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+\input texinfo    @c -*-texinfo-*-
+@comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
+@setfilename ../info/ispell.info
+@settitle ISPELL V3.1
+@comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
+
+@iftex
+@finalout
+@end iftex
+
+@ifinfo
+This file documents ISPELL, an interactive spelling corrector.
+
+Copyright 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+@ignore
+Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
+results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
+notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
+(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
+
+@end ignore
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
+resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
+notice identical to this one.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
+except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
+by the Foundation.
+@end ifinfo
+
+@setchapternewpage odd
+@titlepage
+@sp 11
+@center @titlefont{ISPELL}
+@sp 2
+@center by Pace Willisson and Geoff Kuenning
+@sp 2
+@center Version 3.1
+@sp 2
+@center December 1993
+
+@comment   Include the Distribution inside the titlepage environment so
+@c that headings are turned off. 
+
+@page
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Published by Geoffrey H. Kuenning @*
+12840 Winthrop Ave., @*
+Granada Hills, CA  91344-1221 USA
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
+resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
+notice identical to this one.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
+except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
+by the Foundation.
+
+@end titlepage
+@menu
+* Emacs::			Using ispell from emacs
+* Old Emacs::			Old Emacs
+* Private::			Your private dictionary
+* Command summary::		All commands in emacs mode
+* Near misses::			Definition of a near miss
+* History::			Where it came from
+
+ --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
+
+Using ispell from emacs
+
+* Word::			Checking a single word
+* Buffer::			Checking a whole buffer
+* Region::			Checking a region
+* Multiple Dictionaries::	Using Multiple Dictionaries
+@end menu
+
+@node Top, Emacs, (dir), (dir)
+
+@iftex
+@chapter ISPELL
+@code{Ispell} is a program that helps you to correct spelling and
+typographical errors in a file.  When presented with a word that is not
+in the dictionary, @code{ispell} attempts to find @dfn{near misses} that
+might include the word you meant.
+
+This manual describes how to use @code{ispell} from within @code{emacs}.
+Other information about @code{ispell} is available from the @code{Unix}
+manual pages.
+@end iftex
+
+@ifinfo
+
+@code{Ispell} is a program that helps you to correct spelling errors in
+a file, and to find the correct spelling of words.  When presented with
+a word that is not in the dictionary, @code{ispell} attempts to find
+@dfn{near misses} that might include the word you meant.
+
+This manual describes how to use ispell, as well as a little about
+its implementation.
+
+@end ifinfo
+
+@menu
+* Emacs::			Using ispell from emacs
+* Old Emacs::			Old Emacs
+* Private::			Your private dictionary
+* Command summary::		All commands in emacs mode
+* Near misses::			Definition of a near miss
+* History::			Where it came from
+
+@end menu
+
+@node Emacs, Old Emacs, Top, Top
+@section Using ispell from emacs
+
+@menu
+* Word::			Checking a single word
+* Buffer::			Checking a whole buffer
+* Region::			Checking a region
+* Multiple Dictionaries::	Using Multiple Dictionaries
+@end menu
+
+@node Word, Buffer, Emacs, Emacs
+@subsection Checking a single word
+
+The simplest emacs command for calling ispell is 'M-$' (meta-dollar.  On
+some terminals, you must type ESC-$.) This checks the spelling of the
+word under the cursor.  If the word is found in the dictionary, then a
+message is printed in the echo area.  Otherwise, ISPELL attempts to
+generate near misses.
+
+If any near misses are found, they are displayed in a separate window,
+each preceded by a digit or character.  If one of these is the word you
+wanted, just type its digit or character, and it will replace the
+original word in your buffer.
+
+If no near miss is right, or if none are displayed, you have five
+choices:
+
+@table @kbd
+@item I
+
+Insert the word in your private dictionary.  Use this if you know that
+the word is spelled correctly.
+
+@item A
+
+Accept the word for the duration of this editing session, but do not put
+it in your private dictionary.  Use this if you are not sure about the
+spelling of the word, but you do not want to look it up immediately, or
+for terms that appear in your document but are not truly words.  The
+next time you start ispell, it will have forgotten any accepted words.
+
+@item SPC
+
+Leave the word alone, and consider it misspelled if it is checked again. 
+
+@item R
+
+Replace the word.  This command prompts you for a string in the
+minibuffer.  You may type more than one word, and each word you type
+is checked again, possibly finding other near misses.  This command
+provides a handy way to close in on a word that you have no idea how
+to spell.  You can keep trying different spellings until you find one
+that is close enough to get a near miss. 
+
+@item L
+
+Lookup.  Display words from the dictionary that contain a 
+specified substring.  The substring is a regular expression,
+which means it can contain special characters to be more 
+selective about which words get displayed.
+@xref{Regexps, Regexps, Regexps, emacs, emacs}. @refill
+
+If the only special character in the regular expression is a leading
+@code{^}, then a very fast binary search will be used, instead of
+scanning the whole file.
+
+Only a few matching words can be displayed in the ISPELL window.
+If you want to see more, use the @code{look} program directly from 
+the shell.
+@end table
+
+Of course, you can also type @kbd{@ctrl{G}} to stop the command without
+changing anything.
+
+If you make a change that you don't like, just use emacs' normal undo
+feature @xref{undo, undo, undo, emacs, emacs}.
+
+@node Buffer, Region, Word, Emacs
+@subsection Checking a whole buffer
+
+If you want to check the spelling of all the words in a buffer, type
+the command @kbd{M-x ispell-buffer}.  This command scans the file, and makes
+a list of all the misspelled words.  When it is done, it moves the
+cursor to the first word on the list, and acts like you just typed M-$
+@xref{Word}.
+
+When you finish with one word, the cursor is automatically moved to the
+next.  If you want to stop in the middle of the list type @kbd{X} or
+@kbd{@ctrl{G}}.
+
+@node Region, Multiple Dictionaries, Buffer, Emacs
+@subsection Checking a region
+
+You may check the words in the region with the command @kbd{M-x ispell-region}.
+See @xref{mark, mark, mark, emacs, emacs}.
+
+The commands available are the same as for checking a whole buffer.
+
+@node Multiple Dictionaries,  , Region, Emacs
+@subsection Using Multiple Dictionaries
+
+Your site may have multiple dictionaries installed: a default one
+(usually @file{english.hash}), and several others for different
+languages (e.g. @file{deutsch.hash}) or variations on a language (such as
+British spelling for English).  
+
+@table @code
+
+@item ispell-change-dictionary
+@findex ispell-change-dictionary
+
+This is the command to change the dictionary.  It prompts for a new
+dictionary name, with completion on the elements of @code{ispell-dictionary}.
+
+It changes @code{ispell-dictionary} and kills the old ispell process, if
+one was running.  A new one will be started as soon as necessary.
+
+By just answering @kbd{RET} you can find out what the current dictionary
+is.
+
+@item ispell-dictionary
+@vindex ispell-dictionary
+
+If non-nil, a dictionary to use instead of the default one.
+This is passed to the ispell process using the @code{-d} switch and is
+used as key in @code{ispell-dictionary-alist}.
+
+You should set this variable before your first call to ispell (e.g. in
+your @file{.emacs}), or use the @kbd{M-x ispell-change-dictionary}
+command to change it, as changing this variable only takes effect in a
+newly started ispell process.
+
+@item ispell-dictionary-alist
+@vindex ispell-dictionary-alist
+
+An alist of dictionaries and their associated parameters.
+
+Each element of this list is also a list:
+
+@example
+(@var{dictionary-name}
+    @var{casechars} @var{not-casechars} @var{otherchars} @var{many-otherchars-p}
+    @var{ispell-args})
+@end example
+
+@var{dictionary-name} is a possible value of variable
+@code{ispell-dictionary}, @code{nil} means the default dictionary.
+
+@var{casechars} is a regular expression of valid characters that
+comprise a word.
+
+@var{not-casechars} is the opposite regexp of @var{casechars}.
+
+@var{otherchars} is a regular expression of other characters that are
+valid in word constructs.  Otherchars cannot be adjacent to each other
+in a word, nor can they begin or end a word.  This implies we can't
+check @samp{Stevens'} as a correct possessive and other correct
+formations.
+
+Hint: regexp syntax requires the hyphen to be declared first here.
+
+@var{many-otherchars-p} is non-nil if many otherchars are to be allowed
+in a word instead of only one.
+
+@var{ispell-args} is a list of additional arguments passed to the ispell
+subprocess.
+
+Note that the @var{casechars} and @var{otherchars} slots of the alist should
+contain the same character set as casechars and otherchars in the
+@var{language}@file{.aff} file (e.g., @file{english.aff}).
+
+@end table
+
+@node Old Emacs, Private, Emacs, Top
+@section Old Emacs
+
+Until ispell becomes part of the standard emacs distribution, you will
+have to explicitly request that it be loaded.  Put the following lines
+in your emacs init file @xref{init file,, init file, emacs, emacs}.
+
+@example
+(autoload 'ispell-word "ispell" "Check the spelling of word in buffer." t)
+(autoload 'ispell-region "ispell" "Check the spelling of region." t)
+(autoload 'ispell-buffer "ispell" "Check the spelling of buffer." t)
+(global-set-key "\e$" 'ispell-word)
+@end example
+
+(It will do no harm to have these lines in your init file even after
+ispell is installed by default.)
+
+@node Private, Command summary, Old Emacs, Top
+@section Your private dictionary
+
+Whenever ispell is started the file @file{.ispell_words} is read from
+your home directory (if it exists).  This file contains a list of words,
+one per line.  The order of the words is not important, but the case is.
+Ispell will consider all of the words good, and will use them as
+possible near misses.
+
+The @kbd{I} command adds words to @file{.ispell_words}, so normally you
+don't have to worry about the file.  You may want to check it from
+time to time to make sure you have not accidentally inserted a
+misspelled word.
+
+@node Command summary, Near misses, Private, Top
+@section All commands in emacs mode
+
+@table @kbd
+@item DIGIT
+Select a near miss
+@item I
+Insert into private dictionary
+@item A
+Accept for this session
+@item SPC
+Skip this time
+@item R
+Replace with one or more words
+@item L
+Lookup: search the dictionary using a regular expression 
+@item M-$
+Check word
+@item M-x ispell-buffer
+Check buffer
+@item M-x ispell-region
+Check region
+@item M-x ispell-change-dictionary
+Select different dictionary.
+@end table
+
+@node Near misses, History, Command summary, Top
+@section Definition of a near miss
+
+Two words are near each other if they can be made identical with one
+of the following changes to one of the words:
+
+@example
+Insert a blank space
+Interchange two adjacent letters.
+Change one letter.
+Delete one letter.
+Add one letter.
+@end example
+
+Someday, perhaps ispell will be extended so that words that sound
+alike would also be considered near misses.  If you would like to
+implement this, see Knuth, Volume 3, page 392 for a description of the
+Soundex algorithm which might apply. 
+
+@node History,  , Near misses, Top
+@section Where it came from
+
+Ispell has a long and convoluted history.  Originally called SPELL, it
+was written by Ralph E. Gorin in 1971.  That version was written in
+assembly language for the DEC PDP-10 to run under the WAITS operating
+system at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.  Subsequent
+versions, also in PDP-10 assembly language, were developed for the BBN
+TENEX, MIT ITS, and DEC TOPS-10 and TOPS-20 operating systems.  It was
+later revised by W. E. Matson (1974), and W. B. Ackerman (1978),
+changing its name to ISPELL in the process.
+
+In 1983, Pace Willisson (pace@@ai.mit.edu) converted this version to
+the C language and modified it to work under Unix.
+
+In 1987, Walt Buehring revised and enhanced ispell, and posted it to the
+Usenet along with a dictionary.  In addition, Walt wrote the first version
+of "ispell.el", the emacs interface.
+
+Geoff Kuenning (geoff@@ITcorp.com, that's me, and by the way I pronounce
+it "Kenning") picked up this version, fixed many bugs, and added further
+enhancements.  In 1988 I got ambitious and rewrote major portions of the
+code, resulting in the table-driven multi-lingual version.  Ken Stevens
+(stevens@@hplabs.hp.com) made overwhelming contributions to the elisp
+support to produce the version you are using now.
+
+Due to a misunderstanding involving the Free Software Foundation, it
+later became necessary to rename this version to ispell to avoid
+confusion on the part of users.
+
+Many other enhancements and bug fixes were provided by other people.
+Although I omit mention here due to space, many of these people have
+also made significant contributions to the version of ispell you see
+here.  For a full list of people who have contributed to ispell, refer
+to the file @file{Contributors} which is distributed with the ispell
+sources.
+
+@noindent
+Geoff Kuenning @*
+geoff@@ITcorp.com @*
+
+@contents
+
+@bye