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+\input texinfo                  @c -*-texinfo-*-
+
+@setfilename ../info/gnus.info
+@settitle Gnus 5.2 Manual
+@synindex fn cp
+@synindex vr cp
+@synindex pg cp
+@iftex
+@finalout
+@end iftex
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+\mbox{} \hfill 
+\raisebox{-0.5cm}{\epsfig{figure=gnus-big-logo.eps,height=1cm}}
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+@end iftex
+
+@iftex
+@iflatex
+\begin{titlepage}
+{
+
+%\addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-5cm}
+%\addtolength{\evensidemargin}{-5cm}
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+\vfill
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+\vfill
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+\gnusauthor{by Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen}
+\newpage
+}
+
+\mbox{}
+\vfill
+
+\thispagestyle{empty}
+
+Copyright \copyright{} 1995,96 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
+entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
+permission notice identical to this one.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
+
+\newpage
+\end{titlepage}
+@end iflatex
+@end iftex
+
+@ifinfo
+
+This file documents Gnus, the GNU Emacs newsreader.
+
+Copyright (C) 1995,96 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+@ignore
+Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
+results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
+notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
+(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
+
+@end ignore
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
+entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
+permission notice identical to this one.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
+@end ifinfo
+
+@tex
+
+@titlepage
+@title Gnus Manual
+
+@author by Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen
+@page
+
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+Copyright @copyright{} 1995,96 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
+entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
+permission notice identical to this one.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
+
+@end titlepage
+@page
+
+@end tex
+
+
+@node Top
+@top The Gnus Newsreader
+
+@ifinfo
+
+You can read news (and mail) from within Emacs by using Gnus.  The news
+can be gotten by any nefarious means you can think of---@sc{nntp}, local
+spool or your mbox file.  All at the same time, if you want to push your
+luck.
+
+@end ifinfo
+
+@iftex
+
+@iflatex
+\thispagestyle{empty}
+@end iflatex
+
+Gnus is the advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible
+unreal-time newsreader for GNU Emacs.  
+
+Oops.  That sounds oddly familiar, so let's start over again to avoid
+being accused of plagiarism:
+
+Gnus is a message-reading laboratory.  It will let you look at just
+about anything as if it were a newsgroup.  You can read mail with it,
+you can browse directories with it, you can @code{ftp} with it---you can
+even read news with it!
+
+Gnus tries to empower people who read news the same way Emacs empowers
+people who edit text.  Gnus sets no limits to what the user should be
+allowed to do.  Users are encouraged to extend Gnus to make it behave
+like they want it to behave.  A program should not control people;
+people should be empowered to do what they want by using (or abusing)
+the program.
+
+@end iftex
+
+
+@menu
+* Starting Up::           Finding news can be a pain.
+* The Group Buffer::      Selecting, subscribing and killing groups.
+* The Summary Buffer::    Reading, saving and posting articles.
+* The Article Buffer::    Displaying and handling articles.
+* Composing Messages::    Information on sending mail and news.
+* Select Methods::        Gnus reads all messages from various select methods.
+* Scoring::               Assigning values to articles.
+* Various::               General purpose settings.
+* The End::               Farewell and goodbye.
+* Appendices::            Terminology, Emacs intro, FAQ, History, Internals.
+* Index::                 Variable, function and concept index.
+* Key Index::             Key Index.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Starting Up
+@chapter Starting Gnus
+@cindex starting up
+
+@kindex M-x gnus
+@findex gnus
+If your system administrator has set things up properly, starting Gnus
+and reading news is extremely easy---you just type @kbd{M-x gnus} in
+your Emacs. 
+
+@findex gnus-other-frame
+@kindex M-x gnus-other-frame
+If you want to start Gnus in a different frame, you can use the command
+@kbd{M-x gnus-other-frame} instead.
+
+If things do not go smoothly at startup, you have to twiddle some
+variables. 
+
+@menu
+* Finding the News::    Choosing a method for getting news.
+* The First Time::      What does Gnus do the first time you start it?
+* The Server is Down::  How can I read my mail then?
+* Slave Gnusii::        You can have more than one Gnus active at a time.
+* Fetching a Group::    Starting Gnus just to read a group.
+* New Groups::          What is Gnus supposed to do with new groups?
+* Startup Files::       Those pesky startup files---@file{.newsrc}.
+* Auto Save::           Recovering from a crash.
+* The Active File::     Reading the active file over a slow line Takes Time.
+* Startup Variables::   Other variables you might change.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Finding the News
+@section Finding the News
+
+@vindex gnus-select-method
+@c @head
+The @code{gnus-select-method} variable says where Gnus should look for
+news.  This variable should be a list where the first element says
+@dfn{how} and the second element says @dfn{where}.  This method is your
+native method.  All groups that are not fetched with this method are
+foreign groups.
+
+For instance, if the @samp{news.somewhere.edu} @sc{nntp} server is where
+you want to get your daily dosage of news from, you'd say:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-select-method '(nntp "news.somewhere.edu"))
+@end lisp
+
+If you want to read directly from the local spool, say:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-select-method '(nnspool ""))
+@end lisp
+
+If you can use a local spool, you probably should, as it will almost
+certainly be much faster.
+
+@vindex gnus-nntpserver-file
+@cindex NNTPSERVER
+@cindex @sc{nntp} server
+If this variable is not set, Gnus will take a look at the
+@code{NNTPSERVER} environment variable.  If that variable isn't set,
+Gnus will see whether @code{gnus-nntpserver-file}
+(@file{/etc/nntpserver} by default) has any opinions on the matter.  If
+that fails as well, Gnus will will try to use the machine that is
+running Emacs as an @sc{nntp} server.  That's a long-shot, though.
+
+@vindex gnus-nntp-server
+If @code{gnus-nntp-server} is set, this variable will override
+@code{gnus-select-method}.  You should therefore set
+@code{gnus-nntp-server} to @code{nil}, which is what it is by default.
+
+@vindex gnus-secondary-servers
+You can also make Gnus prompt you interactively for the name of an
+@sc{nntp} server.  If you give a non-numerical prefix to @code{gnus}
+(i.e., @kbd{C-u M-x gnus}), Gnus will let you choose between the servers
+in the @code{gnus-secondary-servers} list (if any).  You can also just
+type in the name of any server you feel like visiting.
+
+@findex gnus-group-browse-foreign-server
+@kindex B (Group)
+However, if you use one @sc{nntp} server regularly and are just
+interested in a couple of groups from a different server, you would be
+better served by using the @kbd{B} command in the group buffer.  It will
+let you have a look at what groups are available, and you can subscribe
+to any of the groups you want to.  This also makes @file{.newsrc}
+maintenance much tidier.  @xref{Foreign Groups}.
+
+@vindex gnus-secondary-select-methods
+@c @head
+A slightly different approach to foreign groups is to set the
+@code{gnus-secondary-select-methods} variable.  The select methods
+listed in this variable are in many ways just as native as the
+@code{gnus-select-method} server.  They will also be queried for active
+files during startup (if that's required), and new newsgroups that
+appear on these servers will be subscribed (or not) just as native
+groups are.
+
+For instance, if you use the @code{nnmbox} backend to read your mail, you
+would typically set this variable to
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-secondary-select-methods '((nnmbox "")))
+@end lisp
+
+
+@node The First Time
+@section The First Time
+@cindex first time usage
+
+If no startup files exist, Gnus will try to determine what groups should
+be subscribed by default.
+
+@vindex gnus-default-subscribed-newsgroups
+If the variable @code{gnus-default-subscribed-newsgroups} is set, Gnus
+will subscribe you to just those groups in that list, leaving the rest
+killed.  Your system administrator should have set this variable to
+something useful.
+
+Since she hasn't, Gnus will just subscribe you to a few arbitrarily
+picked groups (i.e., @samp{*.newusers}).  (@dfn{Arbitrary} is here
+defined as @dfn{whatever Lars thinks you should read}.)
+
+You'll also be subscribed to the Gnus documentation group, which should
+help you with most common problems.  
+
+If @code{gnus-default-subscribed-newsgroups} is @code{t}, Gnus will just
+use the normal functions for handling new groups, and not do anything
+special.
+
+
+@node The Server is Down
+@section The Server is Down
+@cindex server errors
+
+If the default server is down, Gnus will understandably have some
+problems starting.  However, if you have some mail groups in addition to
+the news groups, you may want to start Gnus anyway.
+
+Gnus, being the trusting sort of program, will ask whether to proceed
+without a native select method if that server can't be contacted.  This
+will happen whether the server doesn't actually exist (i.e., you have
+given the wrong address) or the server has just momentarily taken ill
+for some reason or other.  If you decide to continue and have no foreign
+groups, you'll find it difficult to actually do anything in the group
+buffer.  But, hey, that's your problem.  Blllrph!
+
+@findex gnus-no-server
+@c @head
+If you know that the server is definitely down, or you just want to read
+your mail without bothering with the server at all, you can use the
+@code{gnus-no-server} command to start Gnus.  That might come in handy
+if you're in a hurry as well.
+
+
+@node Slave Gnusii
+@section Slave Gnusiï
+@cindex slave
+
+You might want to run more than one Emacs with more than one Gnus at the
+same time.  If you are using different @file{.newsrc} files (eg., if you
+are using the two different Gnusiï to read from two different servers),
+that is no problem whatsoever.  You just do it.
+
+The problem appears when you want to run two Gnusiï that use the same
+@code{.newsrc} file.
+
+To work around that problem some, we here at the Think-Tank at the Gnus
+Towers have come up with a new concept: @dfn{Masters} and
+@dfn{servants}.  (We have applied for a patent on this concept, and have
+taken out a copyright on those words.  If you wish to use those words in
+conjunction with each other, you have to send $1 per usage instance to
+me.  Usage of the patent (@dfn{Master/Slave Relationships In Computer
+Applications}) will be much more expensive, of course.)
+
+Anyways, you start one Gnus up the normal way with @kbd{M-x gnus} (or
+however you do it).  Each subsequent slave Gnusiï should be started with
+@kbd{M-x gnus-slave}.  These slaves won't save normal @file{.newsrc}
+files, but instead save @dfn{slave files} that contains information only
+on what groups have been read in the slave session.  When a master Gnus
+starts, it will read (and delete) these slave files, incorporating all
+information from them.  (The slave files will be read in the sequence
+they were created, so the latest changes will have precedence.)
+
+Information from the slave files has, of course, precedence over the
+information in the normal (i. e., master) @code{.newsrc} file.
+
+
+@node Fetching a Group
+@section Fetching a Group
+
+@findex gnus-fetch-group
+It it sometime convenient to be able to just say ``I want to read this
+group and I don't care whether Gnus has been started or not''.  This is
+perhaps more useful for people who write code than for users, but the
+command @code{gnus-fetch-group} provides this functionality in any case.
+It takes the group name as a parameter.
+
+
+@node New Groups
+@section New Groups
+@cindex new groups
+
+@vindex gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method
+What Gnus does when it encounters a new group is determined by the
+@code{gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method} variable.
+
+This variable should contain a function.  Some handy pre-fab values
+are:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-subscribe-zombies
+@vindex gnus-subscribe-zombies
+Make all new groups zombies.  You can browse the zombies later (with
+@kbd{A z}) and either kill them all off properly, or subscribe to them.
+This is the default.
+
+@item gnus-subscribe-randomly
+@vindex gnus-subscribe-randomly
+Subscribe all new groups randomly.
+
+@item gnus-subscribe-alphabetically
+@vindex gnus-subscribe-alphabetically
+Subscribe all new groups alphabetically.
+
+@item gnus-subscribe-hierarchically
+@vindex gnus-subscribe-hierarchically
+Subscribe all new groups hierarchically.
+
+@item gnus-subscribe-interactively
+@vindex gnus-subscribe-interactively
+Subscribe new groups interactively.  This means that Gnus will ask
+you about @strong{all} new groups.
+
+@item gnus-subscribe-killed
+@vindex gnus-subscribe-killed
+Kill all new groups.
+
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-subscribe-hierarchical-interactive
+A closely related variable is
+@code{gnus-subscribe-hierarchical-interactive}.  (That's quite a
+mouthful.)  If this variable is non-@code{nil}, Gnus will ask you in a
+hierarchical fashion whether to subscribe to new groups or not.  Gnus
+will ask you for each sub-hierarchy whether you want to descend the
+hierarchy or not.  
+
+One common mistake is to set the variable a few paragraphs above to
+@code{gnus-subscribe-hierarchical-interactive}.  This is an error.  This
+will not work.  This is ga-ga.  So don't do it.
+
+A nice and portable way to control which new newsgroups should be
+subscribed (or ignored) is to put an @dfn{options} line at the start of
+the @file{.newsrc} file.  Here's an example:
+
+@example
+options -n !alt.all !rec.all sci.all
+@end example
+
+@vindex gnus-subscribe-options-newsgroup-method
+This line obviously belongs to a serious-minded intellectual scientific
+person (or she may just be plain old boring), because it says that all
+groups that have names beginning with @samp{alt} and @samp{rec} should
+be ignored, and all groups with names beginning with @samp{sci} should
+be subscribed.  Gnus will not use the normal subscription method for
+subscribing these groups.
+@code{gnus-subscribe-options-newsgroup-method} is used instead.  This
+variable defaults to @code{gnus-subscribe-alphabetically}.
+
+@vindex gnus-options-not-subscribe
+@vindex gnus-options-subscribe
+If you don't want to mess with your @file{.newsrc} file, you can just
+set the two variables @code{gnus-options-subscribe} and
+@code{gnus-options-not-subscribe}.  These two variables do exactly the
+same as the @file{.newsrc} @samp{options -n} trick.  Both are regexps,
+and if the the new group matches the former, it will be unconditionally
+subscribed, and if it matches the latter, it will be ignored.
+
+@vindex gnus-auto-subscribed-groups
+Yet another variable that meddles here is
+@code{gnus-auto-subscribed-groups}.  It works exactly like
+@code{gnus-options-subscribe}, and is therefore really superfluous, but I
+thought it would be nice to have two of these.  This variable is more
+meant for setting some ground rules, while the other variable is used
+more for user fiddling.  By default this variable makes all new groups
+that come from mail backends (@code{nnml}, @code{nnbabyl},
+@code{nnfolder}, @code{nnmbox}, and @code{nnmh}) subscribed.  If you
+don't like that, just set this variable to @code{nil}.
+
+@vindex gnus-check-new-newsgroups
+If you are satisfied that you really never want to see any new groups,
+you could set @code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} to @code{nil}.  This will
+also save you some time at startup.  Even if this variable is
+@code{nil}, you can always subscribe to the new groups just by pressing
+@kbd{U} in the group buffer (@pxref{Group Maintenance}).  This variable
+is @code{t} by default.
+
+Gnus normally determines whether a group is new or not by comparing the
+list of groups from the active file(s) with the lists of subscribed and
+dead groups.  This isn't a particularly fast method.  If
+@code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} is @code{ask-server}, Gnus will ask the
+server for new groups since the last time.  This is both faster &
+cheaper.  This also means that you can get rid of the list of killed
+groups altogether, so you may set @code{gnus-save-killed-list} to
+@code{nil}, which will save time both at startup, at exit, and all over.
+Saves disk space, too.  Why isn't this the default, then?
+Unfortunately, not all servers support this command. 
+
+I bet I know what you're thinking now: How do I find out whether my
+server supports @code{ask-server}?  No?  Good, because I don't have a
+fail-safe answer.  I would suggest just setting this variable to
+@code{ask-server} and see whether any new groups appear within the next
+few days.  If any do, then it works.  If any don't, then it doesn't
+work.  I could write a function to make Gnus guess whether the server
+supports @code{ask-server}, but it would just be a guess.  So I won't.
+You could @code{telnet} to the server and say @code{HELP} and see
+whether it lists @samp{NEWGROUPS} among the commands it understands.  If
+it does, then it might work.  (But there are servers that lists
+@samp{NEWGROUPS} without supporting the function properly.)
+
+This variable can also be a list of select methods.  If so, Gnus will
+issue an @code{ask-server} command to each of the select methods, and
+subscribe them (or not) using the normal methods.  This might be handy
+if you are monitoring a few servers for new groups.  A side effect is
+that startup will take much longer, so you can meditate while waiting.
+Use the mantra ``dingnusdingnusdingnus'' to achieve permanent bliss.
+
+
+@node Startup Files
+@section Startup Files
+@cindex startup files
+@cindex .newsrc
+
+Now, you all know about the @file{.newsrc} file.  All subscription
+information is traditionally stored in this file.
+
+Things got a bit more complicated with @sc{gnus}.  In addition to
+keeping the @file{.newsrc} file updated, it also used a file called
+@file{.newsrc.el} for storing all the information that didn't fit into
+the @file{.newsrc} file.  (Actually, it also duplicated everything in
+the @file{.newsrc} file.)  @sc{gnus} would read whichever one of these
+files was the most recently saved, which enabled people to swap between
+@sc{gnus} and other newsreaders.
+
+That was kinda silly, so Gnus went one better: In addition to the
+@file{.newsrc} and @file{.newsrc.el} files, Gnus also has a file called
+@file{.newsrc.eld}.  It will read whichever of these files that are most
+recent, but it will never write a @file{.newsrc.el} file.
+
+@vindex gnus-save-newsrc-file
+You can turn off writing the @file{.newsrc} file by setting
+@code{gnus-save-newsrc-file} to @code{nil}, which means you can delete
+the file and save some space, as well as making exit from Gnus faster.
+However, this will make it impossible to use other newsreaders than
+Gnus.  But hey, who would want to, right?
+
+@vindex gnus-save-killed-list
+If @code{gnus-save-killed-list} (default @code{t}) is @code{nil}, Gnus
+will not save the list of killed groups to the startup file.  This will
+save both time (when starting and quitting) and space (on disk).  It
+will also means that Gnus has no record of what groups are new or old,
+so the automatic new groups subscription methods become meaningless.
+You should always set @code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} to @code{nil} or
+@code{ask-server} if you set this variable to @code{nil} (@pxref{New
+Groups}).
+
+@vindex gnus-startup-file
+The @code{gnus-startup-file} variable says where the startup files are.
+The default value is @file{~/.newsrc}, with the Gnus (El Dingo) startup
+file being whatever that one is with a @samp{.eld} appended.
+
+@vindex gnus-save-newsrc-hook
+@vindex gnus-save-quick-newsrc-hook
+@vindex gnus-save-standard-newsrc-hook
+@code{gnus-save-newsrc-hook} is called before saving any of the newsrc
+files, while @code{gnus-save-quick-newsrc-hook} is called just before
+saving the @file{.newsrc.eld} file, and
+@code{gnus-save-standard-newsrc-hook} is called just before saving the
+@file{.newsrc} file.  The latter two are commonly used to turn version
+control on or off.  Version control is off by default when saving the
+startup files.
+
+
+@node Auto Save
+@section Auto Save
+@cindex dribble file
+@cindex auto-save
+
+Whenever you do something that changes the Gnus data (reading articles,
+catching up, killing/subscribing groups), the change is added to a
+special @dfn{dribble buffer}.  This buffer is auto-saved the normal
+Emacs way.  If your Emacs should crash before you have saved the
+@file{.newsrc} files, all changes you have made can be recovered from
+this file.
+
+If Gnus detects this file at startup, it will ask the user whether to
+read it.  The auto save file is deleted whenever the real startup file is
+saved.
+
+@vindex gnus-use-dribble-file
+If @code{gnus-use-dribble-file} is @code{nil}, Gnus won't create and
+maintain a dribble buffer.  The default is @code{t}.
+
+@vindex gnus-dribble-directory
+Gnus will put the dribble file(s) in @code{gnus-dribble-directory}.  If
+this variable is @code{nil}, which it is by default, Gnus will dribble
+into the directory where the @file{.newsrc} file is located.  (This is
+normally the user's home directory.)  The dribble file will get the same
+file permissions as the @code{.newsrc} file.
+
+
+@node The Active File
+@section The Active File
+@cindex active file
+@cindex ignored groups
+
+When Gnus starts, or indeed whenever it tries to determine whether new
+articles have arrived, it reads the active file.  This is a very large
+file that lists all the active groups and articles on the server.
+
+@vindex gnus-ignored-newsgroups
+Before examining the active file, Gnus deletes all lines that match the
+regexp @code{gnus-ignored-newsgroups}.  This is done primarily to reject
+any groups with bogus names, but you can use this variable to make Gnus
+ignore hierarchies you aren't ever interested in.  However, this is not
+recommended.  In fact, it's highly discouraged.  Instead, @pxref{New
+Groups} for an overview of other variables that can be used instead.
+
+@c This variable is
+@c @code{nil} by default, and will slow down active file handling somewhat
+@c if you set it to anything else.
+
+@vindex gnus-read-active-file
+@c @head
+The active file can be rather Huge, so if you have a slow network, you
+can set @code{gnus-read-active-file} to @code{nil} to prevent Gnus from
+reading the active file.  This variable is @code{t} by default.
+
+Gnus will try to make do by getting information just on the groups that
+you actually subscribe to.
+
+Note that if you subscribe to lots and lots of groups, setting this
+variable to @code{nil} will probably make Gnus slower, not faster.  At
+present, having this variable @code{nil} will slow Gnus down
+considerably, unless you read news over a 2400 baud modem.  
+
+This variable can also have the value @code{some}.  Gnus will then
+attempt to read active info only on the subscribed groups.  On some
+servers this is quite fast (on sparkling, brand new INN servers that
+support the @code{LIST ACTIVE group} command), on others this isn't fast
+at all.  In any case, @code{some} should be faster than @code{nil}, and
+is certainly faster than @code{t} over slow lines.
+
+If this variable is @code{nil}, Gnus will ask for group info in total
+lock-step, which isn't very fast.  If it is @code{some} and you use an
+@sc{nntp} server, Gnus will pump out commands as fast as it can, and
+read all the replies in one swoop.  This will normally result in better
+performance, but if the server does not support the aforementioned
+@code{LIST ACTIVE group} command, this isn't very nice to the server.
+
+In any case, if you use @code{some} or @code{nil}, you should definitely
+kill all groups that you aren't interested in to speed things up.
+
+
+@node Startup Variables
+@section Startup Variables
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-load-hook
+@vindex gnus-load-hook
+A hook that is run while Gnus is being loaded.  Note that this hook will
+normally be run just once in each Emacs session, no matter how many
+times you start Gnus.
+
+@item gnus-startup-hook
+@vindex gnus-startup-hook
+A hook that is run after starting up Gnus successfully.
+
+@item gnus-check-bogus-newsgroups
+@vindex gnus-check-bogus-newsgroups
+If non-@code{nil}, Gnus will check for and delete all bogus groups at
+startup.  A @dfn{bogus group} is a group that you have in your
+@file{.newsrc} file, but doesn't exist on the news server.  Checking for
+bogus groups can take quite a while, so to save time and resources it's
+best to leave this option off, and do the checking for bogus groups once
+in a while from the group buffer instead (@pxref{Group Maintenance}).
+
+@item gnus-inhibit-startup-message
+@vindex gnus-inhibit-startup-message
+If non-@code{nil}, the startup message won't be displayed.  That way,
+your boss might not notice that you are reading news instead of doing
+your job as easily.
+
+@item gnus-no-groups-message
+@vindex gnus-no-groups-message
+Message displayed by Gnus when no groups are available.
+@end table
+
+
+@node The Group Buffer
+@chapter The Group Buffer
+@cindex group buffer
+
+The @dfn{group buffer} lists all (or parts) of the available groups.  It
+is the first buffer shown when Gnus starts, and will never be killed as
+long as Gnus is active.
+
+@menu
+* Group Buffer Format::    Information listed and how you can change it.
+* Group Maneuvering::      Commands for moving in the group buffer.
+* Selecting a Group::      Actually reading news.
+* Subscription Commands::  Unsubscribing, killing, subscribing.
+* Group Levels::           Levels? What are those, then?
+* Group Score::            A mechanism for finding out what groups you like.
+* Marking Groups::         You can mark groups for later processing.
+* Foreign Groups::         Creating and editing groups.
+* Group Parameters::       Each group may have different parameters set.
+* Listing Groups::         Gnus can list various subsets of the groups.
+* Sorting Groups::         Re-arrange the group order.
+* Group Maintenance::      Maintaining a tidy @file{.newsrc} file.
+* Browse Foreign Server::  You can browse a server.  See what it has to offer.
+* Exiting Gnus::           Stop reading news and get some work done.
+* Group Topics::           A folding group mode divided into topics.
+* Misc Group Stuff::       Other stuff that you can to do.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Group Buffer Format
+@section Group Buffer Format
+@cindex group buffer format
+
+@menu 
+* Group Line Specification::       Deciding how the group buffer is to look.
+* Group Modeline Specification::   The group buffer modeline.
+* Group Highlighting::             Having nice colors in the group buffer.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Group Line Specification
+@subsection Group Line Specification
+
+The default format of the group buffer is nice and dull, but you can
+make it as exciting and ugly as you feel like.
+
+Here's a couple of example group lines:
+
+@example
+     25: news.announce.newusers
+ *    0: alt.fan.andrea-dworkin
+@end example
+
+Quite simple, huh?
+
+You can see that there are 25 unread articles in
+@samp{news.announce.newusers}.  There are no unread articles, but some
+ticked articles, in @samp{alt.fan.andrea-dworkin} (see that little
+asterisk at the beginning of the line?)
+
+@vindex gnus-group-line-format
+You can change that format to whatever you want by fiddling with the
+@code{gnus-group-line-format} variable.  This variable works along the
+lines of a @code{format} specification, which is pretty much the same as
+a @code{printf} specifications, for those of you who use (feh!) C.
+@xref{Formatting Variables}. 
+
+The default value that produced those lines above is 
+@samp{%M%S%5y: %(%g%)\n}.
+
+There should always be a colon on the line; the cursor always moves to
+the colon after performing an operation.  Nothing else is required---not
+even the group name.  All displayed text is just window dressing, and is
+never examined by Gnus.  Gnus stores all real information it needs using
+text properties.
+
+(Note that if you make a really strange, wonderful, spreadsheet-like
+layout, everybody will believe you are hard at work with the accounting
+instead of wasting time reading news.)
+
+Here's a list of all available format characters:
+
+@table @samp
+
+@item M    
+Only marked articles.
+
+@item S
+Whether the group is subscribed.
+
+@item L    
+Level of subscribedness.
+
+@item N
+Number of unread articles.
+
+@item I
+Number of dormant articles.
+
+@item T
+Number of ticked articles.
+
+@item R
+Number of read articles.
+
+@item t
+Total number of articles.
+
+@item y
+Number of unread, unticked, non-dormant articles.
+
+@item i
+Number of ticked and dormant articles.
+
+@item g
+Full group name.
+
+@item G
+Group name.
+
+@item D
+Newsgroup description.
+
+@item o
+@samp{m} if moderated.
+
+@item O
+@samp{(m)} if moderated.
+
+@item s
+Select method.
+
+@item n
+Select from where.
+
+@item z
+A string that looks like @samp{<%s:%n>} if a foreign select method is
+used.
+
+@item P
+Indentation based on the level of the topic (@pxref{Group Topics}). 
+
+@item c
+@vindex gnus-group-uncollapsed-levels
+Short (collapsed) group name.  The @code{gnus-group-uncollapsed-levels}
+variable says how many levels to leave at the end of the group name.
+The default is @code{1}.
+
+@item u
+User defined specifier.  The next character in the format string should
+be a letter.  @sc{gnus} will call the function
+@code{gnus-user-format-function-}@samp{X}, where @samp{X} is the letter
+following @samp{%u}.  The function will be passed the current headers as
+argument.  The function should return a string, which will be inserted
+into the buffer just like information from any other specifier.
+@end table
+
+@cindex *
+All the ``number-of'' specs will be filled with an asterisk (@samp{*})
+if no info is available---for instance, if it is a non-activated foreign
+group, or a bogus (or semi-bogus) native group.
+
+
+@node Group Modeline Specification
+@subsection Group Modeline Specification
+
+@vindex gnus-group-mode-line-format
+The mode line can be changed by setting
+(@code{gnus-group-mode-line-format}).  It doesn't understand that many
+format specifiers:
+
+@table @samp
+@item S
+The native news server.
+@item M
+The native select method.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Group Highlighting
+@subsection Group Highlighting
+
+@vindex gnus-group-highlight
+Highlighting in the group buffer is controlled by the
+@code{gnus-group-highlight} variable.  This is an alist with elements
+that look like @var{(form . face)}.  If @var{form} evaluates to
+something non-@code{nil}, the @var{face} will be used on the line.
+
+Here's an example value for this variable that might look nice if the
+background is dark:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-group-highlight
+    `(((> unread 200) . 
+       ,(custom-face-lookup "Red" nil nil t nil nil))
+      ((and (< level 3) (zerop unread)) . 
+       ,(custom-face-lookup "SeaGreen" nil nil t nil nil))
+      ((< level 3) . 
+       ,(custom-face-lookup "SpringGreen" nil nil t nil nil))
+      ((zerop unread) . 
+       ,(custom-face-lookup "SteelBlue" nil nil t nil nil))
+      (t . 
+       ,(custom-face-lookup "SkyBlue" nil nil t nil nil))
+      ))
+@end lisp
+
+Variables that are dynamically bound when the forms are evaluated
+include:
+
+@table @code
+@item group
+The group name.
+@item unread
+The number of unread articles in the group.
+@item method
+The select method.
+@item mailp
+Whether the group is a mail group.
+@item level
+The level of the group.
+@item score
+The score of the group.
+@item ticked 
+The number of ticked articles in the group.
+@item topic
+When using the topic minor mode, this variable is bound to the current
+topic being inserted.
+@end table
+
+When the forms are @code{eval}ed, point is at the beginning of the line
+of the group in question, so you can use many of the normal Gnus
+functions for snarfing info on the group.
+
+@vindex gnus-group-update-hook
+@findex gnus-group-highlight-line
+@code{gnus-group-update-hook} is called when a group line is changed.
+It will not be called when @code{gnus-visual} is @code{nil}.  This hook
+calls @code{gnus-group-highlight-line} by default.
+
+
+@node Group Maneuvering
+@section Group Maneuvering
+@cindex group movement
+
+All movement commands understand the numeric prefix and will behave as
+expected, hopefully. 
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item n
+@kindex n (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-next-unread-group
+Go to the next group that has unread articles
+(@code{gnus-group-next-unread-group}).
+
+@item p
+
+@itemx DEL
+@kindex DEL (Group)
+@kindex p (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-prev-unread-group
+Go to the previous group group that has unread articles
+(@code{gnus-group-prev-unread-group}).
+
+@item N
+@kindex N (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-next-group
+Go to the next group (@code{gnus-group-next-group}).
+
+@item P
+@kindex P (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-prev-group
+Go to the previous group (@code{gnus-group-prev-group}).
+
+@item M-p
+@kindex M-p (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-next-unread-group-same-level
+Go to the next unread group on the same level (or lower)
+(@code{gnus-group-next-unread-group-same-level}). 
+
+@item M-n
+@kindex M-n (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-prev-unread-group-same-level
+Go to the previous unread group on the same level (or lower)
+(@code{gnus-group-prev-unread-group-same-level}). 
+@end table
+
+Three commands for jumping to groups:
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item j
+@kindex j (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-jump-to-group
+Jump to a group (and make it visible if it isn't already)
+(@code{gnus-group-jump-to-group}).  Killed groups can be jumped to, just
+like living groups.
+
+@item ,
+@kindex , (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-best-unread-group
+Jump to the unread group with the lowest level
+(@code{gnus-group-best-unread-group}). 
+
+@item .
+@kindex . (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-first-unread-group
+Jump to the first group with unread articles
+(@code{gnus-group-first-unread-group}).  
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-group-goto-unread
+If @code{gnus-group-goto-unread} is @code{nil}, all the movement
+commands will move to the next group, not the next unread group.  Even
+the commands that say they move to the next unread group.  The default
+is @code{t}.
+
+
+@node Selecting a Group
+@section Selecting a Group
+@cindex group selection
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item SPACE
+@kindex SPACE (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-read-group
+Select the current group, switch to the summary buffer and display the
+first unread article (@code{gnus-group-read-group}).  If there are no
+unread articles in the group, or if you give a non-numerical prefix to
+this command, Gnus will offer to fetch all the old articles in this
+group from the server.  If you give a numerical prefix @var{N}, Gnus
+will fetch @var{N} number of articles.  If @var{N} is positive, fetch
+the @var{N} newest articles, if @var{N} is negative, fetch the
+@var{abs(N)} oldest articles.
+
+@item RET
+@kindex RET (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-select-group
+Select the current group and switch to the summary buffer
+(@code{gnus-group-select-group}).  Takes the same arguments as
+@code{gnus-group-read-group}---the only difference is that this command
+does not display the first unread article automatically upon group
+entry. 
+
+@item M-RET
+@kindex M-RET (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-quick-select-group
+This does the same as the command above, but tries to do it with the
+minimum amount off fuzz (@code{gnus-group-quick-select-group}).  No
+scoring/killing will be performed, there will be no highlights and no
+expunging.  This might be useful if you're in a real hurry and have to
+enter some humongous group.
+
+@item M-SPACE
+@kindex M-RET (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-visible-select-group
+This is yet one more command that does the same as the one above, but
+this one does it without expunging and hiding dormants
+(@code{gnus-group-visible-select-group}).  
+
+@item c
+@kindex c (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-catchup-current
+@vindex gnus-group-catchup-group-hook
+Mark all unticked articles in this group as read
+(@code{gnus-group-catchup-current}).
+@code{gnus-group-catchup-group-hook} is when catching up a group from
+the group buffer.
+
+@item C
+@kindex C (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-catchup-current-all
+Mark all articles in this group, even the ticked ones, as read
+(@code{gnus-group-catchup-current-all}).   
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-large-newsgroup
+The @code{gnus-large-newsgroup} variable says what Gnus should consider
+to be a big group.  This is 200 by default.  If the group has more
+unread articles than this, Gnus will query the user before entering the
+group.  The user can then specify how many articles should be fetched
+from the server.  If the user specifies a negative number (@code{-n}),
+the @code{n} oldest articles will be fetched.  If it is positive, the
+@code{n} articles that have arrived most recently will be fetched.
+
+@vindex gnus-select-group-hook
+@vindex gnus-auto-select-first
+@code{gnus-auto-select-first} control whether any articles are selected
+automatically when entering a group.  
+
+@table @code
+
+@item nil
+Don't select any articles when entering the group.  Just display the
+full summary buffer.
+
+@item t
+Select the first unread article when entering the group.  
+
+@item best
+Select the most high-scored article in the group when entering the
+group. 
+@end table
+        
+If you want to prevent automatic selection in some group (say, in a
+binary group with Huge articles) you can set this variable to @code{nil}
+in @code{gnus-select-group-hook}, which is called when a group is
+selected.
+
+
+@node Subscription Commands
+@section Subscription Commands
+@cindex subscribing
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item S t
+@itemx u
+@kindex S t (Group)
+@kindex u (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-unsubscribe-current-group
+Toggle subscription to the current group
+(@code{gnus-group-unsubscribe-current-group}).  
+
+@item S s
+@itemx U
+@kindex S s (Group)
+@kindex U (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-unsubscribe-group
+Prompt for a group to subscribe, and then subscribe it.  If it was
+subscribed already, unsubscribe it instead
+(@code{gnus-group-unsubscribe-group}).
+
+@item S k
+@itemx C-k
+@kindex S k (Group)
+@kindex C-k (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-kill-group
+Kill the current group (@code{gnus-group-kill-group}).
+
+@item S y
+@itemx C-y
+@kindex S y (Group)
+@kindex C-y (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-yank-group
+Yank the last killed group (@code{gnus-group-yank-group}).
+
+@item C-x C-t
+@kindex C-x C-t (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-transpose-groups
+Transpose two groups (@code{gnus-group-transpose-groups}).  This isn't
+really a subscription command, but you can use it instead of a
+kill-and-yank sequence sometimes.
+
+@item S w
+@itemx C-w
+@kindex S w (Group)
+@kindex C-w (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-kill-region
+Kill all groups in the region (@code{gnus-group-kill-region}). 
+
+@item S z
+@kindex S z (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-kill-all-zombies
+Kill all zombie groups (@code{gnus-group-kill-all-zombies}).
+
+@item S C-k
+@kindex S C-k (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-kill-level
+Kill all groups on a certain level (@code{gnus-group-kill-level}).
+These groups can't be yanked back after killing, so this command should
+be used with some caution.  The only thing where this command comes in
+really handy is when you have a @file{.newsrc} with lots of unsubscribed
+groups that you want to get rid off.  @kbd{S C-k} on level @code{7} will
+kill off all unsubscribed groups that do not have message numbers in the
+@file{.newsrc} file.  
+
+@end table
+
+Also @pxref{Group Levels}.
+
+
+@node Group Levels
+@section Group Levels
+@cindex group level
+
+All groups have a level of @dfn{subscribedness}.  For instance, if a
+group is on level 2, it is more subscribed than a group on level 5.  You
+can ask Gnus to just list groups on a given level or lower
+(@pxref{Listing Groups}), or to just check for new articles in groups on
+a given level or lower (@pxref{Scanning New Messages}).
+
+Remember:  The higher the level of the group, the less important it is. 
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item S l
+@kindex S l (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-set-current-level
+Set the level of the current group.  If a numeric prefix is given, the
+next @var{n} groups will have their levels set.  The user will be
+prompted for a level.
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-level-killed
+@vindex gnus-level-zombie
+@vindex gnus-level-unsubscribed
+@vindex gnus-level-subscribed
+Gnus considers groups on between levels 1 and
+@code{gnus-level-subscribed} (inclusive) (default 5) to be subscribed,
+@code{gnus-level-subscribed} (exclusive) and
+@code{gnus-level-unsubscribed} (inclusive) (default 7) to be
+unsubscribed, @code{gnus-level-zombie} to be zombies (walking dead)
+(default 8) and @code{gnus-level-killed} to be killed (default 9),
+completely dead.  Gnus treats subscribed and unsubscribed groups exactly
+the same, but zombie and killed groups have no information on what
+articles you have read, etc, stored.  This distinction between dead and
+living groups isn't done because it is nice or clever, it is done purely
+for reasons of efficiency.
+
+It is recommended that you keep all your mail groups (if any) on quite
+low levels (eg. 1 or 2).
+
+If you want to play with the level variables, you should show some care.
+Set them once, and don't touch them ever again.  Better yet, don't touch
+them at all unless you know exactly what you're doing.
+
+@vindex gnus-level-default-unsubscribed
+@vindex gnus-level-default-subscribed
+Two closely related variables are @code{gnus-level-default-subscribed}
+(default 3) and @code{gnus-level-default-unsubscribed} (default 6),
+which are the levels that new groups will be put on if they are
+(un)subscribed.  These two variables should, of course, be inside the
+relevant legal ranges.
+
+@vindex gnus-keep-same-level
+If @code{gnus-keep-same-level} is non-@code{nil}, some movement commands
+will only move to groups that are of the same level (or lower).  In
+particular, going from the last article in one group to the next group
+will go to the next group of the same level (or lower).  This might be
+handy if you want to read the most important groups before you read the
+rest.
+
+@vindex gnus-group-default-list-level
+All groups with a level less than or equal to
+@code{gnus-group-default-list-level} will be listed in the group buffer
+by default.
+
+@vindex gnus-group-list-inactive-groups
+If @code{gnus-group-list-inactive-groups} is non-@code{nil}, non-active
+groups will be listed along with the unread groups.  This variable is
+@code{t} by default.  If it is @code{nil}, inactive groups won't be
+listed. 
+
+@vindex gnus-group-use-permanent-levels
+If @code{gnus-group-use-permanent-levels} is non-@code{nil}, once you
+give a level prefix to @kbd{g} or @kbd{l}, all subsequent commands will
+use this level as the ``work'' level.
+
+@vindex gnus-activate-level
+Gnus will normally just activate groups that are on level
+@code{gnus-activate-level} or less.  If you don't want to activate
+unsubscribed groups, for instance, you might set this variable to
+@code{5}. 
+
+
+@node Group Score
+@section Group Score
+@cindex group score
+
+You would normally keep important groups on high levels, but that scheme
+is somewhat restrictive.  Don't you wish you could have Gnus sort the
+group buffer according to how often you read groups, perhaps?  Within
+reason?  
+
+This is what @dfn{group score} is for.  You can assign a score to each
+group.  You can then sort the group buffer based on this score.
+Alternatively, you can sort on score and then level.  (Taken together,
+the level and the score is called the @dfn{rank} of the group.  A group
+that is on level 4 and has a score of 1 has a higher rank than a group
+on level 5 that has a score of 300.  (The level is the most significant
+part and the score is the least significant part.)
+
+@findex gnus-summary-bubble-group
+If you want groups you read often to get higher scores than groups you
+read seldom you can add the @code{gnus-summary-bubble-group} function to
+the @code{gnus-summary-exit-hook} hook.  This will result (after
+sorting) in a bubbling sort of action.  If you want to see that in
+action after each summary exit, you can add
+@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-rank} or
+@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-score} to the same hook, but that will
+slow things down somewhat.
+
+
+@node Marking Groups
+@section Marking Groups
+@cindex marking groups
+
+If you want to perform some command on several groups, and they appear
+subsequently in the group buffer, you would normally just give a
+numerical prefix to the command.  Most group commands will then do your
+bidding on those groups.
+
+However, if the groups are not in sequential order, you can still
+perform a command on several groups.  You simply mark the groups first
+with the process mark and then execute the command.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item #
+@kindex # (Group)
+@itemx M m
+@kindex M m (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-mark-group
+Set the mark on the current group (@code{gnus-group-mark-group}). 
+
+@item M-#
+@kindex M-# (Group)
+@itemx M u
+@kindex M u (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-unmark-group
+Remove the mark from the current group
+(@code{gnus-group-unmark-group}). 
+
+@item M U
+@kindex M U (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-unmark-all-groups
+Remove the mark from all groups (@code{gnus-group-unmark-all-groups}). 
+
+@item M w
+@kindex M w (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-mark-region
+Mark all groups between point and mark (@code{gnus-group-mark-region}). 
+
+@item M b
+@kindex M b (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-mark-buffer
+Mark all groups in the buffer (@code{gnus-group-mark-buffer}). 
+
+@item M r
+@kindex M r (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-mark-regexp
+Mark all groups that match some regular expression
+(@code{gnus-group-mark-regexp}).  
+@end table
+
+Also @pxref{Process/Prefix}.
+
+@findex gnus-group-universal-argument
+If you want to execute some command on all groups that have been marked
+with the process mark, you can use the @kbd{M-&}
+(@code{gnus-group-universal-argument}) command.  It will prompt you for
+the command to be executed.
+
+
+@node Foreign Groups
+@section Foreign Groups
+
+Here are some group mode commands for making and editing general foreign
+groups, as well as commands to ease the creation of a few
+special-purpose groups:
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item G m
+@kindex G m (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-make-group
+Make a new group (@code{gnus-group-make-group}).  Gnus will prompt you
+for a name, a method and possibly an @dfn{address}.  For an easier way
+to subscribe to @sc{nntp} groups, @pxref{Browse Foreign Server}.
+
+@item G r
+@kindex G r (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-rename-group
+Rename the current group to something else
+(@code{gnus-group-rename-group}).  This is legal only on some groups --
+mail groups mostly.  This command might very well be quite slow on some
+backends. 
+
+@item G e
+@kindex G e (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-edit-group-method
+Enter a buffer where you can edit the select method of the current
+group (@code{gnus-group-edit-group-method}).
+
+@item G p
+@kindex G p (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-edit-group-parameters
+Enter a buffer where you can edit the group parameters
+(@code{gnus-group-edit-group-parameters}). 
+
+@item G E
+@kindex G E (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-edit-group
+Enter a buffer where you can edit the group info
+(@code{gnus-group-edit-group}).
+
+@item G d
+@kindex G d (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-make-directory-group
+Make a directory group.  You will be prompted for a directory name
+(@code{gnus-group-make-directory-group}).  
+
+@item G h 
+@kindex G h (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-make-help-group
+Make the Gnus help group (@code{gnus-group-make-help-group}).
+
+@item G a
+@kindex G a (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-make-archive-group
+@vindex gnus-group-archive-directory
+@vindex gnus-group-recent-archive-directory
+Make a Gnus archive group (@code{gnus-group-make-archive-group}).  By
+default a group pointing to the most recent articles will be created
+(@code{gnus-group-recent-archive-directory}), but given a prefix, a full
+group will be created from from @code{gnus-group-archive-directory}.
+
+@item G k
+@kindex G k (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-make-kiboze-group
+Make a kiboze group.  You will be prompted for a name, for a regexp to
+match groups to be ``included'' in the kiboze group, and a series of
+strings to match on headers (@code{gnus-group-make-kiboze-group}).
+
+@item G D
+@kindex G D (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-enter-directory
+Read an arbitrary directory as if with were a newsgroup with the
+@code{nneething} backend (@code{gnus-group-enter-directory}).
+
+@item G f
+@kindex G f (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-make-doc-group
+@cindex ClariNet Briefs
+Make a group based on some file or other
+(@code{gnus-group-make-doc-group}).  If you give a prefix to this
+command, you will be prompted for a file name and a file type.
+Currently supported types are @code{babyl}, @code{mbox}, @code{digest},
+@code{mmdf}, @code{news}, @code{rnews}, @code{clari-briefs}, and
+@code{forward}.  If you run this command without a prefix, Gnus will
+guess at the file type.
+
+@item G DEL
+@kindex G DEL (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-delete-group
+This function will delete the current group
+(@code{gnus-group-delete-group}).  If given a prefix, this function will
+actually delete all the articles in the group, and forcibly remove the
+group itself from the face of the Earth.  Use a prefix only if you are
+absolutely sure of what you are doing.
+
+@item G V
+@kindex G V (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-make-empty-virtual
+Make a new, fresh, empty @code{nnvirtual} group
+(@code{gnus-group-make-empty-virtual}).
+
+@item G v
+@kindex G v (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-add-to-virtual
+Add the current group to an @code{nnvirtual} group
+(@code{gnus-group-add-to-virtual}).  Uses the process/prefix convention.
+@end table
+
+@xref{Select Methods} for more information on the various select
+methods. 
+
+@vindex gnus-activate-foreign-newsgroups
+If the @code{gnus-activate-foreign-newsgroups} is a positive number,
+Gnus will check all foreign groups with this level or lower at startup.
+This might take quite a while, especially if you subscribe to lots of
+groups from different @sc{nntp} servers.
+
+
+@node Group Parameters
+@section Group Parameters
+@cindex group parameters
+
+Gnus stores all information on a group in a list that is usually known
+as the @dfn{group info}.  This list has from three to six elements.
+Here's an example info.
+
+@lisp
+("nnml:mail.ding" 3 ((1 . 232) 244 (256 . 270)) ((tick 246 249))
+                  (nnml "private") ((to-address . "ding@@ifi.uio.no")))
+@end lisp
+
+The first element is the @dfn{group name}, as Gnus knows the group,
+anyway.  The second element is the @dfn{subscription level}, which
+normally is a small integer.  The third element is a list of ranges of
+read articles.  The fourth element is a list of lists of article marks
+of various kinds.  The fifth element is the select method (or virtual
+server, if you like).  The sixth element is a list of @dfn{group
+parameters}, which is what this section is about.
+
+Any of the last three elements may be missing if they are not required.
+In fact, the vast majority of groups will normally only have the first
+three elements, which saves quite a lot of cons cells.
+
+The group parameters store information local to a particular group:
+
+@table @code
+@item to-address
+@cindex to-address
+If the group parameter list contains an element that looks like
+@code{(to-address .  "some@@where.com")}, that address will be used by
+the backend when doing followups and posts.  This is primarily useful in
+mail groups that represent closed mailing lists---mailing lists where
+it's expected that everybody that writes to the mailing list is
+subscribed to it.  Since using this parameter ensures that the mail only
+goes to the mailing list itself, it means that members won't receive two
+copies of your followups.
+
+Using @code{to-address} will actually work whether the group is foreign
+or not.  Let's say there's a group on the server that is called
+@samp{fa.4ad-l}.  This is a real newsgroup, but the server has gotten
+the articles from a mail-to-news gateway.  Posting directly to this
+group is therefore impossible---you have to send mail to the mailing
+list address instead. 
+
+@item to-list
+@cindex to-list
+If the group parameter list has an element that looks like
+@code{(to-list . "some@@where.com")}, that address will be used when
+doing a @kbd{a} in any group.  It is totally ignored when doing a
+followup---except that if it is present in a news group, you'll get mail
+group semantics when doing @kbd{f}.
+
+@item broken-reply-to
+@cindex broken-reply-to
+Elements like @code{(broken-reply-to . t)} signals that @code{Reply-To}
+headers in this group are to be ignored.  This can be useful if you're
+reading a mailing list group where the listserv has inserted
+@code{Reply-To} headers that point back to the listserv itself.  This is
+broken behavior.  So there!
+
+@item to-group
+@cindex to-group
+If the group parameter list contains an element like @code{(to-group
+. "some.group.name")}, all posts will be sent to that group.
+
+@item auto-expire
+@cindex auto-expire
+If this symbol is present in the group parameter list, all articles that
+are read will be marked as expirable.  For an alternative approach,
+@pxref{Expiring Mail}.
+
+@item total-expire
+@cindex total-expire
+If this symbol is present, all read articles will be put through the
+expiry process, even if they are not marked as expirable.  Use with
+caution. 
+
+@item expiry-wait
+@cindex expiry-wait
+@vindex nnmail-expiry-wait-function
+If the group parameter has an element that looks like @code{(expiry-wait
+. 10)}, this value will override any @code{nnmail-expiry-wait} and
+@code{nnmail-expiry-wait-function} when expiring expirable messages.
+The value can either be a number of days (not necessarily an integer) or
+the symbols @code{never} or @code{immediate}.
+
+@item score-file
+Elements that look like @code{(score-file . "file")} will make
+@samp{file} into the current score file for the group in question.  This
+means that all score commands you issue will end up in that file. 
+
+@item admin-address
+When unsubscribing to a mailing list you should never send the
+unsubscription notice to the mailing list itself.  Instead, you'd send
+messages to the administrative address.  This parameter allows you to
+put the admin address somewhere convenient.
+
+@item comment
+This parameter allows you to enter a arbitrary comment on the group.
+
+@item @var{(variable form)}
+You can use the group parameters to set variables local to the group you
+are entering.  Say you want to turn threading off in
+@samp{news.answers}.  You'd then put @code{(gnus-show-threads nil)} in
+the group parameters of that group.  @code{gnus-show-threads} will be
+made into a local variable in the summary buffer you enter, and the form
+@code{nil} will be @code{eval}ed there.  
+
+This can also be used as a group-specific hook function, if you'd like.
+If you want to hear a beep when you enter the group
+@samp{alt.binaries.pictures.furniture}, you could put something like
+@code{(dummy-variable (ding))} in the parameters of that group.
+@code{dummy-variable} will be set to the result of the @code{(ding)}
+form, but who cares?
+
+@end table
+
+If you want to change the group info you can use the @kbd{G E} command
+to enter a buffer where you can edit it.
+
+You usually don't want to edit the entire group info, so you'd be better
+off using the @kbd{G p} command to just edit the group parameters.
+
+
+@node Listing Groups
+@section Listing Groups
+@cindex group listing
+
+These commands all list various slices of the groups that are available.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item l
+@itemx A s
+@kindex A s (Group)
+@kindex l (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-list-groups
+List all groups that have unread articles
+(@code{gnus-group-list-groups}).  If the numeric prefix is used, this
+command will list only groups of level ARG and lower.  By default, it
+only lists groups of level five or lower (i.e., just subscribed groups).
+
+@item L
+@itemx A u
+@kindex A u (Group)
+@kindex L (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-list-all-groups
+List all groups, whether they have unread articles or not
+(@code{gnus-group-list-all-groups}).  If the numeric prefix is used,
+this command will list only groups of level ARG and lower.  By default,
+it lists groups of level seven or lower (i.e., just subscribed and
+unsubscribed groups).
+
+@item A l
+@kindex A l (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-list-level
+List all unread groups on a specific level
+(@code{gnus-group-list-level}).  If given a prefix, also list the groups
+with no unread articles.
+
+@item A k
+@kindex A k (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-list-killed
+List all killed groups (@code{gnus-group-list-killed}).  If given a
+prefix argument, really list all groups that are available, but aren't
+currently (un)subscribed.  This could entail reading the active file
+from the server.
+
+@item A z
+@kindex A z (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-list-zombies
+List all zombie groups (@code{gnus-group-list-zombies}).
+
+@item A m
+@kindex A m (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-list-matching
+List all subscribed groups with unread articles that match a regexp
+(@code{gnus-group-list-matching}). 
+
+@item A M
+@kindex A M (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-list-all-matching
+List groups that match a regexp (@code{gnus-group-list-all-matching}).
+
+@item A A
+@kindex A A (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-list-active
+List absolutely all groups that are in the active file(s) of the
+server(s) you are connected to (@code{gnus-group-list-active}).  This
+might very well take quite a while.  It might actually be a better idea
+to do a @kbd{A m} to list all matching, and just give @samp{.} as the
+thing to match on.
+
+@item A a
+@kindex A a (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-apropos
+List all groups that have names that match a regexp
+(@code{gnus-group-apropos}).
+
+@item A d
+@kindex A d (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-description-apropos
+List all groups that have names or descriptions that match a regexp
+(@code{gnus-group-description-apropos}).
+
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-permanently-visible-groups
+@cindex visible group parameter
+Groups that match the @code{gnus-permanently-visible-groups} regexp will
+always be shown, whether they have unread articles or not.  You can also
+add the @code{visible} element to the group parameters in question to
+get the same effect.
+
+@vindex gnus-list-groups-with-ticked-articles
+Groups that have just ticked articles in it are normally listed in the
+group buffer.  If @code{gnus-list-groups-with-ticked-articles} is
+@code{nil}, these groups will be treated just like totally empty
+groups.  It is @code{t} by default.
+
+
+@node Sorting Groups
+@section Sorting Groups
+@cindex sorting groups
+
+@kindex C-c C-s (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-sort-groups
+@vindex gnus-group-sort-function
+The @kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups}) command sorts the
+group buffer according to the function(s) given by the
+@code{gnus-group-sort-function} variable.  Available sorting functions
+include: 
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-group-sort-by-alphabet
+@findex gnus-group-sort-by-alphabet
+Sort the group names alphabetically.  This is the default.
+
+@item gnus-group-sort-by-level
+@findex gnus-group-sort-by-level
+Sort by group level.
+
+@item gnus-group-sort-by-score
+@findex gnus-group-sort-by-score
+Sort by group score.
+
+@item gnus-group-sort-by-rank
+@findex gnus-group-sort-by-rank
+Sort by group score and then the group level.  The level and the score
+are, when taken together, the group's @dfn{rank}. 
+
+@item gnus-group-sort-by-unread
+@findex gnus-group-sort-by-unread
+Sort by number of unread articles.
+
+@item gnus-group-sort-by-method
+@findex gnus-group-sort-by-method
+Sort by alphabetically on the select method.
+
+
+@end table
+
+@code{gnus-group-sort-function} can also be a list of sorting
+functions.  In that case, the most significant sort key function must be
+the last one.
+
+
+There are also a number of commands for sorting directly according to
+some sorting criteria:
+
+@table @kbd
+@item G S a
+@kindex G S a (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-alphabet
+Sort the group buffer alphabetically by group name
+(@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-alphabet}). 
+
+@item G S u
+@kindex G S u (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-unread
+Sort the group buffer by the number of unread articles
+(@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-unread}).
+
+@item G S l
+@kindex G S l (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-level
+Sort the group buffer by group level
+(@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-level}). 
+
+@item G S v
+@kindex G S v (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-score
+Sort the group buffer by group score
+(@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-score}). 
+
+@item G S r
+@kindex G S r (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-rank
+Sort the group buffer by group level
+(@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-rank}). 
+
+@item G S m
+@kindex G S m (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-method
+Sort the group buffer alphabetically by backend name
+(@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-method}). 
+
+@end table
+
+When given a prefix, all these commands will sort in reverse order. 
+
+
+@node Group Maintenance
+@section Group Maintenance
+@cindex bogus groups
+
+@table @kbd
+@item b
+@kindex b (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-check-bogus-groups
+Find bogus groups and delete them
+(@code{gnus-group-check-bogus-groups}).
+
+@item F
+@kindex F (Group)
+@findex gnus-find-new-newsgroups
+Find new groups and process them (@code{gnus-find-new-newsgroups}).  If
+given a prefix, use the @code{ask-server} method to query the server for
+new groups.
+
+@item C-c C-x
+@kindex C-c C-x (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-expire-articles
+Run all expirable articles in the current group through the expiry
+process (if any) (@code{gnus-group-expire-articles}).
+
+@item C-c M-C-x
+@kindex C-c M-C-x (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-expire-all-groups
+Run all articles in all groups through the expiry process
+(@code{gnus-group-expire-all-groups}).
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Browse Foreign Server
+@section Browse Foreign Server
+@cindex foreign servers
+@cindex browsing servers
+
+@table @kbd
+@item B
+@kindex B (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-browse-foreign-server
+You will be queried for a select method and a server name.  Gnus will
+then attempt to contact this server and let you browse the groups there
+(@code{gnus-group-browse-foreign-server}).
+@end table
+
+@findex gnus-browse-mode
+A new buffer with a list of available groups will appear.  This buffer
+will be use the @code{gnus-browse-mode}.  This buffer looks a bit
+(well, a lot) like a normal group buffer, but with one major difference
+- you can't enter any of the groups.  If you want to read any of the
+news available on that server, you have to subscribe to the groups you
+think may be interesting, and then you have to exit this buffer.  The
+new groups will be added to the group buffer, and then you can read them
+as you would any other group.
+
+Future versions of Gnus may possibly permit reading groups straight from
+the browse buffer.
+
+Here's a list of keystrokes available in the browse mode:
+
+@table @kbd
+@item n
+@kindex n (Browse)
+@findex gnus-group-next-group
+Go to the next group (@code{gnus-group-next-group}).
+
+@item p
+@kindex p (Browse)
+@findex gnus-group-prev-group
+Go to the previous group (@code{gnus-group-prev-group}).
+
+@item SPACE
+@kindex SPACE (Browse)
+@findex gnus-browse-read-group
+Enter the current group and display the first article
+(@code{gnus-browse-read-group}). 
+
+@item RET
+@kindex RET (Browse)
+@findex gnus-browse-select-group
+Enter the current group (@code{gnus-browse-select-group}). 
+
+@item u
+@kindex u (Browse)
+@findex gnus-browse-unsubscribe-current-group
+Unsubscribe to the current group, or, as will be the case here,
+subscribe to it (@code{gnus-browse-unsubscribe-current-group}). 
+
+@item l
+@itemx q
+@kindex q (Browse)
+@kindex l (Browse)
+@findex gnus-browse-exit
+Exit browse mode (@code{gnus-browse-exit}).
+
+@item ?
+@kindex ? (Browse)
+@findex gnus-browse-describe-briefly
+Describe browse mode briefly (well, there's not much to describe, is
+there) (@code{gnus-browse-describe-briefly}).
+@end table
+
+
+@node Exiting Gnus
+@section Exiting Gnus
+@cindex exiting Gnus
+
+Yes, Gnus is ex(c)iting.
+
+@table @kbd
+@item z
+@kindex z (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-suspend
+Suspend Gnus (@code{gnus-group-suspend}).  This doesn't really exit Gnus,
+but it kills all buffers except the Group buffer.  I'm not sure why this
+is a gain, but then who am I to judge?
+
+@item q
+@kindex q (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-exit
+Quit Gnus (@code{gnus-group-exit}).
+
+@item Q
+@kindex Q (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-quit
+Quit Gnus without saving any startup files (@code{gnus-group-quit}).
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-exit-gnus-hook
+@vindex gnus-suspend-gnus-hook
+@code{gnus-suspend-gnus-hook} is called when you suspend Gnus and
+@code{gnus-exit-gnus-hook} is called when you quit Gnus, while
+@code{gnus-after-exiting-gnus-hook} is called as the final item when
+exiting Gnus.
+
+@findex gnus-unload
+@cindex unloading
+If you wish to completely unload Gnus and all its adherents, you can use
+the @code{gnus-unload} command.  This command is also very handy when
+trying to customize meta-variables.
+
+Note:
+
+@quotation
+Miss Lisa Cannifax, while sitting in English class, feels her feet go
+numbly heavy and herself fall into a hazy trance as the boy sitting
+behind her drew repeated lines with his pencil across the back of her
+plastic chair.
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node Group Topics
+@section Group Topics
+@cindex topics
+
+If you read lots and lots of groups, it might be convenient to group
+them hierarchically according to topics.  You put your Emacs groups over
+here, your sex groups over there, and the rest (what, two groups or so?)
+you put in some misc section that you never bother with anyway.  You can
+even group the Emacs sex groups as a sub-topic to either the Emacs
+groups or the sex groups---or both!  Go wild!
+
+@findex gnus-topic-mode
+@kindex t (Group)
+To get this @emph{fab} functionality you simply turn on (ooh!) the
+@code{gnus-topic} minor mode---type @kbd{t} in the group buffer.  (This
+is a toggling command.)
+
+Go ahead, just try it.  I'll still be here when you get back.  La de
+dum...  Nice tune, that...  la la la...  What, you're back? Yes, and now
+press @kbd{l}.  There.  All your groups are now listed under
+@samp{misc}.  Doesn't that make you feel all warm and fuzzy?  Hot and
+bothered?
+
+If you want this permanently enabled, you should add that minor mode to
+the hook for the group mode:
+
+@lisp
+(add-hook 'gnus-group-mode-hook 'gnus-topic-mode)
+@end lisp
+
+@menu 
+* Topic Variables::    How to customize the topics the Lisp Way.
+* Topic Commands::     Interactive E-Z commands.
+* Topic Topology::     A map of the world.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Topic Variables
+@subsection Topic Variables
+@cindex topic variables
+
+Now, if you select a topic, if will fold/unfold that topic, which is
+really neat, I think.
+
+@vindex gnus-topic-line-format
+The topic lines themselves are created according to the
+@code{gnus-topic-line-format} variable.  @xref{Formatting Variables}.
+Elements allowed are:
+
+@table @samp
+@item i
+Indentation.
+@item n
+Topic name.
+@item v
+Visibility.
+@item l
+Level.
+@item g
+Number of groups in the topic.
+@item a
+Number of unread articles in the topic.
+@item A 
+Number of unread articles in the topic and all its subtopics. 
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-topic-indent-level
+Each sub-topic (and the groups in the sub-topics) will be indented with
+@code{gnus-topic-indent-level} times the topic level number of spaces.
+The default is @code{2}.
+
+@vindex gnus-topic-mode-hook
+@code{gnus-topic-mode-hook} is called in topic minor mode buffers. 
+
+
+@node Topic Commands
+@subsection Topic Commands
+@cindex topic commands
+
+When the topic minor mode is turned on, a new @kbd{T} submap will be
+available.  In addition, a few of the standard keys change their
+definitions slightly.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item T n
+@kindex T n (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-create-topic
+Prompt for a new topic name and create it 
+(@code{gnus-topic-create-topic}). 
+
+@item T m
+@kindex T m (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-move-group
+Move the current group to some other topic
+(@code{gnus-topic-move-group}).  This command understands the
+process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}).
+
+@item T c
+@kindex T c (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-copy-group
+Copy the current group to some other topic
+(@code{gnus-topic-copy-group}).  This command understands the
+process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}).
+
+@item T D
+@kindex T D (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-remove-group
+Remove a group from the current topic (@code{gnus-topic-remove-group}).
+This command understands the process/prefix convention
+(@pxref{Process/Prefix}).
+
+@item T M
+@kindex T M (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-move-matching
+Move all groups that match some regular expression to a topic
+(@code{gnus-topic-move-matching}). 
+
+@item T C
+@kindex T C (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-copy-matching
+Copy all groups that match some regular expression to a topic
+(@code{gnus-topic-copy-matching}). 
+
+@item T #
+@kindex T # (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-mark-topic
+Mark all groups in the current topic with the process mark
+(@code{gnus-topic-mark-topic}). 
+
+@item T M-#
+@kindex T M-# (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-unmark-topic
+Remove the process mark from all groups in the current topic
+(@code{gnus-topic-unmark-topic}). 
+
+@item RET
+@kindex RET (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-select-group
+@itemx SPACE
+Either select a group or fold a topic (@code{gnus-topic-select-group}).
+When you perform this command on a group, you'll enter the group, as
+usual.  When done on a topic line, the topic will be folded (if it was
+visible) or unfolded (if it was folded already).  So it's basically a
+toggling command on topics.  In addition, if you give a numerical
+prefix, group on that level (and lower) will be displayed.
+
+@item T TAB
+@kindex T TAB (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-indent
+``Indent'' the current topic so that it becomes a sub-topic of the
+previous topic (@code{gnus-topic-indent}).  If given a prefix,
+``un-indent'' the topic instead.
+
+@item C-k
+@kindex C-k (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-kill-group
+Kill a group or topic (@code{gnus-topic-kill-group}).  
+
+@item C-y
+@kindex C-y (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-yank-group
+Yank the previously killed group or topic (@code{gnus-topic-yank-group}).
+Note that all topics will be yanked before all groups.
+
+@item T r
+@kindex T r (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-rename
+Rename a topic (@code{gnus-topic-rename}). 
+
+@item T DEL
+@kindex T DEL (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-delete
+Delete an empty topic (@code{gnus-topic-delete}). 
+
+@item A T
+@kindex A T (Group)
+@findex gnus-topic-list-active
+List all groups that Gnus knows about in a topics-ified way
+(@code{gnus-topic-list-active}).
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Topic Topology
+@subsection Topic Topology
+@cindex topic topology
+@cindex topology
+
+So, let's have a look at an example group buffer:
+
+@example
+Gnus
+  Emacs -- I wuw it!
+       3: comp.emacs
+       2: alt.religion.emacs
+    Naughty Emacs
+     452: alt.sex.emacs
+       0: comp.talk.emacs.recovery
+  Misc
+       8: comp.binaries.fractals
+      13: comp.sources.unix
+@end example
+
+So, here we have one top-level topic, two topics under that, and one
+sub-topic under one of the sub-topics.  (There is always just one (1)
+top-level topic).  This topology can be expressed as follows:
+
+@lisp
+(("Gnus" visible)
+ (("Emacs -- I wuw it!" visible) 
+  (("Naughty Emacs" visible)))
+ (("Misc" visible)))
+@end lisp
+
+@vindex gnus-topic-topology
+This is in fact how the variable @code{gnus-topic-topology} would look
+for the display above.  That variable is saved in the @file{.newsrc.eld}
+file, and shouldn't be messed with manually---unless you really want
+to.  Since this variable is read from the @file{.newsrc.eld} file,
+setting it in any other startup files will have no effect.  
+
+This topology shows what topics are sub-topics of what topics (right),
+and which topics are visible.  Two settings are currently
+allowed---@code{visible} and @code{invisible}.
+
+
+@node Misc Group Stuff
+@section Misc Group Stuff
+
+@menu
+* Scanning New Messages:: Asking Gnus to see whether new messages have arrived.
+* Group Information::     Information and help on groups and Gnus.
+* File Commands::         Reading and writing the Gnus files.
+@end menu
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item ^
+@kindex ^ (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-enter-server-mode
+Enter the server buffer (@code{gnus-group-enter-server-mode}). @xref{The
+Server Buffer}.
+
+@item a
+@kindex a (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-post-news
+Post an article to a group (@code{gnus-group-post-news}).  The current
+group name will be used as the default.
+
+@item m
+@kindex m (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-mail
+Mail a message somewhere (@code{gnus-group-mail}).
+
+@end table
+
+Variables for the group buffer:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-group-mode-hook
+@vindex gnus-group-mode-hook
+@code{gnus-group-mode-hook} is called after the group buffer has been
+created. 
+
+@item gnus-group-prepare-hook
+@vindex gnus-group-prepare-hook
+@code{gnus-group-prepare-hook} is called after the group buffer is
+generated.  It may be used to modify the buffer in some strange,
+unnatural way.
+
+@item gnus-permanently-visible-groups
+@vindex gnus-permanently-visible-groups
+Groups matching this regexp will always be listed in the group buffer,
+whether they are empty or not.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Scanning New Messages
+@subsection Scanning New Messages
+@cindex new messages
+@cindex scanning new news
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item g
+@kindex g (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-get-new-news
+Check the server(s) for new articles.  If the numerical prefix is used,
+this command will check only groups of level @var{arg} and lower
+(@code{gnus-group-get-new-news}).  If given a non-numerical prefix, this
+command will force a total rereading of the active file(s) from the
+backend(s).
+
+@item M-g
+@kindex M-g (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-get-new-news-this-group
+@vindex gnus-goto-next-group-when-activating
+Check whether new articles have arrived in the current group
+(@code{gnus-group-get-new-news-this-group}).  The
+@code{gnus-goto-next-group-when-activating} variable controls whether
+this command is to move point to the next group or not.  It is @code{t}
+by default.
+
+@findex gnus-activate-all-groups
+@cindex activating groups
+@item C-c M-g
+@kindex C-c M-g (Group)
+Activate absolutely all groups (@code{gnus-activate-all-groups}). 
+
+@item R
+@kindex R (Group)
+@cindex restarting
+@findex gnus-group-restart
+Restart Gnus (@code{gnus-group-restart}).
+
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-get-new-news-hook
+@code{gnus-get-new-news-hook} is run just before checking for new news. 
+
+@vindex gnus-after-getting-new-news-hook
+@code{gnus-after-getting-new-news-hook} is run after checking for new
+news.
+
+
+@node Group Information
+@subsection Group Information
+@cindex group information
+@cindex information on groups
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item M-f
+@kindex M-f (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-fetch-faq
+@cindex FAQ
+@cindex ange-ftp
+Try to fetch the FAQ for the current group
+(@code{gnus-group-fetch-faq}).  Gnus will try to get the FAQ from
+@code{gnus-group-faq-directory}, which is usually a directory on a
+remote machine.  @code{ange-ftp} will be used for fetching the file.
+
+@item D
+@kindex D (Group)
+@cindex describing groups
+@cindex group description
+@findex gnus-group-describe-group
+Describe the current group (@code{gnus-group-describe-group}).  If given
+a prefix, force Gnus to re-read the description from the server.
+
+@item M-d
+@kindex M-d (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-describe-all-groups
+Describe all groups (@code{gnus-group-describe-all-groups}).  If given a
+prefix, force Gnus to re-read the description file from the server.
+
+@item V
+@kindex V (Group)
+@cindex version
+@findex gnus-version
+Display current Gnus version numbers (@code{gnus-version}).
+
+@item ?
+@kindex ? (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-describe-briefly
+Give a very short help message (@code{gnus-group-describe-briefly}).
+
+@item C-c C-i
+@kindex C-c C-i (Group)
+@cindex info
+@cindex manual
+@findex gnus-info-find-node
+Go to the Gnus info node (@code{gnus-info-find-node}).
+@end table
+
+
+@node File Commands
+@subsection File Commands
+@cindex file commands
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item r
+@kindex r (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-read-init-file
+@vindex gnus-init-file
+@cindex reading init file
+Read the init file (@code{gnus-init-file}, which defaults to
+@file{~/.gnus}) (@code{gnus-group-read-init-file}).
+
+@item s
+@kindex s (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-save-newsrc
+@cindex saving .newsrc
+Save the @file{.newsrc.eld} file (and @file{.newsrc} if wanted)
+(@code{gnus-group-save-newsrc}).  If given a prefix, force saving the
+file(s) whether Gnus thinks it is necessary or not.
+
+@item Z
+@kindex Z (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-clear-dribble
+Clear the dribble buffer (@code{gnus-group-clear-dribble}).
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node The Summary Buffer
+@chapter The Summary Buffer
+@cindex summary buffer
+
+A line for each article is displayed in the summary buffer.  You can
+move around, read articles, post articles and reply to articles.
+
+@menu
+* Summary Buffer Format::       Deciding how the summary buffer is to look.
+* Summary Maneuvering::         Moving around the summary buffer.
+* Choosing Articles::           Reading articles.
+* Paging the Article::          Scrolling the current article.
+* Reply Followup and Post::     Posting articles.
+* Canceling and Superseding::   ``Whoops, I shouldn't have called him that.''
+* Marking Articles::            Marking articles as read, expirable, etc.
+* Limiting::                    You can limit the summary buffer.
+* Threading::                   How threads are made.
+* Sorting::                     How articles and threads are sorted.
+* Asynchronous Fetching::       Gnus might be able to pre-fetch articles.
+* Article Caching::             You may store articles in a cache.
+* Persistent Articles::         Making articles expiry-resistant.
+* Article Backlog::             Having already read articles hang around.
+* Saving Articles::             Ways of customizing article saving.
+* Decoding Articles::           Gnus can treat series of (uu)encoded articles.
+* Article Treatment::           The article buffer can be mangled at will.
+* Summary Sorting::             Sorting the summary buffer in various ways.
+* Finding the Parent::          No child support? Get the parent.
+* Alternative Approaches::      Reading using non-default summaries.
+* Tree Display::                A more visual display of threads.
+* Mail Group Commands::         Some commands can only be used in mail groups.
+* Various Summary Stuff::       What didn't fit anywhere else.
+* Exiting the Summary Buffer::  Returning to the Group buffer.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Summary Buffer Format
+@section Summary Buffer Format
+@cindex summary buffer format
+
+@menu
+* Summary Buffer Lines::     You can specify how summary lines should look.
+* Summary Buffer Mode Line:: You can say how the mode line should look.
+* Summary Highlighting::     Making the summary buffer all pretty and nice.
+@end menu
+
+@findex mail-extract-address-components
+@findex gnus-extract-address-components
+@vindex gnus-extract-address-components
+Gnus will use the value of the @code{gnus-extract-address-components}
+variable as a function for getting the name and address parts of a
+@code{From} header.  Two pre-defined function exist:
+@code{gnus-extract-address-components}, which is the default, quite
+fast, and too simplistic solution; and
+@code{mail-extract-address-components}, which works very nicely, but is
+slower.  The default function will return the wrong answer in 5% of the
+cases.  If this is unacceptable to you, use the other function instead.
+
+@vindex gnus-summary-same-subject
+@code{gnus-summary-same-subject} is a string indicating that the current
+article has the same subject as the previous.  This string will be used
+with those specs that require it.  The default is @samp{}.
+
+
+@node Summary Buffer Lines
+@subsection Summary Buffer Lines
+
+@vindex gnus-summary-line-format
+You can change the format of the lines in the summary buffer by changing
+the @code{gnus-summary-line-format} variable.  It works along the same
+lines a a normal @code{format} string, with some extensions.
+
+The default string is @samp{%U%R%z%I%(%[%4L: %-20,20n%]%) %s\n}.
+
+The following format specification characters are understood:
+
+@table @samp
+@item N 
+Article number.
+@item S
+Subject string.
+@item s
+Subject if the article is the root, @code{gnus-summary-same-subject}
+otherwise. 
+@item F
+Full @code{From} line.
+@item n
+The name (from the @code{From} header).
+@item a
+The name (from the @code{From} header).  This differs from the @code{n}
+spec in that it uses @code{gnus-extract-address-components}, which is
+slower, but may be more thorough.
+@item A
+The address (from the @code{From} header).  This works the same way as
+the @code{a} spec.
+@item L
+Number of lines in the article.
+@item c
+Number of characters in the article.
+@item I
+Indentation based on thread level (@pxref{Customizing Threading}).
+@item T
+Nothing if the article is a root and lots of spaces if it isn't (it
+pushes everything after it off the screen).
+@item \[
+Opening bracket, which is normally @samp{\[}, but can also be @samp{<}
+for adopted articles.
+@item \]
+Closing bracket, which is normally @samp{\]}, but can also be @samp{>}
+for adopted articles.
+@item >
+One space for each thread level.
+@item <
+Twenty minus thread level spaces.
+@item U
+Unread.
+@item R
+Replied.
+@item i
+Score as a number.
+@item z
+@vindex gnus-summary-zcore-fuzz
+Zcore, @samp{+} if above the default level and @samp{-} if below the
+default level.  If the difference between
+@code{gnus-summary-default-level} and the score is less than
+@code{gnus-summary-zcore-fuzz}, this spec will not be used.
+@item V
+Total thread score.
+@item x
+@code{Xref}.
+@item D
+@code{Date}.
+@item M
+@code{Message-ID}.
+@item r
+@code{References}.
+@item t
+Number of articles in the current sub-thread.  Using this spec will slow
+down summary buffer generation somewhat.
+@item e
+A single character will be displayed if the article has any children. 
+@item u
+User defined specifier.  The next character in the format string should
+be a letter.  @sc{gnus} will call the function
+@code{gnus-user-format-function-}@samp{X}, where @samp{X} is the letter
+following @samp{%u}.  The function will be passed the current header as
+argument.  The function should return a string, which will be inserted
+into the summary just like information from any other summary specifier.
+@end table
+
+The @samp{%U} (status), @samp{%R} (replied) and @samp{%z} (zcore) specs
+have to be handled with care.  For reasons of efficiency, Gnus will
+compute what column these characters will end up in, and ``hard-code''
+that.  This means that it is illegal to have these specs after a
+variable-length spec.  Well, you might not be arrested, but your summary
+buffer will look strange, which is bad enough.
+
+The smart choice is to have these specs as far to the left as possible.
+(Isn't that the case with everything, though?  But I digress.)
+
+This restriction may disappear in later versions of Gnus.
+
+
+@node Summary Buffer Mode Line
+@subsection Summary Buffer Mode Line
+
+@vindex gnus-summary-mode-line-format
+You can also change the format of the summary mode bar.  Set
+@code{gnus-summary-mode-line-format} to whatever you like.  Here are the
+elements you can play with:
+
+@table @samp
+@item G
+Group name.
+@item p
+Unprefixed group name.
+@item A
+Current article number.
+@item V
+Gnus version.
+@item U
+Number of unread articles in this group.
+@item e
+Number of unselected articles in this group.
+@item Z
+A string with the number of unread and unselected articles represented
+either as @samp{<%U(+%u) more>} if there are both unread and unselected
+articles, and just as @samp{<%U more>} if there are just unread articles
+and no unselected ones.
+@item g
+Shortish group name.  For instance, @samp{rec.arts.anime} will be
+shortened to @samp{r.a.anime}. 
+@item S
+Subject of the current article.
+@item u
+Used-defined spec.
+@item s
+Name of the current score file.
+@item d
+Number of dormant articles.
+@item t
+Number of ticked articles.
+@item r
+Number of articles that have been marked as read in this session. 
+@item E
+Number of articles expunged by the score files.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Summary Highlighting
+@subsection Summary Highlighting
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-visual-mark-article-hook
+@vindex gnus-visual-mark-article-hook
+This hook is run after selecting an article.  It is meant to be used for
+highlighting the article in some way.  It is not run if
+@code{gnus-visual} is @code{nil}.
+
+@item gnus-summary-update-hook
+@vindex gnus-summary-update-hook
+This hook is called when a summary line is changed.  It is not run if
+@code{gnus-visual} is @code{nil}.
+
+@item gnus-summary-selected-face
+@vindex gnus-summary-selected-face
+This is the face (or @dfn{font} as some people call it) that is used to
+highlight the current article in the summary buffer.
+
+@item gnus-summary-highlight
+@vindex gnus-summary-highlight
+Summary lines are highlighted according to this variable, which is a
+list where the elements are on the format @code{(FORM . FACE)}.  If you
+would, for instance, like ticked articles to be italic and high-scored
+articles to be bold, you could set this variable to something like
+@lisp
+(((eq mark gnus-ticked-mark) . italic)
+ ((> score default) . bold))
+@end lisp
+As you may have guessed, if @var{FORM} returns a non-@code{nil} value,
+@var{FACE} will be applied to the line.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Summary Maneuvering
+@section Summary Maneuvering
+@cindex summary movement
+
+All the straight movement commands understand the numeric prefix and
+behave pretty much as you'd expect. 
+
+None of these commands select articles.
+
+@table @kbd
+@item G M-n
+@itemx M-n
+@kindex M-n (Summary)
+@kindex G M-n (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-next-unread-subject
+Go to the next summary line of an unread article
+(@code{gnus-summary-next-unread-subject}). 
+
+@item G M-p
+@itemx M-p
+@kindex M-p (Summary)
+@kindex G M-p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-prev-unread-subject
+Go to the previous summary line of an unread article
+(@code{gnus-summary-prev-unread-subject}). 
+
+@item G j
+@itemx j
+@kindex j (Summary)
+@kindex G j (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-goto-article
+Ask for an article number and then go that article
+(@code{gnus-summary-goto-article}). 
+
+@item G g
+@kindex G g (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-goto-subject
+Ask for an article number and then go the summary line of that article
+(@code{gnus-summary-goto-subject}).
+@end table
+
+If Gnus asks you to press a key to confirm going to the next group, you
+can use the @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} keys to move around the group
+buffer, searching for the next group to read without actually returning
+to the group buffer.
+
+Variables related to summary movement:
+
+@table @code
+
+@vindex gnus-auto-select-next
+@item gnus-auto-select-next
+If you are at the end of the group and issue one of the movement
+commands, Gnus will offer to go to the next group.  If this variable is
+@code{t} and the next group is empty, Gnus will exit summary mode and
+return to the group buffer.  If this variable is neither @code{t} nor
+@code{nil}, Gnus will select the next group, no matter whether it has
+any unread articles or not.  As a special case, if this variable is
+@code{quietly}, Gnus will select the next group without asking for
+confirmation.  If this variable is @code{almost-quietly}, the same will
+happen only if you are located on the last article in the group.
+Finally, if this variable is @code{slightly-quietly}, the @kbd{Z n}
+command will go to the next group without confirmation.  Also
+@pxref{Group Levels}.
+
+@item gnus-auto-select-same
+@vindex gnus-auto-select-same
+If non-@code{nil}, all the movement commands will try to go to the next
+article with the same subject as the current.  This variable is not
+particularly useful if you use a threaded display.
+
+@item gnus-summary-check-current
+@vindex gnus-summary-check-current
+If non-@code{nil}, all the ``unread'' movement commands will not proceed
+to the next (or previous) article if the current article is unread.
+Instead, they will choose the current article.
+
+@item gnus-auto-center-summary
+@vindex gnus-auto-center-summary
+If non-@code{nil}, Gnus will keep the point in the summary buffer
+centered at all times.  This makes things quite tidy, but if you have a
+slow network connection, or simply do not like this un-Emacsism, you can
+set this variable to @code{nil} to get the normal Emacs scrolling
+action.  This will also inhibit horizontal re-centering of the summary
+buffer, which might make it more inconvenient to read extremely long
+threads.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Choosing Articles
+@section Choosing Articles
+@cindex selecting articles
+
+None of the following movement commands understand the numeric prefix,
+and they all select and display an article.
+
+@table @kbd
+@item SPACE
+@kindex SPACE (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-next-page
+Select the current article, or, if that one's read already, the next
+unread article (@code{gnus-summary-next-page}).
+
+@item G n
+@itemx n
+@kindex n (Summary)
+@kindex G n (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-next-unread-article
+Go to next unread article (@code{gnus-summary-next-unread-article}).
+
+@item G p
+@itemx p
+@kindex p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-prev-unread-article
+Go to previous unread article (@code{gnus-summary-prev-unread-article}).
+
+@item G N
+@itemx N
+@kindex N (Summary)
+@kindex G N (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-next-article
+Go to the next article (@code{gnus-summary-next-article}).
+
+@item G P
+@itemx P
+@kindex P (Summary)
+@kindex G P (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-prev-article
+Go to the previous article (@code{gnus-summary-prev-article}).
+
+@item G C-n
+@kindex G C-n (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-next-same-subject
+Go to the next article with the same subject
+(@code{gnus-summary-next-same-subject}). 
+
+@item G C-p
+@kindex G C-p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-prev-same-subject
+Go to the previous article with the same subject
+(@code{gnus-summary-prev-same-subject}). 
+
+@item G f
+@itemx .
+@kindex G f  (Summary)
+@kindex .  (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-first-unread-article
+Go to the first unread article
+(@code{gnus-summary-first-unread-article}).
+
+@item G b
+@itemx ,
+@kindex G b (Summary)
+@kindex , (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-best-unread-article
+Go to the article with the highest score
+(@code{gnus-summary-best-unread-article}). 
+
+@item G l
+@itemx l
+@kindex l (Summary)
+@kindex G l (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-goto-last-article
+Go to the previous article read (@code{gnus-summary-goto-last-article}).
+
+@item G p
+@kindex G p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-pop-article
+Pop an article off the summary history and go to this article
+(@code{gnus-summary-pop-article}).  This command differs from the
+command above in that you can pop as many previous articles off the
+history as you like.
+@end table
+
+Some variables that are relevant for moving and selecting articles:
+
+@table @code
+@item gnus-auto-extend-newsgroup
+@vindex gnus-auto-extend-newsgroup
+All the movement commands will try to go to the previous (or next)
+article, even if that article isn't displayed in the Summary buffer if
+this variable is non-@code{nil}.  Gnus will then fetch the article from
+the server and display it in the article buffer.
+
+@item gnus-select-article-hook
+@vindex gnus-select-article-hook
+This hook is called whenever an article is selected.  By default it
+exposes any threads hidden under the selected article.
+
+@item gnus-mark-article-hook
+@vindex gnus-mark-article-hook
+@findex gnus-summary-mark-unread-as-read
+@findex gnus-summary-mark-read-and-unread-as-read
+@findex gnus-unread-mark
+This hook is called whenever an article is selected.  It is intended to
+be used for marking articles as read.  The default value is
+@code{gnus-summary-mark-read-and-unread-as-read}, and will change the
+mark of almost any article you read to @code{gnus-unread-mark}.  The
+only articles not affected by this function are ticked, dormant, and
+expirable articles.  If you'd instead like to just have unread articles
+marked as read, you can use @code{gnus-summary-mark-unread-as-read}
+instead.  It will leave marks like @code{gnus-low-score-mark},
+@code{gnus-del-mark} (and so on) alone.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Paging the Article
+@section Scrolling the Article
+@cindex article scrolling
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item SPACE
+@kindex SPACE (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-next-page
+Pressing @kbd{SPACE} will scroll the current article forward one page,
+or, if you have come to the end of the current article, will choose the
+next article (@code{gnus-summary-next-page}).
+
+@item DEL
+@kindex DEL (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-prev-page
+Scroll the current article back one page (@code{gnus-summary-prev-page}). 
+
+@item RET
+@kindex RET (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-scroll-up
+Scroll the current article one line forward
+(@code{gnus-summary-scroll-up}).
+
+@item A g
+@itemx g
+@kindex A g (Summary)
+@kindex g (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-show-article
+(Re)fetch the current article (@code{gnus-summary-show-article}).  If
+given a prefix, fetch the current article, but don't run any of the
+article treatment functions.  This will give you a ``raw'' article, just
+the way it came from the server.
+
+@item A <
+@itemx <
+@kindex < (Summary)
+@kindex A < (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-beginning-of-article
+Scroll to the beginning of the article
+(@code{gnus-summary-beginning-of-article}).
+
+@item A >
+@itemx >
+@kindex > (Summary)
+@kindex A > (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-end-of-article
+Scroll to the end of the article (@code{gnus-summary-end-of-article}).
+
+@item A s 
+@kindex A s (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-isearch-article
+Perform an isearch in the article buffer
+(@code{gnus-summary-isearch-article}). 
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Reply Followup and Post
+@section Reply, Followup and Post
+
+@menu
+* Summary Mail Commands::            Sending mail.
+* Summary Post Commands::            Sending news.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Summary Mail Commands
+@subsection Summary Mail Commands
+@cindex mail
+@cindex composing mail
+
+Commands for composing a mail message:
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item S r
+@itemx r
+@kindex S r (Summary)
+@kindex r (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-reply
+Mail a reply to the author of the current article
+(@code{gnus-summary-reply}). 
+
+@item S R
+@itemx R
+@kindex R (Summary)
+@kindex S R (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-reply-with-original
+Mail a reply to the author of the current article and include the
+original message (@code{gnus-summary-reply-with-original}).  This
+command uses the process/prefix convention.
+
+@item S o m
+@kindex S o m (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-mail-forward
+Forward the current article to some other person
+(@code{gnus-summary-mail-forward}). 
+
+@item S o p
+@kindex S o p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-post-forward
+Forward the current article to a newsgroup
+(@code{gnus-summary-post-forward}).
+
+@item S m
+@itemx m
+@kindex m (Summary)
+@kindex S m (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-mail-other-window
+Send a mail to some other person
+(@code{gnus-summary-mail-other-window}).
+
+@item S D b
+@kindex S D b (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-resend-bounced-mail
+@cindex bouncing mail
+If you have sent a mail, but the mail was bounced back to you for some
+reason (wrong address, transient failure), you can use this command to
+resend that bounced mail (@code{gnus-summary-resend-bounced-mail}).  You
+will be popped into a mail buffer where you can edit the headers before
+sending the mail off again.  If you give a prefix to this command, and
+the bounced mail is a reply to some other mail, Gnus will try to fetch
+that mail and display it for easy perusal of its headers.  This might
+very well fail, though.
+
+@item S D r
+@kindex S D r (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-resend-message
+Not to be confused with the previous command,
+@code{gnus-summary-resend-message} will prompt you for an address to
+send the current message off to, and then send it to that place.  The
+headers of the message won't be altered---but lots of headers that say
+@code{Resent-To}, @code{Resent-From} and so on will be added.  This
+means that you actually send a mail to someone that has a @code{To}
+header that (probably) points to yourself.  This will confuse people.
+So, natcherly you'll only do that if you're really eVIl.  
+
+This command is mainly used if you have several accounts and want to
+ship a mail to a different account of yours.  (If you're both
+@code{root} and @code{postmaster} and get a mail for @code{postmaster}
+to the @code{root} account, you may want to resend it to
+@code{postmaster}.  Ordnung muss sein!
+
+@item S O m
+@kindex S O m (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-digest-mail-forward
+Digest the current series and forward the result using mail
+(@code{gnus-uu-digest-mail-forward}).  This command uses the
+process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}). 
+
+@item S O p
+@kindex S O p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-digest-post-forward
+Digest the current series and forward the result to a newsgroup
+(@code{gnus-uu-digest-mail-forward}).  
+@end table
+
+
+@node Summary Post Commands
+@subsection Summary Post Commands
+@cindex post
+@cindex composing news
+
+Commands for posting an article:
+
+@table @kbd
+@item S p
+@itemx a
+@kindex a (Summary)
+@kindex S p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-post-news
+Post an article to the current group
+(@code{gnus-summary-post-news}).
+
+@item S f
+@itemx f
+@kindex f (Summary)
+@kindex S f (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-followup
+Post a followup to the current article (@code{gnus-summary-followup}).
+
+@item S F
+@itemx F
+@kindex S F (Summary)
+@kindex F (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-followup-with-original
+Post a followup to the current article and include the original message
+(@code{gnus-summary-followup-with-original}).   This command uses the
+process/prefix convention.
+
+@item S u
+@kindex S u (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-post-news
+Uuencode a file, split it into parts, and post it as a series
+(@code{gnus-uu-post-news}). (@pxref{Uuencoding and Posting}). 
+@end table
+
+
+@node Canceling and Superseding
+@section Canceling Articles
+@cindex canceling articles
+@cindex superseding articles
+
+Have you ever written something, and then decided that you really,
+really, really wish you hadn't posted that?
+
+Well, you can't cancel mail, but you can cancel posts.
+
+@findex gnus-summary-cancel-article
+@kindex C (Summary)
+Find the article you wish to cancel (you can only cancel your own
+articles, so don't try any funny stuff).  Then press @kbd{C} or @kbd{S
+c} (@code{gnus-summary-cancel-article}).  Your article will be
+canceled---machines all over the world will be deleting your article. 
+
+Be aware, however, that not all sites honor cancels, so your article may
+live on here and there, while most sites will delete the article in
+question.
+
+If you discover that you have made some mistakes and want to do some
+corrections, you can post a @dfn{superseding} article that will replace
+your original article.
+
+@findex gnus-summary-supersede-article
+@kindex S (Summary)
+Go to the original article and press @kbd{S s}
+(@code{gnus-summary-supersede-article}).  You will be put in a buffer
+where you can edit the article all you want before sending it off the
+usual way.
+
+The same goes for superseding as for canceling, only more so: Some
+sites do not honor superseding.  On those sites, it will appear that you
+have posted almost the same article twice.
+
+If you have just posted the article, and change your mind right away,
+there is a trick you can use to cancel/supersede the article without
+waiting for the article to appear on your site first.  You simply return
+to the post buffer (which is called @code{*post-buf*}).  There you will
+find the article you just posted, with all the headers intact.  Change
+the @code{Message-ID} header to a @code{Cancel} or @code{Supersedes}
+header by substituting one of those words for @code{Message-ID}.  Then
+just press @kbd{C-c C-c} to send the article as you would do normally.
+The previous article will be canceled/superseded.
+
+Just remember, kids: There is no 'c' in 'supersede'.
+
+
+@node Marking Articles
+@section Marking Articles
+@cindex article marking
+@cindex article ticking
+@cindex marks
+
+There are several marks you can set on an article. 
+
+You have marks that decide the @dfn{readedness} (whoo, neato-keano
+neologism ohoy!) of the article.  Alphabetic marks generally mean
+@dfn{read}, while non-alphabetic characters generally mean @dfn{unread}.
+
+In addition, you also have marks that do not affect readedness.
+
+@menu
+* Unread Articles::      Marks for unread articles.
+* Read Articles::        Marks for read articles.
+* Other Marks::          Marks that do not affect readedness.
+@end menu
+
+@ifinfo
+There's a plethora of commands for manipulating these marks:
+@end ifinfo
+
+@menu
+* Setting Marks::           How to set and remove marks.
+* Setting Process Marks::   How to mark articles for later processing.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Unread Articles
+@subsection Unread Articles
+
+The following marks mark articles as unread, in one form or other.
+
+@vindex gnus-dormant-mark
+@vindex gnus-ticked-mark
+@table @samp
+@item !
+@dfn{Ticked articles} are articles that will remain visible always.  If
+you see an article that you find interesting, or you want to put off
+reading it, or replying to it, until sometime later, you'd typically
+tick it.  However, articles can be expired, so if you want to keep an
+article forever, you'll have to save it.  Ticked articles have a
+@samp{!} (@code{gnus-ticked-mark}) in the first column.
+
+@item ?
+@vindex gnus-dormant-mark
+A @dfn{dormant} article is marked with a @samp{?}
+(@code{gnus-dormant-mark}), and will only appear in the summary buffer
+if there are followups to it.
+
+@item SPACE
+@vindex gnus-unread-mark
+An @dfn{unread} article is marked with a @samp{SPACE}
+(@code{gnus-unread-mark}).  These are articles that haven't been read at
+all yet.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Read Articles
+@subsection Read Articles
+@cindex expirable mark
+
+All the following marks mark articles as read.
+
+@table @samp
+
+@item r
+@vindex gnus-del-mark
+Articles that are marked as read.  They have a @samp{r}
+(@code{gnus-del-mark}) in the first column.  These are articles that the
+user has marked as read more or less manually.
+
+@item R
+@vindex gnus-read-mark
+Articles that are actually read are marked with @samp{R}
+(@code{gnus-read-mark}). 
+
+@item O
+@vindex gnus-ancient-mark
+Articles that were marked as read in previous sessions are now
+@dfn{old} and marked with @samp{O} (@code{gnus-ancient-mark}). 
+
+@item K
+@vindex gnus-killed-mark
+Marked as killed (@code{gnus-killed-mark}).
+
+@item X
+@vindex gnus-kill-file-mark
+Marked as killed by kill files (@code{gnus-kill-file-mark}).
+
+@item Y
+@vindex gnus-low-score-mark
+Marked as read by having a too low score (@code{gnus-low-score-mark}).
+
+@item C
+@vindex gnus-catchup-mark
+Marked as read by a catchup (@code{gnus-catchup-mark}).
+
+@item G
+@vindex gnus-canceled-mark
+Canceled article (@code{gnus-canceled-mark})
+
+@item F
+@vindex gnus-souped-mark
+@sc{SOUP}ed article (@code{gnus-souped-mark}).
+
+@item Q
+@vindex gnus-sparse-mark
+Sparsely reffed article (@code{gnus-sparse-mark}).
+@end table
+
+All these marks just mean that the article is marked as read, really.
+They are interpreted differently by the adaptive scoring scheme,
+however.
+
+One more special mark, though:
+
+@table @samp
+@item E
+@vindex gnus-expirable-mark
+You can also mark articles as @dfn{expirable} (or have them marked as
+such automatically).  That doesn't make much sense in normal groups,
+because a user does not control the expiring of news articles, but in
+mail groups, for instance, articles that are marked as @dfn{expirable}
+can be deleted by Gnus at any time.  Expirable articles are marked with
+@samp{E} (@code{gnus-expirable-mark}).
+@end table
+
+
+@node Other Marks
+@subsection Other Marks
+@cindex process mark
+@cindex bookmarks
+
+There are some marks that have nothing to do with whether the article is
+read or not.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item 
+You can set a bookmark in the current article.  Say you are reading a
+long thesis on cats' urinary tracts, and have to go home for dinner
+before you've finished reading the thesis.  You can then set a bookmark
+in the article, and Gnus will jump to this bookmark the next time it
+encounters the article.
+
+@item
+@vindex gnus-replied-mark
+All articles that you have replied to or made a followup to (i.e., have
+answered) will be marked with an @samp{A} in the second column
+(@code{gnus-replied-mark}).
+
+@item 
+@vindex gnus-cached-mark
+Articles that are stored in the article cache will be marked with an
+@samp{*} in the second column (@code{gnus-cached-mark}).
+
+@item 
+@vindex gnus-saved-mark
+Articles that are ``saved'' (in some manner or other; not necessarily
+religiously) are marked with an @samp{S} in the second column
+(@code{gnus-saved-mark}.
+
+@item 
+@vindex gnus-not-empty-thread-mark
+@vindex gnus-empty-thread-mark
+It the @samp{%e} spec is used, the presence of threads or not will be
+marked with @code{gnus-not-empty-thread-mark} and
+@code{gnus-empty-thread-mark} in the third column, respectively.
+
+@item 
+@vindex gnus-process-mark
+Finally we have the @dfn{process mark} (@code{gnus-process-mark}.  A
+variety of commands react to the presence of the process mark.  For
+instance, @kbd{X u} (@code{gnus-uu-decode-uu}) will uudecode and view
+all articles that have been marked with the process mark.  Articles
+marked with the process mark have a @samp{#} in the second column.
+
+@end itemize
+
+You might have noticed that most of these ``non-readedness'' marks
+appear in the second column by default.  So if you have a cached, saved,
+replied article that you have process-marked, what will that look like?
+
+Nothing much.  The precedence rules go as follows: process -> cache ->
+replied -> saved.  So if the article is in the cache and is replied,
+you'll only see the cache mark and not the replied mark.
+
+
+@node Setting Marks
+@subsection Setting Marks
+@cindex setting marks
+
+All the marking commands understand the numeric prefix.
+
+@table @kbd
+@item M t
+@itemx !
+@kindex ! (Summary)
+@kindex M t (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-tick-article-forward
+Tick the current article (@code{gnus-summary-tick-article-forward}).
+
+@item M ?
+@itemx ?
+@kindex ? (Summary)
+@kindex M ? (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-mark-as-dormant
+Mark the current article as dormant
+(@code{gnus-summary-mark-as-dormant}).
+
+@item M d
+@itemx d
+@kindex M d (Summary)
+@kindex d (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-mark-as-read-forward
+Mark the current article as read
+(@code{gnus-summary-mark-as-read-forward}).
+
+@item M k
+@itemx k
+@kindex k (Summary)
+@kindex M k (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-kill-same-subject-and-select
+Mark all articles that have the same subject as the current one as read,
+and then select the next unread article
+(@code{gnus-summary-kill-same-subject-and-select}).
+
+@item M K
+@itemx C-k
+@kindex M K (Summary)
+@kindex C-k (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-kill-same-subject
+Mark all articles that have the same subject as the current one as read
+(@code{gnus-summary-kill-same-subject}).  
+
+@item M C
+@kindex M C (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-catchup
+Mark all unread articles in the group as read
+(@code{gnus-summary-catchup}).
+
+@item M C-c
+@kindex M C-c (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-catchup-all
+Mark all articles in the group as read---even the ticked and dormant
+articles (@code{gnus-summary-catchup-all}).
+
+@item M H
+@kindex M H (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-catchup-to-here
+Catchup the current group to point
+(@code{gnus-summary-catchup-to-here}). 
+
+@item C-w
+@kindex C-w (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-mark-region-as-read
+Mark all articles between point and mark as read
+(@code{gnus-summary-mark-region-as-read}). 
+
+@item M V k
+@kindex M V k (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-kill-below
+Kill all articles with scores below the default score (or below the
+numeric prefix) (@code{gnus-summary-kill-below}).
+
+@item M c
+@itemx M-u
+@kindex M c (Summary)
+@kindex M-u (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-clear-mark-forward
+Clear all readedness-marks from the current article
+(@code{gnus-summary-clear-mark-forward}).
+
+@item M e
+@itemx E
+@kindex M e (Summary)
+@kindex E (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-mark-as-expirable
+Mark the current article as expirable
+(@code{gnus-summary-mark-as-expirable}).
+
+@item M b
+@kindex M b (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-set-bookmark
+Set a bookmark in the current article
+(@code{gnus-summary-set-bookmark}).
+
+@item M B
+@kindex M B (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-remove-bookmark
+Remove the bookmark from the current article
+(@code{gnus-summary-remove-bookmark}).
+
+@item M V c
+@kindex M V c (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-clear-above
+Clear all marks from articles with scores over the default score (or
+over the numeric prefix) (@code{gnus-summary-clear-above}).
+
+@item M V u
+@kindex M V u (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-tick-above
+Tick all articles with scores over the default score (or over the
+numeric prefix) (@code{gnus-summary-tick-above}).
+
+@item M V m
+@kindex M V m (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-mark-above
+Prompt for a mark, and mark all articles with scores over the default
+score (or over the numeric prefix) with this mark
+(@code{gnus-summary-clear-above}).
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-summary-goto-unread
+The @code{gnus-summary-goto-unread} variable controls what action should
+be taken after setting a mark.  If non-@code{nil}, point will move to
+the next/previous unread article.  If @code{nil}, point will just move
+one line up or down.  As a special case, if this variable is
+@code{never}, all the marking commands as well as other commands (like
+@kbd{SPACE}) will move to the next article, whether it is unread or not.
+The default is @code{t}.
+
+
+@node Setting Process Marks
+@subsection Setting Process Marks
+@cindex setting process marks
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item M P p
+@itemx #
+@kindex # (Summary)
+@kindex M P p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-mark-as-processable
+Mark the current article with the process mark
+(@code{gnus-summary-mark-as-processable}). 
+@findex gnus-summary-unmark-as-processable
+
+@item M P u 
+@itemx M-#
+@kindex M P u (Summary)
+@kindex M-# (Summary)
+Remove the process mark, if any, from the current article
+(@code{gnus-summary-unmark-as-processable}).
+
+@item M P U
+@kindex M P U (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-unmark-all-processable
+Remove the process mark from all articles
+(@code{gnus-summary-unmark-all-processable}). 
+
+@item M P R
+@kindex M P R (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-by-regexp
+Mark articles by a regular expression (@code{gnus-uu-mark-by-regexp}). 
+
+@item M P r
+@kindex M P r (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-region
+Mark articles in region (@code{gnus-uu-mark-region}).
+
+@item M P t
+@kindex M P t (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-thread
+Mark all articles in the current (sub)thread
+(@code{gnus-uu-mark-thread}).
+
+@item M P T
+@kindex M P T (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-unmark-thread
+Unmark all articles in the current (sub)thread
+(@code{gnus-uu-unmark-thread}).
+
+@item M P v
+@kindex M P v (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-over
+Mark all articles that have a score above the prefix argument
+(@code{gnus-uu-mark-over}).
+
+@item M P s
+@kindex M P s (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-series
+Mark all articles in the current series (@code{gnus-uu-mark-series}).
+
+@item M P S
+@kindex M P S (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-sparse
+Mark all series that have already had some articles marked
+(@code{gnus-uu-mark-sparse}).
+
+@item M P a
+@kindex M P a (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-all
+Mark all articles in series order (@code{gnus-uu-mark-series}).
+
+@item M P b
+@kindex M P b (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-buffer
+Mark all articles in the buffer in the order they appear
+(@code{gnus-uu-mark-buffer}). 
+@end table
+
+
+@node Limiting
+@section Limiting
+@cindex limiting
+
+It can be convenient to limit the summary buffer to just show some
+subset of the articles currently in the group.  The effect most limit
+commands have is to remove a few (or many) articles from the summary
+buffer. 
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item / /
+@itemx / s
+@kindex / / (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-limit-to-subject
+Limit the summary buffer to articles that match some subject
+(@code{gnus-summary-limit-to-subject}). 
+
+@item / a
+@kindex / a (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-limit-to-author
+Limit the summary buffer to articles that match some author
+(@code{gnus-summary-limit-to-author}).
+
+@item / u
+@itemx x
+@kindex / u (Summary)
+@kindex x (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-limit-to-unread
+Limit the summary buffer to articles that are not marked as read
+(@code{gnus-summary-limit-to-unread}).  If given a prefix, limit the
+buffer to articles that are strictly unread.  This means that ticked and
+dormant articles will also be excluded.
+
+@item / m
+@kindex / m (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-limit-to-marks
+Ask for a mark and then limit to all articles that have not been marked
+with that mark (@code{gnus-summary-limit-to-marks}).
+
+@item / n
+@kindex / n (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-limit-to-articles
+Limit the summary buffer to the current article
+(@code{gnus-summary-limit-to-articles}).  Uses the process/prefix
+convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}).
+
+@item / w
+@kindex / w (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-pop-limit
+Pop the previous limit off the stack and restore it
+(@code{gnus-summary-pop-limit}).  If given a prefix, pop all limits off
+the stack.
+
+@item / v
+@kindex / v (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-limit-to-score
+Limit the summary buffer to articles that have a score at or above some
+score (@code{gnus-summary-limit-to-score}).
+
+@item / E
+@itemx M S
+@kindex M S (Summary)
+@kindex / E (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-limit-include-expunged
+Display all expunged articles
+(@code{gnus-summary-limit-include-expunged}). 
+
+@item / D
+@kindex / D (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-limit-include-dormant
+Display all dormant articles (@code{gnus-summary-limit-include-dormant}).
+
+@item / d
+@kindex / d (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-limit-exclude-dormant
+Hide all dormant articles (@code{gnus-summary-limit-exclude-dormant}).
+
+@item / c
+@kindex / c (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-limit-exclude-childless-dormant
+Hide all dormant articles that have no children
+(@code{gnus-summary-limit-exclude-childless-dormant}). 
+
+@item / C
+@kindex / C (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-limit-mark-excluded-as-read
+Mark all excluded unread articles as read
+(@code{gnus-summary-limit-mark-excluded-as-read}).   If given a prefix,
+also mark excluded ticked and dormant articles as read.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Threading
+@section Threading
+@cindex threading
+@cindex article threading
+
+Gnus threads articles by default.  @dfn{To thread} is to put replies to
+articles directly after the articles they reply to---in a hierarchical
+fashion.
+
+@menu
+* Customizing Threading::     Variables you can change to affect the threading.
+* Thread Commands::           Thread based commands in the summary buffer.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Customizing Threading
+@subsection Customizing Threading
+@cindex customizing threading
+@cindex <
+@cindex >
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-show-threads
+@vindex gnus-show-threads
+If this variable is @code{nil}, no threading will be done, and all of
+the rest of the variables here will have no effect.  Turning threading
+off will speed group selection up a bit, but it is sure to make reading
+slower and more awkward.
+
+@item gnus-fetch-old-headers
+@vindex gnus-fetch-old-headers
+If non-@code{nil}, Gnus will attempt to build old threads by fetching
+more old headers---headers to articles that are marked as read.  If you
+would like to display as few summary lines as possible, but still
+connect as many loose threads as possible, you should set this variable
+to @code{some} or a number.  If you set it to a number, no more than
+that number of extra old headers will be fetched.  In either case,
+fetching old headers only works if the backend you are using carries
+overview files---this would normally be @code{nntp}, @code{nnspool} and
+@code{nnml}.  Also remember that if the root of the thread has been
+expired by the server, there's not much Gnus can do about that.
+
+@item gnus-build-sparse-threads
+@vindex gnus-build-sparse-threads
+Fetching old headers can be slow.  A low-rent similar effect can be
+gotten by setting this variable to @code{some}.  Gnus will then look at
+the complete @code{References} headers of all articles and try to string
+articles that belong in the same thread together.  This will leave
+@dfn{gaps} in the threading display where Gnus guesses that an article
+is missing from the thread.  (These gaps appear like normal summary
+lines.  If you select a gap, Gnus will try to fetch the article in
+question.)  If this variable is @code{t}, Gnus will display all these
+``gaps'' without regard for whether they are useful for completing the
+thread or not.  Finally, if this variable is @code{more}, Gnus won't cut
+off sparse leaf nodes that don't lead anywhere.  This variable is
+@code{nil} by default.
+
+@item gnus-summary-gather-subject-limit
+@vindex gnus-summary-gather-subject-limit
+Loose threads are gathered by comparing subjects of articles.  If this
+variable is @code{nil}, Gnus requires an exact match between the
+subjects of the loose threads before gathering them into one big
+super-thread.  This might be too strict a requirement, what with the
+presence of stupid newsreaders that chop off long subjects lines.  If
+you think so, set this variable to, say, 20 to require that only the
+first 20 characters of the subjects have to match.  If you set this
+variable to a really low number, you'll find that Gnus will gather
+everything in sight into one thread, which isn't very helpful.
+
+@cindex fuzzy article gathering
+If you set this variable to the special value @code{fuzzy}, Gnus will
+use a fuzzy string comparison algorithm on the subjects.
+
+@item gnus-simplify-subject-fuzzy-regexp
+@vindex gnus-simplify-subject-fuzzy-regexp
+This can either be a regular expression or list of regular expressions
+that match strings that will be removed from subjects if fuzzy subject
+simplification is used.
+
+@item gnus-simplify-ignored-prefixes
+@vindex gnus-simplify-ignored-prefixes
+If you set @code{gnus-summary-gather-subject-limit} to something as low
+as 10, you might consider setting this variable to something sensible:
+
+@c Written by Michael Ernst <mernst@cs.rice.edu>
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-simplify-ignored-prefixes
+      (concat 
+       "\\`\\[?\\("
+       (mapconcat 'identity
+                  '("looking"
+                     "wanted" "followup" "summary\\( of\\)?"
+                     "help" "query" "problem" "question" 
+                     "answer" "reference" "announce"
+                     "How can I" "How to" "Comparison of"
+                     ;; ...
+                     )
+                  "\\|")
+                  "\\)\\s *\\("
+                  (mapconcat 'identity
+                             '("for" "for reference" "with" "about")
+                             "\\|")
+                  "\\)?\\]?:?[ \t]*"))
+@end lisp
+
+All words that match this regexp will be removed before comparing two
+subjects. 
+
+@item gnus-summary-gather-exclude-subject
+@vindex gnus-summary-gather-exclude-subject
+Since loose thread gathering is done on subjects only, that might lead
+to many false hits, especially with certain common subjects like
+@samp{} and @samp{(none)}.  To make the situation slightly better,
+you can use the regexp @code{gnus-summary-gather-exclude-subject} to say
+what subjects should be excluded from the gathering process.  The
+default is @samp{^ *$\\|^(none)$}.  
+
+@item gnus-summary-thread-gathering-function
+@vindex gnus-summary-thread-gathering-function
+Gnus gathers threads by looking at @code{Subject} headers.  This means
+that totally unrelated articles may end up in the same ``thread'', which
+is confusing.  An alternate approach is to look at all the
+@code{Message-ID}s in all the @code{References} headers to find matches.
+This will ensure that no gathered threads ever includes unrelated
+articles, but it's also means that people who have posted with broken
+newsreaders won't be gathered properly.  The choice is yours---plague or
+cholera:
+
+@table @code
+@item gnus-gather-threads-by-subject
+@findex gnus-gather-threads-by-subject
+This function is the default gathering function and looks at
+@code{Subject}s exclusively.
+
+@item gnus-gather-threads-by-references
+@findex gnus-gather-threads-by-references
+This function looks at @code{References} headers exclusively.
+@end table
+
+If you want to test gathering by @code{References}, you could say
+something like:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-summary-thread-gathering-function
+      'gnus-gather-threads-by-references)
+@end lisp
+
+@item gnus-summary-make-false-root
+@vindex gnus-summary-make-false-root
+If non-@code{nil}, Gnus will gather all loose subtrees into one big tree
+and create a dummy root at the top.  (Wait a minute.  Root at the top?
+Yup.)  Loose subtrees occur when the real root has expired, or you've
+read or killed the root in a previous session.
+
+When there is no real root of a thread, Gnus will have to fudge
+something.  This variable says what fudging method Gnus should use.
+There are four possible values:
+
+@cindex adopting articles
+
+@table @code
+
+@item adopt
+Gnus will make the first of the orphaned articles the parent.  This
+parent will adopt all the other articles.  The adopted articles will be
+marked as such by pointy brackets (@samp{<>}) instead of the standard
+square brackets (@samp{[]}).  This is the default method.
+
+@item dummy
+@vindex gnus-summary-dummy-line-format
+Gnus will create a dummy summary line that will pretend to be the
+parent.  This dummy line does not correspond to any real article, so
+selecting it will just select the first real article after the dummy
+article.  @code{gnus-summary-dummy-line-format} is used to specify the
+format of the dummy roots.  It accepts only one format spec:  @samp{S},
+which is the subject of the article.  @xref{Formatting Variables}.
+
+@item empty
+Gnus won't actually make any article the parent, but simply leave the
+subject field of all orphans except the first empty.  (Actually, it will
+use @code{gnus-summary-same-subject} as the subject (@pxref{Summary
+Buffer Format}).)
+
+@item none
+Don't make any article parent at all.  Just gather the threads and
+display them after one another.
+
+@item nil
+Don't gather loose threads.
+@end table
+
+@item gnus-thread-hide-subtree
+@vindex gnus-thread-hide-subtree
+If non-@code{nil}, all threads will be hidden when the summary buffer is
+generated.
+
+@item gnus-thread-hide-killed
+@vindex gnus-thread-hide-killed
+if you kill a thread and this variable is non-@code{nil}, the subtree
+will be hidden.
+
+@item gnus-thread-ignore-subject
+@vindex gnus-thread-ignore-subject
+Sometimes somebody changes the subject in the middle of a thread.  If
+this variable is non-@code{nil}, the subject change is ignored.  If it
+is @code{nil}, which is the default, a change in the subject will result
+in a new thread.
+
+@item gnus-thread-indent-level
+@vindex gnus-thread-indent-level
+This is a number that says how much each sub-thread should be indented.
+The default is @code{4}.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Thread Commands
+@subsection Thread Commands
+@cindex thread commands
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item T k
+@itemx M-C-k
+@kindex T k (Summary)
+@kindex M-C-k (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-kill-thread
+Mark all articles in the current sub-thread as read
+(@code{gnus-summary-kill-thread}).  If the prefix argument is positive,
+remove all marks instead.  If the prefix argument is negative, tick
+articles instead.
+
+@item T l
+@itemx M-C-l
+@kindex T l (Summary)
+@kindex M-C-l (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-lower-thread
+Lower the score of the current thread
+(@code{gnus-summary-lower-thread}). 
+
+@item T i
+@kindex T i (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-raise-thread
+Increase the score of the current thread
+(@code{gnus-summary-raise-thread}).
+
+@item T #
+@kindex T # (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-thread
+Set the process mark on the current thread
+(@code{gnus-uu-mark-thread}).
+
+@item T M-#
+@kindex T M-# (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-unmark-thread
+Remove the process mark from the current thread
+(@code{gnus-uu-unmark-thread}).
+
+@item T T
+@kindex T T (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-toggle-threads
+Toggle threading (@code{gnus-summary-toggle-threads}).
+
+@item T s
+@kindex T s (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-show-thread
+Expose the thread hidden under the current article, if any
+(@code{gnus-summary-show-thread}).
+
+@item T h
+@kindex T h (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-hide-thread
+Hide the current (sub)thread (@code{gnus-summary-hide-thread}).
+
+@item T S
+@kindex T S (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-show-all-threads
+Expose all hidden threads (@code{gnus-summary-show-all-threads}).
+
+@item T H
+@kindex T H (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-hide-all-threads
+Hide all threads (@code{gnus-summary-hide-all-threads}).
+
+@item T t
+@kindex T t (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-rethread-current
+Re-thread the thread the current article is part of
+(@code{gnus-summary-rethread-current}).  This works even when the
+summary buffer is otherwise unthreaded.
+
+@item T ^
+@kindex T ^ (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-reparent-thread
+Make the current article the child of the marked (or previous) article
+(@code{gnus-summary-reparent-thread}.
+
+@end table
+
+The following commands are thread movement commands.  They all
+understand the numeric prefix.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item T n
+@kindex T n (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-next-thread
+Go to the next thread (@code{gnus-summary-next-thread}).
+
+@item T p
+@kindex T p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-prev-thread
+Go to the previous thread (@code{gnus-summary-prev-thread}).
+
+@item T d
+@kindex T d (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-down-thread
+Descend the thread (@code{gnus-summary-down-thread}).
+
+@item T u
+@kindex T u (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-up-thread
+Ascend the thread (@code{gnus-summary-up-thread}).
+
+@item T o
+@kindex T o (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-top-thread
+Go to the top of the thread (@code{gnus-summary-top-thread}).
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-thread-operation-ignore-subject 
+If you ignore subject while threading, you'll naturally end up with
+threads that have several different subjects in them.  If you then issue
+a command like `T k' (@code{gnus-summary-kill-thread}) you might not
+wish to kill the entire thread, but just those parts of the thread that
+have the same subject as the current article.  If you like this idea,
+you can fiddle with @code{gnus-thread-operation-ignore-subject}.  If is
+is non-@code{nil} (which it is by default), subjects will be ignored
+when doing thread commands.  If this variable is @code{nil}, articles in
+the same thread with different subjects will not be included in the
+operation in question.  If this variable is @code{fuzzy}, only articles
+that have subjects that are fuzzily equal will be included.
+
+
+@node Sorting
+@section Sorting
+
+@findex gnus-thread-sort-by-total-score
+@findex gnus-thread-sort-by-date
+@findex gnus-thread-sort-by-score
+@findex gnus-thread-sort-by-subject
+@findex gnus-thread-sort-by-author
+@findex gnus-thread-sort-by-number
+@vindex gnus-thread-sort-functions
+If you are using a threaded summary display, you can sort the threads by
+setting @code{gnus-thread-sort-functions}, which is a list of functions.
+By default, sorting is done on article numbers.  Ready-made sorting
+predicate functions include @code{gnus-thread-sort-by-number},
+@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-author}, @code{gnus-thread-sort-by-subject},
+@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-date}, @code{gnus-thread-sort-by-score}, and
+@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-total-score}.
+
+Each function takes two threads and return non-@code{nil} if the first
+thread should be sorted before the other.  Note that sorting really is
+normally done by looking only at the roots of each thread.  If you use
+more than one function, the primary sort key should be the last function
+in the list.  You should probably always include
+@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-number} in the list of sorting
+functions---preferably first.  This will ensure that threads that are
+equal with respect to the other sort criteria will be displayed in
+ascending article order.
+
+If you would like to sort by score, then by subject, and finally by
+number, you could do something like:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-thread-sort-functions 
+      '(gnus-thread-sort-by-number
+        gnus-thread-sort-by-subject
+        gnus-thread-sort-by-score))
+@end lisp
+
+The threads that have highest score will be displayed first in the
+summary buffer.  When threads have the same score, they will be sorted
+alphabetically.  The threads that have the same score and the same
+subject will be sorted by number, which is (normally) the sequence in
+which the articles arrived.
+
+If you want to sort by score and then reverse arrival order, you could
+say something like:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-thread-sort-functions
+      '((lambda (t1 t2) 
+          (not (gnus-thread-sort-by-number t1 t2)))
+        gnus-thread-sort-by-score))
+@end lisp
+
+@vindex gnus-thread-score-function
+The function in the @code{gnus-thread-score-function} variable (default
+@code{+}) is used for calculating the total score of a thread.  Useful
+functions might be @code{max}, @code{min}, or squared means, or whatever
+tickles your fancy.
+
+@findex gnus-article-sort-functions
+@findex gnus-article-sort-by-date
+@findex gnus-article-sort-by-score
+@findex gnus-article-sort-by-subject
+@findex gnus-article-sort-by-author
+@findex gnus-article-sort-by-number
+If you are using an unthreaded display for some strange reason or other,
+you have to fiddle with the @code{gnus-article-sort-functions} variable.
+It is very similar to the @code{gnus-thread-sort-functions}, except that
+is uses slightly different functions for article comparison.  Available
+sorting predicate functions are @code{gnus-article-sort-by-number},
+@code{gnus-article-sort-by-author}, @code{gnus-article-sort-by-subject},
+@code{gnus-article-sort-by-date}, and @code{gnus-article-sort-by-score}.
+
+If you want to sort an unthreaded summary display by subject, you could
+say something like:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-article-sort-functions 
+      '(gnus-article-sort-by-number
+        gnus-article-sort-by-subject))
+@end lisp
+
+
+
+@node Asynchronous Fetching
+@section Asynchronous Article Fetching
+@cindex asynchronous article fetching
+
+If you read your news from an @sc{nntp} server that's far away, the
+network latencies may make reading articles a chore.  You have to wait
+for a while after pressing @kbd{n} to go to the next article before the
+article appears.  Why can't Gnus just go ahead and fetch the article
+while you are reading the previous one? Why not, indeed.
+
+First, some caveats.  There are some pitfalls to using asynchronous
+article fetching, especially the way Gnus does it.  
+
+Let's say you are reading article 1, which is short, and article 2 is
+quite long, and you are not interested in reading that.  Gnus does not
+know this, so it goes ahead and fetches article 2.  You decide to read
+article 3, but since Gnus is in the process of fetching article 2, the
+connection is blocked.
+
+To avoid these situations, Gnus will open two (count 'em two)
+connections to the server.  Some people may think this isn't a very nice
+thing to do, but I don't see any real alternatives.  Setting up that
+extra connection takes some time, so Gnus startup will be slower.
+
+Gnus will fetch more articles than you will read.  This will mean that
+the link between your machine and the @sc{nntp} server will become more
+loaded than if you didn't use article pre-fetch.  The server itself will
+also become more loaded---both with the extra article requests, and the
+extra connection.
+
+Ok, so now you know that you shouldn't really use this thing...  unless
+you really want to.
+
+@vindex gnus-asynchronous
+Here's how:  Set @code{gnus-asynchronous} to @code{t}.  The rest should
+happen automatically.
+
+@vindex nntp-async-number
+You can control how many articles that are to be pre-fetched by setting
+@code{nntp-async-number}.  This is five by default, which means that when
+you read an article in the group, @code{nntp} will pre-fetch the next
+five articles.  If this variable is @code{t}, @code{nntp} will pre-fetch
+all the articles that it can without bound.  If it is @code{nil}, no
+pre-fetching will be made.
+
+@vindex gnus-asynchronous-article-function
+You may wish to create some sort of scheme for choosing which articles
+that @code{nntp} should consider as candidates for pre-fetching.  For
+instance, you may wish to pre-fetch all articles with high scores, and
+not pre-fetch low-scored articles.  You can do that by setting the
+@code{gnus-asynchronous-article-function}, which will be called with an
+alist where the keys are the article numbers.  Your function should
+return an alist where the articles you are not interested in have been
+removed.  You could also do sorting on article score and the like. 
+
+
+@node Article Caching
+@section Article Caching
+@cindex article caching
+@cindex caching
+
+If you have an @emph{extremely} slow @sc{nntp} connection, you may
+consider turning article caching on.  Each article will then be stored
+locally under your home directory.  As you may surmise, this could
+potentially use @emph{huge} amounts of disk space, as well as eat up all
+your inodes so fast it will make your head swim.  In vodka.
+
+Used carefully, though, it could be just an easier way to save articles.
+
+@vindex gnus-use-long-file-name
+@vindex gnus-cache-directory
+@vindex gnus-use-cache
+To turn caching on, set @code{gnus-use-cache} to @code{t}.  By default,
+all articles that are ticked or marked as dormant will then be copied
+over to your local cache (@code{gnus-cache-directory}).  Whether this
+cache is flat or hierarchal is controlled by the
+@code{gnus-use-long-file-name} variable, as usual.
+
+When re-select a ticked or dormant article, it will be fetched from the
+cache instead of from the server.  As articles in your cache will never
+expire, this might serve as a method of saving articles while still
+keeping them where they belong.  Just mark all articles you want to save
+as dormant, and don't worry.
+
+When an article is marked as read, is it removed from the cache.
+
+@vindex gnus-cache-remove-articles
+@vindex gnus-cache-enter-articles
+The entering/removal of articles from the cache is controlled by the
+@code{gnus-cache-enter-articles} and @code{gnus-cache-remove-articles}
+variables.  Both are lists of symbols.  The first is @code{(ticked
+dormant)} by default, meaning that ticked and dormant articles will be
+put in the cache.  The latter is @code{(read)} by default, meaning that
+articles that are marked as read are removed from the cache.  Possibly
+symbols in these two lists are @code{ticked}, @code{dormant},
+@code{unread} and @code{read}.
+
+@findex gnus-jog-cache
+So where does the massive article-fetching and storing come into the
+picture?  The @code{gnus-jog-cache} command will go through all
+subscribed newsgroups, request all unread articles, and store them in
+the cache.  You should only ever, ever ever ever, use this command if 1)
+your connection to the @sc{nntp} server is really, really, really slow
+and 2) you have a really, really, really huge disk.  Seriously.
+
+@vindex gnus-uncacheable-groups
+It is likely that you do not want caching on some groups.  For instance,
+if your @code{nnml} mail is located under your home directory, it makes no
+sense to cache it somewhere else under your home directory.  Unless you
+feel that it's neat to use twice as much space.  To limit the caching,
+you could set the @code{gnus-uncacheable-groups} regexp to
+@samp{^nnml}, for instance.  This variable is @code{nil} by
+default.
+
+@findex gnus-cache-generate-nov-databases
+@findex gnus-cache-generate-active
+@vindex gnus-cache-active-file
+The cache stores information on what articles it contains in its active
+file (@code{gnus-cache-active-file}).  If this file (or any other parts
+of the cache) becomes all messed up for some reason or other, Gnus
+offers two functions that will try to set things right.  @kbd{M-x
+gnus-cache-generate-nov-databases} will (re)build all the @sc{nov}
+files, and @kbd{gnus-cache-generate-active} will (re)generate the active
+file.
+
+
+@node Persistent Articles
+@section Persistent Articles
+@cindex persistent articles
+
+Closely related to article caching, we have @dfn{persistent articles}.
+In fact, it's just a different way of looking at caching, and much more
+useful in my opinion.
+
+Say you're reading a newsgroup, and you happen on to some valuable gem
+that you want to keep and treasure forever.  You'd normally just save it
+(using one of the many saving commands) in some file.  The problem with
+that is that it's just, well, yucky.  Ideally you'd prefer just having
+the article remain in the group where you found it forever; untouched by
+the expiry going on at the news server.
+
+This is what a @dfn{persistent article} is---an article that just won't
+be deleted.  It's implemented using the normal cache functions, but
+you use two explicit commands for managing persistent articles:
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item *
+@kindex * (Summary)
+@findex gnus-cache-enter-article
+Make the current article persistent (@code{gnus-cache-enter-article}). 
+
+@item M-*
+@kindex M-* (Summary)
+@findex gnus-cache-remove-article
+Remove the current article from the persistent articles
+(@code{gnus-cache-remove-article}).  This will normally delete the
+article. 
+@end table
+
+Both these commands understand the process/prefix convention. 
+
+To avoid having all ticked articles (and stuff) entered into the cache,
+you should set @code{gnus-use-cache} to @code{passive} if you're just
+interested in persistent articles:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-use-cache 'passive)
+@end lisp
+
+
+@node Article Backlog
+@section Article Backlog
+@cindex backlog
+@cindex article backlog
+
+If you have a slow connection, but the idea of using caching seems
+unappealing to you (and it is, really), you can help the situation some
+by switching on the @dfn{backlog}.  This is where Gnus will buffer
+already read articles so that it doesn't have to re-fetch articles
+you've already read.  This only helps if you are in the habit of
+re-selecting articles you've recently read, of course.  If you never do
+that, turning the backlog on will slow Gnus down a little bit, and
+increase memory usage some.
+
+@vindex gnus-keep-backlog
+If you set @code{gnus-keep-backlog} to a number @var{n}, Gnus will store
+at most @var{n} old articles in a buffer for later re-fetching.  If this
+variable is non-@code{nil} and is not a number, Gnus will store
+@emph{all} read articles, which means that your Emacs will grow without
+bound before exploding and taking your machine down with you.  I put
+that in there just to keep y'all on your toes.  
+
+This variable is @code{nil} by default.
+
+
+@node Saving Articles
+@section Saving Articles
+@cindex saving articles
+
+Gnus can save articles in a number of ways.  Below is the documentation
+for saving articles in a fairly straight-forward fashion (i.e., little
+processing of the article is done before it is saved).  For a different
+approach (uudecoding, unsharing) you should use @code{gnus-uu}
+(@pxref{Decoding Articles}).
+
+@vindex gnus-save-all-headers
+If @code{gnus-save-all-headers} is non-@code{nil}, Gnus will not delete
+unwanted headers before saving the article.
+
+@vindex gnus-saved-headers
+If the preceding variable is @code{nil}, all headers that match the
+@code{gnus-saved-headers} regexp will be kept, while the rest will be
+deleted before saving.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item O o
+@itemx o
+@kindex O o (Summary)
+@kindex o (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-save-article
+Save the current article using the default article saver
+(@code{gnus-summary-save-article}). 
+
+@item O m
+@kindex O m (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-save-article-mail
+Save the current article in mail format
+(@code{gnus-summary-save-article-mail}). 
+
+@item O r
+@kindex O r (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-save-article-rmail
+Save the current article in rmail format
+(@code{gnus-summary-save-article-rmail}). 
+
+@item O f
+@kindex O f (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-save-article-file
+Save the current article in plain file format
+(@code{gnus-summary-save-article-file}). 
+
+@item O b
+@kindex O b (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-save-article-body-file
+Save the current article body in plain file format
+(@code{gnus-summary-save-article-body-file}). 
+
+@item O h
+@kindex O h (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-save-article-folder
+Save the current article in mh folder format
+(@code{gnus-summary-save-article-folder}). 
+
+@item O v
+@kindex O v (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-save-article-vm
+Save the current article in a VM folder
+(@code{gnus-summary-save-article-vm}).
+
+@item O p
+@kindex O p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-pipe-output
+Save the current article in a pipe.  Uhm, like, what I mean is---Pipe
+the current article to a process (@code{gnus-summary-pipe-output}).
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-prompt-before-saving
+All these commands use the process/prefix convention
+(@pxref{Process/Prefix}).  If you save bunches of articles using these
+functions, you might get tired of being prompted for files to save each
+and every article in.  The prompting action is controlled by
+the @code{gnus-prompt-before-saving} variable, which is @code{always} by
+default, giving you that excessive prompting action you know and
+loathe.  If you set this variable to @code{t} instead, you'll be prompted
+just once for each series of articles you save.  If you like to really
+have Gnus do all your thinking for you, you can even set this variable
+to @code{nil}, which means that you will never be prompted for files to
+save articles in.  Gnus will simply save all the articles in the default
+files. 
+
+
+@vindex gnus-default-article-saver
+You can customize the @code{gnus-default-article-saver} variable to make
+Gnus do what you want it to.  You can use any of the four ready-made
+functions below, or you can create your own.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-summary-save-in-rmail
+@findex gnus-summary-save-in-rmail
+@vindex gnus-rmail-save-name
+@findex gnus-plain-save-name
+This is the default format, @dfn{babyl}.  Uses the function in the
+@code{gnus-rmail-save-name} variable to get a file name to save the
+article in.  The default is @code{gnus-plain-save-name}.
+
+@item gnus-summary-save-in-mail
+@findex gnus-summary-save-in-mail
+@vindex gnus-mail-save-name
+Save in a Unix mail (mbox) file.  Uses the function in the
+@code{gnus-mail-save-name} variable to get a file name to save the
+article in.  The default is @code{gnus-plain-save-name}.
+
+@item gnus-summary-save-in-file
+@findex gnus-summary-save-in-file
+@vindex gnus-file-save-name
+@findex gnus-numeric-save-name
+Append the article straight to an ordinary file.  Uses the function in
+the @code{gnus-file-save-name} variable to get a file name to save the
+article in.  The default is @code{gnus-numeric-save-name}.
+
+@item gnus-summary-save-body-in-file
+@findex gnus-summary-save-body-in-file
+Append the article body to an ordinary file.  Uses the function in the
+@code{gnus-file-save-name} variable to get a file name to save the
+article in.  The default is @code{gnus-numeric-save-name}.
+
+@item gnus-summary-save-in-folder
+@findex gnus-summary-save-in-folder
+@findex gnus-folder-save-name
+@findex gnus-Folder-save-name
+@vindex gnus-folder-save-name
+@cindex rcvstore
+@cindex MH folders
+Save the article to an MH folder using @code{rcvstore} from the MH
+library.  Uses the function in the @code{gnus-folder-save-name} variable
+to get a file name to save the article in.  The default is
+@code{gnus-folder-save-name}, but you can also use
+@code{gnus-Folder-save-name}.  The former creates capitalized names, and
+the latter does not.
+
+@item gnus-summary-save-in-vm
+@findex gnus-summary-save-in-vm
+Save the article in a VM folder.  You have to have the VM mail
+reader to use this setting.
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-article-save-directory
+All of these functions, except for the last one, will save the article
+in the @code{gnus-article-save-directory}, which is initialized from the
+@code{SAVEDIR} environment variable.  This is @file{~/News/} by
+default. 
+
+As you can see above, the functions use different functions to find a
+suitable name of a file to save the article in.  Below is a list of
+available functions that generate names:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-Numeric-save-name
+@findex gnus-Numeric-save-name
+Generates file names that look like @file{~/News/Alt.andrea-dworkin/45}.
+
+@item gnus-numeric-save-name
+@findex gnus-numeric-save-name
+Generates file names that look like @file{~/News/alt.andrea-dworkin/45}.
+
+@item gnus-Plain-save-name
+@findex gnus-Plain-save-name
+Generates file names that look like @file{~/News/Alt.andrea-dworkin}.
+
+@item gnus-plain-save-name
+@findex gnus-plain-save-name
+Generates file names that look like @file{~/News/alt.andrea-dworkin}.
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-split-methods
+You can have Gnus suggest where to save articles by plonking a regexp into
+the @code{gnus-split-methods} alist.  For instance, if you would like to
+save articles related to Gnus in the file @file{gnus-stuff}, and articles
+related to VM in @code{vm-stuff}, you could set this variable to something
+like:
+
+@lisp
+(("^Subject:.*gnus\\|^Newsgroups:.*gnus" "gnus-stuff")
+ ("^Subject:.*vm\\|^Xref:.*vm" "vm-stuff")
+ (my-choosing-function "../other-dir/my-stuff")
+ ((equal gnus-newsgroup-name "mail.misc") "mail-stuff"))
+@end lisp
+
+We see that this is a list where each element is a list that has two
+elements---the @dfn{match} and the @dfn{file}.  The match can either be
+a string (in which case it is used as a regexp to match on the article
+head); it can be a symbol (which will be called as a function with the
+group name as a parameter); or it can be a list (which will be
+@code{eval}ed).  If any of these actions have a non-@code{nil} result,
+the @dfn{file} will be used as a default prompt.  In addition, the
+result of the operation itself will be used if the function or form
+called returns a string or a list of strings.
+
+You basically end up with a list of file names that might be used when
+saving the current article.  (All ``matches'' will be used.)  You will
+then be prompted for what you really want to use as a name, with file
+name completion over the results from applying this variable.
+
+This variable is @code{((gnus-article-archive-name))} by default, which
+means that Gnus will look at the articles it saves for an
+@code{Archive-name} line and use that as a suggestion for the file
+name. 
+
+@vindex gnus-use-long-file-name
+Finally, you have the @code{gnus-use-long-file-name} variable.  If it is
+@code{nil}, all the preceding functions will replace all periods
+(@samp{.}) in the group names with slashes (@samp{/})---which means that
+the functions will generate hierarchies of directories instead of having
+all the files in the toplevel directory
+(@file{~/News/alt/andrea-dworkin} instead of
+@file{~/News/alt.andrea-dworkin}.)  This variable is @code{t} by default
+on most systems.  However, for historical reasons, this is @code{nil} on
+Xenix and usg-unix-v machines by default.
+
+This function also affects kill and score file names.  If this variable
+is a list, and the list contains the element @code{not-score}, long file
+names will not be used for score files, if it contains the element
+@code{not-save}, long file names will not be used for saving, and if it
+contains the element @code{not-kill}, long file names will not be used
+for kill files.
+
+If you'd like to save articles in a hierarchy that looks something like
+a spool, you could
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-use-long-file-name '(not-save)) ; to get a hierarchy
+(setq gnus-default-article-save 'gnus-summary-save-in-file) ; no encoding
+@end lisp
+
+Then just save with @kbd{o}.  You'd then read this hierarchy with
+ephemeral @code{nneething} groups---@kbd{G D} in the group buffer, and
+the toplevel directory as the argument (@file{~/News/}).  Then just walk
+around to the groups/directories with @code{nneething}.
+
+
+@node Decoding Articles
+@section Decoding Articles
+@cindex decoding articles
+
+Sometime users post articles (or series of articles) that have been
+encoded in some way or other.  Gnus can decode them for you.
+
+@menu 
+* Uuencoded Articles::    Uudecode articles.
+* Shared Articles::       Unshar articles.
+* PostScript Files::      Split PostScript.
+* Decoding Variables::    Variables for a happy decoding.
+* Viewing Files::         You want to look at the result of the decoding?
+@end menu
+
+All these functions use the process/prefix convention
+(@pxref{Process/Prefix}) for finding out what articles to work on, with
+the extension that a ``single article'' means ``a single series''.  Gnus
+can find out by itself what articles belong to a series, decode all the
+articles and unpack/view/save the resulting file(s).
+
+Gnus guesses what articles are in the series according to the following
+simplish rule: The subjects must be (nearly) identical, except for the
+last two numbers of the line.  (Spaces are largely ignored, however.)
+
+For example: If you choose a subject called @samp{cat.gif (2/3)}, Gnus
+will find all the articles that match the regexp @samp{^cat.gif
+([0-9]+/[0-9]+).*$}.  
+
+Subjects that are nonstandard, like @samp{cat.gif (2/3) Part 6 of a
+series}, will not be properly recognized by any of the automatic viewing
+commands, and you have to mark the articles manually with @kbd{#}.
+
+
+@node Uuencoded Articles
+@subsection Uuencoded Articles
+@cindex uudecode
+@cindex uuencoded articles
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item X u
+@kindex X u (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-decode-uu
+Uudecodes the current series (@code{gnus-uu-decode-uu}).
+
+@item X U
+@kindex X U (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-decode-uu-and-save
+Uudecodes and saves the current series
+(@code{gnus-uu-decode-uu-and-save}).
+
+@item X v u
+@kindex X v u (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-decode-uu-view
+Uudecodes and views the current series (@code{gnus-uu-decode-uu-view}).
+
+@item X v U
+@kindex X v U (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-decode-uu-and-save-view
+Uudecodes, views and saves the current series
+(@code{gnus-uu-decode-uu-and-save-view}). 
+@end table
+
+Remember that these all react to the presence of articles marked with
+the process mark.  If, for instance, you'd like to decode and save an
+entire newsgroup, you'd typically do @kbd{M P a}
+(@code{gnus-uu-mark-all}) and then @kbd{X U}
+(@code{gnus-uu-decode-uu-and-save}).
+
+All this is very much different from how @code{gnus-uu} worked with
+@sc{gnus 4.1}, where you had explicit keystrokes for everything under
+the sun.  This version of @code{gnus-uu} generally assumes that you mark
+articles in some way (@pxref{Setting Process Marks}) and then press
+@kbd{X u}.
+
+@vindex gnus-uu-notify-files
+Note: When trying to decode articles that have names matching
+@code{gnus-uu-notify-files}, which is hard-coded to
+@samp{[Cc][Ii][Nn][Dd][Yy][0-9]+.\\(gif\\|jpg\\)}, @code{gnus-uu} will
+automatically post an article on @samp{comp.unix.wizards} saying that
+you have just viewed the file in question.  This feature can't be turned
+off.
+
+
+@node Shared Articles
+@subsection Shared Articles
+@cindex unshar
+@cindex shared articles
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item X s
+@kindex X s (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-decode-unshar
+Unshars the current series (@code{gnus-uu-decode-unshar}).
+
+@item X S
+@kindex X S (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-decode-unshar-and-save
+Unshars and saves the current series (@code{gnus-uu-decode-unshar-and-save}).
+
+@item X v s
+@kindex X v s (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-decode-unshar-view
+Unshars and views the current series (@code{gnus-uu-decode-unshar-view}).
+
+@item X v S
+@kindex X v S (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-decode-unshar-and-save-view
+Unshars, views and saves the current series
+(@code{gnus-uu-decode-unshar-and-save-view}). 
+@end table
+
+
+@node PostScript Files
+@subsection PostScript Files
+@cindex PostScript
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item X p
+@kindex X p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-decode-postscript
+Unpack the current PostScript series (@code{gnus-uu-decode-postscript}).
+
+@item X P
+@kindex X P (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-decode-postscript-and-save
+Unpack and save the current PostScript series
+(@code{gnus-uu-decode-postscript-and-save}).
+
+@item X v p
+@kindex X v p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-decode-postscript-view
+View the current PostScript series
+(@code{gnus-uu-decode-postscript-view}).
+
+@item X v P
+@kindex X v P (Summary)
+@findex gnus-uu-decode-postscript-and-save-view
+View and save the current PostScript series
+(@code{gnus-uu-decode-postscript-and-save-view}). 
+@end table
+
+
+@node Decoding Variables
+@subsection Decoding Variables
+
+Adjective, not verb.
+
+@menu 
+* Rule Variables::          Variables that say how a file is to be viewed.
+* Other Decode Variables::  Other decode variables.
+* Uuencoding and Posting::  Variables for customizing uuencoding.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Rule Variables
+@subsubsection Rule Variables
+@cindex rule variables
+
+Gnus uses @dfn{rule variables} to decide how to view a file.  All these
+variables are on the form
+  
+@lisp
+      (list '(regexp1 command2)
+            '(regexp2 command2)
+            ...)
+@end lisp
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-uu-user-view-rules
+@vindex gnus-uu-user-view-rules
+@cindex sox
+This variable is consulted first when viewing files.  If you wish to use,
+for instance, @code{sox} to convert an @samp{.au} sound file, you could
+say something like:
+@lisp
+       (setq gnus-uu-user-view-rules
+         (list '(\"\\\\.au$\" \"sox %s -t .aiff > /dev/audio\")))
+@end lisp
+
+@item gnus-uu-user-view-rules-end
+@vindex gnus-uu-user-view-rules-end
+This variable is consulted if Gnus couldn't make any matches from the
+user and default view rules.
+
+@item gnus-uu-user-archive-rules
+@vindex gnus-uu-user-archive-rules
+This variable can be used to say what commands should be used to unpack
+archives.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Other Decode Variables
+@subsubsection Other Decode Variables
+
+@table @code
+@vindex gnus-uu-grabbed-file-functions
+
+@item gnus-uu-grabbed-file-functions
+All functions in this list will be called right each file has been
+successfully decoded---so that you can move or view files right away,
+and don't have to wait for all files to be decoded before you can do
+anything.  Ready-made functions you can put in this list are:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-uu-grab-view
+@findex gnus-uu-grab-view
+View the file.
+
+@item gnus-uu-grab-move
+@findex gnus-uu-grab-move
+Move the file (if you're using a saving function.)
+@end table
+
+@item gnus-uu-ignore-files-by-name
+@vindex gnus-uu-ignore-files-by-name
+Files with name matching this regular expression won't be viewed.
+
+@item gnus-uu-ignore-files-by-type
+@vindex gnus-uu-ignore-files-by-type
+Files with a @sc{mime} type matching this variable won't be viewed.
+Note that Gnus tries to guess what type the file is based on the name.
+@code{gnus-uu} is not a @sc{mime} package (yet), so this is slightly
+kludgey.
+
+@item gnus-uu-tmp-dir
+@vindex gnus-uu-tmp-dir
+Where @code{gnus-uu} does its work.
+
+@item gnus-uu-do-not-unpack-archives
+@vindex gnus-uu-do-not-unpack-archives
+Non-@code{nil} means that @code{gnus-uu} won't peek inside archives
+looking for files to display.
+
+@item gnus-uu-view-and-save
+@vindex gnus-uu-view-and-save
+Non-@code{nil} means that the user will always be asked to save a file
+after viewing it.
+
+@item gnus-uu-ignore-default-view-rules
+@vindex gnus-uu-ignore-default-view-rules
+Non-@code{nil} means that @code{gnus-uu} will ignore the default viewing
+rules.
+
+@item gnus-uu-ignore-default-archive-rules
+@vindex gnus-uu-ignore-default-archive-rules
+Non-@code{nil} means that @code{gnus-uu} will ignore the default archive
+unpacking commands.
+
+@item gnus-uu-kill-carriage-return
+@vindex gnus-uu-kill-carriage-return
+Non-@code{nil} means that @code{gnus-uu} will strip all carriage returns
+from articles.
+
+@item gnus-uu-unmark-articles-not-decoded
+@vindex gnus-uu-unmark-articles-not-decoded
+Non-@code{nil} means that @code{gnus-uu} will mark articles that were
+unsuccessfully decoded as unread.
+
+@item gnus-uu-correct-stripped-uucode
+@vindex gnus-uu-correct-stripped-uucode
+Non-@code{nil} means that @code{gnus-uu} will @emph{try} to fix
+uuencoded files that have had trailing spaces deleted.
+
+@item gnus-uu-view-with-metamail
+@vindex gnus-uu-view-with-metamail
+@cindex metamail
+Non-@code{nil} means that @code{gnus-uu} will ignore the viewing
+commands defined by the rule variables and just fudge a @sc{mime}
+content type based on the file name.  The result will be fed to
+@code{metamail} for viewing.
+
+@item gnus-uu-save-in-digest
+@vindex gnus-uu-save-in-digest
+Non-@code{nil} means that @code{gnus-uu}, when asked to save without
+decoding, will save in digests.  If this variable is @code{nil},
+@code{gnus-uu} will just save everything in a file without any
+embellishments.  The digesting almost conforms to RFC1153---no easy way
+to specify any meaningful volume and issue numbers were found, so I
+simply dropped them.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Uuencoding and Posting
+@subsubsection Uuencoding and Posting
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-uu-post-include-before-composing
+@vindex gnus-uu-post-include-before-composing
+Non-@code{nil} means that @code{gnus-uu} will ask for a file to encode
+before you compose the article.  If this variable is @code{t}, you can
+either include an encoded file with @kbd{C-c C-i} or have one included
+for you when you post the article.
+
+@item gnus-uu-post-length
+@vindex gnus-uu-post-length
+Maximum length of an article.  The encoded file will be split into how
+many articles it takes to post the entire file.
+
+@item gnus-uu-post-threaded
+@vindex gnus-uu-post-threaded
+Non-@code{nil} means that @code{gnus-uu} will post the encoded file in a
+thread.  This may not be smart, as no other decoder I have seen are able
+to follow threads when collecting uuencoded articles.  (Well, I have
+seen one package that does that---@code{gnus-uu}, but somehow, I don't
+think that counts...) Default is @code{nil}.
+
+@item gnus-uu-post-separate-description
+@vindex gnus-uu-post-separate-description
+Non-@code{nil} means that the description will be posted in a separate
+article.  The first article will typically be numbered (0/x).  If this
+variable is @code{nil}, the description the user enters will be included
+at the beginning of the first article, which will be numbered (1/x).
+Default is @code{t}.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Viewing Files
+@subsection Viewing Files
+@cindex viewing files
+@cindex pseudo-articles
+
+After decoding, if the file is some sort of archive, Gnus will attempt
+to unpack the archive and see if any of the files in the archive can be
+viewed.  For instance, if you have a gzipped tar file @file{pics.tar.gz}
+containing the files @file{pic1.jpg} and @file{pic2.gif}, Gnus will
+uncompress and de-tar the main file, and then view the two pictures.
+This unpacking process is recursive, so if the archive contains archives
+of archives, it'll all be unpacked.
+
+Finally, Gnus will normally insert a @dfn{pseudo-article} for each
+extracted file into the summary buffer.  If you go to these
+``articles'', you will be prompted for a command to run (usually Gnus
+will make a suggestion), and then the command will be run.
+
+@vindex gnus-view-pseudo-asynchronously
+If @code{gnus-view-pseudo-asynchronously} is @code{nil}, Emacs will wait
+until the viewing is done before proceeding.
+
+@vindex gnus-view-pseudos
+If @code{gnus-view-pseudos} is @code{automatic}, Gnus will not insert
+the pseudo-articles into the summary buffer, but view them
+immediately.  If this variable is @code{not-confirm}, the user won't even
+be asked for a confirmation before viewing is done.
+
+@vindex gnus-view-pseudos-separately 
+If @code{gnus-view-pseudos-separately} is non-@code{nil}, one
+pseudo-article will be created for each file to be viewed.  If
+@code{nil}, all files that use the same viewing command will be given as
+a list of parameters to that command.
+
+@vindex gnus-insert-pseudo-articles
+If @code{gnus-insert-pseudo-articles} is non-@code{nil}, insert
+pseudo-articles when decoding.  It is @code{t} by default.
+
+So; there you are, reading your @emph{pseudo-articles} in your
+@emph{virtual newsgroup} from the @emph{virtual server}; and you think:
+Why isn't anything real anymore? How did we get here?
+
+
+@node Article Treatment
+@section Article Treatment
+
+Reading through this huge manual, you may have quite forgotten that the
+object of newsreaders are to actually, like, read what people have
+written.  Reading articles.  Unfortunately, people are quite bad at
+writing, so there are tons of functions and variables to make reading
+these articles easier.
+
+@menu
+* Article Highlighting::    You want to make the article look like fruit salad.
+* Article Hiding::          You also want to make certain info go away.
+* Article Washing::         Lots of way-neat functions to make life better.
+* Article Buttons::         Click on URLs, Message-IDs, addresses and the like.
+* Article Date::            Grumble, UT!
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Article Highlighting
+@subsection Article Highlighting
+@cindex highlight
+
+Not only do you want your article buffer to look like fruit salad, but
+you want it to look like technicolor fruit salad.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item W H a
+@kindex W H a (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-highlight
+Highlight the current article (@code{gnus-article-highlight}).
+
+@item W H h
+@kindex W H h (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-highlight-headers
+@vindex gnus-header-face-alist
+Highlight the headers (@code{gnus-article-highlight-headers}).  The
+highlighting will be done according to the @code{gnus-header-face-alist}
+variable, which is a list where each element has the form @var{(regexp
+name content)}.  @var{regexp} is a regular expression for matching the
+header, @var{name} is the face used for highlighting the header name and
+@var{content} is the face for highlighting the header value.  The first
+match made will be used.  Note that @var{regexp} shouldn't have @samp{^}
+prepended---Gnus will add one.
+
+@item W H c
+@kindex W H c (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-highlight-citation
+Highlight cited text (@code{gnus-article-highlight-citation}). 
+
+Some variables to customize the citation highlights:
+
+@table @code
+@vindex gnus-cite-parse-max-size
+
+@item gnus-cite-parse-max-size
+If the article size if bigger than this variable (which is 25000 by
+default), no citation highlighting will be performed.  
+
+@item gnus-cite-prefix-regexp
+@vindex gnus-cite-prefix-regexp
+Regexp matching the longest possible citation prefix on a line. 
+
+@item gnus-cite-max-prefix
+@vindex gnus-cite-max-prefix
+Maximum possible length for a citation prefix (default 20).
+
+@item gnus-cite-face-list
+@vindex gnus-cite-face-list
+List of faces used for highlighting citations.  When there are citations
+from multiple articles in the same message, Gnus will try to give each
+citation from each article its own face.  This should make it easier to
+see who wrote what.
+
+@item gnus-supercite-regexp
+@vindex gnus-supercite-regexp
+Regexp matching normal Supercite attribution lines.  
+
+@item gnus-supercite-secondary-regexp
+@vindex gnus-supercite-secondary-regexp
+Regexp matching mangled Supercite attribution lines.
+
+@item gnus-cite-minimum-match-count
+@vindex gnus-cite-minimum-match-count
+Minimum number of identical prefixes we have to see before we believe
+that it's a citation.
+
+@item gnus-cite-attribution-prefix
+@vindex gnus-cite-attribution-prefix
+Regexp matching the beginning of an attribution line.
+
+@item gnus-cite-attribution-suffix
+@vindex gnus-cite-attribution-suffix
+Regexp matching the end of an attribution line.
+
+@item gnus-cite-attribution-face
+@vindex gnus-cite-attribution-face
+Face used for attribution lines.  It is merged with the face for the
+cited text belonging to the attribution.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@item W H s
+@kindex W H s (Summary)
+@vindex gnus-signature-separator
+@vindex gnus-signature-face
+@findex gnus-article-highlight-signature
+Highlight the signature (@code{gnus-article-highlight-signature}).
+Everything after @code{gnus-signature-separator} in an article will be
+considered a signature and will be highlighted with
+@code{gnus-signature-face}, which is @code{italic} by default. 
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Article Hiding
+@subsection Article Hiding
+@cindex article hiding
+
+Or rather, hiding certain things in each article.  There usually is much
+too much cruft in most articles.  
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item W W a
+@kindex W W a (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-hide
+Do maximum hiding on the summary buffer (@kbd{gnus-article-hide}). 
+
+@item W W h
+@kindex W W h (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-hide-headers
+Hide headers (@code{gnus-article-hide-headers}).  @xref{Hiding
+Headers}. 
+
+@item W W b
+@kindex W W b (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-hide-boring-headers
+Hide headers that aren't particularly interesting
+(@code{gnus-article-hide-boring-headers}).  @xref{Hiding Headers}.
+
+@item W W s
+@kindex W W s (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-hide-signature
+Hide signature (@code{gnus-article-hide-signature}).
+
+@item W W p
+@kindex W W p (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-hide-pgp
+Hide @sc{pgp} signatures (@code{gnus-article-hide-pgp}). 
+
+@item W W c
+@kindex W W c (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-hide-citation
+Hide citation (@code{gnus-article-hide-citation}).  Some variables for
+customizing the hiding:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-cite-hide-percentage
+@vindex gnus-cite-hide-percentage
+If the cited text is of a bigger percentage than this variable (default
+50), hide the cited text.
+
+@item gnus-cite-hide-absolute
+@vindex gnus-cite-hide-absolute
+The cited text must be have at least this length (default 10) before it
+is hidden.
+
+@item gnus-cited-text-button-line-format
+@vindex gnus-cited-text-button-line-format
+Gnus adds buttons show where the cited text has been hidden, and to
+allow toggle hiding the text.  The format of the variable is specified
+by this format-like variable.  These specs are legal:
+
+@table @samp
+@item b
+Start point of the hidden text.
+@item e
+End point of the hidden text.
+@item l
+Length of the hidden text.
+@end table
+
+@item gnus-cited-lines-visible
+@vindex gnus-cited-lines-visible
+The number of lines at the beginning of the cited text to leave shown. 
+
+@end table
+
+@item W W C
+@kindex W W C (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-hide-citation-in-followups
+Hide cited text in articles that aren't roots
+(@code{gnus-article-hide-citation-in-followups}).  This isn't very
+useful as an interactive command, but might be a handy function to stick
+in @code{gnus-article-display-hook} (@pxref{Customizing Articles}). 
+
+@end table
+
+All these ``hiding'' commands are toggles, but if you give a negative
+prefix to these commands, they will show what they have previously
+hidden.  If you give a positive prefix, they will always hide.
+
+Also @pxref{Article Highlighting} for further variables for
+citation customization.
+
+@vindex gnus-signature-limit
+@code{gnus-signature-limit} provides a limit to what is considered a
+signature.  If it is a number, no signature may not be longer (in
+characters) than that number.  If it is a function, the function will be
+called without any parameters, and if it returns @code{nil}, there is no
+signature in the buffer.  If it is a string, it will be used as a
+regexp.  If it matches, the text in question is not a signature.
+
+
+@node Article Washing
+@subsection Article Washing
+@cindex washing
+@cindex article washing
+
+We call this ``article washing'' for a really good reason.  Namely, the
+@kbd{A} key was taken, so we had to use the @kbd{W} key instead.
+
+@dfn{Washing} is defined by us as ``changing something from something to
+something else'', but normally results in something looking better.
+Cleaner, perhaps.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item W l
+@kindex W l (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-stop-page-breaking
+Remove page breaks from the current article
+(@code{gnus-summary-stop-page-breaking}).
+
+@item W r
+@kindex W r (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-caesar-message
+Do a Caesar rotate (rot13) on the article buffer
+(@code{gnus-summary-caesar-message}). 
+
+@item W t
+@kindex W t (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-toggle-header
+Toggle whether to display all headers in the article buffer
+(@code{gnus-summary-toggle-header}). 
+
+@item W v
+@kindex W v (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-verbose-header
+Toggle whether to display all headers in the article buffer permanently
+(@code{gnus-summary-verbose-header}).
+
+@item W m
+@kindex W m (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-toggle-mime
+Toggle whether to run the article through @sc{mime} before displaying
+(@code{gnus-summary-toggle-mime}).
+
+@item W o
+@kindex W o (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-treat-overstrike
+Treat overstrike (@code{gnus-article-treat-overstrike}).
+
+@item W w
+@kindex W w (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-fill-cited-article
+Do word wrap (@code{gnus-article-fill-cited-article}).
+
+@item W c
+@kindex W c (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-remove-cr
+Remove CR (@code{gnus-article-remove-cr}).
+
+@item W L
+@kindex W L (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-remove-trailing-blank-lines
+Remove all blank lines at the end of the article
+(@code{gnus-article-remove-trailing-blank-lines}).
+
+@item W q
+@kindex W q (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-de-quoted-unreadable
+Treat quoted-printable (@code{gnus-article-de-quoted-unreadable}).
+
+@item W f
+@kindex W f (Summary)
+@cindex x-face
+@findex gnus-article-display-x-face
+@findex gnus-article-x-face-command
+@vindex gnus-article-x-face-command
+@vindex gnus-article-x-face-too-ugly
+Look for and display any X-Face headers
+(@code{gnus-article-display-x-face}).  The command executed by this
+function is given by the @code{gnus-article-x-face-command} variable.  If
+this variable is a string, this string will be executed in a sub-shell.
+If it is a function, this function will be called with the face as the
+argument.  If the @code{gnus-article-x-face-too-ugly} (which is a regexp)
+matches the @code{From} header, the face will not be shown.  The default
+action under Emacs is to fork off an @code{xv} to view the face; under
+XEmacs the default action is to display the face before the @code{From}
+header.  (It's nicer if XEmacs has been compiled with X-Face support --
+that will make display somewhat faster.  If there's no native X-Face
+support, Gnus will try to convert the @code{X-Face} header using
+external programs from the @code{pbmplus} package and friends.)  If you
+want to have this function in the display hook, it should probably come
+last. 
+
+@item W b
+@kindex W b (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-add-buttons
+Add clickable buttons to the article (@code{gnus-article-add-buttons}). 
+
+@item W B
+@kindex W B (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-add-buttons-to-head
+Add clickable buttons to the article headers
+(@code{gnus-article-add-buttons-to-head}).  
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Article Buttons
+@subsection Article Buttons
+@cindex buttons
+
+People often include references to other stuff in articles, and it would
+be nice if Gnus could just fetch whatever it is that people talk about
+with the minimum of fuzz.
+
+Gnus adds @dfn{buttons} to certain standard references by default:
+Well-formed URLs, mail addresses and Message-IDs.  This is controlled by
+two variables, one that handles article bodies and one that handles
+article heads:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-button-alist
+@vindex gnus-button-alist
+This is an alist where each entry has this form:
+
+@lisp
+(REGEXP BUTTON-PAR USE-P FUNCTION DATA-PAR)
+@end lisp
+
+@table @var
+
+@item regexp
+All text that match this regular expression will be considered an
+external reference.  Here's a typical regexp that match embedded URLs:
+@samp{<URL:\\([^\n\r>]*\\)>}. 
+
+@item button-par
+Gnus has to know which parts of the match is to be highlighted.  This is
+a number that says what sub-expression of the regexp that is to be
+highlighted.  If you want it all highlighted, you use @code{0} here.
+
+@item use-p
+This form will be @code{eval}ed, and if the result is non-@code{nil},
+this is considered a match.  This is useful if you want extra sifting to
+avoid false matches.
+
+@item function
+This function will be called when you click on this button.
+
+@item data-par
+As with @var{button-par}, this is a sub-expression number, but this one
+says which part of the match is to be sent as data to @var{function}. 
+
+@end table
+
+So the full entry for buttonizing URLs is then
+
+@lisp
+("<URL:\\([^\n\r>]*\\)>" 0 t gnus-button-url 1)
+@end lisp
+
+@item gnus-header-button-alist
+@vindex gnus-header-button-alist
+This is just like the other alist, except that it is applied to the
+article head only, and that each entry has an additional element that is
+used to say what headers to apply the buttonize coding to:
+
+@lisp
+(HEADER REGEXP BUTTON-PAR USE-P FUNCTION DATA-PAR)
+@end lisp
+
+@var{header} is a regular expression.
+
+@item gnus-button-url-regexp
+@vindex gnus-button-url-regexp
+A regular expression that matches embedded URLs.  It is used in the
+default values of the variables above.
+
+@item gnus-article-button-face
+@vindex gnus-article-button-face
+Face used on bottons.
+
+@item gnus-article-mouse-face
+@vindex gnus-article-mouse-face
+Face is used when the mouse cursor is over a button.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Article Date
+@subsection Article Date
+
+The date is most likely generated in some obscure timezone you've never
+heard of, so it's quite nice to be able to find out what the time was
+when the article was sent.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item W T u
+@kindex W T u (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-date-ut
+Display the date in UT (aka. GMT, aka ZULU)
+(@code{gnus-article-date-ut}). 
+
+@item W T l
+@kindex W T l (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-date-local
+Display the date in the local timezone (@code{gnus-article-date-local}).
+
+@item W T e
+@kindex W T e (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-date-lapsed
+Say how much time has (e)lapsed between the article was posted and now
+(@code{gnus-article-date-lapsed}).
+
+@item W T o
+@kindex W T o (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-date-original
+Display the original date (@code{gnus-article-date-original}).  This can
+be useful if you normally use some other conversion function and is
+worried that it might be doing something totally wrong.  Say, claiming
+that the article was posted in 1854.  Although something like that is
+@emph{totally} impossible.  Don't you trust me? *titter*
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Summary Sorting
+@section Summary Sorting
+@cindex summary sorting
+
+You can have the summary buffer sorted in various ways, even though I
+can't really see why you'd want that.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item C-c C-s C-n
+@kindex C-c C-s C-n (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-sort-by-number
+Sort by article number (@code{gnus-summary-sort-by-number}).
+
+@item C-c C-s C-a
+@kindex C-c C-s C-a (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-sort-by-author
+Sort by author (@code{gnus-summary-sort-by-author}).
+
+@item C-c C-s C-s
+@kindex C-c C-s C-s (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-sort-by-subject
+Sort by subject (@code{gnus-summary-sort-by-subject}).
+
+@item C-c C-s C-d
+@kindex C-c C-s C-d (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-sort-by-date
+Sort by date (@code{gnus-summary-sort-by-date}).
+
+@item C-c C-s C-i
+@kindex C-c C-s C-i (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-sort-by-score
+Sort by score (@code{gnus-summary-sort-by-score}).
+@end table
+
+These functions will work both when you use threading and when you don't
+use threading.  In the latter case, all summary lines will be sorted,
+line by line.  In the former case, sorting will be done on a
+root-by-root basis, which might not be what you were looking for.  To
+toggle whether to use threading, type @kbd{T T} (@pxref{Thread
+Commands}).
+
+
+@node Finding the Parent
+@section Finding the Parent
+@cindex parent articles
+@cindex referring articles
+
+@findex gnus-summary-refer-parent-article
+@kindex ^ (Summary)
+If you'd like to read the parent of the current article, and it is not
+displayed in the summary buffer, you might still be able to.  That is,
+if the current group is fetched by @sc{nntp}, the parent hasn't expired
+and the @code{References} in the current article are not mangled, you
+can just press @kbd{^} or @kbd{A r}
+(@code{gnus-summary-refer-parent-article}).  If everything goes well,
+you'll get the parent.  If the parent is already displayed in the
+summary buffer, point will just move to this article.
+
+@findex gnus-summary-refer-references
+@kindex A R (Summary)
+You can have Gnus fetch all articles mentioned in the @code{References}
+header of the article by pushing @kbd{A R}
+(@code{gnus-summary-refer-references}). 
+
+@findex gnus-summary-refer-article
+@kindex M-^ (Summary)
+You can also ask the @sc{nntp} server for an arbitrary article, no
+matter what group it belongs to.  @kbd{M-^}
+(@code{gnus-summary-refer-article}) will ask you for a
+@code{Message-ID}, which is one of those long thingies that look
+something like @samp{<38o6up$6f2@@hymir.ifi.uio.no>}.  You have to get
+it all exactly right.  No fuzzy searches, I'm afraid.
+
+@vindex gnus-refer-article-method
+If the group you are reading is located on a backend that does not
+support fetching by @code{Message-ID} very well (like @code{nnspool}),
+you can set @code{gnus-refer-article-method} to an @sc{nntp} method.  It
+would, perhaps, be best if the @sc{nntp} server you consult is the same
+as the one that keeps the spool you are reading from updated, but that's
+not really necessary.
+
+Most of the mail backends support fetching by @code{Message-ID}, but do
+not do a particularly excellent job of it.  That is, @code{nnmbox} and
+@code{nnbabyl} are able to locate articles from any groups, while
+@code{nnml} and @code{nnfolder} are only able to locate articles that
+have been posted to the current group.  (Anything else would be too time
+consuming.)  @code{nnmh} does not support this at all.
+
+
+@node Alternative Approaches
+@section Alternative Approaches
+
+Different people like to read news using different methods.  This being
+Gnus, we offer a small selection of minor modes for the summary buffers.
+
+@menu
+* Pick and Read::               First mark articles and then read them.
+* Binary Groups::               Auto-decode all articles.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Pick and Read
+@subsection Pick and Read
+@cindex pick and read
+
+Some newsreaders (like @code{nn} and, uhm, @code{nn}) use a two-phased
+reading interface.  The user first marks the articles she wants to read
+from a summary buffer.  Then she starts reading the articles with just
+an article buffer displayed.
+
+@findex gnus-pick-mode
+@kindex M-x gnus-pick-mode
+Gnus provides a summary buffer minor mode that allows
+this---@code{gnus-pick-mode}.  This basically means that a few process
+mark commands become one-keystroke commands to allow easy marking, and
+it makes one additional command for switching to the summary buffer
+available. 
+
+Here are the available keystrokes when using pick mode:
+
+@table @kbd
+@item SPACE
+@kindex SPACE (Pick)
+@findex gnus-summary-mark-as-processable
+Pick the article (@code{gnus-summary-mark-as-processable}). 
+
+@item u
+@kindex u (Pick)
+@findex gnus-summary-unmark-as-processable
+Unpick the article (@code{gnus-summary-unmark-as-processable}). 
+
+@item U
+@kindex U (Pick)
+@findex gnus-summary-unmark-all-processable
+Unpick all articles (@code{gnus-summary-unmark-all-processable}). 
+
+@item t
+@kindex t (Pick)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-thread
+Pick the thread (@code{gnus-uu-mark-thread}). 
+
+@item T
+@kindex T (Pick)
+@findex gnus-uu-unmark-thread
+Unpick the thread (@code{gnus-uu-unmark-thread}). 
+
+@item r
+@kindex r (Pick)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-region
+Pick the region (@code{gnus-uu-mark-region}). 
+
+@item R
+@kindex R (Pick)
+@findex gnus-uu-unmark-region
+Unpick the region (@code{gnus-uu-unmark-region}). 
+
+@item e
+@kindex e (Pick)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-by-regexp
+Pick articles that match a regexp (@code{gnus-uu-mark-by-regexp}). 
+
+@item E
+@kindex E (Pick)
+@findex gnus-uu-unmark-by-regexp
+Unpick articles that match a regexp (@code{gnus-uu-unmark-by-regexp}). 
+
+@item b
+@kindex b (Pick)
+@findex gnus-uu-mark-buffer
+Pick the buffer (@code{gnus-uu-mark-buffer}). 
+
+@item B
+@kindex B (Pick)
+@findex gnus-uu-unmark-buffer
+Unpick the buffer (@code{gnus-uu-unmark-buffer}). 
+
+@item RET
+@kindex RET (Pick)
+@findex gnus-pick-start-reading
+@vindex gnus-pick-display-summary
+Start reading the picked articles (@code{gnus-pick-start-reading}).  If
+given a prefix, mark all unpicked articles as read first.  If
+@code{gnus-pick-display-summary} is non-@code{nil}, the summary buffer
+will still be visible when you are reading.
+
+@end table
+
+If this sounds like a good idea to you, you could say:
+
+@lisp
+(add-hook 'gnus-summary-mode-hook 'gnus-pick-mode)
+@end lisp
+
+@vindex gnus-pick-mode-hook
+@code{gnus-pick-mode-hook} is run in pick minor mode buffers.
+
+
+@node Binary Groups
+@subsection Binary Groups
+@cindex binary groups
+
+@findex gnus-binary-mode
+@kindex M-x gnus-binary-mode
+If you spend much time in binary groups, you may grow tired of hitting
+@kbd{X u}, @kbd{n}, @kbd{RET} all the time.  @kbd{M-x gnus-binary-mode}
+is a minor mode for summary buffers that makes all ordinary Gnus article
+selection functions uudecode series of articles and display the result
+instead of just displaying the articles the normal way.  
+
+@kindex g (Binary)
+@findex gnus-binary-show-article
+In fact, the only way to see the actual articles if you have turned this
+mode on is the @kbd{g} command (@code{gnus-binary-show-article}). 
+
+@vindex gnus-binary-mode-hook
+@code{gnus-binary-mode-hook} is called in binary minor mode buffers.
+
+
+@node Tree Display
+@section Tree Display
+@cindex trees
+
+@vindex gnus-use-trees
+If you don't like the normal Gnus summary display, you might try setting
+@code{gnus-use-trees} to @code{t}.  This will create (by default) an
+additional @dfn{tree buffer}.  You can execute all summary mode commands
+in the tree buffer.  
+
+There are a few variables to customize the tree display, of course:
+
+@table @code
+@item gnus-tree-mode-hook
+@vindex gnus-tree-mode-hook
+A hook called in all tree mode buffers.
+
+@item gnus-tree-mode-line-format
+@vindex gnus-tree-mode-line-format
+A format string for the mode bar in the tree mode buffers.  The default
+is @samp{Gnus: %%b [%A] %Z}.  For a list of legal specs, @pxref{Summary
+Buffer Mode Line}. 
+
+@item gnus-selected-tree-face
+@vindex gnus-selected-tree-face
+Face used for highlighting the selected article in the tree buffer.  The
+default is @code{modeline}.
+
+@item gnus-tree-line-format
+@vindex gnus-tree-line-format
+A format string for the tree nodes.  The name is a bit of a misnomer,
+though---it doesn't define a line, but just the node.  The default value
+is @samp{%(%[%3,3n%]%)}, which displays the first three characters of
+the name of the poster.  It is vital that all nodes are of the same
+length, so you @emph{must} use @samp{%4,4n}-like specifiers.
+
+Legal specs are:
+
+@table @samp
+@item n
+The name of the poster.
+@item f
+The @code{From} header.
+@item N
+The number of the article.
+@item [
+The opening bracket.
+@item ] 
+The closing bracket.
+@item s
+The subject.
+@end table
+
+@xref{Formatting Variables}.
+
+Variables related to the display are:
+
+@table @code
+@item gnus-tree-brackets
+@vindex gnus-tree-brackets
+This is used for differentiating between ``real'' articles and
+``sparse'' articles.  The format is @var{((real-open . real-close)
+(sparse-open . sparse-close) (dummy-open . dummy-close))}, and the
+default is @code{((?[ . ?]) (?( . ?)) (?@{ . ?@}))}.
+
+@item gnus-tree-parent-child-edges
+@vindex gnus-tree-parent-child-edges
+This is a list that contains the characters used for connecting parent
+nodes to their children.  The default is @code{(?- ?\\ ?|)}. 
+
+@end table
+
+@item gnus-tree-minimize-window
+@vindex gnus-tree-minimize-window
+If this variable is non-@code{nil}, Gnus will try to keep the tree
+buffer as small as possible to allow more room for the other Gnus
+windows.  If this variable is a number, the tree buffer will never be
+higher than that number.  The default is @code{t}.
+
+@item gnus-generate-tree-function
+@vindex gnus-generate-tree-function
+@findex gnus-generate-horizontal-tree
+@findex gnus-generate-vertical-tree
+The function that actually generates the thread tree.  Two predefined
+functions are available: @code{gnus-generate-horizontal-tree} and
+@code{gnus-generate-vertical-tree} (which is the default).
+
+@end table
+
+Here's and example from a horizontal tree buffer:
+
+@example
+@{***@}-(***)-[odd]-[Gun]
+     |     \[Jan]
+     |     \[odd]-[Eri]
+     |     \(***)-[Eri]
+     |           \[odd]-[Paa]
+     \[Bjo]
+     \[Gun]
+     \[Gun]-[Jor]
+@end example
+
+Here's the same thread displayed in a vertical tree buffer:
+
+@example
+@{***@}
+  |--------------------------\-----\-----\
+(***)                         [Bjo] [Gun] [Gun]
+  |--\-----\-----\                          |
+[odd] [Jan] [odd] (***)                   [Jor]
+  |           |     |--\
+[Gun]       [Eri] [Eri] [odd]
+                          |
+                        [Paa]
+@end example
+
+
+@node Mail Group Commands
+@section Mail Group Commands
+@cindex mail group commands
+
+Some commands only make sense in mail groups.  If these commands are
+illegal in the current group, they will raise a hell and let you know.
+
+All these commands (except the expiry and edit commands) use the
+process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}).
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item B e
+@kindex B e (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-expire-articles
+Expire all expirable articles in the group
+(@code{gnus-summary-expire-articles}).
+
+@item B M-C-e
+@kindex B M-C-e (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-expire-articles-now
+Expunge all the expirable articles in the group
+(@code{gnus-summary-expire-articles-now}).  This means that @strong{all}
+articles that are eligible for expiry in the current group will
+disappear forever into that big @file{/dev/null} in the sky.
+
+@item B DEL
+@kindex B DEL (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-delete-article
+Delete the mail article.  This is ``delete'' as in ``delete it from your
+disk forever and ever, never to return again.'' Use with caution.
+(@code{gnus-summary-delete-article}).
+
+@item B m
+@kindex B m (Summary)
+@cindex move mail
+@findex gnus-summary-move-article
+Move the article from one mail group to another
+(@code{gnus-summary-move-article}). 
+
+@item B c
+@kindex B c (Summary)
+@cindex copy mail
+@findex gnus-summary-copy-article
+Copy the article from one group (mail group or not) to a mail group
+(@code{gnus-summary-copy-article}).
+
+@item B C
+@kindex B C (Summary)
+@cindex crosspost mail
+@findex gnus-summary-crosspost-article
+Crosspost the current article to some other group
+(@code{gnus-summary-crosspost-article}).  This will create a new copy of
+the article in the other group, and the Xref headers of the article will
+be properly updated.
+
+@item B i
+@kindex B i (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-import-article
+Import an arbitrary file into the current mail newsgroup
+(@code{gnus-summary-import-article}).  You will be prompted for a file
+name, a @code{From} header and a @code{Subject} header.
+
+@item B r
+@kindex B r (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-respool-article
+Respool the mail article (@code{gnus-summary-move-article}).
+
+@item B w
+@itemx e
+@kindex B w (Summary)
+@kindex e (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-edit-article
+@kindex C-c C-c (Article)
+Edit the current article (@code{gnus-summary-edit-article}).  To finish
+editing and make the changes permanent, type @kbd{C-c C-c}
+(@kbd{gnus-summary-edit-article-done}).
+
+@item B q
+@kindex B q (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-respool-query
+If you want to re-spool an article, you might be curious as to what group
+the article will end up in before you do the re-spooling.  This command
+will tell you (@code{gnus-summary-respool-query}). 
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-move-split-methods
+@cindex moving articles
+If you move (or copy) articles regularly, you might wish to have Gnus
+suggest where to put the articles.  @code{gnus-move-split-methods} is a
+variable that uses the same syntax as @code{gnus-split-methods}
+(@pxref{Saving Articles}).  You may customize that variable to create
+suggestions you find reasonable.
+
+
+@node Various Summary Stuff
+@section Various Summary Stuff
+
+@menu
+* Summary Group Information::         Information oriented commands.
+* Searching for Articles::            Multiple article commands.
+* Really Various Summary Commands::   Those pesky non-conformant commands.
+@end menu
+
+@table @code
+@vindex gnus-summary-mode-hook
+@item gnus-summary-mode-hook
+This hook is called when creating a summary mode buffer.
+
+@vindex gnus-summary-generate-hook
+@item gnus-summary-generate-hook
+This is called as the last thing before doing the threading and the
+generation of the summary buffer.  It's quite convenient for customizing
+the threading variables based on what data the newsgroup has.  This hook
+is called from the summary buffer after most summary buffer variables
+has been set.
+
+@vindex gnus-summary-prepare-hook
+@item gnus-summary-prepare-hook
+Is is called after the summary buffer has been generated.  You might use
+it to, for instance, highlight lines or modify the look of the buffer in
+some other ungodly manner.  I don't care.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Summary Group Information
+@subsection Summary Group Information
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item H f
+@kindex H f (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-fetch-faq
+@vindex gnus-group-faq-directory
+Try to fetch the FAQ (list of frequently asked questions) for the
+current group (@code{gnus-summary-fetch-faq}).  Gnus will try to get the
+FAQ from @code{gnus-group-faq-directory}, which is usually a directory
+on a remote machine.  This variable can also be a list of directories.
+In that case, giving a prefix to this command will allow you to choose
+between the various sites.  @code{ange-ftp} probably will be used for
+fetching the file.
+
+@item H d
+@kindex H d (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-describe-group
+Give a brief description of the current group
+(@code{gnus-summary-describe-group}).  If given a prefix, force
+rereading the description from the server.
+
+@item H h
+@kindex H h (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-describe-briefly
+Give a very brief description of the most important summary keystrokes
+(@code{gnus-summary-describe-briefly}). 
+
+@item H i
+@kindex H i (Summary)
+@findex gnus-info-find-node
+Go to the Gnus info node (@code{gnus-info-find-node}).
+@end table
+
+
+@node Searching for Articles
+@subsection Searching for Articles
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item M-s
+@kindex M-s (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-search-article-forward
+Search through all subsequent articles for a regexp
+(@code{gnus-summary-search-article-forward}). 
+
+@item M-r
+@kindex M-r (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-search-article-backward
+Search through all previous articles for a regexp
+(@code{gnus-summary-search-article-backward}). 
+
+@item &
+@kindex & (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-execute-command
+This command will prompt you for a header field, a regular expression to
+match on this field, and a command to be executed if the match is made
+(@code{gnus-summary-execute-command}).
+
+@item M-&
+@kindex M-& (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-universal-argument
+Perform any operation on all articles that have been marked with
+the process mark (@code{gnus-summary-universal-argument}).
+@end table
+
+
+@node Really Various Summary Commands
+@subsection Really Various Summary Commands
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item A D
+@kindex A D (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-enter-digest-group
+If the current article is a collection of other articles (for instance,
+a digest), you might use this command to enter a group based on the that
+article (@code{gnus-summary-enter-digest-group}).  Gnus will try to
+guess what article type is currently displayed unless you give a prefix
+to this command, which forces a ``digest'' interpretation.  Basically,
+whenever you see a message that is a collection of other messages on
+some format, you @kbd{A D} and read these messages in a more convenient
+fashion.
+
+@item C-t
+@kindex C-t (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-toggle-truncation
+Toggle truncation of summary lines (@code{gnus-summary-toggle-truncation}).
+
+@item =
+@kindex = (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-expand-window
+Expand the summary buffer window (@code{gnus-summary-expand-window}).
+If given a prefix, force an @code{article} window configuration. 
+@end table
+
+
+@node Exiting the Summary Buffer
+@section Exiting the Summary Buffer
+@cindex summary exit
+@cindex exiting groups
+
+Exiting from the summary buffer will normally update all info on the
+group and return you to the group buffer. 
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item Z Z
+@itemx q
+@kindex Z Z (Summary)
+@kindex q (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-exit
+@vindex gnus-summary-exit-hook
+@vindex gnus-summary-prepare-exit-hook
+Exit the current group and update all information on the group
+(@code{gnus-summary-exit}). @code{gnus-summary-prepare-exit-hook} is
+called before doing much of the exiting, and calls
+@code{gnus-summary-expire-articles} by default.
+@code{gnus-summary-exit-hook} is called after finishing the exiting
+process. 
+
+@item Z E
+@itemx Q
+@kindex Z E (Summary)
+@kindex Q (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-exit-no-update
+Exit the current group without updating any information on the group
+(@code{gnus-summary-exit-no-update}).
+
+@item Z c
+@itemx c
+@kindex Z c (Summary)
+@kindex c (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-catchup-and-exit
+Mark all unticked articles in the group as read and then exit
+(@code{gnus-summary-catchup-and-exit}).
+
+@item Z C
+@kindex Z C (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-catchup-all-and-exit
+Mark all articles, even the ticked ones, as read and then exit
+(@code{gnus-summary-catchup-all-and-exit}).
+
+@item Z n
+@kindex Z n (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-catchup-and-goto-next-group
+Mark all articles as read and go to the next group
+(@code{gnus-summary-catchup-and-goto-next-group}). 
+
+@item Z R
+@kindex Z R (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-reselect-current-group
+Exit this group, and then enter it again
+(@code{gnus-summary-reselect-current-group}).  If given a prefix, select
+all articles, both read and unread.
+
+@item Z G
+@itemx M-g
+@kindex Z G (Summary)
+@kindex M-g (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-rescan-group
+Exit the group, check for new articles in the group, and select the
+group (@code{gnus-summary-rescan-group}).  If given a prefix, select all
+articles, both read and unread.
+
+@item Z N
+@kindex Z N (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-next-group
+Exit the group and go to the next group
+(@code{gnus-summary-next-group}). 
+
+@item Z P
+@kindex Z P (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-prev-group
+Exit the group and go to the previous group
+(@code{gnus-summary-prev-group}). 
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-exit-group-hook
+@code{gnus-exit-group-hook} is called when you exit the current
+group.  
+
+@findex gnus-summary-wake-up-the-dead
+@findex gnus-dead-summary-mode
+@vindex gnus-kill-summary-on-exit
+If you're in the habit of exiting groups, and then changing your mind
+about it, you might set @code{gnus-kill-summary-on-exit} to @code{nil}.
+If you do that, Gnus won't kill the summary buffer when you exit it.
+(Quelle surprise!)  Instead it will change the name of the buffer to
+something like @samp{*Dead Summary ... *} and install a minor mode
+called @code{gnus-dead-summary-mode}.  Now, if you switch back to this
+buffer, you'll find that all keys are mapped to a function called
+@code{gnus-summary-wake-up-the-dead}.  So tapping any keys in a dead
+summary buffer will result in a live, normal summary buffer.  
+
+There will never be more than one dead summary buffer at any one time. 
+
+@vindex gnus-use-cross-reference
+The data on the current group will be updated (which articles you have
+read, which articles you have replied to, etc.) when you exit the
+summary buffer.  If the @code{gnus-use-cross-reference} variable is
+@code{t} (which is the default), articles that are cross-referenced to
+this group and are marked as read, will also be marked as read in the
+other subscribed groups they were cross-posted to.  If this variable is
+neither @code{nil} nor @code{t}, the article will be marked as read in
+both subscribed and unsubscribed groups.
+
+@cindex velveeta
+@cindex spamming
+Marking cross-posted articles as read ensures that you'll never have to
+read the same article more than once.  Unless, of course, somebody has
+posted it to several groups separately.  Posting the same article to
+several groups (not cross-posting) is called @dfn{spamming}, and you are
+by law required to send nasty-grams to anyone who perpetrates such a
+heinous crime.
+
+Remember: Cross-posting is kinda ok, but posting the same article
+separately to several groups is not.  Massive cross-posting (aka.
+@dfn{velveeta}) is to be avoided.  
+
+@cindex cross-posting
+@cindex Xref
+@cindex @sc{nov}
+One thing that may cause Gnus to not do the cross-posting thing
+correctly is if you use an @sc{nntp} server that supports @sc{xover}
+(which is very nice, because it speeds things up considerably) which
+does not include the @code{Xref} header in its @sc{nov} lines.  This is
+Evil, but all too common, alas, alack.  Gnus tries to Do The Right Thing
+even with @sc{xover} by registering the @code{Xref} lines of all
+articles you actually read, but if you kill the articles, or just mark
+them as read without reading them, Gnus will not get a chance to snoop
+the @code{Xref} lines out of these articles, and will be unable to use
+the cross reference mechanism.
+
+@cindex LIST overview.fmt
+@cindex overview.fmt
+To check whether your @sc{nntp} server includes the @code{Xref} header
+in its overview files, try @samp{telnet your.nntp.server nntp},
+@samp{MODE READER} on @code{inn} servers, and then say @samp{LIST
+overview.fmt}.  This may not work, but if it does, and the last line you
+get does not read @samp{Xref:full}, then you should shout and whine at
+your news admin until she includes the @code{Xref} header in the
+overview files.
+
+@vindex gnus-nov-is-evil
+If you want Gnus to get the @code{Xref}s right all the time, you have to
+set @code{gnus-nov-is-evil} to @code{t}, which slows things down
+considerably.
+
+C'est la vie.
+
+
+@node The Article Buffer
+@chapter The Article Buffer
+@cindex article buffer
+
+The articles are displayed in the article buffer, of which there is only
+one.  All the summary buffers share the same article buffer unless you
+tell Gnus otherwise.
+
+@menu
+* Hiding Headers::        Deciding what headers should be displayed.
+* Using MIME::            Pushing articles through @sc{mime} before reading them.
+* Customizing Articles::  Tailoring the look of the articles.
+* Article Keymap::        Keystrokes available in the article buffer
+* Misc Article::          Other stuff.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Hiding Headers
+@section Hiding Headers
+@cindex hiding headers
+@cindex deleting headers
+
+The top section of each article is the @dfn{head}.  (The rest is the
+@dfn{body}, but you may have guessed that already.)
+
+@vindex gnus-show-all-headers
+There is a lot of useful information in the head: the name of the person
+who wrote the article, the date it was written and the subject of the
+article.  That's well and nice, but there's also lots of information
+most people do not want to see---what systems the article has passed
+through before reaching you, the @code{Message-ID}, the
+@code{References}, etc. ad nauseum---and you'll probably want to get rid
+of some of those lines.  If you want to keep all those lines in the
+article buffer, you can set @code{gnus-show-all-headers} to @code{t}.
+
+Gnus provides you with two variables for sifting headers:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-visible-headers
+@vindex gnus-visible-headers
+If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a regular expression
+that says what headers you wish to keep in the article buffer.  All
+headers that do not match this variable will be hidden.
+
+For instance, if you only want to see the name of the person who wrote
+the article and the subject, you'd say:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-visible-headers "^From:\\|^Subject:")
+@end lisp
+
+This variable can also be a list of regexps to match headers that are to
+remain visible.
+
+@item gnus-ignored-headers
+@vindex gnus-ignored-headers
+This variable is the reverse of @code{gnus-visible-headers}.  If this
+variable is set (and @code{gnus-visible-headers} is @code{nil}), it
+should be a regular expression that matches all lines that you want to
+hide.  All lines that do not match this variable will remain visible.
+
+For instance, if you just want to get rid of the @code{References} line
+and the @code{Xref} line, you might say:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-ignored-headers "^References:\\|^Xref:")
+@end lisp
+
+This variable can also be a list of regexps to match headers that are to
+be removed.
+
+Note that if @code{gnus-visible-headers} is non-@code{nil}, this
+variable will have no effect.
+
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-sorted-header-list
+Gnus can also sort the headers for you.  (It does this by default.)  You
+can control the sorting by setting the @code{gnus-sorted-header-list}
+variable.  It is a list of regular expressions that says in what order
+the headers are to be displayed.
+
+For instance, if you want the name of the author of the article first,
+and then the subject, you might say something like:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-sorted-header-list '("^From:" "^Subject:"))
+@end lisp
+
+Any headers that are to remain visible, but are not listed in this
+variable, will be displayed in random order after all the headers that
+are listed in this variable.
+
+@findex gnus-article-hide-boring-headers
+@vindex gnus-article-display-hook
+@vindex gnus-boring-article-headers
+You can hide further boring headers by entering
+@code{gnus-article-hide-boring-headers} into
+@code{gnus-article-display-hook}.  What this function does depends on
+the @code{gnus-boring-article-headers} variable.  It's a list, but this
+list doesn't actually contain header names.  Instead is lists various
+@dfn{boring conditions} that Gnus can check and remove from sight.
+
+These conditions are:
+@table @code
+@item empty
+Remove all empty headers.
+@item newsgroups
+Remove the @code{Newsgroups} header if it only contains the current group
+name. 
+@item followup-to
+Remove the @code{Followup-To} header if it is identical to the
+@code{Newsgroups} header.
+@item reply-to
+Remove the @code{Reply-To} header if it lists the same address as the
+@code{From} header.
+@item date
+Remove the @code{Date} header if the article is less than three days
+old. 
+@end table
+
+To include the four first elements, you could say something like;
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-boring-article-headers 
+      '(empty newsgroups followup-to reply-to))
+@end lisp
+
+This is also the default value for this variable.
+
+
+@node Using MIME
+@section Using @sc{mime}
+@cindex @sc{mime}
+
+Mime is a standard for waving your hands through the air, aimlessly,
+while people stand around yawning.
+
+@sc{mime}, however, is a standard for encoding your articles, aimlessly,
+while all newsreaders die of fear.
+
+@sc{mime} may specify what character set the article uses, the encoding
+of the characters, and it also makes it possible to embed pictures and
+other naughty stuff in innocent-looking articles.
+
+@vindex gnus-show-mime
+@vindex gnus-show-mime-method
+@vindex gnus-strict-mime
+@findex metamail-buffer
+Gnus handles @sc{mime} by shoving the articles through
+@code{gnus-show-mime-method}, which is @code{metamail-buffer} by
+default.  Set @code{gnus-show-mime} to @code{t} if you want to use
+@sc{mime} all the time.  However, if @code{gnus-strict-mime} is
+non-@code{nil}, the @sc{mime} method will only be used if there are
+@sc{mime} headers in the article.
+
+It might be best to just use the toggling functions from the summary
+buffer to avoid getting nasty surprises. (For instance, you enter the
+group @samp{alt.sing-a-long} and, before you know it, @sc{mime} has
+decoded the sound file in the article and some horrible sing-a-long song
+comes streaming out out your speakers, and you can't find the volume
+button, because there isn't one, and people are starting to look at you,
+and you try to stop the program, but you can't, and you can't find the
+program to control the volume, and everybody else in the room suddenly
+decides to look at you disdainfully, and you'll feel rather stupid.)
+
+Any similarity to real events and people is purely coincidental.  Ahem.
+
+
+@node Customizing Articles
+@section Customizing Articles
+@cindex article customization
+
+@vindex gnus-article-display-hook
+The @code{gnus-article-display-hook} is called after the article has
+been inserted into the article buffer.  It is meant to handle all
+treatment of the article before it is displayed. 
+
+@findex gnus-article-maybe-highlight
+By default it contains @code{gnus-article-hide-headers},
+@code{gnus-article-treat-overstrike}, and
+@code{gnus-article-maybe-highlight}, but there are thousands, nay
+millions, of functions you can put in this hook.  For an overview of
+functions @pxref{Article Highlighting}, @pxref{Article Hiding},
+@pxref{Article Washing}, @pxref{Article Buttons} and @pxref{Article
+Date}.
+
+You can, of course, write your own functions.  The functions are called
+from the article buffer, and you can do anything you like, pretty much.
+There is no information that you have to keep in the buffer---you can
+change everything.  However, you shouldn't delete any headers.  Instead
+make them invisible if you want to make them go away.
+
+
+@node Article Keymap
+@section Article Keymap
+
+Most of the keystrokes in the summary buffer can also be used in the
+article buffer.  They should behave as if you typed them in the summary
+buffer, which means that you don't actually have to have a summary
+buffer displayed while reading.  You can do it all from the article
+buffer.
+
+A few additional keystrokes are available:
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item SPACE
+@kindex SPACE (Article)
+@findex gnus-article-next-page
+Scroll forwards one page (@code{gnus-article-next-page}).
+
+@item DEL
+@kindex DEL (Article)
+@findex gnus-article-prev-page
+Scroll backwards one page (@code{gnus-article-prev-page}).
+
+@item C-c ^
+@kindex C-c ^ (Article)
+@findex gnus-article-refer-article
+If point is in the neighborhood of a @code{Message-ID} and you press
+@kbd{r}, Gnus will try to get that article from the server
+(@code{gnus-article-refer-article}).
+
+@item C-c C-m
+@kindex C-c C-m (Article)
+@findex gnus-article-mail
+Send a reply to the address near point (@code{gnus-article-mail}).  If
+given a prefix, include the mail.
+
+@item s
+@kindex s (Article)
+@findex gnus-article-show-summary
+Reconfigure the buffers so that the summary buffer becomes visible
+(@code{gnus-article-show-summary}).
+
+@item ?
+@kindex ? (Article)
+@findex gnus-article-describe-briefly
+Give a very brief description of the available keystrokes
+(@code{gnus-article-describe-briefly}). 
+
+@item TAB
+@kindex TAB (Article)
+@findex gnus-article-next-button
+Go to the next button, if any (@code{gnus-article-next-button}.  This
+only makes sense if you have buttonizing turned on.
+
+@item M-TAB
+@kindex M-TAB (Article)
+@findex gnus-article-prev-button
+Go to the previous button, if any (@code{gnus-article-prev-button}.  
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Misc Article
+@section Misc Article
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-single-article-buffer
+@vindex gnus-single-article-buffer
+If non-@code{nil}, use the same article buffer for all the groups.
+(This is the default.)  If @code{nil}, each group will have its own
+article buffer.
+
+@vindex gnus-article-prepare-hook
+@item gnus-article-prepare-hook
+This hook is called right after the article has been inserted into the
+article buffer.  It is mainly intended for functions that do something
+depending on the contents; it should probably not be used for changing
+the contents of the article buffer.
+
+@vindex gnus-article-display-hook
+@item gnus-article-display-hook
+This hook is called as the last thing when displaying an article, and is
+intended for modifying the contents of the buffer, doing highlights,
+hiding headers, and the like.
+
+@item gnus-article-mode-hook
+@vindex gnus-article-mode-hook
+Hook called in article mode buffers.
+
+@vindex gnus-article-mode-line-format
+@item gnus-article-mode-line-format
+This variable is a format string along the same lines as
+@code{gnus-summary-mode-line-format}.  It accepts exactly the same
+format specifications as that variable.
+@vindex gnus-break-pages
+
+@item gnus-break-pages
+Controls whether @dfn{page breaking} is to take place.  If this variable
+is non-@code{nil}, the articles will be divided into pages whenever a
+page delimiter appears in the article.  If this variable is @code{nil},
+paging will not be done.
+
+@item gnus-page-delimiter
+@vindex gnus-page-delimiter
+This is the delimiter mentioned above.  By default, it is @samp{^L}
+(form linefeed).
+@end table
+
+
+@node Composing Messages
+@chapter Composing Messages
+@cindex reply
+@cindex followup
+@cindex post
+
+@kindex C-c C-c (Post)
+All commands for posting and mailing will put you in a message buffer
+where you can edit the article all you like, before you send the article
+by pressing @kbd{C-c C-c}.  @xref{Top, , Top, message, The Message
+Manual}.  If you are in a foreign news group, and you wish to post the
+article using the foreign server, you can give a prefix to @kbd{C-c C-c}
+to make Gnus try to post using the foreign server.
+
+@menu 
+* Mail::                 Mailing and replying.
+* Post::                 Posting and following up.
+* Posting Server::       What server should you post via?
+* Mail and Post::        Mailing and posting at the same time.
+* Archived Messages::    Where Gnus stores the messages you've sent.
+@c * Posting Styles::       An easier way to configure some key elements.
+@c * Drafts::               Postponing messages and rejected messages.
+@c * Rejected Articles::    What happens if the server doesn't like your article?
+@end menu
+
+Also see @pxref{Canceling and Superseding} for information on how to
+remove articles you shouldn't have posted.
+
+
+@node Mail
+@section Mail
+
+Variables for customizing outgoing mail:
+
+@table @code
+@item gnus-uu-digest-headers
+@vindex gnus-uu-digest-headers
+List of regexps to match headers included in digested messages.  The
+headers will be included in the sequence they are matched.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Post
+@section Post
+
+Variables for composing news articles:
+
+@table @code
+@item gnus-sent-message-ids-file
+@vindex gnus-sent-message-ids-file
+Gnus will keep a @code{Message-ID} history file of all the mails it has
+sent.  If it discovers that it has already sent a mail, it will ask the
+user whether to re-send the mail.  (This is primarily useful when
+dealing with @sc{soup} packets and the like where one is apt to sent the
+same packet multiple times.)  This variable says what the name of this
+history file is.  It is @file{~/News/Sent-Message-IDs} by default.  Set
+this variable to @code{nil} if you don't want Gnus to keep a history
+file.
+
+@item gnus-sent-message-ids-length
+@vindex gnus-sent-message-ids-length
+This variable says how many @code{Message-ID}s to keep in the history
+file.  It is 1000 by default.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Posting Server
+@section Posting Server
+
+When you press those magical @kbd{C-c C-c} keys to ship off your latest
+(extremely intelligent, of course) article, where does it go?
+
+Thank you for asking.  I hate you.
+
+@vindex gnus-post-method
+
+It can be quite complicated.  Normally, Gnus will use the same native
+server.  However.  If your native server doesn't allow posting, just
+reading, you probably want to use some other server to post your
+(extremely intelligent and fabulously interesting) articles.  You can
+then set the @code{gnus-post-method} to some other method:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-post-method '(nnspool ""))
+@end lisp
+
+Now, if you've done this, and then this server rejects your article, or
+this server is down, what do you do then?  To override this variable you
+can use a non-zero prefix to the @kbd{C-c C-c} command to force using
+the ``current'' server for posting.
+
+If you give a zero prefix (i. e., @kbd{C-u 0 C-c C-c}) to that command,
+Gnus will prompt you for what method to use for posting.  
+
+You can also set @code{gnus-post-method} to a list of select methods.
+If that's the case, Gnus will always prompt you for what method to use
+for posting. 
+
+
+@node Mail and Post
+@section Mail and Post
+
+Here's a list of variables that are relevant to both mailing and
+posting:
+
+@table @code
+@item gnus-mailing-list-groups
+@findex gnus-mailing-list-groups
+@cindex mailing lists
+
+If your news server offers groups that are really mailing lists that are
+gatewayed to the @sc{nntp} server, you can read those groups without
+problems, but you can't post/followup to them without some difficulty.
+One solution is to add a @code{to-address} to the group parameters
+(@pxref{Group Parameters}).  An easier thing to do is set the
+@code{gnus-mailing-list-groups} to a regexp that match the groups that
+really are mailing lists.  Then, at least, followups to the mailing
+lists will work most of the time.  Posting to these groups (@kbd{a}) is
+still a pain, though.
+
+@end table
+
+You may want to do spell-checking on messages that you send out.  Or, if
+you don't want to spell-check by hand, you could add automatic
+spell-checking via the @code{ispell} package:
+
+@cindex ispell
+@findex ispell-message
+@lisp
+(add-hook 'message-send-hook 'ispell-message) 
+@end lisp
+
+
+@node Archived Messages
+@section Archived Messages
+@cindex archived messages
+@cindex sent messages
+
+Gnus provides a few different methods for storing the mail you send.
+The default method is to use the @dfn{archive virtual server} to store
+the mail.  If you want to disable this completely, you should set
+@code{gnus-message-archive-group} to @code{nil}.
+
+@vindex gnus-message-archive-method
+@code{gnus-message-archive-method} says what virtual server Gnus is to
+use to store sent messages.  It is @code{(nnfolder "archive"
+(nnfolder-directory "~/Mail/archive/"))} by default, but you can use any
+mail select method (@code{nnml}, @code{nnmbox}, etc.).  However,
+@code{nnfolder} is a quite likeable select method for doing this sort of
+thing.  If you don't like the default directory chosen, you could say
+something like:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-message-archive-method
+      '(nnfolder "archive" 
+                 (nnfolder-inhibit-expiry t)
+                 (nnfolder-active-file "~/News/sent-mail/active")
+                 (nnfolder-directory "~/News/sent-mail/")))
+@end lisp
+
+@vindex gnus-message-archive-group
+@cindex Gcc
+Gnus will insert @code{Gcc} headers in all outgoing messages that point
+to one or more group(s) on that server.  Which group to use is
+determined by the @code{gnus-message-archive-group} variable.  
+
+This variable can be:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item a string
+Messages will be saved in that group.
+@item a list of strings
+Messages will be saved in all those groups.
+@item an alist of regexps, functions and forms
+When a key ``matches'', the result is used.
+@end itemize
+
+Let's illustrate:
+
+Just saving to a single group called @samp{MisK}:
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-message-archive-group "MisK")
+@end lisp
+
+Saving to two groups, @samp{MisK} and @samp{safe}:
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-message-archive-group '("MisK" "safe"))
+@end lisp
+
+Save to different groups based on what group you are in:
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-message-archive-group 
+      '(("^alt" "sent-to-alt")
+        ("mail" "sent-to-mail")
+        (".*" "sent-to-misc")))
+@end lisp
+
+More complex stuff:
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-message-archive-group 
+      '((if (message-news-p)
+            "misc-news" 
+          "misc-mail")))
+@end lisp       
+
+This is the default.
+
+How about storing all news messages in one file, but storing all mail
+messages in one file per month:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-message-archive-group
+      '((if (message-news-p)
+            "misc-news" 
+          (concat "mail." (format-time-string 
+                           "%Y-%m" (current-time))))))
+@end lisp
+
+Now, when you send a message off, it will be stored in the appropriate
+group.  (If you want to disable storing for just one particular message,
+you can just remove the @code{Gcc} header that has been inserted.)  The
+archive group will appear in the group buffer the next time you start
+Gnus, or the next time you press @kbd{F} in the group buffer.  You can
+enter it and read the articles in it just like you'd read any other
+group.  If the group gets really big and annoying, you can simply rename
+if (using @kbd{G r} in the group buffer) to something nice --
+@samp{misc-mail-september-1995}, or whatever.  New messages will
+continue to be stored in the old (now empty) group.
+
+That's the default method of archiving sent mail.  Gnus also offers two
+other variables for the people who don't like the default method.  In
+that case you should set @code{gnus-message-archive-group} to
+@code{nil}; this will disable archiving.
+
+XEmacs 19.13 doesn't have @code{format-time-string}, so you'll have to
+use a different value for @code{gnus-message-archive-group} there.
+
+
+@table @code
+@item gnus-outgoing-message-group 
+@vindex gnus-outgoing-message-group 
+All outgoing messages will be put in this group.  If you want to store
+all your outgoing mail and articles in the group @samp{nnml:archive},
+you set this variable to that value.  This variable can also be a list of
+group names.
+
+If you want to have greater control over what group to put each
+message in, you can set this variable to a function that checks the
+current newsgroup name and then returns a suitable group name (or list
+of names).
+@end table
+
+
+@c @node Posting Styles
+@c @section Posting Styles
+@c @cindex posting styles
+@c @cindex styles
+@c 
+@c All them variables, they make my head swim.  
+@c 
+@c So what if you want a different @code{Organization} and signature based
+@c on what groups you post to?  And you post both from your home machine
+@c and your work machine, and you want different @code{From} lines, and so
+@c on? 
+@c 
+@c @vindex gnus-posting-styles
+@c One way to do stuff like that is to write clever hooks that change the
+@c variables you need to have changed.  That's a bit boring, so somebody
+@c came up with the bright idea of letting the user specify these things in
+@c a handy alist.  Here's an example of a @code{gnus-posting-styles}
+@c variable: 
+@c 
+@c @lisp
+@c ((".*" 
+@c   (signature . "Peace and happiness")
+@c   (organization . "What me?"))
+@c  ("^comp" 
+@c   (signature . "Death to everybody"))
+@c  ("comp.emacs.i-love-it" 
+@c   (organization . "Emacs is it")))
+@c @end lisp
+@c 
+@c As you might surmise from this example, this alist consists of several
+@c @dfn{styles}.  Each style will be applicable if the first element
+@c ``matches'', in some form or other.  The entire alist will be iterated
+@c over, from the beginning towards the end, and each match will be
+@c applied, which means that attributes in later styles that match override
+@c the same attributes in earlier matching styles.  So
+@c @samp{comp.programming.literate} will have the @samp{Death to everybody}
+@c signature and the @samp{What me?} @code{Organization} header.
+@c 
+@c The first element in each style is called the @code{match}.  If it's a
+@c string, then Gnus will try to regexp match it against the group name.
+@c If it's a function symbol, that function will be called with no
+@c arguments.  If it's a variable symbol, then the variable will be
+@c referenced.  If it's a list, then that list will be @code{eval}ed.  In
+@c any case, if this returns a non-@code{nil} value, then the style is said
+@c to @dfn{match}.
+@c 
+@c Each style may contain a arbitrary amount of @dfn{attributes}.  Each
+@c attribute consists of a @var{(name . value)} pair.  The attribute name
+@c can be one of @code{signature}, @code{organization} or @code{from}.  The
+@c attribute name can also be a string.  In that case, this will be used as
+@c a header name, and the value will be inserted in the headers of the
+@c article.
+@c 
+@c The attribute value can be a string (used verbatim), a function (the
+@c return value will be used), a variable (its value will be used) or a
+@c list (it will be @code{eval}ed and the return value will be used).
+@c 
+@c So here's a new example:
+@c 
+@c @lisp
+@c (setq gnus-posting-styles
+@c       '((".*" 
+@c           (signature . "~/.signature") 
+@c           (from . "user@@foo (user)")
+@c           ("X-Home-Page" . (getenv "WWW_HOME"))
+@c           (organization . "People's Front Against MWM"))
+@c         ("^rec.humor" 
+@c           (signature . my-funny-signature-randomizer))
+@c         ((equal (system-name) "gnarly")
+@c           (signature . my-quote-randomizer))
+@c         (posting-from-work-p
+@c           (signature . "~/.work-signature")
+@c           (from . "user@@bar.foo (user)")
+@c           (organization . "Important Work, Inc"))
+@c         ("^nn.+:" 
+@c           (signature . "~/.mail-signature"))))
+@c @end lisp
+
+@c @node Drafts
+@c @section Drafts
+@c @cindex drafts
+@c 
+@c If you are writing a message (mail or news) and suddenly remember that
+@c you have a steak in the oven (or some pesto in the food processor, you
+@c craazy vegetarians), you'll probably wish there was a method to save the
+@c message you are writing so that you can continue editing it some other
+@c day, and send it when you feel its finished.
+@c 
+@c Well, don't worry about it.  Whenever you start composing a message of
+@c some sort using the Gnus mail and post commands, the buffer you get will
+@c automatically associate to an article in a special @dfn{draft} group.
+@c If you save the buffer the normal way (@kbd{C-x C-s}, for instance), the
+@c article will be saved there.  (Auto-save files also go to the draft
+@c group.) 
+@c 
+@c @cindex nndraft
+@c @vindex gnus-draft-group-directory
+@c The draft group is a special group (which is implemented as an
+@c @code{nndraft} group, if you absolutely have to know) called
+@c @samp{nndraft:drafts}.  The variable @code{gnus-draft-group-directory}
+@c controls both the name of the group and the location---the leaf element
+@c in the path will be used as the name of the group.  What makes this
+@c group special is that you can't tick any articles in it or mark any
+@c articles as read---all articles in the group are permanently unread.
+@c 
+@c If the group doesn't exist, it will be created and you'll be subscribed
+@c to it.
+@c 
+@c @findex gnus-dissociate-buffer-from-draft
+@c @kindex C-c M-d (Mail)
+@c @kindex C-c M-d (Post)
+@c @findex gnus-associate-buffer-with-draft
+@c @kindex C-c C-d (Mail)
+@c @kindex C-c C-d (Post)
+@c If you're writing some super-secret message that you later want to
+@c encode with PGP before sending, you may wish to turn the auto-saving
+@c (and association with the draft group) off.  You never know who might be
+@c interested in reading all your extremely valuable and terribly horrible
+@c and interesting secrets.  The @kbd{C-c M-d}
+@c (@code{gnus-dissociate-buffer-from-draft}) command does that for you.
+@c If you change your mind and want to turn the auto-saving back on again,
+@c @kbd{C-c C-d} (@code{gnus-associate-buffer-with-draft} does that.
+@c 
+@c @vindex gnus-use-draft
+@c To leave association with the draft group off by default, set
+@c @code{gnus-use-draft} to @code{nil}.  It is @code{t} by default. 
+@c 
+@c @findex gnus-summary-send-draft
+@c @kindex S D c (Summary)
+@c When you want to continue editing the article, you simply enter the
+@c draft group and push @kbd{S D c} (@code{gnus-summary-send-draft}) to do
+@c that.  You will be placed in a buffer where you left off.
+@c 
+@c Rejected articles will also be put in this draft group (@pxref{Rejected
+@c Articles}).
+@c 
+@c @findex gnus-summary-send-all-drafts
+@c If you have lots of rejected messages you want to post (or mail) without
+@c doing further editing, you can use the @kbd{S D a} command
+@c (@code{gnus-summary-send-all-drafts}).  This command understands the
+@c process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}).  
+@c 
+@c 
+@c @node Rejected Articles
+@c @section Rejected Articles
+@c @cindex rejected articles
+@c 
+@c Sometimes a news server will reject an article.  Perhaps the server
+@c doesn't like your face.  Perhaps it just feels miserable.  Perhaps
+@c @emph{there be demons}.  Perhaps you have included too much cited text.
+@c Perhaps the disk is full.  Perhaps the server is down.
+@c 
+@c These situations are, of course, totally beyond the control of Gnus.
+@c (Gnus, of course, loves the way you look, always feels great, has angels
+@c fluttering around inside of it, doesn't care about how much cited text
+@c you include, never runs full and never goes down.)  So Gnus saves these
+@c articles until some later time when the server feels better.
+@c 
+@c The rejected articles will automatically be put in a special draft group
+@c (@pxref{Drafts}).  When the server comes back up again, you'd then
+@c typically enter that group and send all the articles off.
+@c 
+
+@node Select Methods
+@chapter Select Methods
+@cindex foreign groups
+@cindex select methods
+
+A @dfn{foreign group} is a group that is not read by the usual (or
+default) means.  It could be, for instance, a group from a different
+@sc{nntp} server, it could be a virtual group, or it could be your own
+personal mail group.
+
+A foreign group (or any group, really) is specified by a @dfn{name} and
+a @dfn{select method}.  To take the latter first, a select method is a
+list where the first element says what backend to use (eg. @code{nntp},
+@code{nnspool}, @code{nnml}) and the second element is the @dfn{server
+name}.  There may be additional elements in the select method, where the
+value may have special meaning for the backend in question.
+
+One could say that a select method defines a @dfn{virtual server}---so
+we do just that (@pxref{The Server Buffer}).
+
+The @dfn{name} of the group is the name the backend will recognize the
+group as.
+
+For instance, the group @samp{soc.motss} on the @sc{nntp} server
+@samp{some.where.edu} will have the name @samp{soc.motss} and select
+method @code{(nntp "some.where.edu")}.  Gnus will call this group, in
+all circumstances, @samp{nntp+some.where.edu:soc.motss}, even though the
+@code{nntp} backend just knows this group as @samp{soc.motss}.
+
+The different methods all have their peculiarities, of course.
+
+@menu
+* The Server Buffer::     Making and editing virtual servers.
+* Getting News::          Reading USENET news with Gnus.
+* Getting Mail::          Reading your personal mail with Gnus.
+* Other Sources::         Reading directories, files, SOUP packets.
+* Combined Groups::       Combining groups into one group.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node The Server Buffer
+@section The Server Buffer
+
+Traditionally, a @dfn{server} is a machine or a piece of software that
+one connects to, and then requests information from.  Gnus does not
+connect directly to any real servers, but does all transactions through
+one backend or other.  But that's just putting one layer more between
+the actual media and Gnus, so we might just as well say that each
+backend represents a virtual server.
+
+For instance, the @code{nntp} backend may be used to connect to several
+different actual @sc{nntp} servers, or, perhaps, to many different ports
+on the same actual @sc{nntp} server.  You tell Gnus which backend to
+use, and what parameters to set by specifying a @dfn{select method}.
+
+These select methods specifications can sometimes become quite
+complicated---say, for instance, that you want to read from the
+@sc{nntp} server @samp{news.funet.fi} on port number @code{13}, which
+hangs if queried for @sc{nov} headers and has a buggy select.  Ahem.
+Anyways, if you had to specify that for each group that used this
+server, that would be too much work, so Gnus offers a way of naming
+select methods, which is what you do in the server buffer.
+
+To enter the server buffer, user the @kbd{^}
+(@code{gnus-group-enter-server-mode}) command in the group buffer.
+
+@menu
+* Server Buffer Format::      You can customize the look of this buffer.
+* Server Commands::           Commands to manipulate servers.
+* Example Methods::           Examples server specifications.
+* Creating a Virtual Server:: An example session.
+* Servers and Methods::       You can use server names as select methods.
+* Unavailable Servers::       Some servers you try to contact may be down.
+@end menu
+
+@vindex gnus-server-mode-hook
+@code{gnus-server-mode-hook} is run when creating the server buffer.
+
+
+@node Server Buffer Format
+@subsection Server Buffer Format
+@cindex server buffer format
+
+@vindex gnus-server-line-format
+You can change the look of the server buffer lines by changing the
+@code{gnus-server-line-format} variable.  This is a @code{format}-like
+variable, with some simple extensions:
+
+@table @samp
+
+@item h 
+How the news is fetched---the backend name.
+
+@item n
+The name of this server.
+
+@item w
+Where the news is to be fetched from---the address.
+
+@item s
+The opened/closed/denied status of the server.
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-server-mode-line-format
+The mode line can also be customized by using the
+@code{gnus-server-mode-line-format} variable.  The following specs are
+understood: 
+
+@table @samp
+@item S
+Server name.
+
+@item M
+Server method.
+@end table
+
+Also @pxref{Formatting Variables}.
+
+
+@node Server Commands
+@subsection Server Commands
+@cindex server commands
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item a
+@kindex a (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-add-server
+Add a new server (@code{gnus-server-add-server}).
+
+@item e
+@kindex e (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-edit-server
+Edit a server (@code{gnus-server-edit-server}).
+
+@item SPACE
+@kindex SPACE (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-read-server
+Browse the current server (@code{gnus-server-read-server}).
+
+@item q
+@kindex q (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-exit
+Return to the group buffer (@code{gnus-server-exit}).
+
+@item k
+@kindex k (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-kill-server
+Kill the current server (@code{gnus-server-kill-server}).
+
+@item y
+@kindex y (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-yank-server
+Yank the previously killed server (@code{gnus-server-yank-server}).
+
+@item c
+@kindex c (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-copy-server
+Copy the current server (@code{gnus-server-copy-server}).
+
+@item l
+@kindex l (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-list-servers
+List all servers (@code{gnus-server-list-servers}).
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Example Methods
+@subsection Example Methods
+
+Most select methods are pretty simple and self-explanatory: 
+
+@lisp
+(nntp "news.funet.fi")
+@end lisp
+
+Reading directly from the spool is even simpler:
+
+@lisp
+(nnspool "")
+@end lisp
+
+As you can see, the first element in a select method is the name of the
+backend, and the second is the @dfn{address}, or @dfn{name}, if you
+will. 
+
+After these two elements, there may be a arbitrary number of
+@var{(variable form)} pairs.
+
+To go back to the first example---imagine that you want to read from
+port @code{15} from that machine.  This is what the select method should
+look like then:
+
+@lisp
+(nntp "news.funet.fi" (nntp-port-number 15))
+@end lisp
+
+You should read the documentation to each backend to find out what
+variables are relevant, but here's an @code{nnmh} example. 
+
+@code{nnmh} is a mail backend that reads a spool-like structure.  Say
+you have two structures that you wish to access: One is your private
+mail spool, and the other is a public one.  Here's the possible spec for
+you private mail:
+
+@lisp
+(nnmh "private" (nnmh-directory "~/private/mail/"))
+@end lisp
+
+(This server is then called @samp{private}, but you may have guessed
+that.)
+
+Here's the method for a public spool:
+
+@lisp
+(nnmh "public" 
+      (nnmh-directory "/usr/information/spool/") 
+      (nnmh-get-new-mail nil))
+@end lisp
+
+
+@node Creating a Virtual Server
+@subsection Creating a Virtual Server
+
+If you're saving lots of articles in the cache by using persistent
+articles, you may want to create a virtual server to read the cache.
+
+First you need to add a new server.  The @kbd{a} command does that.  It
+would probably be best to use @code{nnspool} to read the cache.  You
+could also use @code{nnml} or @code{nnmh}, though.
+
+Type @kbd{a nnspool RET cache RET}.
+
+You should now have a brand new @code{nnspool} virtual server called
+@samp{cache}.  You now need to edit it to have the right definitions.
+Type @kbd{e} to edit the server.  You'll be entered into a buffer that
+will contain the following:
+
+@lisp
+(nnspool "cache")
+@end lisp
+
+Change that to:
+
+@lisp
+(nnspool "cache"
+	 (nnspool-spool-directory "~/News/cache/")
+	 (nnspool-nov-directory "~/News/cache/")
+	 (nnspool-active-file "~/News/cache/active"))
+@end lisp
+
+Type @kbd{C-c C-c} to return to the server buffer.  If you now press
+@kbd{RET} over this virtual server, you should be entered into a browse
+buffer, and you should be able to enter any of the groups displayed.
+
+
+@node Servers and Methods
+@subsection Servers and Methods
+
+Wherever you would normally use a select method
+(eg. @code{gnus-secondary-select-method}, in the group select method,
+when browsing a foreign server) you can use a virtual server name
+instead.  This could potentially save lots of typing.  And it's nice all
+over.
+
+
+@node Unavailable Servers
+@subsection Unavailable Servers
+
+If a server seems to be unreachable, Gnus will mark that server as
+@code{denied}.  That means that any subsequent attempt to make contact
+with that server will just be ignored.  ``It can't be opened,'' Gnus
+will tell you, without making the least effort to see whether that is
+actually the case or not.
+
+That might seem quite naughty, but it does make sense most of the time.
+Let's say you have 10 groups subscribed to the server
+@samp{nepholococcygia.com}.  This server is located somewhere quite far
+away from you, the machine is quite, so it takes 1 minute just to find
+out that it refuses connection from you today.  If Gnus were to attempt
+to do that 10 times, you'd be quite annoyed, so Gnus won't attempt to do
+that.  Once it has gotten a single ``connection refused'', it will
+regard that server as ``down''.
+
+So, what happens if the machine was only feeling unwell temporarily?
+How do you test to see whether the machine has come up again?
+
+You jump to the server buffer (@pxref{The Server Buffer}) and poke it
+with the following commands:
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item O
+@kindex O (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-open-server
+Try to establish connection to the server on the current line
+(@code{gnus-server-open-server}).
+
+@item C
+@kindex C (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-close-server
+Close the connection (if any) to the server
+(@code{gnus-server-close-server}).
+
+@item D
+@kindex D (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-deny-server
+Mark the current server as unreachable
+(@code{gnus-server-deny-server}). 
+
+@item R
+@kindex R (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-remove-denials
+Remove all marks to whether Gnus was denied connection from all servers
+(@code{gnus-server-remove-denials}). 
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Getting News
+@section Getting News
+@cindex reading news
+@cindex news backends
+
+A newsreader is normally used for reading news.  Gnus currently provides
+only two methods of getting news -- it can read from an @sc{nntp}
+server, or it can read from a local spool.
+
+@menu
+* NNTP::               Reading news from an @sc{nntp} server.
+* News Spool::         Reading news from the local spool.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node NNTP
+@subsection @sc{nntp}
+@cindex nntp
+
+Subscribing to a foreign group from an @sc{nntp} server is rather easy.
+You just specify @code{nntp} as method and the address of the @sc{nntp}
+server as the, uhm, address.
+
+If the @sc{nntp} server is located at a non-standard port, setting the
+third element of the select method to this port number should allow you
+to connect to the right port.  You'll have to edit the group info for
+that (@pxref{Foreign Groups}).
+
+The name of the foreign group can be the same as a native group.  In
+fact, you can subscribe to the same group from as many different servers
+you feel like.  There will be no name collisions.
+
+The following variables can be used to create a virtual @code{nntp}
+server: 
+
+@table @code
+
+@item nntp-server-opened-hook
+@vindex nntp-server-opened-hook
+@cindex @sc{mode reader}
+@cindex authinfo
+@cindex authentification
+@cindex nntp authentification
+@findex nntp-send-authinfo
+@findex nntp-send-mode-reader
+@code{nntp-server-opened-hook} is run after a connection has been made.
+It can be used to send commands to the @sc{nntp} server after it has
+been contacted.  By default is sends the command @code{MODE READER} to
+the server with the @code{nntp-send-mode-reader} function.  Another
+popular function is @code{nntp-send-authinfo}, which will prompt you for
+an @sc{nntp} password and stuff.
+
+@item nntp-server-action-alist 
+@vindex nntp-server-action-alist 
+This is an list of regexps to match on server types and actions to be
+taken when matches are made.  For instance, if you want Gnus to beep
+every time you connect to innd, you could say something like:
+
+@lisp
+(setq nntp-server-action-alist
+      '(("innd" (ding))))
+@end lisp
+
+You probably don't want to do that, though.
+
+The default value is
+
+@lisp
+  '(("nntpd 1\\.5\\.11t" 
+     (remove-hook 'nntp-server-opened-hook nntp-send-mode-reader)))
+@end lisp
+
+This ensures that Gnus doesn't send the @code{MODE READER} command to
+nntpd 1.5.11t, since that command chokes that server, I've been told. 
+
+@item nntp-maximum-request
+@vindex nntp-maximum-request
+If the @sc{nntp} server doesn't support @sc{nov} headers, this backend
+will collect headers by sending a series of @code{head} commands.  To
+speed things up, the backend sends lots of these commands without
+waiting for reply, and then reads all the replies.  This is controlled
+by the @code{nntp-maximum-request} variable, and is 400 by default.  If
+your network is buggy, you should set this to 1.
+
+@item nntp-connection-timeout
+@vindex nntp-connection-timeout
+If you have lots of foreign @code{nntp} groups that you connect to
+regularly, you're sure to have problems with @sc{nntp} servers not
+responding properly, or being too loaded to reply within reasonable
+time.  This is can lead to awkward problems, which can be helped
+somewhat by setting @code{nntp-connection-timeout}.  This is an integer
+that says how many seconds the @code{nntp} backend should wait for a
+connection before giving up.  If it is @code{nil}, which is the default,
+no timeouts are done.
+
+@item nntp-command-timeout
+@vindex nntp-command-timeout
+@cindex PPP connections
+@cindex dynamic IP addresses
+If you're running Gnus on a machine that has a dynamically assigned
+address, Gnus may become confused.  If the address of your machine
+changes after connecting to the @sc{nntp} server, Gnus will simply sit
+waiting forever for replies from the server.  To help with this
+unfortunate problem, you can set this command to a number.  Gnus will
+then, if it sits waiting longer than that number of seconds for a reply
+from the server, shut down the connection, start a new one, and resend
+the command.  This should hopefully be transparent to the user.  A
+likely number is 30 seconds. 
+
+@item nntp-retry-on-break
+@vindex nntp-retry-on-break
+If this variable is non-@code{nil}, you can also @kbd{C-g} if Gnus
+hangs.  This will have much the same effect as the command timeout
+described above.
+
+@item nntp-server-hook
+@vindex nntp-server-hook
+This hook is run as the last step when connecting to an @sc{nntp}
+server.
+
+@findex nntp-open-rlogin
+@findex nntp-open-network-stream
+@item nntp-open-server-function
+@vindex nntp-open-server-function
+This function is used to connect to the remote system.  Two pre-made
+functions are @code{nntp-open-network-stream}, which is the default, and
+simply connects to some port or other on the remote system.  The other
+is @code{nntp-open-rlogin}, which does an rlogin on the remote system,
+and then does a telnet to the @sc{nntp} server available there.
+
+@item nntp-rlogin-parameters
+@vindex nntp-rlogin-parameters
+If you use @code{nntp-open-rlogin} as the
+@code{nntp-open-server-function}, this list will be used as the
+parameter list given to @code{rsh}.
+
+@item nntp-end-of-line
+@vindex nntp-end-of-line
+String to use as end-of-line markers when talking to the @sc{nntp}
+server.  This is @samp{\r\n} by default, but should be @samp{\n} when
+using @code{rlogin} to talk to the server.
+
+@item nntp-rlogin-user-name
+@vindex nntp-rlogin-user-name
+User name on the remote system when using the @code{rlogin} connect
+function. 
+
+@item nntp-address
+@vindex nntp-address
+The address of the remote system running the @sc{nntp} server.
+
+@item nntp-port-number
+@vindex nntp-port-number
+Port number to connect to when using the @code{nntp-open-network-stream}
+connect function.
+
+@item nntp-buggy-select
+@vindex nntp-buggy-select
+Set this to non-@code{nil} if your select routine is buggy.
+
+@item nntp-nov-is-evil 
+@vindex nntp-nov-is-evil 
+If the @sc{nntp} server does not support @sc{nov}, you could set this
+variable to @code{t}, but @code{nntp} usually checks whether @sc{nov}
+can be used automatically.
+
+@item nntp-xover-commands
+@vindex nntp-xover-commands
+@cindex nov
+@cindex XOVER
+List of strings that are used as commands to fetch @sc{nov} lines from a
+server.  The default value of this variable is @code{("XOVER"
+"XOVERVIEW")}. 
+
+@item nntp-nov-gap
+@vindex nntp-nov-gap
+@code{nntp} normally sends just one big request for @sc{nov} lines to
+the server.  The server responds with one huge list of lines.  However,
+if you have read articles 2-5000 in the group, and only want to read
+article 1 and 5001, that means that @code{nntp} will fetch 4999 @sc{nov}
+lines that you do not want, and will not use.  This variable says how
+big a gap between two consecutive articles is allowed to be before the
+@code{XOVER} request is split into several request.  Note that if your
+network is fast, setting this variable to a really small number means
+that fetching will probably be slower.  If this variable is @code{nil},
+@code{nntp} will never split requests.
+
+@item nntp-prepare-server-hook
+@vindex nntp-prepare-server-hook
+A hook run before attempting to connect to an @sc{nntp} server.
+
+@item nntp-async-number
+@vindex nntp-async-number
+How many articles should be pre-fetched when in asynchronous mode.  If
+this variable is @code{t}, @code{nntp} will pre-fetch all the articles
+that it can without bound.  If it is @code{nil}, no pre-fetching will be
+made.
+
+@item nntp-warn-about-losing-connection
+@vindex nntp-warn-about-losing-connection
+If this variable is non-@code{nil}, some noise will be made when a
+server closes connection.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node News Spool
+@subsection News Spool
+@cindex nnspool
+@cindex news spool
+
+Subscribing to a foreign group from the local spool is extremely easy,
+and might be useful, for instance, to speed up reading groups like
+@samp{alt.binaries.pictures.furniture}.
+
+Anyways, you just specify @code{nnspool} as the method and @samp{} (or
+anything else) as the address.
+
+If you have access to a local spool, you should probably use that as the
+native select method (@pxref{Finding the News}).  It is normally faster
+than using an @code{nntp} select method, but might not be.  It depends.
+You just have to try to find out what's best at your site.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item nnspool-inews-program
+@vindex nnspool-inews-program
+Program used to post an article.
+
+@item nnspool-inews-switches
+@vindex nnspool-inews-switches
+Parameters given to the inews program when posting an article. 
+
+@item nnspool-spool-directory
+@vindex nnspool-spool-directory
+Where @code{nnspool} looks for the articles.  This is normally
+@file{/usr/spool/news/}.
+
+@item nnspool-nov-directory 
+@vindex nnspool-nov-directory 
+Where @code{nnspool} will look for @sc{nov} files.  This is normally
+@file{/usr/spool/news/over.view/}.
+
+@item nnspool-lib-dir
+@vindex nnspool-lib-dir
+Where the news lib dir is (@file{/usr/lib/news/} by default).
+
+@item nnspool-active-file
+@vindex nnspool-active-file
+The path of the active file.
+
+@item nnspool-newsgroups-file
+@vindex nnspool-newsgroups-file
+The path of the group descriptions file.
+
+@item nnspool-history-file
+@vindex nnspool-history-file
+The path of the news history file.
+
+@item nnspool-active-times-file
+@vindex nnspool-active-times-file
+The path of the active date file.
+
+@item nnspool-nov-is-evil
+@vindex nnspool-nov-is-evil
+If non-@code{nil}, @code{nnspool} won't try to use any @sc{nov} files
+that it finds.
+
+@item nnspool-sift-nov-with-sed
+@vindex nnspool-sift-nov-with-sed
+@cindex sed
+If non-@code{nil}, which is the default, use @code{sed} to get the
+relevant portion from the overview file.  If nil, @code{nnspool} will
+load the entire file into a buffer and process it there.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Getting Mail
+@section Getting Mail
+@cindex reading mail
+@cindex mail
+
+Reading mail with a newsreader---isn't that just plain WeIrD? But of
+course.
+
+@menu
+* Getting Started Reading Mail:: A simple cookbook example.
+* Splitting Mail::               How to create mail groups.
+* Mail Backend Variables::       Variables for customizing mail handling.
+* Fancy Mail Splitting::         Gnus can do hairy splitting of incoming mail.
+* Mail and Procmail::            Reading mail groups that procmail create.
+* Incorporating Old Mail::       What about the old mail you have?
+* Expiring Mail::                Getting rid of unwanted mail.
+* Duplicates::                   Dealing with duplicated mail.
+* Not Reading Mail::             Using mail backends for reading other files.
+* Choosing a Mail Backend::      Gnus can read a variety of mail formats.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Getting Started Reading Mail
+@subsection Getting Started Reading Mail
+
+It's quite easy to use Gnus to read your new mail.  You just plonk the
+mail backend of your choice into @code{gnus-secondary-select-methods},
+and things will happen automatically.
+
+For instance, if you want to use @code{nnml} (which is a one file per
+mail backend), you could put the following in your @file{.gnus} file:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-secondary-select-methods
+      '((nnml "private")))
+@end lisp
+
+Now, the next time you start Gnus, this backend will be queried for new
+articles, and it will move all the messages in your spool file to its
+directory, which is @code{~/Mail/} by default.  The new group that will
+be created (@samp{mail.misc}) will be subscribed, and you can read it
+like any other group.
+
+You will probably want to split the mail into several groups, though:
+
+@lisp
+(setq nnmail-split-methods
+  '(("junk" "^From:.*Lars Ingebrigtsen")
+    ("crazy" "^Subject:.*die\\|^Organization:.*flabby")
+    ("other" "")))
+@end lisp
+
+This will result in three new mail groups being created:
+@samp{nnml:junk}, @samp{nnml:crazy}, and @samp{nnml:other}.  All the
+mail that doesn't fit into the first two groups will be placed in the
+latter group.
+
+This should be sufficient for reading mail with Gnus.  You might want to
+give the other sections in this part of the manual a perusal, though,
+especially @pxref{Choosing a Mail Backend} and @pxref{Expiring Mail}. 
+
+
+@node Splitting Mail
+@subsection Splitting Mail
+@cindex splitting mail
+@cindex mail splitting
+
+@vindex nnmail-split-methods
+The @code{nnmail-split-methods} variable says how the incoming mail is
+to be split into groups.
+
+@lisp
+(setq nnmail-split-methods
+  '(("mail.junk" "^From:.*Lars Ingebrigtsen")
+    ("mail.crazy" "^Subject:.*die\\|^Organization:.*flabby")
+    ("mail.other" "")))
+@end lisp
+
+This variable is a list of lists, where the first element of each of
+these lists is the name of the mail group (they do not have to be called
+something beginning with @samp{mail}, by the way), and the second
+element is a regular expression used on the header of each mail to
+determine if it belongs in this mail group.
+
+The second element can also be a function.  In that case, it will be
+called narrowed to the headers with the first element of the rule as the
+argument.  It should return a non-@code{nil} value if it thinks that the
+mail belongs in that group.
+
+The last of these groups should always be a general one, and the regular
+expression should @emph{always} be @samp{} so that it matches any
+mails that haven't been matched by any of the other regexps.
+
+If you like to tinker with this yourself, you can set this variable to a
+function of your choice.  This function will be called without any
+arguments in a buffer narrowed to the headers of an incoming mail
+message.  The function should return a list of groups names that it
+thinks should carry this mail message.
+
+Note that the mail backends are free to maul the poor, innocent
+incoming headers all they want to.  They all add @code{Lines} headers;
+some add @code{X-Gnus-Group} headers; most rename the Unix mbox
+@code{From<SPACE>} line to something else.
+
+@vindex nnmail-crosspost
+The mail backends all support cross-posting.  If several regexps match,
+the mail will be ``cross-posted'' to all those groups.
+@code{nnmail-crosspost} says whether to use this mechanism or not.  Note
+that no articles are crossposted to the general (@samp{}) group.
+
+@vindex nnmail-crosspost-link-function
+@cindex crosspost
+@cindex links
+@code{nnmh} and @code{nnml} makes crossposts by creating hard links to
+the crossposted articles.  However, not all files systems support hard
+links.  If that's the case for you, set
+@code{nnmail-crosspost-link-function} to @code{copy-file}.  (This
+variable is @code{add-name-to-file} by default.)  
+
+Gnus gives you all the opportunity you could possibly want for shooting
+yourself in the foot.  Let's say you create a group that will contain
+all the mail you get from your boss.  And then you accidentally
+unsubscribe from the group.  Gnus will still put all the mail from your
+boss in the unsubscribed group, and so, when your boss mails you ``Have
+that report ready by Monday or you're fired!'', you'll never see it and,
+come Tuesday, you'll still believe that you're gainfully employed while
+you really should be out collecting empty bottles to save up for next
+month's rent money.
+
+
+@node Mail Backend Variables
+@subsection Mail Backend Variables
+
+These variables are (for the most part) pertinent to all the various
+mail backends.
+
+@table @code
+@vindex nnmail-read-incoming-hook
+@item nnmail-read-incoming-hook
+The mail backends all call this hook after reading new mail.  You can
+use this hook to notify any mail watch programs, if you want to.
+
+@vindex nnmail-spool-file
+@item nnmail-spool-file
+@cindex POP mail
+@cindex MAILHOST
+@cindex movemail
+@vindex nnmail-pop-password
+@vindex nnmail-pop-password-required
+The backends will look for new mail in this file.  If this variable is
+@code{nil}, the mail backends will never attempt to fetch mail by
+themselves.  If you are using a POP mail server and your name is
+@samp{larsi}, you should set this variable to @samp{po:larsi}.  If
+your name is not @samp{larsi}, you should probably modify that
+slightly, but you may have guessed that already, you smart & handsome
+devil!  You can also set this variable to @code{pop}, and Gnus will try
+to figure out the POP mail string by itself.  In any case, Gnus will
+call @code{movemail} which will contact the POP server named in the
+@code{MAILHOST} environment variable.  If the POP server needs a
+password, you can either set @code{nnmail-pop-password-required} to
+@code{t} and be prompted for the password, or set
+@code{nnmail-pop-password} to the password itself.
+
+When you use a mail backend, Gnus will slurp all your mail from your
+inbox and plonk it down in your home directory.  Gnus doesn't move any
+mail if you're not using a mail backend---you have to do a lot of magic
+invocations first.  At the time when you have finished drawing the
+pentagram, lightened the candles, and sacrificed the goat, you really
+shouldn't be too surprised when Gnus moves your mail.
+
+@vindex nnmail-use-procmail
+@vindex nnmail-procmail-suffix
+@item nnmail-use-procmail
+If non-@code{nil}, the mail backends will look in
+@code{nnmail-procmail-directory} for incoming mail.  All the files in
+that directory that have names ending in @code{nnmail-procmail-suffix}
+will be considered incoming mailboxes, and will be searched for new
+mail.
+
+@vindex nnmail-crash-box
+@item nnmail-crash-box
+When the mail backends read a spool file, it is first moved to this
+file, which is @file{~/.gnus-crash-box} by default.  If this file
+already exists, it will always be read (and incorporated) before any
+other spool files.
+
+@vindex nnmail-prepare-incoming-hook
+@item nnmail-prepare-incoming-hook
+This is run in a buffer that holds all the new incoming mail, and can be
+used for, well, anything, really.
+
+@vindex nnmail-pre-get-new-mail-hook
+@vindex nnmail-post-get-new-mail-hook
+@item nnmail-pre-get-new-mail-hook
+@itemx nnmail-post-get-new-mail-hook
+These are two useful hooks executed when treating new incoming
+mail---@code{nnmail-pre-get-new-mail-hook} (is called just before
+starting to handle the new mail) and
+@code{nnmail-post-get-new-mail-hook} (is called when the mail handling
+is done).  Here's and example of using these two hooks to change the
+default file modes the new mail files get:
+
+@lisp
+(add-hook 'gnus-pre-get-new-mail-hook 
+          (lambda () (set-default-file-modes 511)))
+
+(add-hook 'gnus-post-get-new-mail-hook 
+          (lambda () (set-default-file-modes 551)))
+@end lisp
+
+@item nnmail-tmp-directory
+@vindex nnmail-tmp-directory
+This variable says where to move the incoming mail to while processing
+it.  This is usually done in the same directory that the mail backend
+inhabits (i.e., @file{~/Mail/}), but if this variable is non-@code{nil},
+it will be used instead.
+
+@item nnmail-movemail-program
+@vindex nnmail-movemail-program
+This program is executed to move mail from the user's inbox to her home
+directory.  The default is @samp{movemail}.
+
+@item nnmail-delete-incoming
+@vindex nnmail-delete-incoming
+@cindex incoming mail files
+@cindex deleting incoming files
+If non-@code{nil}, the mail backends will delete the temporary incoming
+file after splitting mail into the proper groups.  This is @code{nil} by
+default for reasons of security.
+
+@item nnmail-use-long-file-names
+@vindex nnmail-use-long-file-names
+If non-@code{nil}, the mail backends will use long file and directory
+names.  Groups like @samp{mail.misc} will end up in directories like
+@file{mail.misc/}.  If it is @code{nil}, the same group will end up in
+@file{mail/misc/}.
+
+@item nnmail-delete-file-function
+@vindex nnmail-delete-file-function
+@findex delete-file
+Function called to delete files.  It is @code{delete-file} by default. 
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Fancy Mail Splitting
+@subsection Fancy Mail Splitting
+@cindex mail splitting
+@cindex fancy mail splitting
+
+@vindex nnmail-split-fancy
+@findex nnmail-split-fancy
+If the rather simple, standard method for specifying how to split mail
+doesn't allow you to do what you want, you can set
+@code{nnmail-split-methods} to @code{nnmail-split-fancy}.  Then you can
+play with the @code{nnmail-split-fancy} variable. 
+
+Let's look at an example value of this variable first:
+
+@lisp
+;; Messages from the mailer daemon are not crossposted to any of
+;; the ordinary groups.  Warnings are put in a separate group
+;; from real errors.
+(| ("from" mail (| ("subject" "warn.*" "mail.warning")
+                   "mail.misc"))
+   ;; Non-error messages are crossposted to all relevant
+   ;; groups, but we don't crosspost between the group for the
+   ;; (ding) list and the group for other (ding) related mail.
+   (& (| (any "ding@@ifi\\.uio\\.no" "ding.list")
+         ("subject" "ding" "ding.misc"))
+      ;; Other mailing lists...
+      (any "procmail@@informatik\\.rwth-aachen\\.de" "procmail.list")
+      (any "SmartList@@informatik\\.rwth-aachen\\.de" "SmartList.list")
+      ;; People...
+      (any "larsi@@ifi\\.uio\\.no" "people.Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen"))
+   ;; Unmatched mail goes to the catch all group.
+   "misc.misc"))")
+@end lisp
+
+This variable has the format of a @dfn{split}.  A split is a (possibly)
+recursive structure where each split may contain other splits.  Here are
+the four possible split syntaxes:
+
+@table @dfn
+
+@item GROUP 
+If the split is a string, that will be taken as a group name. 
+
+@item (FIELD VALUE SPLIT)
+If the split is a list, and the first element is a string, then that
+means that if header FIELD (a regexp) contains VALUE (also a regexp),
+then store the message as specified by SPLIT.
+
+@item (| SPLIT...)
+If the split is a list, and the first element is @code{|} (vertical
+bar), then process each SPLIT until one of them matches.  A SPLIT is
+said to match if it will cause the mail message to be stored in one or
+more groups.
+
+@item (& SPLIT...)
+If the split is a list, and the first element is @code{&}, then process
+all SPLITs in the list.
+@end table
+
+In these splits, FIELD must match a complete field name.  VALUE must
+match a complete word according to the fundamental mode syntax table.
+You can use @code{.*} in the regexps to match partial field names or
+words.
+
+@vindex nnmail-split-abbrev-alist
+FIELD and VALUE can also be lisp symbols, in that case they are expanded
+as specified by the variable @code{nnmail-split-abbrev-alist}.  This is
+an alist of cons cells, where the car of the cells contains the key, and
+the cdr contains a string.
+
+@vindex nnmail-split-fancy-syntax-table
+@code{nnmail-split-fancy-syntax-table} is the syntax table in effect
+when all this splitting is performed.
+
+
+@node Mail and Procmail
+@subsection Mail and Procmail
+@cindex procmail
+
+@cindex slocal
+@cindex elm
+Many people use @code{procmail} (or some other mail filter program or
+external delivery agent---@code{slocal}, @code{elm}, etc) to split
+incoming mail into groups.  If you do that, you should set
+@code{nnmail-spool-file} to @code{procmail} to ensure that the mail
+backends never ever try to fetch mail by themselves.
+
+This also means that you probably don't want to set
+@code{nnmail-split-methods} either, which has some, perhaps, unexpected
+side effects.
+
+When a mail backend is queried for what groups it carries, it replies
+with the contents of that variable, along with any groups it has figured
+out that it carries by other means.  None of the backends (except
+@code{nnmh}) actually go out to the disk and check what groups actually
+exist.  (It's not trivial to distinguish between what the user thinks is
+a basis for a newsgroup and what is just a plain old file or directory.)
+
+This means that you have to tell Gnus (and the backends) what groups
+exist by hand.
+
+Let's take the @code{nnmh} backend as an example. 
+
+The folders are located in @code{nnmh-directory}, say, @file{~/Mail/}.
+There are three folders, @file{foo}, @file{bar} and @file{mail.baz}.
+
+Go to the group buffer and type @kbd{G m}.  When prompted, answer
+@samp{foo} for the name and @samp{nnmh} for the method.  Repeat
+twice for the two other groups, @samp{bar} and @samp{mail.baz}.  Be sure
+to include all your mail groups.
+
+That's it.  You are now set to read your mail.  An active file for this
+method will be created automatically.
+
+@vindex nnmail-procmail-suffix
+@vindex nnmail-procmail-directory
+If you use @code{nnfolder} or any other backend that store more than a
+single article in each file, you should never have procmail add mails to
+the file that Gnus sees.  Instead, procmail should put all incoming mail
+in @code{nnmail-procmail-directory}.  To arrive at the file name to put
+the incoming mail in, append @code{nnmail-procmail-suffix} to the group
+name.  The mail backends will read the mail from these files.
+
+@vindex nnmail-resplit-incoming
+When Gnus reads a file called @file{mail.misc.spool}, this mail will be
+put in the @code{mail.misc}, as one would expect.  However, if you want
+Gnus to split the mail the normal way, you could set
+@code{nnmail-resplit-incoming} to @code{t}.
+
+@vindex nnmail-keep-last-article
+If you use @code{procmail} to split things directory into an @code{nnmh}
+directory (which you shouldn't do), you should set
+@code{nnmail-keep-last-article} to non-@code{nil} to prevent Gnus from
+ever expiring the final article in a mail newsgroup.  This is quite,
+quite important.
+
+
+@node Incorporating Old Mail
+@subsection Incorporating Old Mail
+
+Most people have lots of old mail stored in various file formats.  If
+you have set up Gnus to read mail using one of the spiffy Gnus mail
+backends, you'll probably wish to have that old mail incorporated into
+your mail groups.
+
+Doing so can be quite easy.
+
+To take an example: You're reading mail using @code{nnml}
+(@pxref{Mail Spool}), and have set @code{nnmail-split-methods} to a
+satisfactory value (@pxref{Splitting Mail}).  You have an old Unix mbox
+file filled with important, but old, mail.  You want to move it into
+your @code{nnml} groups.
+
+Here's how:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Go to the group buffer.
+
+@item 
+Type `G f' and give the path of the mbox file when prompted to create an
+@code{nndoc} group from the mbox file (@pxref{Foreign Groups}).
+
+@item 
+Type `SPACE' to enter the newly created group.
+
+@item
+Type `M P b' to process-mark all articles in this group (@pxref{Setting
+Process Marks}).
+
+@item 
+Type `B r' to respool all the process-marked articles, and answer
+@samp{nnml} when prompted (@pxref{Mail Group Commands}).
+@end enumerate
+
+All the mail messages in the mbox file will now also be spread out over
+all your @code{nnml} groups.  Try entering them and check whether things
+have gone without a glitch.  If things look ok, you may consider
+deleting the mbox file, but I wouldn't do that unless I was absolutely
+sure that all the mail has ended up where it should be.
+
+Respooling is also a handy thing to do if you're switching from one mail
+backend to another.  Just respool all the mail in the old mail groups
+using the new mail backend.
+
+
+@node Expiring Mail
+@subsection Expiring Mail
+@cindex article expiry
+
+Traditional mail readers have a tendency to remove mail articles when
+you mark them as read, in some way.  Gnus takes a fundamentally
+different approach to mail reading.
+
+Gnus basically considers mail just to be news that has been received in
+a rather peculiar manner.  It does not think that it has the power to
+actually change the mail, or delete any mail messages.  If you enter a
+mail group, and mark articles as ``read'', or kill them in some other
+fashion, the mail articles will still exist on the system.  I repeat:
+Gnus will not delete your old, read mail.  Unless you ask it to, of
+course.
+
+To make Gnus get rid of your unwanted mail, you have to mark the
+articles as @dfn{expirable}.  This does not mean that the articles will
+disappear right away, however.  In general, a mail article will be
+deleted from your system if, 1) it is marked as expirable, AND 2) it is
+more than one week old.  If you do not mark an article as expirable, it
+will remain on your system until hell freezes over.  This bears
+repeating one more time, with some spurious capitalizations: IF you do
+NOT mark articles as EXPIRABLE, Gnus will NEVER delete those ARTICLES.
+
+@vindex gnus-auto-expirable-newsgroups
+You do not have to mark articles as expirable by hand.  Groups that
+match the regular expression @code{gnus-auto-expirable-newsgroups} will
+have all articles that you read marked as expirable automatically.  All
+articles that are marked as expirable have an @samp{E} in the first
+column in the summary buffer.
+
+Let's say you subscribe to a couple of mailing lists, and you want the
+articles you have read to disappear after a while:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-auto-expirable-newsgroups 
+      "mail.nonsense-list\\|mail.nice-list")
+@end lisp
+
+Another way to have auto-expiry happen is to have the element
+@code{auto-expire} in the group parameters of the group. 
+
+@vindex nnmail-expiry-wait
+The @code{nnmail-expiry-wait} variable supplies the default time an
+expirable article has to live.  The default is seven days.  
+
+Gnus also supplies a function that lets you fine-tune how long articles
+are to live, based on what group they are in.  Let's say you want to
+have one month expiry period in the @samp{mail.private} group, a one day
+expiry period in the @samp{mail.junk} group, and a six day expiry period
+everywhere else:
+
+@vindex nnmail-expiry-wait-function
+@lisp
+(setq nnmail-expiry-wait-function
+      (lambda (group)
+       (cond ((string= group "mail.private")
+               31)
+             ((string= group "mail.junk")
+               1)
+             ((string= group "important")
+               'never)
+             (t
+               6))))
+@end lisp
+
+The group names that this function is fed are ``unadorned'' group
+names---no @samp{nnml:} prefixes and the like.
+
+The @code{nnmail-expiry-wait} variable and
+@code{nnmail-expiry-wait-function} function can be either a number (not
+necessarily an integer) or the symbols @code{immediate} or
+@code{never}.  
+
+You can also use the @code{expiry-wait} group parameter to selectively
+change the expiry period (@pxref{Group Parameters}).
+
+@vindex nnmail-keep-last-article
+If @code{nnmail-keep-last-article} is non-@code{nil}, Gnus will never
+expire the final article in a mail newsgroup.  This is to make life
+easier for procmail users.
+
+@vindex gnus-total-expirable-newsgroups
+By the way, that line up there about Gnus never expiring non-expirable
+articles is a lie.  If you put @code{total-expire} in the group
+parameters, articles will not be marked as expirable, but all read
+articles will be put through the expiry process.  Use with extreme
+caution.  Even more dangerous is the
+@code{gnus-total-expirable-newsgroups} variable.  All groups that match
+this regexp will have all read articles put through the expiry process,
+which means that @emph{all} old mail articles in the groups in question
+will be deleted after a while.  Use with extreme caution, and don't come
+crying to me when you discover that the regexp you used matched the
+wrong group and all your important mail has disappeared.  Be a
+@emph{man}!  Or a @emph{woman}!  Whatever you feel more comfortable
+with!  So there!
+
+
+@node Duplicates
+@subsection Duplicates
+
+@vindex nnmail-treat-duplicates
+@vindex nnmail-message-id-cache-length
+@vindex nnmail-message-id-cache-file
+@cindex duplicate mails
+If you are a member of a couple of mailing list, you will sometime
+receive two copies of the same mail.  This can be quite annoying, so
+@code{nnmail} checks for and treats any duplicates it might find.  To do
+this, it keeps a cache of old @code{Message-ID}s -
+@code{nnmail-message-id-cache-file}, which is @file{~/.nnmail-cache} by
+default.  The approximate maximum number of @code{Message-ID}s stored
+there is controlled by the @code{nnmail-message-id-cache-length}
+variable, which is 1000 by default. (So 1000 @code{Message-ID}s will be
+stored.) If all this sounds scary to you, you can set
+@code{nnmail-treat-duplicates} to @code{warn} (which is what it is by
+default), and @code{nnmail} won't delete duplicate mails.  Instead it
+will generate a brand new @code{Message-ID} for the mail and insert a
+warning into the head of the mail saying that it thinks that this is a
+duplicate of a different message.  
+
+This variable can also be a function.  If that's the case, the function
+will be called from a buffer narrowed to the message in question with
+the @code{Message-ID} as a parameter.  The function must return either
+@code{nil}, @code{warn}, or @code{delete}.
+
+You can turn this feature off completely by setting the variable to
+@code{nil}.
+
+If you want all the duplicate mails to be put into a special
+@dfn{duplicates} group, you could do that using the normal mail split
+methods:
+
+@lisp
+(setq nnmail-split-fancy
+      '(| ;; Messages duplicates go to a separate group.
+          ("gnus-warning" "duplication of message" "duplicate")
+          ;; Message from daemons, postmaster, and the like to another.
+          (any mail "mail.misc")
+          ;; Other rules.
+          [ ... ] ))
+@end lisp
+
+Or something like:
+@lisp
+(setq nnmail-split-methods 
+      '(("duplicates" "^Gnus-Warning:")
+        ;; Other rules.
+        [...]))
+@end lisp
+
+Here's a neat feature: If you know that the recipient reads her mail
+with Gnus, and that she has @code{nnmail-treat-duplicates} set to
+@code{delete}, you can send her as many insults as you like, just by
+using a @code{Message-ID} of a mail that you know that she's already
+received.  Think of all the fun!  She'll never see any of it!  Whee!
+
+
+@node Not Reading Mail
+@subsection Not Reading Mail
+
+If you start using any of the mail backends, they have the annoying
+habit of assuming that you want to read mail with them.  This might not
+be unreasonable, but it might not be what you want.
+
+If you set @code{nnmail-spool-file} to @code{nil}, none of the backends
+will ever attempt to read incoming mail, which should help.
+
+@vindex nnbabyl-get-new-mail
+@vindex nnmbox-get-new-mail
+@vindex nnml-get-new-mail
+@vindex nnmh-get-new-mail
+@vindex nnfolder-get-new-mail
+This might be too much, if, for instance, you are reading mail quite
+happily with @code{nnml} and just want to peek at some old @sc{rmail}
+file you have stashed away with @code{nnbabyl}.  All backends have
+variables called backend-@code{get-new-mail}.  If you want to disable
+the @code{nnbabyl} mail reading, you edit the virtual server for the
+group to have a setting where @code{nnbabyl-get-new-mail} to @code{nil}.
+
+All the mail backends will call @code{nn}*@code{-prepare-save-mail-hook}
+narrowed to the article to be saved before saving it when reading
+incoming mail.
+
+
+@node Choosing a Mail Backend
+@subsection Choosing a Mail Backend
+
+Gnus will read the mail spool when you activate a mail group.  The mail
+file is first copied to your home directory.  What happens after that
+depends on what format you want to store your mail in.
+
+@menu
+* Unix Mail Box::               Using the (quite) standard Un*x mbox.
+* Rmail Babyl::                 Emacs programs use the rmail babyl format.
+* Mail Spool::                  Store your mail in a private spool?
+* MH Spool::                    An mhspool-like backend.
+* Mail Folders::                Having one file for each group.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Unix Mail Box
+@subsubsection Unix Mail Box
+@cindex nnmbox
+@cindex unix mail box
+
+@vindex nnmbox-active-file
+@vindex nnmbox-mbox-file
+The @dfn{nnmbox} backend will use the standard Un*x mbox file to store
+mail.  @code{nnmbox} will add extra headers to each mail article to say
+which group it belongs in.
+
+Virtual server settings:
+
+@table @code
+@item nnmbox-mbox-file
+@vindex nnmbox-mbox-file
+The name of the mail box in the user's home directory. 
+
+@item nnmbox-active-file
+@vindex nnmbox-active-file
+The name of the active file for the mail box.
+
+@item nnmbox-get-new-mail
+@vindex nnmbox-get-new-mail
+If non-@code{nil}, @code{nnmbox} will read incoming mail and split it
+into groups.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Rmail Babyl
+@subsubsection Rmail Babyl
+@cindex nnbabyl
+@cindex rmail mbox
+
+@vindex nnbabyl-active-file
+@vindex nnbabyl-mbox-file
+The @dfn{nnbabyl} backend will use a babyl mail box (aka. @dfn{rmail
+mbox}) to store mail. @code{nnbabyl} will add extra headers to each mail
+article to say which group it belongs in.
+
+Virtual server settings:
+
+@table @code
+@item nnbabyl-mbox-file
+@vindex nnbabyl-mbox-file
+The name of the rmail mbox file.
+
+@item nnbabyl-active-file
+@vindex nnbabyl-active-file
+The name of the active file for the rmail box.
+
+@item nnbabyl-get-new-mail
+@vindex nnbabyl-get-new-mail
+If non-@code{nil}, @code{nnbabyl} will read incoming mail. 
+@end table
+
+
+@node Mail Spool
+@subsubsection Mail Spool
+@cindex nnml
+@cindex mail @sc{nov} spool
+
+The @dfn{nnml} spool mail format isn't compatible with any other known
+format.  It should be used with some caution.
+
+@vindex nnml-directory
+If you use this backend, Gnus will split all incoming mail into files;
+one file for each mail, and put the articles into the correct
+directories under the directory specified by the @code{nnml-directory}
+variable.  The default value is @file{~/Mail/}.
+
+You do not have to create any directories beforehand; Gnus will take
+care of all that.
+
+If you have a strict limit as to how many files you are allowed to store
+in your account, you should not use this backend.  As each mail gets its
+own file, you might very well occupy thousands of inodes within a few
+weeks.  If this is no problem for you, and it isn't a problem for you
+having your friendly systems administrator walking around, madly,
+shouting ``Who is eating all my inodes?! Who? Who!?!'', then you should
+know that this is probably the fastest format to use.  You do not have
+to trudge through a big mbox file just to read your new mail.
+
+@code{nnml} is probably the slowest backend when it comes to article
+splitting.  It has to create lots of files, and it also generates
+@sc{nov} databases for the incoming mails.  This makes is the fastest
+backend when it comes to reading mail.
+
+Virtual server settings:
+
+@table @code
+@item nnml-directory
+@vindex nnml-directory
+All @code{nnml} directories will be placed under this directory. 
+
+@item nnml-active-file
+@vindex nnml-active-file
+The active file for the @code{nnml} server.
+
+@item nnml-newsgroups-file
+@vindex nnml-newsgroups-file
+The @code{nnml} group descriptions file.  @xref{Newsgroups File
+Format}. 
+
+@item nnml-get-new-mail
+@vindex nnml-get-new-mail
+If non-@code{nil}, @code{nnml} will read incoming mail.
+
+@item nnml-nov-is-evil
+@vindex nnml-nov-is-evil
+If non-@code{nil}, this backend will ignore any @sc{nov} files.  
+
+@item nnml-nov-file-name
+@vindex nnml-nov-file-name
+The name of the @sc{nov} files.  The default is @file{.overview}. 
+
+@item nnml-prepare-save-mail-hook
+@vindex nnml-prepare-save-mail-hook
+Hook run narrowed to an article before saving.
+
+@end table
+
+@findex nnml-generate-nov-databases
+If your @code{nnml} groups and @sc{nov} files get totally out of whack,
+you can do a complete update by typing @kbd{M-x
+nnml-generate-nov-databases}.  This command will trawl through the
+entire @code{nnml} hierarchy, looking at each and every article, so it
+might take a while to complete.
+
+
+@node MH Spool
+@subsubsection MH Spool
+@cindex nnmh
+@cindex mh-e mail spool
+
+@code{nnmh} is just like @code{nnml}, except that is doesn't generate
+@sc{nov} databases and it doesn't keep an active file.  This makes
+@code{nnmh} a @emph{much} slower backend than @code{nnml}, but it also
+makes it easier to write procmail scripts for.
+
+Virtual server settings:
+
+@table @code
+@item nnmh-directory
+@vindex nnmh-directory
+All @code{nnmh} directories will be located under this directory.
+
+@item nnmh-get-new-mail
+@vindex nnmh-get-new-mail
+If non-@code{nil}, @code{nnmh} will read incoming mail.
+
+@item nnmh-be-safe
+@vindex nnmh-be-safe
+If non-@code{nil}, @code{nnmh} will go to ridiculous lengths to make
+sure that the articles in the folder are actually what Gnus thinks they
+are.  It will check date stamps and stat everything in sight, so
+setting this to @code{t} will mean a serious slow-down.  If you never
+use anything but Gnus to read the @code{nnmh} articles, you do not have
+to set this variable to @code{t}.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Mail Folders
+@subsubsection Mail Folders
+@cindex nnfolder
+@cindex mbox folders
+@cindex mail folders
+
+@code{nnfolder} is a backend for storing each mail group in a separate
+file.  Each file is in the standard Un*x mbox format.  @code{nnfolder}
+will add extra headers to keep track of article numbers and arrival
+dates.
+
+Virtual server settings:
+
+@table @code
+@item nnfolder-directory
+@vindex nnfolder-directory
+All the @code{nnfolder} mail boxes will be stored under this directory. 
+
+@item nnfolder-active-file
+@vindex nnfolder-active-file
+The name of the active file.
+
+@item nnfolder-newsgroups-file
+@vindex nnfolder-newsgroups-file
+The name of the group descriptions file.  @xref{Newsgroups File Format}.
+
+@item nnfolder-get-new-mail
+@vindex nnfolder-get-new-mail
+If non-@code{nil}, @code{nnfolder} will read incoming mail.
+@end table
+
+@findex nnfolder-generate-active-file
+@kindex M-x nnfolder-generate-active-file
+If you have lots of @code{nnfolder}-like files you'd like to read with
+@code{nnfolder}, you can use the @kbd{M-x nnfolder-generate-active-file}
+command to make @code{nnfolder} aware of all likely files in
+@code{nnfolder-directory}.
+
+
+@node Other Sources
+@section Other Sources
+
+Gnus can do more than just read news or mail.  The methods described
+below allow Gnus to view directories and files as if they were
+newsgroups.
+
+@menu
+* Directory Groups::   You can read a directory as if it was a newsgroup.
+* Anything Groups::    Dired?  Who needs dired?
+* Document Groups::    Single files can be the basis of a group.
+* SOUP::               Reading @sc{SOUP} packets ``offline''.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Directory Groups
+@subsection Directory Groups
+@cindex nndir
+@cindex directory groups
+
+If you have a directory that has lots of articles in separate files in
+it, you might treat it as a newsgroup.  The files have to have numerical
+names, of course.
+
+This might be an opportune moment to mention @code{ange-ftp}, that most
+wonderful of all wonderful Emacs packages.  When I wrote @code{nndir}, I
+didn't think much about it---a backend to read directories.  Big deal.
+
+@code{ange-ftp} changes that picture dramatically.  For instance, if you
+enter @file{"/ftp.hpc.uh.edu:/pub/emacs/ding-list/"} as the the
+directory name, ange-ftp will actually allow you to read this directory
+over at @samp{sina} as a newsgroup.  Distributed news ahoy!
+
+@code{nndir} will use @sc{nov} files if they are present.
+
+@code{nndir} is a ``read-only'' backend---you can't delete or expire
+articles with this method.  You can use @code{nnmh} or @code{nnml} for
+whatever you use @code{nndir} for, so you could switch to any of those
+methods if you feel the need to have a non-read-only @code{nndir}.
+
+
+@node Anything Groups
+@subsection Anything Groups
+@cindex nneething
+
+From the @code{nndir} backend (which reads a single spool-like
+directory), it's just a hop and a skip to @code{nneething}, which
+pretends that any arbitrary directory is a newsgroup.  Strange, but
+true.
+
+When @code{nneething} is presented with a directory, it will scan this
+directory and assign article numbers to each file.  When you enter such
+a group, @code{nneething} must create ``headers'' that Gnus can use.
+After all, Gnus is a newsreader, in case you're
+forgetting. @code{nneething} does this in a two-step process.  First, it
+snoops each file in question.  If the file looks like an article (i.e.,
+the first few lines look like headers), it will use this as the head.
+If this is just some arbitrary file without a head (eg. a C source
+file), @code{nneething} will cobble up a header out of thin air.  It
+will use file ownership, name and date and do whatever it can with these
+elements.
+
+All this should happen automatically for you, and you will be presented
+with something that looks very much like a newsgroup.  Totally like a
+newsgroup, to be precise.  If you select an article, it will be displayed
+in the article buffer, just as usual.
+
+If you select a line that represents a directory, Gnus will pop you into
+a new summary buffer for this @code{nneething} group.  And so on.  You can
+traverse the entire disk this way, if you feel like, but remember that
+Gnus is not dired, really, and does not intend to be, either.
+
+There are two overall modes to this action---ephemeral or solid.  When
+doing the ephemeral thing (i.e., @kbd{G D} from the group buffer), Gnus
+will not store information on what files you have read, and what files
+are new, and so on.  If you create a solid @code{nneething} group the
+normal way with @kbd{G m}, Gnus will store a mapping table between
+article numbers and file names, and you can treat this group like any
+other groups.  When you activate a solid @code{nneething} group, you will
+be told how many unread articles it contains, etc., etc.
+
+Some variables:
+
+@table @code
+@item nneething-map-file-directory
+@vindex nneething-map-file-directory
+All the mapping files for solid @code{nneething} groups will be stored
+in this directory, which defaults to @file{~/.nneething/}.
+
+@item nneething-exclude-files
+@vindex nneething-exclude-files
+All files that match this regexp will be ignored.  Nice to use to exclude
+auto-save files and the like, which is what it does by default.
+
+@item nneething-map-file
+@vindex nneething-map-file
+Name of the map files.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Document Groups
+@subsection Document Groups
+@cindex nndoc
+@cindex documentation group
+@cindex help group
+
+@code{nndoc} is a cute little thing that will let you read a single file
+as a newsgroup.  Several files types are supported:
+
+@table @code
+@cindex babyl
+@cindex rmail mbox
+
+@item babyl
+The babyl (rmail) mail box.
+@cindex mbox
+@cindex Unix mbox
+
+@item mbox
+The standard Unix mbox file.
+
+@cindex MMDF mail box
+@item mmdf
+The MMDF mail box format.
+
+@item news
+Several news articles appended into a file.
+
+@item rnews
+@cindex rnews batch files
+The rnews batch transport format.
+@cindex forwarded messages
+
+@item forward
+Forwarded articles.
+
+@item mime-digest
+@cindex digest
+@cindex MIME digest
+@cindex 1153 digest
+@cindex RFC 1153 digest
+@cindex RFC 341 digest
+MIME (RFC 1341) digest format.
+
+@item standard-digest
+The standard (RFC 1153) digest format.
+
+@item slack-digest
+Non-standard digest format---matches most things, but does it badly. 
+@end table
+
+You can also use the special ``file type'' @code{guess}, which means
+that @code{nndoc} will try to guess what file type it is looking at.
+@code{digest} means that @code{nndoc} should guess what digest type the
+file is.
+
+@code{nndoc} will not try to change the file or insert any extra headers into
+it---it will simply, like, let you use the file as the basis for a
+group.  And that's it.
+
+If you have some old archived articles that you want to insert into your
+new & spiffy Gnus mail backend, @code{nndoc} can probably help you with
+that.  Say you have an old @file{RMAIL} file with mail that you now want
+to split into your new @code{nnml} groups.  You look at that file using
+@code{nndoc}, set the process mark on all the articles in the buffer
+(@kbd{M P b}, for instance), and then re-spool (@kbd{B r}) using
+@code{nnml}.  If all goes well, all the mail in the @file{RMAIL} file is
+now also stored in lots of @code{nnml} directories, and you can delete
+that pesky @file{RMAIL} file.  If you have the guts!  
+
+Virtual server variables:
+
+@table @code
+@item nndoc-article-type
+@vindex nndoc-article-type
+This should be one of @code{mbox}, @code{babyl}, @code{digest},
+@code{mmdf}, @code{forward}, @code{news}, @code{rnews},
+@code{mime-digest}, @code{clari-briefs}, or @code{guess}.
+
+@item nndoc-post-type
+@vindex nndoc-post-type
+This variable says whether Gnus is to consider the group a news group or
+a mail group.  There are two legal values:  @code{mail} (the default)
+and @code{news}.
+@end table
+
+
+@node SOUP
+@subsection SOUP
+@cindex SOUP
+@cindex offline
+
+In the PC world people often talk about ``offline'' newsreaders.  These
+are thingies that are combined reader/news transport monstrosities.
+With built-in modem programs.  Yecchh!
+
+Of course, us Unix Weenie types of human beans use things like
+@code{uucp} and, like, @code{nntpd} and set up proper news and mail
+transport things like Ghod intended.  And then we just use normal
+newsreaders.  
+
+However, it can sometimes be convenient to do something a that's a bit
+easier on the brain if you have a very slow modem, and you're not really
+that interested in doing things properly.  
+
+A file format called @sc{soup} has been developed for transporting news
+and mail from servers to home machines and back again.  It can be a bit
+fiddly.
+
+@enumerate
+
+@item
+You log in on the server and create a @sc{soup} packet.  You can either
+use a dedicated @sc{soup} thingie, or you can use Gnus to create the
+packet with the @kbd{O s} command.
+
+@item 
+You transfer the packet home.  Rail, boat, car or modem will do fine.
+
+@item
+You put the packet in your home directory.
+
+@item
+You fire up Gnus using the @code{nnsoup} backend as the native server.
+
+@item
+You read articles and mail and answer and followup to the things you
+want.
+
+@item 
+You do the @kbd{G s r} command to pack these replies into a @sc{soup}
+packet.
+
+@item 
+You transfer this packet to the server.  
+
+@item
+You use Gnus to mail this packet out with the @kbd{G s s} command.
+
+@item
+You then repeat until you die.
+
+@end enumerate
+
+So you basically have a bipartite system---you use @code{nnsoup} for
+reading and Gnus for packing/sending these @sc{soup} packets.
+
+@menu
+* SOUP Commands::     Commands for creating and sending @sc{soup} packets
+* SOUP Groups::       A backend for reading @sc{soup} packets.
+* SOUP Replies::      How to enable @code{nnsoup} to take over mail and news.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node SOUP Commands
+@subsubsection SOUP Commands
+
+@table @kbd
+@item G s b
+@kindex G s b (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-brew-soup
+Pack all unread articles in the current group
+(@code{gnus-group-brew-soup}).  This command understands the
+process/prefix convention.
+
+@item G s w
+@kindex G s w (Group)
+@findex gnus-soup-save-areas
+Save all data files (@code{gnus-soup-save-areas}).
+
+@item G s s
+@kindex G s s (Group)
+@findex gnus-soup-send-replies
+Send all replies from the replies packet
+(@code{gnus-soup-send-replies}). 
+
+@item G s p
+@kindex G s p (Group)
+@findex gnus-soup-pack-packet
+Pack all files into a @sc{soup} packet (@code{gnus-soup-pack-packet}). 
+
+@item G s r
+@kindex G s r (Group)
+@findex nnsoup-pack-replies
+Pack all replies into a replies packet (@code{nnsoup-pack-replies}). 
+
+@item O s
+@kindex O s (Summary)
+@findex gnus-soup-add-article
+This summary-mode command adds the current article to a @sc{soup} packet
+(@code{gnus-soup-add-article}).  It understands the process/prefix
+convention. 
+
+@end table
+
+
+There are a few variables to customize where Gnus will put all these
+thingies:  
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-soup-directory
+@vindex gnus-soup-directory
+Directory where Gnus will save intermediate files while composing
+@sc{soup} packets.  The default is @file{~/SoupBrew/}. 
+
+@item gnus-soup-replies-directory
+@vindex gnus-soup-replies-directory
+This is what Gnus will use as a temporary directory while sending our
+reply packets.  The default is @file{~/SoupBrew/SoupReplies/}. 
+
+@item gnus-soup-prefix-file
+@vindex gnus-soup-prefix-file
+Name of the file where Gnus stores the last used prefix.  The default is
+@samp{gnus-prefix}. 
+
+@item gnus-soup-packer
+@vindex gnus-soup-packer
+A format string command for packing a @sc{soup} packet.  The default is
+@samp{tar cf - %s | gzip > $HOME/Soupout%d.tgz}. 
+
+@item gnus-soup-unpacker
+@vindex gnus-soup-unpacker
+Format string command for unpacking a @sc{soup} packet.  The default is
+@samp{gunzip -c %s | tar xvf -}.
+
+@item gnus-soup-packet-directory
+@vindex gnus-soup-packet-directory
+Where Gnus will look for reply packets.  The default is @file{~/}. 
+
+@item gnus-soup-packet-regexp
+@vindex gnus-soup-packet-regexp
+Regular expression matching @sc{soup} reply packets in
+@code{gnus-soup-packet-directory}. 
+
+@end table
+ 
+
+@node SOUP Groups
+@subsubsection @sc{soup} Groups
+@cindex nnsoup
+
+@code{nnsoup} is the backend for reading @sc{soup} packets.  It will
+read incoming packets, unpack them, and put them in a directory where
+you can read them at leisure.
+
+These are the variables you can use to customize its behavior:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item nnsoup-tmp-directory
+@vindex nnsoup-tmp-directory
+When @code{nnsoup} unpacks a @sc{soup} packet, it does it in this
+directory.  (@file{/tmp/} by default.)  
+
+@item nnsoup-directory
+@vindex nnsoup-directory
+@code{nnsoup} then moves each message and index file to this directory.
+The default is @file{~/SOUP/}.
+
+@item nnsoup-replies-directory 
+@vindex nnsoup-replies-directory 
+All replies will stored in this directory before being packed into a
+reply packet.  The default is @file{~/SOUP/replies/"}.
+
+@item nnsoup-replies-format-type
+@vindex nnsoup-replies-format-type
+The @sc{soup} format of the replies packets.  The default is @samp{?n}
+(rnews), and I don't think you should touch that variable.  I probably
+shouldn't even have documented it.  Drats!  Too late!
+
+@item nnsoup-replies-index-type
+@vindex nnsoup-replies-index-type
+The index type of the replies packet.  The is @samp{?n}, which means
+``none''.  Don't fiddle with this one either!
+
+@item nnsoup-active-file
+@vindex nnsoup-active-file
+Where @code{nnsoup} stores lots of information.  This is not an ``active
+file'' in the @code{nntp} sense; it's an Emacs Lisp file.  If you lose
+this file or mess it up in any way, you're dead.  The default is
+@file{~/SOUP/active}.
+
+@item nnsoup-packer
+@vindex nnsoup-packer
+Format string command for packing a reply @sc{soup} packet.  The default
+is @samp{tar cf - %s | gzip > $HOME/Soupin%d.tgz}. 
+
+@item nnsoup-unpacker
+@vindex nnsoup-unpacker
+Format string command for unpacking incoming @sc{soup} packets.  The
+default is @samp{gunzip -c %s | tar xvf -}. 
+
+@item nnsoup-packet-directory
+@vindex nnsoup-packet-directory
+Where @code{nnsoup} will look for incoming packets.  The default is
+@file{~/}.  
+
+@item nnsoup-packet-regexp
+@vindex nnsoup-packet-regexp
+Regular expression matching incoming @sc{soup} packets.  The default is
+@samp{Soupout}. 
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node SOUP Replies
+@subsubsection SOUP Replies
+
+Just using @code{nnsoup} won't mean that your postings and mailings end
+up in @sc{soup} reply packets automagically.  You have to work a bit
+more for that to happen.
+
+@findex nnsoup-set-variables
+The @code{nnsoup-set-variables} command will set the appropriate
+variables to ensure that all your followups and replies end up in the
+@sc{soup} system.
+
+In specific, this is what it does:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-inews-article-function 'nnsoup-request-post)
+(setq send-mail-function 'nnsoup-request-mail)
+@end lisp
+
+And that's it, really.  If you only want news to go into the @sc{soup}
+system you just use the first line.  If you only want mail to be
+@sc{soup}ed you use the second.
+
+
+@node Combined Groups
+@section Combined Groups
+
+Gnus allows combining a mixture of all the other group types into bigger
+groups.
+
+@menu
+* Virtual Groups::     Combining articles from many groups.
+* Kibozed Groups::     Looking through parts of the newsfeed for articles.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Virtual Groups
+@subsection Virtual Groups
+@cindex nnvirtual
+@cindex virtual groups
+
+An @dfn{nnvirtual group} is really nothing more than a collection of
+other groups.
+
+For instance, if you are tired of reading many small group, you can
+put them all in one big group, and then grow tired of reading one
+big, unwieldy group.  The joys of computing!
+
+You specify @code{nnvirtual} as the method.  The address should be a
+regexp to match component groups.
+
+All marks in the virtual group will stick to the articles in the
+component groups.  So if you tick an article in a virtual group, the
+article will also be ticked in the component group from whence it came.
+(And vice versa---marks from the component groups will also be shown in
+the virtual group.)
+
+Here's an example @code{nnvirtual} method that collects all Andrea Dworkin
+newsgroups into one, big, happy newsgroup:
+
+@lisp
+(nnvirtual "^alt\\.fan\\.andrea-dworkin$\\|^rec\\.dworkin.*")
+@end lisp
+
+The component groups can be native or foreign; everything should work
+smoothly, but if your computer explodes, it was probably my fault.
+
+Collecting the same group from several servers might actually be a good
+idea if users have set the Distribution header to limit distribution.
+If you would like to read @samp{soc.motss} both from a server in Japan
+and a server in Norway, you could use the following as the group regexp:
+
+@example
+"^nntp+some.server.jp:soc.motss$\\|^nntp+some.server.no:soc.motss$"
+@end example
+
+This should work kinda smoothly---all articles from both groups should
+end up in this one, and there should be no duplicates.  Threading (and
+the rest) will still work as usual, but there might be problems with the
+sequence of articles.  Sorting on date might be an option here
+(@pxref{Selecting a Group}.
+
+One limitation, however---all groups that are included in a virtual
+group has to be alive (i.e., subscribed or unsubscribed).  Killed or
+zombie groups can't be component groups for @code{nnvirtual} groups.
+
+@vindex nnvirtual-always-rescan
+If the @code{nnvirtual-always-rescan} is non-@code{nil},
+@code{nnvirtual} will always scan groups for unread articles when
+entering a virtual group.  If this variable is @code{nil} (which is the
+default) and you read articles in a component group after the virtual
+group has been activated, the read articles from the component group
+will show up when you enter the virtual group.  You'll also see this
+effect if you have two virtual groups that contain the same component
+group.  If that's the case, you should set this variable to @code{t}.
+Or you can just tap @code{M-g} on the virtual group every time before
+you enter it---it'll have much the same effect.
+
+
+@node Kibozed Groups
+@subsection Kibozed Groups
+@cindex nnkiboze
+@cindex kibozing
+
+@dfn{Kibozing} is defined by @sc{oed} as ``grepping through (parts of)
+the news feed''.  @code{nnkiboze} is a backend that will do this for
+you.  Oh joy!  Now you can grind any @sc{nntp} server down to a halt
+with useless requests!  Oh happiness!
+
+The address field of the @code{nnkiboze} method is, as with
+@code{nnvirtual}, a regexp to match groups to be ``included'' in the
+@code{nnkiboze} group.  There most similarities between @code{nnkiboze}
+and @code{nnvirtual} ends.
+
+In addition to this regexp detailing component groups, an @code{nnkiboze} group
+must have a score file to say what articles that are to be included in
+the group (@pxref{Scoring}).
+
+@kindex M-x nnkiboze-generate-groups
+@findex nnkiboze-generate-groups
+You must run @kbd{M-x nnkiboze-generate-groups} after creating the
+@code{nnkiboze} groups you want to have.  This command will take time.  Lots of
+time.  Oodles and oodles of time.  Gnus has to fetch the headers from
+all the articles in all the components groups and run them through the
+scoring process to determine if there are any articles in the groups
+that are to be part of the @code{nnkiboze} groups.
+
+Please limit the number of component groups by using restrictive
+regexps.  Otherwise your sysadmin may become annoyed with you, and the
+@sc{nntp} site may throw you off and never let you back in again.
+Stranger things have happened.
+
+@code{nnkiboze} component groups do not have to be alive---they can be dead,
+and they can be foreign.  No restrictions.
+
+@vindex nnkiboze-directory
+The generation of an @code{nnkiboze} group means writing two files in
+@code{nnkiboze-directory}, which is @file{~/News/} by default.  One
+contains the @sc{nov} header lines for all the articles in the group,
+and the other is an additional @file{.newsrc} file to store information
+on what groups that have been searched through to find component
+articles.
+
+Articles that are marked as read in the @code{nnkiboze} group will have their
+@sc{nov} lines removed from the @sc{nov} file.
+
+
+@node Scoring
+@chapter Scoring
+@cindex scoring
+
+Other people use @dfn{kill files}, but we here at Gnus Towers like
+scoring better than killing, so we'd rather switch than fight.  They do
+something completely different as well, so sit up straight and pay
+attention!
+
+@vindex gnus-summary-mark-below
+All articles have a default score (@code{gnus-summary-default-score}),
+which is 0 by default.  This score may be raised or lowered either
+interactively or by score files.  Articles that have a score lower than
+@code{gnus-summary-mark-below} are marked as read.
+
+Gnus will read any @dfn{score files} that apply to the current group
+before generating the summary buffer.
+
+There are several commands in the summary buffer that insert score
+entries based on the current article.  You can, for instance, ask Gnus to
+lower or increase the score of all articles with a certain subject.
+
+There are two sorts of scoring entries: Permanent and temporary.
+Temporary score entries are self-expiring entries.  Any entries that are
+temporary and have not been used for, say, a week, will be removed
+silently to help keep the sizes of the score files down.
+
+@menu 
+* Summary Score Commands::   Adding score entries for the current group.
+* Group Score Commands::     General score commands.
+* Score Variables::          Customize your scoring.  (My, what terminology).
+* Score File Format::        What a score file may contain.
+* Score File Editing::       You can edit score files by hand as well.
+* Adaptive Scoring::         Big Sister Gnus *knows* what you read.
+* Followups To Yourself::    Having Gnus notice when people answer you.
+* Scoring Tips::             How to score effectively.
+* Reverse Scoring::          That problem child of old is not problem.
+* Global Score Files::       Earth-spanning, ear-splitting score files.
+* Kill Files::               They are still here, but they can be ignored.
+* GroupLens::                Getting predictions on what you like to read.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Summary Score Commands
+@section Summary Score Commands
+@cindex score commands
+
+The score commands that alter score entries do not actually modify real
+score files.  That would be too inefficient.  Gnus maintains a cache of
+previously loaded score files, one of which is considered the
+@dfn{current score file alist}.  The score commands simply insert
+entries into this list, and upon group exit, this list is saved.
+
+The current score file is by default the group's local score file, even
+if no such score file actually exists.  To insert score commands into
+some other score file (eg. @file{all.SCORE}), you must first make this
+score file the current one.
+
+General score commands that don't actually change the score file:
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item V s
+@kindex V s (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-set-score
+Set the score of the current article (@code{gnus-summary-set-score}).  
+
+@item V S
+@kindex V S (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-current-score
+Display the score of the current article
+(@code{gnus-summary-current-score}).   
+
+@item V t
+@kindex V t (Summary)
+@findex gnus-score-find-trace
+Display all score rules that have been used on the current article
+(@code{gnus-score-find-trace}).   
+
+@item V R
+@cindex V R (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-rescore
+Run the current summary through the scoring process
+(@code{gnus-summary-rescore}).  This might be useful if you're playing
+around with your score files behind Gnus' back and want to see the
+effect you're having.
+
+@item V a
+@kindex V a (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-score-entry
+Add a new score entry, and allow specifying all elements 
+(@code{gnus-summary-score-entry}).
+
+@item V c
+@kindex V c (Summary)
+@findex gnus-score-change-score-file
+Make a different score file the current
+(@code{gnus-score-change-score-file}). 
+
+@item V e
+@kindex V e (Summary)
+@findex gnus-score-edit-current-scores
+Edit the current score file (@code{gnus-score-edit-current-scores}).
+You will be popped into a @code{gnus-score-mode} buffer (@pxref{Score
+File Editing}).
+
+@item V f
+@kindex V f (Summary)
+@findex gnus-score-edit-file
+Edit a score file and make this score file the current one
+(@code{gnus-score-edit-file}).
+
+@item V F
+@kindex V F (Summary)
+@findex gnus-score-flush-cache
+Flush the score cahe (@code{gnus-score-flush-cache}).  This is useful
+after editing score files.
+
+@item V C
+@kindex V C (Summary)
+@findex gnus-score-customize
+Customize a score file in a visually pleasing manner
+(@code{gnus-score-customize}). 
+
+@item I C-i
+@kindex I C-i (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-raise-score
+Increase the score of the current article
+(@code{gnus-summary-raise-score}).
+
+@item L C-l
+@kindex L C-l (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-lower-score
+Lower the score of the current article
+(@code{gnus-summary-lower-score}). 
+@end table
+
+The rest of these commands modify the local score file.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item V m
+@kindex V m (Summary)
+@findex gnus-score-set-mark-below
+Prompt for a score, and mark all articles with a score below this as
+read (@code{gnus-score-set-mark-below}).
+
+@item V E
+@kindex V E (Summary)
+@findex gnus-score-set-expunge-below
+Expunge all articles with a score below the default score (or the
+numeric prefix) (@code{gnus-score-set-expunge-below}).
+@end table
+
+The keystrokes for actually making score entries follow a very regular
+pattern, so there's no need to list all the commands.  (Hundreds of
+them.)  
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+The first key is either @kbd{I} (upper case i) for increasing the score
+or @kbd{L} for lowering the score. 
+@item
+The second key says what header you want to score on.  The following
+keys are available:
+@table @kbd
+
+@item a
+Score on the author name.
+
+@item s
+Score on the subject line.
+
+@item x
+Score on the Xref line---i.e., the cross-posting line.
+
+@item t
+Score on thread---the References line.
+
+@item d
+Score on the date.
+
+@item l
+Score on the number of lines.
+
+@item i
+Score on the Message-ID.
+
+@item f
+Score on followups.
+
+@item b
+Score on the body.
+
+@item h
+Score on the head.
+@end table
+
+@item
+The third key is the match type.  Which match types are legal depends on
+what headers you are scoring on.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item strings 
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item e
+Exact matching.
+
+@item s
+Substring matching.
+
+@item f
+Fuzzy matching.
+
+@item r
+Regexp matching
+@end table
+
+@item date
+@table @kbd
+
+@item b
+Before date.
+
+@item a
+At date.
+
+@item n
+This date.
+@end table
+
+@item number
+@table @kbd
+
+@item <
+Less than number.
+
+@item =
+Equal to number.
+
+@item >
+Greater than number.
+@end table
+@end table
+
+@item 
+The fourth and final key says whether this is a temporary (i.e., expiring)
+score entry, or a permanent (i.e., non-expiring) score entry, or whether
+it is to be done immediately, without adding to the score file.
+@table @kbd
+
+@item t
+Temporary score entry.
+
+@item p
+Permanent score entry.
+
+@item i
+Immediately scoring.
+@end table
+
+@end enumerate
+
+So, let's say you want to increase the score on the current author with
+exact matching permanently: @kbd{I a e p}.  If you want to lower the
+score based on the subject line, using substring matching, and make a
+temporary score entry: @kbd{L s s t}.  Pretty easy.
+
+To make things a bit more complicated, there are shortcuts.  If you use
+a capital letter on either the second or third keys, Gnus will use
+defaults for the remaining one or two keystrokes.  The defaults are
+``substring'' and ``temporary''.  So @kbd{I A} is the same as @kbd{I a s
+t}, and @kbd{I a R} is the same as @kbd{I a r t}.
+
+@vindex gnus-score-mimic-keymap
+The @code{gnus-score-mimic-keymap} says whether these commands will
+pretend they are keymaps or not.
+
+
+@node Group Score Commands
+@section Group Score Commands
+@cindex group score commands
+
+There aren't many of these as yet, I'm afraid.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item W f
+@kindex W f (Group)
+@findex gnus-score-flush-cache
+Gnus maintains a cache of score alists to avoid having to reload them
+all the time.  This command will flush the cache
+(@code{gnus-score-flush-cache}). 
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Score Variables
+@section Score Variables
+@cindex score variables
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-use-scoring
+@vindex gnus-use-scoring
+If @code{nil}, Gnus will not check for score files, and will not, in
+general, do any score-related work.  This is @code{t} by default.
+
+@item gnus-kill-killed
+@vindex gnus-kill-killed
+If this variable is @code{nil}, Gnus will never apply score files to
+articles that have already been through the kill process.  While this
+may save you lots of time, it also means that if you apply a kill file
+to a group, and then change the kill file and want to run it over you
+group again to kill more articles, it won't work.  You have to set this
+variable to @code{t} to do that.  (It is @code{t} by default.)
+
+@item gnus-kill-files-directory
+@vindex gnus-kill-files-directory
+All kill and score files will be stored in this directory, which is
+initialized from the @code{SAVEDIR} environment variable by default.
+This is @file{~/News/} by default.
+
+@item gnus-score-file-suffix
+@vindex gnus-score-file-suffix
+Suffix to add to the group name to arrive at the score file name
+(@samp{SCORE} by default.)
+
+@item gnus-score-uncacheable-files
+@vindex gnus-score-uncacheable-files
+@cindex score cache
+All score files are normally cached to avoid excessive re-loading of
+score files.  However, if this might make you Emacs grow big and
+bloated, so this regexp can be used to weed out score files that are
+unlikely to be needed again.  It would be a bad idea to deny caching of
+@file{all.SCORE}, while it might be a good idea to not cache
+@file{comp.infosystems.www.authoring.misc.ADAPT}.  In fact, this
+variable is @samp{ADAPT$} by default, so no adaptive score files will
+be cached.
+
+@item gnus-save-score
+@vindex gnus-save-score
+If you have really complicated score files, and do lots of batch
+scoring, then you might set this variable to @code{t}.  This will make
+Gnus save the scores into the @file{.newsrc.eld} file.
+
+@item gnus-score-interactive-default-score
+@vindex gnus-score-interactive-default-score
+Score used by all the interactive raise/lower commands to raise/lower
+score with.  Default is 1000, which may seem excessive, but this is to
+ensure that the adaptive scoring scheme gets enough room to play with.
+We don't want the small changes from the adaptive scoring to overwrite
+manually entered data.
+
+@item gnus-summary-default-score
+@vindex gnus-summary-default-score
+Default score of an article, which is 0 by default.
+
+@item gnus-score-over-mark
+@vindex gnus-score-over-mark
+Mark (in the third column) used for articles with a score over the
+default.  Default is @samp{+}.
+
+@item gnus-score-below-mark
+@vindex gnus-score-below-mark
+Mark (in the third column) used for articles with a score below the
+default.  Default is @samp{-}.
+
+@item gnus-score-find-score-files-function
+@vindex gnus-score-find-score-files-function
+Function used to find score files for the current group.  This function
+is called with the name of the group as the argument. 
+
+Predefined functions available are:
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-score-find-single
+@findex gnus-score-find-single
+Only apply the group's own score file.
+
+@item gnus-score-find-bnews
+@findex gnus-score-find-bnews
+Apply all score files that match, using bnews syntax.  This is the
+default.  For instance, if the current group is @samp{gnu.emacs.gnus},
+@file{all.emacs.all.SCORE}, @file{not.alt.all.SCORE} and
+@file{gnu.all.SCORE} would all apply.  In short, the instances of
+@samp{all} in the score file names are translated into @samp{.*}, and
+then a regexp match is done.
+
+This means that if you have some score entries that you want to apply to
+all groups, then you put those entries in the @file{all.SCORE} file. 
+
+@item gnus-score-find-hierarchical
+@findex gnus-score-find-hierarchical
+Apply all score files from all the parent groups.  This means that you
+can't have score files like @file{all.SCORE} or @file{all.emacs.SCORE},
+but you can have @file{SCORE},  @file{comp.SCORE} and
+@file{comp.emacs.SCORE}. 
+
+@end table
+This variable can also be a list of functions.  In that case, all these
+functions will be called, and all the returned lists of score files will
+be applied.  These functions can also return lists of score alists
+directly.  In that case, the functions that return these non-file score
+alists should probably be placed before the ``real'' score file
+functions, to ensure that the last score file returned is the local
+score file.  Phu.
+
+@item gnus-score-expiry-days
+@vindex gnus-score-expiry-days
+This variable says how many days should pass before an unused score file
+entry is expired.  If this variable is @code{nil}, no score file entries
+are expired.  It's 7 by default.
+
+@item gnus-update-score-entry-dates
+@vindex gnus-update-score-entry-dates
+If this variable is non-@code{nil}, matching score entries will have
+their dates updated.  (This is how Gnus controls expiry---all
+non-matching entries will become too old while matching entries will
+stay fresh and young.)  However, if you set this variable to @code{nil},
+even matching entries will grow old and will have to face that oh-so
+grim reaper.  
+
+@item gnus-score-after-write-file-function
+@vindex gnus-score-after-write-file-function
+Function called with the name of the score file just written.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Score File Format
+@section Score File Format
+@cindex score file format
+
+A score file is an @code{emacs-lisp} file that normally contains just a
+single form.  Casual users are not expected to edit these files;
+everything can be changed from the summary buffer.
+
+Anyway, if you'd like to dig into it yourself, here's an example:
+
+@lisp
+(("from"
+  ("Lars Ingebrigtsen" -10000)
+  ("Per Abrahamsen")
+  ("larsi\\|lmi" -50000 nil R))
+ ("subject"
+  ("Ding is Badd" nil 728373))
+ ("xref"
+  ("alt.politics" -1000 728372 s))
+ ("lines"
+  (2 -100 nil <))
+ (mark 0)
+ (expunge -1000)
+ (mark-and-expunge -10)
+ (read-only nil)
+ (orphan -10)
+ (adapt t)
+ (files "/hom/larsi/News/gnu.SCORE")
+ (exclude-files "all.SCORE")
+ (local (gnus-newsgroup-auto-expire t)
+        (gnus-summary-make-false-root 'empty))
+ (eval (ding)))
+@end lisp
+
+This example demonstrates absolutely everything about a score file. 
+
+Even though this looks much like lisp code, nothing here is actually
+@code{eval}ed.  The lisp reader is used to read this form, though, so it
+has to be legal syntactically, if not semantically.
+
+Six keys are supported by this alist:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item STRING
+If the key is a string, it is the name of the header to perform the
+match on.  Scoring can only be performed on these eight headers:
+@code{From}, @code{Subject}, @code{References}, @code{Message-ID},
+@code{Xref}, @code{Lines}, @code{Chars} and @code{Date}.  In addition to
+these headers, there are three strings to tell Gnus to fetch the entire
+article and do the match on larger parts of the article: @code{Body}
+will perform the match on the body of the article, @code{Head} will
+perform the match on the head of the article, and @code{All} will
+perform the match on the entire article.  Note that using any of these
+last three keys will slow down group entry @emph{considerably}.  The
+final ``header'' you can score on is @code{Followup}.  These score
+entries will result in new score entries being added for all follow-ups
+to articles that matches these score entries.
+
+Following this key is a arbitrary number of score entries, where each
+score entry has one to four elements.
+@enumerate
+
+@item 
+The first element is the @dfn{match element}.  On most headers this will
+be a string, but on the Lines and Chars headers, this must be an
+integer. 
+
+@item 
+If the second element is present, it should be a number---the @dfn{score
+element}.  This number should be an integer in the neginf to posinf
+interval.  This number is added to the score of the article if the match
+is successful.  If this element is not present, the
+@code{gnus-score-interactive-default-score} number will be used
+instead.  This is 1000 by default.
+
+@item 
+If the third element is present, it should be a number---the @dfn{date
+element}.  This date says when the last time this score entry matched,
+which provides a mechanism for expiring the score entries.  It this
+element is not present, the score entry is permanent.  The date is
+represented by the number of days since December 31, 1 ce.
+
+@item 
+If the fourth element is present, it should be a symbol---the @dfn{type
+element}.  This element specifies what function should be used to see
+whether this score entry matches the article.  What match types that can
+be used depends on what header you wish to perform the match on.
+@table @dfn
+
+@item From, Subject, References, Xref, Message-ID
+For most header types, there are the @code{r} and @code{R} (regexp) as
+well as @code{s} and @code{S} (substring) types and @code{e} and
+@code{E} (exact match) types.  If this element is not present, Gnus will
+assume that substring matching should be used.  @code{R} and @code{S}
+differ from the other two in that the matches will be done in a
+case-sensitive manner.  All these one-letter types are really just
+abbreviations for the @code{regexp}, @code{string} and @code{exact}
+types, which you can use instead, if you feel like.
+
+@item Lines, Chars
+These two headers use different match types: @code{<}, @code{>},
+@code{=}, @code{>=} and @code{<=}.
+
+@item Date
+For the Date header we have three match types: @code{before}, @code{at}
+and @code{after}.  I can't really imagine this ever being useful, but,
+like, it would feel kinda silly not to provide this function.  Just in
+case.  You never know.  Better safe than sorry.  Once burnt, twice shy.
+Don't judge a book by its cover.  Never not have sex on a first date.
+
+@item Head, Body, All
+These three match keys use the same match types as the @code{From} (etc)
+header uses.
+
+@item Followup
+This match key will add a score entry on all articles that followup to
+some author.  Uses the same match types as the @code{From} header uses.
+
+@item Thread
+This match key will add a score entry on all articles that are part of
+a thread.  Uses the same match types as the @code{References} header
+uses.
+@end table
+@end enumerate
+
+@item mark
+The value of this entry should be a number.  Any articles with a score
+lower than this number will be marked as read.
+
+@item expunge
+The value of this entry should be a number.  Any articles with a score
+lower than this number will be removed from the summary buffer.
+
+@item mark-and-expunge
+The value of this entry should be a number.  Any articles with a score
+lower than this number will be marked as read and removed from the
+summary buffer.
+
+@item thread-mark-and-expunge
+The value of this entry should be a number.  All articles that belong to
+a thread that has a total score below this number will be marked as read
+and removed from the summary buffer.  @code{gnus-thread-score-function}
+says how to compute the total score for a thread.
+
+@item files
+The value of this entry should be any number of file names.  These files
+are assumed to be score files as well, and will be loaded the same way
+this one was.
+
+@item exclude-files
+The clue of this entry should be any number of files.  This files will
+not be loaded, even though they would normally be so, for some reason or
+other. 
+
+@item eval
+The value of this entry will be @code{eval}el.  This element will be
+ignored when handling global score files. 
+
+@item read-only
+Read-only score files will not be updated or saved.  Global score files
+should feature this atom (@pxref{Global Score Files}).
+
+@item orphan
+The value of this entry should be a number.  Articles that do not have
+parents will get this number added to their scores.  Imagine you follow
+some high-volume newsgroup, like @samp{comp.lang.c}.  Most likely you
+will only follow a few of the threads, also want to see any new threads.
+
+You can do this with the following two score file entries:
+
+@example
+	(orphan -500)
+	(mark-and-expunge -100)
+@end example
+
+When you enter the group the first time, you will only see the new
+threads.  You then raise the score of the threads that you find
+interesting (with @kbd{I T} or @kbd{I S}), and ignore (@kbd{C y}) the
+rest.  Next time you enter the group, you will see new articles in the
+interesting threads, plus any new threads.
+
+I.e. -- the orphan score atom is for high-volume groups where there
+exist a few interesting threads which can't be found automatically by
+ordinary scoring rules.
+
+@item adapt
+This entry controls the adaptive scoring.  If it is @code{t}, the
+default adaptive scoring rules will be used.  If it is @code{ignore}, no
+adaptive scoring will be performed on this group.  If it is a list, this
+list will be used as the adaptive scoring rules.  If it isn't present,
+or is something other than @code{t} or @code{ignore}, the default
+adaptive scoring rules will be used.  If you want to use adaptive
+scoring on most groups, you'd set @code{gnus-use-adaptive-scoring} to
+@code{t}, and insert an @code{(adapt ignore)} in the groups where you do
+not want adaptive scoring.  If you only want adaptive scoring in a few
+groups, you'd set @code{gnus-use-adaptive-scoring} to @code{nil}, and
+insert @code{(adapt t)} in the score files of the groups where you want
+it. 
+
+@item adapt-file
+All adaptive score entries will go to the file named by this entry.  It
+will also be applied when entering the group.  This atom might be handy
+if you want to adapt on several groups at once, using the same adaptive
+file for a number of groups.
+
+@item local
+@cindex local variables
+The value of this entry should be a list of @code{(VAR VALUE)} pairs.
+Each @var{var} will be made buffer-local to the current summary buffer,
+and set to the value specified.  This is a convenient, if somewhat
+strange, way of setting variables in some groups if you don't like hooks
+much.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Score File Editing
+@section Score File Editing
+
+You normally enter all scoring commands from the summary buffer, but you
+might feel the urge to edit them by hand as well, so we've supplied you
+with a mode for that.  
+
+It's simply a slightly customized @code{emacs-lisp} mode, with these
+additional commands:
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item C-c C-c
+@kindex C-c C-c (Score)
+@findex gnus-score-edit-done
+Save the changes you have made and return to the summary buffer
+(@code{gnus-score-edit-done}). 
+
+@item C-c C-d
+@kindex C-c C-d (Score)
+@findex gnus-score-edit-insert-date
+Insert the current date in numerical format
+(@code{gnus-score-edit-insert-date}).  This is really the day number, if
+you were wondering.
+
+@item C-c C-p
+@kindex C-c C-p (Score)
+@findex gnus-score-pretty-print
+The adaptive score files are saved in an unformatted fashion.  If you
+intend to read one of these files, you want to @dfn{pretty print} it
+first.  This command (@code{gnus-score-pretty-print}) does that for
+you. 
+
+@end table
+
+Type @kbd{M-x gnus-score-mode} to use this mode.
+
+@vindex gnus-score-mode-hook
+@code{gnus-score-menu-hook} is run in score mode buffers.
+
+In the summary buffer you can use commands like @kbd{V f} and @kbd{V
+e} to begin editing score files.
+
+
+@node Adaptive Scoring
+@section Adaptive Scoring
+@cindex adaptive scoring
+
+If all this scoring is getting you down, Gnus has a way of making it all
+happen automatically---as if by magic.  Or rather, as if by artificial
+stupidity, to be precise.
+
+@vindex gnus-use-adaptive-scoring
+When you read an article, or mark an article as read, or kill an
+article, you leave marks behind.  On exit from the group, Gnus can sniff
+these marks and add score elements depending on what marks it finds.
+You turn on this ability by setting @code{gnus-use-adaptive-scoring} to
+@code{t}. 
+
+@vindex gnus-default-adaptive-score-alist
+To give you complete control over the scoring process, you can customize
+the @code{gnus-default-adaptive-score-alist} variable.  For instance, it
+might look something like this:
+
+@lisp
+(defvar gnus-default-adaptive-score-alist
+  '((gnus-unread-mark)
+    (gnus-ticked-mark (from 4))
+    (gnus-dormant-mark (from 5))
+    (gnus-del-mark (from -4) (subject -1))
+    (gnus-read-mark (from 4) (subject 2))
+    (gnus-expirable-mark (from -1) (subject -1))
+    (gnus-killed-mark (from -1) (subject -3))
+    (gnus-kill-file-mark)
+    (gnus-ancient-mark)
+    (gnus-low-score-mark)
+    (gnus-catchup-mark (from -1) (subject -1))))
+@end lisp
+
+As you see, each element in this alist has a mark as a key (either a
+variable name or a ``real'' mark---a character).  Following this key is
+a arbitrary number of header/score pairs.  If there are no header/score
+pairs following the key, no adaptive scoring will be done on articles
+that have that key as the article mark.  For instance, articles with
+@code{gnus-unread-mark} in the example above will not get adaptive score
+entries.
+
+Each article can have only one mark, so just a single of these rules
+will be applied to each article.
+
+To take @code{gnus-del-mark} as an example---this alist says that all
+articles that have that mark (i.e., are marked with @samp{D}) will have a
+score entry added to lower based on the @code{From} header by -4, and
+lowered by @code{Subject} by -1.  Change this to fit your prejudices. 
+
+If you have marked 10 articles with the same subject with
+@code{gnus-del-mark}, the rule for that mark will be applied ten times.
+That means that that subject will get a score of ten times -1, which
+should be, unless I'm much mistaken, -10.
+
+The headers you can score on are @code{from}, @code{subject},
+@code{message-id}, @code{references}, @code{xref}, @code{lines},
+@code{chars} and @code{date}.  In addition, you can score on
+@code{followup}, which will create an adaptive score entry that matches
+on the @code{References} header using the @code{Message-ID} of the
+current article, thereby matching the following thread.  
+
+You can also score on @code{thread}, which will try to score all
+articles that appear in a thread.  @code{thread} matches uses a
+@code{Message-ID} to match on the @code{References} header of the
+article.  If the match is made, the @code{Message-ID} of the article is
+added to the @code{thread} rule.  (Think about it.  I'd recommend two
+aspirins afterwards.)
+
+If you use this scheme, you should set the score file atom @code{mark}
+to something small---like -300, perhaps, to avoid having small random
+changes result in articles getting marked as read.
+
+After using adaptive scoring for a week or so, Gnus should start to
+become properly trained and enhance the authors you like best, and kill
+the authors you like least, without you having to say so explicitly. 
+
+You can control what groups the adaptive scoring is to be performed on
+by using the score files (@pxref{Score File Format}).  This will also
+let you use different rules in different groups.
+
+@vindex gnus-adaptive-file-suffix
+The adaptive score entries will be put into a file where the name is the
+group name with @code{gnus-adaptive-file-suffix} appended.  The default
+is @samp{ADAPT}.
+
+@vindex gnus-score-exact-adapt-limit
+When doing adaptive scoring, substring or fuzzy matching would probably
+give you the best results in most cases.  However, if the header one
+matches is short, the possibility for false positives is great, so if
+the length of the match is less than
+@code{gnus-score-exact-adapt-limit}, exact matching will be used.  If
+this variable is @code{nil}, exact matching will always be used to avoid
+this problem.
+
+
+@node Followups To Yourself
+@section Followups To Yourself
+
+Gnus offers two commands for picking out the @code{Message-ID} header in
+the current buffer.  Gnus will then add a score rule that scores using
+this @code{Message-ID} on the @code{References} header of other
+articles.  This will, in effect, increase the score of all articles that
+respond to the article in the current buffer.  Quite useful if you want
+to easily note when people answer what you've said.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-score-followup-article
+@findex gnus-score-followup-article
+This will add a score to articles that directly follow up your own
+article. 
+
+@item gnus-score-followup-thread
+@findex gnus-score-followup-thread
+This will add a score to all articles that appear in a thread ``below''
+your own article.
+@end table
+
+@vindex gnus-inews-article-hook
+These two functions are both primarily meant to be used in hooks like
+@code{gnus-inews-article-hook}.  
+
+
+@node Scoring Tips
+@section Scoring Tips
+@cindex scoring tips
+
+@table @dfn
+
+@item Crossposts
+@cindex crossposts
+@cindex scoring crossposts
+If you want to lower the score of crossposts, the line to match on is
+the @code{Xref} header.
+@lisp
+("xref" (" talk.politics.misc:" -1000))
+@end lisp
+
+@item Multiple crossposts
+If you want to lower the score of articles that have been crossposted to
+more than, say, 3 groups:
+@lisp
+("xref" ("[^:\n]+:[0-9]+ +[^:\n]+:[0-9]+ +[^:\n]+:[0-9]+" -1000 nil r))
+@end lisp
+
+@item Matching on the body
+This is generally not a very good idea---it takes a very long time.
+Gnus actually has to fetch each individual article from the server.  But
+you might want to anyway, I guess.  Even though there are three match
+keys (@code{Head}, @code{Body} and @code{All}), you should choose one
+and stick with it in each score file.  If you use any two, each article
+will be fetched @emph{twice}.  If you want to match a bit on the
+@code{Head} and a bit on the @code{Body}, just use @code{All} for all
+the matches.  
+
+@item Marking as read
+You will probably want to mark articles that has a score below a certain
+number as read.  This is most easily achieved by putting the following
+in your @file{all.SCORE} file:
+@lisp
+((mark -100))
+@end lisp
+You may also consider doing something similar with @code{expunge}.  
+
+@item Negated character classes
+If you say stuff like @code{[^abcd]*}, you may get unexpected results.
+That will match newlines, which might lead to, well, The Unknown.  Say
+@code{[^abcd\n]*} instead.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Reverse Scoring
+@section Reverse Scoring
+@cindex reverse scoring
+
+If you want to keep just articles that have @samp{Sex with Emacs} in the
+subject header, and expunge all other articles, you could put something
+like this in your score file:
+
+@lisp
+(("subject"
+  ("Sex with Emacs" 2))
+ (mark 1)
+ (expunge 1))
+@end lisp
+
+So, you raise all articles that match @samp{Sex with Emacs} and mark the
+rest as read, and expunge them to boot.
+
+
+@node Global Score Files
+@section Global Score Files
+@cindex global score files
+
+Sure, other newsreaders have ``global kill files''.  These are usually
+nothing more than a single kill file that applies to all groups, stored
+in the user's home directory.  Bah!  Puny, weak newsreaders!
+
+What I'm talking about here are Global Score Files.  Score files from
+all over the world, from users everywhere, uniting all nations in one
+big, happy score file union!  Ange-score!  New and untested!
+
+@vindex gnus-global-score-files
+All you have to do to use other people's score files is to set the
+@code{gnus-global-score-files} variable.  One entry for each score file,
+or each score file directory.  Gnus will decide by itself what score
+files are applicable to which group.
+
+Say you want to use all score files in the
+@file{/ftp@@ftp.some-where:/pub/score} directory and the single score
+file @file{/ftp@@ftp.ifi.uio.no:/pub/larsi/ding/score/soc.motss.SCORE}:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-global-score-files
+      '("/ftp@@ftp.ifi.uio.no:/pub/larsi/ding/score/soc.motss.SCORE"
+        "/ftp@@ftp.some-where:/pub/score/"))
+@end lisp
+
+@findex gnus-score-search-global-directories
+Simple, eh?  Directory names must end with a @samp{/}.  These
+directories are typically scanned only once during each Gnus session.
+If you feel the need to manually re-scan the remote directories, you can
+use the @code{gnus-score-search-global-directories} command.
+
+Note that, at present, using this option will slow down group entry
+somewhat.  (That is---a lot.)
+
+If you want to start maintaining score files for other people to use,
+just put your score file up for anonymous ftp and announce it to the
+world.  Become a retro-moderator!  Participate in the retro-moderator
+wars sure to ensue, where retro-moderators battle it out for the
+sympathy of the people, luring them to use their score files on false
+premises!  Yay!  The net is saved!
+
+Here are some tips for the would-be retro-moderator, off the top of my
+head: 
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item 
+Articles that are heavily crossposted are probably junk. 
+@item
+To lower a single inappropriate article, lower by @code{Message-ID}.
+@item
+Particularly brilliant authors can be raised on a permanent basis. 
+@item
+Authors that repeatedly post off-charter for the group can safely be
+lowered out of existence.
+@item
+Set the @code{mark} and @code{expunge} atoms to obliterate the nastiest
+articles completely.
+
+@item 
+Use expiring score entries to keep the size of the file down.  You
+should probably have a long expiry period, though, as some sites keep
+old articles for a long time.
+@end itemize
+
+... I wonder whether other newsreaders will support global score files
+in the future.  @emph{Snicker}.  Yup, any day now, newsreaders like Blue
+Wave, xrn and 1stReader are bound to implement scoring.  Should we start
+holding our breath yet?
+
+
+@node Kill Files
+@section Kill Files
+@cindex kill files
+
+Gnus still supports those pesky old kill files.  In fact, the kill file
+entries can now be expiring, which is something I wrote before Daniel
+Quinlan thought of doing score files, so I've left the code in there.
+
+In short, kill processing is a lot slower (and I do mean @emph{a lot})
+than score processing, so it might be a good idea to rewrite your kill
+files into score files.
+
+Anyway, a kill file is a normal @code{emacs-lisp} file.  You can put any
+forms into this file, which means that you can use kill files as some
+sort of primitive hook function to be run on group entry, even though
+that isn't a very good idea.
+
+XCNormal kill files look like this:
+
+@lisp
+(gnus-kill "From" "Lars Ingebrigtsen")
+(gnus-kill "Subject" "ding")
+(gnus-expunge "X")
+@end lisp
+
+This will mark every article written by me as read, and remove them from
+the summary buffer.  Very useful, you'll agree.
+
+Other programs use a totally different kill file syntax.  If Gnus
+encounters what looks like a @code{rn} kill file, it will take a stab at
+interpreting it. 
+
+Two summary functions for editing a GNUS kill file:
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item M-k
+@kindex M-k (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-edit-local-kill
+Edit this group's kill file (@code{gnus-summary-edit-local-kill}).
+
+@item M-K
+@kindex M-K (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-edit-global-kill
+Edit the general kill file (@code{gnus-summary-edit-global-kill}).
+@end table
+
+Two group mode functions for editing the kill files:
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item M-k
+@kindex M-k (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-edit-local-kill
+Edit this group's kill file (@code{gnus-group-edit-local-kill}).
+
+@item M-K
+@kindex M-K (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-edit-global-kill
+Edit the general kill file (@code{gnus-group-edit-global-kill}).
+@end table
+
+Kill file variables:
+
+@table @code
+@item gnus-kill-file-name
+@vindex gnus-kill-file-name
+A kill file for the group @samp{soc.motss} is normally called
+@file{soc.motss.KILL}.  The suffix appended to the group name to get
+this file name is detailed by the @code{gnus-kill-file-name} variable.
+The ``global'' kill file (not in the score file sense of ``global'', of
+course) is called just @file{KILL}.
+
+@vindex gnus-kill-save-kill-file
+@item gnus-kill-save-kill-file
+If this variable is non-@code{nil}, Gnus will save the
+kill file after processing, which is necessary if you use expiring
+kills. 
+
+@item gnus-apply-kill-hook
+@vindex gnus-apply-kill-hook
+@findex gnus-apply-kill-file-unless-scored
+@findex gnus-apply-kill-file
+A hook called to apply kill files to a group.  It is
+@code{(gnus-apply-kill-file)} by default.  If you want to ignore the
+kill file if you have a score file for the same group, you can set this
+hook to @code{(gnus-apply-kill-file-unless-scored)}.  If you don't want
+kill files to be processed, you should set this variable to @code{nil}.
+
+@item gnus-kill-file-mode-hook
+@vindex gnus-kill-file-mode-hook
+A hook called in kill-file mode buffers.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node GroupLens
+@section GroupLens
+@cindex GroupLens
+
+GroupLens is a collaborative filtering system that helps you work
+together with other people to find the quality news articles out of the
+huge volume of news articles generated every day.
+
+To accomplish this the GroupLens system combines your opinions about
+articles you have already read with the opinions of others who have done
+likewise and gives you a personalized prediction for each unread news
+article.  Think of GroupLens as a matchmaker.  GroupLens watches how you
+rate articles, and finds other people that rate articles the same way.
+Once it has found for you some people you agree with it tells you, in
+the form of a prediction, what they thought of the article.  You can use
+this prediction to help you decide whether or not you want to read the
+article.
+
+@menu
+* Using GroupLens::          How to make Gnus use GroupLens.
+* Rating Articles::          Letting GroupLens know how you rate articles.
+* Displaying Predictions::   Displaying predictions given by GroupLens.
+* GroupLens Variables::      Customizing GroupLens.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Using GroupLens
+@subsection Using GroupLens
+
+To use GroupLens you must register a pseudonym with your local Better
+Bit Bureau (BBB).  At the moment the only better bit in town is at
+@samp{http://www.cs.umn.edu/Research/GroupLens/bbb.html}.
+
+Once you have registered you'll need to set a couple of variables.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-use-grouplens
+@vindex gnus-use-grouplens
+Setting this variable to a non-@code{nil} value will make Gnus hook into
+all the relevant GroupLens functions.
+
+@item grouplens-pseudonym
+@vindex grouplens-pseudonym
+This variable should be set to the pseudonum you got when registering
+with the Better Bit Bureau.
+
+@item grouplens-newsgroups
+@vindex grouplens-newsgroups
+A list of groups that you want to get GroupLens predictions for. 
+
+@end table
+
+Thats the minimum of what you need to get up and running with GroupLens.
+Once you've registered, GroupLens will start giving you scores for
+articles based on the average of what other people think.  But, to get
+the real benefit of GroupLens you need to start rating articles
+yourself.  Then the scores GroupLens gives you will be personalized for
+you, based on how the people you usually agree with have already rated.
+
+
+@node Rating Articles
+@subsection Rating Articles
+
+In GroupLens, an article is rated on a scale from 1 to 5, inclusive.
+Where 1 means something like this article is a waste of bandwidth and 5
+means that the article was really good.  The basic question to ask
+yourself is, "on a scale from 1 to 5 would I like to see more articles
+like this one?"
+
+There are four ways to enter a rating for an article in GroupLens.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item r
+@kindex r (GroupLens)
+@findex bbb-summary-rate-article
+This function will prompt you for a rating on a scale of one to five.
+
+@item k
+@kindex k (GroupLens)
+@findex grouplens-score-thread
+This function will prompt you for a rating, and rate all the articles in
+the thread.  This is really useful for some of those long running giant
+threads in rec.humor.
+
+@end table
+
+The next two commands, @kbd{n} and @kbd{,} take a numerical prefix to be
+the score of the article you're reading.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item 1-5 n
+@kindex n (GroupLens)
+@findex grouplens-next-unread-article
+Rate the article and go to the next unread article.
+
+@item 1-5 ,
+@kindex , (GroupLens)
+@findex grouplens-best-unread-article
+Rate the article and go to the next unread article with the highest score.
+
+@end table
+
+If you want to give the current article a score of 4 and then go to the
+next article, just type @kbd{4 n}.
+
+
+@node Displaying Predictions
+@subsection Displaying Predictions
+
+GroupLens makes a prediction for you about how much you will like a
+news article.  The predictions from GroupLens are on a scale from 1 to
+5, where 1 is the worst and 5 is the best.  You can use the predictions
+from GroupLens in one of three ways controlled by the variable
+@code{gnus-grouplens-override-scoring}.
+
+@vindex gnus-grouplens-override-scoring
+There are three ways to display predictions in grouplens.  You may
+choose to have the GroupLens scores contribute to, or override the
+regular gnus scoring mechanism. override is the default; however, some
+people prefer to see the Gnus scores plus the grouplens scores.  To get
+the separate scoring behavior you need to set
+@code{gnus-grouplens-override-scoring} to @code{'separate}.  To have the
+GroupLens predictions combined with the grouplens scores set it to
+@code{'override} and to combine the scores set
+@code{gnus-grouplens-override-scoring} to @code{'combine}.  When you use
+the combine option you will also want to set the values for
+@code{grouplens-prediction-offset} and
+@code{grouplens-score-scale-factor}.
+
+@vindex grouplens-prediction-display
+In either case, GroupLens gives you a few choices for how you would like
+to see your predictions displayed.  The display of predictions is
+controlled by the @code{grouplens-prediction-display} variable.
+
+The following are legal values for that variable.
+
+@table @code
+@item prediction-spot
+The higher the prediction, the further to the right an @samp{*} is
+displayed. 
+
+@item confidence-interval
+A numeric confidence interval.
+
+@item prediction-bar
+The higher the prediction, the longer the bar.
+
+@item confidence-bar
+Numerical confidence.
+
+@item confidence-spot
+The spot gets bigger with more confidence.
+
+@item prediction-num
+Plain-old numeric value.
+
+@item confidence-plus-minus
+Prediction +/i confidence.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node GroupLens Variables
+@subsection GroupLens Variables
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-summary-grouplens-line-format
+The summary line format used in summary buffers that are GroupLens
+enhanced.  It accepts the same specs as the normal summary line format
+(@pxref{Summary Buffer Lines}).  The default is
+@samp{%U%R%z%l%I%(%[%4L: %-20,20n%]%) %s\n}.
+
+@item grouplens-bbb-host
+Host running the bbbd server.  The default is
+@samp{grouplens.cs.umn.edu}. 
+
+@item grouplens-bbb-port
+Port of the host running the bbbd server.  The default is 9000.
+
+@item grouplens-score-offset
+Offset the prediction by this value.  In other words, subtract the
+prediction value by this number to arrive at the effective score.  The
+default is 0.
+
+@item grouplens-score-scale-factor 
+This variable allows the user to magnify the effect of GroupLens scores.
+The scale factor is applied after the offset.  The default is 1.
+
+@end table
+
+
+
+@node Various
+@chapter Various
+
+@menu
+* Process/Prefix::             A convention used by many treatment commands.
+* Interactive::                Making Gnus ask you many questions.
+* Formatting Variables::       You can specify what buffers should look like.
+* Windows Configuration::      Configuring the Gnus buffer windows.
+* Compilation::                How to speed Gnus up.
+* Mode Lines::                 Displaying information in the mode lines.
+* Highlighting and Menus::     Making buffers look all nice and cozy.
+* Buttons::                    Get tendonitis in ten easy steps!
+* Daemons::                    Gnus can do things behind your back.
+* NoCeM::                      How to avoid spam and other fatty foods.
+* Picons::                     How to display pictures of what your reading.
+* Various Various::            Things that are really various.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Process/Prefix
+@section Process/Prefix
+@cindex process/prefix convention
+
+Many functions, among them functions for moving, decoding and saving
+articles, use what is known as the @dfn{Process/Prefix convention}.
+
+This is a method for figuring out what articles that the user wants the
+command to be performed on.
+
+It goes like this:
+
+If the numeric prefix is N, perform the operation on the next N
+articles, starting with the current one.  If the numeric prefix is
+negative, perform the operation on the previous N articles, starting
+with the current one.
+
+@vindex transient-mark-mode
+If @code{transient-mark-mode} in non-@code{nil} and the region is
+active, all articles in the region will be worked upon.
+
+If there is no numeric prefix, but some articles are marked with the
+process mark, perform the operation on the articles that are marked with
+the process mark.
+
+If there is neither a numeric prefix nor any articles marked with the
+process mark, just perform the operation on the current article.
+
+Quite simple, really, but it needs to be made clear so that surprises
+are avoided.
+
+@vindex gnus-summary-goto-unread
+One thing that seems to shock & horrify lots of people is that, for
+instance, @kbd{3 d} does exactly the same as @kbd{d} @kbd{d} @kbd{d}.
+Since each @kbd{d} (which marks the current article as read) by default
+goes to the next unread article after marking, this means that @kbd{3 d}
+will mark the next three unread articles as read, no matter what the
+summary buffer looks like.  Set @code{gnus-summary-goto-unread} to
+@code{nil} for a more straightforward action.
+
+
+@node Interactive
+@section Interactive
+@cindex interaction
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-novice-user
+@vindex gnus-novice-user
+If this variable is non-@code{nil}, you are either a newcomer to the
+World of Usenet, or you are very cautious, which is a nice thing to be,
+really.  You will be given questions of the type ``Are you sure you want
+to do this?'' before doing anything dangerous.  This is @code{t} by
+default.
+
+@item gnus-expert-user
+@vindex gnus-expert-user
+If this variable is non-@code{nil}, you will never ever be asked any
+questions by Gnus.  It will simply assume you know what you're doing, no
+matter how strange.
+
+@item gnus-interactive-catchup
+@vindex gnus-interactive-catchup
+Require confirmation before catching up a group if non-@code{nil}.  It
+is @code{t} by default.
+
+@item gnus-interactive-exit
+@vindex gnus-interactive-exit
+Require confirmation before exiting Gnus.  This variable is @code{t} by
+default. 
+@end table
+
+
+@node Formatting Variables
+@section Formatting Variables
+@cindex formatting variables
+
+Throughout this manual you've probably noticed lots of variables that
+are called things like @code{gnus-group-line-format} and
+@code{gnus-summary-mode-line-format}.  These control how Gnus is to
+output lines in the various buffers.  There's quite a lot of them.
+Fortunately, they all use the same syntax, so there's not that much to
+be annoyed by.
+
+Here's an example format spec (from the group buffer): @samp{%M%S%5y:
+%(%g%)\n}.  We see that it is indeed extremely ugly, and that there are
+lots of percentages everywhere.  
+
+Each @samp{%} element will be replaced by some string or other when the
+buffer in question is generated.  @samp{%5y} means ``insert the @samp{y}
+spec, and pad with spaces to get a 5-character field''.  Just like a
+normal format spec, almost.
+
+You can also say @samp{%6,4y}, which means that the field will never be
+more than 6 characters wide and never less than 4 characters wide.
+
+There are also specs for highlighting, and these are shared by all the
+format variables.  Text inside the @samp{%(} and @samp{%)} specifiers
+will get the special @code{mouse-face} property set, which means that it
+will be highlighted (with @code{gnus-mouse-face}) when you put the mouse
+pointer over it.
+
+Text inside the @samp{%[} and @samp{%]} specifiers will have their
+normal faces set using @code{gnus-face-0}, which is @code{bold} by
+default.  If you say @samp{%1[} instead, you'll get @code{gnus-face-1}
+instead, and so on.  Create as many faces as you wish.  The same goes
+for the @code{mouse-face} specs---you can say @samp{%3(hello%)} to have
+@samp{hello} mouse-highlighted with @code{gnus-mouse-face-3}.
+
+Here's an alternative recipe for the group buffer:
+
+@lisp
+;; Create three face types.
+(setq gnus-face-1 'bold)
+(setq gnus-face-3 'italic)
+
+;; We want the article count to be in 
+;; a bold and green face.  So we create 
+;; a new face called `my-green-bold'.
+(copy-face 'bold 'my-green-bold)
+;; Set the color.
+(set-face-foreground 'my-green-bold "ForestGreen")
+(setq gnus-face-2 'my-green-bold)
+
+;; Set the new & fancy format.
+(setq gnus-group-line-format 
+      "%M%S%3@{%5y%@}%2[:%] %(%1@{%g%@}%)\n")
+@end lisp
+
+I'm sure you'll be able to use this scheme to create totally unreadable
+and extremely vulgar displays.  Have fun!
+
+Currently Gnus uses the following formatting variables:
+@code{gnus-group-line-format}, @code{gnus-summary-line-format},
+@code{gnus-server-line-format}, @code{gnus-topic-line-format},
+@code{gnus-group-mode-line-format},
+@code{gnus-summary-mode-line-format},
+@code{gnus-article-mode-line-format},
+@code{gnus-server-mode-line-format}. 
+
+Note that the @samp{%(} specs (and friends) do not make any sense on the
+mode-line variables.
+
+All these format variables can also be arbitrary elisp forms.  In that
+case, they will be @code{eval}ed to insert the required lines.
+
+@kindex M-x gnus-update-format
+@findex gnus-update-format
+Gnus includes a command to help you while creating your own format
+specs.  @kbd{M-x gnus-update-format} will @code{eval} the current form,
+update the spec in question and pop you to a buffer where you can
+examine the resulting lisp code to be run to generate the line.  
+
+
+@node Windows Configuration
+@section Windows Configuration
+@cindex windows configuration
+
+No, there's nothing here about X, so be quiet.
+
+@vindex gnus-use-full-window
+If @code{gnus-use-full-window} non-@code{nil}, Gnus will delete all
+other windows and occupy the entire Emacs screen by itself.  It is
+@code{t} by default.
+
+@vindex gnus-buffer-configuration
+@code{gnus-buffer-configuration} describes how much space each Gnus
+buffer should be given.  Here's an excerpt of this variable:
+
+@lisp
+((group (vertical 1.0 (group 1.0 point)
+                      (if gnus-carpal (group-carpal 4))))
+ (article (vertical 1.0 (summary 0.25 point) 
+                        (article 1.0))))
+@end lisp
+
+This is an alist.  The @dfn{key} is a symbol that names some action or
+other.  For instance, when displaying the group buffer, the window
+configuration function will use @code{group} as the key.  A full list of
+possible names is listed below.
+
+The @dfn{value} (i. e., the @dfn{split}) says how much space each buffer
+should occupy.  To take the @code{article} split as an example -
+
+@lisp
+(article (vertical 1.0 (summary 0.25 point)
+                       (article 1.0)))
+@end lisp
+
+This @dfn{split} says that the summary buffer should occupy 25% of upper
+half of the screen, and that it is placed over the article buffer.  As
+you may have noticed, 100% + 25% is actually 125% (yup, I saw y'all
+reaching for that calculator there).  However, the special number
+@code{1.0} is used to signal that this buffer should soak up all the
+rest of the space available after the rest of the buffers have taken
+whatever they need.  There should be only one buffer with the @code{1.0}
+size spec per split.
+
+Point will be put in the buffer that has the optional third element
+@code{point}. 
+
+Here's a more complicated example:
+
+@lisp
+(article (vertical 1.0 (group 4)
+                       (summary 0.25 point)
+                       (if gnus-carpal (summary-carpal 4))
+                       (article 1.0)))
+@end lisp
+
+If the size spec is an integer instead of a floating point number, 
+then that number will be used to say how many lines a buffer should
+occupy, not a percentage.
+
+If the @dfn{split} looks like something that can be @code{eval}ed (to be
+precise---if the @code{car} of the split is a function or a subr), this
+split will be @code{eval}ed.  If the result is non-@code{nil}, it will
+be used as a split.  This means that there will be three buffers if
+@code{gnus-carpal} is @code{nil}, and four buffers if @code{gnus-carpal}
+is non-@code{nil}.
+
+Not complicated enough for you?  Well, try this on for size:
+
+@lisp
+(article (horizontal 1.0 
+             (vertical 0.5
+                 (group 1.0)
+                 (gnus-carpal 4))
+             (vertical 1.0
+                 (summary 0.25 point)
+                 (summary-carpal 4)
+                 (article 1.0))))
+@end lisp
+
+Whoops.  Two buffers with the mystery 100% tag.  And what's that
+@code{horizontal} thingie?  
+
+If the first element in one of the split is @code{horizontal}, Gnus will
+split the window horizontally, giving you two windows side-by-side.
+Inside each of these strips you may carry on all you like in the normal
+fashion.  The number following @code{horizontal} says what percentage of
+the screen is to be given to this strip.
+
+For each split, there @emph{must} be one element that has the 100% tag.
+The splitting is never accurate, and this buffer will eat any leftover
+lines from the splits.
+
+To be slightly more formal, here's a definition of what a legal split
+may look like:
+
+@example
+split       = frame | horizontal | vertical | buffer | form
+frame       = "(frame " size *split ")"
+horizontal  = "(horizontal " size *split ")"
+vertical    = "(vertical " size *split ")"
+buffer      = "(" buffer-name " " size *[ "point" ] ")"
+size        = number | frame-params
+buffer-name = group | article | summary ...
+@end example
+
+The limitations are that the @code{frame} split can only appear as the
+top-level split.  @var{form} should be an Emacs Lisp form that should
+return a valid split.  We see that each split is fully recursive, and
+may contain any number of @code{vertical} and @code{horizontal} splits. 
+
+@vindex gnus-window-min-width
+@vindex gnus-window-min-height
+@cindex window height
+@cindex window width
+Finding the right sizes can be a bit complicated.  No window may be less
+than @code{gnus-window-min-height} (default 2) characters high, and all
+windows must be at least @code{gnus-window-min-width} (default 1)
+characters wide.  Gnus will try to enforce this before applying the
+splits.  If you want to use the normal Emacs window width/height limit,
+you can just set these two variables to @code{nil}.
+
+If you're not familiar with Emacs terminology, @code{horizontal} and
+@code{vertical} splits may work the opposite way of what you'd expect.
+Windows inside a @code{horizontal} split are shown side-by-side, and
+windows within a @code{vertical} split are shown above each other.
+
+@findex gnus-configure-frame
+If you want to experiment with window placement, a good tip is to call
+@code{gnus-configure-frame} directly with a split.  This is the function
+that does all the real work when splitting buffers.  Below is a pretty
+nonsensical configuration with 5 windows; two for the group buffer and
+three for the article buffer.  (I said it was nonsensical.)  If you
+@code{eval} the statement below, you can get an idea of how that would
+look straight away, without going through the normal Gnus channels.
+Play with it until you're satisfied, and then use
+@code{gnus-add-configuration} to add your new creation to the buffer
+configuration list. 
+
+@lisp
+(gnus-configure-frame
+ '(horizontal 1.0
+    (vertical 10
+      (group 1.0)
+      (article 0.3 point))
+    (vertical 1.0
+      (article 1.0)
+      (horizontal 4
+        (group 1.0)
+        (article 10)))))
+@end lisp
+
+You might want to have several frames as well.  No prob---just use the
+@code{frame} split:
+
+@lisp
+(gnus-configure-frame
+ '(frame 1.0
+         (vertical 1.0
+                   (summary 0.25 point)
+                   (article 1.0))
+         (vertical ((height . 5) (width . 15)
+                    (user-position . t)
+                    (left . -1) (top . 1))
+                   (picon 1.0))))
+
+@end lisp
+
+This split will result in the familiar summary/article window
+configuration in the first (or ``main'') frame, while a small additional
+frame will be created where picons will be shown.  As you can see,
+instead of the normal @code{1.0} top-level spec, each additional split
+should have a frame parameter alist as the size spec.
+@xref{Frame Parameters, , Frame Parameters, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp
+Reference Manual}.
+
+Here's a list of all possible keys for
+@code{gnus-buffer-configuration}:
+
+@code{group}, @code{summary}, @code{article}, @code{server},
+@code{browse}, @code{group-mail}, @code{summary-mail},
+@code{summary-reply}, @code{info}, @code{summary-faq},
+@code{edit-group}, @code{edit-server}, @code{reply}, @code{reply-yank},
+@code{followup}, @code{followup-yank}, @code{edit-score}.  
+
+@findex gnus-add-configuration
+Since the @code{gnus-buffer-configuration} variable is so long and
+complicated, there's a function you can use to ease changing the config
+of a single setting: @code{gnus-add-configuration}.  If, for instance,
+you want to change the @code{article} setting, you could say:
+
+@lisp
+(gnus-add-configuration
+ '(article (vertical 1.0
+               (group 4)
+               (summary .25 point)
+               (article 1.0))))
+@end lisp
+
+You'd typically stick these @code{gnus-add-configuration} calls in your
+@file{.gnus} file or in some startup hook -- they should be run after
+Gnus has been loaded.
+
+
+@node Compilation 
+@section Compilation 
+@cindex compilation
+@cindex byte-compilation
+
+@findex gnus-compile
+
+Remember all those line format specification variables?
+@code{gnus-summary-line-format}, @code{gnus-group-line-format}, and so
+on.  Now, Gnus will of course heed whatever these variables are, but,
+unfortunately, changing them will mean a quite significant slow-down.
+(The default values of these variables have byte-compiled functions
+associated with them, while the user-generated versions do not, of
+course.) 
+
+To help with this, you can run @kbd{M-x gnus-compile} after you've
+fiddled around with the variables and feel that you're (kind of)
+satisfied.  This will result in the new specs being byte-compiled, and
+you'll get top speed again.
+
+
+@node Mode Lines
+@section Mode Lines
+@cindex mode lines
+
+@vindex gnus-updated-mode-lines
+@code{gnus-updated-mode-lines} says what buffers should keep their mode
+lines updated.  It is a list of symbols.  Supported symbols include
+@code{group}, @code{article}, @code{summary}, @code{server},
+@code{browse}, and @code{tree}.  If the corresponding symbol is present,
+Gnus will keep that mode line updated with information that may be
+pertinent.  If this variable is @code{nil}, screen refresh may be
+quicker.
+
+@cindex display-time
+
+@vindex gnus-mode-non-string-length
+By default, Gnus displays information on the current article in the mode
+lines of the summary and article buffers.  The information Gnus wishes
+to display (eg. the subject of the article) is often longer than the
+mode lines, and therefore have to be cut off at some point.  The
+@code{gnus-mode-non-string-length} variable says how long the other
+elements on the line is (i.e., the non-info part).  If you put
+additional elements on the mode line (eg. a clock), you should modify
+this variable:
+
+@c Hook written by Francesco Potorti` <pot@cnuce.cnr.it>
+@lisp
+(add-hook 'display-time-hook
+          (lambda () (setq gnus-mode-non-string-length
+                           (+ 21
+                              (if line-number-mode 5 0)
+                              (if column-number-mode 4 0)
+                              (length display-time-string)))))
+@end lisp
+
+If this variable is @code{nil} (which is the default), the mode line
+strings won't be chopped off, and they won't be padded either.
+
+
+@node Highlighting and Menus
+@section Highlighting and Menus
+@cindex visual
+@cindex highlighting
+@cindex menus
+
+@vindex gnus-visual
+The @code{gnus-visual} variable controls most of the prettifying Gnus
+aspects.  If @code{nil}, Gnus won't attempt to create menus or use fancy
+colors or fonts.  This will also inhibit loading the @file{gnus-vis.el}
+file.
+
+This variable can be a list of visual properties that are enabled.  The
+following elements are legal, and are all included by default:
+
+@table @code
+@item group-highlight
+Do highlights in the group buffer.
+@item summary-highlight
+Do highlights in the summary buffer.
+@item article-highlight
+Do highlights in the article buffer.
+@item highlight
+Turn on highlighting in all buffers.
+@item group-menu
+Create menus in the group buffer.
+@item summary-menu
+Create menus in the summary buffers.
+@item article-menu
+Create menus in the article buffer.
+@item browse-menu
+Create menus in the browse buffer.
+@item server-menu
+Create menus in the server buffer.
+@item score-menu
+Create menus in the score buffers.
+@item menu
+Create menus in all buffers.
+@end table
+
+So if you only want highlighting in the article buffer and menus in all
+buffers, you could say something like:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-visual '(article-highlight menu))
+@end lisp
+
+If you want only highlighting and no menus whatsoever, you'd say:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-visual '(highlight))
+@end lisp
+
+If @code{gnus-visual} is @code{t}, highlighting and menus will be used
+in all Gnus buffers.
+
+Other general variables that influence the look of all buffers include:
+
+@table @code
+@item gnus-mouse-face
+@vindex gnus-mouse-face
+This is the face (i.e., font) used for mouse highlighting in Gnus.  No
+mouse highlights will be done if @code{gnus-visual} is @code{nil}.
+
+@item gnus-display-type
+@vindex gnus-display-type
+This variable is symbol indicating the display type Emacs is running
+under.  The symbol should be one of @code{color}, @code{grayscale} or
+@code{mono}.  If Gnus guesses this display attribute wrongly, either set
+this variable in your @file{~/.emacs} or set the resource
+@code{Emacs.displayType} in your @file{~/.Xdefaults}.
+
+@item gnus-background-mode 
+@vindex gnus-background-mode 
+This is a symbol indicating the Emacs background brightness.  The symbol
+should be one of @code{light} or @code{dark}.  If Gnus guesses this
+frame attribute wrongly, either set this variable in your @file{~/.emacs} or
+set the resource @code{Emacs.backgroundMode} in your @file{~/.Xdefaults}. 
+`gnus-display-type'.
+@end table
+
+There are hooks associated with the creation of all the different menus:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-article-menu-hook
+@vindex gnus-article-menu-hook
+Hook called after creating the article mode menu.
+
+@item gnus-group-menu-hook
+@vindex gnus-group-menu-hook
+Hook called after creating the group mode menu.
+
+@item gnus-summary-menu-hook
+@vindex gnus-summary-menu-hook
+Hook called after creating the summary mode menu.
+
+@item gnus-server-menu-hook
+@vindex gnus-server-menu-hook
+Hook called after creating the server mode menu.
+
+@item gnus-browse-menu-hook
+@vindex gnus-browse-menu-hook
+Hook called after creating the browse mode menu.
+
+@item gnus-score-menu-hook
+@vindex gnus-score-menu-hook
+Hook called after creating the score mode menu.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Buttons
+@section Buttons
+@cindex buttons
+@cindex mouse
+@cindex click
+
+Those new-fangled @dfn{mouse} contraptions is very popular with the
+young, hep kids who don't want to learn the proper way to do things
+these days.  Why, I remember way back in the summer of '89, when I was
+using Emacs on a Tops 20 system.  Three hundred users on one single
+machine, and every user was running Simula compilers.  Bah!
+
+Right.
+
+@vindex gnus-carpal
+Well, you can make Gnus display bufferfuls of buttons you can click to
+do anything by setting @code{gnus-carpal} to @code{t}.  Pretty simple,
+really.  Tell the chiropractor I sent you.
+
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-carpal-mode-hook
+@vindex gnus-carpal-mode-hook
+Hook run in all carpal mode buffers.
+
+@item gnus-carpal-button-face
+@vindex gnus-carpal-button-face
+Face used on buttons.
+
+@item gnus-carpal-header-face
+@vindex gnus-carpal-header-face
+Face used on carpal buffer headers.
+
+@item gnus-carpal-group-buffer-buttons
+@vindex gnus-carpal-group-buffer-buttons
+Buttons in the group buffer.
+
+@item gnus-carpal-summary-buffer-buttons
+@vindex gnus-carpal-summary-buffer-buttons
+Buttons in the summary buffer.
+
+@item gnus-carpal-server-buffer-buttons
+@vindex gnus-carpal-server-buffer-buttons
+Buttons in the server buffer.
+
+@item gnus-carpal-browse-buffer-buttons
+@vindex gnus-carpal-browse-buffer-buttons
+Buttons in the browse buffer.
+@end table
+
+All the @code{buttons} variables are lists.  The elements in these list
+is either a cons cell where the car contains a text to be displayed and
+the cdr contains a function symbol, or a simple string.
+
+
+@node Daemons
+@section Daemons
+@cindex demons
+@cindex daemons
+
+Gnus, being larger than any program ever written (allegedly), does lots
+of strange stuff that you may wish to have done while you're not
+present.  For instance, you may want it to check for new mail once in a
+while.  Or you may want it to close down all connections to all servers
+when you leave Emacs idle.  And stuff like that.
+
+Gnus will let you do stuff like that by defining various
+@dfn{handlers}.  Each handler consists of three elements:  A
+@var{function}, a @var{time}, and an @var{idle} parameter.
+
+Here's an example of a handler that closes connections when Emacs has
+been idle for thirty minutes:
+
+@lisp
+(gnus-demon-close-connections nil 30)
+@end lisp
+
+Here's a handler that scans for PGP headers every hour when Emacs is
+idle: 
+
+@lisp
+(gnus-demon-scan-pgp 60 t)
+@end lisp
+
+This @var{time} parameter and than @var{idle} parameter works together
+in a strange, but wonderful fashion.  Basically, if @var{idle} is
+@code{nil}, then the function will be called every @var{time} minutes.
+
+If @var{idle} is @code{t}, then the function will be called after
+@var{time} minutes only if Emacs is idle.  So if Emacs is never idle,
+the function will never be called.  But once Emacs goes idle, the
+function will be called every @var{time} minutes.
+
+If @var{idle} is a number and @var{time} is a number, the function will
+be called every @var{time} minutes only when Emacs has been idle for
+@var{idle} minutes.
+
+If @var{idle} is a number and @var{time} is @code{nil}, the function
+will be called once every time Emacs has been idle for @var{idle}
+minutes.  
+
+And if @var{time} is a string, it should look like @samp{07:31}, and
+the function will then be called once every day somewhere near that
+time.  Modified by the @var{idle} parameter, of course.
+
+@vindex gnus-demon-timestep
+(When I say ``minute'' here, I really mean @code{gnus-demon-timestep}
+seconds.  This is @code{60} by default.  If you change that variable,
+all the timings in the handlers will be affected.)
+
+@vindex gnus-use-demon
+To set the whole thing in motion, though, you have to set
+@code{gnus-use-demon} to @code{t}.
+
+So, if you want to add a handler, you could put something like this in
+your @file{.gnus} file:
+
+@findex gnus-demon-add-handler
+@lisp
+(gnus-demon-add-handler 'gnus-demon-close-connections nil 30)
+@end lisp
+
+@findex gnus-demon-add-nocem
+@findex gnus-demon-add-scanmail
+@findex gnus-demon-add-disconnection
+Some ready-made functions to do this has been created:
+@code{gnus-demon-add-nocem}, @code{gnus-demon-add-disconnection}, and
+@code{gnus-demon-add-scanmail}.  Just put those functions in your
+@file{.gnus} if you want those abilities.
+
+@findex gnus-demon-init
+@findex gnus-demon-cancel
+@vindex gnus-demon-handlers
+If you add handlers to @code{gnus-demon-handlers} directly, you should
+run @code{gnus-demon-init} to make the changes take hold.  To cancel all
+daemons, you can use the @code{gnus-demon-cancel} function.
+
+Note that adding daemons can be pretty naughty if you overdo it.  Adding
+functions that scan all news and mail from all servers every two seconds
+is a sure-fire way of getting booted off any respectable system.  So
+behave. 
+
+
+@node NoCeM
+@section NoCeM
+@cindex nocem
+@cindex spam
+
+@dfn{Spamming} is posting the same article lots and lots of times.
+Spamming is bad.  Spamming is evil.  
+
+Spamming is usually canceled within a day or so by various anti-spamming
+agencies.  These agencies usually also send out @dfn{NoCeM} messages.
+NoCeM is pronounced ``no see-'em'', and means what the name
+implies---these are messages that make the offending articles, like, go
+away.  
+
+What use are these NoCeM messages if the articles are canceled anyway?
+Some sites do not honor cancel messages and some sites just honor cancels
+from a select few people.  Then you may wish to make use of the NoCeM
+messages, which are distributed in the @samp{alt.nocem.misc} newsgroup.
+
+Gnus can read and parse the messages in this group automatically, and
+this will make spam disappear.  
+
+There are some variables to customize, of course:
+
+@table @code
+@item gnus-use-nocem
+@vindex gnus-use-nocem
+Set this variable to @code{t} to set the ball rolling.  It is @code{nil}
+by default. 
+
+@item gnus-nocem-groups
+@vindex gnus-nocem-groups
+Gnus will look for NoCeM messages in the groups in this list.  The
+default is @code{("alt.nocem.misc" "news.admin.net-abuse.announce")}. 
+
+@item gnus-nocem-issuers
+@vindex gnus-nocem-issuers
+There are many people issuing NoCeM messages.  This list says what
+people you want to listen to.  The default is @code{("Automoose-1"
+"clewis@@ferret.ocunix.on.ca;" "jem@@xpat.com;" "red@@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us
+(Richard E. Depew)")}; fine, upstanding citizens all of them.
+
+Known despammers that you can put in this list include:
+
+@table @samp
+@item clewis@@ferret.ocunix.on.ca;
+@cindex Chris Lewis
+Chris Lewis---Major Canadian despammer who has probably canceled more
+usenet abuse than anybody else.
+
+@item Automoose-1
+@cindex CancelMoose[tm]
+The CancelMoose[tm] on autopilot.  The CancelMoose[tm] is reputed to be
+Norwegian, and was the person(s) who invented NoCeM.  
+
+@item jem@@xpat.com;
+@cindex Jem
+Jem---Korean despammer who is getting very busy these days.
+
+@item red@@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us (Richard E. Depew)
+Richard E. Depew---lone American despammer.  He mostly cancels binary
+postings to non-binary groups and removes spews (regurgitated articles).
+@end table
+
+You do not have to heed NoCeM messages from all these people---just the
+ones you want to listen to.
+
+@item gnus-nocem-directory
+@vindex gnus-nocem-directory
+This is where Gnus will store its NoCeM cache files.  The default is
+@file{~/News/NoCeM/}. 
+
+@item gnus-nocem-expiry-wait
+@vindex gnus-nocem-expiry-wait
+The number of days before removing old NoCeM entries from the cache.
+The default is 15.  If you make it shorter Gnus will be faster, but you
+might then see old spam.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Picons
+@section Picons
+
+So...  You want to slow down your news reader even more!  This is a
+good way to do so.  Its also a great way to impress people staring
+over your shoulder as you read news.
+
+@menu
+* Picon Basics::           What are picons and How do I get them.
+* Picon Requirements::     Don't go further if you aren't using XEmacs.
+* Easy Picons::            Displaying Picons -- the easy way.
+* Hard Picons::            The way you should do it.  You'll learn something.
+* Picon Configuration::    Other variables you can trash/tweak/munge/play with.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Picon Basics
+@subsection Picon Basics
+
+What are Picons?  To quote directly from the Picons Web site
+(@samp{http://www.cs.indiana.edu/picons/ftp/index.html}):
+
+@quotation 
+@dfn{Picons} is short for ``personal icons''.  They're small,
+constrained images used to represent users and domains on the net,
+organized into databases so that the appropriate image for a given
+e-mail address can be found.  Besides users and domains, there are picon
+databases for Usenet newsgroups and weather forecasts.  The picons are
+in either monochrome @code{XBM} format or color @code{XPM} and
+@code{GIF} formats.
+@end quotation
+
+Please see the above mentioned web site for instructions on obtaining
+and installing the picons databases, or the following ftp site:
+@samp{http://www.cs.indiana.edu/picons/ftp/index.html}.
+
+@vindex gnus-picons-database
+Gnus expects picons to be installed into a location pointed to by
+@code{gnus-picons-database}.
+
+
+@node Picon Requirements
+@subsection Picon Requirements
+
+To use have Gnus display Picons for you, you must be running XEmacs
+19.13 or greater since all other versions of Emacs aren't yet able to
+display images.
+
+Additionally, you must have @code{xpm} support compiled into XEmacs.
+
+@vindex gnus-picons-convert-x-face
+If you want to display faces from @code{X-Face} headers, you must have
+the @code{netpbm} utilities installed, or munge the
+@code{gnus-picons-convert-x-face} variable to use something else.
+
+
+@node Easy Picons
+@subsection Easy Picons
+
+To enable displaying picons, simply put the following line in your
+@file{~/.gnus} file and start Gnus.
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-use-picons t)
+(add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-display-picons t)
+(add-hook 'gnus-summary-prepare-hook 'gnus-group-display-picons t)
+(add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-picons-article-display-x-face)
+@end lisp
+
+
+@node Hard Picons
+@subsection Hard Picons 
+
+Gnus can display picons for you as you enter and leave groups and
+articles.  It knows how to interact with three sections of the picons
+database.  Namely, it can display the picons newsgroup pictures,
+author's face picture(s), and the authors domain.  To enable this
+feature, you need to first decide where to display them.
+
+@table @code 
+
+@item gnus-picons-display-where 
+@vindex gnus-picons-display-where 
+Where the picon images should be displayed.  It is @code{picons} by
+default (which by default maps to the buffer @samp{*Picons*}).  Other
+valid places could be @code{article}, @code{summary}, or
+@samp{"*scratch*"} for all I care.  Just make sure that you've made the
+buffer visible using the standard Gnus window configuration routines --
+@xref{Windows Configuration}.
+
+@end table
+
+Note: If you set @code{gnus-use-picons} to @code{t}, it will set up your
+window configuration for you to include the @code{picons} buffer.
+
+Now that you've made that decision, you need to add the following
+functions to the appropriate hooks so these pictures will get
+displayed at the right time.
+
+@vindex gnus-article-display-hook
+@vindex gnus-picons-display-where
+@table @code
+@item gnus-article-display-picons
+@findex gnus-article-display-picons
+Looks up and display the picons for the author and the author's domain
+in the @code{gnus-picons-display-where} buffer.  Should be added to
+the @code{gnus-article-display-hook}.
+
+@item gnus-group-display-picons
+@findex gnus-article-display-picons
+Displays picons representing the current group.  This function should
+be added to the @code{gnus-summary-prepare-hook} or to the
+@code{gnus-article-display-hook} if @code{gnus-picons-display-where}
+is set to @code{article}.
+
+@item gnus-picons-article-display-x-face
+@findex gnus-article-display-picons
+Decodes and displays the X-Face header if present.  This function
+should be added to @code{gnus-article-display-hook}.
+
+@end table
+
+Note:  You must append them to the hook, so make sure to specify 't'
+to the append flag of @code{add-hook}:
+
+@lisp
+(add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-display-picons t)
+@end lisp
+
+
+@node Picon Configuration
+@subsection Picon Configuration
+
+The following variables offer further control over how things are
+done, where things are located, and other useless stuff you really
+don't need to worry about.
+
+@table @code
+@item gnus-picons-database
+@vindex gnus-picons-database
+The location of the picons database.  Should point to a directory
+containing the @file{news}, @file{domains}, @file{users} (and so on)
+subdirectories.  Defaults to @file{/usr/local/faces}.
+
+@item gnus-picons-news-directory
+@vindex gnus-picons-news-directory
+Sub-directory of the faces database containing the icons for
+newsgroups.
+
+@item gnus-picons-user-directories
+@vindex gnus-picons-user-directories
+List of subdirectories to search in @code{gnus-picons-database} for user
+faces.  Defaults to @code{("local" "users" "usenix" "misc/MISC")}.
+
+@item gnus-picons-domain-directories
+@vindex gnus-picons-domain-directories
+List of subdirectories to search in @code{gnus-picons-database} for
+domain name faces.  Defaults to @code{("domains")}.  Some people may
+want to add @samp{unknown} to this list.
+
+@item gnus-picons-convert-x-face
+@vindex gnus-picons-convert-x-face
+The command to use to convert the @code{X-Face} header to an X bitmap
+(@code{xbm}).  Defaults to @code{(format "@{ echo '/* Width=48,
+Height=48 */'; uncompface; @} | icontopbm | pbmtoxbm > %s"
+gnus-picons-x-face-file-name)}
+
+@item gnus-picons-x-face-file-name
+@vindex gnus-picons-x-face-file-name
+Names a temporary file to store the @code{X-Face} bitmap in.  Defaults
+to @code{(format "/tmp/picon-xface.%s.xbm" (user-login-name))}.
+
+@item gnus-picons-buffer
+@vindex gnus-picons-buffer
+The name of the buffer that @code{picons} points to.  Defaults to
+@samp{*Icon Buffer*}.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Various Various
+@section Various Various
+@cindex mode lines
+@cindex highlights
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-verbose
+@vindex gnus-verbose
+This variable is an integer between zero and ten.  The higher the value,
+the more messages will be displayed.  If this variable is zero, Gnus
+will never flash any messages, if it is seven (which is the default),
+most important messages will be shown, and if it is ten, Gnus won't ever
+shut up, but will flash so many messages it will make your head swim.
+
+@item gnus-verbose-backends
+@vindex gnus-verbose-backends
+This variable works the same way as @code{gnus-verbose}, but it applies
+to the Gnus backends instead of Gnus proper.
+
+@item nnheader-max-head-length
+@vindex nnheader-max-head-length
+When the backends read straight heads of articles, they all try to read
+as little as possible.  This variable (default @code{4096}) specifies
+the absolute max length the backends will try to read before giving up
+on finding a separator line between the head and the body.  If this
+variable is @code{nil}, there is no upper read bound.  If it is
+@code{t}, the backends won't try to read the articles piece by piece,
+but read the entire articles.  This makes sense with some versions of
+@code{ange-ftp}. 
+
+@item nnheader-file-name-translation-alist 
+@vindex nnheader-file-name-translation-alist 
+@cindex file names
+@cindex illegal characters in file names
+@cindex characters in file names
+This is an alist that says how to translate characters in file names.
+For instance, if @samp{:} is illegal as a file character in file names
+on your system (you OS/2 user you), you could say something like:
+
+@lisp
+(setq nnheader-file-name-translation-alist 
+      '((?: . ?_)))
+@end lisp
+
+In fact, this is the default value for this variable on OS/2 and MS
+Windows (phooey) systems.
+
+@item gnus-hidden-properties
+@vindex gnus-hidden-properties
+This is a list of properties to use to hide ``invisible'' text.  It is
+@code{(invisible t intangible t)} by default on most systems, which
+makes invisible text invisible and intangible.
+
+@item gnus-parse-headers-hook
+@vindex gnus-parse-headers-hook
+A hook called before parsing headers.  It can be used, for instance, to
+gather statistics on the headers fetched, or perhaps you'd like to prune
+some headers.  I don't see why you'd want that, though.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node The End
+@chapter The End
+
+Well, that's the manual---you can get on with your life now.  Keep in
+touch.  Say hello to your cats from me.  
+
+My @strong{ghod}---I just can't stand goodbyes.  Sniffle.
+
+Ol' Charles Reznikoff said it pretty well, so I leave the floor to him:
+
+@quotation
+@strong{Te Deum}
+@sp 1
+Not because of victories @*
+I sing,@*
+having none,@*
+but for the common sunshine,@*
+the breeze,@*
+the largess of the spring.
+@sp 1
+Not for victory@*
+but for the day's work done@*
+as well as I was able;@*
+not for a seat upon the dais@*
+but at the common table.@*
+@end quotation
+
+
+@node Appendices
+@chapter Appendices
+
+@menu
+* History::                        How Gnus got where it is today.
+* Terminology::                    We use really difficult, like, words here.
+* Customization::                  Tailoring Gnus to your needs.
+* Troubleshooting::                What you might try if things do not work.
+* A Programmers Guide to Gnus::    Rilly, rilly technical stuff.
+* Emacs for Heathens::             A short introduction to Emacsian terms.
+* Frequently Asked Questions::     A question-and-answer session.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node History
+@section History
+
+@cindex history
+@sc{gnus} was written by Masanobu @sc{Umeda}.  When autumn crept up in
+'94, Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen grew bored and decided to rewrite Gnus.
+
+If you want to investigate the person responsible for this outrage, you
+can point your (feh!) web browser to
+@file{http://www.ifi.uio.no/~larsi/}.  This is also the primary
+distribution point for the new and spiffy versions of Gnus, and is known
+as The Site That Destroys Newsrcs And Drives People Mad.
+
+During the first extended alpha period of development, the new Gnus was
+called ``(ding) Gnus''.  @dfn{(ding)}, is, of course, short for
+@dfn{ding is not Gnus}, which is a total and utter lie, but who cares?
+(Besides, the ``Gnus'' in this abbreviation should probably be
+pronounced ``news'' as @sc{Umeda} intended, which makes it a more
+appropriate name, don't you think?)
+
+In any case, after spending all that energy on coming up with a new and
+spunky name, we decided that the name was @emph{too} spunky, so we
+renamed it back again to ``Gnus''.  But in mixed case.  ``Gnus'' vs.
+``@sc{gnus}''.  New vs. old.
+
+The first ``proper'' release of Gnus 5 was done in November 1995 when it
+was included in the Emacs 19.30 distribution.
+
+In May 1996 the next Gnus generation (aka.  ``September Gnus'') was
+released under the name ``Gnus 5.2''.  
+
+@menu
+* Why?::                What's the point of Gnus?
+* Compatibility::       Just how compatible is Gnus with @sc{gnus}?
+* Conformity::          Gnus tries to conform to all standards.
+* Emacsen::             Gnus can be run on a few modern Emacsen.
+* Contributors::        Oodles of people.  
+* New Features::        Pointers to some of the new stuff in Gnus.
+* Newest Features::     Features so new that they haven't been written yet.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Why?
+@subsection Why?
+
+What's the point of Gnus?  
+
+I want to provide a ``rad'', ``happening'', ``way cool'' and ``hep''
+newsreader, that lets you do anything you can think of.  That was my
+original motivation, but while working on Gnus, it has become clear to
+me that this generation of newsreaders really belong in the stone age.
+Newsreaders haven't developed much since the infancy of the net.  If the
+volume continues to rise with the current rate of increase, all current
+newsreaders will be pretty much useless.  How do you deal with
+newsgroups that have thousands of new articles each day?  How do you
+keep track of millions of people who post?
+
+Gnus offers no real solutions to these questions, but I would very much
+like to see Gnus being used as a testing ground for new methods of
+reading and fetching news.  Expanding on @sc{Umeda}-san's wise decision
+to separate the newsreader from the backends, Gnus now offers a simple
+interface for anybody who wants to write new backends for fetching mail
+and news from different sources.  I have added hooks for customizations
+everywhere I could imagine useful.  By doing so, I'm inviting every one
+of you to explore and invent.
+
+May Gnus never be complete. @kbd{C-u 100 M-x hail-emacs}. 
+
+
+@node Compatibility
+@subsection Compatibility
+
+@cindex compatibility
+Gnus was designed to be fully compatible with @sc{gnus}.  Almost all key
+bindings have been kept.  More key bindings have been added, of course,
+but only in one or two obscure cases have old bindings been changed.
+
+Our motto is:
+@quotation
+@cartouche
+@center In a cloud bones of steel.
+@end cartouche
+@end quotation
+
+All commands have kept their names.  Some internal functions have changed
+their names.
+
+The @code{gnus-uu} package has changed drastically. @pxref{Decoding
+Articles}. 
+
+One major compatibility question is the presence of several summary
+buffers.  All variables that are relevant while reading a group are
+buffer-local to the summary buffer they belong in.  Although many
+important variables have their values copied into their global
+counterparts whenever a command is executed in the summary buffer, this
+change might lead to incorrect values being used unless you are careful.
+
+All code that relies on knowledge of @sc{gnus} internals will probably
+fail.  To take two examples: Sorting @code{gnus-newsrc-alist} (or
+changing it in any way, as a matter of fact) is strictly verboten.  Gnus
+maintains a hash table that points to the entries in this alist (which
+speeds up many functions), and changing the alist directly will lead to
+peculiar results.
+
+@cindex hilit19
+@cindex highlighting
+Old hilit19 code does not work at all.  In fact, you should probably
+remove all hilit code from all Gnus hooks
+(@code{gnus-group-prepare-hook} and @code{gnus-summary-prepare-hook}).
+Gnus provides various integrated functions for highlighting.  These are
+faster and more accurate.  To make life easier for everybody, Gnus will
+by default remove all hilit calls from all hilit hooks.  Uncleanliness!
+Away!
+
+Packages like @code{expire-kill} will no longer work.  As a matter of
+fact, you should probably remove all old @sc{gnus} packages (and other
+code) when you start using Gnus.  More likely than not, Gnus already
+does what you have written code to make @sc{gnus} do.  (Snicker.)
+
+Even though old methods of doing things are still supported, only the
+new methods are documented in this manual.  If you detect a new method of
+doing something while reading this manual, that does not mean you have
+to stop doing it the old way.
+
+Gnus understands all @sc{gnus} startup files.
+
+@kindex M-x gnus-bug
+@findex gnus-bug
+@cindex reporting bugs
+@cindex bugs
+Overall, a casual user who hasn't written much code that depends on
+@sc{gnus} internals should suffer no problems.  If problems occur,
+please let me know by issuing that magic command @kbd{M-x gnus-bug}.
+
+
+@node Conformity
+@subsection Conformity
+
+No rebels without a clue here, ma'am.  We conform to all standards known
+to (wo)man.  Except for those standards and/or conventions we disagree
+with, of course.
+
+@table @strong
+
+@item RFC 822
+@cindex RFC 822
+There are no known breaches of this standard.
+
+@item RFC 1036
+@cindex RFC 1036
+There are no known breaches of this standard, either.
+
+@item Usenet Seal of Approval
+@cindex Usenet Seal of Approval
+Gnus hasn't been formally through the Seal process, but I have read
+through the Seal text and I think Gnus would pass.
+
+@item Son-of-RFC 1036
+@cindex Son-of-RFC 1036
+We do have some breaches to this one.
+
+@table @emph
+
+@item MIME
+Gnus does no MIME handling, and this standard-to-be seems to think that
+MIME is the bees' knees, so we have major breakage here.
+
+@item X-Newsreader
+This is considered to be a ``vanity header'', while I consider it to be
+consumer information.  After seeing so many badly formatted articles
+coming from @code{tin} and @code{Netscape} I know not to use either of
+those for posting articles.  I would not have known that if it wasn't
+for the @code{X-Newsreader} header.
+
+@item References
+Gnus does line breaking on this header.  I infer from RFC1036 that being
+conservative in what you output is not creating 5000-character lines, so
+it seems like a good idea to me.  However, this standard-to-be says that
+whitespace in the @code{References} header is to be preserved, so...  It
+doesn't matter one way or the other to Gnus, so if somebody tells me
+what The Way is, I'll change it.  Or not.
+@end table
+
+@end table
+
+If you ever notice Gnus acting non-compliantly with regards to the texts
+mentioned above, don't hesitate to drop a note to Gnus Towers and let us
+know.
+
+
+@node Emacsen
+@subsection Emacsen
+@cindex Emacsen
+@cindex XEmacs
+@cindex Mule
+@cindex Emacs
+
+Gnus should work on :
+
+@itemize @bullet 
+
+@item
+Emacs 19.30 and up.
+
+@item
+XEmacs 19.13 and up.
+
+@item 
+Mule versions based on Emacs 19.30 and up.
+
+@end itemize
+
+Gnus will absolutely not work on any Emacsen older than that.  Not
+reliably, at least. 
+
+There are some vague differences between Gnus on the various platforms: 
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item
+The mouse-face on Gnus lines under Emacs and Mule is delimited to
+certain parts of the lines while they cover the entire line under
+XEmacs. 
+
+@item 
+The same with current-article marking---XEmacs puts an underline under
+the entire summary line while Emacs and Mule are nicer and kinder.
+
+@item
+XEmacs features more graphics---a logo and a toolbar.
+
+@item
+Citation highlighting us better under Emacs and Mule than under XEmacs.
+
+@item
+Emacs 19.26-19.28 have tangible hidden headers, which can be a bit
+confusing. 
+
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node Contributors
+@subsection Contributors
+@cindex contributors
+
+The new Gnus version couldn't have been done without the help of all the
+people on the (ding) mailing list.  Every day for over a year I have
+gotten billions of nice bug reports from them, filling me with joy,
+every single one of them.  Smooches.  The people on the list have been
+tried beyond endurance, what with my ``oh, that's a neat idea <type
+type>, yup, I'll release it right away <ship off> no wait, that doesn't
+work at all <type type>, yup, I'll ship that one off right away <ship
+off> no, wait, that absolutely does not work'' policy for releases.
+Micro$oft---bah.  Amateurs.  I'm @emph{much} worse.  (Or is that
+``worser''? ``much worser''?  ``worsest''?)
+
+I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Academy for...  oops,
+wrong show.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item Masanobu @sc{Umeda}
+The writer of the original @sc{gnus}.
+
+@item Per Abrahamsen
+Custom, scoring, highlighting and @sc{soup} code (as well as numerous
+other things).
+
+@item Luis Fernandes
+Design and graphics.
+
+@item Wes Hardaker
+@file{gnus-picon.el} and the manual section on @dfn{picons}
+(@pxref{Picons}). 
+
+@item Brad Miller
+@file{gnus-gl.el} and the GroupLens manual section (@pxref{GroupLens}). 
+
+@item Sudish Joseph
+Innumerable bug fixes.
+
+@item Ilja Weis
+@file{gnus-topic.el}.
+
+@item Steven L. Baur
+Lots and lots of bugs detections and fixes.
+
+@item Vladimir Alexiev
+The refcard and reference booklets.
+
+@item Felix Lee & JWZ
+I stole some pieces from the XGnus distribution by Felix Lee and JWZ.
+
+@item Scott Byer
+@file{nnfolder.el} enhancements & rewrite.
+
+@item Peter Mutsaers
+Orphan article scoring code.
+
+@item Ken Raeburn
+POP mail support.
+
+@item Hallvard B Furuseth
+Various bits and pieces, especially dealing with .newsrc files.
+
+@item Brian Edmonds
+@file{gnus-bbdb.el}.
+
+@item Ricardo Nassif and Mark Borges
+Proof-reading.
+
+@item Kevin Davidson
+Came up with the name @dfn{ding}, so blame him.
+
+@end itemize
+
+Peter Arius, Stainless Steel Rat, Ulrik Dickow, Jack Vinson, Daniel
+Quinlan, Frank D. Cringle, Geoffrey T. Dairiki, Fabrice Popineau and
+Andrew Eskilsson have all contributed code and suggestions.
+
+
+@node New Features
+@subsection New Features
+@cindex new features
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item
+The look of all buffers can be changed by setting format-like variables
+(@pxref{Group Buffer Format} and @pxref{Summary Buffer Format}). 
+ 
+@item 
+Local spool and several @sc{nntp} servers can be used at once
+(@pxref{Select Methods}).  
+
+@item 
+You can combine groups into virtual groups (@pxref{Virtual Groups}).
+
+@item 
+You can read a number of different mail formats (@pxref{Getting Mail}).
+All the mail backends implement a convenient mail expiry scheme
+(@pxref{Expiring Mail}). 
+
+@item
+Gnus can use various strategies for gathering threads that have lost
+their roots (thereby gathering loose sub-threads into one thread) or it
+can go back and retrieve enough headers to build a complete thread
+(@pxref{Customizing Threading}).
+
+@item 
+Killed groups can be displayed in the group buffer, and you can read
+them as well (@pxref{Listing Groups}).
+
+@item 
+Gnus can do partial group updates---you do not have to retrieve the
+entire active file just to check for new articles in a few groups
+(@pxref{The Active File}).
+
+@item 
+Gnus implements a sliding scale of subscribedness to groups
+(@pxref{Group Levels}).
+
+@item 
+You can score articles according to any number of criteria
+(@pxref{Scoring}).  You can even get Gnus to find out how to score
+articles for you (@pxref{Adaptive Scoring}).
+
+@item 
+Gnus maintains a dribble buffer that is auto-saved the normal Emacs
+manner, so it should be difficult to lose much data on what you have
+read if your machine should go down (@pxref{Auto Save}). 
+
+@item 
+Gnus now has its own startup file (@file{.gnus}) to avoid cluttering up
+the @file{.emacs} file.
+
+@item 
+You can set the process mark on both groups and articles and perform
+operations on all the marked items (@pxref{Process/Prefix}).
+
+@item 
+You can grep through a subset of groups and create a group from the
+results (@pxref{Kibozed Groups}). 
+
+@item 
+You can list subsets of groups according to, well, anything
+(@pxref{Listing Groups}). 
+
+@item 
+You can browse foreign servers and subscribe to groups from those
+servers (@pxref{Browse Foreign Server}). 
+
+@item 
+Gnus can fetch articles asynchronously on a second connection to the
+server (@pxref{Asynchronous Fetching}).
+
+@item 
+You can cache articles locally (@pxref{Article Caching}). 
+
+@item 
+The uudecode functions have been expanded and generalized
+(@pxref{Decoding Articles}). 
+
+@item
+You can still post uuencoded articles, which was a little-known feature
+of @sc{gnus}' past (@pxref{Uuencoding and Posting}). 
+
+@item
+Fetching parents (and other articles) now actually works without
+glitches (@pxref{Finding the Parent}). 
+
+@item
+Gnus can fetch FAQs and group descriptions (@pxref{Group Information}).
+
+@item
+Digests (and other files) can be used as the basis for groups
+(@pxref{Document Groups}).
+
+@item 
+Articles can be highlighted and customized (@pxref{Customizing
+Articles}). 
+
+@item 
+URLs and other external references can be buttonized (@pxref{Article
+Buttons}). 
+
+@item
+You can do lots of strange stuff with the Gnus window & frame
+configuration (@pxref{Windows Configuration}).
+
+@item
+You can click on buttons instead of using the keyboard
+(@pxref{Buttons}). 
+
+@item 
+Gnus can use NoCeM files to weed out spam (@pxref{NoCeM}). 
+
+@end itemize
+
+This is, of course, just a @emph{short} overview of the @emph{most}
+important new features.  No, really.  There are tons more.  Yes, we have
+feeping creaturism in full effect, but nothing too gratuitous, I would
+hope. 
+
+
+@node Newest Features
+@subsection Newest Features
+@cindex todo
+
+Also known as the @dfn{todo list}.  Sure to be implemented before the
+next millennium. 
+
+Be afraid.  Be very afraid.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Native @sc{mime} support is something that should be done.  
+@item
+A better and simpler method for specifying mail composing methods. 
+@item
+Allow posting through mail-to-news gateways.
+@item
+Really do unbinhexing.
+@end itemize
+
+And much, much, much more.  There is more to come than has already been
+implemented.  (But that's always true, isn't it?)
+
+@code{<URL:http://www.ifi.uio.no/~larsi/sgnus/todo>} is where the actual
+up-to-the-second todo list is located, so if you're really curious, you
+could point your Web browser over that-a-way.
+
+
+@node Terminology
+@section Terminology
+
+@cindex terminology
+@table @dfn
+
+@item news
+@cindex news
+This is what you are supposed to use this thing for---reading news.
+News is generally fetched from a nearby @sc{nntp} server, and is
+generally publicly available to everybody.  If you post news, the entire
+world is likely to read just what you have written, and they'll all
+snigger mischievously.  Behind your back.
+
+@item mail
+@cindex mail
+Everything that's delivered to you personally is mail.  Some news/mail
+readers (like Gnus) blur the distinction between mail and news, but
+there is a difference.  Mail is private.  News is public.  Mailing is
+not posting, and replying is not following up.
+
+@item reply
+@cindex reply
+Send a mail to the person who has written what you are reading.
+
+@item follow up
+@cindex follow up
+Post an article to the current newsgroup responding to the article you
+are reading.
+
+@item backend
+@cindex backend
+Gnus gets fed articles from a number of backends, both news and mail
+backends.  Gnus does not handle the underlying media, so to speak---this
+is all done by the backends.
+
+@item native
+@cindex native
+Gnus will always use one method (and backend) as the @dfn{native}, or
+default, way of getting news.
+
+@item foreign
+@cindex foreign
+You can also have any number of foreign groups active at the same time.
+These are groups that use different backends for getting news.
+
+@item secondary
+@cindex secondary
+Secondary backends are somewhere half-way between being native and being
+foreign, but they mostly act like they are native.
+
+@item article
+@cindex article
+A nessage that has been posted as news.
+
+@item mail message
+@cindex mail message
+A message that has been mailed.
+
+@item message 
+@cindex message
+A mail message or news article
+
+@item head
+@cindex head
+The top part of a message, where administrative information (etc.) is
+put.
+
+@item body
+@cindex body
+The rest of an article.  Everything that is not in the head is in the
+body. 
+
+@item header
+@cindex header
+A line from the head of an article. 
+
+@item headers
+@cindex headers
+A collection of such lines, or a collection of heads.  Or even a
+collection of @sc{nov} lines.
+
+@item @sc{nov}
+@cindex nov
+When Gnus enters a group, it asks the backend for the headers of all
+unread articles in the group.  Most servers support the News OverView
+format, which is more compact and much faster to read and parse than the
+normal @sc{head} format.
+
+@item level
+@cindex levels
+Each group is subscribed at some @dfn{level} or other (1-9).  The ones
+that have a lower level are ``more'' subscribed than the groups with a
+higher level.  In fact, groups on levels 1-5 are considered
+@dfn{subscribed}; 6-7 are @dfn{unsubscribed}; 8 are @dfn{zombies}; and 9
+are @dfn{killed}.  Commands for listing groups and scanning for new
+articles will all use the numeric prefix as @dfn{working level}.
+
+@item killed groups
+@cindex killed groups
+No information on killed groups is stored or updated, which makes killed
+groups much easier to handle than subscribed groups.
+
+@item zombie groups
+@cindex zombie groups
+Just like killed groups, only slightly less dead.
+
+@item active file
+@cindex active file
+The news server has to keep track of what articles it carries, and what
+groups exist.  All this information in stored in the active file, which
+is rather large, as you might surmise.
+
+@item bogus groups
+@cindex bogus groups
+A group that exists in the @file{.newsrc} file, but isn't known to the
+server (i. e.,  it isn't in the active file), is a @emph{bogus group}.
+This means that the group probably doesn't exist (any more).
+
+@item server 
+@cindex server
+A machine than one can connect to and get news (or mail) from.
+
+@item select method
+@cindex select method
+A structure that specifies the backend, the server and the virtual
+server parameters.
+
+@item virtual server
+@cindex virtual server
+A named select method.  Since a select methods defines all there is to
+know about connecting to a (physical) server, taking the who things as a
+whole is a virtual server.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Customization
+@section Customization
+@cindex general customization
+
+All variables are properly documented elsewhere in this manual.  This
+section is designed to give general pointers on how to customize Gnus
+for some quite common situations.
+
+@menu
+* Slow/Expensive Connection:: You run a local Emacs and get the news elsewhere.
+* Slow Terminal Connection::  You run a remote Emacs.
+* Little Disk Space::         You feel that having large setup files is icky.
+* Slow Machine::              You feel like buying a faster machine.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Slow/Expensive Connection
+@subsection Slow/Expensive @sc{nntp} Connection
+
+If you run Emacs on a machine locally, and get your news from a machine
+over some very thin strings, you want to cut down on the amount of data
+Gnus has to get from the @sc{nntp} server.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-read-active-file
+Set this to @code{nil}, which will inhibit Gnus from requesting the
+entire active file from the server.  This file is often v.  large.  You
+also have to set @code{gnus-check-new-news} and
+@code{gnus-check-bogus-newsgroups} to @code{nil} to make sure that Gnus
+doesn't suddenly decide to fetch the active file anyway.
+
+@item gnus-nov-is-evil
+This one has to be @code{nil}.  If not, grabbing article headers from
+the @sc{nntp} server will not be very fast.  Not all @sc{nntp} servers
+support @sc{xover}; Gnus will detect this by itself.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Slow Terminal Connection
+@subsection Slow Terminal Connection
+
+Let's say you use your home computer for dialing up the system that
+runs Emacs and Gnus.  If your modem is slow, you want to reduce the
+amount of data that is sent over the wires as much as possible.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-auto-center-summary
+Set this to @code{nil} to inhibit Gnus from re-centering the summary
+buffer all the time.  If it is @code{vertical}, do only vertical
+re-centering.  If it is neither @code{nil} nor @code{vertical}, do both
+horizontal and vertical recentering.
+
+@item gnus-visible-headers
+Cut down on the headers that are included in the articles to the
+minimum.  You can, in fact, make do without them altogether---most of the
+useful data is in the summary buffer, anyway.  Set this variable to
+@samp{^NEVVVVER} or @samp{From:}, or whatever you feel you need.
+
+@item gnus-article-display-hook
+Set this hook to all the available hiding commands:
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-article-display-hook 
+      '(gnus-article-hide-headers gnus-article-hide-signature
+        gnus-article-hide-citation))
+@end lisp
+
+@item gnus-use-full-window
+By setting this to @code{nil}, you can make all the windows smaller.
+While this doesn't really cut down much generally, it means that you
+have to see smaller portions of articles before deciding that you didn't
+want to read them anyway.
+
+@item gnus-thread-hide-subtree
+If this is non-@code{nil}, all threads in the summary buffer will be
+hidden initially.
+
+@item gnus-updated-mode-lines
+If this is @code{nil}, Gnus will not put information in the buffer mode
+lines, which might save some time.
+@end table
+
+
+@node Little Disk Space
+@subsection Little Disk Space
+@cindex disk space
+
+The startup files can get rather large, so you may want to cut their
+sizes a bit if you are running out of space.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item gnus-save-newsrc-file
+If this is @code{nil}, Gnus will never save @file{.newsrc}---it will
+only save @file{.newsrc.eld}.  This means that you will not be able to
+use any other newsreaders than Gnus.  This variable is @code{t} by
+default. 
+
+@item gnus-save-killed-list
+If this is @code{nil}, Gnus will not save the list of dead groups.  You
+should also set @code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} to @code{ask-server}
+and @code{gnus-check-bogus-newsgroups} to @code{nil} if you set this
+variable to @code{nil}.  This variable is @code{t} by default.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Slow Machine
+@subsection Slow Machine
+@cindex slow machine
+
+If you have a slow machine, or are just really impatient, there are a
+few things you can do to make Gnus run faster.
+
+Set@code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} and
+@code{gnus-check-bogus-newsgroups} to @code{nil} to make startup faster.
+
+Set @code{gnus-show-threads}, @code{gnus-use-cross-reference} and
+@code{gnus-nov-is-evil} to @code{nil} to make entering and exiting the
+summary buffer faster.
+
+Set @code{gnus-article-display-hook} to @code{nil} to make article
+processing a bit faster.
+
+
+@node Troubleshooting
+@section Troubleshooting
+@cindex troubleshooting
+
+Gnus works @emph{so} well straight out of the box---I can't imagine any
+problems, really.
+
+Ahem.
+
+@enumerate
+
+@item
+Make sure your computer is switched on.
+
+@item
+Make sure that you really load the current Gnus version.  If you have
+been running @sc{gnus}, you need to exit Emacs and start it up again before
+Gnus will work.
+
+@item
+Try doing an @kbd{M-x gnus-version}.  If you get something that looks
+like @samp{Gnus v5.46; nntp 4.0} you have the right files loaded.  If,
+on the other hand, you get something like @samp{NNTP 3.x} or @samp{nntp
+flee}, you have some old @file{.el} files lying around.  Delete these.
+
+@item
+Read the help group (@kbd{G h} in the group buffer) for a FAQ and a
+how-to. 
+@end enumerate
+
+If all else fails, report the problem as a bug.
+
+@cindex bugs
+@cindex reporting bugs
+
+@kindex M-x gnus-bug
+@findex gnus-bug
+If you find a bug in Gnus, you can report it with the @kbd{M-x gnus-bug}
+command. @kbd{M-x set-variable RET debug-on-error RET t RET}, and send
+me the backtrace.  I will fix bugs, but I can only fix them if you send
+me a precise description as to how to reproduce the bug.
+
+You really can never be too detailed in a bug report.  Always use the
+@kbd{M-x gnus-bug} command when you make bug reports, even if it creates
+a 10Kb mail each time you use it, and even if you have sent me your
+environment 500 times before.  I don't care.  I want the full info each
+time.  
+
+It is also important to remember that I have no memory whatsoever.  If
+you send a bug report, and I send you a reply, and then you send back
+just ``No, it's not! Moron!'', I will have no idea what you are
+insulting me about.  Always over-explain everything.  It's much easier
+for all of us---if I don't have all the information I need, I will just
+mail you and ask for more info, and everything takes more time.
+
+If the problem you're seeing is very visual, and you can't quite explain
+it, copy the Emacs window to a file (with @code{xwd}, for instance), put
+it somewhere it can be reached, and include the URL of the picture in
+the bug report.a
+
+If you just need help, you are better off asking on
+@samp{gnu.emacs.gnus}.  I'm not very helpful.
+
+@cindex gnu.emacs.gnus
+@cindex ding mailing list
+You can also ask on the ding mailing list---@samp{ding@@ifi.uio.no}.
+Write to @samp{ding-request@@ifi.uio.no} to subscribe.
+
+
+@node A Programmers Guide to Gnus
+@section A Programmer's Guide to Gnus
+
+It is my hope that other people will figure out smart stuff that Gnus
+can do, and that other people will write those smart things as well.  To
+facilitate that I thought it would be a good idea to describe the inner
+workings of Gnus.  And some of the not-so-inner workings, while I'm at
+it.
+
+You can never expect the internals of a program not to change, but I
+will be defining (in some details) the interface between Gnus and its
+backends (this is written in stone), the format of the score files
+(ditto), data structures (some are less likely to change than others)
+and general method of operations.
+
+@menu 
+* Backend Interface::        How Gnus communicates with the servers.
+* Score File Syntax::        A BNF definition of the score file standard.
+* Headers::                  How Gnus stores headers internally.
+* Ranges::                   A handy format for storing mucho numbers.
+* Group Info::               The group info format.
+* Emacs/XEmacs Code::        Gnus can be run under all modern Emacsen.
+* Various File Formats::     Formats of files that Gnus use.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Backend Interface
+@subsection Backend Interface
+
+Gnus doesn't know anything about @sc{nntp}, spools, mail or virtual
+groups.  It only knows how to talk to @dfn{virtual servers}.  A virtual
+server is a @dfn{backend} and some @dfn{backend variables}.  As examples
+of the first, we have @code{nntp}, @code{nnspool} and @code{nnmbox}.  As
+examples of the latter we have @code{nntp-port-number} and
+@code{nnmbox-directory}.
+
+When Gnus asks for information from a backend---say @code{nntp}---on
+something, it will normally include a virtual server name in the
+function parameters.  (If not, the backend should use the ``current''
+virtual server.)  For instance, @code{nntp-request-list} takes a virtual
+server as its only (optional) parameter.  If this virtual server hasn't
+been opened, the function should fail.
+
+Note that a virtual server name has no relation to some physical server
+name.  Take this example:
+
+@lisp
+(nntp "odd-one" 
+      (nntp-address "ifi.uio.no") 
+      (nntp-port-number 4324))
+@end lisp
+
+Here the virtual server name is @samp{odd-one} while the name of
+the physical server is @samp{ifi.uio.no}. 
+
+The backends should be able to switch between several virtual servers.
+The standard backends implement this by keeping an alist of virtual
+server environments that it pulls down/pushes up when needed.  
+
+There are two groups of interface functions: @dfn{required functions},
+which must be present, and @dfn{optional functions}, which Gnus will
+always check whether are present before attempting to call.
+
+All these functions are expected to return data in the buffer
+@code{nntp-server-buffer} (@samp{ *nntpd*}), which is somewhat
+unfortunately named, but we'll have to live with it.  When I talk about
+``resulting data'', I always refer to the data in that buffer.  When I
+talk about ``return value'', I talk about the function value returned by
+the function call.
+
+Some backends could be said to be @dfn{server-forming} backends, and
+some might be said to not be.  The latter are backends that generally
+only operate on one group at a time, and have no concept of ``server''
+-- they have a group, and they deliver info on that group and nothing
+more.
+
+In the examples and definitions I will refer to the imaginary backend
+@code{nnchoke}. 
+
+@cindex @code{nnchoke}
+
+@menu
+* Required Backend Functions::        Functions that must be implemented.
+* Optional Backend Functions::        Functions that need not be implemented.
+* Writing New Backends::              Extending old backends.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Required Backend Functions
+@subsubsection Required Backend Functions
+
+@table @code
+
+@item (nnchoke-retrieve-headers ARTICLES &optional GROUP SERVER FETCH-OLD)
+
+@var{articles} is either a range of article numbers or a list of
+@code{Message-ID}s.  Current backends do not fully support either---only
+sequences (lists) of article numbers, and most backends do not support
+retrieval of @code{Message-ID}s.  But they should try for both. 
+
+The result data should either be HEADs or NOV lines, and the result
+value should either be @code{headers} or @code{nov} to reflect this.
+This might later be expanded to @code{various}, which will be a mixture
+of HEADs and NOV lines, but this is currently not supported by Gnus.  
+
+If @var{fetch-old} is non-@code{nil} it says to try to fetch "extra
+headers, in some meaning of the word.  This is generally done by
+fetching (at most) @var{fetch-old} extra headers less than the smallest
+article number in @code{articles}, and fill in the gaps as well.  The
+presence of this parameter can be ignored if the backend finds it
+cumbersome to follow the request.  If this is non-@code{nil} and not a
+number, do maximum fetches.
+
+Here's an example HEAD:
+
+@example
+221 1056 Article retrieved.
+Path: ifi.uio.no!sturles
+From: sturles@@ifi.uio.no (Sturle Sunde)
+Newsgroups: ifi.discussion
+Subject: Re: Something very droll
+Date: 27 Oct 1994 14:02:57 +0100
+Organization: Dept. of Informatics, University of Oslo, Norway
+Lines: 26
+Message-ID: <38o8e1$a0o@@holmenkollen.ifi.uio.no>
+References: <38jdmq$4qu@@visbur.ifi.uio.no>
+NNTP-Posting-Host: holmenkollen.ifi.uio.no
+.
+@end example
+
+So a @code{headers} return value would imply that there's a number of
+these in the data buffer.
+
+Here's a BNF definition of such a buffer:
+
+@example
+headers        = *head
+head           = error / valid-head
+error-message  = [ "4" / "5" ] 2number " " <error message> eol
+valid-head     = valid-message *header "." eol
+valid-message  = "221 " <number> " Article retrieved." eol
+header         = <text> eol
+@end example
+
+If the return value is @code{nov}, the data buffer should contain
+@dfn{network overview database} lines.  These are basically fields
+separated by tabs. 
+
+@example
+nov-buffer = *nov-line
+nov-line   = 8*9 [ field <TAB> ] eol
+field      = <text except TAB>
+@end example
+
+For a closer explanation what should be in those fields,
+@pxref{Headers}. 
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-open-server SERVER &optional DEFINITIONS)
+
+@var{server} is here the virtual server name.  @var{definitions} is a
+list of @code{(VARIABLE VALUE)} pairs that defines this virtual server. 
+
+If the server can't be opened, no error should be signaled.  The backend
+may then choose to refuse further attempts at connecting to this
+server.  In fact, it should do so. 
+
+If the server is opened already, this function should return a
+non-@code{nil} value.  There should be no data returned.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-close-server &optional SERVER)
+
+Close connection to @var{server} and free all resources connected
+to it.  Return @code{nil} if the server couldn't be closed for some
+reason.
+
+There should be no data returned.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-close)
+
+Close connection to all servers and free all resources that the backend
+have reserved.  All buffers that have been created by that backend
+should be killed.  (Not the @code{nntp-server-buffer}, though.)  This
+function is generally only called when Gnus is shutting down.
+
+There should be no data returned. 
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-server-opened &optional SERVER)
+
+If @var{server} is the current virtual server, and the connection to the
+physical server is alive, then this function should return a
+non-@code{nil} vlue.  This function should under no circumstances
+attempt to reconnect to a server that is has lost connection to.
+
+There should be no data returned.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-status-message &optional SERVER)
+
+This function should return the last error message from @var{server}. 
+
+There should be no data returned.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-article ARTICLE &optional GROUP SERVER TO-BUFFER)
+
+The result data from this function should be the article specified by
+@var{article}.  This might either be a @code{Message-ID} or a number.
+It is optional whether to implement retrieval by @code{Message-ID}, but
+it would be nice if that were possible.
+
+If @var{to-buffer} is non-@code{nil}, the result data should be returned
+in this buffer instead of the normal data buffer.  This is to make it
+possible to avoid copying large amounts of data from one buffer to
+another, and Gnus mainly request articles to be inserted directly into
+its article buffer.
+
+If it is at all possible, this function should return a cons cell where
+the car is the group name the article was fetched from, and the cdr is
+the article number.  This will enable Gnus to find out what the real
+group and article numbers are when fetching articles by
+@code{Message-ID}.  If this isn't possible, @code{t} should be returned
+on successful article retrievement.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-open-group GROUP &optional SERVER)
+
+Make @var{group} the current group.  
+
+There should be no data returned by this function.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-group GROUP &optional SERVER)
+
+Get data on @var{group}.  This function also has the side effect of
+making @var{group} the current group. 
+
+Here's an example of some result data and a definition of the same:
+
+@example
+211 56 1000 1059 ifi.discussion
+@end example
+
+The first number is the status, which should be @code{211}.  Next is the
+total number of articles in the group, the lowest article number, the
+highest article number, and finally the group name.  Note that the total
+number of articles may be less than one might think while just
+considering the highest and lowest article numbers, but some articles
+may have been canceled.  Gnus just discards the total-number, so
+whether one should take the bother to generate it properly (if that is a
+problem) is left as an exercise to the reader.
+
+@example
+group-status = [ error / info ] eol
+error        = [ "4" / "5" ] 2<number> " " <Error message>
+info         = "211 " 3* [ <number> " " ] <string>
+@end example
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-close-group GROUP &optional SERVER)
+
+Close @var{group} and free any resources connected to it.  This will be
+a no-op on most backends. 
+
+There should be no data returned.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-list &optional SERVER)
+
+Return a list of all groups available on @var{server}.  And that means
+@emph{all}. 
+
+Here's an example from a server that only carries two groups:
+
+@example
+ifi.test 0000002200 0000002000 y
+ifi.discussion 3324 3300 n
+@end example
+
+On each line we have a group name, then the highest article number in
+that group, the lowest article number, and finally a flag.
+
+@example
+active-file = *active-line
+active-line = name " " <number> " " <number> " " flags eol
+name        = <string>
+flags       = "n" / "y" / "m" / "x" / "j" / "=" name
+@end example
+
+The flag says whether the group is read-only (@samp{n}), is moderated
+(@samp{m}), is dead (@samp{x}), is aliased to some other group
+(@samp{=other-group} or none of the above (@samp{y}). 
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-post &optional SERVER)
+
+This function should post the current buffer.  It might return whether
+the posting was successful or not, but that's not required.  If, for
+instance, the posting is done asynchronously, it has generally not been
+completed by the time this function concludes.  In that case, this
+function should set up some kind of sentinel to beep the user loud and
+clear if the posting could not be completed.
+
+There should be no result data from this function. 
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Optional Backend Functions
+@subsubsection Optional Backend Functions
+
+@table @code
+
+@item (nnchoke-retrieve-groups GROUPS &optional SERVER)
+
+@var{groups} is a list of groups, and this function should request data
+on all those groups.  How it does it is of no concern to Gnus, but it
+should attempt to do this in a speedy fashion.
+
+The return value of this function can be either @code{active} or
+@code{group}, which says what the format of the result data is.  The
+former is in the same format as the data from
+@code{nnchoke-request-list}, while the latter is a buffer full of lines
+in the same format as @code{nnchoke-request-group} gives.
+
+@example
+group-buffer = *active-line / *group-status
+@end example
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-update-info GROUP INFO &optional SERVER)
+
+A Gnus group info (@pxref{Group Info}) is handed to the backend for
+alterations.  This comes in handy if the backend really carries all the
+information (as is the case with virtual an imap groups).  This function
+may alter the info in any manner it sees fit, and should return the
+(altered) group info.  This function may alter the group info
+destructively, so no copying is needed before boogeying. 
+
+There should be no result data from this function.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-type GROUP &optional ARTICLE)
+
+When the user issues commands for ``sending news'' (@kbd{F} in the
+summary buffer, for instance), Gnus has to know whether the article the
+user is following up is news or mail.  This function should return
+@code{news} if @var{article} in @var{group} is news, @code{mail} if it
+is mail and @code{unknown} if the type can't be decided.  (The
+@var{article} parameter is necessary in @code{nnvirtual} groups which
+might very well combine mail groups and news groups.)
+
+There should be no result data from this function.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-update-mark GROUP ARTICLE MARK)
+
+If the user tries to set a mark that the backend doesn't like, this
+function may change the mark.  Gnus will use whatever this function
+returns as the mark for @var{article} instead of the original
+@var{mark}.  If the backend doesn't care, it must return the original
+@var{mark}, and not @code{nil} or any other type of garbage.  
+
+The only use for this that I can see is what @code{nnvirtual} does with
+it---if a component group is auto-expirable, marking an article as read
+in the virtual group should result in the article being marked as
+expirable. 
+
+There should be no result data from this function.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-scan &optional GROUP SERVER)
+
+This function may be called at any time (by Gnus or anything else) to
+request that the backend check for incoming articles, in one way or
+another.  A mail backend will typically read the spool file or query the
+POP server when this function is invoked.  The @var{group} doesn't have
+to be heeded---if the backend decides that it is too much work just
+scanning for a single group, it may do a total scan of all groups.  It
+would be nice, however, to keep things local if that's practical.
+
+There should be no result data from this function.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-asynchronous GROUP &optional SERVER ARTICLES)
+
+This is a request to fetch articles asynchronously later.
+@var{articles} is an alist of @var{(article-number line-number)}.  One
+would generally expect that if one later fetches article number 4, for
+instance, some sort of asynchronous fetching of the articles after 4
+(which might be 5, 6, 7 or 11, 3, 909 depending on the order in that
+alist) would be fetched asynchronously, but that is left up to the
+backend.  Gnus doesn't care.
+
+There should be no result data from this function.
+ 
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-group-description GROUP &optional SERVER)
+
+The result data from this function should be a description of
+@var{group}. 
+
+@example
+description-line = name <TAB> description eol
+name             = <string>
+description      = <text>
+@end example
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-list-newsgroups &optional SERVER)
+
+The result data from this function should be the description of all
+groups available on the server.
+
+@example
+description-buffer = *description-line
+@end example
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-newgroups DATE &optional SERVER)
+
+The result data from this function should be all groups that were
+created after @samp{date}, which is in normal human-readable date
+format.  The data should be in the active buffer format.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-create-group GROUP &optional SERVER)
+
+This function should create an empty group with name @var{group}.  
+
+There should be no return data.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-expire-articles ARTICLES &optional GROUP SERVER FORCE)
+
+This function should run the expiry process on all articles in the
+@var{articles} range (which is currently a simple list of article
+numbers.)  It is left up to the backend to decide how old articles
+should be before they are removed by this function.  If @var{force} is
+non-@code{nil}, all @var{articles} should be deleted, no matter how new
+they are. 
+
+This function should return a list of articles that it did not/was not
+able to delete.
+
+There should be no result data returned.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-move-article ARTICLE GROUP SERVER ACCEPT-FORM
+&optional LAST)
+
+This function should move @var{article} (which is a number) from
+@var{group} by calling @var{accept-form}.  
+
+This function should ready the article in question for moving by
+removing any header lines it has added to the article, and generally
+should ``tidy up'' the article.  Then it should @code{eval}
+@var{accept-form} in the buffer where the ``tidy'' article is.  This
+will do the actual copying.  If this @code{eval} returns a
+non-@code{nil} value, the article should be removed.
+
+If @var{last} is @code{nil}, that means that there is a high likelihood
+that there will be more requests issued shortly, so that allows some
+optimizations. 
+
+The function should return a cons where the car is the group name and
+the cdr is the article number that the article was entered as.
+
+There should be no data returned. 
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-accept-article GROUP &optional SERVER LAST)
+
+This function takes the current buffer and inserts it into @var{group}.
+If @var{last} in @code{nil}, that means that there will be more calls to
+this function in short order.
+
+The function should return a cons where the car is the group name and
+the cdr is the article number that the article was entered as.
+
+There should be no data returned.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-replace-article ARTICLE GROUP BUFFER)
+
+This function should remove @var{article} (which is a number) from
+@var{group} and insert @var{buffer} there instead.
+
+There should be no data returned.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-delete-group GROUP FORCE &optional SERVER)
+
+This function should delete @var{group}.  If @var{force}, it should
+really delete all the articles in the group, and then delete the group
+itself.  (If there is such a thing as ``the group itself''.)
+
+There should be no data returned.
+
+
+@item (nnchoke-request-rename-group GROUP NEW-NAME &optional SERVER)
+
+This function should rename @var{group} into @var{new-name}.  All
+articles that are in @var{group} should move to @var{new-name}.
+
+There should be no data returned.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Writing New Backends
+@subsubsection Writing New Backends
+
+The various backends share many similarities.  @code{nnml} is just like
+@code{nnspool}, but it allows you to edit the articles on the server.
+@code{nnmh} is just like @code{nnml}, but it doesn't use an active file,
+and it doesn't maintain overview databases.  @code{nndir} is just like
+@code{nnml}, but it has no concept of ``groups'', and it doesn't allow
+editing articles.
+
+It would make sense if it were possible to ``inherit'' functions from
+backends when writing new backends.  And, indeed, you can do that if you
+want to.  (You don't have to if you don't want to, of course.)  
+
+All the backends declare their public variables and functions by using a
+package called @code{nnoo}.  
+
+To inherit functions from other backends (and allow other backends to
+inherit functions from the current backend), you should use the
+following macros:
+following. 
+
+@table @code
+
+@item nnoo-declare
+This macro declares the first parameter to be a child of the subsequent
+parameters.  For instance:
+
+@lisp
+(nnoo-declare nndir
+  nnml nnmh)
+@end lisp
+
+@code{nndir} has here declared that it intends to inherit functions from
+both @code{nnml} and @code{nnmh}.
+
+@item defvoo
+This macro is equivalent to @code{defvar}, but registers the variable as
+a public server variable.  Most state-oriented variables should be
+declared with @code{defvoo} instead of @code{defvar}.  
+
+In addition to the normal @code{defvar} parameters, it takes a list of
+variables in the parent backends to map the variable to when executing
+a function in those backends.
+
+@lisp
+(defvoo nndir-directory nil
+  "Where nndir will look for groups."
+  nnml-current-directory nnmh-current-directory)
+@end lisp
+
+This means that @code{nnml-current-directory} will be set to
+@code{nndir-directory} when an @code{nnml} function is called on behalf
+of @code{nndir}.  (The same with @code{nnmh}.)  
+
+@item nnoo-define-basics
+This macro defines some common functions that almost all backends should
+have.
+
+@example
+(nnoo-define-basics nndir)
+@end example
+
+@item deffoo
+This macro is just like @code{defun} and takes the same parameters.  In
+addition to doing the normal @code{defun} things, it registers the
+function as being public so that other backends can inherit it.
+
+@item nnoo-map-functions
+This macro allows mapping of functions from the current backend to
+functions from the parent backends.
+
+@example
+(nnoo-map-functions nndir
+  (nnml-retrieve-headers 0 nndir-current-group 0 0)
+  (nnmh-request-article 0 nndir-current-group 0 0))
+@end example
+
+This means that when @code{nndir-retrieve-headers} is called, the first,
+third, and fourth parameters will be passed on to
+@code{nnml-retrieve-headers}, while the second parameter is set to the
+value of @code{nndir-current-group}.
+
+@item nnoo-import
+This macro allows importing functions from backends.  It should be the
+last thing in the source file, since it will only define functions that
+haven't already been defined.
+
+@example
+(nnoo-import nndir
+  (nnmh
+   nnmh-request-list
+   nnmh-request-newgroups)
+  (nnml))
+@end example
+
+This means that calls to @code{nndir-request-list} should just be passed
+on to @code{nnmh-request-list}, while all public functions from
+@code{nnml} that haven't been defined in @code{nndir} yet should be
+defined now.
+
+@end table
+
+Below is a slightly shortened version of the @code{nndir} backend.
+
+@lisp
+;;; nndir.el --- single directory newsgroup access for Gnus
+;; Copyright (C) 1995,96 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+;;; Code:
+
+(require 'nnheader)
+(require 'nnmh)
+(require 'nnml)
+(require 'nnoo)
+(eval-when-compile (require 'cl))
+
+(nnoo-declare nndir
+  nnml nnmh)
+
+(defvoo nndir-directory nil
+  "Where nndir will look for groups."
+  nnml-current-directory nnmh-current-directory)
+
+(defvoo nndir-nov-is-evil nil
+  "*Non-nil means that nndir will never retrieve NOV headers."
+  nnml-nov-is-evil)
+
+(defvoo nndir-current-group "" nil nnml-current-group nnmh-current-group)
+(defvoo nndir-top-directory nil nil nnml-directory nnmh-directory)
+(defvoo nndir-get-new-mail nil nil nnml-get-new-mail nnmh-get-new-mail)
+
+(defvoo nndir-status-string "" nil nnmh-status-string)
+(defconst nndir-version "nndir 1.0")
+
+;;; Interface functions.
+
+(nnoo-define-basics nndir)
+
+(deffoo nndir-open-server (server &optional defs)
+  (setq nndir-directory
+	(or (cadr (assq 'nndir-directory defs))
+	    server))
+  (unless (assq 'nndir-directory defs)
+    (push `(nndir-directory ,server) defs))
+  (push `(nndir-current-group
+	  ,(file-name-nondirectory (directory-file-name nndir-directory)))
+	defs)
+  (push `(nndir-top-directory
+	  ,(file-name-directory (directory-file-name nndir-directory)))
+	defs)
+  (nnoo-change-server 'nndir server defs))
+
+(nnoo-map-functions nndir
+  (nnml-retrieve-headers 0 nndir-current-group 0 0)
+  (nnmh-request-article 0 nndir-current-group 0 0)
+  (nnmh-request-group nndir-current-group 0 0)
+  (nnmh-close-group nndir-current-group 0))
+
+(nnoo-import nndir
+  (nnmh
+   nnmh-status-message
+   nnmh-request-list
+   nnmh-request-newgroups))
+
+(provide 'nndir)
+@end lisp
+
+
+
+@node Score File Syntax
+@subsection Score File Syntax
+
+Score files are meant to be easily parsable, but yet extremely
+mallable.   It was decided that something that had the same read syntax
+as an Emacs Lisp list would fit that spec.
+
+Here's a typical score file:
+
+@lisp
+(("summary"
+  ("win95" -10000 nil s)
+  ("Gnus"))
+ ("from"
+  ("Lars" -1000))
+ (mark -100))
+@end lisp
+
+BNF definition of a score file:
+
+@example
+score-file       = "" / "(" *element ")"
+element          = rule / atom
+rule             = string-rule / number-rule / date-rule
+string-rule      = "(" quote string-header quote space *string-match ")"
+number-rule      = "(" quote number-header quote space *number-match ")"
+date-rule        = "(" quote date-header quote space *date-match ")"
+quote            = <ascii 34>
+string-header    = "subject" / "from" / "references" / "message-id" / 
+                   "xref" / "body" / "head" / "all" / "followup"
+number-header    = "lines" / "chars"
+date-header      = "date"
+string-match     = "(" quote <string> quote [ "" / [ space score [ "" / 
+                   space date [ "" / [ space string-match-t ] ] ] ] ] ")"
+score            = "nil" / <integer>
+date             = "nil" / <natural number>
+string-match-t   = "nil" / "s" / "substring" / "S" / "Substring" / 
+                   "r" / "regex" / "R" / "Regex" /
+                   "e" / "exact" / "E" / "Exact" /
+                   "f" / "fuzzy" / "F" / "Fuzzy"
+number-match     = "(" <integer> [ "" / [ space score [ "" / 
+                   space date [ "" / [ space number-match-t ] ] ] ] ] ")"
+number-match-t   = "nil" / "=" / "<" / ">" / ">=" / "<="
+date-match       = "(" quote <string> quote [ "" / [ space score [ "" / 
+                   space date [ "" / [ space date-match-t ] ] ] ] ")"
+date-match-t     = "nil" / "at" / "before" / "after"
+atom             = "(" [ required-atom / optional-atom ] ")"
+required-atom    = mark / expunge / mark-and-expunge / files /
+                   exclude-files / read-only / touched
+optional-atom    = adapt / local / eval 
+mark             = "mark" space nil-or-number
+nil-or-number    = "nil" / <integer>
+expunge          = "expunge" space nil-or-number
+mark-and-expunge = "mark-and-expunge" space nil-or-number
+files            = "files" *[ space <string> ]
+exclude-files    = "exclude-files" *[ space <string> ]
+read-only        = "read-only" [ space "nil" / space "t" ]
+adapt            = "adapt" [ space "nil" / space "t" / space adapt-rule ]
+adapt-rule       = "(" *[ <string> *[ "(" <string> <integer> ")" ] ")"
+local            = "local" *[ space "(" <string> space <form> ")" ]
+eval             = "eval" space <form>
+space            = *[ " " / <TAB> / <NEWLINE> ]
+@end example
+
+Any unrecognized elements in a score file should be ignored, but not
+discarded.  
+
+As you can see, white space is needed, but the type and amount of white
+space is irrelevant.  This means that formatting of the score file is
+left up to the programmer---if it's simpler to just spew it all out on
+one looong line, then that's ok.
+
+The meaning of the various atoms are explained elsewhere in this
+manual. 
+
+
+@node Headers
+@subsection Headers
+
+Gnus uses internally a format for storing article headers that
+corresponds to the @sc{nov} format in a mysterious fashion.  One could
+almost suspect that the author looked at the @sc{nov} specification and
+just shamelessly @emph{stole} the entire thing, and one would be right.
+
+@dfn{Header} is a severely overloaded term.  ``Header'' is used in
+RFC1036 to talk about lines in the head of an article (eg.,
+@code{From}).  It is used by many people as a synonym for
+``head''---``the header and the body''.  (That should be avoided, in my
+opinion.)  And Gnus uses a format internally that it calls ``header'',
+which is what I'm talking about here.  This is a 9-element vector,
+basically, with each header (ouch) having one slot.
+
+These slots are, in order: @code{number}, @code{subject}, @code{from},
+@code{date}, @code{id}, @code{references}, @code{chars}, @code{lines},
+@code{xref}.  There are macros for accessing and setting these slots --
+they all have predictable names beginning with @code{mail-header-} and
+@code{mail-header-set-}, respectively.  
+
+The @code{xref} slot is really a @code{misc} slot.  Any extra info will
+be put in there.
+
+
+@node Ranges
+@subsection Ranges
+
+@sc{gnus} introduced a concept that I found so useful that I've started
+using it a lot and have elaborated on it greatly. 
+
+The question is simple: If you have a large amount of objects that are
+identified by numbers (say, articles, to take a @emph{wild} example)
+that you want to callify as being ``included'', a normal sequence isn't
+very useful.  (A 200,000 length sequence is a bit long-winded.)
+
+The solution is as simple as the question: You just collapse the
+sequence. 
+
+@example
+(1 2 3 4 5 6 10 11 12)
+@end example
+
+is transformed into
+
+@example
+((1 . 6) (10 . 12))
+@end example
+
+To avoid having those nasty @samp{(13 . 13)} elements to denote a
+lonesome object, a @samp{13} is a valid element:
+
+@example
+((1 . 6) 7 (10 . 12))
+@end example
+
+This means that comparing two ranges to find out whether they are equal
+is slightly tricky:
+
+@example
+((1 . 5) 7 8 (10 . 12))
+@end example
+
+and
+
+@example
+((1 . 5) (7 . 8) (10 . 12))
+@end example
+
+are equal.  In fact, any non-descending list is a range:
+
+@example
+(1 2 3 4 5)
+@end example
+
+is a perfectly valid range, although a pretty long-winded one.  This is
+also legal:
+
+@example
+(1 . 5)
+@end example
+
+and is equal to the previous range.
+
+Here's a BNF definition of ranges.  Of course, one must remember the
+semantic requirement that the numbers are non-descending.  (Any number
+of repetition of the same number is allowed, but apt to disappear in
+range handling.)
+
+@example
+range           = simple-range / normal-range
+simple-range    = "(" number " . " number ")"
+normal-range    = "(" start-contents ")"
+contents        = "" / simple-range *[ " " contents ] / 
+                  number *[ " " contents ]
+@end example
+
+Gnus currently uses ranges to keep track of read articles and article
+marks.  I plan on implementing a number of range operators in C if The
+Powers That Be are willing to let me.  (I haven't asked yet, because I
+need to do some more thinking on what operators I need to make life
+totally range-based without ever having to convert back to normal
+sequences.) 
+
+
+@node Group Info
+@subsection Group Info
+
+Gnus stores all permanent info on groups in a @dfn{group info} list.
+This list is from three to six elements (or more) long and exhaustively
+describes the group.
+
+Here are two example group infos; one is a very simple group while the
+second is a more complex one:
+
+@example
+("no.group" 5 (1 . 54324))
+
+("nnml:my.mail" 3 ((1 . 5) 9 (20 . 55))
+                ((tick (15 . 19)) (replied 3 6 (19 . 3)))
+                (nnml "")
+                (auto-expire (to-address "ding@@ifi.uio.no")))
+@end example
+
+The first element is the group name as Gnus knows the group; the second
+is the group level; the third is the read articles in range format; the
+fourth is a list of article marks lists; the fifth is the select method;
+and the sixth contains the group parameters.
+
+Here's a BNF definition of the group info format:
+
+@example
+info          = "(" group space level space read 
+                [ "" / [ space marks-list [ "" / [ space method [ "" /
+                space parameters ] ] ] ] ] ")" 
+group         = quote <string> quote
+level         = <integer in the range of 1 to inf>
+read          = range
+marks-lists   = nil / "(" *marks ")"
+marks         = "(" <string> range ")"
+method        = "(" <string> *elisp-forms ")"
+parameters    = "(" *elisp-forms ")"
+@end example
+
+Actually that @samp{marks} rule is a fib.  A @samp{marks} is a
+@samp{<string>} consed on to a @samp{range}, but that's a bitch to say
+in pseudo-BNF.
+
+
+@node Emacs/XEmacs Code
+@subsection Emacs/XEmacs Code
+@cindex XEmacs
+@cindex Emacsen
+
+While Gnus runs under Emacs, XEmacs and Mule, I decided that one of the
+platforms must be the primary one.  I chose Emacs.  Not because I don't
+like XEmacs or Mule, but because it comes first alphabetically.
+
+This means that Gnus will byte-compile under Emacs with nary a warning,
+while XEmacs will pump out gigabytes of warnings while byte-compiling.
+As I use byte-compilation warnings to help me root out trivial errors in
+Gnus, that's very useful.  
+
+I've also consistently used Emacs function interfaces, but have used
+Gnusey aliases for the functions.  To take an example:  Emacs defines a
+@code{run-at-time} function while XEmacs defines a @code{start-itimer}
+function.  I then define a function called @code{gnus-run-at-time} that
+takes the same parameters as the Emacs @code{run-at-time}.  When running
+Gnus under Emacs, the former function is just an alias for the latter.
+However, when running under XEmacs, the former is an alias for the
+following function:
+
+@lisp
+(defun gnus-xmas-run-at-time (time repeat function &rest args)
+  (start-itimer
+   "gnus-run-at-time"
+   `(lambda ()
+      (,function ,@@args))
+   time repeat))
+@end lisp
+
+This sort of thing has been done for bunches of functions.  Gnus does
+not redefine any native Emacs functions while running under XEmacs -- it
+does this @code{defalias} thing with Gnus equivalents instead.  Cleaner
+all over.
+
+Of course, I could have chosen XEmacs as my native platform and done
+mapping functions the other way around.  But I didn't.  The performance
+hit these indirections impose on Gnus under XEmacs should be slight.
+
+
+@node Various File Formats
+@subsection Various File Formats
+
+@menu
+* Active File Format::      Information on articles and groups available.
+* Newsgroups File Format::  Group descriptions.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Active File Format
+@subsubsection Active File Format
+
+The active file lists all groups that are available on the server in
+question.  It also lists the highest and lowest current article numbers
+in each group.  
+
+Here's an excerpt from a typical active file:
+
+@example
+soc.motss 296030 293865 y
+alt.binaries.pictures.fractals 3922 3913 n
+comp.sources.unix 1605 1593 m
+comp.binaries.ibm.pc 5097 5089 y
+no.general 1000 900 y
+@end example
+
+Here's a pseudo-BNF definition of this file:
+
+@example
+active      = *group-line
+group-line  = group space high-number space low-number space flag <NEWLINE>
+group       = <non-white-space string>
+space       = " "
+high-number = <non-negative integer>
+low-number  = <positive integer>
+flag        = "y" / "n" / "m" / "j" / "x" / "=" group
+@end example
+
+
+@node Newsgroups File Format
+@subsubsection Newsgroups File Format
+
+The newsgroups file lists groups along with their descriptions.  Not all
+groups on the server have to be listed,  and not all groups in the file
+have to exist on the server.  The file is meant purely as information to
+the user.
+
+The format is quite simple; a group name, a tab, and the description.
+Here's the definition:
+
+@example
+newsgroups    = *line
+line          = group tab description <NEWLINE>
+group         = <non-white-space string>
+tab           = <TAB>
+description   = <string>
+@end example
+
+
+@node Emacs for Heathens
+@section Emacs for Heathens
+
+Believe it or not, but some people who use Gnus haven't really used
+Emacs much before they embarked on their journey on the Gnus Love Boat.
+If you are one of those unfortunates whom ``@kbd{M-C-a}'', ``kill the
+region'', and ``set @code{gnus-flargblossen} to an alist where the key
+is a regexp that is used for matching on the group name'' are magical
+phrases with little or no meaning, then this appendix is for you.  If
+you are already familiar with Emacs, just ignore this and go fondle your
+cat instead.
+
+@menu
+* Keystrokes::      Entering text and executing commands.
+* Emacs Lisp::      The built-in Emacs programming language.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Keystrokes
+@subsection Keystrokes
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Q: What is an experienced Emacs user?
+
+@item 
+A: A person who wishes that the terminal had pedals.
+@end itemize
+
+Yes, when you use Emacs, you are apt to use the control key, the shift
+key and the meta key a lot.  This is very annoying to some people
+(notably @code{vi}le users), and the rest of us just love the hell out
+of it.  Just give up and submit.  Emacs really does stand for
+``Escape-Meta-Alt-Control-Shift'', and not ``Editing Macros'', as you
+may have heard from other disreputable sources (like the Emacs author).
+
+The shift key is normally located near your pinky fingers, and are
+normally used to get capital letters and stuff.  You probably use it all
+the time.  The control key is normally marked ``CTRL'' or something like
+that.  The meta key is, funnily enough, never marked as such on any
+keyboards.  The one I'm currently at has a key that's marked ``Alt'',
+which is the meta key on this keyboard.  It's usually located somewhere
+to the left hand side of the keyboard, usually on the bottom row.
+
+Now, us Emacs people doesn't say ``press the meta-control-m key'',
+because that's just too inconvenient.  We say ``press the @kbd{M-C-m}
+key''.  @kbd{M-} is the prefix that means ``meta'' and ``C-'' is the
+prefix that means ``control''.  So ``press @kbd{C-k}'' means ``press
+down the control key, and hold it down while you press @kbd{k}''.
+``Press @kbd{M-C-k}'' means ``press down and hold down the meta key and
+the control key and then press @kbd{k}''.  Simple, ay?
+
+This is somewhat complicated by the fact that not all keyboards have a
+meta key.  In that case you can use the ``escape'' key.  Then @kbd{M-k}
+means ``press escape, release escape, press @kbd{k}''.  That's much more
+work than if you have a meta key, so if that's the case, I respectfully
+suggest you get a real keyboard with a meta key.  You can't live without
+it.
+
+
+
+@node Emacs Lisp
+@subsection Emacs Lisp
+
+Emacs is the King of Editors because it's really a Lisp interpreter.
+Each and every key you tap runs some Emacs Lisp code snippet, and since
+Emacs Lisp is an interpreted language, that means that you can configure
+any key to run any arbitrary code.  You just, like, do it.
+
+Gnus is written in Emacs Lisp, and is run as a bunch of interpreted
+functions.  (These are byte-compiled for speed, but it's still
+interpreted.)  If you decide that you don't like the way Gnus does
+certain things, it's trivial to have it do something a different way.
+(Well, at least if you know how to write Lisp code.)  However, that's
+beyond the scope of this manual, so we are simply going to talk about
+some common constructs that you normally use in your @file{.emacs} file
+to customize Gnus.
+
+If you want to set the variable @code{gnus-florgbnize} to four (4), you
+write the following:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-florgbnize 4)
+@end lisp
+
+This function (really ``special form'') @code{setq} is the one that can
+set a variable to some value.  This is really all you need to know.  Now
+you can go and fill your @code{.emacs} file with lots of these to change
+how Gnus works.
+
+If you have put that thing in your @code{.emacs} file, it will be read
+and @code{eval}ed (which is lisp-ese for ``run'') the next time you
+start Emacs.  If you want to change the variable right away, simply say
+@kbd{C-x C-e} after the closing parenthesis.  That will @code{eval} the
+previous ``form'', which here is a simple @code{setq} statement.
+
+Go ahead---just try it, if you're located at your Emacs.  After you
+@kbd{C-x C-e}, you will see @samp{4} appear in the echo area, which
+is the return value of the form you @code{eval}ed.
+
+Some pitfalls:
+
+If the manual says ``set @code{gnus-read-active-file} to @code{some}'',
+that means:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-read-active-file 'some)
+@end lisp
+
+On the other hand, if the manual says ``set @code{gnus-nntp-server} to
+@samp{nntp.ifi.uio.no}'', that means:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-nntp-server "nntp.ifi.uio.no")
+@end lisp
+
+So be careful not to mix up strings (the latter) with symbols (the
+former).  The manual is unambiguous, but it can be confusing.
+
+
+@include gnus-faq.texi
+
+@node Index
+@chapter Index
+@printindex cp
+
+@node Key Index
+@chapter Key Index
+@printindex ky
+
+@summarycontents
+@contents
+@bye
+
+@iftex
+@iflatex
+\end{document}
+@end iflatex
+@end iftex
+
+@c End:
+