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+++ b/man/xemacs/programs.texi	Mon Aug 13 08:45:50 2007 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1717 @@
+
+@node Programs, Running, Text, Top
+@chapter Editing Programs
+@cindex Lisp
+@cindex C
+
+  Emacs has many commands designed to understand the syntax of programming
+languages such as Lisp and C.  These commands can:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Move over or kill balanced expressions or @dfn{sexps} (@pxref{Lists}).
+@item
+Move over or mark top-level balanced expressions (@dfn{defuns}, in Lisp;
+functions, in C).
+@item
+Show how parentheses balance (@pxref{Matching}).
+@item
+Insert, kill, or align comments (@pxref{Comments}).
+@item
+Follow the usual indentation conventions of the language
+(@pxref{Grinding}).
+@end itemize
+
+  The commands available for words, sentences, and paragraphs are useful in
+editing code even though their canonical application is for editing human
+language text.  Most symbols contain words (@pxref{Words}); sentences can
+be found in strings and comments (@pxref{Sentences}).  Paragraphs per se
+are not present in code, but the paragraph commands are useful anyway,
+because Lisp mode and C mode define paragraphs to begin and end at blank
+lines (@pxref{Paragraphs}).  Judicious use of blank lines to make the
+program clearer also provides interesting chunks of text for the
+paragraph commands to work on.
+
+  The selective display feature is useful for looking at the overall
+structure of a function (@pxref{Selective Display}).  This feature causes
+only the lines that are indented less than a specified amount to appear
+on the screen.
+
+@menu
+* Program Modes::       Major modes for editing programs.
+* Lists::               Expressions with balanced parentheses.
+                         There are editing commands to operate on them.
+* Defuns::              Each program is made up of separate functions.
+                         There are editing commands to operate on them.
+* Grinding::            Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
+* Matching::            Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
+* Comments::            Inserting, illing and aligning comments.
+* Balanced Editing::    Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc.
+* Lisp Completion::     Completion on symbol names in Lisp code.
+* Documentation::       Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
+* Change Log::          Maintaining a change history for your program.
+* Tags::                Go direct to any function in your program in one
+                         command.  Tags remembers which file it is in.
+* Fortran::		Fortran mode and its special features.
+* Asm Mode::            Asm mode and its special features.
+@end menu
+
+@node Program Modes, Lists, Programs, Programs
+@section Major Modes for Programming Languages
+
+@cindex Lisp mode
+@cindex C mode
+@cindex Scheme mode
+  Emacs has several major modes for the programming languages Lisp, Scheme (a
+variant of Lisp), C, Fortran, and Muddle.  Ideally, a major mode should be
+implemented for each programming language you might want to edit with
+Emacs; but often the mode for one language can serve for other
+syntactically similar languages.  The language modes that exist are those
+that someone decided to take the trouble to write.
+
+  There are several variants of Lisp mode, which differ in the way they
+interface to Lisp execution.  @xref{Lisp Modes}.
+
+  Each of the programming language modes defines the @key{TAB} key to run
+an indentation function that knows the indentation conventions of that
+language and updates the current line's indentation accordingly.  For
+example, in C mode @key{TAB} is bound to @code{c-indent-line}.  @key{LFD}
+is normally defined to do @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB}; thus it, too,
+indents in a mode-specific fashion.
+
+@kindex DEL
+@findex backward-delete-char-untabify
+  In most programming languages, indentation is likely to vary from line to
+line.  So the major modes for those languages rebind @key{DEL} to treat a
+tab as if it were the equivalent number of spaces (using the command
+@code{backward-delete-char-untabify}).  This makes it possible to rub out
+indentation one column at a time without worrying whether it is made up of
+spaces or tabs.  In these modes, use @kbd{C-b C-d} to delete a tab
+character before point. 
+
+  Programming language modes define paragraphs to be separated only by
+blank lines, so that the paragraph commands remain useful.  Auto Fill mode,
+if enabled in a programming language major mode, indents the new lines
+which it creates.
+
+@cindex mode hook
+@vindex c-mode-hook
+@vindex lisp-mode-hook
+@vindex emacs-lisp-mode-hook
+@vindex lisp-interaction-mode-hook
+@vindex scheme-mode-hook
+@vindex muddle-mode-hook
+  Turning on a major mode calls a user-supplied function called the
+@dfn{mode hook}, which is the value of a Lisp variable.  For example,
+turning on C mode calls the value of the variable @code{c-mode-hook} if
+that value exists and is non-@code{nil}.  Mode hook variables for other
+programming language modes include @code{lisp-mode-hook},
+@code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, @code{lisp-interaction-mode-hook},
+@code{scheme-mode-hook}, and @code{muddle-mode-hook}.  The mode hook
+function receives no arguments.@refill
+
+@node Lists, Defuns, Program Modes, Programs
+@section Lists and Sexps
+
+@cindex Control-Meta
+  By convention, Emacs keys for dealing with balanced expressions are
+usually @kbd{Control-Meta-} characters.  They tend to be analogous in
+function to their @kbd{Control-} and @kbd{Meta-} equivalents.  These commands
+are usually thought of as pertaining to expressions in programming
+languages, but can be useful with any language in which some sort of
+parentheses exist (including English).
+
+@cindex list
+@cindex sexp
+@cindex expression
+  The commands fall into two classes.  Some commands deal only with
+@dfn{lists} (parenthetical groupings).  They see nothing except
+parentheses, brackets, braces (depending on what must balance in the
+language you are working with), and escape characters that might be used
+to quote those.
+
+  The other commands deal with expressions or @dfn{sexps}.  The word `sexp'
+is derived from @dfn{s-expression}, the term for a symbolic expression in
+Lisp.  In Emacs, the notion of `sexp' is not limited to Lisp.  It
+refers to an expression in the language  your program is written in.
+Each programming language has its own major mode, which customizes the
+syntax tables so that expressions in that language count as sexps.
+
+  Sexps typically include symbols, numbers, and string constants, as well
+as anything contained in parentheses, brackets, or braces.
+
+  In languages that use prefix and infix operators, such as C, it is not
+possible for all expressions to be sexps.  For example, C mode does not
+recognize @samp{foo + bar} as an sexp, even though it @i{is} a C expression;
+it recognizes @samp{foo} as one sexp and @samp{bar} as another, with the
+@samp{+} as punctuation between them.  This is a fundamental ambiguity:
+both @samp{foo + bar} and @samp{foo} are legitimate choices for the sexp to
+move over if point is at the @samp{f}.  Note that @samp{(foo + bar)} is a
+sexp in C mode.
+
+  Some languages have obscure forms of syntax for expressions that nobody
+has bothered to make Emacs understand properly.
+
+@c doublewidecommands
+@table @kbd
+@item C-M-f
+Move forward over an sexp (@code{forward-sexp}).
+@item C-M-b
+Move backward over an sexp (@code{backward-sexp}).
+@item C-M-k
+Kill sexp forward (@code{kill-sexp}).
+@item C-M-u
+Move up and backward in list structure (@code{backward-up-list}).
+@item C-M-d
+Move down and forward in list structure (@code{down-list}).
+@item C-M-n
+Move forward over a list (@code{forward-list}).
+@item C-M-p
+Move backward over a list (@code{backward-list}).
+@item C-M-t
+Transpose expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}).
+@item C-M-@@
+Put mark after following expression (@code{mark-sexp}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-M-f
+@kindex C-M-b
+@findex forward-sexp
+@findex backward-sexp
+  To move forward over an sexp, use @kbd{C-M-f} (@code{forward-sexp}).  If
+the first significant character after point is an opening delimiter
+(@samp{(} in Lisp; @samp{(}, @samp{[}, or @samp{@{} in C), @kbd{C-M-f}
+moves past the matching closing delimiter.  If the character begins a
+symbol, string, or number, @kbd{C-M-f} moves over that.  If the character
+after point is a closing delimiter, @kbd{C-M-f} just moves past it.  (This
+last is not really moving across an sexp; it is an exception which is
+included in the definition of @kbd{C-M-f} because it is as useful a
+behavior as anyone can think of for that situation.)@refill
+
+  The command @kbd{C-M-b} (@code{backward-sexp}) moves backward over a
+sexp.  The detailed rules are like those above for @kbd{C-M-f}, but with
+directions reversed.  If there are any prefix characters (single quote,
+back quote, and comma, in Lisp) preceding the sexp, @kbd{C-M-b} moves back
+over them as well.
+
+  @kbd{C-M-f} or @kbd{C-M-b} with an argument repeats that operation the
+specified number of times; with a negative argument, it moves in the
+opposite direction.
+
+In languages such as C where the comment-terminator can be recognized,
+the sexp commands move across comments as if they were whitespace.  In
+Lisp and other languages where comments run until the end of a line, it
+is very difficult to ignore comments when parsing backwards; therefore,
+in such languages the sexp commands treat the text of comments as if it
+were code.
+
+@kindex C-M-k
+@findex kill-sexp
+  Killing an sexp at a time can be done with @kbd{C-M-k} (@code{kill-sexp}).
+@kbd{C-M-k} kills the characters that @kbd{C-M-f} would move over.
+
+@kindex C-M-n
+@kindex C-M-p
+@findex forward-list
+@findex backward-list
+  The @dfn{list commands}, @kbd{C-M-n} (@code{forward-list}) and
+@kbd{C-M-p} (@code{backward-list}), move over lists like the sexp
+commands but skip over any number of other kinds of sexps (symbols,
+strings, etc).  In some situations, these commands are useful because
+they usually ignore comments, since the comments usually do not contain
+any lists.@refill
+
+@kindex C-M-u
+@kindex C-M-d
+@findex backward-up-list
+@findex down-list
+  @kbd{C-M-n} and @kbd{C-M-p} stay at the same level in parentheses, when
+that is possible.  To move @i{up} one (or @var{n}) levels, use @kbd{C-M-u}
+(@code{backward-up-list}).
+@kbd{C-M-u} moves backward up past one unmatched opening delimiter.  A
+positive argument serves as a repeat count; a negative argument reverses
+direction of motion and also requests repetition, so it moves forward and
+up one or more levels.@refill
+
+  To move @i{down} in list structure, use @kbd{C-M-d}
+(@code{down-list}).  In Lisp mode, where @samp{(} is the only opening
+delimiter, this is nearly the same as searching for a @samp{(}.  An
+argument specifies the number of levels of parentheses to go down.
+
+@cindex transposition
+@kindex C-M-t
+@findex transpose-sexps
+@kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}) drags the previous sexp across
+the next one.  An argument serves as a repeat count, and a negative
+argument drags backwards (thus canceling out the effect of @kbd{C-M-t} with
+a positive argument).  An argument of zero, rather than doing nothing,
+transposes the sexps ending after point and the mark.
+
+@kindex C-M-@@
+@findex mark-sexp
+  To make the region be the next sexp in the buffer, use @kbd{C-M-@@}
+(@code{mark-sexp}) which sets the mark at the same place that
+@kbd{C-M-f} would move to.  @kbd{C-M-@@} takes arguments like
+@kbd{C-M-f}.  In particular, a negative argument is useful for putting
+the mark at the beginning of the previous sexp.
+
+  The list and sexp commands' understanding of syntax is completely
+controlled by the syntax table.  Any character can, for example, be
+declared to be an opening delimiter and act like an open parenthesis.
+@xref{Syntax}.
+
+@node Defuns, Grinding, Lists, Programs
+@section Defuns
+@cindex defuns
+
+  In Emacs, a parenthetical grouping at the top level in the buffer is
+called a @dfn{defun}.  The name derives from the fact that most
+top-level lists in Lisp are instances of the special form
+@code{defun}, but Emacs calls any top-level parenthetical
+grouping counts a defun regardless of its contents or
+the programming language.  For example, in C, the body of a
+function definition is a defun.
+
+@c doublewidecommands
+@table @kbd
+@item C-M-a
+Move to beginning of current or preceding defun
+(@code{beginning-of-defun}).
+@item C-M-e
+Move to end of current or following defun (@code{end-of-defun}).
+@item C-M-h
+Put region around whole current or following defun (@code{mark-defun}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-M-a
+@kindex C-M-e
+@kindex C-M-h
+@findex beginning-of-defun
+@findex end-of-defun
+@findex mark-defun
+  The commands to move to the beginning and end of the current defun are
+@kbd{C-M-a} (@code{beginning-of-defun}) and @kbd{C-M-e} (@code{end-of-defun}).
+
+   To operate on the current defun, use @kbd{C-M-h} (@code{mark-defun})
+which puts point at the beginning and the mark at the end of the current
+or next defun.  This is the easiest way to prepare for moving the defun
+to a different place.  In C mode, @kbd{C-M-h} runs the function
+@code{mark-c-function}, which is almost the same as @code{mark-defun},
+but which backs up over the argument declarations, function name, and
+returned data type so that the entire C function is inside the region.
+
+@findex compile-defun
+To compile and evaluate the current defun, use @kbd{M-x compile-defun}. 
+This function prints the results in the minibuffer. If you include an 
+argument, it inserts the value in the current buffer after the defun.
+
+  Emacs assumes that any open-parenthesis found in the leftmost column is
+the start of a defun.  Therefore, @i{never put an open-parenthesis at the
+left margin in a Lisp file unless it is the start of a top level list.
+Never put an open-brace or other opening delimiter at the beginning of a
+line of C code unless it starts the body of a function.}  The most likely
+problem case is when you want an opening delimiter at the start of a line
+inside a string.  To avoid trouble, put an escape character (@samp{\} in C
+and Emacs Lisp, @samp{/} in some other Lisp dialects) before the opening
+delimiter.  It will not affect the contents of the string.
+
+  The original Emacs found defuns by moving upward a
+level of parentheses until there were no more levels to go up.  This
+required scanning back to the beginning of the buffer for every
+function.  To speed this up, Emacs was changed to assume
+that any @samp{(} (or other character assigned the syntactic class of
+opening-delimiter) at the left margin is the start of a defun.  This
+heuristic is nearly always right; however, it mandates the convention 
+described above.
+
+@node Grinding, Matching, Defuns, Programs
+@section Indentation for Programs
+@cindex indentation
+@cindex grinding
+
+  The best way to keep a program properly indented (``ground'') is to
+use Emacs to re-indent it as you change the program.  Emacs has commands
+to indent properly either a single line, a specified number of lines, or
+all of the lines inside a single parenthetical grouping.
+
+@menu
+* Basic Indent::
+* Multi-line Indent::   Commands to reindent many lines at once.
+* Lisp Indent::		Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
+* C Indent::		Choosing an indentation style for C code.
+@end menu
+
+@node Basic Indent, Multi-line Indent, Grinding, Grinding
+@subsection Basic Program Indentation Commands
+
+@c WideCommands
+@table @kbd
+@item @key{TAB}
+Adjust indentation of current line.
+@item @key{LFD}
+Equivalent to @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex TAB
+@findex c-indent-line
+@findex lisp-indent-line
+  The basic indentation command is @key{TAB}, which gives the current
+line the correct indentation as determined from the previous lines.  The
+function that @key{TAB} runs depends on the major mode; it is
+@code{lisp-indent-line} in Lisp mode, @code{c-indent-line} in C mode,
+etc.  These functions understand different syntaxes for different
+languages, but they all do about the same thing.  @key{TAB} in any
+programming language major mode inserts or deletes whitespace at the
+beginning of the current line, independent of where point is in the
+line.  If point is inside the whitespace at the beginning of the line,
+@key{TAB} leaves it at the end of that whitespace; otherwise, @key{TAB}
+leaves point fixed with respect to the characters around it.
+
+  Use @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to insert a tab at point.
+
+@kindex LFD
+@findex newline-and-indent
+  When entering a large amount of new code, use @key{LFD}
+(@code{newline-and-indent}), which is equivalent to a @key{RET} followed
+by a @key{TAB}.  @key{LFD} creates a blank line, then gives it the
+appropriate indentation.
+
+  @key{TAB} indents the second and following lines of the body of a
+parenthetical grouping each under the preceding one; therefore, if you
+alter one line's indentation to be nonstandard, the lines below tend
+to follow it.  This is the right behavior in cases where the standard
+result of @key{TAB} does not look good.
+
+  Remember that Emacs assumes that an open-parenthesis, open-brace, or
+other opening delimiter at the left margin (including the indentation
+routines) is the start of a function.  You should therefore never have
+an opening delimiter in column zero that is not the beginning of a
+function, not even inside a string.  This restriction is vital for
+making the indentation commands fast. @xref{Defuns}, for more
+information on this behavior.
+
+@node Multi-line Indent, Lisp Indent, Basic Indent, Grinding
+@subsection Indenting Several Lines
+
+  Several commands are available to re-indent several lines of code
+which have been altered or moved to a different level in a list
+structure.
+
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-M-q
+Re-indent all the lines within one list (@code{indent-sexp}).
+@item C-u @key{TAB}
+Shift an entire list rigidly sideways so that its first line
+is properly indented.
+@item C-M-\
+Re-indent all lines in the region (@code{indent-region}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-M-q
+@findex indent-sexp
+@findex indent-c-exp
+ To re-indent the contents of a single list, position point before the
+beginning of it and type @kbd{C-M-q}. This key is bound to
+@code{indent-sexp} in Lisp mode, @code{indent-c-exp} in C mode, and
+bound to other suitable functions in other modes.  The indentation of
+the line the sexp starts on is not changed; therefore, only the relative
+indentation within the list, and not its position, is changed.  To
+correct the position as well, type a @key{TAB} before @kbd{C-M-q}.
+
+@kindex C-u TAB
+  If the relative indentation within a list is correct but the
+indentation of its beginning is not, go to the line on which the list
+begins and type @kbd{C-u @key{TAB}}.  When you give @key{TAB} a numeric
+argument, it moves all the lines in the group, starting on the current
+line, sideways the same amount that the current line moves.  The command
+does not move lines that start inside strings, or C
+preprocessor lines when in C mode.
+
+@kindex C-M-\
+@findex indent-region
+  Another way to specify a range to be re-indented is with point and
+mark.  The command @kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) applies @key{TAB}
+to every line whose first character is between point and mark.
+
+@node Lisp Indent, C Indent, Multi-line Indent, Grinding
+@subsection Customizing Lisp Indentation
+@cindex customization
+
+  The indentation pattern for a Lisp expression can depend on the function
+called by the expression.  For each Lisp function, you can choose among
+several predefined patterns of indentation, or define an arbitrary one with
+a Lisp program.
+
+  The standard pattern of indentation is as follows: the second line of the
+expression is indented under the first argument, if that is on the same
+line as the beginning of the expression; otherwise, the second line is
+indented underneath the function name.  Each following line is indented
+under the previous line whose nesting depth is the same.
+
+@vindex lisp-indent-offset
+  If the variable @code{lisp-indent-offset} is non-@code{nil}, it overrides
+the usual indentation pattern for the second line of an expression, so that
+such lines are always indented @code{lisp-indent-offset} more columns than
+the containing list.
+
+@vindex lisp-body-indention
+  Certain functions override the standard pattern.  Functions
+whose names start with @code{def} always indent the second line by
+@code{lisp-body-indention} extra columns beyond the open-parenthesis
+starting the expression.
+
+  Individual functions can override the standard pattern in various
+ways, according to the @code{lisp-indent-function} property of the
+function name.  (Note: @code{lisp-indent-function} was formerly called
+@code{lisp-indent-hook}).  There are four possibilities for this
+property:
+
+@table @asis
+@item @code{nil}
+This is the same as no property; the standard indentation pattern is used.
+@item @code{defun}
+The pattern used for function names that start with @code{def} is used for
+this function also.
+@item a number, @var{number}
+The first @var{number} arguments of the function are
+@dfn{distinguished} arguments; the rest are considered the @dfn{body}
+of the expression.  A line in the expression is indented according to
+whether the first argument on it is distinguished or not.  If the
+argument is part of the body, the line is indented @code{lisp-body-indent}
+more columns than the open-parenthesis starting the containing
+expression.  If the argument is distinguished and is either the first
+or second argument, it is indented @i{twice} that many extra columns.
+If the argument is distinguished and not the first or second argument,
+the standard pattern is followed for that line.
+@item a symbol, @var{symbol}
+@var{symbol} should be a function name; that function is called to
+calculate the indentation of a line within this expression.  The
+function receives two arguments:
+@table @asis
+@item @var{state}
+The value returned by @code{parse-partial-sexp} (a Lisp primitive for
+indentation and nesting computation) when it parses up to the
+beginning of this line.
+@item @var{pos}
+The position at which the line being indented begins.
+@end table
+@noindent
+It should return either a number, which is the number of columns of
+indentation for that line, or a list whose first element is such a
+number.  The difference between returning a number and returning a list
+is that a number says that all following lines at the same nesting level
+should be indented just like this one; a list says that following lines
+might call for different indentations.  This makes a difference when the
+indentation is computed by @kbd{C-M-q}; if the value is a number,
+@kbd{C-M-q} need not recalculate indentation for the following lines
+until the end of the list.
+@end table
+
+@node C Indent,, Lisp Indent, Grinding
+@subsection Customizing C Indentation
+
+  Two variables control which commands perform C indentation and when.
+
+@vindex c-auto-newline
+  If @code{c-auto-newline} is non-@code{nil}, newlines are inserted both
+before and after braces that you insert and after colons and semicolons.
+Correct C indentation is done on all the lines that are made this way.
+
+@vindex c-tab-always-indent
+  If @code{c-tab-always-indent} is non-@code{nil}, the @key{TAB} command
+in C mode does indentation only if point is at the left margin or within
+the line's indentation.  If there is non-whitespace to the left of point,
+@key{TAB} just inserts a tab character in the buffer.  Normally,
+this variable is @code{nil}, and @key{TAB} always reindents the current line.
+
+  C does not have anything analogous to particular function names for which
+special forms of indentation are desirable.  However, it has a different
+need for customization facilities: many different styles of C indentation
+are in common use.
+
+  There are six variables you can set to control the style that Emacs C
+mode will use.
+
+@table @code
+@item c-indent-level
+Indentation of C statements within surrounding block.  The surrounding
+block's indentation is the indentation of the line on which the
+open-brace appears.
+@item c-continued-statement-offset
+Extra indentation given to a substatement, such as the then-clause of
+an @code{if} or body of a @code{while}.
+@item c-brace-offset
+Extra indentation for lines that start with an open brace.
+@item c-brace-imaginary-offset
+An open brace following other text is treated as if it were this far
+to the right of the start of its line.
+@item c-argdecl-indent
+Indentation level of declarations of C function arguments.
+@item c-label-offset
+Extra indentation for a line that is a label, case, or default.
+@end table
+
+@vindex c-indent-level
+  The variable @code{c-indent-level} controls the indentation for C
+statements with respect to the surrounding block.  In the example:
+
+@example
+    @{
+      foo ();
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+the difference in indentation between the lines is @code{c-indent-level}.
+Its standard value is 2.
+
+If the open-brace beginning the compound statement is not at the beginning
+of its line, the @code{c-indent-level} is added to the indentation of the
+line, not the column of the open-brace.  For example,
+
+@example
+if (losing) @{
+  do_this ();
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+One popular indentation style is that which results from setting
+@code{c-indent-level} to 8 and putting open-braces at the end of a line
+in this way.  Another popular style prefers to put the open-brace on a
+separate line.
+
+@vindex c-brace-imaginary-offset
+  In fact, the value of the variable @code{c-brace-imaginary-offset} is
+also added to the indentation of such a statement.  Normally this variable
+is zero.  Think of this variable as the imaginary position of the open
+brace, relative to the first non-blank character on the line.  By setting
+the variable to 4 and @code{c-indent-level} to 0, you can get this style:
+
+@example
+if (x == y) @{
+    do_it ();
+    @}
+@end example
+
+  When @code{c-indent-level} is zero, the statements inside most braces
+line up exactly under the open brace.  An exception are braces in column
+zero, like those surrounding a function's body.  The statements inside
+those braces are not placed at column zero.  Instead,
+@code{c-brace-offset} and @code{c-continued-statement-offset} (see
+below) are added to produce a typical offset between brace levels, and
+the statements are indented that far.
+
+@vindex c-continued-statement-offset
+  @code{c-continued-statement-offset} controls the extra indentation for
+a line that starts within a statement (but not within parentheses or
+brackets).  These lines are usually statements inside other statements,
+like the then-clauses of @code{if} statements and the bodies of
+@code{while} statements.  The @code{c-continued-statement-offset}
+parameter determines the difference in indentation between the two lines in:
+
+@example
+if (x == y)
+  do_it ();
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The default value for @code{c-continued-statement-offset} is 2.  Some
+popular indentation styles correspond to a value of zero for
+@code{c-continued-statement-offset}.
+
+@vindex c-brace-offset
+  @code{c-brace-offset} is the extra indentation given to a line that
+starts with an open-brace.  Its standard value is zero;
+compare:
+
+@example
+if (x == y)
+  @{
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+with:
+
+@example
+if (x == y)
+  do_it ();
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+If you set @code{c-brace-offset} to 4, the first example becomes:
+
+@example
+if (x == y)
+      @{
+@end example
+
+@vindex c-argdecl-indent
+  @code{c-argdecl-indent} controls the indentation of declarations of the
+arguments of a C function.  It is absolute: argument declarations receive
+exactly @code{c-argdecl-indent} spaces.  The standard value is 5 and
+results in code like this:
+
+@example
+char *
+index (string, char)
+     char *string;
+     int char;
+@end example
+
+@vindex c-label-offset
+  @code{c-label-offset} is the extra indentation given to a line that
+contains a label, a case statement, or a @code{default:} statement.  Its
+standard value is @minus{}2 and results in code like this:
+
+@example
+switch (c)
+  @{
+  case 'x':
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+If @code{c-label-offset} were zero, the same code would be indented as:
+
+@example
+switch (c)
+  @{
+    case 'x':
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+This example assumes that the other variables above also have their
+default values. 
+
+Using the indentation style produced by the default settings of the
+variables just discussed and putting open braces on separate lines
+produces clear and readable files.  For an example, look at any of the C
+source files of XEmacs.
+
+@node Matching, Comments, Grinding, Programs
+@section Automatic Display of Matching Parentheses
+@cindex matching parentheses
+@cindex parentheses
+
+  The Emacs parenthesis-matching feature shows you automatically how
+parentheses match in the text.  Whenever a self-inserting character that
+is a closing delimiter is typed, the cursor moves momentarily to the
+location of the matching opening delimiter, provided that is visible on
+the screen.  If it is not on the screen, some text starting with that
+opening delimiter is displayed in the echo area.  Either way, you see
+the grouping you are closing off. 
+
+  In Lisp, automatic matching applies only to parentheses.  In C, it
+also applies to braces and brackets.  Emacs knows which characters to regard
+as matching delimiters based on the syntax table set by the major
+mode.  @xref{Syntax}.
+
+  If the opening delimiter and closing delimiter are mismatched---as
+in @samp{[x)}---the echo area displays a warning message.  The
+correct matches are specified in the syntax table.
+
+@vindex blink-matching-paren
+@vindex blink-matching-paren-distance
+  Two variables control parenthesis matching displays.
+@code{blink-matching-paren} turns the feature on or off. The default is 
+@code{t} (match display is on); @code{nil} turns it off.
+@code{blink-matching-paren-distance} specifies how many characters back
+Emacs searches to find a matching opening delimiter.  If the match is
+not found in the specified region, scanning stops, and nothing is
+displayed.  This prevents wasting lots of time scanning when there is no
+match.  The default is 4000.
+
+@node Comments, Balanced Editing, Matching, Programs
+@section Manipulating Comments
+@cindex comments
+@kindex M-;
+@cindex indentation
+@findex indent-for-comment
+
+  The comment commands insert, kill and align comments.
+
+@c WideCommands
+@table @kbd
+@item M-;
+Insert or align comment (@code{indent-for-comment}).
+@item C-x ;
+Set comment column (@code{set-comment-column}).
+@item C-u - C-x ;
+Kill comment on current line (@code{kill-comment}).
+@item M-@key{LFD}
+Like @key{RET} followed by inserting and aligning a comment
+(@code{indent-new-comment-line}).
+@end table
+
+  The command that creates a comment is @kbd{Meta-;}
+(@code{indent-for-comment}).  If there is no comment already on the
+line, a new comment is created and aligned at a specific column called
+the @dfn{comment column}.  Emacs creates the comment by inserting the
+string at the value of @code{comment-start}; see below.  Point is left
+after that string.  If the text of the line extends past the comment
+column, indentation is done to a suitable boundary (usually, at least
+one space is inserted).  If the major mode has specified a string to
+terminate comments, that string is inserted after point, to keep the
+syntax valid.
+
+  You can also use @kbd{Meta-;} to align an existing comment.  If a line
+already contains the string that starts comments, @kbd{M-;} just moves
+point after it and re-indents it to the conventional place.  Exception:
+comments starting in column 0 are not moved.
+
+  Some major modes have special rules for indenting certain kinds of
+comments in certain contexts.  For example, in Lisp code, comments which
+start with two semicolons are indented as if they were lines of code,
+instead of at the comment column.  Comments which start with three
+semicolons are supposed to start at the left margin.  Emacs understands
+these conventions by indenting a double-semicolon comment using @key{TAB}
+and by not changing the indentation of a triple-semicolon comment at all.
+
+@example
+;; This function is just an example.
+;;; Here either two or three semicolons are appropriate.
+(defun foo (x)
+;;; And now, the first part of the function:
+  ;; The following line adds one.
+  (1+ x))           ; This line adds one.
+@end example
+
+  In C code, a comment preceded on its line by nothing but whitespace
+is indented like a line of code.
+
+  Even when an existing comment is properly aligned, @kbd{M-;} is still
+useful for moving directly to the start of the comment.
+
+@kindex C-u - C-x ;
+@findex kill-comment
+  @kbd{C-u - C-x ;} (@code{kill-comment}) kills the comment on the
+current line, if there is one.  The indentation before the start of the
+comment is killed as well.  If there does not appear to be a comment in
+the line, nothing happens.  To reinsert the comment on another line,
+move to the end of that line, type first @kbd{C-y}, and then @kbd{M-;}
+to realign the comment.  Note that @kbd{C-u - C-x ;} is not a distinct
+key; it is @kbd{C-x ;} (@code{set-comment-column}) with a negative
+argument.  That command is programmed to call @code{kill-comment} when
+called with a negative argument.  However, @code{kill-comment} is a
+valid command which you could bind directly to a key if you wanted to.
+
+@subsection Multiple Lines of Comments
+
+@kindex M-LFD
+@cindex blank lines
+@cindex Auto Fill mode
+@findex indent-new-comment-line
+  If you are typing a comment and want to continue it on another line,
+use the command @kbd{Meta-@key{LFD}} (@code{indent-new-comment-line}),
+which terminates the comment you are typing, creates a new blank line
+afterward, and begins a new comment indented under the old one.  If
+Auto Fill mode is on and you go past the fill column while typing, the 
+comment is continued in just this fashion.  If point is
+not at the end of the line when you type @kbd{M-@key{LFD}}, the text on
+the rest of the line becomes part of the new comment line.
+
+@subsection Options Controlling Comments
+
+@vindex comment-column
+@kindex C-x ;
+@findex set-comment-column
+  The comment column is stored in the variable @code{comment-column}.  You
+can explicitly set it to a number.  Alternatively, the command @kbd{C-x ;}
+(@code{set-comment-column}) sets the comment column to the column point is
+at.  @kbd{C-u C-x ;} sets the comment column to match the last comment
+before point in the buffer, and then calls @kbd{Meta-;} to align the
+current line's comment under the previous one.  Note that @kbd{C-u - C-x ;}
+runs the function @code{kill-comment} as described above.
+
+  @code{comment-column} is a per-buffer variable; altering the variable
+affects only the current buffer.  You can also change the default value.
+@xref{Locals}.  Many major modes initialize this variable
+for the current buffer.
+
+@vindex comment-start-skip
+  The comment commands recognize comments based on the regular expression
+that is the value of the variable @code{comment-start-skip}.  This regexp
+should not match the null string.  It may match more than the comment
+starting delimiter in the strictest sense of the word; for example, in C
+mode the value of the variable is @code{@t{"/\\*+ *"}}, which matches extra
+stars and spaces after the @samp{/*} itself.  (Note that @samp{\\} is
+needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in the string, which is needed
+to deny the first star its special meaning in regexp syntax.  @xref{Regexps}.)
+
+@vindex comment-start
+@vindex comment-end
+  When a comment command makes a new comment, it inserts the value of
+@code{comment-start} to begin it.  The value of @code{comment-end} is
+inserted after point and will follow the text you will insert
+into the comment.  In C mode, @code{comment-start} has the value
+@w{@code{"/* "}} and @code{comment-end} has the value @w{@code{" */"}}.
+
+@vindex comment-multi-line
+  @code{comment-multi-line} controls how @kbd{M-@key{LFD}}
+(@code{indent-new-comment-line}) behaves when used inside a comment.  If
+@code{comment-multi-line} is @code{nil}, as it normally is, then
+@kbd{M-@key{LFD}} terminates the comment on the starting line and starts
+a new comment on the new following line.  If @code{comment-multi-line}
+is not @code{nil}, then @kbd{M-@key{LFD}} sets up the new following line
+as part of the same comment that was found on the starting line.  This
+is done by not inserting a terminator on the old line and not inserting
+a starter on the new line.  In languages where multi-line comments are legal,
+the value you choose for this variable is a matter of taste.
+
+@vindex comment-indent-hook
+  The variable @code{comment-indent-hook} should contain a function that
+is called to compute the indentation for a newly inserted comment or for
+aligning an existing comment.  Major modes set this variable differently.
+The function is called with no arguments, but with point at the
+beginning of the comment, or at the end of a line if a new comment is to
+be inserted.  The function should return the column in which the comment
+ought to start.  For example, in Lisp mode, the indent hook function
+bases its decision on the number of semicolons that begin an existing
+comment and on the code in the preceding lines.
+
+@node Balanced Editing, Lisp Completion, Comments, Programs
+@section Editing Without Unbalanced Parentheses
+
+@table @kbd
+@item M-(
+Put parentheses around next sexp(s) (@code{insert-parentheses}).
+@item M-)
+Move past next close parenthesis and re-indent
+(@code{move-over-close-and-reindent}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex M-(
+@kindex M-)
+@findex insert-parentheses
+@findex move-over-close-and-reindent
+  The commands @kbd{M-(} (@code{insert-parentheses}) and @kbd{M-)}
+(@code{move-over-close-@*and-reindent}) are designed to facilitate a style of
+editing which keeps parentheses balanced at all times.  @kbd{M-(} inserts a
+pair of parentheses, either together as in @samp{()}, or, if given an
+argument, around the next several sexps, and leaves point after the open
+parenthesis.  Instead of typing @kbd{( F O O )}, you can type @kbd{M-( F O
+O}, which has the same effect except for leaving the cursor before the
+close parenthesis.  You can then type @kbd{M-)}, which moves past the
+close parenthesis, deletes any indentation preceding it (in this example
+there is none), and indents with @key{LFD} after it.
+
+@node Lisp Completion, Documentation, Balanced Editing, Programs
+@section Completion for Lisp Symbols
+@cindex completion (symbol names)
+
+   Completion usually happens in the minibuffer.  An exception is
+completion for Lisp symbol names, which is available in all buffers.
+
+@kindex M-TAB
+@findex lisp-complete-symbol
+  The command @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{lisp-complete-symbol}) takes the
+partial Lisp symbol before point to be an abbreviation, and compares it
+against all non-trivial Lisp symbols currently known to Emacs.  Any
+additional characters that they all have in common are inserted at point.
+Non-trivial symbols are those that have function definitions, values, or
+properties.
+
+  If there is an open-parenthesis immediately before the beginning of
+the partial symbol, only symbols with function definitions are considered
+as completions.
+
+  If the partial name in the buffer has more than one possible completion
+and they have no additional characters in common, a list of all possible
+completions is displayed in another window.
+
+@node Documentation, Change Log, Lisp Completion, Programs
+@section Documentation Commands
+
+@kindex C-h f
+@findex describe-function
+@kindex C-h v
+@findex describe-variable
+  As you edit Lisp code to be run in Emacs, you can use the commands
+@kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-h v}
+(@code{describe-variable}) to print documentation of functions and
+variables you want to call.  These commands use the minibuffer to
+read the name of a function or variable to document, and display the
+documentation in a window.
+
+  For extra convenience, these commands provide default arguments based on
+the code in the neighborhood of point.  @kbd{C-h f} sets the default to the
+function called in the innermost list containing point.  @kbd{C-h v} uses
+the symbol name around or adjacent to point as its default.
+
+@findex manual-entry
+  The @kbd{M-x manual-entry} command gives you access to documentation
+on Unix commands, system calls, and libraries.  The command reads a
+topic as an argument, and displays the Unix manual page for that topic. 
+@code{manual-entry} always searches all 8 sections of the
+manual and concatenates all the entries it finds.  For example,
+the topic @samp{termcap} finds the description of the termcap library
+from section 3, followed by the description of the termcap data base
+from section 5.
+
+@node Change Log, Tags, Documentation, Programs
+@section Change Logs
+
+@cindex change log
+@findex add-change-log-entry
+  The Emacs command @kbd{M-x add-change-log-entry} helps you keep a record
+of when and why you have changed a program.  It assumes that you have a
+file in which you write a chronological sequence of entries describing
+individual changes.  The default is to store the change entries in a file
+called @file{ChangeLog} in the same directory as the file you are editing.
+The same @file{ChangeLog} file therefore records changes for all the files
+in a directory.
+
+  A change log entry starts with a header line that contains your name
+and the current date.  Except for these header lines, every line in the
+change log starts with a tab.  One entry can describe several changes;
+each change starts with a line starting with a tab and a star.  @kbd{M-x
+add-change-log-entry} visits the change log file and creates a new entry
+unless the most recent entry is for today's date and your name.  In
+either case, it adds a new line to start the description of another
+change just after the header line of the entry.  When @kbd{M-x
+add-change-log-entry} is finished, all is prepared for you to edit in
+the description of what you changed and how.  You must then save the
+change log file yourself.
+
+  The change log file is always visited in Indented Text mode, which means
+that @key{LFD} and auto-filling indent each new line like the previous
+line.  This is convenient for entering the contents of an entry, which must
+be indented.  @xref{Text Mode}.
+
+  Here is an example of the formatting conventions used in the change log
+for Emacs:
+
+@smallexample
+Wed Jun 26 19:29:32 1985  Richard M. Stallman  (rms at mit-prep)
+
+        * xdisp.c (try_window_id):
+        If C-k is done at end of next-to-last line,
+        this fn updates window_end_vpos and cannot leave
+        window_end_pos nonnegative (it is zero, in fact).
+        If display is preempted before lines are output,
+        this is inconsistent.  Fix by setting
+        blank_end_of_window to nonzero.
+
+Tue Jun 25 05:25:33 1985  Richard M. Stallman  (rms at mit-prep)
+
+        * cmds.c (Fnewline):
+        Call the auto fill hook if appropriate.
+
+        * xdisp.c (try_window_id):
+        If point is found by compute_motion after xp, record that
+        permanently.  If display_text_line sets point position wrong
+        (case where line is killed, point is at eob and that line is
+        not displayed), set it again in final compute_motion.
+@end smallexample
+
+@node Tags, Fortran, Change Log, Programs
+@section Tag Tables
+@cindex tag table
+
+  A @dfn{tag table} is a description of how a multi-file program is
+broken up into files.  It lists the names of the component files and the
+names and positions of the functions in each file.  Grouping the related
+files makes it possible to search or replace through all the files with
+one command.  Recording the function names and positions makes it
+possible to use the @kbd{Meta-.} command, which finds the definition of a
+function without asking for information on the file it is in.
+
+  Tag tables are stored in files called @dfn{tag table files}.  The
+conventional name for a tag table file is @file{TAGS}.
+
+  Each entry in the tag table records the name of one tag, the name of the
+file that the tag is defined in (implicitly), and the position in that file
+of the tag's definition.
+
+   The programming language of a file determines what names are recorded
+in the tag table depends on.  Normally, Emacs includes all functions and
+subroutines, and may also include global variables, data types, and
+anything else convenient.  Each recorded name is called a @dfn{tag}.
+
+@menu
+* Tag Syntax::
+* Create Tag Table::
+* Select Tag Table::
+* Find Tag::
+* Tags Search::
+* Tags Stepping::
+* List Tags::
+@end menu
+
+@node Tag Syntax, Create Tag Table, Tags, Tags
+@subsection Source File Tag Syntax
+
+  In Lisp code, any function defined with @code{defun}, any variable
+defined with @code{defvar} or @code{defconst}, and the first argument of
+any expression that starts with @samp{(def} in column zero, is a tag.
+
+  In C code, any C function is a tag, and so is any typedef if @code{-t} is
+specified when the tag table is constructed.
+
+  In Fortran code, functions and subroutines are tags.
+
+  In La@TeX{} text, the argument of any of the commands @code{\chapter},
+@code{\section}, @code{\subsection}, @code{\subsubsection}, @code{\eqno},
+@code{\label}, @code{\ref}, @code{\cite}, @code{\bibitem}, and
+@*@code{\typeout} is a tag.@refill
+
+@node Create Tag Table, Select Tag Table, Tag Syntax, Tags
+@subsection Creating Tag Tables
+@cindex etags program
+
+  The @code{etags} program is used to create a tag table file.  It knows
+the syntax of C, Fortran, La@TeX{}, Scheme, and Emacs Lisp/Common Lisp.  To
+use @code{etags}, use it as a shell command:
+
+@example
+etags @var{inputfiles}@dots{}
+@end example
+@noindent
+
+The program reads the specified files and writes a tag table
+named @file{TAGS} in the current working directory.  @code{etags}
+recognizes the language used in an input file based on the name and
+contents of the file; there are no switches for specifying the language.
+The @code{-t} switch tells @code{etags} to record typedefs in C code as
+tags.
+
+  If the tag table data become outdated due to changes in the files
+described in the table, you can update the tag table by running the
+program from the shell again.  It is not necessary to do this often.
+
+  If the tag table fails to record a tag, or records it for the wrong file,
+Emacs cannot find its definition.  However, if the position
+recorded in the tag table becomes a little bit wrong (due to some editing
+in the file that the tag definition is in), the only consequence is to slow
+down finding the tag slightly.  Even if the stored position is very wrong,
+Emacs will still find the tag, but it must search the entire file for it.
+
+   You should update a tag table when you define new tags you want
+to have listed, when you move tag definitions from one file to another,
+or when changes become substantial.  You don't have to update
+the tag table after each edit, or even every day.
+
+@node Select Tag Table, Find Tag, Create Tag Table, Tags
+@subsection Selecting a Tag Table
+
+@vindex tag-table-alist
+   At any time Emacs has one @dfn{selected} tag table, and all the commands
+for working with tag tables use the selected one.  To select a tag table,
+use the variable @code{tag-table-alist}.
+
+The value of @code{tag-table-alist} is a list that determines which
+@code{TAGS} files should be active for a given buffer.  This is not
+really an association list, in that all elements are checked.  The car
+of each element of this list is a pattern against which the buffers file
+name is compared; if it matches, then the cdr of the list should be the
+name of the tags table to use.  If more than one element of this list
+matches the buffers file name, all of the associated tags tables are
+used.  Earlier ones are searched first.
+
+If the car of elements of this list are strings, they are treated
+as regular-expressions against which the file is compared (like the
+@code{auto-mode-alist}).  If they are not strings, they are evaluated.
+If they evaluate to non-@code{nil}, the current buffer is considered to
+match.
+
+If the cdr of the elements of this list are strings, they are
+assumed to name a tags file.  If they name a directory, the string
+@file{tags} is appended to them to get the file name.  If they are not 
+strings, they are evaluated and must return an appropriate string.
+
+For example:
+
+@example
+  (setq tag-table-alist
+	'(("/usr/src/public/perl/" . "/usr/src/public/perl/perl-3.0/")
+	  ("\\.el$" . "/usr/local/emacs/src/")
+	  ("/jbw/gnu/" . "/usr15/degree/stud/jbw/gnu/")
+	  ("" . "/usr/local/emacs/src/")
+	  ))
+@end example
+
+The example defines the tag table alist in the following way:
+ 
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Anything in the directory @file{/usr/src/public/perl/} 
+should use the @file{TAGS} file @file{/usr/src/public/perl/perl-3.0/TAGS}. 
+@item
+Files ending in @file{.el} should use the @file{TAGS} file
+@file{/usr/local/emacs/src/TAGS}. 
+@item
+Anything in or below the directory @file{/jbw/gnu/} should use the 
+@file{TAGS} file @file{/usr15/degree/stud/jbw/gnu/TAGS}.  
+@end itemize
+
+If you had a file called @file{/usr/jbw/foo.el}, it would use both
+@file{TAGS} files, @* @file{/usr/local/emacs/src/TAGS} and
+@file{/usr15/degree/stud/jbw/gnu/TAGS} (in that order), because it
+matches both patterns.
+
+If the buffer-local variable @code{buffer-tag-table} is set, it names a
+tags table that is searched before all others when @code{find-tag} is
+executed from this buffer.
+
+If there is a file called @file{TAGS} in the same directory as the file
+in question, then that tags file will always be used as well (after the
+@code{buffer-tag-table} but before the tables specified by this list).
+
+If the variable @code{tags-file-name} is set, the @file{TAGS} file it names
+will apply to all buffers (for backwards compatibility.)  It is searched
+first.
+
+@vindex tags-always-build-completion-table
+If the value of the variable @code{tags-always-build-completion-table}
+is @code{t}, the tags file will always be added to the completion table
+without asking first, regardless of the size of the tags file.
+
+@vindex tags-file-name
+@findex visit-tags-table
+The function @kbd{M-x visit-tags-table}, is largely made obsolete by
+the variable @code{tag-table-alist}, tells tags commands to use the tags
+table file @var{file} first.  The @var{file} should be the name of a
+file created with the @code{etags} program.  A directory name is also
+acceptable; it means the file @file{TAGS} in that directory.  The
+function only stores the file name you provide in the variable
+@code{tags-file-name}.  Emacs does not actually read in the tag table
+contents until you try to use them.  You can set the variable explicitly
+instead of using @code{visit-tags-table}.  The value of the variable
+@code{tags-file-name} is the name of the tags table used by all buffers.
+This is for backward compatibility, and is largely supplanted by the
+variable @code{tag-table-alist}.
+ 
+@node Find Tag, Tags Search, Select Tag Table, Tags
+@subsection Finding a Tag
+
+  The most important thing that a tag table enables you to do is to find
+the definition of a specific tag.
+
+@table @kbd
+@item M-.@: @var{tag &optional other-window}
+Find first definition of @var{tag} (@code{find-tag}).
+@item C-u M-.
+Find next alternate definition of last tag specified.
+@item C-x 4 . @var{tag}
+Find first definition of @var{tag}, but display it in another window
+(@code{find-tag-other-window}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex M-.
+@findex find-tag
+  @kbd{M-.}@: (@code{find-tag}) is the command to find the definition of
+a specified tag.  It searches through the tag table for that tag, as a
+string, then uses the tag table information to determine the file in
+which the definition is used and the approximate character position of
+the definition in the file.  Then @code{find-tag} visits the file,
+moves point to the approximate character position, and starts searching
+ever-increasing distances away for the text that should appear at
+the beginning of the definition.
+
+  If an empty argument is given (by typing @key{RET}), the sexp in the
+buffer before or around point is used as the name of the tag to find.
+@xref{Lists}, for information on sexps.
+
+  The argument to @code{find-tag} need not be the whole tag name; it can
+be a substring of a tag name.  However, there can be many tag names
+containing the substring you specify.  Since @code{find-tag} works by
+searching the text of the tag table, it finds the first tag in the table
+that the specified substring appears in.  To find other tags that match
+the substring, give @code{find-tag} a numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u
+M-.}.  This does not read a tag name, but continues searching the tag
+table's text for another tag containing the same substring last used.
+If your keyboard has a real @key{META} key, @kbd{M-0 M-.}@: is an easier
+alternative to @kbd{C-u M-.}.
+
+If the optional second argument @var{other-window} is non-@code{nil}, it uses
+another window to display the tag.
+Multiple active tags tables and completion are supported.
+
+Variables of note include the following:
+
+@vindex tag-table-alist
+@vindex tags-file-name
+@vindex tags-build-completion-table
+@vindex buffer-tag-table
+@vindex make-tags-files-invisible
+@vindex tag-mark-stack-max
+
+@table @kbd
+@item tag-table-alist
+Controls which tables apply to which buffers.
+@item tags-file-name		
+Stores a default tags table.
+@item tags-build-completion-table   
+Controls completion behavior.
+@item buffer-tag-table		
+Specifies a buffer-local table.
+@item make-tags-files-invisible	
+Sets whether tags tables should be very hidden.
+@item tag-mark-stack-max		
+Specifies how many tags-based hops to remember.
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-x 4 .
+@findex find-tag-other-window
+  Like most commands that can switch buffers, @code{find-tag} has another
+similar command that displays the new buffer in another window.  @kbd{C-x 4
+.}@: invokes the function @code{find-tag-other-window}.  (This key sequence
+ends with a period.)
+
+  Emacs comes with a tag table file @file{TAGS} (in the directory
+containing Lisp libraries) that includes all the Lisp libraries and all
+the C sources of Emacs.  By specifying this file with @code{visit-tags-table}
+and then using @kbd{M-.}@: you can quickly look at the source of any Emacs
+function.
+
+@node Tags Search, Tags Stepping, Find Tag, Tags
+@subsection Searching and Replacing with Tag Tables
+
+  The commands in this section visit and search all the files listed in the
+selected tag table, one by one.  For these commands, the tag table serves
+only to specify a sequence of files to search.  A related command is
+@kbd{M-x grep} (@pxref{Compilation}).
+
+@table @kbd
+@item M-x tags-search
+Search for the specified regexp through the files in the selected tag
+table.
+@item M-x tags-query-replace
+Perform a @code{query-replace} on each file in the selected tag table.
+@item M-,
+Restart one of the commands above, from the current location of point
+(@code{tags-loop-continue}).
+@end table
+
+@findex tags-search
+  @kbd{M-x tags-search} reads a regexp using the minibuffer, then visits
+the files of the selected tag table one by one, and searches through each
+file for that regexp.  It displays the name of the file being searched so
+you can follow its progress.  As soon as an occurrence is found,
+@code{tags-search} returns.
+
+@kindex M-,
+@findex tags-loop-continue
+ After you have found one match, you probably want to find all the rest.
+To find one more match, type @kbd{M-,} (@code{tags-loop-continue}) to
+resume the @code{tags-search}.  This searches the rest of the current
+buffer, followed by the remaining files of the tag table.
+
+@findex tags-query-replace
+  @kbd{M-x tags-query-replace} performs a single @code{query-replace}
+through all the files in the tag table.  It reads a string to search for
+and a string to replace with, just like ordinary @kbd{M-x query-replace}.
+It searches much like @kbd{M-x tags-search} but repeatedly, processing
+matches according to your input.  @xref{Replace}, for more information on
+@code{query-replace}.@refill
+
+  It is possible to get through all the files in the tag table with a
+single invocation of @kbd{M-x tags-query-replace}.  But since any
+unrecognized character causes the command to exit, you may need to continue
+from where you left off.  You can use @kbd{M-,} to do this.  It resumes
+the last tags search or replace command that you did.
+
+  It may have struck you that @code{tags-search} is a lot like @code{grep}.
+You can also run @code{grep} itself as an inferior of Emacs and have Emacs
+show you the matching lines one by one.  This works mostly the same as
+running a compilation and having Emacs show you where the errors were.
+@xref{Compilation}.
+
+@node Tags Stepping, List Tags, Tags Search, Tags
+@subsection Stepping Through a Tag Table
+@findex next-file
+
+  If you wish to process all the files in a selected tag table, but
+@kbd{M-x tags-search} and @kbd{M-x tags-query-replace} are not giving
+you the desired result, you can use @kbd{M-x next-file}.
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-u M-x next-file
+With a numeric argument, regardless of its value, visit the first
+file in the tag table and prepare to advance sequentially by files.
+@item M-x next-file
+Visit the next file in the selected tag table.
+@end table
+
+@node List Tags,, Tags Stepping, Tags
+@subsection Tag Table Inquiries
+
+@table @kbd
+@item M-x list-tags
+Display a list of the tags defined in a specific program file.
+@item M-x tags-apropos
+Display a list of all tags matching a specified regexp.
+@end table
+
+@findex list-tags
+  @kbd{M-x list-tags} reads the name of one of the files described by the
+selected tag table, and displays a list of all the tags defined in that
+file.  The ``file name'' argument is really just a string to compare
+against the names recorded in the tag table; it is read as a string rather
+than a file name.  Therefore, completion and defaulting are not
+available, and you must enter the string the same way it appears in the tag
+table.  Do not include a directory as part of the file name unless the file
+name recorded in the tag table contains that directory.
+
+@findex tags-apropos
+  @kbd{M-x tags-apropos} is like @code{apropos} for tags.  It reads a regexp,
+then finds all the tags in the selected tag table whose entries match that
+regexp, and displays the tag names found.
+
+@node Fortran, Asm Mode, Tags, Programs
+@section Fortran Mode
+@cindex Fortran mode
+
+  Fortran mode provides special motion commands for Fortran statements and
+subprograms, and indentation commands that understand Fortran conventions
+of nesting, line numbers, and continuation statements.
+
+  Special commands for comments are provided because Fortran comments are
+unlike those of other languages.
+
+  Built-in abbrevs optionally save typing when you insert Fortran keywords.
+
+@findex fortran-mode
+  Use @kbd{M-x fortran-mode} to switch to this major mode.  Doing so calls
+the value of @code{fortran-mode-hook} as a function of no arguments if
+that variable has a non-@code{nil} value.
+
+@menu
+* Motion: Fortran Motion.     Moving point by statements or subprograms.
+* Indent: Fortran Indent.     Indentation commands for Fortran.
+* Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments.
+* Columns: Fortran Columns.   Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
+* Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev.     Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.
+@end menu
+
+  Fortran mode was contributed by Michael Prange.
+
+@node Fortran Motion, Fortran Indent, Fortran, Fortran
+@subsection Motion Commands
+
+  Fortran mode provides special commands to move by subprograms (functions
+and subroutines) and by statements.  There is also a command to put the
+region around one subprogram, which is convenient for killing it or moving it.
+
+@kindex C-M-a (Fortran mode)
+@kindex C-M-e (Fortran mode)
+@kindex C-M-h (Fortran mode)
+@kindex C-c C-p (Fortran mode)
+@kindex C-c C-n (Fortran mode)
+@findex beginning-of-fortran-subprogram
+@findex end-of-fortran-subprogram
+@findex mark-fortran-subprogram
+@findex fortran-previous-statement
+@findex fortran-next-statement
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-M-a
+Move to beginning of subprogram@*
+(@code{beginning-of-fortran-subprogram}).
+@item C-M-e
+Move to end of subprogram (@code{end-of-fortran-subprogram}).
+@item C-M-h
+Put point at beginning of subprogram and mark at end
+(@code{mark-fortran-subprogram}).
+@item C-c C-n
+Move to beginning of current or next statement
+(@code{fortran-next-@*statement}).
+@item C-c C-p
+Move to beginning of current or previous statement
+(@code{fortran-@*previous-statement}).
+@end table
+
+@node Fortran Indent, Fortran Comments, Fortran Motion, Fortran
+@subsection Fortran Indentation
+
+  Special commands and features are available for indenting Fortran
+code.  They make sure various syntactic entities (line numbers, comment line
+indicators, and continuation line flags) appear in the columns that are
+required for standard Fortran.
+
+@menu
+* Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting Fortran.
+* Numbers:  ForIndent Num.      How line numbers auto-indent.
+* Conv:     ForIndent Conv.     Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble.
+* Vars:     ForIndent Vars.     Variables controlling Fortran indent style.
+@end menu
+
+@node ForIndent Commands, ForIndent Num, Fortran Indent, Fortran Indent
+@subsubsection Fortran Indentation Commands
+
+@table @kbd
+@item @key{TAB}
+Indent the current line (@code{fortran-indent-line}).
+@item M-@key{LFD}
+Break the current line and set up a continuation line.
+@item C-M-q
+Indent all the lines of the subprogram point is in
+(@code{fortran-indent-subprogram}).
+@end table
+
+@findex fortran-indent-line
+  @key{TAB} is redefined by Fortran mode to reindent the current line for
+Fortran (@code{fortran-indent-line}).  Line numbers and continuation
+markers are indented to their required columns, and the body of the
+statement is independently indented, based on its nesting in the program.
+
+@kindex C-M-q (Fortran mode)
+@findex fortran-indent-subprogram
+  The key @kbd{C-M-q} is redefined as @code{fortran-indent-subprogram}, a
+command that reindents all the lines of the Fortran subprogram (function or
+subroutine) containing point.
+
+@kindex M-LFD (Fortran mode)
+@findex fortran-split-line
+  The key @kbd{M-@key{LFD}} is redefined as @code{fortran-split-line}, a
+command to split a line in the appropriate fashion for Fortran.  In a
+non-comment line, the second half becomes a continuation line and is
+indented accordingly.  In a comment line, both halves become separate
+comment lines.
+
+@node ForIndent Num, ForIndent Conv, ForIndent Commands, Fortran Indent
+@subsubsection Line Numbers and Continuation
+
+  If a number is the first non-whitespace in the line, it is assumed to be
+a line number and is moved to columns 0 through 4.  (Columns are always
+counted from 0 in XEmacs.)  If the text on the line starts with the
+conventional Fortran continuation marker @samp{$}, it is moved to column 5.
+If the text begins with any non whitespace character in column 5, it is
+assumed to be an unconventional continuation marker and remains in column
+5.
+
+@vindex fortran-line-number-indent
+  Line numbers of four digits or less are normally indented one space.
+This amount is controlled by the variable @code{fortran-line-number-indent},
+which is the maximum indentation a line number can have.  Line numbers
+are indented to right-justify them to end in column 4 unless that would
+require more than the maximum indentation.  The default value of the
+variable is 1.
+
+@vindex fortran-electric-line-number
+  Simply inserting a line number is enough to indent it according to these
+rules.  As each digit is inserted, the indentation is recomputed.  To turn
+off this feature, set the variable @code{fortran-electric-line-number} to
+@code{nil}.  Then inserting line numbers is like inserting anything else.
+
+@node ForIndent Conv, ForIndent Vars, ForIndent Num, Fortran Indent
+@subsubsection Syntactic Conventions
+
+  Fortran mode assumes that you follow certain conventions that simplify
+the task of understanding a Fortran program well enough to indent it
+properly:
+
+@vindex fortran-continuation-char
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Two nested @samp{do} loops never share a @samp{continue} statement.
+
+@item
+The same character appears in column 5 of all continuation lines.  It
+is the value of the variable @code{fortran-continuation-char}.
+By default, this character is @samp{$}.
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+If you fail to follow these conventions, the indentation commands may
+indent some lines unaesthetically.  However, a correct Fortran program will
+retain its meaning when reindented even if the conventions are not
+followed.
+
+@node ForIndent Vars,, ForIndent Conv, Fortran Indent
+@subsubsection Variables for Fortran Indentation
+
+@vindex fortran-do-indent
+@vindex fortran-if-indent
+@vindex fortran-continuation-indent
+@vindex fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do
+@vindex fortran-minimum-statement-indent
+  Several additional variables control how Fortran indentation works.
+
+@table @code
+@item fortran-do-indent
+Extra indentation within each level of @samp{do} statement (the default is 3).
+
+@item fortran-if-indent
+Extra indentation within each level of @samp{if} statement (the default is 3).
+
+@item fortran-continuation-indent
+Extra indentation for bodies of continuation lines (the default is 5).
+
+@item fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do
+If this is @code{nil}, indentation assumes that each @samp{do}
+statement ends on a @samp{continue} statement.  Therefore, when
+computing indentation for a statement other than @samp{continue}, it
+can save time by not checking for a @samp{do} statement ending there.
+If this is non-@code{nil}, indenting any numbered statement must check
+for a @samp{do} that ends there.  The default is @code{nil}.
+
+@item fortran-minimum-statement-indent
+Minimum indentation for Fortran statements.  For standard Fortran,
+this is 6.  Statement bodies are always indented at least this much.
+@end table
+
+@node Fortran Comments, Fortran Columns, Fortran Indent, Fortran
+@subsection Comments
+
+  The usual Emacs comment commands assume that a comment can follow a line
+of code.  In Fortran, the standard comment syntax requires an entire line
+to be just a comment.  Therefore, Fortran mode replaces the standard Emacs
+comment commands and defines some new variables.
+
+  Fortran mode can also handle a non-standard comment syntax where comments
+start with @samp{!} and can follow other text.  Because only some Fortran
+compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such comments
+unless you have specified to do so in advance by setting the variable
+@code{comment-start} to @samp{"!"} (@pxref{Variables}).
+
+@table @kbd
+@item M-;
+Align comment or insert new comment (@code{fortran-comment-indent}).
+
+@item C-x ;
+Applies to nonstandard @samp{!} comments only.
+
+@item C-c ;
+Turn all lines of the region into comments, or (with arg)
+turn them back into real code (@code{fortran-comment-region}).
+@end table
+
+  @kbd{M-;} in Fortran mode is redefined as the command
+@code{fortran-comment-indent}.  Like the usual @kbd{M-;} command,
+it recognizes an existing comment and aligns its text appropriately.
+If there is no existing comment, a comment is inserted and aligned.
+
+Inserting and aligning comments is not the same in Fortran mode as in
+other modes.  When a new comment must be inserted, a full-line comment is
+inserted if the current line is blank.  On a non-blank line, a
+non-standard @samp{!} comment is inserted if you previously specified
+you wanted to use them.  Otherwise a full-line comment is inserted on a
+new line before the current line.
+
+  Non-standard @samp{!} comments are aligned like comments in other
+languages, but full-line comments are aligned differently.  In a
+standard full-line comment, the comment delimiter itself must always
+appear in column zero.  What can be aligned is the text within the
+comment.  You can choose from three styles of alignment by setting the
+variable @code{fortran-comment-indent-style} to one of these values:
+
+@vindex fortran-comment-indent-style
+@vindex fortran-comment-line-column
+@table @code
+@item fixed
+The text is aligned at a fixed column, which is the value of
+@code{fortran-comment-line-column}.  This is the default.
+@item relative
+The text is aligned as if it were a line of code, but with an
+additional @code{fortran-comment-line-column} columns of indentation.
+@item nil
+Text in full-line columns is not moved automatically.
+@end table
+
+@vindex fortran-comment-indent-char
+  You can also specify the character to be used to indent within
+full-line comments by setting the variable @code{fortran-comment-indent-char}
+to the character you want to use.
+
+@vindex comment-line-start
+@vindex comment-line-start-skip
+  Fortran mode introduces two variables @code{comment-line-start} and
+@code{comment-line-start-skip}, which do for full-line comments what
+@code{comment-start} and @code{comment-start-skip} do for
+ordinary text-following comments.  Normally these are set properly by
+Fortran mode, so you do not need to change them.
+
+  The normal Emacs comment command @kbd{C-x ;} has not been redefined.
+It can therefore be used if you use @samp{!} comments, but is useless in
+Fortran mode otherwise. 
+
+@kindex C-c ; (Fortran mode)
+@findex fortran-comment-region
+@vindex fortran-comment-region
+  The command @kbd{C-c ;} (@code{fortran-comment-region}) turns all the
+lines of the region into comments by inserting the string @samp{C$$$} at
+the front of each one.  With a numeric arg, the region is turned back into
+live code by deleting @samp{C$$$} from the front of each line.  You can
+control the string used for the comments by setting the variable
+@code{fortran-comment-region}.  Note that here we have an example of a
+command and a variable with the same name; the two uses of the name never
+conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always clear from the context
+which one is referred to.
+
+@node Fortran Columns, Fortran Abbrev, Fortran Comments, Fortran
+@subsection Columns
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-r
+Displays a ``column ruler'' momentarily above the current line
+(@code{fortran-column-ruler}).
+@item C-c C-w
+Splits the current window horizontally so that it is 72 columns wide.
+This may help you avoid going over that limit (@code{fortran-window-create}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-c C-r (Fortran mode)
+@findex fortran-column-ruler
+  The command @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{fortran-column-ruler}) shows a column
+ruler above the current line.  The comment ruler consists of two lines
+of text that show you the locations of columns with special significance
+in Fortran programs.  Square brackets show the limits of the columns for
+line numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the
+statement body.  Column numbers appear above them.
+
+  Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in XEmacs.  As
+a result, the numbers may not be those you are familiar with; but the
+actual positions in the line are standard Fortran.
+
+  The text used to display the column ruler is the value of the variable
+@code{fortran-comment-ruler}.  By changing this variable, you can change
+the display.
+
+@kindex C-c C-w (Fortran mode)
+@findex fortran-window-create
+  For even more help, use @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{fortran-window-create}), a
+command which splits the current window horizontally, resulting in a window 72
+columns wide.  When you edit in this window, you can immediately see
+when a line gets too wide to be correct Fortran.
+
+@node Fortran Abbrev,, Fortran Columns, Fortran
+@subsection Fortran Keyword Abbrevs
+
+  Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and
+declarations.  These are the same sort of abbrevs that you can define
+yourself.  To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode.  @pxref{Abbrevs}.
+
+  The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a
+semicolon.  You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran
+mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to ``word
+constituent''.
+
+  For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is @samp{;c} for
+@samp{continue}.  If you insert @samp{;c} and then insert a punctuation
+character such as a space or a newline, the @samp{;c} changes
+automatically to @samp{continue}, provided Abbrev mode is enabled.@refill
+
+  Type @samp{;?} or @samp{;C-h} to display a list of all built-in
+Fortran abbrevs and what they stand for.
+
+@node Asm Mode,, Fortran, Programs
+@section Asm Mode
+
+@cindex Asm mode
+Asm mode is a major mode for editing files of assembler code.  It
+defines these commands:
+
+@table @kbd
+@item @key{TAB}
+@code{tab-to-tab-stop}.
+@item @key{LFD}
+Insert a newline and then indent using @code{tab-to-tab-stop}.
+@item :
+Insert a colon and then remove the indentation from before the label
+preceding colon.  Then do @code{tab-to-tab-stop}.
+@item ;
+Insert or align a comment.
+@end table
+
+  The variable @code{asm-comment-char} specifies which character
+starts comments in assembler syntax.