+  dirname_ = Fexpand_file_name (dirname_, Qnil);
+  dirname_ = Fdirectory_file_name (dirname_);
+
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (dirname_, Qdelete_directory);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return (call2 (handler, Qdelete_directory, dirname_));
+
+  if (rmdir ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (dirname_)) != 0)
+    report_file_error ("Removing directory", list1 (dirname_));
+
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("delete-file", Fdelete_file, 1, 1, "fDelete file: ", /*
+Delete specified file.  One argument, a file name string.
+If file has multiple names, it continues to exist with the other names.
+*/
+       (filename))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+  filename = Fexpand_file_name (filename, Qnil);
+
+  GCPRO1 (filename);
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (filename, Qdelete_file);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2 (handler, Qdelete_file, filename);
+
+  if (0 > unlink ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (filename)))
+    report_file_error ("Removing old name", list1 (filename));
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+static Lisp_Object
+internal_delete_file_1 (Lisp_Object ignore, Lisp_Object ignore2)
+{
+  return Qt;
+}
+
+/* Delete file FILENAME, returning 1 if successful and 0 if failed.  */
+
+int
+internal_delete_file (Lisp_Object filename)
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  return NILP (condition_case_1 (Qt, Fdelete_file, filename,
+				 internal_delete_file_1, Qnil));
+}
+
+DEFUN ("rename-file", Frename_file, 2, 3,
+       "fRename file: \nFRename %s to file: \np", /*
+Rename FILE as NEWNAME.  Both args strings.
+If file has names other than FILE, it continues to have those names.
+Signals a `file-already-exists' error if a file NEWNAME already exists
+unless optional third argument OK-IF-ALREADY-EXISTS is non-nil.
+A number as third arg means request confirmation if NEWNAME already exists.
+This is what happens in interactive use with M-x.
+*/
+       (filename, newname, ok_if_already_exists))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1, gcpro2;
+
+  GCPRO2 (filename, newname);
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+  CHECK_STRING (newname);
+  filename = Fexpand_file_name (filename, Qnil);
+  newname = Fexpand_file_name (newname, Qnil);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (filename, Qrename_file);
+  if (NILP (handler))
+    handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (newname, Qrename_file);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+  {
+    UNGCPRO;
+    return call4 (handler, Qrename_file,
+		  filename, newname, ok_if_already_exists);
+  }
+
+  /* When second argument is a directory, rename the file into it.
+     (rename-file "foo" "bar/") == (rename-file "foo" "bar/foo")
+   */
+  if (!NILP (Ffile_directory_p (newname)))
+    {
+      Lisp_Object args[3];
+      struct gcpro ngcpro1;
+      int i = 1;
+
+      args[0] = newname;
+      args[1] = Qnil; args[2] = Qnil;
+      NGCPRO1 (*args);
+      ngcpro1.nvars = 3;
+      if (XSTRING_BYTE (newname, XSTRING_LENGTH (newname) - 1) != '/')
+	args[i++] = build_string ("/");
+      args[i++] = Ffile_name_nondirectory (filename);
+      newname = Fconcat (i, args);
+      NUNGCPRO;
+    }
+
+  if (NILP (ok_if_already_exists)
+      || INTP (ok_if_already_exists))
+    barf_or_query_if_file_exists (newname, "rename to it",
+				  INTP (ok_if_already_exists), 0);
+
+/* Syncing with FSF 19.34.6 note: FSF does not have conditional code for
+   WINDOWSNT here; I've removed it.  --marcpa */
+
+    /* FSFmacs only calls rename() here under BSD 4.1, and calls
+       link() and unlink() otherwise, but that's bogus.  Sometimes
+       rename() succeeds where link()/unlink() fail, and we have
+       configure check for rename() and emulate using link()/unlink()
+       if necessary. */
+  if (0 > rename ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (filename),
+		  (char *) XSTRING_DATA (newname)))
+    {
+      if (errno == EXDEV)
+	{
+	  Fcopy_file (filename, newname,
+		      /* We have already prompted if it was an integer,
+			 so don't have copy-file prompt again.  */
+		      (NILP (ok_if_already_exists) ? Qnil : Qt),
+                      Qt);
+	  Fdelete_file (filename);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  report_file_error ("Renaming", list2 (filename, newname));
+	}
+    }
+  UNGCPRO;
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("add-name-to-file", Fadd_name_to_file, 2, 3,
+       "fAdd name to file: \nFName to add to %s: \np", /*
+Give FILE additional name NEWNAME.  Both args strings.
+Signals a `file-already-exists' error if a file NEWNAME already exists
+unless optional third argument OK-IF-ALREADY-EXISTS is non-nil.
+A number as third arg means request confirmation if NEWNAME already exists.
+This is what happens in interactive use with M-x.
+*/
+       (filename, newname, ok_if_already_exists))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.06. */
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1, gcpro2;
+
+  GCPRO2 (filename, newname);
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+  CHECK_STRING (newname);
+  filename = Fexpand_file_name (filename, Qnil);
+  newname = Fexpand_file_name (newname, Qnil);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (filename, Qadd_name_to_file);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    RETURN_UNGCPRO (call4 (handler, Qadd_name_to_file, filename,
+			   newname, ok_if_already_exists));
+
+  /* If the new name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (newname, Qadd_name_to_file);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    RETURN_UNGCPRO (call4 (handler, Qadd_name_to_file, filename,
+			   newname, ok_if_already_exists));
+
+  if (NILP (ok_if_already_exists)
+      || INTP (ok_if_already_exists))
+    barf_or_query_if_file_exists (newname, "make it a new name",
+				  INTP (ok_if_already_exists), 0);
+/* Syncing with FSF 19.34.6 note: FSF does not report a file error
+   on NT here. --marcpa */
+/* But FSF #defines link as sys_link which is supplied in nt.c. We can't do
+   that because sysfile.h defines sys_link depending on ENCAPSULATE_LINK.
+   Reverted to previous behavior pending a working fix. (jhar) */
+#if defined(WINDOWSNT)
+  /* Windows does not support this operation.  */
+  report_file_error ("Adding new name", Flist (2, &filename));
+#else /* not defined(WINDOWSNT) */
+
+  unlink ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (newname));
+  if (0 > link ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (filename),
+		(char *) XSTRING_DATA (newname)))
+    {
+      report_file_error ("Adding new name",
+			 list2 (filename, newname));
+    }
+#endif /* defined(WINDOWSNT) */
+
+  UNGCPRO;
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+#ifdef S_IFLNK
+DEFUN ("make-symbolic-link", Fmake_symbolic_link, 2, 3,
+       "FMake symbolic link to file: \nFMake symbolic link to file %s: \np", /*
+Make a symbolic link to FILENAME, named LINKNAME.  Both args strings.
+Signals a `file-already-exists' error if a file LINKNAME already exists
+unless optional third argument OK-IF-ALREADY-EXISTS is non-nil.
+A number as third arg means request confirmation if LINKNAME already exists.
+This happens for interactive use with M-x.
+*/
+       (filename, linkname, ok_if_already_exists))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.06.04. */
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1, gcpro2;
+
+  GCPRO2 (filename, linkname);
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+  CHECK_STRING (linkname);
+  /* If the link target has a ~, we must expand it to get
+     a truly valid file name.  Otherwise, do not expand;
+     we want to permit links to relative file names.  */
+  if (XSTRING_BYTE (filename, 0) == '~')
+    filename = Fexpand_file_name (filename, Qnil);
+  linkname = Fexpand_file_name (linkname, Qnil);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (filename, Qmake_symbolic_link);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    RETURN_UNGCPRO (call4 (handler, Qmake_symbolic_link, filename, linkname,
+			   ok_if_already_exists));
+
+  /* If the new link name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (linkname, Qmake_symbolic_link);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    RETURN_UNGCPRO (call4 (handler, Qmake_symbolic_link, filename,
+			   linkname, ok_if_already_exists));
+
+  if (NILP (ok_if_already_exists)
+      || INTP (ok_if_already_exists))
+    barf_or_query_if_file_exists (linkname, "make it a link",
+				  INTP (ok_if_already_exists), 0);
+
+  unlink ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (linkname));
+  if (0 > symlink ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (filename),
+		   (char *) XSTRING_DATA (linkname)))
+    {
+      report_file_error ("Making symbolic link",
+			 list2 (filename, linkname));
+    }
+  UNGCPRO;
+  return Qnil;
+}
+#endif /* S_IFLNK */
+
+#ifdef HPUX_NET
+
+DEFUN ("sysnetunam", Fsysnetunam, 2, 2, 0, /*
+Open a network connection to PATH using LOGIN as the login string.
+*/
+       (path, login))
+{
+  int netresult;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (path);
+  CHECK_STRING (login);
+
+  /* netunam, being a strange-o system call only used once, is not
+     encapsulated. */
+  {
+    char *path_ext;
+    char *login_ext;
+
+    GET_C_STRING_FILENAME_DATA_ALLOCA (path, path_ext);
+    GET_C_STRING_EXT_DATA_ALLOCA (login, FORMAT_OS, login_ext);
+
+    netresult = netunam (path_ext, login_ext);
+  }
+
+  if (netresult == -1)
+    return Qnil;
+  else
+    return Qt;
+}
+#endif /* HPUX_NET */
+
+DEFUN ("file-name-absolute-p", Ffile_name_absolute_p, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return t if file FILENAME specifies an absolute path name.
+On Unix, this is a name starting with a `/' or a `~'.
+*/
+       (filename))
+{
+  /* This function does not GC */
+  Bufbyte *ptr;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+  ptr = XSTRING_DATA (filename);
+  return (IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (*ptr) || *ptr == '~'
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+	  || (IS_DRIVE (*ptr) && ptr[1] == ':' && IS_DIRECTORY_SEP (ptr[2]))
+#endif
+	  ) ? Qt : Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Return nonzero if file FILENAME exists and can be executed.  */
+
+static int
+check_executable (char *filename)
+{
+#ifdef WINDOWSNT
+  struct stat st;
+  if (stat (filename, &st) < 0)
+    return 0;
+  return ((st.st_mode & S_IEXEC) != 0);
+#else /* not WINDOWSNT */
+#ifdef HAVE_EACCESS
+  return eaccess (filename, 1) >= 0;
+#else
+  /* Access isn't quite right because it uses the real uid
+     and we really want to test with the effective uid.
+     But Unix doesn't give us a right way to do it.  */
+  return access (filename, 1) >= 0;
+#endif /* HAVE_EACCESS */
+#endif /* not WINDOWSNT */
+}
+
+/* Return nonzero if file FILENAME exists and can be written.  */
+
+static int
+check_writable (CONST char *filename)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_EACCESS
+  return (eaccess (filename, 2) >= 0);
+#else
+  /* Access isn't quite right because it uses the real uid
+     and we really want to test with the effective uid.
+     But Unix doesn't give us a right way to do it.
+     Opening with O_WRONLY could work for an ordinary file,
+     but would lose for directories.  */
+  return (access (filename, 2) >= 0);
+#endif
+}
+
+DEFUN ("file-exists-p", Ffile_exists_p, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return t if file FILENAME exists.  (This does not mean you can read it.)
+See also `file-readable-p' and `file-attributes'.
+*/
+       (filename))
+{
+  /* This function can call lisp */
+  Lisp_Object abspath;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct stat statbuf;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+  abspath = Fexpand_file_name (filename, Qnil);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  GCPRO1 (abspath);
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (abspath, Qfile_exists_p);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2 (handler, Qfile_exists_p, abspath);
+
+  return stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (abspath), &statbuf) >= 0 ? Qt : Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("file-executable-p", Ffile_executable_p, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return t if FILENAME can be executed by you.
+For a directory, this means you can access files in that directory.
+*/
+       (filename))
+
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.10. */
+  Lisp_Object abspath;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+  abspath = Fexpand_file_name (filename, Qnil);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  GCPRO1 (abspath);
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (abspath, Qfile_executable_p);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2 (handler, Qfile_executable_p, abspath);
+
+  return check_executable ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (abspath)) ? Qt : Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("file-readable-p", Ffile_readable_p, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return t if file FILENAME exists and you can read it.
+See also `file-exists-p' and `file-attributes'.
+*/
+       (filename))
+{
+  /* This function can GC */
+  Lisp_Object abspath = Qnil;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+  GCPRO1 (abspath);
+
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+  abspath = Fexpand_file_name (filename, Qnil);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (abspath, Qfile_readable_p);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    RETURN_UNGCPRO (call2 (handler, Qfile_readable_p, abspath));
+
+#if defined(WINDOWSNT) || defined(__CYGWIN32__)
+  /* Under MS-DOS and Windows, open does not work for directories.  */
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (access (XSTRING_DATA (abspath), 0) == 0)
+    return Qt;
+  else
+    return Qnil;
+#else /* not WINDOWSNT */
+  {
+    int desc = interruptible_open ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (abspath), O_RDONLY | OPEN_BINARY, 0);
+    UNGCPRO;
+    if (desc < 0)
+      return Qnil;
+    close (desc);
+    return Qt;
+  }
+#endif /* not WINDOWSNT */
+}
+
+/* Having this before file-symlink-p mysteriously caused it to be forgotten
+   on the RT/PC.  */
+DEFUN ("file-writable-p", Ffile_writable_p, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return t if file FILENAME can be written or created by you.
+*/
+       (filename))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.10. */
+  Lisp_Object abspath, dir;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct stat statbuf;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+  abspath = Fexpand_file_name (filename, Qnil);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  GCPRO1 (abspath);
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (abspath, Qfile_writable_p);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2 (handler, Qfile_writable_p, abspath);
+
+  if (stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (abspath), &statbuf) >= 0)
+    return (check_writable ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (abspath))
+	    ? Qt : Qnil);
+
+
+  GCPRO1 (abspath);
+  dir = Ffile_name_directory (abspath);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  return (check_writable (!NILP (dir) ? (char *) XSTRING_DATA (dir)
+			  : "")
+	  ? Qt : Qnil);
+}
+
+DEFUN ("file-symlink-p", Ffile_symlink_p, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return non-nil if file FILENAME is the name of a symbolic link.
+The value is the name of the file to which it is linked.
+Otherwise returns nil.
+*/
+       (filename))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.10. */
+#ifdef S_IFLNK
+  char *buf;
+  int bufsize;
+  int valsize;
+  Lisp_Object val;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (filename);
+  filename = Fexpand_file_name (filename, Qnil);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  GCPRO1 (filename);
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (filename, Qfile_symlink_p);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2 (handler, Qfile_symlink_p, filename);
+
+  bufsize = 100;
+  while (1)
+    {
+      buf = xnew_array_and_zero (char, bufsize);
+      valsize = readlink ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (filename),
+			  buf, bufsize);
+      if (valsize < bufsize) break;
+      /* Buffer was not long enough */
+      xfree (buf);
+      bufsize *= 2;
+    }
+  if (valsize == -1)
+    {
+      xfree (buf);
+      return Qnil;
+    }
+  val = make_string ((Bufbyte *) buf, valsize);
+  xfree (buf);
+  return val;
+#else /* not S_IFLNK */
+  return Qnil;
+#endif /* not S_IFLNK */
+}
+
+DEFUN ("file-directory-p", Ffile_directory_p, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return t if file FILENAME is the name of a directory as a file.
+A directory name spec may be given instead; then the value is t
+if the directory so specified exists and really is a directory.
+*/
+       (filename))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.10. */
+  Lisp_Object abspath;
+  struct stat st;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  GCPRO1 (current_buffer->directory);
+  abspath = expand_and_dir_to_file (filename,
+				    current_buffer->directory);
+  UNGCPRO;
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  GCPRO1 (abspath);
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (abspath, Qfile_directory_p);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2 (handler, Qfile_directory_p, abspath);
+
+  if (stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (abspath), &st) < 0)
+    return Qnil;
+  return (st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR ? Qt : Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("file-accessible-directory-p", Ffile_accessible_directory_p, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return t if file FILENAME is the name of a directory as a file,
+and files in that directory can be opened by you.  In order to use a
+directory as a buffer's current directory, this predicate must return true.
+A directory name spec may be given instead; then the value is t
+if the directory so specified exists and really is a readable and
+searchable directory.
+*/
+       (filename))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.10. */
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (filename, Qfile_accessible_directory_p);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2 (handler, Qfile_accessible_directory_p,
+		  filename);
+
+#if !defined(WINDOWSNT)
+  if (NILP (Ffile_directory_p (filename)))
+      return (Qnil);
+  else
+    return Ffile_executable_p (filename);
+#else
+  {
+    int tem;
+    struct gcpro gcpro1;
+    /* It's an unlikely combination, but yes we really do need to gcpro:
+       Suppose that file-accessible-directory-p has no handler, but
+       file-directory-p does have a handler; this handler causes a GC which
+       relocates the string in `filename'; and finally file-directory-p
+       returns non-nil.  Then we would end up passing a garbaged string
+       to file-executable-p.  */
+    GCPRO1 (filename);
+    tem = (NILP (Ffile_directory_p (filename))
+	   || NILP (Ffile_executable_p (filename)));
+    UNGCPRO;
+    return tem ? Qnil : Qt;
+  }
+#endif /* !defined(WINDOWSNT) */
+}
+
+DEFUN ("file-regular-p", Ffile_regular_p, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return t if file FILENAME is the name of a regular file.
+This is the sort of file that holds an ordinary stream of data bytes.
+*/
+       (filename))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.10. */
+  Lisp_Object abspath;
+  struct stat st;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  GCPRO1 (current_buffer->directory);
+  abspath = expand_and_dir_to_file (filename, current_buffer->directory);
+  UNGCPRO;
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  GCPRO1 (abspath);
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (abspath, Qfile_regular_p);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2 (handler, Qfile_regular_p, abspath);
+
+  if (stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (abspath), &st) < 0)
+    return Qnil;
+  return (st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFREG ? Qt : Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("file-modes", Ffile_modes, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return mode bits of FILE, as an integer.
+*/
+       (filename))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.10. */
+  Lisp_Object abspath;
+  struct stat st;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  GCPRO1 (current_buffer->directory);
+  abspath = expand_and_dir_to_file (filename,
+				    current_buffer->directory);
+  UNGCPRO;
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  GCPRO1 (abspath);
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (abspath, Qfile_modes);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2 (handler, Qfile_modes, abspath);
+
+  if (stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (abspath), &st) < 0)
+    return Qnil;
+  /* Syncing with FSF 19.34.6 note: not in FSF, #if 0'ed out here. */
+#if 0
+#ifdef DOS_NT
+  if (check_executable (XSTRING_DATA (abspath)))
+    st.st_mode |= S_IEXEC;
+#endif /* DOS_NT */
+#endif /* 0 */
+
+  return make_int (st.st_mode & 07777);
+}
+
+DEFUN ("set-file-modes", Fset_file_modes, 2, 2, 0, /*
+Set mode bits of FILE to MODE (an integer).
+Only the 12 low bits of MODE are used.
+*/
+       (filename, mode))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.10. */
+  Lisp_Object abspath;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  GCPRO1 (current_buffer->directory);
+  abspath = Fexpand_file_name (filename, current_buffer->directory);
+  UNGCPRO;
+
+  CHECK_INT (mode);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  GCPRO1 (abspath);
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (abspath, Qset_file_modes);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call3 (handler, Qset_file_modes, abspath, mode);
+
+  if (chmod ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (abspath), XINT (mode)) < 0)
+    report_file_error ("Doing chmod", list1 (abspath));
+
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("set-default-file-modes", Fset_default_file_modes, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Set the file permission bits for newly created files.
+MASK should be an integer; if a permission's bit in MASK is 1,
+subsequently created files will not have that permission enabled.
+Only the low 9 bits are used.
+This setting is inherited by subprocesses.
+*/
+       (mode))
+{
+  CHECK_INT (mode);
+
+  umask ((~ XINT (mode)) & 0777);
+
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("default-file-modes", Fdefault_file_modes, 0, 0, 0, /*
+Return the default file protection for created files.
+The umask value determines which permissions are enabled in newly
+created files.  If a permission's bit in the umask is 1, subsequently
+created files will not have that permission enabled.
+*/
+       ())
+{
+  int mode;
+
+  mode = umask (0);
+  umask (mode);
+
+  return make_int ((~ mode) & 0777);
+}
+
+DEFUN ("unix-sync", Funix_sync, 0, 0, "", /*
+Tell Unix to finish all pending disk updates.
+*/
+       ())
+{
+#ifndef WINDOWSNT
+  sync ();
+#endif
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+
+DEFUN ("file-newer-than-file-p", Ffile_newer_than_file_p, 2, 2, 0, /*
+Return t if file FILE1 is newer than file FILE2.
+If FILE1 does not exist, the answer is nil;
+otherwise, if FILE2 does not exist, the answer is t.
+*/
+       (file1, file2))
+{
+  /* This function can GC.  GC checked 1997.04.10. */
+  Lisp_Object abspath1, abspath2;
+  struct stat st;
+  int mtime1;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1, gcpro2, gcpro3;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (file1);
+  CHECK_STRING (file2);
+
+  abspath1 = Qnil;
+  abspath2 = Qnil;
+
+  GCPRO3 (abspath1, abspath2, current_buffer->directory);
+  abspath1 = expand_and_dir_to_file (file1, current_buffer->directory);
+  abspath2 = expand_and_dir_to_file (file2, current_buffer->directory);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (abspath1, Qfile_newer_than_file_p);
+  if (NILP (handler))
+    handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (abspath2, Qfile_newer_than_file_p);
+  UNGCPRO;
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call3 (handler, Qfile_newer_than_file_p, abspath1,
+		  abspath2);
+
+  if (stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (abspath1), &st) < 0)
+    return Qnil;
+
+  mtime1 = st.st_mtime;
+
+  if (stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (abspath2), &st) < 0)
+    return Qt;
+
+  return (mtime1 > st.st_mtime) ? Qt : Qnil;
+}
+
+
+/* Stack sizes > 2**16 is a good way to elicit compiler bugs */
+/* #define READ_BUF_SIZE (2 << 16) */
+#define READ_BUF_SIZE (1 << 15)
+
+DEFUN ("insert-file-contents-internal", Finsert_file_contents_internal,
+       1, 7, 0, /*
+Insert contents of file FILENAME after point; no coding-system frobbing.
+This function is identical to `insert-file-contents' except for the
+handling of the CODESYS and USED-CODESYS arguments under
+XEmacs/Mule. (When Mule support is not present, both functions are
+identical and ignore the CODESYS and USED-CODESYS arguments.)
+
+If support for Mule exists in this Emacs, the file is decoded according
+to CODESYS; if omitted, no conversion happens.  If USED-CODESYS is non-nil,
+it should be a symbol, and the actual coding system that was used for the
+decoding is stored into it.  It will in general be different from CODESYS
+if CODESYS specifies automatic encoding detection or end-of-line detection.
+
+Currently BEG and END refer to byte positions (as opposed to character
+positions), even in Mule. (Fixing this is very difficult.)
+*/
+       (filename, visit, beg, end, replace, codesys, used_codesys))
+{
+  /* This function can call lisp */
+  /* #### dmoore - this function hasn't been checked for gc recently */
+  struct stat st;
+  int fd;
+  int saverrno = 0;
+  Charcount inserted = 0;
+  int speccount;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1, gcpro2, gcpro3, gcpro4, gcpro5;
+  Lisp_Object handler = Qnil, val;
+  int total;
+  Bufbyte read_buf[READ_BUF_SIZE];
+  int mc_count;
+  struct buffer *buf = current_buffer;
+  Lisp_Object curbuf;
+  int not_regular = 0;
+
+  if (buf->base_buffer && ! NILP (visit))
+    error ("Cannot do file visiting in an indirect buffer");
+
+  /* No need to call Fbarf_if_buffer_read_only() here.
+     That's called in begin_multiple_change() or wherever. */
+
+  val = Qnil;
+
+  /* #### dmoore - should probably check in various places to see if
+     curbuf was killed and if so signal an error? */
+
+  XSETBUFFER (curbuf, buf);
+
+  GCPRO5 (filename, val, visit, handler, curbuf);
+
+  mc_count = (NILP (replace)) ?
+    begin_multiple_change (buf, BUF_PT  (buf), BUF_PT (buf)) :
+    begin_multiple_change (buf, BUF_BEG (buf), BUF_Z  (buf));
+
+  speccount = specpdl_depth (); /* begin_multiple_change also adds
+				   an unwind_protect */
+
+  filename = Fexpand_file_name (filename, Qnil);
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (filename, Qinsert_file_contents);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    {
+      val = call6 (handler, Qinsert_file_contents, filename,
+		   visit, beg, end, replace);
+      goto handled;
+    }
+
+#ifdef FILE_CODING
+  if (!NILP (used_codesys))
+    CHECK_SYMBOL (used_codesys);
+#endif
+
+  if ( (!NILP (beg) || !NILP (end)) && !NILP (visit) )
+    error ("Attempt to visit less than an entire file");
+
+  fd = -1;
+
+  if (
+#ifndef APOLLO
+      (stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (filename), &st) < 0)
+#else /* APOLLO */
+      /* Don't even bother with interruptible_open.  APOLLO sucks. */
+      ((fd = open ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (filename), O_RDONLY | OPEN_BINARY, 0)) < 0
+       || fstat (fd, &st) < 0)
+#endif /* APOLLO */
+      )
+    {
+      if (fd >= 0) close (fd);
+    badopen:
+      if (NILP (visit))
+	report_file_error ("Opening input file", list1 (filename));
+      st.st_mtime = -1;
+      goto notfound;
+    }
+
+#ifdef S_IFREG
+  /* Signal an error if we are accessing a non-regular file, with
+     REPLACE, BEG or END being non-nil.  */
+  if (!S_ISREG (st.st_mode))
+    {
+      not_regular = 1;
+
+      if (!NILP (visit))
+	goto notfound;
+
+      if (!NILP (replace) || !NILP (beg) || !NILP (end))
+	{
+	  end_multiple_change (buf, mc_count);
+
+	  return Fsignal (Qfile_error,
+			  list2 (build_translated_string("not a regular file"),
+				 filename));
+	}
+    }
+#endif /* S_IFREG */
+
+  if (!NILP (beg))
+    CHECK_INT (beg);
+  else
+    beg = Qzero;
+
+  if (!NILP (end))
+    CHECK_INT (end);
+
+  if (fd < 0)
+    {
+      if ((fd = interruptible_open ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (filename),
+				    O_RDONLY | OPEN_BINARY, 0)) < 0)
+	goto badopen;
+    }
+
+  /* Replacement should preserve point as it preserves markers.  */
+  if (!NILP (replace))
+    record_unwind_protect (restore_point_unwind, Fpoint_marker (Qnil, Qnil));
+
+  record_unwind_protect (close_file_unwind, make_int (fd));
+
+  /* Supposedly happens on VMS.  */
+  if (st.st_size < 0)
+    error ("File size is negative");
+
+  if (NILP (end))
+    {
+      if (!not_regular)
+	{
+	  end = make_int (st.st_size);
+	  if (XINT (end) != st.st_size)
+	    error ("Maximum buffer size exceeded");
+	}
+    }
+
+  /* If requested, replace the accessible part of the buffer
+     with the file contents.  Avoid replacing text at the
+     beginning or end of the buffer that matches the file contents;
+     that preserves markers pointing to the unchanged parts.  */
+#if !defined (FILE_CODING)
+  /* The replace-mode code currently only works when the assumption
+     'one byte == one char' holds true.  This fails Mule because
+     files may contain multibyte characters.  It holds under Windows NT
+     provided we convert CRLF into LF. */
+# define FSFMACS_SPEEDY_INSERT
+#endif /* !defined (FILE_CODING) */
+
+#ifndef FSFMACS_SPEEDY_INSERT
+  if (!NILP (replace))
+    {
+      buffer_delete_range (buf, BUF_BEG (buf), BUF_Z (buf),
+			   !NILP (visit) ? INSDEL_NO_LOCKING : 0);
+    }
+#else /* FSFMACS_SPEEDY_INSERT */
+  if (!NILP (replace))
+    {
+      char buffer[1 << 14];
+      Bufpos same_at_start = BUF_BEGV (buf);
+      Bufpos same_at_end = BUF_ZV (buf);
+      int overlap;
+
+      /* Count how many chars at the start of the file
+	 match the text at the beginning of the buffer.  */
+      while (1)
+	{
+	  int nread;
+	  Bufpos bufpos;
+	  nread = read_allowing_quit (fd, buffer, sizeof buffer);
+	  if (nread < 0)
+	    error ("IO error reading %s: %s",
+		   XSTRING_DATA (filename), strerror (errno));
+	  else if (nread == 0)
+	    break;
+	  bufpos = 0;
+	  while (bufpos < nread && same_at_start < BUF_ZV (buf)
+		 && BUF_FETCH_CHAR (buf, same_at_start) == buffer[bufpos])
+	    same_at_start++, bufpos++;
+	  /* If we found a discrepancy, stop the scan.
+	     Otherwise loop around and scan the next bufferful.  */
+	  if (bufpos != nread)
+	    break;
+	}
+      /* If the file matches the buffer completely,
+	 there's no need to replace anything.  */
+      if (same_at_start - BUF_BEGV (buf) == st.st_size)
+	{
+	  close (fd);
+          unbind_to (speccount, Qnil);
+	  /* Truncate the buffer to the size of the file.  */
+	  buffer_delete_range (buf, same_at_start, same_at_end,
+			       !NILP (visit) ? INSDEL_NO_LOCKING : 0);
+	  goto handled;
+	}
+      /* Count how many chars at the end of the file
+	 match the text at the end of the buffer.  */
+      while (1)
+	{
+	  int total_read, nread;
+	  Bufpos bufpos, curpos, trial;
+
+	  /* At what file position are we now scanning?  */
+	  curpos = st.st_size - (BUF_ZV (buf) - same_at_end);
+	  /* If the entire file matches the buffer tail, stop the scan.  */
+	  if (curpos == 0)
+	    break;
+	  /* How much can we scan in the next step?  */
+	  trial = min (curpos, (Bufpos) sizeof (buffer));
+	  if (lseek (fd, curpos - trial, 0) < 0)
+	    report_file_error ("Setting file position", list1 (filename));
+
+	  total_read = 0;
+	  while (total_read < trial)
+	    {
+	      nread = read_allowing_quit (fd, buffer + total_read,
+					  trial - total_read);
+	      if (nread <= 0)
+		report_file_error ("IO error reading file", list1 (filename));
+	      total_read += nread;
+	    }
+	  /* Scan this bufferful from the end, comparing with
+	     the Emacs buffer.  */
+	  bufpos = total_read;
+	  /* Compare with same_at_start to avoid counting some buffer text
+	     as matching both at the file's beginning and at the end.  */
+	  while (bufpos > 0 && same_at_end > same_at_start
+		 && BUF_FETCH_CHAR (buf, same_at_end - 1) ==
+		 buffer[bufpos - 1])
+	    same_at_end--, bufpos--;
+	  /* If we found a discrepancy, stop the scan.
+	     Otherwise loop around and scan the preceding bufferful.  */
+	  if (bufpos != 0)
+	    break;
+	  /* If display current starts at beginning of line,
+	     keep it that way.  */
+	  if (XBUFFER (XWINDOW (Fselected_window (Qnil))->buffer) == buf)
+	    XWINDOW (Fselected_window (Qnil))->start_at_line_beg =
+	      !NILP (Fbolp (make_buffer (buf)));
+	}
+
+      /* Don't try to reuse the same piece of text twice.  */
+      overlap = same_at_start - BUF_BEGV (buf) -
+	(same_at_end + st.st_size - BUF_ZV (buf));
+      if (overlap > 0)
+	same_at_end += overlap;
+
+      /* Arrange to read only the nonmatching middle part of the file.  */
+      beg = make_int (same_at_start - BUF_BEGV (buf));
+      end = make_int (st.st_size - (BUF_ZV (buf) - same_at_end));
+
+      buffer_delete_range (buf, same_at_start, same_at_end,
+			   !NILP (visit) ? INSDEL_NO_LOCKING : 0);
+      /* Insert from the file at the proper position.  */
+      BUF_SET_PT (buf, same_at_start);
+    }
+#endif /* FSFMACS_SPEEDY_INSERT */
+
+  if (!not_regular)
+    {
+      total = XINT (end) - XINT (beg);
+
+      /* Make sure point-max won't overflow after this insertion.  */
+      if (total != XINT (make_int (total)))
+	error ("Maximum buffer size exceeded");
+    }
+  else
+    /* For a special file, all we can do is guess.  The value of -1
+       will make the stream functions read as much as possible.  */
+    total = -1;
+
+  if (XINT (beg) != 0
+#ifdef FSFMACS_SPEEDY_INSERT
+      /* why was this here? asked jwz.  The reason is that the replace-mode
+	 connivings above will normally put the file pointer other than
+	 where it should be. */
+      || !NILP (replace)
+#endif /* !FSFMACS_SPEEDY_INSERT */
+      )
+    {
+      if (lseek (fd, XINT (beg), 0) < 0)
+	report_file_error ("Setting file position", list1 (filename));
+    }
+
+  {
+    Bufpos cur_point = BUF_PT (buf);
+    struct gcpro ngcpro1;
+    Lisp_Object stream = make_filedesc_input_stream (fd, 0, total,
+						     LSTR_ALLOW_QUIT);
+
+    NGCPRO1 (stream);
+    Lstream_set_buffering (XLSTREAM (stream), LSTREAM_BLOCKN_BUFFERED, 65536);
+#ifdef FILE_CODING
+    stream = make_decoding_input_stream
+      (XLSTREAM (stream), Fget_coding_system (codesys));
+    Lstream_set_character_mode (XLSTREAM (stream));
+    Lstream_set_buffering (XLSTREAM (stream), LSTREAM_BLOCKN_BUFFERED, 65536);
+#endif /* FILE_CODING */
+
+    record_unwind_protect (delete_stream_unwind, stream);
+
+    /* No need to limit the amount of stuff we attempt to read. (It would
+       be incorrect, anyway, when Mule is enabled.) Instead, the limiting
+       occurs inside of the filedesc stream. */
+    while (1)
+      {
+	ssize_t this_len;
+	Charcount cc_inserted;
+
+	QUIT;
+	this_len = Lstream_read (XLSTREAM (stream), read_buf,
+				 sizeof (read_buf));
+
+	if (this_len <= 0)
+	  {
+	    if (this_len < 0)
+	      saverrno = errno;
+	    break;
+	  }
+
+	cc_inserted = buffer_insert_raw_string_1 (buf, cur_point, read_buf,
+						  this_len,
+						  !NILP (visit)
+						  ? INSDEL_NO_LOCKING : 0);
+	inserted  += cc_inserted;
+	cur_point += cc_inserted;
+      }
+#ifdef FILE_CODING
+    if (!NILP (used_codesys))
+      {
+	Fset (used_codesys,
+	      XCODING_SYSTEM_NAME (decoding_stream_coding_system (XLSTREAM (stream))));
+      }
+#endif /* FILE_CODING */
+    NUNGCPRO;
+  }
+
+  /* Close the file/stream */
+  unbind_to (speccount, Qnil);
+
+  if (saverrno != 0)
+    {
+      error ("IO error reading %s: %s",
+	     XSTRING_DATA (filename), strerror (saverrno));
+    }
+
+ notfound:
+ handled:
+
+  end_multiple_change (buf, mc_count);
+
+  if (!NILP (visit))
+    {
+      if (!EQ (buf->undo_list, Qt))
+	buf->undo_list = Qnil;
+#ifdef APOLLO
+      stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (filename), &st);
+#endif
+      if (NILP (handler))
+	{
+	  buf->modtime = st.st_mtime;
+	  buf->filename = filename;
+	  /* XEmacs addition: */
+	  /* This function used to be in C, ostensibly so that
+	     it could be called here.  But that's just silly.
+	     There's no reason C code can't call out to Lisp
+	     code, and it's a lot cleaner this way. */
+	  if (!NILP (Ffboundp (Qcompute_buffer_file_truename)))
+	    call1 (Qcompute_buffer_file_truename, make_buffer (buf));
+	}
+      BUF_SAVE_MODIFF (buf) = BUF_MODIFF (buf);
+      buf->auto_save_modified = BUF_MODIFF (buf);
+      buf->saved_size = make_int (BUF_SIZE (buf));
+#ifdef CLASH_DETECTION
+      if (NILP (handler))
+	{
+	  if (!NILP (buf->file_truename))
+	    unlock_file (buf->file_truename);
+	  unlock_file (filename);
+	}
+#endif /* CLASH_DETECTION */
+      if (not_regular)
+	RETURN_UNGCPRO (Fsignal (Qfile_error,
+				 list2 (build_string ("not a regular file"),
+			         filename)));
+
+      /* If visiting nonexistent file, return nil.  */
+      if (buf->modtime == -1)
+	report_file_error ("Opening input file",
+			   list1 (filename));
+    }
+
+  /* Decode file format */
+  if (inserted > 0)
+    {
+      Lisp_Object insval = call3 (Qformat_decode,
+                                  Qnil, make_int (inserted), visit);
+      CHECK_INT (insval);
+      inserted = XINT (insval);
+    }
+
+  if (inserted > 0)
+    {
+      Lisp_Object p;
+      struct gcpro ngcpro1;
+
+      NGCPRO1 (p);
+      EXTERNAL_LIST_LOOP (p, Vafter_insert_file_functions)
+	{
+	  Lisp_Object insval =
+	    call1 (XCAR (p), make_int (inserted));
+	  if (!NILP (insval))
+	    {
+	      CHECK_NATNUM (insval);
+	      inserted = XINT (insval);
+	    }
+	  QUIT;
+	}
+      NUNGCPRO;
+    }
+
+  UNGCPRO;
+
+  if (!NILP (val))
+    return (val);
+  else
+    return (list2 (filename, make_int (inserted)));
+}
+
+
+static int a_write (Lisp_Object outstream, Lisp_Object instream, int pos,
+		    Lisp_Object *annot);
+static Lisp_Object build_annotations (Lisp_Object start, Lisp_Object end);
+
+/* If build_annotations switched buffers, switch back to BUF.
+   Kill the temporary buffer that was selected in the meantime.  */
+
+static Lisp_Object
+build_annotations_unwind (Lisp_Object buf)
+{
+  Lisp_Object tembuf;
+
+  if (XBUFFER (buf) == current_buffer)
+    return Qnil;
+  tembuf = Fcurrent_buffer ();
+  Fset_buffer (buf);
+  Fkill_buffer (tembuf);
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("write-region-internal", Fwrite_region_internal, 3, 7,
+       "r\nFWrite region to file: ", /*
+Write current region into specified file; no coding-system frobbing.
+This function is identical to `write-region' except for the handling
+of the CODESYS argument under XEmacs/Mule. (When Mule support is not
+present, both functions are identical and ignore the CODESYS argument.)
+If support for Mule exists in this Emacs, the file is encoded according
+to the value of CODESYS.  If this is nil, no code conversion occurs.
+*/
+       (start, end, filename, append, visit, lockname, codesys))
+{
+  /* This function can call lisp */
+  int desc;
+  int failure;
+  int save_errno = 0;
+  struct stat st;
+  Lisp_Object fn;
+  int speccount = specpdl_depth ();
+  int visiting_other = STRINGP (visit);
+  int visiting = (EQ (visit, Qt) || visiting_other);
+  int quietly = (!visiting && !NILP (visit));
+  Lisp_Object visit_file = Qnil;
+  Lisp_Object annotations = Qnil;
+  struct buffer *given_buffer;
+  Bufpos start1, end1;
+
+  /* #### dmoore - if Fexpand_file_name or handlers kill the buffer,
+     we should signal an error rather than blissfully continuing
+     along.  ARGH, this function is going to lose lose lose.  We need
+     to protect the current_buffer from being destroyed, but the
+     multiple return points make this a pain in the butt. */
+
+#ifdef FILE_CODING
+  codesys = Fget_coding_system (codesys);
+#endif /* FILE_CODING */
+
+  if (current_buffer->base_buffer && ! NILP (visit))
+    error ("Cannot do file visiting in an indirect buffer");
+
+  if (!NILP (start) && !STRINGP (start))
+    get_buffer_range_char (current_buffer, start, end, &start1, &end1, 0);
+
+  {
+    Lisp_Object handler;
+    struct gcpro gcpro1, gcpro2, gcpro3, gcpro4, gcpro5;
+
+    GCPRO5 (start, filename, visit, visit_file, lockname);
+
+    if (visiting_other)
+      visit_file = Fexpand_file_name (visit, Qnil);
+    else
+      visit_file = filename;
+    filename = Fexpand_file_name (filename, Qnil);
+
+    UNGCPRO;
+
+    if (NILP (lockname))
+      lockname = visit_file;
+
+    /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+       call the corresponding file handler.  */
+    handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (filename, Qwrite_region);
+    /* If FILENAME has no handler, see if VISIT has one.  */
+    if (NILP (handler) && STRINGP (visit))
+      handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (visit, Qwrite_region);
+
+    if (!NILP (handler))
+      {
+        Lisp_Object val = call8 (handler, Qwrite_region, start, end,
+                                 filename, append, visit, lockname, codesys);
+	if (visiting)
+	  {
+	    BUF_SAVE_MODIFF (current_buffer) = BUF_MODIFF (current_buffer);
+	    current_buffer->saved_size = make_int (BUF_SIZE (current_buffer));
+	    current_buffer->filename = visit_file;
+	    MARK_MODELINE_CHANGED;
+	  }
+	return val;
+      }
+  }
+
+#ifdef CLASH_DETECTION
+  if (!auto_saving)
+    {
+      Lisp_Object curbuf;
+      struct gcpro gcpro1, gcpro2, gcpro3, gcpro4, gcpro5;
+
+      XSETBUFFER (curbuf, current_buffer);
+      GCPRO5 (start, filename, visit_file, lockname, curbuf);
+      lock_file (lockname);
+      UNGCPRO;
+    }
+#endif /* CLASH_DETECTION */
+
+  /* Special kludge to simplify auto-saving.  */
+  if (NILP (start))
+    {
+      start1 = BUF_BEG (current_buffer);
+      end1 = BUF_Z (current_buffer);
+    }
+
+  record_unwind_protect (build_annotations_unwind, Fcurrent_buffer ());
+
+  given_buffer = current_buffer;
+  annotations = build_annotations (start, end);
+  if (current_buffer != given_buffer)
+    {
+      start1 = BUF_BEGV (current_buffer);
+      end1 = BUF_ZV (current_buffer);
+    }
+
+  fn = filename;
+  desc = -1;
+  if (!NILP (append))
+    {
+      desc = open ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (fn), O_WRONLY | OPEN_BINARY, 0);
+    }
+  if (desc < 0)
+    {
+      desc = open ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (fn),
+                   (O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CREAT | OPEN_BINARY),
+		   ((auto_saving) ? auto_save_mode_bits : CREAT_MODE));
+    }
+
+  if (desc < 0)
+    {
+#ifdef CLASH_DETECTION
+      save_errno = errno;
+      if (!auto_saving) unlock_file (lockname);
+      errno = save_errno;
+#endif /* CLASH_DETECTION */
+      report_file_error ("Opening output file", list1 (filename));
+    }
+
+  {
+    Lisp_Object desc_locative = Fcons (make_int (desc), Qnil);
+    Lisp_Object instream = Qnil, outstream = Qnil;
+    struct gcpro gcpro1, gcpro2;
+    /* need to gcpro; QUIT could happen out of call to write() */
+    GCPRO2 (instream, outstream);
+
+    record_unwind_protect (close_file_unwind, desc_locative);
+
+    if (!NILP (append))
+      {
+	if (lseek (desc, 0, 2) < 0)
+	  {
+#ifdef CLASH_DETECTION
+	    if (!auto_saving) unlock_file (lockname);
+#endif /* CLASH_DETECTION */
+	    report_file_error ("Lseek error",
+			       list1 (filename));
+	  }
+      }
+
+    failure = 0;
+
+    /* Note: I tried increasing the buffering size, along with
+       various other tricks, but nothing seemed to make much of
+       a difference in the time it took to save a large file.
+       (Actually that's not true.  With a local disk, changing
+       the buffer size doesn't seem to make much difference.
+       With an NFS-mounted disk, it could make a lot of difference
+       because you're affecting the number of network requests
+       that need to be made, and there could be a large latency
+       for each request.  So I've increased the buffer size
+       to 64K.) */
+    outstream = make_filedesc_output_stream (desc, 0, -1, 0);
+    Lstream_set_buffering (XLSTREAM (outstream),
+			   LSTREAM_BLOCKN_BUFFERED, 65536);
+#ifdef FILE_CODING
+    outstream =
+      make_encoding_output_stream (XLSTREAM (outstream), codesys);
+    Lstream_set_buffering (XLSTREAM (outstream),
+			   LSTREAM_BLOCKN_BUFFERED, 65536);
+#endif /* FILE_CODING */
+    if (STRINGP (start))
+      {
+	instream = make_lisp_string_input_stream (start, 0, -1);
+	start1 = 0;
+      }
+    else
+      instream = make_lisp_buffer_input_stream (current_buffer, start1, end1,
+						LSTR_SELECTIVE |
+						LSTR_IGNORE_ACCESSIBLE);
+    failure = (0 > (a_write (outstream, instream, start1,
+			     &annotations)));
+    save_errno = errno;
+    /* Note that this doesn't close the desc since we created the
+       stream without the LSTR_CLOSING flag, but it does
+       flush out any buffered data. */
+    if (Lstream_close (XLSTREAM (outstream)) < 0)
+      {
+	failure = 1;
+	save_errno = errno;
+      }
+    Lstream_close (XLSTREAM (instream));
+    UNGCPRO;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FSYNC
+    /* Note fsync appears to change the modtime on BSD4.2 (both vax and sun).
+       Disk full in NFS may be reported here.  */
+    /* mib says that closing the file will try to write as fast as NFS can do
+       it, and that means the fsync here is not crucial for autosave files.  */
+    if (!auto_saving && fsync (desc) < 0
+	/* If fsync fails with EINTR, don't treat that as serious.  */
+	&& errno != EINTR)
+      {
+	failure = 1;
+	save_errno = errno;
+      }
+#endif /* HAVE_FSYNC */
+
+    /* Spurious "file has changed on disk" warnings have been
+       observed on Suns as well.
+       It seems that `close' can change the modtime, under nfs.
+
+       (This has supposedly been fixed in Sunos 4,
+       but who knows about all the other machines with NFS?)  */
+    /* On VMS and APOLLO, must do the stat after the close
+       since closing changes the modtime.  */
+    /* As it does on Windows too - kkm */
+    /* The spurious warnings appear on Linux too.  Rather than handling
+       this on a per-system basis, unconditionally do the stat after the close - cgw */
+
+#if 0 /* !defined (WINDOWSNT) */  /* !defined (VMS) && !defined (APOLLO) */
+    fstat (desc, &st);
+#endif
+
+    /* NFS can report a write failure now.  */
+    if (close (desc) < 0)
+      {
+	failure = 1;
+	save_errno = errno;
+      }
+
+    /* Discard the close unwind-protect.  Execute the one for
+       build_annotations (switches back to the original current buffer
+       as necessary). */
+    XCAR (desc_locative) = Qnil;
+    unbind_to (speccount, Qnil);
+  }
+
+  /* # if defined (WINDOWSNT) */ /* defined (VMS) || defined (APOLLO) */
+  stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (fn), &st);
+  /* #endif */
+
+#ifdef CLASH_DETECTION
+  if (!auto_saving)
+    unlock_file (lockname);
+#endif /* CLASH_DETECTION */
+
+  /* Do this before reporting IO error
+     to avoid a "file has changed on disk" warning on
+     next attempt to save.  */
+  if (visiting)
+    current_buffer->modtime = st.st_mtime;
+
+  if (failure)
+    error ("IO error writing %s: %s",
+           XSTRING_DATA (fn),
+           strerror (save_errno));
+
+  if (visiting)
+    {
+      BUF_SAVE_MODIFF (current_buffer) = BUF_MODIFF (current_buffer);
+      current_buffer->saved_size = make_int (BUF_SIZE (current_buffer));
+      current_buffer->filename = visit_file;
+      MARK_MODELINE_CHANGED;
+    }
+  else if (quietly)
+    {
+      return Qnil;
+    }
+
+  if (!auto_saving)
+    {
+      if (visiting_other)
+        message ("Wrote %s", XSTRING_DATA (visit_file));
+      else
+	{
+	  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+	  Lisp_Object fsp;
+	  GCPRO1 (fn);
+
+	  fsp = Ffile_symlink_p (fn);
+	  if (NILP (fsp))
+	    message ("Wrote %s", XSTRING_DATA (fn));
+	  else
+	    message ("Wrote %s (symlink to %s)",
+		     XSTRING_DATA (fn), XSTRING_DATA (fsp));
+	  UNGCPRO;
+	}
+    }
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* #### This is such a load of shit!!!!  There is no way we should define
+   something so stupid as a subr, just sort the fucking list more
+   intelligently. */
+DEFUN ("car-less-than-car", Fcar_less_than_car, 2, 2, 0, /*
+Return t if (car A) is numerically less than (car B).
+*/
+       (a, b))
+{
+  Lisp_Object objs[2];
+  objs[0] = Fcar (a);
+  objs[1] = Fcar (b);
+  return Flss (2, objs);
+}
+
+/* Heh heh heh, let's define this too, just to aggravate the person who
+   wrote the above comment. */
+DEFUN ("cdr-less-than-cdr", Fcdr_less_than_cdr, 2, 2, 0, /*
+Return t if (cdr A) is numerically less than (cdr B).
+*/
+       (a, b))
+{
+  Lisp_Object objs[2];
+  objs[0] = Fcdr (a);
+  objs[1] = Fcdr (b);
+  return Flss (2, objs);
+}
+
+/* Build the complete list of annotations appropriate for writing out
+   the text between START and END, by calling all the functions in
+   write-region-annotate-functions and merging the lists they return.
+   If one of these functions switches to a different buffer, we assume
+   that buffer contains altered text.  Therefore, the caller must
+   make sure to restore the current buffer in all cases,
+   as save-excursion would do.  */
+
+static Lisp_Object
+build_annotations (Lisp_Object start, Lisp_Object end)
+{
+  /* This function can GC */
+  Lisp_Object annotations;
+  Lisp_Object p, res;
+  struct gcpro gcpro1, gcpro2;
+  Lisp_Object original_buffer;
+
+  XSETBUFFER (original_buffer, current_buffer);
+
+  annotations = Qnil;
+  p = Vwrite_region_annotate_functions;
+  GCPRO2 (annotations, p);
+  while (!NILP (p))
+    {
+      struct buffer *given_buffer = current_buffer;
+      Vwrite_region_annotations_so_far = annotations;
+      res = call2 (Fcar (p), start, end);
+      /* If the function makes a different buffer current,
+	 assume that means this buffer contains altered text to be output.
+	 Reset START and END from the buffer bounds
+	 and discard all previous annotations because they should have
+	 been dealt with by this function.  */
+      if (current_buffer != given_buffer)
+	{
+	  start = make_int (BUF_BEGV (current_buffer));
+	  end = make_int (BUF_ZV (current_buffer));
+	  annotations = Qnil;
+	}
+      Flength (res);     /* Check basic validity of return value */
+      annotations = merge (annotations, res, Qcar_less_than_car);
+      p = Fcdr (p);
+    }
+
+  /* Now do the same for annotation functions implied by the file-format */
+  if (auto_saving && (!EQ (Vauto_save_file_format, Qt)))
+    p = Vauto_save_file_format;
+  else
+    p = current_buffer->file_format;
+  while (!NILP (p))
+    {
+      struct buffer *given_buffer = current_buffer;
+      Vwrite_region_annotations_so_far = annotations;
+      res = call4 (Qformat_annotate_function, Fcar (p), start, end,
+		   original_buffer);
+      if (current_buffer != given_buffer)
+	{
+	  start = make_int (BUF_BEGV (current_buffer));
+	  end = make_int (BUF_ZV (current_buffer));
+	  annotations = Qnil;
+	}
+      Flength (res);
+      annotations = merge (annotations, res, Qcar_less_than_car);
+      p = Fcdr (p);
+    }
+  UNGCPRO;
+  return annotations;
+}
+
+/* Write to stream OUTSTREAM the characters from INSTREAM (it is read until
+   EOF is encountered), assuming they start at position POS in the buffer
+   of string that STREAM refers to.  Intersperse with them the annotations
+   from *ANNOT that fall into the range of positions we are reading from,
+   each at its appropriate position.
+
+   Modify *ANNOT by discarding elements as we output them.
+   The return value is negative in case of system call failure.  */
+
+/* 4K should probably be fine.  We just need to reduce the number of
+   function calls to reasonable level.  The Lstream stuff itself will
+   batch to 64K to reduce the number of system calls. */
+
+#define A_WRITE_BATCH_SIZE 4096
+
+static int
+a_write (Lisp_Object outstream, Lisp_Object instream, int pos,
+	 Lisp_Object *annot)
+{
+  Lisp_Object tem;
+  int nextpos;
+  unsigned char largebuf[A_WRITE_BATCH_SIZE];
+  Lstream *instr = XLSTREAM (instream);
+  Lstream *outstr = XLSTREAM (outstream);
+
+  while (LISTP (*annot))
+    {
+      tem = Fcar_safe (Fcar (*annot));
+      if (INTP (tem))
+	nextpos = XINT (tem);
+      else
+	nextpos = INT_MAX;
+#ifdef MULE
+      /* If there are annotations left and we have Mule, then we
+	 have to do the I/O one emchar at a time so we can
+	 determine when to insert the annotation. */
+      if (!NILP (*annot))
+	{
+	  Emchar ch;
+	  while (pos != nextpos && (ch = Lstream_get_emchar (instr)) != EOF)
+	    {
+	      if (Lstream_put_emchar (outstr, ch) < 0)
+		return -1;
+	      pos++;
+	    }
+	}
+      else
+#endif /* MULE */
+	{
+	  while (pos != nextpos)
+	    {
+	      /* Otherwise there is no point to that.  Just go in batches. */
+	      int chunk = min (nextpos - pos, A_WRITE_BATCH_SIZE);
+
+	      chunk = Lstream_read (instr, largebuf, chunk);
+	      if (chunk < 0)
+		return -1;
+	      if (chunk == 0) /* EOF */
+		break;
+	      if (Lstream_write (outstr, largebuf, chunk) < chunk)
+		return -1;
+	      pos += chunk;
+	    }
+	}
+      if (pos == nextpos)
+	{
+	  tem = Fcdr (Fcar (*annot));
+	  if (STRINGP (tem))
+	    {
+	      if (Lstream_write (outstr, XSTRING_DATA (tem),
+				 XSTRING_LENGTH (tem)) < 0)
+		return -1;
+	    }
+	  *annot = Fcdr (*annot);
+	}
+      else
+	return 0;
+    }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+
+
+#if 0
+#include <des_crypt.h>
+
+#define CRYPT_BLOCK_SIZE 8	/* bytes */
+#define CRYPT_KEY_SIZE 8	/* bytes */
+
+DEFUN ("encrypt-string", Fencrypt_string, 2, 2, 0, /*
+Encrypt STRING using KEY.
+*/
+       (string, key))
+{
+  char *encrypted_string, *raw_key;
+  int rounded_size, extra, key_size;
+
+  /* !!#### May produce bogus data under Mule. */
+  CHECK_STRING (string);
+  CHECK_STRING (key);
+
+  extra = XSTRING_LENGTH (string) % CRYPT_BLOCK_SIZE;
+  rounded_size = XSTRING_LENGTH (string) + extra;
+  encrypted_string = alloca (rounded_size + 1);
+  memcpy (encrypted_string, XSTRING_DATA (string), XSTRING_LENGTH (string));
+  memset (encrypted_string + rounded_size - extra, 0, extra + 1);
+
+  key_size = min (CRYPT_KEY_SIZE, XSTRING_LENGTH (key))
+
+  raw_key = alloca (CRYPT_KEY_SIZE + 1);
+  memcpy (raw_key, XSTRING_DATA (key), key_size);
+  memset (raw_key + key_size, 0, (CRYPT_KEY_SIZE + 1) - key_size);
+
+  ecb_crypt (raw_key, encrypted_string, rounded_size,
+	     DES_ENCRYPT | DES_SW);
+  return make_string (encrypted_string, rounded_size);
+}
+
+DEFUN ("decrypt-string", Fdecrypt_string, 2, 2, 0, /*
+Decrypt STRING using KEY.
+*/
+       (string, key))
+{
+  char *decrypted_string, *raw_key;
+  int string_size, key_size;
+
+  CHECK_STRING (string);
+  CHECK_STRING (key);
+
+  string_size = XSTRING_LENGTH (string) + 1;
+  decrypted_string = alloca (string_size);
+  memcpy (decrypted_string, XSTRING_DATA (string), string_size);
+  decrypted_string[string_size - 1] = '\0';
+
+  key_size = min (CRYPT_KEY_SIZE, XSTRING_LENGTH (key))
+
+  raw_key = alloca (CRYPT_KEY_SIZE + 1);
+  memcpy (raw_key, XSTRING_DATA (key), key_size);
+  memset (raw_key + key_size, 0, (CRYPT_KEY_SIZE + 1) - key_size);
+
+
+  ecb_crypt (raw_key, decrypted_string, string_size, D | DES_SW);
+  return make_string (decrypted_string, string_size - 1);
+}
+#endif /* 0 */
+
+
+DEFUN ("verify-visited-file-modtime", Fverify_visited_file_modtime, 1, 1, 0, /*
+Return t if last mod time of BUF's visited file matches what BUF records.
+This means that the file has not been changed since it was visited or saved.
+*/
+       (buf))
+{
+  /* This function can call lisp */
+  struct buffer *b;
+  struct stat st;
+  Lisp_Object handler;
+
+  CHECK_BUFFER (buf);
+  b = XBUFFER (buf);
+
+  if (!STRINGP (b->filename)) return Qt;
+  if (b->modtime == 0) return Qt;
+
+  /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+     call the corresponding file handler.  */
+  handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (b->filename,
+                                     Qverify_visited_file_modtime);
+  if (!NILP (handler))
+    return call2 (handler, Qverify_visited_file_modtime, buf);
+
+  if (stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (b->filename), &st) < 0)
+    {
+      /* If the file doesn't exist now and didn't exist before,
+	 we say that it isn't modified, provided the error is a tame one.  */
+      if (errno == ENOENT || errno == EACCES || errno == ENOTDIR)
+	st.st_mtime = -1;
+      else
+	st.st_mtime = 0;
+    }
+  if (st.st_mtime == b->modtime
+      /* If both are positive, accept them if they are off by one second.  */
+      || (st.st_mtime > 0 && b->modtime > 0
+	  && (st.st_mtime == b->modtime + 1
+	      || st.st_mtime == b->modtime - 1)))
+    return Qt;
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("clear-visited-file-modtime", Fclear_visited_file_modtime, 0, 0, 0, /*
+Clear out records of last mod time of visited file.
+Next attempt to save will certainly not complain of a discrepancy.
+*/
+       ())
+{
+  current_buffer->modtime = 0;
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("visited-file-modtime", Fvisited_file_modtime, 0, 0, 0, /*
+Return the current buffer's recorded visited file modification time.
+The value is a list of the form (HIGH . LOW), like the time values
+that `file-attributes' returns.
+*/
+       ())
+{
+  return time_to_lisp ((time_t) current_buffer->modtime);
+}
+
+DEFUN ("set-visited-file-modtime", Fset_visited_file_modtime, 0, 1, 0, /*
+Update buffer's recorded modification time from the visited file's time.
+Useful if the buffer was not read from the file normally
+or if the file itself has been changed for some known benign reason.
+An argument specifies the modification time value to use
+\(instead of that of the visited file), in the form of a list
+\(HIGH . LOW) or (HIGH LOW).
+*/
+       (time_list))
+{
+  /* This function can call lisp */
+  if (!NILP (time_list))
+    {
+      time_t the_time;
+      lisp_to_time (time_list, &the_time);
+      current_buffer->modtime = (int) the_time;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Lisp_Object filename;
+      struct stat st;
+      Lisp_Object handler;
+      struct gcpro gcpro1, gcpro2, gcpro3;
+
+      GCPRO3 (filename, time_list, current_buffer->filename);
+      filename = Fexpand_file_name (current_buffer->filename, Qnil);
+
+      /* If the file name has special constructs in it,
+	 call the corresponding file handler.  */
+      handler = Ffind_file_name_handler (filename, Qset_visited_file_modtime);
+      UNGCPRO;
+      if (!NILP (handler))
+	/* The handler can find the file name the same way we did.  */
+	return call2 (handler, Qset_visited_file_modtime, Qnil);
+      else if (stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (filename), &st) >= 0)
+	current_buffer->modtime = st.st_mtime;
+    }
+
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+static Lisp_Object
+auto_save_error (Lisp_Object condition_object, Lisp_Object ignored)
+{
+  /* This function can call lisp */
+  if (gc_in_progress)
+    return Qnil;
+  /* Don't try printing an error message after everything is gone! */
+  if (preparing_for_armageddon)
+    return Qnil;
+  clear_echo_area (selected_frame (), Qauto_saving, 1);
+  Fding (Qt, Qauto_save_error, Qnil);
+  message ("Auto-saving...error for %s", XSTRING_DATA (current_buffer->name));
+  Fsleep_for (make_int (1));
+  message ("Auto-saving...error!for %s", XSTRING_DATA (current_buffer->name));
+  Fsleep_for (make_int (1));
+  message ("Auto-saving...error for %s", XSTRING_DATA (current_buffer->name));
+  Fsleep_for (make_int (1));
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+static Lisp_Object
+auto_save_1 (Lisp_Object ignored)
+{
+  /* This function can call lisp */
+  /* #### I think caller is protecting current_buffer? */
+  struct stat st;
+  Lisp_Object fn = current_buffer->filename;
+  Lisp_Object a  = current_buffer->auto_save_file_name;
+
+  if (!STRINGP (a))
+    return (Qnil);
+
+  /* Get visited file's mode to become the auto save file's mode.  */
+  if (STRINGP (fn) &&
+      stat ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (fn), &st) >= 0)
+    /* But make sure we can overwrite it later!  */
+    auto_save_mode_bits = st.st_mode | 0600;
+  else
+    /* default mode for auto-save files of buffers with no file is
+       readable by owner only.  This may annoy some small number of
+       people, but the alternative removes all privacy from email. */
+    auto_save_mode_bits = 0600;
+
+  return
+    /* !!#### need to deal with this 'escape-quoted everywhere */
+    Fwrite_region_internal (Qnil, Qnil, a, Qnil, Qlambda, Qnil,
+#ifdef MULE
+			    Qescape_quoted
+#else
+			    Qnil
+#endif
+			    );
+}
+
+static Lisp_Object
+auto_save_expand_name_error (Lisp_Object condition_object, Lisp_Object ignored)
+{
+  /* #### this function should spew an error message about not being
+     able to open the .saves file. */
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+static Lisp_Object
+auto_save_expand_name (Lisp_Object name)
+{
+  struct gcpro gcpro1;
+
+  /* note that caller did NOT gc protect name, so we do it. */
+  /* #### dmoore - this might not be necessary, if condition_case_1
+     protects it.  but I don't think it does. */
+  GCPRO1 (name);
+  RETURN_UNGCPRO (Fexpand_file_name (name, Qnil));
+}
+
+
+static Lisp_Object
+do_auto_save_unwind (Lisp_Object fd)
+{
+  close (XINT (fd));
+  return (fd);
+}
+
+static Lisp_Object
+do_auto_save_unwind_2 (Lisp_Object old_auto_saving)
+{
+  auto_saving = XINT (old_auto_saving);
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Fdo_auto_save() checks whether a GC is in progress when it is called,
+   and if so, tries to avoid touching lisp objects.
+
+   The only time that Fdo_auto_save() is called while GC is in progress
+   is if we're going down, as a result of an abort() or a kill signal.
+   It's fairly important that we generate autosave files in that case!
+ */
+
+DEFUN ("do-auto-save", Fdo_auto_save, 0, 2, "", /*
+Auto-save all buffers that need it.
+This is all buffers that have auto-saving enabled
+and are changed since last auto-saved.
+Auto-saving writes the buffer into a file
+so that your editing is not lost if the system crashes.
+This file is not the file you visited; that changes only when you save.
+Normally we run the normal hook `auto-save-hook' before saving.
+
+Non-nil first argument means do not print any message if successful.
+Non-nil second argument means save only current buffer.
+*/
+       (no_message, current_only))
+{
+  /* This function can call lisp */
+  struct buffer *b;
+  Lisp_Object tail, buf;
+  int auto_saved = 0;
+  int do_handled_files;
+  Lisp_Object oquit = Qnil;
+  Lisp_Object listfile = Qnil;
+  Lisp_Object old;
+  int listdesc = -1;
+  int speccount = specpdl_depth ();
+  struct gcpro gcpro1, gcpro2, gcpro3;
+
+  XSETBUFFER (old, current_buffer);
+  GCPRO3 (oquit, listfile, old);
+  check_quit (); /* make Vquit_flag accurate */
+  /* Ordinarily don't quit within this function,
+     but don't make it impossible to quit (in case we get hung in I/O).  */
+  oquit = Vquit_flag;
+  Vquit_flag = Qnil;
+
+  /* No further GCPRO needed, because (when it matters) all Lisp_Object
+     variables point to non-strings reached from Vbuffer_alist.  */
+
+  if (minibuf_level != 0 || preparing_for_armageddon)
+    no_message = Qt;
+
+  run_hook (Qauto_save_hook);
+
+  if (STRINGP (Vauto_save_list_file_name))
+    listfile = condition_case_1 (Qt,
+				 auto_save_expand_name,
+				 Vauto_save_list_file_name,
+				 auto_save_expand_name_error, Qnil);
+
+  /* Make sure auto_saving is reset. */
+  record_unwind_protect (do_auto_save_unwind_2, make_int (auto_saving));
+
+  auto_saving = 1;
+
+  /* First, save all files which don't have handlers.  If Emacs is
+     crashing, the handlers may tweak what is causing Emacs to crash
+     in the first place, and it would be a shame if Emacs failed to
+     autosave perfectly ordinary files because it couldn't handle some
+     ange-ftp'd file.  */
+  for (do_handled_files = 0; do_handled_files < 2; do_handled_files++)
+    {
+      for (tail = Vbuffer_alist;
+	   CONSP (tail);
+	   tail = XCDR (tail))
+	{
+	  buf = XCDR (XCAR (tail));
+	  b = XBUFFER (buf);
+
+	  if (!NILP (current_only)
+	      && b != current_buffer)
+	    continue;
+
+	  /* Don't auto-save indirect buffers.
+	     The base buffer takes care of it.  */
+	  if (b->base_buffer)
+	    continue;
+
+	  /* Check for auto save enabled
+	     and file changed since last auto save
+	     and file changed since last real save.  */
+	  if (STRINGP (b->auto_save_file_name)
+	      && BUF_SAVE_MODIFF (b) < BUF_MODIFF (b)
+	      && b->auto_save_modified < BUF_MODIFF (b)
+	      /* -1 means we've turned off autosaving for a while--see below.  */
+	      && XINT (b->saved_size) >= 0
+	      && (do_handled_files
+		  || NILP (Ffind_file_name_handler (b->auto_save_file_name,
+						    Qwrite_region))))
+	    {
+	      EMACS_TIME before_time, after_time;
+
+	      EMACS_GET_TIME (before_time);
+	      /* If we had a failure, don't try again for 20 minutes.  */
+	      if (!preparing_for_armageddon
+		  && b->auto_save_failure_time >= 0
+		  && (EMACS_SECS (before_time) - b->auto_save_failure_time <
+		      1200))
+		continue;
+
+	      if (!preparing_for_armageddon &&
+		  (XINT (b->saved_size) * 10
+		   > (BUF_Z (b) - BUF_BEG (b)) * 13)
+		  /* A short file is likely to change a large fraction;
+		     spare the user annoying messages.  */
+		  && XINT (b->saved_size) > 5000
+		  /* These messages are frequent and annoying for `*mail*'.  */
+		  && !NILP (b->filename)
+		  && NILP (no_message)
+		  && disable_auto_save_when_buffer_shrinks)
+		{
+		  /* It has shrunk too much; turn off auto-saving here.
+		     Unless we're about to crash, in which case auto-save it
+		     anyway.
+		     */
+		  message
+		    ("Buffer %s has shrunk a lot; auto save turned off there",
+		     XSTRING_DATA (b->name));
+		  /* Turn off auto-saving until there's a real save,
+		     and prevent any more warnings.  */
+		  b->saved_size = make_int (-1);
+		  if (!gc_in_progress)
+		    Fsleep_for (make_int (1));
+		  continue;
+		}
+	      set_buffer_internal (b);
+	      if (!auto_saved && NILP (no_message))
+		{
+		  static CONST unsigned char *msg
+		    = (CONST unsigned char *) "Auto-saving...";
+		  echo_area_message (selected_frame (), msg, Qnil,
+				     0, strlen ((CONST char *) msg),
+				     Qauto_saving);
+		}
+
+	      /* Open the auto-save list file, if necessary.
+		 We only do this now so that the file only exists
+		 if we actually auto-saved any files. */
+	      if (!auto_saved && STRINGP (listfile) && listdesc < 0)
+		{
+		  listdesc = open ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (listfile),
+				   O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CREAT | OPEN_BINARY,
+				   CREAT_MODE);
+
+		  /* Arrange to close that file whether or not we get
+		     an error. */
+		  if (listdesc >= 0)
+		    record_unwind_protect (do_auto_save_unwind,
+					   make_int (listdesc));
+		}
+
+	      /* Record all the buffers that we are auto-saving in
+		 the special file that lists them.  For each of
+		 these buffers, record visited name (if any) and
+		 auto save name.  */
+	      if (listdesc >= 0)
+		{
+		  CONST Extbyte *auto_save_file_name_ext;
+		  Extcount auto_save_file_name_ext_len;
+
+		  GET_STRING_FILENAME_DATA_ALLOCA
+		    (b->auto_save_file_name,
+		     auto_save_file_name_ext,
+		     auto_save_file_name_ext_len);
+		  if (!NILP (b->filename))
+		    {
+		      CONST Extbyte *filename_ext;
+		      Extcount filename_ext_len;
+
+		      GET_STRING_FILENAME_DATA_ALLOCA (b->filename,
+						       filename_ext,
+						       filename_ext_len);
+		      write (listdesc, filename_ext, filename_ext_len);
+		    }
+		  write (listdesc, "\n", 1);
+		  write (listdesc, auto_save_file_name_ext,
+			 auto_save_file_name_ext_len);
+		  write (listdesc, "\n", 1);
+		}
+
+	      /* dmoore - In a bad scenario we've set b=XBUFFER(buf)
+		 based on values in Vbuffer_alist.  auto_save_1 may
+		 cause lisp handlers to run.  Those handlers may kill
+		 the buffer and then GC.  Since the buffer is killed,
+		 it's no longer in Vbuffer_alist so it might get reaped
+		 by the GC.  We also need to protect tail. */
+	      /* #### There is probably a lot of other code which has
+		 pointers into buffers which may get blown away by
+		 handlers. */
+	      {
+		struct gcpro ngcpro1, ngcpro2;
+		NGCPRO2 (buf, tail);
+		condition_case_1 (Qt,
+				  auto_save_1, Qnil,
+				  auto_save_error, Qnil);
+		NUNGCPRO;
+	      }
+	      /* Handler killed our saved current-buffer!  Pick any. */
+	      if (!BUFFER_LIVE_P (XBUFFER (old)))
+		XSETBUFFER (old, current_buffer);
+
+	      set_buffer_internal (XBUFFER (old));
+	      auto_saved++;
+
+	      /* Handler killed their own buffer! */
+	      if (!BUFFER_LIVE_P(b))
+		continue;
+
+	      b->auto_save_modified = BUF_MODIFF (b);
+	      b->saved_size = make_int (BUF_SIZE (b));
+	      EMACS_GET_TIME (after_time);
+	      /* If auto-save took more than 60 seconds,
+		 assume it was an NFS failure that got a timeout.  */
+	      if (EMACS_SECS (after_time) - EMACS_SECS (before_time) > 60)
+		b->auto_save_failure_time = EMACS_SECS (after_time);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+  /* Prevent another auto save till enough input events come in.  */
+  if (auto_saved)
+    record_auto_save ();
+
+  /* If we didn't save anything into the listfile, remove the old
+     one because nothing needed to be auto-saved.  Do this afterwards
+     rather than before in case we get a crash attempting to autosave
+     (in that case we'd still want the old one around). */
+  if (listdesc < 0 && !auto_saved && STRINGP (listfile))
+    unlink ((char *) XSTRING_DATA (listfile));
+
+  /* Show "...done" only if the echo area would otherwise be empty. */
+  if (auto_saved && NILP (no_message)
+      && NILP (clear_echo_area (selected_frame (), Qauto_saving, 0)))
+    {
+      static CONST unsigned char *msg
+        = (CONST unsigned char *)"Auto-saving...done";
+      echo_area_message (selected_frame (), msg, Qnil, 0,
+			 strlen ((CONST char *) msg), Qauto_saving);
+    }
+
+  Vquit_flag = oquit;
+
+  RETURN_UNGCPRO (unbind_to (speccount, Qnil));
+}
+
+DEFUN ("set-buffer-auto-saved", Fset_buffer_auto_saved, 0, 0, 0, /*
+Mark current buffer as auto-saved with its current text.
+No auto-save file will be written until the buffer changes again.
+*/
+       ())
+{
+  current_buffer->auto_save_modified = BUF_MODIFF (current_buffer);
+  current_buffer->saved_size = make_int (BUF_SIZE (current_buffer));
+  current_buffer->auto_save_failure_time = -1;
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("clear-buffer-auto-save-failure", Fclear_buffer_auto_save_failure, 0, 0, 0, /*
+Clear any record of a recent auto-save failure in the current buffer.
+*/
+       ())
+{
+  current_buffer->auto_save_failure_time = -1;
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+DEFUN ("recent-auto-save-p", Frecent_auto_save_p, 0, 0, 0, /*
+Return t if buffer has been auto-saved since last read in or saved.
+*/
+       ())
+{
+  return (BUF_SAVE_MODIFF (current_buffer) <
+	  current_buffer->auto_save_modified) ? Qt : Qnil;
+}
+
+
+/************************************************************************/
+/*                            initialization                            */
+/************************************************************************/
+
+void
+syms_of_fileio (void)
+{
+  defsymbol (&Qexpand_file_name, "expand-file-name");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_truename, "file-truename");
+  defsymbol (&Qsubstitute_in_file_name, "substitute-in-file-name");
+  defsymbol (&Qdirectory_file_name, "directory-file-name");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_name_directory, "file-name-directory");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_name_nondirectory, "file-name-nondirectory");
+  defsymbol (&Qunhandled_file_name_directory, "unhandled-file-name-directory");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_name_as_directory, "file-name-as-directory");
+  defsymbol (&Qcopy_file, "copy-file");
+  defsymbol (&Qmake_directory_internal, "make-directory-internal");
+  defsymbol (&Qdelete_directory, "delete-directory");
+  defsymbol (&Qdelete_file, "delete-file");
+  defsymbol (&Qrename_file, "rename-file");
+  defsymbol (&Qadd_name_to_file, "add-name-to-file");
+  defsymbol (&Qmake_symbolic_link, "make-symbolic-link");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_exists_p, "file-exists-p");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_executable_p, "file-executable-p");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_readable_p, "file-readable-p");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_symlink_p, "file-symlink-p");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_writable_p, "file-writable-p");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_directory_p, "file-directory-p");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_regular_p, "file-regular-p");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_accessible_directory_p, "file-accessible-directory-p");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_modes, "file-modes");
+  defsymbol (&Qset_file_modes, "set-file-modes");
+  defsymbol (&Qfile_newer_than_file_p, "file-newer-than-file-p");
+  defsymbol (&Qinsert_file_contents, "insert-file-contents");
+  defsymbol (&Qwrite_region, "write-region");
+  defsymbol (&Qverify_visited_file_modtime, "verify-visited-file-modtime");
+  defsymbol (&Qset_visited_file_modtime, "set-visited-file-modtime");
+  defsymbol (&Qcar_less_than_car, "car-less-than-car"); /* Vomitous! */
+
+  defsymbol (&Qauto_save_hook, "auto-save-hook");
+  defsymbol (&Qauto_save_error, "auto-save-error");
+  defsymbol (&Qauto_saving, "auto-saving");
+
+  defsymbol (&Qformat_decode, "format-decode");
+  defsymbol (&Qformat_annotate_function, "format-annotate-function");
+
+  defsymbol (&Qcompute_buffer_file_truename, "compute-buffer-file-truename");
+  deferror (&Qfile_error, "file-error", "File error", Qio_error);
+  deferror (&Qfile_already_exists, "file-already-exists",
+	    "File already exists", Qfile_error);
+
+  DEFSUBR (Ffind_file_name_handler);
+
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_name_directory);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_name_nondirectory);
+  DEFSUBR (Funhandled_file_name_directory);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_name_as_directory);
+  DEFSUBR (Fdirectory_file_name);
+  DEFSUBR (Fmake_temp_name);
+  DEFSUBR (Fexpand_file_name);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_truename);
+  DEFSUBR (Fsubstitute_in_file_name);
+  DEFSUBR (Fcopy_file);
+  DEFSUBR (Fmake_directory_internal);
+  DEFSUBR (Fdelete_directory);
+  DEFSUBR (Fdelete_file);
+  DEFSUBR (Frename_file);
+  DEFSUBR (Fadd_name_to_file);
+#ifdef S_IFLNK
+  DEFSUBR (Fmake_symbolic_link);
+#endif /* S_IFLNK */
+#ifdef HPUX_NET
+  DEFSUBR (Fsysnetunam);
+#endif /* HPUX_NET */
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_name_absolute_p);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_exists_p);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_executable_p);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_readable_p);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_writable_p);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_symlink_p);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_directory_p);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_accessible_directory_p);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_regular_p);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_modes);
+  DEFSUBR (Fset_file_modes);
+  DEFSUBR (Fset_default_file_modes);
+  DEFSUBR (Fdefault_file_modes);
+  DEFSUBR (Funix_sync);
+  DEFSUBR (Ffile_newer_than_file_p);
+  DEFSUBR (Finsert_file_contents_internal);
+  DEFSUBR (Fwrite_region_internal);
+  DEFSUBR (Fcar_less_than_car); /* Vomitous! */
+  DEFSUBR (Fcdr_less_than_cdr); /* Yeah oh yeah bucko .... */
+#if 0
+  DEFSUBR (Fencrypt_string);
+  DEFSUBR (Fdecrypt_string);
+#endif
+  DEFSUBR (Fverify_visited_file_modtime);
+  DEFSUBR (Fclear_visited_file_modtime);
+  DEFSUBR (Fvisited_file_modtime);
+  DEFSUBR (Fset_visited_file_modtime);
+
+  DEFSUBR (Fdo_auto_save);
+  DEFSUBR (Fset_buffer_auto_saved);
+  DEFSUBR (Fclear_buffer_auto_save_failure);
+  DEFSUBR (Frecent_auto_save_p);
+}
+
+void
+vars_of_fileio (void)
+{
+  DEFVAR_LISP ("auto-save-file-format", &Vauto_save_file_format /*
+*Format in which to write auto-save files.
+Should be a list of symbols naming formats that are defined in `format-alist'.
+If it is t, which is the default, auto-save files are written in the
+same format as a regular save would use.
+*/ );
+  Vauto_save_file_format = Qt;
+
+  DEFVAR_LISP ("file-name-handler-alist", &Vfile_name_handler_alist /*
+*Alist of elements (REGEXP . HANDLER) for file names handled specially.
+If a file name matches REGEXP, then all I/O on that file is done by calling
+HANDLER.
+
+The first argument given to HANDLER is the name of the I/O primitive
+to be handled; the remaining arguments are the arguments that were
+passed to that primitive.  For example, if you do
+    (file-exists-p FILENAME)
+and FILENAME is handled by HANDLER, then HANDLER is called like this:
+    (funcall HANDLER 'file-exists-p FILENAME)
+The function `find-file-name-handler' checks this list for a handler
+for its argument.
+*/ );
+  Vfile_name_handler_alist = Qnil;
+
+  DEFVAR_LISP ("after-insert-file-functions", &Vafter_insert_file_functions /*
+A list of functions to be called at the end of `insert-file-contents'.
+Each is passed one argument, the number of bytes inserted.  It should return
+the new byte count, and leave point the same.  If `insert-file-contents' is
+intercepted by a handler from `file-name-handler-alist', that handler is
+responsible for calling the after-insert-file-functions if appropriate.
+*/ );
+  Vafter_insert_file_functions = Qnil;
+
+  DEFVAR_LISP ("write-region-annotate-functions",
+	       &Vwrite_region_annotate_functions /*
+A list of functions to be called at the start of `write-region'.
+Each is passed two arguments, START and END, as for `write-region'.
+It should return a list of pairs (POSITION . STRING) of strings to be
+effectively inserted at the specified positions of the file being written
+\(1 means to insert before the first byte written).  The POSITIONs must be
+sorted into increasing order.  If there are several functions in the list,
+the several lists are merged destructively.
+*/ );
+  Vwrite_region_annotate_functions = Qnil;
+
+  DEFVAR_LISP ("write-region-annotations-so-far",
+	       &Vwrite_region_annotations_so_far /*
+When an annotation function is called, this holds the previous annotations.
+These are the annotations made by other annotation functions
+that were already called.  See also `write-region-annotate-functions'.
+*/ );
+  Vwrite_region_annotations_so_far = Qnil;
+
+  DEFVAR_LISP ("inhibit-file-name-handlers", &Vinhibit_file_name_handlers /*
+A list of file name handlers that temporarily should not be used.
+This applies only to the operation `inhibit-file-name-operation'.
+*/ );
+  Vinhibit_file_name_handlers = Qnil;
+
+  DEFVAR_LISP ("inhibit-file-name-operation", &Vinhibit_file_name_operation /*
+The operation for which `inhibit-file-name-handlers' is applicable.
+*/ );
+  Vinhibit_file_name_operation = Qnil;
+
+  DEFVAR_LISP ("auto-save-list-file-name", &Vauto_save_list_file_name /*
+File name in which we write a list of all auto save file names.
+*/ );
+  Vauto_save_list_file_name = Qnil;
+
+  DEFVAR_BOOL ("disable-auto-save-when-buffer-shrinks",
+	       &disable_auto_save_when_buffer_shrinks /*
+If non-nil, auto-saving is disabled when a buffer shrinks too much.
+This is to prevent you from losing your edits if you accidentally
+delete a large chunk of the buffer and don't notice it until too late.
+Saving the buffer normally turns auto-save back on.
+*/ );
+  disable_auto_save_when_buffer_shrinks = 1;
+
+  DEFVAR_LISP ("directory-sep-char", &Vdirectory_sep_char /*
+Directory separator character for built-in functions that return file names.
+The value should be either ?/ or ?\\ (any other value is treated as ?\\).
+This variable affects the built-in functions only on Windows,
+on other platforms, it is initialized so that Lisp code can find out
+what the normal separator is.
+*/ );
+  Vdirectory_sep_char = make_char ('/');
+}