--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/lisp/utils/advice.el	Mon Aug 13 08:45:50 2007 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,3960 @@
+;;; advice.el --- an overloading mechanism for Emacs Lisp functions
+
+;; Copyright (C) 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+;; Author: Hans Chalupsky <hans@cs.buffalo.edu>
+;; Created: 12 Dec 1992
+;; Version: advice.el,v 2.14 1994/08/05 03:42:04 hans Exp
+;; Keywords: extensions, lisp, tools
+
+;; This file is part of XEmacs.
+
+;; XEmacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+;; under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;; the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+;; any later version.
+
+;; XEmacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+;; WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+;; General Public License for more details.
+
+;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;; along with XEmacs; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
+;; Software Foundation, 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+;; LCD Archive Entry:
+;; advice|Hans Chalupsky|hans@cs.buffalo.edu|
+;; Overloading mechanism for Emacs Lisp functions|
+;; 1994/08/05 03:42:04|2.14|~/packages/advice.el.Z|
+
+;;; Synched up with: FSF 19.30.
+
+;;; Commentary:
+
+;; NOTE: This documentation is slightly out of date. In particular, all the
+;; references to Emacs-18 are obsolete now, because it is not any longer
+;; supported by this version of Advice. An up-to-date version will soon be
+;; available as an info file (thanks to the kind help of Jack Vinson and
+;; David M. Smith).
+
+;; @ Introduction:
+;; ===============
+;; This package implements a full-fledged Lisp-style advice mechanism
+;; for Emacs Lisp. Advice is a clean and efficient way to modify the 
+;; behavior of Emacs Lisp functions without having to keep  personal
+;; modified copies of such functions around. A great number of such 
+;; modifications can be achieved by treating the original function as a 
+;; black box and specifying a different execution environment for it 
+;; with a piece of advice. Think of a piece of advice as a kind of fancy
+;; hook that you can attach to any function/macro/subr.
+
+;; @ Highlights:
+;; =============
+;; - Clean definition of multiple, named before/around/after advices
+;;   for functions, macros, subrs and special forms
+;; - Full control over the arguments an advised function will receive,
+;;   the binding environment in which it will be executed, as well as the
+;;   value it will return.
+;; - Allows re/definition of interactive behavior for functions and subrs
+;; - Every piece of advice can have its documentation string which will be 
+;;   combined with the original documentation of the advised function at
+;;   call-time of `documentation' for proper command-key substitution.
+;; - The execution of every piece of advice can be protected against error
+;;   and non-local exits in preceding code or advices.
+;; - Simple argument access either by name, or, more portable but as
+;;   efficient, via access macros
+;; - Allows the specification of a different argument list for the advised
+;;   version of a function.
+;; - Advised functions can be byte-compiled either at file-compile time
+;;   (see preactivation) or activation time.
+;; - Separation of advice definition and activation
+;; - Forward advice is possible, that is
+;;   as yet undefined or autoload functions can be advised without having to
+;;   preload the file in which they are defined. 
+;; - Forward redefinition is possible because around advice can be used to
+;;   completely redefine a function.
+;; - A caching mechanism for advised definition provides for cheap deactivation
+;;   and reactivation of advised functions.
+;; - Preactivation allows efficient construction and compilation of advised
+;;   definitions at file compile time without giving up the flexibility of
+;;   the advice mechanism.
+;; - En/disablement mechanism allows the use of  different "views" of advised
+;;   functions depending on what pieces of advice are currently en/disabled
+;; - Provides manipulation mechanisms for sets of advised functions via 
+;;   regular expressions that match advice names
+
+;; @ How to get Advice for Emacs-18:
+;; =================================
+;; `advice18.el', a version of Advice that also works in Emacs-18 is available
+;; either via anonymous ftp from `ftp.cs.buffalo.edu (128.205.32.9)' with 
+;; pathname `/pub/Emacs/advice18.el', or from one of the Emacs Lisp archive
+;; sites, or send email to <hans@cs.buffalo.edu> and I'll mail it to you.
+
+;; @ Overview, or how to read this file:
+;; =====================================
+;; NOTE: This documentation is slightly out of date. In particular, all the
+;; references to Emacs-18 are obsolete now, because it is not any longer
+;; supported by this version of Advice. An up-to-date version will soon be
+;; available as an info file (thanks to the kind help of Jack Vinson and
+;; David M. Smith). Until then you can use `outline-mode' to help you read
+;; this documentation (set `outline-regexp' to `";; @+"').
+;;
+;; The four major sections of this file are:
+;;
+;;   @ This initial information       ...installation, customization etc.
+;;   @ Advice documentation:          ...general documentation
+;;   @ Foo games: An advice tutorial  ...teaches about Advice by example
+;;   @ Advice implementation:         ...actual code, yeah!!
+;;
+;; The latter three are actual headings which you can search for
+;; directly in case `outline-mode' doesn't work for you.
+
+;; @ Restrictions:
+;; ===============
+;; - Only works with Emacs 19.26 or later and XEmacs 19.12 or later.
+;; - Advised functions/macros/subrs will only exhibit their advised behavior
+;;   when they are invoked via their function cell. This means that advice will
+;;   not work for the following:
+;;   + advised subrs that are called directly from other subrs or C-code 
+;;   + advised subrs that got replaced with their byte-code during 
+;;     byte-compilation (e.g., car)
+;;   + advised macros which were expanded during byte-compilation before
+;;     their advice was activated.
+
+;; @ Credits:
+;; ==========
+;; This package is an extension and generalization of packages such as
+;; insert-hooks.el written by Noah S. Friedman, and advise.el written by
+;; Raul J. Acevedo. Some ideas used in here come from these packages,
+;; others come from the various Lisp advice mechanisms I've come across
+;; so far, and a few are simply mine.
+
+;; @ Comments, suggestions, bug reports:
+;; =====================================
+;; If you find any bugs, have suggestions for new advice features, find the
+;; documentation wrong, confusing, incomplete, or otherwise unsatisfactory,
+;; have any questions about Advice, or have otherwise enlightening
+;; comments feel free to send me email at <hans@cs.buffalo.edu>.
+
+;; @ Safety Rules and Emergency Exits:
+;; ===================================
+;; Before we begin: CAUTION!!
+;; Advice provides you with a lot of rope to hang yourself on very
+;; easily accessible trees, so, here are a few important things you
+;; should know: Once Advice has been started with `ad-start-advice'
+;; (which happens automatically when you load this file), it
+;; generates an advised definition of the `documentation' function, and
+;; it will enable automatic advice activation when functions get defined.
+;; All of this can be undone at any time with `M-x ad-stop-advice'.
+;; 
+;; If you experience any strange behavior/errors etc. that you attribute to
+;; Advice or to some ill-advised function do one of the following:
+
+;; - M-x ad-deactivate FUNCTION (if you have a definite suspicion what
+;;                               function gives you problems)
+;; - M-x ad-deactivate-all      (if you don't have a clue what's going wrong)
+;; - M-x ad-stop-advice         (if you think the problem is related to the
+;;                               advised functions used by Advice itself)
+;; - M-x ad-recover-normality   (for real emergencies)
+;; - If none of the above solves your Advice-related problem go to another
+;;   terminal, kill your Emacs process and send me some hate mail.
+
+;; The first three measures have restarts, i.e., once you've figured out
+;; the problem you can reactivate advised functions with either `ad-activate',
+;; `ad-activate-all', or `ad-start-advice'. `ad-recover-normality' unadvises
+;; everything so you won't be able to reactivate any advised functions, you'll
+;; have to stick with their standard incarnations for the rest of the session.
+
+;; IMPORTANT: With Advice loaded always do `M-x ad-deactivate-all' before
+;; you byte-compile a file, because advised special forms and macros can lead
+;; to unwanted compilation results. When you are done compiling use
+;; `M-x ad-activate-all' to go back to the advised state of all your 
+;; advised functions.
+
+;; RELAX: Advice is pretty safe even if you are oblivious to the above.
+;; I use it extensively and haven't run into any serious trouble in a long
+;; time. Just wanted you to be warned.
+
+;; @ Customization:
+;; ================
+
+;; Look at the documentation of `ad-redefinition-action' for possible values
+;; of this variable. Its default value is `warn' which will print a warning
+;; message when an already defined advised function gets redefined with a
+;; new original definition and de/activated.
+
+;; Look at the documentation of `ad-default-compilation-action' for possible
+;; values of this variable. Its default value is `maybe' which will compile
+;; advised definitions during activation in case the byte-compiler is already
+;; loaded. Otherwise, it will leave them uncompiled.
+
+;; @ Motivation:
+;; =============
+;; Before I go on explaining how advice works, here are four simple examples
+;; how this package can be used. The first three are very useful, the last one
+;; is just a joke:
+
+;;(defadvice switch-to-buffer (before existing-buffers-only activate)
+;;  "When called interactively switch to existing buffers only, unless 
+;;when called with a prefix argument."
+;;  (interactive 
+;;   (list (read-buffer "Switch to buffer: " (other-buffer) 
+;;                      (null current-prefix-arg)))))
+;;
+;;(defadvice switch-to-buffer (around confirm-non-existing-buffers activate)
+;;  "Switch to non-existing buffers only upon confirmation."
+;;  (interactive "BSwitch to buffer: ")
+;;  (if (or (get-buffer (ad-get-arg 0))
+;;          (y-or-n-p (format "`%s' does not exist, create? " (ad-get-arg 0))))
+;;      ad-do-it))
+;;
+;;(defadvice find-file (before existing-files-only activate)
+;;  "Find existing files only"
+;;  (interactive "fFind file: "))
+;;
+;;(defadvice car (around interactive activate)
+;;  "Make `car' an interactive function."
+;;   (interactive "xCar of list: ")
+;;   ad-do-it
+;;   (if (interactive-p)
+;;       (message "%s" ad-return-value)))
+
+
+;; @ Advice documentation:
+;; =======================
+;; Below is general documentation of the various features of advice. For more
+;; concrete examples check the corresponding sections in the tutorial part.
+
+;; @@ Terminology:
+;; ===============
+;; - Emacs, Emacs-19: FSF's version of Emacs with major version 19
+;; - Lemacs: Lucid's version of Emacs with major version 19
+;; - XEmacs: New name of Lucid Emacs starting with 19.11
+;; - v18: Any Emacs with major version 18 or built as an extension to that
+;;        (such as Epoch)
+;; - v19: Any Emacs with major version 19
+;; - jwz: Jamie Zawinski - former keeper of Lemacs and creator of the
+;;        optimizing byte-compiler used in v19s.
+;; - Advice: The name of this package.
+;; - advices: Short for "pieces of advice".
+
+;; @@ Defining a piece of advice with `defadvice':
+;; ===============================================
+;; The main means of defining a piece of advice is the macro `defadvice',
+;; there is no interactive way of specifying a piece of advice.  A call to
+;; `defadvice' has the following syntax which is similar to the syntax of
+;; `defun/defmacro':
+;;
+;; (defadvice <function> (<class> <name> [<position>] [<arglist>] {<flags>}*)
+;;   [ [<documentation-string>] [<interactive-form>] ]
+;;   {<body-form>}* )
+
+;; <function> is the name of the function/macro/subr to be advised.
+
+;; <class> is the class of the advice which has to be one of `before',
+;; `around', `after', `activation' or `deactivation' (the last two allow
+;; definition of special act/deactivation hooks).
+
+;; <name> is the name of the advice which has to be a non-nil symbol.
+;; Names uniquely identify a piece of advice in a certain advice class,
+;; hence, advices can be redefined by defining an advice with the same class
+;; and name. Advice names are global symbols, hence, the same name space
+;; conventions used for function names should be applied.
+
+;; An optional <position> specifies where in the current list of advices of
+;; the specified <class> this new advice will be placed. <position> has to
+;; be either `first', `last' or a number that specifies a zero-based
+;; position (`first' is equivalent to 0). If no position is specified
+;; `first' will be used as a default. If this call to `defadvice' redefines
+;; an already existing advice (see above) then the position argument will
+;; be ignored and the position of the already existing advice will be used.
+
+;; An optional <arglist> which has to be a list can be used to define the
+;; argument list of the advised function. This argument list should of
+;; course be compatible with the argument list of the original function,
+;; otherwise functions that call the advised function with the original
+;; argument list in mind will break. If more than one advice specify an
+;; argument list then the first one (the one with the smallest position)
+;; found in the list of before/around/after advices will be used.
+
+;; <flags> is a list of symbols that specify further information about the
+;; advice. All flags can be specified with unambiguous initial substrings.
+;;   `activate': Specifies that the advice information of the advised
+;;              function should be activated right after this advice has been
+;;              defined. In forward advices `activate' will be ignored. 
+;;   `protect': Specifies that this advice should be protected against
+;;              non-local exits and errors in preceding code/advices.
+;;   `compile': Specifies that the advised function should be byte-compiled.
+;;              This flag will be ignored unless `activate' is also specified.
+;;   `disable': Specifies that the defined advice should be disabled, hence,
+;;              it will not be used in an activation until somebody enables it.
+;;   `preactivate': Specifies that the advised function should get preactivated
+;;              at macro-expansion/compile time of this `defadvice'. This
+;;              generates a compiled advised definition according to the
+;;              current advice state which will be used during activation
+;;              if appropriate. Only use this if the `defadvice' gets
+;;              actually compiled (with a v18 byte-compiler put the `defadvice'
+;;              into the body of a `defun' to accomplish proper compilation).
+
+;; An optional <documentation-string> can be supplied to document the advice.
+;; On call of the `documentation' function it will be combined with the
+;; documentation strings of the original function and other advices.
+
+;; An optional <interactive-form> form can be supplied to change/add
+;; interactive behavior of the original function. If more than one advice
+;; has an `(interactive ...)' specification then the first one (the one
+;; with the smallest position) found in the list of before/around/after
+;; advices will be used.
+
+;; A possibly empty list of <body-forms> specifies the body of the advice in
+;; an implicit progn. The body of an advice can access/change arguments,
+;; the return value, the binding environment, and can have all sorts of 
+;; other side effects.
+
+;; @@ Assembling advised definitions:
+;; ==================================
+;; Suppose a function/macro/subr/special-form has N pieces of before advice,
+;; M pieces of around advice and K pieces of after advice. Assuming none of
+;; the advices is protected, its advised definition will look like this
+;; (body-form indices correspond to the position of the respective advice in
+;; that advice class):
+
+;;    ([macro] lambda <arglist>
+;;       [ [<advised-docstring>] [(interactive ...)] ]
+;;       (let (ad-return-value)
+;;         {<before-0-body-form>}*
+;;               ....
+;;         {<before-N-1-body-form>}*
+;;         {<around-0-body-form>}*
+;;            {<around-1-body-form>}*
+;;                  ....
+;;               {<around-M-1-body-form>}*
+;;                  (setq ad-return-value
+;;                        <apply original definition to <arglist>>)
+;;               {<other-around-M-1-body-form>}*
+;;                  ....
+;;            {<other-around-1-body-form>}*
+;;         {<other-around-0-body-form>}*
+;;         {<after-0-body-form>}*
+;;               ....
+;;         {<after-K-1-body-form>}*
+;;         ad-return-value))
+
+;; Macros and special forms will be redefined as macros, hence the optional
+;; [macro] in the beginning of the definition.
+
+;; <arglist> is either the argument list of the original function or the
+;; first argument list defined in the list of before/around/after advices.
+;; The values of <arglist> variables can be accessed/changed in the body of
+;; an advice by simply referring to them by their original name, however,
+;; more portable argument access macros are also provided (see below).  For
+;; subrs/special-forms for which neither explicit argument list definitions
+;; are available, nor their documentation strings contain such definitions
+;; (as they do v19s), `(&rest ad-subr-args)' will be used.
+
+;; <advised-docstring> is an optional, special documentation string which will
+;; be expanded into a proper documentation string upon call of `documentation'.
+
+;; (interactive ...) is an optional interactive form either taken from the
+;; original function or from a before/around/after advice. For advised
+;; interactive subrs that do not have an interactive form specified in any
+;; advice we have to use (interactive) and then call the subr interactively
+;; if the advised function was called interactively, because the
+;; interactive specification of subrs is not accessible. This is the only
+;; case where changing the values of arguments will not have an affect
+;; because they will be reset by the interactive specification of the subr.
+;; If this is a problem one can always specify an interactive form in a
+;; before/around/after advice to gain control over argument values that
+;; were supplied interactively.
+;; 
+;; Then the body forms of the various advices in the various classes of advice
+;; are assembled in order.  The forms of around advice L are normally part of
+;; one of the forms of around advice L-1. An around advice can specify where
+;; the forms of the wrapped or surrounded forms should go with the special
+;; keyword `ad-do-it', which will be substituted with a `progn' containing the
+;; forms of the surrounded code.
+
+;; The innermost part of the around advice onion is 
+;;      <apply original definition to <arglist>>
+;; whose form depends on the type of the original function. The variable
+;; `ad-return-value' will be set to its result. This variable is visible to
+;; all pieces of advice which can access and modify it before it gets returned.
+;; 
+;; The semantic structure of advised functions that contain protected pieces
+;; of advice is the same. The only difference is that `unwind-protect' forms
+;; make sure that the protected advice gets executed even if some previous
+;; piece of advice had an error or a non-local exit. If any around advice is
+;; protected then the whole around advice onion will be protected.
+
+;; @@ Argument access in advised functions:
+;; ========================================
+;; As already mentioned, the simplest way to access the arguments of an
+;; advised function in the body of an advice is to refer to them by name. To
+;; do that, the advice programmer needs to know either the names of the
+;; argument variables of the original function, or the names used in the
+;; argument list redefinition given in a piece of advice. While this simple
+;; method might be sufficient in many cases, it has the disadvantage that it
+;; is not very portable because it hardcodes the argument names into the
+;; advice. If the definition of the original function changes the advice
+;; might break even though the code might still be correct. Situations like
+;; that arise, for example, if one advises a subr like `eval-region' which
+;; gets redefined in a non-advice style into a function by the edebug
+;; package. If the advice assumes `eval-region' to be a subr it might break
+;; once edebug is loaded. Similar situations arise when one wants to use the
+;; same piece of advice across different versions of Emacs. Some subrs in a
+;; v18 Emacs are functions in v19 and vice versa, but for the most part the
+;; semantics remain the same, hence, the same piece of advice might be usable
+;; in both Emacs versions.
+
+;; As a solution to that advice provides argument list access macros that get
+;; translated into the proper access forms at activation time, i.e., when the
+;; advised definition gets constructed. Access macros access actual arguments
+;; by position regardless of how these actual argument get distributed onto
+;; the argument variables of a function. The rational behind this is that in
+;; Emacs Lisp the semantics of an argument is strictly determined by its
+;; position (there are no keyword arguments).
+
+;; Suppose the function `foo' is defined as
+;;
+;;    (defun foo (x y &optional z &rest r) ....)
+;;
+;; and is then called with
+;;
+;;    (foo 0 1 2 3 4 5 6)
+
+;; which means that X=0, Y=1, Z=2 and R=(3 4 5 6). The assumption is that
+;; the semantics of an actual argument is determined by its position. It is
+;; this semantics that has to be known by the advice programmer. Then s/he
+;; can access these arguments in a piece of advice with some of the
+;; following macros (the arrows indicate what value they will return):
+
+;;    (ad-get-arg 0) -> 0
+;;    (ad-get-arg 1) -> 1
+;;    (ad-get-arg 2) -> 2
+;;    (ad-get-arg 3) -> 3
+;;    (ad-get-args 2) -> (2 3 4 5 6)
+;;    (ad-get-args 4) -> (4 5 6)
+
+;; `(ad-get-arg <position>)' will return the actual argument that was supplied
+;; at <position>, `(ad-get-args <position>)' will return the list of actual
+;; arguments supplied starting at <position>. Note that these macros can be
+;; used without any knowledge about the form of the actual argument list of
+;; the original function.
+
+;; Similarly, `(ad-set-arg <position> <value-form>)' can be used to set the
+;; value of the actual argument at <position> to <value-form>. For example,
+;;
+;;   (ad-set-arg 5 "five")
+;;
+;; will have the effect that R=(3 4 "five" 6) once the original function is
+;; called. `(ad-set-args <position> <value-list-form>)' can be used to set
+;; the list of actual arguments starting at <position> to <value-list-form>.
+;; For example,
+;;
+;;   (ad-set-args 0 '(5 4 3 2 1 0))
+;;
+;; will have the effect that X=5, Y=4, Z=3 and R=(2 1 0) once the original
+;; function is called.
+
+;; All these access macros are text macros rather than real Lisp macros. When
+;; the advised definition gets constructed they get replaced with actual access
+;; forms depending on the argument list of the advised function, i.e., after
+;; that argument access is in most cases as efficient as using the argument
+;; variable names directly.
+
+;; @@@ Accessing argument bindings of arbitrary functions:
+;; =======================================================
+;; Some functions (such as `trace-function' defined in trace.el) need a
+;; method of accessing the names and bindings of the arguments of an
+;; arbitrary advised function. To do that within an advice one can use the
+;; special keyword `ad-arg-bindings' which is a text macro that will be
+;; substituted with a form that will evaluate to a list of binding
+;; specifications, one for every argument variable.  These binding
+;; specifications can then be examined in the body of the advice.  For
+;; example, somewhere in an advice we could do this:
+;;
+;;   (let* ((bindings ad-arg-bindings)
+;;          (firstarg (car bindings))
+;;          (secondarg (car (cdr bindings))))
+;;     ;; Print info about first argument
+;;     (print (format "%s=%s (%s)"
+;;                    (ad-arg-binding-field firstarg 'name)
+;;                    (ad-arg-binding-field firstarg 'value)
+;;                    (ad-arg-binding-field firstarg 'type)))
+;;     ....)
+;;
+;; The `type' of an argument is either `required', `optional' or `rest'.
+;; Wherever `ad-arg-bindings' appears a form will be inserted that evaluates
+;; to the list of bindings, hence, in order to avoid multiple unnecessary
+;; evaluations one should always bind it to some variable.
+
+;; @@@ Argument list mapping:
+;; ==========================
+;; Because `defadvice' allows the specification of the argument list of the
+;; advised function we need a mapping mechanism that maps this argument list
+;; onto that of the original function. For example, somebody might specify
+;; `(sym newdef)' as the argument list of `fset', while advice might use
+;; `(&rest ad-subr-args)' as the argument list of the original function
+;; (depending on what Emacs version is used). Hence SYM and NEWDEF have to
+;; be properly mapped onto the &rest variable when the original definition is
+;; called. Advice automatically takes care of that mapping, hence, the advice 
+;; programmer can specify an argument list without having to know about the
+;; exact structure of the original argument list as long as the new argument
+;; list takes a compatible number/magnitude of actual arguments.
+
+;; @@@ Definition of subr argument lists:
+;; ======================================
+;; When advice constructs the advised definition of a function it has to
+;; know the argument list of the original function. For functions and macros
+;; the argument list can be determined from the actual definition, however,
+;; for subrs there is no such direct access available. In XEmacs and for some
+;; subrs in Emacs-19 the argument list of a subr can be determined from
+;; its documentation string, in a v18 Emacs even that is not possible. If
+;; advice cannot at all determine the argument list of a subr it uses
+;; `(&rest ad-subr-args)' which will always work but is inefficient because
+;; it conses up arguments. The macro `ad-define-subr-args' can be used by
+;; the advice programmer to explicitly tell advice about the argument list
+;; of a certain subr, for example,
+;;
+;;    (ad-define-subr-args 'fset '(sym newdef))
+;;
+;; is used by advice itself to tell a v18 Emacs about the arguments of `fset'.
+;; The following can be used to undo such a definition:
+;;
+;;    (ad-undefine-subr-args 'fset)
+;;
+;; The argument list definition is stored on the property list of the subr
+;; name symbol. When an argument list could be determined from the
+;; documentation string it will be cached under that property. The general
+;; mechanism for looking up the argument list of a subr is the following:
+;; 1) look for a definition stored on the property list
+;; 2) if that failed try to infer it from the documentation string and
+;;    if successful cache it on the property list
+;; 3) otherwise use `(&rest ad-subr-args)'
+
+;; @@ Activation and deactivation:
+;; ===============================
+;; The definition of an advised function does not change until all its advice
+;; gets actually activated. Activation can either happen with the `activate'
+;; flag specified in the `defadvice', with an explicit call or interactive
+;; invocation of `ad-activate', or if forward advice is enabled (i.e., the
+;; value of `ad-activate-on-definition' is t) at the time an already advised
+;; function gets defined.
+
+;; When a function gets first activated its original definition gets saved,
+;; all defined and enabled pieces of advice will get combined with the
+;; original definition, the resulting definition might get compiled depending
+;; on some conditions described below, and then the function will get
+;; redefined with the advised definition.  This also means that undefined
+;; functions cannot get activated even though they might be already advised.
+
+;; The advised definition will get compiled either if `ad-activate' was called
+;; interactively with a prefix argument, or called explicitly with its second
+;; argument as t, or, if `ad-default-compilation-action' justifies it according
+;; to the current system state. If the advised definition was
+;; constructed during "preactivation" (see below) then that definition will
+;; be already compiled because it was constructed during byte-compilation of
+;; the file that contained the `defadvice' with the `preactivate' flag.
+
+;; `ad-deactivate' can be used to back-define an advised function to its
+;; original definition. It can be called interactively or directly. Because
+;; `ad-activate' caches the advised definition the function can be
+;; reactivated via `ad-activate' with only minor overhead (it is checked
+;; whether the current advice state is consistent with the cached
+;; definition, see the section on caching below).
+
+;; `ad-activate-regexp' and `ad-deactivate-regexp' can be used to de/activate
+;; all currently advised function that have a piece of advice with a name that
+;; contains a match for a regular expression. These functions can be used to
+;; de/activate sets of functions depending on certain advice naming
+;; conventions.
+
+;; Finally, `ad-activate-all' and `ad-deactivate-all' can be used to
+;; de/activate all currently advised functions. These are useful to
+;; (temporarily) return to an un/advised state.
+
+;; @@@ Reasons for the separation of advice definition and activation:
+;; ===================================================================
+;; As already mentioned, advising happens in two stages:
+
+;;   1) definition of various pieces of advice
+;;   2) activation of all advice currently defined and enabled
+
+;; The advantage of this is that various pieces of advice can be defined
+;; before they get combined into an advised definition which avoids
+;; unnecessary constructions of intermediate advised definitions. The more
+;; important advantage is that it allows the implementation of forward advice.
+;; Advice information for a certain function accumulates as the value of the
+;; `advice-info' property of the function symbol. This accumulation is
+;; completely independent of the fact that that function might not yet be
+;; defined. The special forms `defun' and `defmacro' have been advised to
+;; check whether the function/macro they defined had advice information
+;; associated with it. If so and forward advice is enabled, the original
+;; definition will be saved, and then the advice will be activated. When a
+;; file is loaded in a v18 Emacs the functions/macros it defines are also
+;; defined with calls to `defun/defmacro'.  Hence, we can forward advise
+;; functions/macros which will be defined later during a load/autoload of some
+;; file (for compiled files generated by jwz's byte-compiler in a v19 Emacs
+;; this is slightly more complicated but the basic idea is the same).
+
+;; @@ Enabling/disabling pieces or sets of advice:
+;; ===============================================
+;; A major motivation for the development of this advice package was to bring
+;; a little bit more structure into the function overloading chaos in Emacs
+;; Lisp. Many packages achieve some of their functionality by adding a little
+;; bit (or a lot) to the standard functionality of some Emacs Lisp function.
+;; ange-ftp is a very popular package that achieves its magic by overloading
+;; most Emacs Lisp functions that deal with files. A popular function that's
+;; overloaded by many packages is `expand-file-name'. The situation that one
+;; function is multiply overloaded can arise easily.
+
+;; Once in a while it would be desirable to be able to disable some/all
+;; overloads of a particular package while keeping all the rest.  Ideally -
+;; at least in my opinion - these overloads would all be done with advice,
+;; I know I am dreaming right now... In that ideal case the enable/disable
+;; mechanism of advice could be used to achieve just that.
+
+;; Every piece of advice is associated with an enablement flag. When the
+;; advised definition of a particular function gets constructed (e.g., during
+;; activation) only the currently enabled pieces of advice will be considered.
+;; This mechanism allows one to have different "views" of an advised function
+;; dependent on what pieces of advice are currently enabled.
+
+;; Another motivation for this mechanism is that it allows one to define a
+;; piece of advice for some function yet keep it dormant until a certain
+;; condition is met. Until then activation of the function will not make use
+;; of that piece of advice. Once the condition is met the advice can be
+;; enabled and a reactivation of the function will add its functionality as
+;; part of the new advised definition. For example, the advices of `defun'
+;; etc. used by advice itself will stay disabled until `ad-start-advice' is
+;; called and some variables have the proper values.  Hence, if somebody
+;; else advised these functions too and activates them the advices defined
+;; by advice will get used only if they are intended to be used.
+
+;; The main interface to this mechanism are the interactive functions
+;; `ad-enable-advice' and `ad-disable-advice'. For example, the following
+;; would disable a particular advice of the function `foo':
+;;
+;;    (ad-disable-advice 'foo 'before 'my-advice)
+;;
+;; This call by itself only changes the flag, to get the proper effect in
+;; the advised definition too one has to activate `foo' with
+;;
+;;    (ad-activate 'foo)
+;;
+;; or interactively. To disable whole sets of advices one can use a regular
+;; expression mechanism. For example, let us assume that ange-ftp actually
+;; used advice to overload all its functions, and that it used the
+;; "ange-ftp-" prefix for all its advice names, then we could temporarily
+;; disable all its advices with
+;;
+;;    (ad-disable-regexp "^ange-ftp-")
+;;
+;; and the following call would put that actually into effect:
+;;
+;;    (ad-activate-regexp "^ange-ftp-")
+;;
+;; A saver way would have been to use
+;;
+;;    (ad-update-regexp "^ange-ftp-")
+;;
+;; instead which would have only reactivated currently actively advised
+;; functions, but not functions that were currently deactivated. All these
+;; functions can also be called interactively.
+
+;; A certain piece of advice is considered a match if its name contains a
+;; match for the regular expression. To enable ange-ftp again we would use
+;; `ad-enable-regexp' and then activate or update again.
+
+;; @@ Forward advice, automatic advice activation:
+;; ===============================================
+;; Because most Emacs Lisp packages are loaded on demand via an autoload
+;; mechanism it is essential to be able to "forward advise" functions.
+;; Otherwise, proper advice definition and activation would make it necessary
+;; to preload every file that defines a certain function before it can be
+;; advised, which would partly defeat the purpose of the advice mechanism.
+
+;; In the following, "forward advice" always implies its automatic activation
+;; once a function gets defined, and not just the accumulation of advice
+;; information for a possibly undefined function.
+
+;; Advice implements forward advice mainly via the following: 1) Separation
+;; of advice definition and activation that makes it possible to accumulate
+;; advice information without having the original function already defined,
+;; 2) special versions of the built-in functions `fset/defalias' which check
+;; for advice information whenever they define a function. If advice
+;; information was found then the advice will immediately get activated when
+;; the function gets defined.
+
+;; Automatic advice activation means, that whenever a function gets defined
+;; with either `defun', `defmacro', `fset' or by loading a byte-compiled
+;; file, and the function has some advice-info stored with it then that
+;; advice will get activated right away.
+
+;; @@@ Enabling automatic advice activation:
+;; =========================================
+;; Automatic advice activation is enabled by default. It can be disabled by
+;; doint `M-x ad-stop-advice' and enabled again with `M-x ad-start-advice'.
+
+;; @@ Caching of advised definitions:
+;; ==================================
+;; After an advised definition got constructed it gets cached as part of the
+;; advised function's advice-info so it can be reused, for example, after an
+;; intermediate deactivation. Because the advice-info of a function might
+;; change between the time of caching and reuse a cached definition gets
+;; a cache-id associated with it so it can be verified whether the cached
+;; definition is still valid (the main application of this is preactivation
+;; - see below).
+
+;; When an advised function gets activated and a verifiable cached definition
+;; is available, then that definition will be used instead of creating a new
+;; advised definition from scratch. If you want to make sure that a new
+;; definition gets constructed then you should use `ad-clear-cache' before you
+;; activate the advised function.
+
+;; @@ Preactivation:
+;; =================
+;; Constructing an advised definition is moderately expensive. In a situation
+;; where one package defines a lot of advised functions it might be
+;; prohibitively expensive to do all the advised definition construction at
+;; runtime. Preactivation is a mechanism that allows compile-time construction
+;; of compiled advised definitions that can be activated cheaply during
+;; runtime. Preactivation uses the caching mechanism to do that. Here's how it
+;; works:
+
+;; When the byte-compiler compiles a `defadvice' that has the `preactivate'
+;; flag specified, it uses the current original definition of the advised
+;; function plus the advice specified in this `defadvice' (even if it is
+;; specified as disabled) and all other currently enabled pieces of advice to
+;; construct an advised definition and an identifying cache-id and makes them
+;; part of the `defadvice' expansion which will then be compiled by the
+;; byte-compiler (to ensure that in a v18 emacs you have to put the
+;; `defadvice' inside a `defun' to get it compiled and then you have to call
+;; that compiled `defun' in order to actually execute the `defadvice'). When
+;; the file with the compiled, preactivating `defadvice' gets loaded the
+;; precompiled advised definition will be cached on the advised function's
+;; advice-info. When it gets activated (can be immediately on execution of the
+;; `defadvice' or any time later) the cache-id gets checked against the
+;; current state of advice and if it is verified the precompiled definition
+;; will be used directly (the verification is pretty cheap). If it couldn't get
+;; verified a new advised definition for that function will be built from
+;; scratch, hence, the efficiency added by the preactivation mechanism does
+;; not at all impair the flexibility of the advice mechanism.
+
+;; MORAL: In order get all the efficiency out of preactivation the advice
+;;        state of an advised function at the time the file with the
+;;        preactivating `defadvice' gets byte-compiled should be exactly
+;;        the same as it will be when the advice of that function gets
+;;        actually activated. If it is not there is a high chance that the
+;;        cache-id will not match and hence a new advised definition will
+;;        have to be constructed at runtime.
+
+;; Preactivation and forward advice do not contradict each other. It is
+;; perfectly ok to load a file with a preactivating `defadvice' before the
+;; original definition of the advised function is available. The constructed
+;; advised definition will be used once the original function gets defined and
+;; its advice gets activated. The only constraint is that at the time the
+;; file with the preactivating `defadvice' got compiled the original function
+;; definition was available.
+
+;; TIPS: Here are some indications that a preactivation did not work the way
+;;       you intended it to work:
+;;       - Activation of the advised function takes longer than usual/expected
+;;       - The byte-compiler gets loaded while an advised function gets
+;;         activated
+;;       - `byte-compile' is part of the `features' variable even though you
+;;         did not use the byte-compiler
+;;       Right now advice does not provide an elegant way to find out whether
+;;       and why a preactivation failed. What you can do is to trace the
+;;       function `ad-cache-id-verification-code' (with the function
+;;       `trace-function-background' defined in my trace.el package) before
+;;       any of your advised functions get activated. After they got
+;;       activated check whether all calls to `ad-cache-id-verification-code'
+;;       returned `verified' as a result. Other values indicate why the
+;;       verification failed which should give you enough information to
+;;       fix your preactivation/compile/load/activation sequence.
+
+;; IMPORTANT: There is one case (that I am aware of) that can make 
+;; preactivation fail, i.e., a preconstructed advised definition that does
+;; NOT match the current state of advice gets used nevertheless. That case
+;; arises if one package defines a certain piece of advice which gets used
+;; during preactivation, and another package incompatibly redefines that 
+;; very advice (i.e., same function/class/name), and it is the second advice
+;; that is available when the preconstructed definition gets activated, and
+;; that was the only definition of that advice so far (`ad-add-advice' 
+;; catches advice redefinitions and clears the cache in such a case). 
+;; Catching that would make the cache verification too expensive.
+
+;; MORAL-II: Redefining somebody else's advice is BAAAAD (to speak with
+;; George Walker Bush), and why would you redefine your own advice anyway?
+;; Advice is a mechanism to facilitate function redefinition, not advice
+;; redefinition (wait until I write Meta-Advice :-). If you really have
+;; to undo somebody else's advice try to write a "neutralizing" advice.
+
+;; @@ Advising macros and special forms and other dangerous things:
+;; ================================================================
+;; Look at the corresponding tutorial sections for more information on
+;; these topics. Here it suffices to point out that the special treatment
+;; of macros and special forms by the byte-compiler can lead to problems
+;; when they get advised. Macros can create problems because they get
+;; expanded at compile time, hence, they might not have all the necessary
+;; runtime support and such advice cannot be de/activated or changed as
+;; it is possible for functions. Special forms create problems because they
+;; have to be advised "into" macros, i.e., an advised special form is a
+;; implemented as a macro, hence, in most cases the byte-compiler will
+;; not recognize it as a special form anymore which can lead to very strange
+;; results.
+;;
+;; MORAL: - Only advise macros or special forms when you are absolutely sure
+;;          what you are doing.
+;;        - As a safety measure, always do `ad-deactivate-all' before you
+;;          byte-compile a file to make sure that even if some inconsiderate
+;;          person advised some special forms you'll get proper compilation
+;;          results. After compilation do `ad-activate-all' to get back to
+;;          the previous state.
+
+;; @@ Adding a piece of advice with `ad-add-advice':
+;; =================================================
+;; The non-interactive function `ad-add-advice' can be used to add a piece of
+;; advice to some function without using `defadvice'. This is useful if advice
+;; has to be added somewhere by a function (also look at `ad-make-advice').
+
+;; @@ Activation/deactivation advices, file load hooks:
+;; ====================================================
+;; There are two special classes of advice called `activation' and
+;; `deactivation'. The body forms of these advices are not included into the
+;; advised definition of a function, rather they are assembled into a hook
+;; form which will be evaluated whenever the advice-info of the advised
+;; function gets activated or deactivated. One application of this mechanism
+;; is to define file load hooks for files that do not provide such hooks
+;; (v19s already come with a general file-load-hook mechanism, v18s don't).
+;; For example, suppose you want to print a message whenever `file-x' gets
+;; loaded, and suppose the last function defined in `file-x' is
+;; `file-x-last-fn'.  Then we can define the following advice:
+;;
+;;   (defadvice file-x-last-fn (activation file-x-load-hook)
+;;      "Executed whenever file-x is loaded"
+;;      (if load-in-progress (message "Loaded file-x")))
+;;
+;; This will constitute a forward advice for function `file-x-last-fn' which
+;; will get activated when `file-x' is loaded (only if forward advice is
+;; enabled of course). Because there are no "real" pieces of advice
+;; available for it, its definition will not be changed, but the activation
+;; advice will be run during its activation which is equivalent to having a
+;; file load hook for `file-x'.
+
+;; @@ Summary of main advice concepts:
+;; ===================================
+;; - Definition:
+;;     A piece of advice gets defined with `defadvice' and added to the
+;;     `advice-info' property of a function.
+;; - Enablement:
+;;     Every piece of advice has an enablement flag associated with it. Only
+;;     enabled advices are considered during construction of an advised
+;;     definition.
+;; - Activation:
+;;     Redefine an advised function with its advised definition. Constructs
+;;     an advised definition from scratch if no verifiable cached advised
+;;     definition is available and caches it.
+;; - Deactivation:
+;;     Back-define an advised function to its original definition.
+;; - Update:
+;;     Reactivate an advised function but only if its advice is currently 
+;;     active. This can be used to bring all currently advised function up
+;;     to date with the current state of advice without also activating
+;;     currently deactivated functions.
+;; - Caching:
+;;     Is the saving of an advised definition and an identifying cache-id so
+;;     it can be reused, for example, for activation after deactivation.
+;; - Preactivation:
+;;     Is the construction of an advised definition according to the current
+;;     state of advice during byte-compilation of a file with a preactivating
+;;     `defadvice'. That advised definition can then rather cheaply be used
+;;     during activation without having to construct an advised definition
+;;     from scratch at runtime.
+
+;; @@ Summary of interactive advice manipulation functions:
+;; ========================================================
+;; The following interactive functions can be used to manipulate the state
+;; of advised functions (all of them support completion on function names,
+;; advice classes and advice names):
+
+;; - ad-activate to activate the advice of a FUNCTION
+;; - ad-deactivate to deactivate the advice of a FUNCTION
+;; - ad-update   to activate the advice of a FUNCTION unless it was not
+;;               yet activated or is currently deactivated.
+;; - ad-unadvise deactivates a FUNCTION and removes all of its advice 
+;;               information, hence, it cannot be activated again
+;; - ad-recover  tries to redefine a FUNCTION to its original definition and
+;;               discards all advice information (a low-level `ad-unadvise').
+;;               Use only in emergencies.
+
+;; - ad-remove-advice removes a particular piece of advice of a FUNCTION.
+;;               You still have to do call `ad-activate' or `ad-update' to
+;;               activate the new state of advice.
+;; - ad-enable-advice enables a particular piece of advice of a FUNCTION.
+;; - ad-disable-advice disables a particular piece of advice of a FUNCTION.
+;; - ad-enable-regexp maps over all currently advised functions and enables
+;;               every advice whose name contains a match for a regular
+;;               expression.
+;; - ad-disable-regexp disables matching advices.
+
+;; - ad-activate-regexp   activates all advised function with a matching advice
+;; - ad-deactivate-regexp deactivates all advised function with matching advice
+;; - ad-update-regexp     updates all advised function with a matching advice
+;; - ad-activate-all      activates all advised functions
+;; - ad-deactivate-all    deactivates all advised functions
+;; - ad-update-all        updates all advised functions
+;; - ad-unadvise-all      unadvises all advised functions
+;; - ad-recover-all       recovers all advised functions
+
+;; - ad-compile byte-compiles a function/macro if it is compilable.
+
+;; @@ Summary of forms with special meanings when used within an advice:
+;; =====================================================================
+;;   ad-return-value   name of the return value variable (get/settable)
+;;   ad-subr-args      name of &rest argument variable used for advised
+;;                     subrs whose actual argument list cannot be
+;;                     determined (get/settable)
+;;   (ad-get-arg <pos>), (ad-get-args <pos>),
+;;   (ad-set-arg <pos> <value>), (ad-set-args <pos> <value-list>)
+;;                     argument access text macros to get/set the values of
+;;                     actual arguments at a certain position
+;;   ad-arg-bindings   text macro that returns the actual names, values
+;;                     and types of the arguments as a list of bindings. The
+;;                     order of the bindings corresponds to the order of the
+;;                     arguments. The individual fields of every binding (name,
+;;                     value and type) can be accessed with the function
+;;                     `ad-arg-binding-field' (see example above).
+;;   ad-do-it          text macro that identifies the place where the original
+;;                     or wrapped definition should go in an around advice
+
+
+;; @ Foo games: An advice tutorial
+;; ===============================
+;; The following tutorial was created in Emacs 18.59. Left-justified
+;; s-expressions are input forms followed by one or more result forms.
+;; First we have to start the advice magic:
+;;
+;; (ad-start-advice)
+;; nil
+;;
+;; We start by defining an innocent looking function `foo' that simply
+;; adds 1 to its argument X:
+;;  
+;; (defun foo (x)
+;;   "Add 1 to X."
+;;   (1+ x))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; 4
+;;
+;; @@ Defining a simple piece of advice:
+;; =====================================
+;; Now let's define the first piece of advice for `foo'.  To do that we
+;; use the macro `defadvice' which takes a function name, a list of advice
+;; specifiers and a list of body forms as arguments.  The first element of
+;; the advice specifiers is the class of the advice, the second is its name,
+;; the third its position and the rest are some flags. The class of our
+;; first advice is `before', its name is `fg-add2', its position among the
+;; currently defined before advices (none so far) is `first', and the advice
+;; will be `activate'ed immediately. Advice names are global symbols, hence,
+;; the name space conventions used for function names should be applied. All
+;; advice names in this tutorial will be prefixed with `fg' for `Foo Games'
+;; (because everybody has the right to be inconsistent all the function names
+;; used in this tutorial do NOT follow this convention).
+;;
+;; In the body of an advice we can refer to the argument variables of the
+;; original function by name. Here we add 1 to X so the effect of calling
+;; `foo' will be to actually add 2. All of the advice definitions below only
+;; have one body form for simplicity, but there is no restriction to that
+;; extent. Every piece of advice can have a documentation string which will
+;; be combined with the documentation of the original function.
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (before fg-add2 first activate)
+;;   "Add 2 to X."
+;;   (setq x (1+ x)))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; 5
+;;
+;; @@ Specifying the position of an advice:
+;; ========================================
+;; Now we define the second before advice which will cancel the effect of
+;; the previous advice. This time we specify the position as 0 which is
+;; equivalent to `first'. A number can be used to specify the zero-based
+;; position of an advice among the list of advices in the same class. This
+;; time we already have one before advice hence the position specification
+;; actually has an effect. So, after the following definition the position
+;; of the previous advice will be 1 even though we specified it with `first'
+;; above, the reason for this is that the position argument is relative to
+;; the currently defined pieces of advice which by now has changed.
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (before fg-cancel-add2 0 activate)
+;;   "Again only add 1 to X."
+;;   (setq x (1- x)))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; 4
+;;
+;; @@ Redefining a piece of advice:
+;; ================================
+;; Now we define an advice with the same class and same name but with a
+;; different position. Defining an advice in a class in which an advice with
+;; that name already exists is interpreted as a redefinition of that
+;; particular advice, in which case the position argument will be ignored
+;; and the previous position of the redefined piece of advice is used.
+;; Advice flags can be specified with non-ambiguous initial substrings, hence,
+;; from now on we'll use `act' instead of the verbose `activate'.
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (before fg-cancel-add2 last act)
+;;   "Again only add 1 to X."
+;;   (setq x (1- x)))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; @@ Assembly of advised documentation:
+;; =====================================
+;; The documentation strings of the various pieces of advice are assembled
+;; in order which shows that advice `fg-cancel-add2' is still the first
+;; `before' advice even though we specified position `last' above:
+;;
+;; (documentation 'foo)
+;; "Add 1 to X.
+;;
+;; This function is advised with the following advice(s):
+;;
+;; fg-cancel-add2 (before):
+;; Again only add 1 to X.
+;;
+;; fg-add2 (before):
+;; Add 2 to X."
+;;
+;; @@ Advising interactive behavior:
+;; =================================
+;; We can make a function interactive (or change its interactive behavior)
+;; by specifying an interactive form in one of the before or around
+;; advices (there could also be body forms in this advice). The particular
+;; definition always assigns 5 as an argument to X which gives us 6 as a
+;; result when we call foo interactively:
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (before fg-inter last act)
+;;   "Use 5 as argument when called interactively."
+;;   (interactive (list 5)))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; (call-interactively 'foo)
+;; 6
+;;
+;; If more than one advice have an interactive declaration, then the one of
+;; the advice with the smallest position will be used (before advices go
+;; before around and after advices), hence, the declaration below does
+;; not have any effect:
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (before fg-inter2 last act)
+;;   (interactive (list 6)))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; (call-interactively 'foo)
+;; 6
+;;
+;; Let's have a look at what the definition of `foo' looks like now 
+;; (indentation added by hand for legibility):
+;;
+;; (symbol-function 'foo)
+;; (lambda (x)
+;;   "$ad-doc: foo$"
+;;   (interactive (list 5))
+;;   (let (ad-return-value) 
+;;     (setq x (1- x)) 
+;;     (setq x (1+ x)) 
+;;     (setq ad-return-value (ad-Orig-foo x)) 
+;;     ad-return-value))
+;;
+;; @@ Around advices:
+;; ==================
+;; Now we'll try some `around' advices. An around advice is a wrapper around
+;; the original definition. It can shadow or establish bindings for the
+;; original definition, and it can look at and manipulate the value returned
+;; by the original function. The position of the special keyword `ad-do-it'
+;; specifies where the code of the original function will be executed. The
+;; keyword can appear multiple times which will result in multiple calls of
+;; the original function in the resulting advised code. Note, that if we don't
+;; specify a position argument (i.e., `first', `last' or a number), then 
+;; `first' (or 0) is the default):
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (around fg-times-2 act)
+;;   "First double X."
+;;   (let ((x (* x 2)))
+;;     ad-do-it))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; 7
+;;
+;; Around advices are assembled like onion skins where the around advice
+;; with position 0 is the outermost skin and the advice at the last position
+;; is the innermost skin which is directly wrapped around the call of the
+;; original definition of the function. Hence, after the next `defadvice' we
+;; will first multiply X by 2 then add 1 and then call the original
+;; definition (i.e., add 1 again):
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (around fg-add-1 last act)
+;;   "Add 1 to X."
+;;   (let ((x (1+ x)))
+;;     ad-do-it))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; 8
+;;
+;; Again, let's see what the definition of `foo' looks like so far:
+;;
+;; (symbol-function 'foo)
+;; (lambda (x) 
+;;   "$ad-doc: foo$"
+;;   (interactive (list 5)) 
+;;   (let (ad-return-value) 
+;;     (setq x (1- x)) 
+;;     (setq x (1+ x)) 
+;;     (let ((x (* x 2))) 
+;;       (let ((x (1+ x))) 
+;;         (setq ad-return-value (ad-Orig-foo x)))) 
+;;     ad-return-value))
+;;
+;; @@ Controlling advice activation:
+;; =================================
+;; In every `defadvice' so far we have used the flag `activate' to activate
+;; the advice immediately after its definition, and that's what we want in
+;; most cases. However, if we define multiple pieces of advice for a single
+;; function then activating every advice immediately is inefficient. A
+;; better way to do this is to only activate the last defined advice.
+;; For example:
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (after fg-times-x)
+;;   "Multiply the result with X."
+;;   (setq ad-return-value (* ad-return-value x)))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; This still yields the same result as before:
+;; (foo 3)
+;; 8
+;;
+;; Now we define another advice and activate which will also activate the
+;; previous advice `fg-times-x'. Note the use of the special variable
+;; `ad-return-value' in the body of the advice which is set to the result of
+;; the original function. If we change its value then the value returned by
+;; the advised function will be changed accordingly:
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (after fg-times-x-again act)
+;;   "Again multiply the result with X."
+;;   (setq ad-return-value (* ad-return-value x)))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; Now the advices have an effect:
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; 72
+;;
+;; @@ Protecting advice execution:
+;; ===============================
+;; Once in a while we define an advice to perform some cleanup action, 
+;; for example:
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (after fg-cleanup last act)
+;;   "Do some cleanup."
+;;   (print "Let's clean up now!"))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; However, in case of an error the cleanup won't be performed:
+;;
+;; (condition-case error
+;;     (foo t)
+;;   (error 'error-in-foo))
+;; error-in-foo
+;;
+;; To make sure a certain piece of advice gets executed even if some error or
+;; non-local exit occurred in any preceding code, we can protect it by using
+;; the `protect' keyword. (if any of the around advices is protected then the
+;; whole around advice onion will be protected):
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (after fg-cleanup prot act)
+;;   "Do some protected cleanup."
+;;   (print "Let's clean up now!"))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; Now the cleanup form will be executed even in case of an error:
+;;
+;; (condition-case error
+;;     (foo t)
+;;   (error 'error-in-foo))
+;; "Let's clean up now!"
+;; error-in-foo
+;;
+;; Again, let's see what `foo' looks like:
+;;
+;; (symbol-function 'foo)
+;; (lambda (x) 
+;;   "$ad-doc: foo$"
+;;   (interactive (list 5)) 
+;;   (let (ad-return-value) 
+;;     (unwind-protect 
+;;         (progn (setq x (1- x)) 
+;;                (setq x (1+ x)) 
+;;                (let ((x (* x 2))) 
+;;                  (let ((x (1+ x))) 
+;;                    (setq ad-return-value (ad-Orig-foo x)))) 
+;;                (setq ad-return-value (* ad-return-value x)) 
+;;                (setq ad-return-value (* ad-return-value x))) 
+;;       (print "Let's clean up now!")) 
+;;     ad-return-value))
+;;
+;; @@ Compilation of advised definitions:
+;; ======================================
+;; Finally, we can specify the `compile' keyword in a `defadvice' to say
+;; that we want the resulting advised function to be byte-compiled
+;; (`compile' will be ignored unless we also specified `activate'):
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (after fg-cleanup prot act comp)
+;;   "Do some protected cleanup."
+;;   (print "Let's clean up now!"))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; Now `foo' is byte-compiled:
+;;
+;; (symbol-function 'foo)
+;; (lambda (x) 
+;;   "$ad-doc: foo$"
+;;   (interactive (byte-code "....." [5] 1)) 
+;;   (byte-code "....." [ad-return-value x nil ((byte-code "....." [print "Let's clean up now!"] 2)) * 2 ad-Orig-foo] 6))
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; "Let's clean up now!"
+;; 72
+;;
+;; @@ Enabling and disabling pieces of advice:
+;; ===========================================
+;; Once in a while it is desirable to temporarily disable a piece of advice
+;; so that it won't be considered during activation, for example, if two
+;; different packages advise the same function and one wants to temporarily
+;; neutralize the effect of the advice of one of the packages.
+;;
+;; The following disables the after advice `fg-times-x' in the function `foo'.
+;; All that does is to change a flag for this particular advice. All the
+;; other information defining it will be left unchanged (e.g., its relative
+;; position in this advice class, etc.).
+;;
+;; (ad-disable-advice 'foo 'after 'fg-times-x)
+;; nil
+;;
+;; For this to have an effect we have to activate `foo':
+;;
+;; (ad-activate 'foo)
+;; foo
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; "Let's clean up now!"
+;; 24
+;;
+;; If we want to disable all multiplication advices in `foo' we can use a
+;; regular expression that matches the names of such advices. Actually, any
+;; advice name that contains a match for the regular expression will be
+;; called a match. A special advice class `any' can be used to consider
+;; all advice classes:
+;;
+;; (ad-disable-advice 'foo 'any "^fg-.*times")
+;; nil
+;;
+;; (ad-activate 'foo)
+;; foo
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; "Let's clean up now!"
+;; 5
+;;
+;; To enable the disabled advice we could use either `ad-enable-advice'
+;; similar to `ad-disable-advice', or as an alternative `ad-enable-regexp'
+;; which will enable matching advices in ALL currently advised functions.
+;; Hence, this can be used to dis/enable advices made by a particular
+;; package to a set of functions as long as that package obeys standard
+;; advice name conventions.  We prefixed all advice names with `fg-', hence
+;; the following will do the trick (`ad-enable-regexp' returns the number
+;; of matched advices):
+;;
+;; (ad-enable-regexp "^fg-")
+;; 9
+;;
+;; The following will activate all currently active advised functions that
+;; contain some advice matched by the regular expression. This is a save
+;; way to update the activation of advised functions whose advice changed
+;; in some way or other without accidentally also activating currently
+;; deactivated functions:
+;;
+;; (ad-update-regexp "^fg-")
+;; nil
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; "Let's clean up now!"
+;; 72
+;;
+;; Another use for the dis/enablement mechanism is to define a piece of advice
+;; and keep it "dormant" until a particular condition is satisfied, i.e., until
+;; then the advice will not be used during activation. The `disable' flag lets
+;; one do that with `defadvice':
+;;
+;; (defadvice foo (before fg-1-more dis)
+;;   "Add yet 1 more."
+;;   (setq x (1+ x)))
+;; foo
+;;
+;; (ad-activate 'foo)
+;; foo
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; "Let's clean up now!"
+;; 72
+;;
+;; (ad-enable-advice 'foo 'before 'fg-1-more)
+;; nil
+;;
+;; (ad-activate 'foo)
+;; foo
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; "Let's clean up now!"
+;; 160
+;;
+;; @@ Caching:
+;; ===========
+;; Advised definitions get cached to allow efficient activation/deactivation
+;; without having to reconstruct them if nothing in the advice-info of a
+;; function has changed. The following idiom can be used to temporarily
+;; deactivate functions that have a piece of advice defined by a certain
+;; package (we save the old definition to check out caching):
+;;
+;; (setq old-definition (symbol-function 'foo))
+;; (lambda (x) ....)
+;;
+;; (ad-deactivate-regexp "^fg-")
+;; nil
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; 4
+;;
+;; (ad-activate-regexp "^fg-")
+;; nil
+;;
+;; (eq old-definition (symbol-function 'foo))
+;; t
+;;
+;; (foo 3)
+;; "Let's clean up now!"
+;; 160
+;;
+;; @@ Forward advice:
+;; ==================
+;; To enable automatic activation of forward advice we first have to set
+;; `ad-activate-on-definition' to t and restart advice:
+;;
+;; (setq ad-activate-on-definition t)
+;; t
+;;
+;; (ad-start-advice)
+;; (ad-activate-defined-function)
+;;
+;; Let's define a piece of advice for an undefined function:
+;;
+;; (defadvice bar (before fg-sub-1-more act)
+;;   "Subtract one more from X."
+;;   (setq x (1- x)))
+;; bar
+;;
+;; `bar' is not yet defined:
+;; (fboundp 'bar)
+;; nil
+;;
+;; Now we define it and the forward advice will get activated (only because
+;; `ad-activate-on-definition' was t when we started advice above with
+;; `ad-start-advice'):
+;;
+;; (defun bar (x)
+;;   "Subtract 1 from X."
+;;   (1- x))
+;; bar
+;;
+;; (bar 4)
+;; 2
+;;
+;; Redefinition will activate any available advice if the value of
+;; `ad-redefinition-action' is either `warn', `accept' or `discard':
+;;
+;; (defun bar (x)
+;;   "Subtract 2 from X."
+;;   (- x 2))
+;; bar
+;;
+;; (bar 4)
+;; 1
+;;
+;; @@ Preactivation:
+;; =================
+;; Constructing advised definitions is moderately expensive, hence, it is
+;; desirable to have a way to construct them at byte-compile time.
+;; Preactivation is a mechanism that allows one to do that.
+;;
+;; (defun fie (x)
+;;   "Multiply X by 2."
+;;   (* x 2))
+;; fie
+;;
+;; (defadvice fie (before fg-times-4 preact)
+;;   "Multiply X by 4."
+;;   (setq x (* x 2)))
+;; fie
+;;
+;; This advice did not affect `fie'...
+;;
+;; (fie 2)
+;; 4
+;;
+;; ...but it constructed a cached definition that will be used once `fie' gets
+;; activated as long as its current advice state is the same as it was during
+;; preactivation:
+;;
+;; (setq cached-definition (ad-get-cache-definition 'fie))
+;; (lambda (x) ....)
+;;
+;; (ad-activate 'fie)
+;; fie
+;;
+;; (eq cached-definition (symbol-function 'fie))
+;; t
+;;
+;; (fie 2)
+;; 8
+;;
+;; If you put a preactivating `defadvice' into a Lisp file that gets byte-
+;; compiled then the constructed advised definition will get compiled by
+;; the byte-compiler. For that to occur in a v18 emacs you have to put the
+;; `defadvice' inside a `defun' because the v18 compiler does not compile
+;; top-level forms other than `defun' or `defmacro', for example,
+;;
+;; (defun fg-defadvice-fum ()
+;;   (defadvice fum (before fg-times-4 preact act)
+;;     "Multiply X by 4."
+;;     (setq x (* x 2))))
+;; fg-defadvice-fum
+;;
+;; So far, no `defadvice' for `fum' got executed, but when we compile
+;; `fg-defadvice-fum' the `defadvice' will be expanded by the byte compiler.
+;; In order for preactivation to be effective we have to have a proper
+;; definition of `fum' around at preactivation time, hence, we define it now:
+;;
+;; (defun fum (x)
+;;   "Multiply X by 2."
+;;   (* x 2))
+;; fum
+;;
+;; Now we compile the defining function which will construct an advised
+;; definition during expansion of the `defadvice', compile it and store it
+;; as part of the compiled `fg-defadvice-fum':
+;;
+;; (ad-compile-function 'fg-defadvice-fum)
+;; (lambda nil (byte-code ...))
+;;
+;; `fum' is still completely unaffected:
+;;
+;; (fum 2)
+;; 4
+;;
+;; (ad-get-advice-info 'fum)
+;; nil
+;;
+;; (fg-defadvice-fum)
+;; fum
+;;
+;; Now the advised version of `fum' is compiled because the compiled definition
+;; constructed during preactivation was used, even though we did not specify
+;; the `compile' flag:
+;;
+;; (symbol-function 'fum)
+;; (lambda (x) 
+;;   "$ad-doc: fum$"
+;;   (byte-code "....." [ad-return-value x nil * 2 ad-Orig-fum] 4))
+;;
+;; (fum 2)
+;; 8
+;;
+;; A preactivated definition will only be used if it matches the current
+;; function definition and advice information. If it does not match it
+;; will simply be discarded and a new advised definition will be constructed
+;; from scratch. For example, let's first remove all advice-info for `fum':
+;;
+;; (ad-unadvise 'fum)
+;; (("fie") ("bar") ("foo") ...)
+;;
+;; And now define a new piece of advice:
+;;
+;; (defadvice fum (before fg-interactive act)
+;;   "Make fum interactive."
+;;   (interactive "nEnter x: "))
+;; fum
+;;
+;; When we now try to use a preactivation it will not be used because the
+;; current advice state is different from the one at preactivation time. This
+;; is no tragedy, everything will work as expected just not as efficient,
+;; because a new advised definition has to be constructed from scratch:
+;;
+;; (fg-defadvice-fum)
+;; fum
+;;
+;; A new uncompiled advised definition got constructed:
+;;
+;; (ad-compiled-p (symbol-function 'fum))
+;; nil
+;;
+;; (fum 2)
+;; 8
+;;
+;; MORAL: To get all the efficiency out of preactivation the function
+;; definition and advice state at preactivation time must be the same as the
+;; state at activation time. Preactivation does work with forward advice, all
+;; that's necessary is that the definition of the forward advised function is
+;; available when the `defadvice' with the preactivation gets compiled.
+;;
+;; @@ Portable argument access:
+;; ============================
+;; So far, we always used the actual argument variable names to access an
+;; argument in a piece of advice. For many advice applications this is
+;; perfectly ok and keeps advices simple. However, it decreases portability
+;; of advices because it assumes specific argument variable names. For example,
+;; if one advises a subr such as `eval-region' which then gets redefined by
+;; some package (e.g., edebug) into a function with different argument names,
+;; then a piece of advice written for `eval-region' that was written with
+;; the subr arguments in mind will break. Similar situations arise when one
+;; switches between major Emacs versions, e.g., certain subrs in v18 are
+;; functions in v19 and vice versa. Also, in v19s subr argument lists
+;; are available and will be used, while they are not available in v18.
+;;
+;; Argument access text macros allow one to access arguments of an advised
+;; function in a portable way without having to worry about all these
+;; possibilities. These macros will be translated into the proper access forms
+;; at activation time, hence, argument access will be as efficient as if
+;; the arguments had been used directly in the definition of the advice.
+;;
+;; (defun fuu (x y z)
+;;   "Add 3 numbers."
+;;   (+ x y z))
+;; fuu
+;;
+;; (fuu 1 1 1)
+;; 3
+;;
+;; Argument access macros specify actual arguments at a certain position.
+;; Position 0 access the first actual argument, position 1 the second etc.
+;; For example, the following advice adds 1 to each of the 3 arguments:
+;;
+;; (defadvice fuu (before fg-add-1-to-all act)
+;;   "Adds 1 to all arguments."
+;;   (ad-set-arg 0 (1+ (ad-get-arg 0)))
+;;   (ad-set-arg 1 (1+ (ad-get-arg 1)))
+;;   (ad-set-arg 2 (1+ (ad-get-arg 2))))
+;; fuu
+;;
+;; (fuu 1 1 1)
+;; 6
+;;
+;; Now suppose somebody redefines `fuu' with a rest argument. Our advice
+;; will still work because we used access macros (note, that automatic
+;; advice activation is still in effect, hence, the redefinition of `fuu'
+;; will automatically activate all its advice):
+;;
+;; (defun fuu (&rest numbers)
+;;   "Add NUMBERS."
+;;   (apply '+ numbers))
+;; fuu
+;;
+;; (fuu 1 1 1)
+;; 6
+;;
+;; (fuu 1 1 1 1 1 1)
+;; 9
+;;
+;; What's important to notice is that argument access macros access actual
+;; arguments regardless of how they got distributed onto argument variables.
+;; In Emacs Lisp the semantics of an actual argument is determined purely
+;; by position, hence, as long as nobody changes the semantics of what a
+;; certain actual argument at a certain position means the access macros
+;; will do the right thing.
+;;
+;; Because of &rest arguments we need a second kind of access macro that
+;; can access all actual arguments starting from a certain position:
+;;
+;; (defadvice fuu (before fg-print-args act)
+;;   "Print all arguments."
+;;   (print (ad-get-args 0)))
+;; fuu
+;;
+;; (fuu 1 2 3 4 5)
+;; (1 2 3 4 5)
+;; 18
+;;
+;; (defadvice fuu (before fg-set-args act)
+;;   "Swaps 2nd and 3rd arg and discards all the rest."
+;;   (ad-set-args 1 (list (ad-get-arg 2) (ad-get-arg 1))))
+;; fuu
+;;
+;; (fuu 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4)
+;; (1 3 2)
+;; 9
+;;
+;; (defun fuu (x y z)
+;;   "Add 3 numbers."
+;;   (+ x y z))
+;;
+;; (fuu 1 2 3)
+;; (1 3 2)
+;; 9
+;;
+;; @@ Defining the argument list of an advised function:
+;; =====================================================
+;; Once in a while it might be desirable to advise a function and additionally
+;; give it an extra argument that controls the advised code, for example, one
+;; might want to make an interactive function sensitive to a prefix argument.
+;; For such cases `defadvice' allows the specification of an argument list
+;; for the advised function. Similar to the redefinition of interactive 
+;; behavior, the first argument list specification found in the list of before/
+;; around/after advices will be used. Of course, the specified argument list
+;; should be downward compatible with the original argument list, otherwise
+;; functions that call the advised function with the original argument list
+;; in mind will break.
+;;
+;; (defun fii (x)
+;;   "Add 1 to X."
+;;   (1+ x))
+;; fii
+;;
+;; Now we advise `fii' to use an optional second argument that controls the
+;; amount of incrementation. A list following the (optional) position
+;; argument of the advice will be interpreted as an argument list
+;; specification. This means you cannot specify an empty argument list, and
+;; why would you want to anyway?
+;;
+;; (defadvice fii (before fg-inc-x (x &optional incr) act)
+;;   "Increment X by INCR (default is 1)."
+;;   (setq x (+ x (1- (or incr 1)))))
+;; fii
+;;
+;; (fii 3)
+;; 4
+;;
+;; (fii 3 2)
+;; 5
+;;
+;; @@ Specifying argument lists of subrs:
+;; ======================================
+;; The argument lists of subrs cannot be determined directly from Lisp.
+;; This means that Advice has to use `(&rest ad-subr-args)' as the
+;; argument list of the advised subr which is not very efficient. In XEmacs
+;; subr argument lists can be determined from their documentation string, in
+;; Emacs-19 this is the case for some but not all subrs. To accommodate
+;; for the cases where the argument lists cannot be determined (e.g., in a
+;; v18 Emacs) Advice comes with a specification mechanism that allows the
+;; advice programmer to tell advice what the argument list of a certain subr
+;; really is.
+;;
+;; In a v18 Emacs the following will return the &rest idiom:
+;;
+;; (ad-arglist (symbol-function 'car))
+;; (&rest ad-subr-args)
+;;
+;; To tell advice what the argument list of `car' really is we
+;; can do the following:
+;;
+;; (ad-define-subr-args 'car '(list))
+;; ((list))
+;;
+;; Now `ad-arglist' will return the proper argument list (this method is
+;; actually used by advice itself for the advised definition of `fset'):
+;;
+;; (ad-arglist (symbol-function 'car))
+;; (list)
+;;
+;; The defined argument list will be stored on the property list of the
+;; subr name symbol. When advice looks for a subr argument list it first
+;; checks for a definition on the property list, if that fails it tries
+;; to infer it from the documentation string and caches it on the property
+;; list if it was successful, otherwise `(&rest ad-subr-args)' will be used.
+;;
+;; @@ Advising interactive subrs:
+;; ==============================
+;; For the most part there is no difference between advising functions and
+;; advising subrs. There is one situation though where one might have to write
+;; slightly different advice code for subrs than for functions. This case
+;; arises when one wants to access subr arguments in a before/around advice
+;; when the arguments were determined by an interactive call to the subr.
+;; Advice cannot determine what `interactive' form determines the interactive
+;; behavior of the subr, hence, when it calls the original definition in an
+;; interactive subr invocation it has to use `call-interactively' to generate
+;; the proper interactive behavior. Thus up to that call the arguments of the
+;; interactive subr will be nil. For example, the following advice for
+;; `kill-buffer' will not work in an interactive invocation...
+;;
+;; (defadvice kill-buffer (before fg-kill-buffer-hook first act preact comp)
+;;   (my-before-kill-buffer-hook (ad-get-arg 0)))
+;; kill-buffer
+;;
+;; ...because the buffer argument will be nil in that case. The way out of
+;; this dilemma is to provide an `interactive' specification that mirrors
+;; the interactive behavior of the unadvised subr, for example, the following
+;; will do the right thing even when `kill-buffer' is called interactively:
+;;
+;; (defadvice kill-buffer (before fg-kill-buffer-hook first act preact comp)
+;;   (interactive "bKill buffer: ")
+;;   (my-before-kill-buffer-hook (ad-get-arg 0)))
+;; kill-buffer
+;;
+;; @@ Advising macros:
+;; ===================
+;; Advising macros is slightly different because there are two significant
+;; time points in the invocation of a macro: Expansion and evaluation time.
+;; For an advised macro instead of evaluating the original definition we
+;; use `macroexpand', that is, changing argument values and binding
+;; environments by pieces of advice has an affect during macro expansion
+;; but not necessarily during evaluation. In particular, any side effects
+;; of pieces of advice will occur during macro expansion.  To also affect
+;; the behavior during evaluation time one has to change the value of
+;; `ad-return-value' in a piece of after advice. For example:
+;;
+;; (defmacro foom (x)
+;;   (` (list (, x))))
+;; foom
+;;
+;; (foom '(a))
+;; ((a))
+;;
+;; (defadvice foom (before fg-print-x act)
+;;   "Print the value of X."
+;;   (print x))
+;; foom
+;;
+;; The following works as expected because evaluation immediately follows
+;; macro expansion:
+;;
+;; (foom '(a))
+;; (quote (a))
+;; ((a))
+;;
+;; However, the printing happens during expansion (or byte-compile) time:
+;;
+;; (macroexpand '(foom '(a)))
+;; (quote (a))
+;; (list (quote (a)))
+;;
+;; If we want it to happen during evaluation time we have to do the 
+;; following (first remove the old advice):
+;;
+;; (ad-remove-advice 'foom 'before 'fg-print-x)
+;; nil
+;;
+;; (defadvice foom (after fg-print-x act)
+;;   "Print the value of X."
+;;   (setq ad-return-value
+;;         (` (progn (print (, x))
+;;                   (, ad-return-value)))))
+;; foom
+;;
+;; (macroexpand '(foom '(a)))
+;; (progn (print (quote (a))) (list (quote (a))))
+;;
+;; (foom '(a))
+;; (a)
+;; ((a))
+;;
+;; While this method might seem somewhat cumbersome, it is very general
+;; because it allows one to influence macro expansion as well as evaluation.
+;; In general, advising macros should be a rather rare activity anyway, in
+;; particular, because compile-time macro expansion takes away a lot of the
+;; flexibility and effectiveness of the advice mechanism. Macros that were
+;; compile-time expanded before the advice was activated will of course never
+;; exhibit the advised behavior.
+;;
+;; @@ Advising special forms:
+;; ==========================
+;; Now for something that should be even more rare than advising macros:
+;; Advising special forms. Because special forms are irregular in their
+;; argument evaluation behavior (e.g., `setq' evaluates the second but not
+;; the first argument) they have to be advised into macros. A dangerous
+;; consequence of this is that the byte-compiler will not recognize them
+;; as special forms anymore (well, in most cases) and use their expansion
+;; rather than the proper byte-code. Also, because the original definition
+;; of a special form cannot be `funcall'ed, `eval' has to be used instead
+;; which is less efficient.
+;;
+;; MORAL: Do not advise special forms unless you are completely sure about
+;;        what you are doing (some of the forward advice behavior is
+;;        implemented via advice of the special forms `defun' and `defmacro').
+;;        As a safety measure one should always do `ad-deactivate-all' before
+;;        one byte-compiles a file to avoid any interference of advised
+;;        special forms.
+;;
+;; Apart from the safety concerns advising special forms is not any different
+;; from advising plain functions or subrs.
+
+
+;;; Code:
+
+;; @ Advice implementation:
+;; ========================
+
+;; @@ Compilation idiosyncrasies:
+;; ==============================
+
+;; `defadvice' expansion needs quite a few advice functions and variables,
+;; hence, I need to preload the file before it can be compiled.  To avoid
+;; interference of bogus compiled files I always preload the source file:
+(provide 'advice-preload)
+;; During a normal load this is a noop:
+(require 'advice-preload "advice.el")
+
+
+(defmacro ad-xemacs-p ()
+  ;;Expands into Non-nil constant if we run XEmacs.
+  ;;Unselected conditional code will be optimized away during compilation.
+  (string-match "XEmacs" emacs-version))
+
+
+;; @@ Variable definitions:
+;; ========================
+
+(defconst ad-version "2.14")
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defvar ad-redefinition-action 'warn
+  "*Defines what to do with redefinitions during Advice de/activation.
+Redefinition occurs if a previously activated function that already has an
+original definition associated with it gets redefined and then de/activated.
+In such a case we can either accept the current definition as the new
+original definition, discard the current definition and replace it with the
+old original, or keep it and raise an error.  The values `accept', `discard',
+`error' or `warn' govern what will be done.  `warn' is just like `accept' but
+it additionally prints a warning message.  All other values will be
+interpreted as `error'.")
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defvar ad-default-compilation-action 'maybe
+  "*Defines whether to compile advised definitions during activation.
+A value of `always' will result in unconditional compilation, `never' will
+always avoid compilation, `maybe' will compile if the byte-compiler is already
+loaded, and `like-original' will compile if the original definition of the
+advised function is compiled or a built-in function. Every other value will
+be interpreted as `maybe'. This variable will only be considered if the 
+COMPILE argument of `ad-activate' was supplied as nil.")
+
+
+;; @@ Some utilities:
+;; ==================
+
+;; We don't want the local arguments to interfere with anything
+;; referenced in the supplied functions => the cryptic casing:
+(defun ad-substitute-tree (sUbTrEe-TeSt fUnCtIoN tReE)
+  ;;"Substitutes qualifying subTREEs with result of FUNCTION(subTREE).
+  ;;Only proper subtrees are considered, for example, if TREE is (1 (2 (3)) 4)
+  ;;then the subtrees will be 1 (2 (3)) 2 (3) 3 4, dotted structures are
+  ;;allowed too.  Once a qualifying subtree has been found its subtrees will
+  ;;not be considered anymore.  (ad-substitute-tree 'atom 'identity tree)
+  ;;generates a copy of TREE."
+  (cond ((consp tReE)
+         (cons (if (funcall sUbTrEe-TeSt (car tReE))
+                   (funcall fUnCtIoN (car tReE))
+                 (if (consp (car tReE))
+                     (ad-substitute-tree sUbTrEe-TeSt fUnCtIoN (car tReE))
+                   (car tReE)))
+               (ad-substitute-tree sUbTrEe-TeSt fUnCtIoN (cdr tReE))))
+        ((funcall sUbTrEe-TeSt tReE)
+         (funcall fUnCtIoN tReE))
+        (t tReE)))
+
+;; this is just faster than `ad-substitute-tree':
+(defun ad-copy-tree (tree)
+  ;;"Returns a copy of the list structure of TREE."
+  (cond ((consp tree)
+	 (cons (ad-copy-tree (car tree))
+	       (ad-copy-tree (cdr tree))))
+	(t tree)))
+
+(defmacro ad-dolist (varform &rest body)
+  "A Common-Lisp-style dolist iterator with the following syntax:
+
+    (ad-dolist (VAR INIT-FORM [RESULT-FORM])
+       BODY-FORM...)
+
+which will iterate over the list yielded by INIT-FORM binding VAR to the
+current head at every iteration.  If RESULT-FORM is supplied its value will
+be returned at the end of the iteration, nil otherwise.  The iteration can be
+exited prematurely with `(ad-do-return [VALUE])'."
+  (let ((expansion
+         (` (let ((ad-dO-vAr (, (car (cdr varform))))
+		  (, (car varform)))
+	      (while ad-dO-vAr
+		(setq (, (car varform)) (car ad-dO-vAr))
+		(,@ body)
+		;;work around a backquote bug:
+		;;(` ((,@ '(foo)) (bar))) => (append '(foo) '(((bar)))) wrong
+		;;(` ((,@ '(foo)) (, '(bar)))) => (append '(foo) (list '(bar)))
+		(, '(setq ad-dO-vAr (cdr ad-dO-vAr))))
+	      (, (car (cdr (cdr varform))))))))
+    ;;ok, this wastes some cons cells but only during compilation:
+    (if (catch 'contains-return
+	  (ad-substitute-tree
+	   (function (lambda (subtree)
+		       (cond ((eq (car-safe subtree) 'ad-dolist))
+			     ((eq (car-safe subtree) 'ad-do-return)
+			      (throw 'contains-return t)))))
+	   'identity body)
+	  nil)
+	(` (catch 'ad-dO-eXiT (, expansion)))
+      expansion)))
+
+(defmacro ad-do-return (value)
+  (` (throw 'ad-dO-eXiT (, value))))
+
+(if (not (get 'ad-dolist 'lisp-indent-hook))
+    (put 'ad-dolist 'lisp-indent-hook 1))
+
+
+;; @@ Save real definitions of subrs used by Advice:
+;; =================================================
+;; Advice depends on the real, unmodified functionality of various subrs, 
+;; we save them here so advised versions will not interfere (eventually,
+;; we will save all subrs used in code generated by Advice):
+
+(defmacro ad-save-real-definition (function)
+  (let ((saved-function (intern (format "ad-real-%s" function))))
+    ;; Make sure the compiler is loaded during macro expansion:
+    (require 'byte-compile "bytecomp")
+    (` (if (not (fboundp '(, saved-function)))
+	   (progn (fset '(, saved-function) (symbol-function '(, function)))
+		  ;; Copy byte-compiler properties:
+		  (,@ (if (get function 'byte-compile)
+			  (` ((put '(, saved-function) 'byte-compile
+				   '(, (get function 'byte-compile)))))))
+		  (,@ (if (get function 'byte-opcode)
+			  (` ((put '(, saved-function) 'byte-opcode
+				   '(, (get function 'byte-opcode))))))))))))
+
+(defun ad-save-real-definitions ()
+  ;; Macro expansion will hardcode the values of the various byte-compiler
+  ;; properties into the compiled version of this function such that the
+  ;; proper values will be available at runtime without loading the compiler:
+  (ad-save-real-definition fset)
+  (ad-save-real-definition documentation))
+
+(ad-save-real-definitions)
+
+
+;; @@ Advice info access fns:
+;; ==========================
+
+;; Advice information for a particular function is stored on the
+;; advice-info property of the function symbol.  It is stored as an
+;; alist of the following format:
+;;
+;;      ((active . t/nil)
+;;       (before adv1 adv2 ...)
+;;       (around adv1 adv2 ...)
+;;       (after  adv1 adv2 ...)
+;;       (activation  adv1 adv2 ...)
+;;       (deactivation  adv1 adv2 ...)
+;;       (origname . <symbol fbound to origdef>)
+;;       (cache . (<advised-definition> . <id>)))
+
+;; List of currently advised though not necessarily activated functions
+;; (this list is maintained as a completion table):
+(defvar ad-advised-functions nil)
+
+(defmacro ad-pushnew-advised-function (function)
+  ;;"Add FUNCTION to `ad-advised-functions' unless its already there."
+  (` (if (not (assoc (symbol-name (, function)) ad-advised-functions))
+	 (setq ad-advised-functions
+	       (cons (list (symbol-name (, function)))
+		     ad-advised-functions)))))
+
+(defmacro ad-pop-advised-function (function)
+  ;;"Remove FUNCTION from `ad-advised-functions'."
+  (` (setq ad-advised-functions
+	   (delq (assoc (symbol-name (, function)) ad-advised-functions)
+		 ad-advised-functions))))
+
+(defmacro ad-do-advised-functions (varform &rest body)
+  ;;"`ad-dolist'-style iterator that maps over `ad-advised-functions'.
+  ;;     (ad-do-advised-functions (VAR [RESULT-FORM])
+  ;;         BODY-FORM...)
+  ;;Also see `ad-dolist'.  On each iteration VAR will be bound to the
+  ;;name of an advised function (a symbol)."
+  (` (ad-dolist ((, (car varform))
+		 ad-advised-functions
+		 (, (car (cdr varform))))
+       (setq (, (car varform)) (intern (car (, (car varform)))))
+       (,@ body))))
+
+(if (not (get 'ad-do-advised-functions 'lisp-indent-hook))
+    (put 'ad-do-advised-functions 'lisp-indent-hook 1))
+
+(defmacro ad-get-advice-info (function)
+  (` (get (, function) 'ad-advice-info)))
+
+(defmacro ad-set-advice-info (function advice-info)
+  (` (put (, function) 'ad-advice-info (, advice-info))))
+
+(defmacro ad-copy-advice-info (function)
+  (` (ad-copy-tree (get (, function) 'ad-advice-info))))
+
+(defmacro ad-is-advised (function)
+  ;;"Returns non-nil if FUNCTION has any advice info associated with it.
+  ;;This does not mean that the advice is also active."
+  (list 'ad-get-advice-info function))
+
+(defun ad-initialize-advice-info (function)
+  ;;"Initializes the advice info for FUNCTION.
+  ;;Assumes that FUNCTION has not yet been advised."
+  (ad-pushnew-advised-function function)
+  (ad-set-advice-info function (list (cons 'active nil))))
+
+(defmacro ad-get-advice-info-field (function field)
+  ;;"Retrieves the value of the advice info FIELD of FUNCTION."
+  (` (cdr (assq (, field) (ad-get-advice-info (, function))))))
+
+(defun ad-set-advice-info-field (function field value)
+  ;;"Destructively modifies VALUE of the advice info FIELD of FUNCTION."
+  (and (ad-is-advised function)
+       (cond ((assq field (ad-get-advice-info function))
+	      ;; A field with that name is already present:
+              (rplacd (assq field (ad-get-advice-info function)) value))
+	     (t;; otherwise, create a new field with that name:
+	      (nconc (ad-get-advice-info function)
+		     (list (cons field value)))))))
+
+;; Don't make this a macro so we can use it as a predicate:
+(defun ad-is-active (function)
+  ;;"non-nil if FUNCTION is advised and activated."
+  (ad-get-advice-info-field function 'active))
+
+
+;; @@ Access fns for single pieces of advice and related predicates:
+;; =================================================================
+
+(defun ad-make-advice (name protect enable definition)
+  "Constructs single piece of advice to be stored in some advice-info.
+NAME should be a non-nil symbol, PROTECT and ENABLE should each be
+either t or nil, and DEFINITION should be a list of the form
+`(advice lambda ARGLIST [DOCSTRING] [INTERACTIVE-FORM] BODY...)'."
+  (list name protect enable definition))
+
+;; ad-find-advice uses the alist structure directly ->
+;; change if this data structure changes!!
+(defmacro ad-advice-name (advice)
+  (list 'car advice))
+(defmacro ad-advice-protected (advice)
+  (list 'nth 1 advice))
+(defmacro ad-advice-enabled (advice)
+  (list 'nth 2 advice))
+(defmacro ad-advice-definition (advice)
+  (list 'nth 3 advice))
+
+(defun ad-advice-set-enabled (advice flag)
+  (rplaca (cdr (cdr advice)) flag))
+
+(defun ad-class-p (thing)
+  (memq thing ad-advice-classes))
+(defun ad-name-p (thing)
+  (and thing (symbolp thing)))
+(defun ad-position-p (thing)
+  (or (natnump thing)
+      (memq thing '(first last))))
+
+
+;; @@ Advice access functions:
+;; ===========================
+
+;; List of defined advice classes:
+(defvar ad-advice-classes '(before around after activation deactivation))
+
+(defun ad-has-enabled-advice (function class)
+  ;;"True if at least one of FUNCTION's advices in CLASS is enabled."
+  (ad-dolist (advice (ad-get-advice-info-field function class))
+    (if (ad-advice-enabled advice) (ad-do-return t))))
+
+(defun ad-has-redefining-advice (function)
+  ;;"True if FUNCTION's advice info defines at least 1 redefining advice.
+  ;;Redefining advices affect the construction of an advised definition."
+  (and (ad-is-advised function)
+       (or (ad-has-enabled-advice function 'before)
+	   (ad-has-enabled-advice function 'around)
+	   (ad-has-enabled-advice function 'after))))
+
+(defun ad-has-any-advice (function)
+  ;;"True if the advice info of FUNCTION defines at least one advice."
+  (and (ad-is-advised function)
+       (ad-dolist (class ad-advice-classes nil)
+	 (if (ad-get-advice-info-field function class)
+	     (ad-do-return t)))))
+
+(defun ad-get-enabled-advices (function class)
+  ;;"Returns the list of enabled advices of FUNCTION in CLASS."
+  (let (enabled-advices)
+    (ad-dolist (advice (ad-get-advice-info-field function class))
+      (if (ad-advice-enabled advice)
+	  (setq enabled-advices (cons advice enabled-advices))))
+    (reverse enabled-advices)))
+
+
+;; @@ Dealing with automatic advice activation via `fset/defalias':
+;; ================================================================
+
+;; Since Emacs 19.26 the built-in versions of `fset' and `defalias'
+;; take care of automatic advice activation, hence, we don't have to
+;; hack it anymore by advising `fset/defun/defmacro/byte-code/etc'.
+
+;; The functionality of the new `fset' is as follows:
+;;
+;;     fset(sym,newdef)
+;;       assign NEWDEF to SYM
+;;       if (get SYM 'ad-advice-info)
+;;          ad-activate(SYM, nil)
+;;       return (symbol-function SYM)
+;;
+;; Whether advised definitions created by automatic activations will be
+;; compiled depends on the value of `ad-default-compilation-action'.
+
+;; Since calling `ad-activate' in the built-in definition of `fset' can
+;; create major disasters we have to be a bit careful. One precaution is
+;; to provide a dummy definition for `ad-activate' which can be used to
+;; turn off automatic advice activation (e.g., when `ad-stop-advice' or
+;; `ad-recover-normality' are called). Another is to avoid recursive calls
+;; to `ad-activate-on' by using `ad-with-auto-activation-disabled' where
+;; appropriate, especially in a safe version of `fset'.
+
+;; For now define `ad-activate' to the dummy definition:
+(defun ad-activate (function &optional compile)
+  "Automatic advice activation is disabled. `ad-start-advice' enables it."
+  nil)
+
+;; This is just a copy of the above:
+(defun ad-activate-off (function &optional compile)
+  "Automatic advice activation is disabled. `ad-start-advice' enables it."
+  nil)
+
+;; This will be t for top-level calls to `ad-activate-on':
+(defvar ad-activate-on-top-level t)
+
+(defmacro ad-with-auto-activation-disabled (&rest body)
+  (` (let ((ad-activate-on-top-level nil))
+       (,@ body))))
+
+(defun ad-safe-fset (symbol definition)
+  ;; A safe `fset' which will never call `ad-activate' recursively.
+  (ad-with-auto-activation-disabled
+   (ad-real-fset symbol definition)))
+
+
+;; @@ Access functions for original definitions:
+;; ============================================
+;; The advice-info of an advised function contains its `origname' which is
+;; a symbol that is fbound to the original definition available at the first
+;; proper activation of the function after a legal re/definition.  If the
+;; original was defined via fcell indirection then `origname' will be defined
+;; just so.  Hence, to get hold of the actual original definition of a function
+;; we need to use `ad-real-orig-definition'.
+
+(defun ad-make-origname (function)
+  ;;"Makes name to be used to call the original FUNCTION."
+  (intern (format "ad-Orig-%s" function)))
+
+(defmacro ad-get-orig-definition (function)
+  (` (let ((origname (ad-get-advice-info-field (, function) 'origname)))
+       (if (fboundp origname)
+	   (symbol-function origname)))))
+
+(defmacro ad-set-orig-definition (function definition)
+  (` (ad-safe-fset
+      (ad-get-advice-info-field function 'origname) (, definition))))
+
+(defmacro ad-clear-orig-definition (function)
+  (` (fmakunbound (ad-get-advice-info-field (, function) 'origname))))
+
+
+;; @@ Interactive input functions:
+;; ===============================
+
+(defun ad-read-advised-function (&optional prompt predicate default)
+  ;;"Reads name of advised function with completion from the minibuffer.
+  ;;An optional PROMPT will be used to prompt for the function.  PREDICATE
+  ;;plays the same role as for `try-completion' (which see).  DEFAULT will
+  ;;be returned on empty input (defaults to the first advised function for
+  ;;which PREDICATE returns non-nil)."
+  (if (null ad-advised-functions)
+      (error "ad-read-advised-function: There are no advised functions"))
+  (setq default
+	(or default
+	    (ad-do-advised-functions (function)
+	      (if (or (null predicate)
+		      (funcall predicate function))
+		  (ad-do-return function)))
+	    (error "ad-read-advised-function: %s"
+		   "There are no qualifying advised functions")))
+  (let* ((ad-pReDiCaTe predicate)
+	 (function
+	  (completing-read
+	   (format "%s(default %s) " (or prompt "Function: ") default)
+	   ad-advised-functions
+	   (if predicate
+	       (function
+		(lambda (function)
+		  ;; Oops, no closures - the joys of dynamic scoping:
+		  ;; `predicate' clashed with the `predicate' argument
+		  ;; of XEmacs' `completing-read'.....
+		  (funcall ad-pReDiCaTe (intern (car function))))))
+	   t)))
+    (if (equal function "")
+	(if (ad-is-advised default)
+	    default
+	  (error "ad-read-advised-function: `%s' is not advised" default))
+      (intern function))))
+
+(defvar ad-advice-class-completion-table
+  (mapcar '(lambda (class) (list (symbol-name class)))
+	  ad-advice-classes))
+
+(defun ad-read-advice-class (function &optional prompt default)
+  ;;"Reads a legal advice class with completion from the minibuffer.
+  ;;An optional PROMPT will be used to prompt for the class.  DEFAULT will
+  ;;be returned on empty input (defaults to the first non-empty advice
+  ;;class of FUNCTION)."
+  (setq default
+	(or default
+	    (ad-dolist (class ad-advice-classes)
+	      (if (ad-get-advice-info-field function class)
+		  (ad-do-return class)))
+	    (error "ad-read-advice-class: `%s' has no advices" function)))
+  (let ((class (completing-read
+		(format "%s(default %s) " (or prompt "Class: ") default)
+		ad-advice-class-completion-table nil t)))
+    (if (equal class "")
+	default
+      (intern class))))
+
+(defun ad-read-advice-name (function class &optional prompt)
+  ;;"Reads name of existing advice of CLASS for FUNCTION with completion.
+  ;;An optional PROMPT is used to prompt for the name."
+  (let* ((name-completion-table
+          (mapcar (function (lambda (advice)
+			      (list (symbol-name (ad-advice-name advice)))))
+		  (ad-get-advice-info-field function class)))
+	 (default
+	   (if (null name-completion-table)
+	       (error "ad-read-advice-name: `%s' has no %s advice"
+		      function class)
+	     (car (car name-completion-table))))
+	 (prompt (format "%s(default %s) " (or prompt "Name: ") default))
+	 (name (completing-read prompt name-completion-table nil t)))
+    (if (equal name "")
+	(intern default)
+      (intern name))))
+
+(defun ad-read-advice-specification (&optional prompt)
+  ;;"Reads a complete function/class/name specification from minibuffer.
+  ;;The list of read symbols will be returned.  The optional PROMPT will
+  ;;be used to prompt for the function."
+  (let* ((function (ad-read-advised-function prompt))
+	 (class (ad-read-advice-class function))
+	 (name (ad-read-advice-name function class)))
+    (list function class name)))
+
+;; Use previous regexp as a default:
+(defvar ad-last-regexp "")
+
+(defun ad-read-regexp (&optional prompt)
+  ;;"Reads a regular expression from the minibuffer."
+  (let ((regexp (read-from-minibuffer
+		 (concat (or prompt "Regular expression: ")
+			 (if (equal ad-last-regexp "") ""
+			   (format "(default \"%s\") " ad-last-regexp))))))
+    (setq ad-last-regexp
+	  (if (equal regexp "") ad-last-regexp regexp))))
+
+
+;; @@ Finding, enabling, adding and removing pieces of advice:
+;; ===========================================================
+
+(defmacro ad-find-advice (function class name)
+  ;;"Finds the first advice of FUNCTION in CLASS with NAME."
+  (` (assq (, name) (ad-get-advice-info-field (, function) (, class)))))
+
+(defun ad-advice-position (function class name)
+  ;;"Returns position of first advice of FUNCTION in CLASS with NAME."
+  (let* ((found-advice (ad-find-advice function class name))
+	 (advices (ad-get-advice-info-field function class)))
+    (if found-advice
+	(- (length advices) (length (memq found-advice advices))))))
+
+(defun ad-find-some-advice (function class name)
+  "Finds the first of FUNCTION's advices in CLASS matching NAME.
+NAME can be a symbol or a regular expression matching part of an advice name.
+If CLASS is `any' all legal advice classes will be checked."
+  (if (ad-is-advised function)
+      (let (found-advice)
+	(ad-dolist (advice-class ad-advice-classes)
+	  (if (or (eq class 'any) (eq advice-class class))
+	      (setq found-advice
+		    (ad-dolist (advice (ad-get-advice-info-field
+					function advice-class))
+		      (if (or (and (stringp name)
+				   (string-match
+				    name (symbol-name
+					  (ad-advice-name advice))))
+			      (eq name (ad-advice-name advice)))
+			  (ad-do-return advice)))))
+	  (if found-advice (ad-do-return found-advice))))))
+
+(defun ad-enable-advice-internal (function class name flag)
+  ;;"Sets enable FLAG of FUNCTION's advices in CLASS matching NAME.
+  ;;If NAME is a string rather than a symbol then it's interpreted as a regular
+  ;;expression and all advices whose name contain a match for it will be 
+  ;;affected.  If CLASS is `any' advices in all legal advice classes will be 
+  ;;considered.  The number of changed advices will be returned (or nil if 
+  ;;FUNCTION was not advised)."
+  (if (ad-is-advised function)
+      (let ((matched-advices 0))
+	(ad-dolist (advice-class ad-advice-classes)
+	  (if (or (eq class 'any) (eq advice-class class))
+	      (ad-dolist (advice (ad-get-advice-info-field
+				  function advice-class))
+		(cond ((or (and (stringp name)
+				(string-match
+				 name (symbol-name (ad-advice-name advice))))
+			   (eq name (ad-advice-name advice)))
+		       (setq matched-advices (1+ matched-advices))
+		       (ad-advice-set-enabled advice flag))))))
+	matched-advices)))
+
+(defun ad-enable-advice (function class name)
+  "Enables the advice of FUNCTION with CLASS and NAME."
+  (interactive (ad-read-advice-specification "Enable advice of: "))
+  (if (ad-is-advised function)
+      (if (eq (ad-enable-advice-internal function class name t) 0)
+	  (error "ad-enable-advice: `%s' has no %s advice matching `%s'"
+		 function class name))
+    (error "ad-enable-advice: `%s' is not advised" function)))
+
+(defun ad-disable-advice (function class name)
+  "Disables the advice of FUNCTION with CLASS and NAME."
+  (interactive (ad-read-advice-specification "Disable advice of: "))
+  (if (ad-is-advised function)
+      (if (eq (ad-enable-advice-internal function class name nil) 0)
+	  (error "ad-disable-advice: `%s' has no %s advice matching `%s'"
+		 function class name))
+    (error "ad-disable-advice: `%s' is not advised" function)))
+
+(defun ad-enable-regexp-internal (regexp class flag)
+  ;;"Sets enable FLAGs of all CLASS advices whose name contains a REGEXP match.
+  ;;If CLASS is `any' all legal advice classes are considered.  The number of
+  ;;affected advices will be returned."
+  (let ((matched-advices 0))
+    (ad-do-advised-functions (advised-function)
+      (setq matched-advices
+	    (+ matched-advices
+	       (or (ad-enable-advice-internal
+		    advised-function class regexp flag)
+		   0))))
+    matched-advices))
+
+(defun ad-enable-regexp (regexp)
+  "Enables all advices with names that contain a match for REGEXP.
+All currently advised functions will be considered."
+  (interactive
+   (list (ad-read-regexp "Enable advices via regexp: ")))
+  (let ((matched-advices (ad-enable-regexp-internal regexp 'any t)))
+    (if (interactive-p)
+	(message "%d matching advices enabled" matched-advices))
+    matched-advices))
+
+(defun ad-disable-regexp (regexp)
+  "Disables all advices with names that contain a match for REGEXP.
+All currently advised functions will be considered."
+  (interactive
+   (list (ad-read-regexp "Disable advices via regexp: ")))
+  (let ((matched-advices (ad-enable-regexp-internal regexp 'any nil)))
+    (if (interactive-p)
+	(message "%d matching advices disabled" matched-advices))
+    matched-advices))
+
+(defun ad-remove-advice (function class name)
+  "Removes FUNCTION's advice with NAME from its advices in CLASS.
+If such an advice was found it will be removed from the list of advices
+in that CLASS."
+  (interactive (ad-read-advice-specification "Remove advice of: "))
+  (if (ad-is-advised function)
+      (let* ((advice-to-remove (ad-find-advice function class name)))
+	(if advice-to-remove
+	    (ad-set-advice-info-field
+	     function class
+	     (delq advice-to-remove (ad-get-advice-info-field function class)))
+	  (error "ad-remove-advice: `%s' has no %s advice `%s'"
+		 function class name)))
+    (error "ad-remove-advice: `%s' is not advised" function)))
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun ad-add-advice (function advice class position)
+  "Adds a piece of ADVICE to FUNCTION's list of advices in CLASS.
+If FUNCTION already has one or more pieces of advice of the specified
+CLASS then POSITION determines where the new piece will go.  The value
+of POSITION can either be `first', `last' or a number where 0 corresponds
+to `first'.  Numbers outside the range will be mapped to the closest
+extreme position.  If there was already a piece of ADVICE with the same
+name, then the position argument will be ignored and the old advice
+will be overwritten with the new one.
+    If the FUNCTION was not advised already, then its advice info will be 
+initialized.  Redefining a piece of advice whose name is part of the cache-id
+will clear the cache."
+  (cond ((not (ad-is-advised function))
+         (ad-initialize-advice-info function)
+	 (ad-set-advice-info-field
+	  function 'origname (ad-make-origname function))))
+  (let* ((previous-position
+	  (ad-advice-position function class (ad-advice-name advice)))
+	 (advices (ad-get-advice-info-field function class))
+	 ;; Determine a numerical position for the new advice:
+	 (position (cond (previous-position)
+			 ((eq position 'first) 0)
+			 ((eq position 'last) (length advices))
+			 ((numberp position)
+			  (max 0 (min position (length advices))))
+			 (t 0))))
+    ;; Check whether we have to clear the cache:
+    (if (memq (ad-advice-name advice) (ad-get-cache-class-id function class))
+        (ad-clear-cache function))
+    (if previous-position
+	(setcar (nthcdr position advices) advice)
+      (if (= position 0)
+	  (ad-set-advice-info-field function class (cons advice advices))
+	(setcdr (nthcdr (1- position) advices)
+		(cons advice (nthcdr position advices)))))))
+
+
+;; @@ Accessing and manipulating function definitions:
+;; ===================================================
+
+(defmacro ad-macrofy (definition)
+  ;;"Takes a lambda function DEFINITION and makes a macro out of it."
+  (` (cons 'macro (, definition))))
+
+(defmacro ad-lambdafy (definition)
+  ;;"Takes a macro function DEFINITION and makes a lambda out of it."
+  (` (cdr (, definition))))
+
+;; There is no way to determine whether some subr is a special form or not,
+;; hence we need this list (which is probably out of date):
+(defvar ad-special-forms
+  (mapcar 'symbol-function
+	  '(and catch cond condition-case defconst defmacro
+			       defun defvar function if interactive let let*
+			       or prog1 prog2 progn quote save-excursion
+                               save-restriction save-window-excursion setq
+			       setq-default unwind-protect while
+			       with-output-to-temp-buffer)))
+
+(defmacro ad-special-form-p (definition)
+  ;;"non-nil if DEFINITION is a special form."
+  (list 'memq definition 'ad-special-forms))
+
+(defmacro ad-interactive-p (definition)
+  ;;"non-nil if DEFINITION can be called interactively."
+  (list 'commandp definition))
+
+(defmacro ad-subr-p (definition)
+  ;;"non-nil if DEFINITION is a subr."
+  (list 'subrp definition))
+
+(defmacro ad-macro-p (definition)
+  ;;"non-nil if DEFINITION is a macro."
+  (` (eq (car-safe (, definition)) 'macro)))
+
+(defmacro ad-lambda-p (definition)
+  ;;"non-nil if DEFINITION is a lambda expression."
+  (` (eq (car-safe (, definition)) 'lambda)))
+
+;; see ad-make-advice for the format of advice definitions:
+(defmacro ad-advice-p (definition)
+  ;;"non-nil if DEFINITION is a piece of advice."
+  (` (eq (car-safe (, definition)) 'advice)))
+
+;; Emacs/XEmacs cross-compatibility
+;; (compiled-function-p is an obsolete function in Emacs):
+(if (and (not (fboundp 'byte-code-function-p))
+	 (fboundp 'compiled-function-p))
+    (ad-safe-fset 'byte-code-function-p 'compiled-function-p))
+
+(defmacro ad-compiled-p (definition)
+  ;;"non-nil if DEFINITION is a compiled byte-code object."
+  (` (or (byte-code-function-p (, definition))
+	 (and (ad-macro-p (, definition))
+	      (byte-code-function-p (ad-lambdafy (, definition)))))))
+
+(defmacro ad-compiled-code (compiled-definition)
+  ;;"Returns the byte-code object of a COMPILED-DEFINITION."
+  (` (if (ad-macro-p (, compiled-definition))
+	 (ad-lambdafy (, compiled-definition))
+       (, compiled-definition))))
+
+(defun ad-lambda-expression (definition)
+  ;;"Returns the lambda expression of a function/macro/advice DEFINITION."
+  (cond ((ad-lambda-p definition)
+	 definition)
+	((ad-macro-p definition)
+	 (ad-lambdafy definition))
+	((ad-advice-p definition)
+	 (cdr definition))
+	(t nil)))
+
+(defun ad-arglist (definition &optional name)
+  ;;"Returns the argument list of DEFINITION.
+  ;;If DEFINITION could be from a subr then its NAME should be
+  ;;supplied to make subr arglist lookup more efficient."
+  (cond ((ad-compiled-p definition)
+	 ;; XEmacs fix:
+	 (if (fboundp 'compiled-function-arglist)
+	     (compiled-function-arglist (ad-compiled-code definition))
+	   (aref (ad-compiled-code definition) 0)))
+	((consp definition)
+	 (car (cdr (ad-lambda-expression definition))))
+	((ad-subr-p definition)
+	 (if name
+	     (ad-subr-arglist name)
+	   ;; otherwise get it from its printed representation:
+	   (setq name (format "%s" definition))
+	   (string-match "^#<subr \\([^>]+\\)>$" name)
+	   (ad-subr-arglist
+	    (intern (substring name (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))))))))
+
+;; Store subr-args as `((arg1 arg2 ...))' so I can distinguish
+;; a defined empty arglist `(nil)' from an undefined arglist:
+(defmacro ad-define-subr-args (subr arglist)
+  (` (put (, subr) 'ad-subr-arglist (list (, arglist)))))
+(defmacro ad-undefine-subr-args (subr)
+  (` (put (, subr) 'ad-subr-arglist nil)))
+(defmacro ad-subr-args-defined-p (subr)
+  (` (get (, subr) 'ad-subr-arglist)))
+(defmacro ad-get-subr-args (subr)
+  (` (car (get (, subr) 'ad-subr-arglist))))
+
+(defun ad-subr-arglist (subr-name)
+  ;;"Retrieve arglist of the subr with SUBR-NAME.
+  ;;Either use the one stored under the `ad-subr-arglist' property,
+  ;;or try to retrieve it from the docstring and cache it under
+  ;;that property, or otherwise use `(&rest ad-subr-args)'."
+  (cond ((ad-subr-args-defined-p subr-name)
+	 (ad-get-subr-args subr-name))
+	;; says jwz: Should use this for Lemacs 19.8 and above:
+	;;((fboundp 'subr-min-args)
+	;;  ...)
+	;; says hans: I guess what Jamie means is that I should use the values
+	;; of `subr-min-args' and `subr-max-args' to construct the subr arglist
+	;; without having to look it up via parsing the docstring, e.g.,
+	;; values 1 and 2 would suggest `(arg1 &optional arg2)' as an
+	;; argument list.  However, that won't work because there is no
+	;; way to distinguish a subr with args `(a &optional b &rest c)' from
+	;; one with args `(a &rest c)' using that mechanism. Also, the argument
+	;; names from the docstring are more meaningful. Hence, I'll stick with
+	;; the old way of doing things.
+	(t (let ((doc (or (ad-real-documentation subr-name t) "")))
+	     (cond ((string-match
+		     "[\n\t ]*\narguments: ?\\((.*)\\)\n?\\'" doc)
+		    ;; this is the format used in XEmacs and in FSFmacs pre-19.24:
+		    ;; XEmacs 19.12+ uppercases the args like FSF...
+		    (ad-define-subr-args
+		     subr-name
+		     (car (read-from-string
+			   (downcase (substring doc
+						(match-beginning 1)
+						(match-end 1))))))
+		    (ad-get-subr-args subr-name))
+		   ((string-match "^\\(([^\)]+)\\)\n?\\'" doc)
+		    (ad-define-subr-args
+		     subr-name
+		     (cdr (car (read-from-string
+				(downcase
+				 (substring doc
+					    (match-beginning 1)
+					    (match-end 1)))))))
+		    (ad-get-subr-args subr-name))
+		   (t '(&rest ad-subr-args)))))))
+
+(defun ad-docstring (definition)
+  ;;"Returns the unexpanded docstring of DEFINITION."
+  (let ((docstring
+	 (if (ad-compiled-p definition)
+	     (ad-real-documentation definition t)
+	   (car (cdr (cdr (ad-lambda-expression definition)))))))
+    (if (or (stringp docstring)
+	    (natnump docstring))
+	docstring)))
+
+(defun ad-interactive-form (definition)
+  ;;"Returns the interactive form of DEFINITION."
+  (cond ((ad-compiled-p definition)
+	 (and (commandp definition)
+	      (list 'interactive (aref (ad-compiled-code definition) 5))))
+	((or (ad-advice-p definition)
+	     (ad-lambda-p definition))
+	 (commandp (ad-lambda-expression definition)))))
+
+(defun ad-body-forms (definition)
+  ;;"Returns the list of body forms of DEFINITION."
+  (cond ((ad-compiled-p definition)
+	 nil)
+	((consp definition)
+	 (nthcdr (+ (if (ad-docstring definition) 1 0)
+		    (if (ad-interactive-form definition) 1 0))
+		 (cdr (cdr (ad-lambda-expression definition)))))))
+
+;; Matches the docstring of an advised definition.
+;; The first group of the regexp matches the function name:
+(defvar ad-advised-definition-docstring-regexp "^\\$ad-doc: \\(.+\\)\\$$")
+
+(defun ad-make-advised-definition-docstring (function)
+  ;; Makes an identifying docstring for the advised definition of FUNCTION.
+  ;; Put function name into the documentation string so we can infer
+  ;; the name of the advised function from the docstring.  This is needed
+  ;; to generate a proper advised docstring even if we are just given a
+  ;; definition (also see the defadvice for `documentation'):
+  (format "$ad-doc: %s$" (prin1-to-string function)))
+
+(defun ad-advised-definition-p (definition)
+  ;;"non-nil if DEFINITION was generated from advice information."
+  (if (or (ad-lambda-p definition)
+	  (ad-macro-p definition)
+	  (ad-compiled-p definition))
+      (let ((docstring (ad-docstring definition)))
+	(and (stringp docstring)
+	     (string-match
+	      ad-advised-definition-docstring-regexp docstring)))))
+
+(defun ad-definition-type (definition)
+  ;;"Returns symbol that describes the type of DEFINITION."
+  (if (ad-macro-p definition)
+      'macro
+    (if (ad-subr-p definition)
+	(if (ad-special-form-p definition)
+	    'special-form
+	  'subr)
+      (if (or (ad-lambda-p definition)
+	      (ad-compiled-p definition))
+	  'function
+	(if (ad-advice-p definition)
+	    'advice)))))
+
+(defun ad-has-proper-definition (function)
+  ;;"True if FUNCTION is a symbol with a proper definition.
+  ;;For that it has to be fbound with a non-autoload definition."
+  (and (symbolp function)
+       (fboundp function)
+       (not (eq (car-safe (symbol-function function)) 'autoload))))
+
+;; The following two are necessary for the sake of packages such as
+;; ange-ftp which redefine functions via fcell indirection:
+(defun ad-real-definition (function)
+  ;;"Finds FUNCTION's definition at the end of function cell indirection."
+  (if (ad-has-proper-definition function)
+      (let ((definition (symbol-function function)))
+	(if (symbolp definition)
+	    (ad-real-definition definition)
+	  definition))))
+
+(defun ad-real-orig-definition (function)
+  ;;"Finds FUNCTION's real original definition starting from its `origname'."
+  (if (ad-is-advised function)
+      (ad-real-definition (ad-get-advice-info-field function 'origname))))
+
+(defun ad-is-compilable (function)
+  ;;"True if FUNCTION has an interpreted definition that can be compiled."
+  (and (ad-has-proper-definition function)
+       (or (ad-lambda-p (symbol-function function))
+	   (ad-macro-p (symbol-function function)))
+       (not (ad-compiled-p (symbol-function function)))))
+
+(defun ad-compile-function (function)
+  "Byte-compiles FUNCTION (or macro) if it is not yet compiled."
+  (interactive "aByte-compile function: ")
+  (if (ad-is-compilable function)
+      ;; Need to turn off auto-activation
+      ;; because `byte-compile' uses `fset':
+      (ad-with-auto-activation-disabled
+       (byte-compile function))))
+
+
+;; @@ Constructing advised definitions:
+;; ====================================
+;;
+;; Main design decisions about the form of advised definitions:
+;;
+;; A) How will original definitions be called?
+;; B) What will argument lists of advised functions look like?
+;;
+;; Ad A)
+;;    I chose to use function indirection for all four types of original
+;;    definitions (functions, macros, subrs and special forms), i.e., create
+;;    a unique symbol `ad-Orig-<name>' which is fbound to the original
+;;    definition and call it according to type and arguments.  Functions and
+;;    subrs that don't have any &rest arguments can be called directly in a
+;;    `(ad-Orig-<name> ....)' form.  If they have a &rest argument we have to
+;;    use `apply'.  Macros will be called with 
+;;    `(macroexpand '(ad-Orig-<name> ....))', and special forms also need a
+;;    form like that with `eval' instead of `macroexpand'.
+;;
+;; Ad B)
+;;    Use original arguments where possible and `(&rest ad-subr-args)'
+;;    otherwise, even though this seems to be more complicated and less
+;;    uniform than a general `(&rest args)' approach.  My reason to still
+;;    do it that way is that in most cases my approach leads to the more
+;;    efficient form for the advised function, and portability (e.g., to
+;;    make the same advice work regardless of whether something is a
+;;    function or a subr) can still be achieved with argument access macros.
+
+
+(defun ad-prognify (forms)
+  (cond ((<= (length forms) 1)
+	 (car forms))
+	(t (cons 'progn forms))))
+
+;; @@@ Accessing argument lists:
+;; =============================
+
+(defun ad-parse-arglist (arglist)
+  ;;"Parses ARGLIST into its required, optional and rest parameters.
+  ;;A three-element list is returned, where the 1st element is the list of
+  ;;required arguments, the 2nd is the list of optional arguments, and the 3rd
+  ;;is the name of an optional rest parameter (or nil)."
+  (let* (required optional rest)
+    (setq rest (car (cdr (memq '&rest arglist))))
+    (if rest (setq arglist (reverse (cdr (memq '&rest (reverse arglist))))))
+    (setq optional (cdr (memq '&optional arglist)))
+    (if optional
+	(setq required (reverse (cdr (memq '&optional (reverse arglist)))))
+      (setq required arglist))
+    (list required optional rest)))
+
+(defun ad-retrieve-args-form (arglist)
+  ;;"Generates a form which evaluates into names/values/types of ARGLIST.
+  ;;When the form gets evaluated within a function with that argument list
+  ;;it will result in a list with one entry for each argument, where the
+  ;;first element of each entry is the name of the argument, the second
+  ;;element is its actual current value, and the third element is either
+  ;;`required', `optional' or `rest' depending on the type of the argument."
+  (let* ((parsed-arglist (ad-parse-arglist arglist))
+	 (rest (nth 2 parsed-arglist)))
+    (` (list
+	(,@ (mapcar (function
+		     (lambda (req)
+		       (` (list '(, req) (, req) 'required))))
+		    (nth 0 parsed-arglist)))
+	(,@ (mapcar (function
+		     (lambda (opt)
+		       (` (list '(, opt) (, opt) 'optional))))
+		    (nth 1 parsed-arglist)))
+	(,@ (if rest (list (` (list '(, rest) (, rest) 'rest)))))
+	))))
+
+(defun ad-arg-binding-field (binding field)
+  (cond ((eq field 'name) (car binding))
+	((eq field 'value) (car (cdr binding)))
+	((eq field 'type) (car (cdr (cdr binding))))))
+
+(defun ad-list-access (position list)
+  (cond ((= position 0) list)
+	((= position 1) (list 'cdr list))
+	(t (list 'nthcdr position list))))
+
+(defun ad-element-access (position list)
+  (cond ((= position 0) (list 'car list))
+	((= position 1) (` (car (cdr (, list)))))
+	(t (list 'nth position list))))
+
+(defun ad-access-argument (arglist index)
+  ;;"Tells how to access ARGLIST's actual argument at position INDEX.
+  ;;For a required/optional arg it simply returns it, if a rest argument has
+  ;;to be accessed, it returns a list with the index and name."
+  (let* ((parsed-arglist (ad-parse-arglist arglist))
+	 (reqopt-args (append (nth 0 parsed-arglist)
+			      (nth 1 parsed-arglist)))
+	 (rest-arg (nth 2 parsed-arglist)))
+    (cond ((< index (length reqopt-args))
+	   (nth index reqopt-args))
+	  (rest-arg
+	   (list (- index (length reqopt-args)) rest-arg)))))
+
+(defun ad-get-argument (arglist index)
+  ;;"Returns form to access ARGLIST's actual argument at position INDEX."
+  (let ((argument-access (ad-access-argument arglist index)))
+    (cond ((consp argument-access)
+	   (ad-element-access
+	    (car argument-access) (car (cdr argument-access))))
+	  (argument-access))))
+
+(defun ad-set-argument (arglist index value-form)
+  ;;"Returns form to set ARGLIST's actual arg at INDEX to VALUE-FORM."
+  (let ((argument-access (ad-access-argument arglist index)))
+    (cond ((consp argument-access)
+	   ;; should this check whether there actually is something to set?
+	   (` (setcar (, (ad-list-access
+			  (car argument-access) (car (cdr argument-access))))
+		      (, value-form))))
+	  (argument-access
+	   (` (setq (, argument-access) (, value-form))))
+	  (t (error "ad-set-argument: No argument at position %d of `%s'"
+		    index arglist)))))
+
+(defun ad-get-arguments (arglist index)
+  ;;"Returns form to access all actual arguments starting at position INDEX."
+  (let* ((parsed-arglist (ad-parse-arglist arglist))
+	 (reqopt-args (append (nth 0 parsed-arglist)
+			      (nth 1 parsed-arglist)))
+	 (rest-arg (nth 2 parsed-arglist))
+	 args-form)
+    (if (< index (length reqopt-args))
+	(setq args-form (` (list (,@ (nthcdr index reqopt-args))))))
+    (if rest-arg
+	(if args-form
+	    (setq args-form (` (nconc (, args-form) (, rest-arg))))
+	  (setq args-form (ad-list-access (- index (length reqopt-args))
+					  rest-arg))))
+    args-form))
+
+(defun ad-set-arguments (arglist index values-form)
+  ;;"Makes form to assign elements of VALUES-FORM as actual ARGLIST args.
+  ;;The assignment starts at position INDEX."
+  (let ((values-index 0)
+	argument-access set-forms)
+    (while (setq argument-access (ad-access-argument arglist index))
+      (if (symbolp argument-access)
+	  (setq set-forms
+		(cons (ad-set-argument
+		       arglist index
+		       (ad-element-access values-index 'ad-vAlUeS))
+		      set-forms))
+	(setq set-forms
+	      (cons (if (= (car argument-access) 0)
+			(list 'setq
+			      (car (cdr argument-access))
+			      (ad-list-access values-index 'ad-vAlUeS))
+		      (list 'setcdr
+			    (ad-list-access (1- (car argument-access))
+					    (car (cdr argument-access)))
+			    (ad-list-access values-index 'ad-vAlUeS)))
+		    set-forms))
+	;; terminate loop
+	(setq arglist nil))
+      (setq index (1+ index))
+      (setq values-index (1+ values-index)))
+    (if (null set-forms)
+	(error "ad-set-arguments: No argument at position %d of `%s'"
+	       index arglist)
+      (if (= (length set-forms) 1)
+	  ;; For exactly one set-form we can use values-form directly,...
+	  (ad-substitute-tree
+	   (function (lambda (form) (eq form 'ad-vAlUeS)))
+	   (function (lambda (form) values-form))
+	   (car set-forms))
+	;; ...if we have more we have to bind it to a variable:
+	(` (let ((ad-vAlUeS (, values-form)))
+	     (,@ (reverse set-forms))
+	     ;; work around the old backquote bug:
+	     (, 'ad-vAlUeS)))))))
+
+(defun ad-insert-argument-access-forms (definition arglist)
+  ;;"Expands arg-access text macros in DEFINITION according to ARGLIST."
+  (ad-substitute-tree
+   (function
+    (lambda (form)
+      (or (eq form 'ad-arg-bindings)
+	  (and (memq (car-safe form)
+		     '(ad-get-arg ad-get-args ad-set-arg ad-set-args))
+	       (integerp (car-safe (cdr form)))))))
+   (function
+    (lambda (form)
+      (if (eq form 'ad-arg-bindings)
+	  (ad-retrieve-args-form arglist)
+	(let ((accessor (car form))
+	      (index (car (cdr form)))
+	      (val (car (cdr (ad-insert-argument-access-forms
+			      (cdr form) arglist)))))
+	  (cond ((eq accessor 'ad-get-arg)
+		 (ad-get-argument arglist index))
+		((eq accessor 'ad-set-arg)
+		 (ad-set-argument arglist index val))
+		((eq accessor 'ad-get-args)
+		 (ad-get-arguments arglist index))
+		((eq accessor 'ad-set-args)
+		 (ad-set-arguments arglist index val)))))))
+		   definition))
+
+;; @@@ Mapping argument lists:
+;; ===========================
+;; Here is the problem:
+;; Suppose function foo was called with (foo 1 2 3 4 5), and foo has the
+;; argument list (x y &rest z), and we want to call the function bar which
+;; has argument list (a &rest b) with a combination of x, y and z so that
+;; the effect is just as if we had called (bar 1 2 3 4 5) directly. 
+;; The mapping should work for any two argument lists.
+
+(defun ad-map-arglists (source-arglist target-arglist)
+  "Makes `funcall/apply' form to map SOURCE-ARGLIST to TARGET-ARGLIST.
+The arguments supplied to TARGET-ARGLIST will be taken from SOURCE-ARGLIST just
+as if they had been supplied to a function with TARGET-ARGLIST directly. 
+Excess source arguments will be neglected, missing source arguments will be 
+supplied as nil.  Returns a `funcall' or `apply' form with the second element
+being `function' which has to be replaced by an actual function argument.
+Example: `(ad-map-arglists '(a &rest args) '(w x y z))' will return
+         `(funcall function a (car args) (car (cdr args)) (nth 2 args))'."
+  (let* ((parsed-source-arglist (ad-parse-arglist source-arglist))
+	 (source-reqopt-args (append (nth 0 parsed-source-arglist)
+				     (nth 1 parsed-source-arglist)))
+	 (source-rest-arg (nth 2 parsed-source-arglist))
+	 (parsed-target-arglist (ad-parse-arglist target-arglist))
+	 (target-reqopt-args (append (nth 0 parsed-target-arglist)
+				     (nth 1 parsed-target-arglist)))
+	 (target-rest-arg (nth 2 parsed-target-arglist))
+	 (need-apply (and source-rest-arg target-rest-arg))
+	 (target-arg-index -1))
+    ;; This produces ``error-proof'' target function calls with the exception
+    ;; of a case like (&rest a) mapped onto (x &rest y) where the actual args
+    ;; supplied to A might not be enough to supply the required target arg X
+    (append (list (if need-apply 'apply 'funcall) 'function)
+	    (cond (need-apply
+		   ;; `apply' can take care of that directly:
+		   (append source-reqopt-args (list source-rest-arg)))
+		  (t (mapcar (function
+			      (lambda (arg)
+				(setq target-arg-index (1+ target-arg-index))
+				(ad-get-argument
+				 source-arglist target-arg-index)))
+			     (append target-reqopt-args
+				     (and target-rest-arg
+					  ;; If we have a rest arg gobble up
+					  ;; remaining source args:
+					  (nthcdr (length target-reqopt-args)
+						  source-reqopt-args)))))))))
+
+(defun ad-make-mapped-call (source-arglist target-arglist target-function)
+  ;;"Makes form to call TARGET-FUNCTION with args from SOURCE-ARGLIST."
+  (let* ((mapped-form (ad-map-arglists source-arglist target-arglist)))
+    (if (eq (car mapped-form) 'funcall)
+	(cons target-function (cdr (cdr mapped-form)))
+      (prog1 mapped-form
+	(setcar (cdr mapped-form) (list 'quote target-function))))))
+
+;; @@@ Making an advised documentation string:
+;; ===========================================
+;; New policy: The documentation string for an advised function will be built
+;; at the time the advised `documentation' function is called.  This has the
+;; following advantages:
+;;   1) command-key substitutions will automatically be correct
+;;   2) No wasted string space due to big advised docstrings in caches or
+;;      compiled files that contain preactivations
+;; The overall overhead for this should be negligible because people normally
+;; don't lookup documentation for the same function over and over again.
+
+(defun ad-make-single-advice-docstring (advice class &optional style)
+  (let ((advice-docstring (ad-docstring (ad-advice-definition advice))))
+    (cond ((eq style 'plain)
+	   advice-docstring)
+	  ((eq style 'freeze)
+	   (format "Permanent %s-advice `%s':%s%s"
+		   class (ad-advice-name advice)
+		   (if advice-docstring "\n" "")
+		   (or advice-docstring "")))
+	  (t (format "%s-advice `%s':%s%s"
+		     (capitalize (symbol-name class)) (ad-advice-name advice)
+		     (if advice-docstring "\n" "")
+		     (or advice-docstring ""))))))
+
+(defun ad-make-advised-docstring (function &optional style)
+  ;;"Constructs a documentation string for the advised FUNCTION.
+  ;;It concatenates the original documentation with the documentation
+  ;;strings of the individual pieces of advice which will be formatted
+  ;;according to STYLE.  STYLE can be `plain' or `freeze', everything else
+  ;;will be interpreted as `default'.  The order of the advice documentation
+  ;;strings corresponds to before/around/after and the individual ordering
+  ;;in any of these classes."
+  (let* ((origdef (ad-real-orig-definition function))
+	 (origtype (symbol-name (ad-definition-type origdef)))
+	 (origdoc
+	  ;; Retrieve raw doc, key substitution will be taken care of later:
+	  (ad-real-documentation origdef t))
+	 paragraphs advice-docstring)
+    (if origdoc (setq paragraphs (list origdoc)))
+    (if (not (eq style 'plain))
+	(setq paragraphs (cons (concat "This " origtype " is advised.")
+			       paragraphs)))
+    (ad-dolist (class ad-advice-classes)
+      (ad-dolist (advice (ad-get-enabled-advices function class))
+	(setq advice-docstring
+	      (ad-make-single-advice-docstring advice class style))
+	(if advice-docstring
+	    (setq paragraphs (cons advice-docstring paragraphs)))))
+    (if paragraphs
+	;; separate paragraphs with blank lines:
+	(mapconcat 'identity (nreverse paragraphs) "\n\n"))))
+
+(defun ad-make-plain-docstring (function)
+  (ad-make-advised-docstring function 'plain))
+(defun ad-make-freeze-docstring (function)
+  (ad-make-advised-docstring function 'freeze))
+
+;; @@@ Accessing overriding arglists and interactive forms:
+;; ========================================================
+
+(defun ad-advised-arglist (function)
+  ;;"Finds first defined arglist in FUNCTION's redefining advices."
+  (ad-dolist (advice (append (ad-get-enabled-advices function 'before)
+			     (ad-get-enabled-advices function 'around)
+			     (ad-get-enabled-advices function 'after)))
+    (let ((arglist (ad-arglist (ad-advice-definition advice))))
+      (if arglist
+	  ;; We found the first one, use it:
+	  (ad-do-return arglist)))))
+
+(defun ad-advised-interactive-form (function)
+  ;;"Finds first interactive form in FUNCTION's redefining advices."
+  (ad-dolist (advice (append (ad-get-enabled-advices function 'before)
+			     (ad-get-enabled-advices function 'around)
+			     (ad-get-enabled-advices function 'after)))
+    (let ((interactive-form
+	   (ad-interactive-form (ad-advice-definition advice))))
+      (if interactive-form
+	  ;; We found the first one, use it:
+	  (ad-do-return interactive-form)))))
+
+;; @@@ Putting it all together:
+;; ============================
+
+(defun ad-make-advised-definition (function)
+  ;;"Generates an advised definition of FUNCTION from its advice info."
+  (if (and (ad-is-advised function)
+	   (ad-has-redefining-advice function))
+      (let* ((origdef (ad-real-orig-definition function))
+	     (origname (ad-get-advice-info-field function 'origname))
+	     (orig-interactive-p (ad-interactive-p origdef))
+	     (orig-subr-p (ad-subr-p origdef))
+	     (orig-special-form-p (ad-special-form-p origdef))
+	     (orig-macro-p (ad-macro-p origdef))
+	     ;; Construct the individual pieces that we need for assembly:
+	     (orig-arglist (ad-arglist origdef function))
+	     (advised-arglist (or (ad-advised-arglist function)
+				  orig-arglist))
+	     (advised-interactive-form (ad-advised-interactive-form function))
+	     (interactive-form
+	      (cond (orig-macro-p nil)
+		    (advised-interactive-form)
+		    ((ad-interactive-form origdef))
+		    ;; Otherwise we must have a subr: make it interactive if
+		    ;; we have to and initialize required arguments in case
+		    ;; it is called interactively:
+		    (orig-interactive-p
+		     (let ((reqargs (car (ad-parse-arglist advised-arglist))))
+		       (if reqargs
+			   (` (interactive
+			       '(, (make-list (length reqargs) nil))))
+			   '(interactive))))))
+	     (orig-form
+	      (cond ((or orig-special-form-p orig-macro-p)
+		     ;; Special forms and macros will be advised into macros.
+                     ;; The trick is to construct an expansion for the advised
+		     ;; macro that does the correct thing when it gets eval'ed.
+		     ;; For macros we'll just use the expansion of the original
+		     ;; macro and return that. This way compiled advised macros
+		     ;; will be expanded into something useful. Note that after
+		     ;; advices have full control over whether they want to
+		     ;; evaluate the expansion (the value of `ad-return-value')
+		     ;; at macro expansion time or not. For special forms there
+		     ;; is no solution that interacts reasonably with the
+		     ;; compiler, hence we just evaluate the original at macro
+		     ;; expansion time and return the result. The moral of that
+		     ;; is that one should always deactivate advised special
+		     ;; forms before one byte-compiles a file.
+		     (` ((, (if orig-macro-p
+				'macroexpand
+			      'eval))
+			 (cons '(, origname)
+			       (, (ad-get-arguments advised-arglist 0))))))
+		    ((and orig-subr-p
+			  orig-interactive-p
+			  (not advised-interactive-form))
+		     ;; Check whether we were called interactively
+		     ;; in order to do proper prompting:
+		     (` (if (interactive-p)
+			    (call-interactively '(, origname))
+			  (, (ad-make-mapped-call
+			      orig-arglist advised-arglist origname)))))
+		    ;; And now for normal functions and non-interactive subrs
+	            ;; (or subrs whose interactive behavior was advised):
+		    (t (ad-make-mapped-call
+			advised-arglist orig-arglist origname)))))
+
+	;; Finally, build the sucker:
+	(ad-assemble-advised-definition
+	 (cond (orig-macro-p 'macro)
+	       (orig-special-form-p 'special-form)
+	       (t 'function))
+	 advised-arglist
+         (ad-make-advised-definition-docstring function)
+	 interactive-form
+	 orig-form
+	 (ad-get-enabled-advices function 'before)
+	 (ad-get-enabled-advices function 'around)
+	 (ad-get-enabled-advices function 'after)))))
+
+(defun ad-assemble-advised-definition
+  (type args docstring interactive orig &optional befores arounds afters)
+
+  ;;"Assembles an original and its advices into an advised function.
+  ;;It constructs a function or macro definition according to TYPE which has to
+  ;;be either `macro', `function' or `special-form'.  ARGS is the argument list
+  ;;that has to be used, DOCSTRING if non-nil defines the documentation of the
+  ;;definition, INTERACTIVE if non-nil is the interactive form to be used,
+  ;;ORIG is a form that calls the body of the original unadvised function,
+  ;;and BEFORES, AROUNDS and AFTERS are the lists of advices with which ORIG
+  ;;should be modified.  The assembled function will be returned."
+
+  (let (before-forms around-form around-form-protected after-forms definition)
+    (ad-dolist (advice befores)
+      (cond ((and (ad-advice-protected advice)
+		  before-forms)
+	     (setq before-forms
+		   (` ((unwind-protect
+			   (, (ad-prognify before-forms))
+			 (,@ (ad-body-forms
+			      (ad-advice-definition advice))))))))
+	    (t (setq before-forms
+		     (append before-forms
+			     (ad-body-forms (ad-advice-definition advice)))))))
+
+    (setq around-form (` (setq ad-return-value (, orig))))
+    (ad-dolist (advice (reverse arounds))
+      ;; If any of the around advices is protected then we
+      ;; protect the complete around advice onion:
+      (if (ad-advice-protected advice)
+	  (setq around-form-protected t))
+      (setq around-form
+	    (ad-substitute-tree
+	     (function (lambda (form) (eq form 'ad-do-it)))
+	     (function (lambda (form) around-form))
+	     (ad-prognify (ad-body-forms (ad-advice-definition advice))))))
+
+    (setq after-forms
+	  (if (and around-form-protected before-forms)
+	      (` ((unwind-protect
+		      (, (ad-prognify before-forms))
+		    (, around-form))))
+	    (append before-forms (list around-form))))
+    (ad-dolist (advice afters)
+      (cond ((and (ad-advice-protected advice)
+		  after-forms)
+	     (setq after-forms
+		   (` ((unwind-protect
+			   (, (ad-prognify after-forms))
+			 (,@ (ad-body-forms
+			      (ad-advice-definition advice))))))))
+	    (t (setq after-forms
+		     (append after-forms
+			     (ad-body-forms (ad-advice-definition advice)))))))
+
+    (setq definition
+	  (` ((,@ (if (memq type '(macro special-form)) '(macro)))
+	      lambda
+	      (, args)
+	      (,@ (if docstring (list docstring)))
+	      (,@ (if interactive (list interactive)))
+	      (let (ad-return-value)
+		(,@ after-forms)
+		(, (if (eq type 'special-form)
+		       '(list 'quote ad-return-value)
+		     'ad-return-value))))))
+
+    (ad-insert-argument-access-forms definition args)))
+
+;; This is needed for activation/deactivation hooks:
+(defun ad-make-hook-form (function hook-name)
+  ;;"Makes hook-form from FUNCTION's advice bodies in class HOOK-NAME."
+  (let ((hook-forms
+	 (mapcar (function (lambda (advice)
+			     (ad-body-forms (ad-advice-definition advice))))
+		 (ad-get-enabled-advices function hook-name))))
+    (if hook-forms
+	(ad-prognify (apply 'append hook-forms)))))
+
+
+;; @@ Caching:
+;; ===========
+;; Generating an advised definition of a function is moderately expensive,
+;; hence, it makes sense to cache it so we can reuse it in appropriate
+;; circumstances.  Of course, it only makes sense to reuse a cached
+;; definition if the current advice and function definition state is the
+;; same as it was at the time when the cached definition was generated.
+;; For that purpose we associate every cache with an id so we can verify
+;; if it is still valid at a certain point in time.  This id mechanism
+;; makes it possible to preactivate advised functions, write the compiled
+;; advised definitions to a file and reuse them during the actual
+;; activation without having to risk that the resulting definition will be
+;; incorrect, well, almost.
+;;
+;; A cache id is a list with six elements:
+;; 1) the list of names of enabled before advices
+;; 2) the list of names of enabled around advices
+;; 3) the list of names of enabled after advices
+;; 4) the type of the original function (macro, subr, etc.)
+;; 5) the arglist of the original definition (or t if it was equal to the
+;;    arglist of the cached definition)
+;; 6) t if the interactive form of the original definition was equal to the
+;;    interactive form of the cached definition
+;;
+;; Here's how a cache can get invalidated or be incorrect:
+;; A) a piece of advice used in the cache gets redefined
+;; B) the current list of enabled advices is different from the ones used
+;;    for the cache
+;; C) the type of the original function changed, e.g., a function became a
+;;    macro, or a subr became a function
+;; D) the arglist of the original function changed
+;; E) the interactive form of the original function changed
+;; F) a piece of advice used in the cache got redefined before the
+;;    defadvice with the cached definition got loaded: This is a PROBLEM!
+;;
+;; Cases A and B are the normal ones.  A is taken care of by `ad-add-advice'
+;; which clears the cache in such a case, B is easily checked during
+;; verification at activation time.
+;;
+;; Cases C, D and E have to be considered if one is slightly paranoid, i.e.,
+;; if one considers the case that the original function could be different
+;; from the one available at caching time (e.g., for forward advice of
+;; functions that get redefined by some packages - such as `eval-region' gets
+;; redefined by edebug).  All these cases can be easily checked during
+;; verification.  Element 4 of the id lets one check case C, element 5 takes
+;; care of case D (using t in the equality case saves some space, because the
+;; arglist can be recovered at validation time from the cached definition),
+;; and element 6 takes care of case E which is only a problem if the original
+;; was actually a function whose interactive form was not overridden by a
+;; piece of advice.
+;;
+;; Case F is the only one which will lead to an incorrect advised function.
+;; There is no way to avoid this without storing the complete advice definition
+;; in the cache-id which is not feasible.
+;;
+;; The cache-id of a typical advised function with one piece of advice and
+;; no arglist redefinition takes 7 conses which is a small price to pay for
+;; the added efficiency.  The validation itself is also pretty cheap, certainly
+;; a lot cheaper than reconstructing an advised definition.
+
+(defmacro ad-get-cache-definition (function)
+  (` (car (ad-get-advice-info-field (, function) 'cache))))
+
+(defmacro ad-get-cache-id (function)
+  (` (cdr (ad-get-advice-info-field (, function) 'cache))))
+
+(defmacro ad-set-cache (function definition id)
+  (` (ad-set-advice-info-field
+      (, function) 'cache (cons (, definition) (, id)))))
+
+(defun ad-clear-cache (function)
+  "Clears a previously cached advised definition of FUNCTION.
+Clear the cache if you want to force `ad-activate' to construct a new
+advised definition from scratch."
+  (interactive
+   (list (ad-read-advised-function "Clear cached definition of: ")))
+  (ad-set-advice-info-field function 'cache nil))
+
+(defun ad-make-cache-id (function)
+  ;;"Generates an identifying image of the current advices of FUNCTION."
+  (let ((original-definition (ad-real-orig-definition function))
+	(cached-definition (ad-get-cache-definition function)))
+    (list (mapcar (function (lambda (advice) (ad-advice-name advice)))
+		  (ad-get-enabled-advices function 'before))
+	  (mapcar (function (lambda (advice) (ad-advice-name advice)))
+		  (ad-get-enabled-advices function 'around))
+	  (mapcar (function (lambda (advice) (ad-advice-name advice)))
+		  (ad-get-enabled-advices function 'after))
+	  (ad-definition-type original-definition)
+	  (if (equal (ad-arglist original-definition function)
+		     (ad-arglist cached-definition))
+	      t
+	    (ad-arglist original-definition function))
+	  (if (eq (ad-definition-type original-definition) 'function)
+	      (equal (ad-interactive-form original-definition)
+		     (ad-interactive-form cached-definition))))))
+
+(defun ad-get-cache-class-id (function class)
+  ;;"Returns the part of FUNCTION's cache id that identifies CLASS."
+  (let ((cache-id (ad-get-cache-id function)))
+    (if (eq class 'before)
+	(car cache-id)
+      (if (eq class 'around)
+	  (nth 1 cache-id)
+	(nth 2 cache-id)))))
+
+(defun ad-verify-cache-class-id (cache-class-id advices)
+  (ad-dolist (advice advices (null cache-class-id))
+    (if (ad-advice-enabled advice)
+	(if (eq (car cache-class-id) (ad-advice-name advice))
+	    (setq cache-class-id (cdr cache-class-id))
+	  (ad-do-return nil)))))
+
+;; There should be a way to monitor if and why a cache verification failed
+;; in order to determine whether a certain preactivation could be used or
+;; not.  Right now the only way to find out is to trace 
+;; `ad-cache-id-verification-code'.  The code it returns indicates where the
+;; verification failed.  Tracing `ad-verify-cache-class-id' might provide
+;; some additional useful information.
+
+(defun ad-cache-id-verification-code (function)
+  (let ((cache-id (ad-get-cache-id function))
+	(code 'before-advice-mismatch))
+    (and (ad-verify-cache-class-id
+	  (car cache-id) (ad-get-advice-info-field function 'before))
+	 (setq code 'around-advice-mismatch)
+	 (ad-verify-cache-class-id
+	  (nth 1 cache-id) (ad-get-advice-info-field function 'around))
+	 (setq code 'after-advice-mismatch)
+	 (ad-verify-cache-class-id
+	  (nth 2 cache-id) (ad-get-advice-info-field function 'after))
+	 (setq code 'definition-type-mismatch)
+	 (let ((original-definition (ad-real-orig-definition function))
+	       (cached-definition (ad-get-cache-definition function)))
+	   (and (eq (nth 3 cache-id) (ad-definition-type original-definition))
+		(setq code 'arglist-mismatch)
+		(equal (if (eq (nth 4 cache-id) t)
+			   (ad-arglist original-definition function)
+			 (nth 4 cache-id) )
+		       (ad-arglist cached-definition))
+		(setq code 'interactive-form-mismatch)
+		(or (null (nth 5 cache-id))
+		    (equal (ad-interactive-form original-definition)
+			   (ad-interactive-form cached-definition)))
+		(setq code 'verified))))
+    code))
+
+(defun ad-verify-cache-id (function)
+  ;;"True if FUNCTION's cache-id is compatible with its current advices."
+  (eq (ad-cache-id-verification-code function) 'verified))
+
+
+;; @@ Preactivation:
+;; =================
+;; Preactivation can be used to generate compiled advised definitions
+;; at compile time without having to give up the dynamic runtime flexibility
+;; of the advice mechanism.  Preactivation is a special feature of `defadvice',
+;; it involves the following steps:
+;;  - remembering the function's current state (definition and advice-info)
+;;  - advising it with the defined piece of advice
+;;  - clearing its cache
+;;  - generating an interpreted advised definition by activating it, this will
+;;    make use of all its current active advice and its current definition
+;;  - saving the so generated cached definition and id
+;;  - resetting the function's advice and definition state to what it was
+;;    before the preactivation
+;;  - Returning the saved definition and its id to be used in the expansion of
+;;    `defadvice' to assign it as an initial cache, hence it will be compiled
+;;    at time the `defadvice' gets compiled.
+;; Naturally, for preactivation to be effective it has to be applied/compiled
+;; at the right time, i.e., when the current state of advices and function
+;; definition exactly reflects the state at activation time.  Should that not
+;; be the case, the precompiled definition will just be discarded and a new
+;; advised definition will be generated.
+
+(defun ad-preactivate-advice (function advice class position)
+  ;;"Preactivates FUNCTION and returns the constructed cache."
+  (let* ((function-defined-p (fboundp function))
+	 (old-definition
+	  (if function-defined-p
+	      (symbol-function function)))
+	 (old-advice-info (ad-copy-advice-info function))
+	 (ad-advised-functions ad-advised-functions))
+    (unwind-protect
+	(progn
+	  (ad-add-advice function advice class position)
+	  (ad-enable-advice function class (ad-advice-name advice))
+	  (ad-clear-cache function)
+	  (ad-activate-on function -1)
+	  (if (and (ad-is-active function)
+	           (ad-get-cache-definition function))
+	      (list (ad-get-cache-definition function)
+		    (ad-get-cache-id function))))
+      (ad-set-advice-info function old-advice-info)
+      ;; Don't `fset' function to nil if it was previously unbound:
+      (if function-defined-p
+	  (ad-safe-fset function old-definition)
+	(fmakunbound function)))))
+
+
+;; @@ Freezing:
+;; ============
+;; Freezing transforms a `defadvice' into a redefining `defun/defmacro'
+;; for the advised function without keeping any advice information. This
+;; feature was jwz's idea: It generates a dumpable function definition
+;; whose documentation can be written to the DOC file, and the generated
+;; code does not need any Advice runtime support. Of course, frozen advices
+;; cannot be undone.
+
+;; Freezing only considers the advice of the particular `defadvice', other
+;; already existing advices for the same function will be ignored. To ensure
+;; proper interaction when an already advised function gets redefined with
+;; a frozen advice, frozen advices always use the actual original definition
+;; of the function, i.e., they are always at the core of the onion. E.g., if
+;; an already advised function gets redefined with a frozen advice and then
+;; unadvised, the frozen advice remains as the new definition of the function.
+
+;; While multiple freeze advices for a single function or freeze-advising
+;; of an already advised function are possible, they are better avoided,
+;; because definition/compile/load ordering is relevant, and it becomes
+;; incomprehensible pretty quickly.
+
+(defun ad-make-freeze-definition (function advice class position)
+  (if (not (ad-has-proper-definition function))
+      (error
+       "ad-make-freeze-definition: `%s' is not yet defined"
+       function))
+  (let* ((name (ad-advice-name advice))
+	 ;; With a unique origname we can have multiple freeze advices
+	 ;; for the same function, each overloading the previous one:
+	 (unique-origname
+	  (intern (format "%s-%s-%s" (ad-make-origname function) class name)))
+	 (orig-definition
+	  ;; If FUNCTION is already advised, we'll use its current origdef
+	  ;; as the original definition of the frozen advice:
+	  (or (ad-get-orig-definition function)
+	      (symbol-function function)))
+	 (old-advice-info
+	  (if (ad-is-advised function)
+	      (ad-copy-advice-info function)))
+	 (real-docstring-fn
+	  (symbol-function 'ad-make-advised-definition-docstring))
+	 (real-origname-fn
+	  (symbol-function 'ad-make-origname))
+	 (frozen-definition
+	  (unwind-protect
+	      (progn
+		;; Make sure we construct a proper docstring:
+		(ad-safe-fset 'ad-make-advised-definition-docstring
+			      'ad-make-freeze-docstring)
+		;; Make sure `unique-origname' is used as the origname:
+		(ad-safe-fset 'ad-make-origname '(lambda (x) unique-origname))
+		;; No we reset all current advice information to nil and
+		;; generate an advised definition that's solely determined
+		;; by ADVICE and the current origdef of FUNCTION:
+		(ad-set-advice-info function nil)
+		(ad-add-advice function advice class position)
+		;; The following will provide proper real docstrings as
+		;; well as a definition that will make the compiler happy:
+		(ad-set-orig-definition function orig-definition)
+		(ad-make-advised-definition function))
+	    ;; Restore the old advice state:
+	    (ad-set-advice-info function old-advice-info)
+	    ;; Restore functions:
+	    (ad-safe-fset
+	     'ad-make-advised-definition-docstring real-docstring-fn)
+	    (ad-safe-fset 'ad-make-origname real-origname-fn))))
+    (if frozen-definition
+	(let* ((macro-p (ad-macro-p frozen-definition))
+	       (body (cdr (if macro-p
+			      (ad-lambdafy frozen-definition)
+			    frozen-definition))))
+	  (` (progn
+	       (if (not (fboundp '(, unique-origname)))
+		   (fset '(, unique-origname)
+			 ;; avoid infinite recursion in case the function
+			 ;; we want to freeze is already advised:
+			 (or (ad-get-orig-definition '(, function))
+			     (symbol-function '(, function)))))
+	       ((, (if macro-p 'defmacro 'defun))
+		(, function)
+		(,@ body))))))))
+
+
+;; @@ Activation and definition handling:
+;; ======================================
+
+(defun ad-should-compile (function compile)
+  ;;"Returns non-nil if the advised FUNCTION should be compiled.
+  ;;If COMPILE is non-nil and not a negative number then it returns t.
+  ;;If COMPILE is a negative number then it returns nil.
+  ;;If COMPILE is nil then the result depends on the value of
+  ;;`ad-default-compilation-action' (which see)."
+  (if (integerp compile)
+      (>= compile 0)
+    (if compile
+	compile
+      (cond ((eq ad-default-compilation-action 'never)
+	     nil)
+	    ((eq ad-default-compilation-action 'always)
+	     t)
+	    ((eq ad-default-compilation-action 'like-original)
+	     (or (ad-subr-p (ad-get-orig-definition function))
+		 (ad-compiled-p (ad-get-orig-definition function))))
+	    ;; everything else means `maybe':
+	    (t (featurep 'byte-compile))))))
+
+(defun ad-activate-advised-definition (function compile)
+  ;;"Redefines FUNCTION with its advised definition from cache or scratch.
+  ;;The resulting FUNCTION will be compiled if `ad-should-compile' returns t.
+  ;;The current definition and its cache-id will be put into the cache."
+  (let ((verified-cached-definition
+	 (if (ad-verify-cache-id function)
+	     (ad-get-cache-definition function))))
+    (ad-safe-fset function
+		  (or verified-cached-definition
+		      (ad-make-advised-definition function)))
+    (if (ad-should-compile function compile)
+	(ad-compile-function function))
+    (if verified-cached-definition
+	(if (not (eq verified-cached-definition (symbol-function function)))
+	    ;; we must have compiled, cache the compiled definition:
+	    (ad-set-cache
+	     function (symbol-function function) (ad-get-cache-id function)))
+      ;; We created a new advised definition, cache it with a proper id:
+      (ad-clear-cache function)
+      ;; ad-make-cache-id needs the new cached definition:
+      (ad-set-cache function (symbol-function function) nil)
+      (ad-set-cache
+       function (symbol-function function) (ad-make-cache-id function)))))
+
+(defun ad-handle-definition (function)
+  "Handles re/definition of an advised FUNCTION during de/activation.
+If FUNCTION does not have an original definition associated with it and
+the current definition is usable, then it will be stored as FUNCTION's
+original definition.  If no current definition is available (even in the
+case of undefinition) nothing will be done.  In the case of redefinition
+the action taken depends on the value of `ad-redefinition-action' (which
+see).  Redefinition occurs when FUNCTION already has an original definition
+associated with it but got redefined with a new definition and then
+de/activated.  If you do not like the current redefinition action change
+the value of `ad-redefinition-action' and de/activate again."
+  (let ((original-definition (ad-get-orig-definition function))
+	(current-definition (if (ad-real-definition function)
+				(symbol-function function))))
+    (if original-definition
+	(if current-definition
+	    (if (and (not (eq current-definition original-definition))
+		     ;; Redefinition with an advised definition from a
+		     ;; different function won't count as such:
+		     (not (ad-advised-definition-p current-definition)))
+		;; we have a redefinition:
+		(if (not (memq ad-redefinition-action '(accept discard warn)))
+		    (error "ad-handle-definition (see its doc): `%s' %s"
+			   function "illegally redefined")
+		  (if (eq ad-redefinition-action 'discard)
+		      (ad-safe-fset function original-definition)
+		    (ad-set-orig-definition function current-definition)
+		    (if (eq ad-redefinition-action 'warn)
+			(message "ad-handle-definition: `%s' got redefined"
+				 function))))
+	      ;; either advised def or correct original is in place:
+	      nil)
+	  ;; we have an undefinition, ignore it:
+	  nil)
+      (if current-definition
+	  ;; we have a first definition, save it as original:
+	  (ad-set-orig-definition function current-definition)
+	;; we don't have anything noteworthy:
+	nil))))
+
+
+;; @@ The top-level advice interface:
+;; ==================================
+
+(defun ad-activate-on (function &optional compile)
+  "Activates all the advice information of an advised FUNCTION.
+If FUNCTION has a proper original definition then an advised
+definition will be generated from FUNCTION's advice info and the
+definition of FUNCTION will be replaced with it.  If a previously
+cached advised definition was available, it will be used.
+The optional COMPILE argument determines whether the resulting function
+or a compilable cached definition will be compiled.  If it is negative
+no compilation will be performed, if it is positive or otherwise non-nil
+the resulting function will be compiled, if it is nil the behavior depends
+on the value of `ad-default-compilation-action' (which see).
+Activation of an advised function that has an advice info but no actual
+pieces of advice is equivalent to a call to `ad-unadvise'.  Activation of
+an advised function that has actual pieces of advice but none of them are
+enabled is equivalent to a call to `ad-deactivate'.  The current advised
+definition will always be cached for later usage."
+  (interactive
+   (list (ad-read-advised-function "Activate advice of: ")
+	 current-prefix-arg))
+  (if ad-activate-on-top-level
+      ;; avoid recursive calls to `ad-activate-on':
+      (ad-with-auto-activation-disabled
+	(if (not (ad-is-advised function))
+	    (error "ad-activate: `%s' is not advised" function)
+	  (ad-handle-definition function)
+	  ;; Just return for forward advised and not yet defined functions:
+	  (if (ad-get-orig-definition function)
+	      (if (not (ad-has-any-advice function))
+		  (ad-unadvise function)
+		;; Otherwise activate the advice:
+		(cond ((ad-has-redefining-advice function)
+		       (ad-activate-advised-definition function compile)
+		       (ad-set-advice-info-field function 'active t)
+		       (eval (ad-make-hook-form function 'activation))
+		       function)
+		      ;; Here we are if we have all disabled advices:
+		      (t (ad-deactivate function)))))))))
+
+(defun ad-deactivate (function)
+  "Deactivates the advice of an actively advised FUNCTION.
+If FUNCTION has a proper original definition, then the current
+definition of FUNCTION will be replaced with it.  All the advice
+information will still be available so it can be activated again with
+a call to `ad-activate'."
+  (interactive
+   (list (ad-read-advised-function "Deactivate advice of: " 'ad-is-active)))
+  (if (not (ad-is-advised function))
+      (error "ad-deactivate: `%s' is not advised" function)
+    (cond ((ad-is-active function)
+	   (ad-handle-definition function)
+	   (if (not (ad-get-orig-definition function))
+	       (error "ad-deactivate: `%s' has no original definition"
+		      function)
+	     (ad-safe-fset function (ad-get-orig-definition function))
+	     (ad-set-advice-info-field function 'active nil)
+	     (eval (ad-make-hook-form function 'deactivation))
+	     function)))))
+
+(defun ad-update (function &optional compile)
+  "Update the advised definition of FUNCTION if its advice is active.
+See `ad-activate-on' for documentation on the optional COMPILE argument."
+  (interactive
+   (list (ad-read-advised-function
+	  "Update advised definition of: " 'ad-is-active)))
+  (if (ad-is-active function)
+      (ad-activate-on function compile)))
+
+(defun ad-unadvise (function)
+  "Deactivates FUNCTION and then removes all its advice information. 
+If FUNCTION was not advised this will be a noop."
+  (interactive
+   (list (ad-read-advised-function "Unadvise function: ")))
+  (cond ((ad-is-advised function)
+	 (if (ad-is-active function)
+	     (ad-deactivate function))
+	 (ad-clear-orig-definition function)
+	 (ad-set-advice-info function nil)
+	 (ad-pop-advised-function function))))
+
+(defun ad-recover (function)
+  "Tries to recover FUNCTION's original definition and unadvises it.
+This is more low-level than `ad-unadvise' because it does not do any
+deactivation which might run hooks and get into other trouble.
+Use in emergencies."
+  ;; Use more primitive interactive behavior here: Accept any symbol that's
+  ;; currently defined in obarray, not necessarily with a function definition:
+  (interactive
+   (list (intern
+	  (completing-read "Recover advised function: " obarray nil t))))
+  (cond ((ad-is-advised function)
+	 (cond ((ad-get-orig-definition function)
+	        (ad-safe-fset function (ad-get-orig-definition function))
+		(ad-clear-orig-definition function)))
+	 (ad-set-advice-info function nil)
+	 (ad-pop-advised-function function))))
+
+(defun ad-activate-regexp (regexp &optional compile)
+  "Activates functions with an advice name containing a REGEXP match.
+See `ad-activate-on' for documentation on the optional COMPILE argument."
+  (interactive
+   (list (ad-read-regexp "Activate via advice regexp: ")
+	 current-prefix-arg))
+  (ad-do-advised-functions (function)
+    (if (ad-find-some-advice function 'any regexp)
+	(ad-activate-on function compile))))
+
+(defun ad-deactivate-regexp (regexp)
+  "Deactivates functions with an advice name containing REGEXP match."
+  (interactive
+   (list (ad-read-regexp "Deactivate via advice regexp: ")))
+  (ad-do-advised-functions (function)
+    (if (ad-find-some-advice function 'any regexp)
+	(ad-deactivate function))))
+
+(defun ad-update-regexp (regexp &optional compile)
+  "Updates functions with an advice name containing a REGEXP match.
+See `ad-activate-on' for documentation on the optional COMPILE argument."
+  (interactive
+   (list (ad-read-regexp "Update via advice regexp: ")
+	 current-prefix-arg))
+  (ad-do-advised-functions (function)
+    (if (ad-find-some-advice function 'any regexp)
+	(ad-update function compile))))
+
+(defun ad-activate-all (&optional compile)
+  "Activates all currently advised functions.
+See `ad-activate-on' for documentation on the optional COMPILE argument."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (ad-do-advised-functions (function)
+    (ad-activate-on function compile)))
+
+(defun ad-deactivate-all ()
+  "Deactivates all currently advised functions."
+  (interactive)
+  (ad-do-advised-functions (function)
+    (ad-deactivate function)))
+
+(defun ad-update-all (&optional compile)
+  "Updates all currently advised functions.
+With prefix argument compiles resulting advised definitions."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (ad-do-advised-functions (function)
+    (ad-update function compile)))
+
+(defun ad-unadvise-all ()
+  "Unadvises all currently advised functions."
+  (interactive)
+  (ad-do-advised-functions (function)
+    (ad-unadvise function)))
+
+(defun ad-recover-all ()
+  "Recovers all currently advised functions.  Use in emergencies."
+  (interactive)
+  (ad-do-advised-functions (function)
+    (condition-case nil
+	(ad-recover function)
+      (error nil))))
+
+
+;; Completion alist of legal `defadvice' flags
+(defvar ad-defadvice-flags
+  '(("protect") ("disable") ("activate")
+    ("compile") ("preactivate") ("freeze")))
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defmacro defadvice (function args &rest body)
+  "Defines a piece of advice for FUNCTION (a symbol).
+The syntax of `defadvice' is as follows:
+
+  (defadvice FUNCTION (CLASS NAME [POSITION] [ARGLIST] FLAG...)
+    [DOCSTRING] [INTERACTIVE-FORM]
+    BODY... )
+
+FUNCTION ::= Name of the function to be advised.
+CLASS ::= `before' | `around' | `after' | `activation' | `deactivation'.
+NAME ::= Non-nil symbol that names this piece of advice.
+POSITION ::= `first' | `last' | NUMBER. Optional, defaults to `first',
+    see also `ad-add-advice'.
+ARGLIST ::= An optional argument list to be used for the advised function
+    instead of the argument list of the original.  The first one found in
+    before/around/after-advices will be used.
+FLAG ::= `protect'|`disable'|`activate'|`compile'|`preactivate'|`freeze'.
+    All flags can be specified with unambiguous initial substrings.
+DOCSTRING ::= Optional documentation for this piece of advice.
+INTERACTIVE-FORM ::= Optional interactive form to be used for the advised
+    function.  The first one found in before/around/after-advices will be used.
+BODY ::= Any s-expression.
+
+Semantics of the various flags:
+`protect': The piece of advice will be protected against non-local exits in
+any code that precedes it.  If any around-advice of a function is protected
+then automatically all around-advices will be protected (the complete onion).
+
+`activate': All advice of FUNCTION will be activated immediately if
+FUNCTION has been properly defined prior to this application of `defadvice'.
+
+`compile': In conjunction with `activate' specifies that the resulting
+advised function should be compiled.
+
+`disable': The defined advice will be disabled, hence, it will not be used 
+during activation until somebody enables it.
+
+`preactivate': Preactivates the advised FUNCTION at macro-expansion/compile
+time.  This generates a compiled advised definition according to the current
+advice state that will be used during activation if appropriate.  Only use
+this if the `defadvice' gets actually compiled.
+
+`freeze': Expands the `defadvice' into a redefining `defun/defmacro' according
+to this particular single advice.  No other advice information will be saved.
+Frozen advices cannot be undone, they behave like a hard redefinition of
+the advised function.  `freeze' implies `activate' and `preactivate'.  The
+documentation of the advised function can be dumped onto the `DOC' file
+during preloading.
+
+Look at the file `advice.el' for comprehensive documentation."
+  (if (not (ad-name-p function))
+      (error "defadvice: Illegal function name: %s" function))
+  (let* ((class (car args))
+	 (name (if (not (ad-class-p class))
+		   (error "defadvice: Illegal advice class: %s" class)
+		 (nth 1 args)))
+	 (position (if (not (ad-name-p name))
+		       (error "defadvice: Illegal advice name: %s" name)
+		     (setq args (nthcdr 2 args))
+		     (if (ad-position-p (car args))
+			 (prog1 (car args)
+			   (setq args (cdr args))))))
+	 (arglist (if (listp (car args))
+		      (prog1 (car args)
+			(setq args (cdr args)))))
+	 (flags
+	  (mapcar
+	   (function
+	    (lambda (flag)
+	      (let ((completion
+		     (try-completion (symbol-name flag) ad-defadvice-flags)))
+		(cond ((eq completion t) flag)
+		      ((assoc completion ad-defadvice-flags)
+		       (intern completion))
+		      (t (error "defadvice: Illegal or ambiguous flag: %s"
+				flag))))))
+	   args))
+	 (advice (ad-make-advice
+		  name (memq 'protect flags)
+		  (not (memq 'disable flags))
+		  (` (advice lambda (, arglist) (,@ body)))))
+	 (preactivation (if (memq 'preactivate flags)
+			    (ad-preactivate-advice
+			     function advice class position))))
+    ;; Now for the things to be done at evaluation time:
+    (if (memq 'freeze flags)
+	;; jwz's idea: Freeze the advised definition into a dumpable
+	;; defun/defmacro whose docs can be written to the DOC file:
+	(ad-make-freeze-definition function advice class position)
+      ;; the normal case:	 
+      (` (progn
+	   (ad-add-advice '(, function) '(, advice) '(, class) '(, position))
+	   (,@ (if preactivation
+		   (` ((ad-set-cache
+			'(, function)
+			;; the function will get compiled:
+			(, (cond ((ad-macro-p (car preactivation))
+				  (` (ad-macrofy
+				      (function
+				       (, (ad-lambdafy
+					   (car preactivation)))))))
+				 (t (` (function
+					(, (car preactivation)))))))
+			'(, (car (cdr preactivation))))))))
+	   (,@ (if (memq 'activate flags)
+		   (` ((ad-activate-on '(, function)
+				       (, (if (memq 'compile flags) t)))))))
+	   '(, function))))))
+
+
+;; @@ Tools:
+;; =========
+
+(defmacro ad-with-originals (functions &rest body)
+  "Binds FUNCTIONS to their original definitions and executes BODY.
+For any members of FUNCTIONS that are not currently advised the rebinding will
+be a noop.  Any modifications done to the definitions of FUNCTIONS will be
+undone on exit of this macro."
+  (let* ((index -1)
+	 ;; Make let-variables to store current definitions:
+	 (current-bindings
+	  (mapcar (function
+		   (lambda (function)
+		     (setq index (1+ index))
+		     (list (intern (format "ad-oRiGdEf-%d" index))
+			   (` (symbol-function '(, function))))))
+		  functions)))
+    (` (let (, current-bindings)
+	 (unwind-protect
+	     (progn
+	       (,@ (progn
+		     ;; Make forms to redefine functions to their
+		     ;; original definitions if they are advised:
+		     (setq index -1)
+		     (mapcar
+		      (function
+		       (lambda (function)
+			 (setq index (1+ index))
+			 (` (ad-safe-fset
+			     '(, function)
+			     (or (ad-get-orig-definition '(, function))
+				 (, (car (nth index current-bindings))))))))
+		      functions)))
+	       (,@ body))
+	   (,@ (progn
+		 ;; Make forms to back-define functions to the definitions
+		 ;; they had outside this macro call:
+		 (setq index -1)
+		 (mapcar
+		  (function
+		   (lambda (function)
+		     (setq index (1+ index))
+		     (` (ad-safe-fset
+			 '(, function)
+			 (, (car (nth index current-bindings)))))))
+		  functions))))))))
+
+(if (not (get 'ad-with-originals 'lisp-indent-hook))
+    (put 'ad-with-originals 'lisp-indent-hook 1))
+
+
+;; @@ Advising `documentation':
+;; ============================
+;; Use the advice mechanism to advise `documentation' to make it
+;; generate proper documentation strings for advised definitions:
+
+(defadvice documentation (after ad-advised-docstring first disable preact)
+  "Builds an advised docstring if FUNCTION is advised."
+  ;; Because we get the function name from the advised docstring
+  ;; this will work for function names as well as for definitions:
+  (if (and (stringp ad-return-value)
+	   (string-match
+	    ad-advised-definition-docstring-regexp ad-return-value))
+      (let ((function
+	     (car (read-from-string
+		   ad-return-value (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1)))))
+	(cond ((ad-is-advised function)
+	       (setq ad-return-value (ad-make-advised-docstring function))
+	       ;; Handle optional `raw' argument: 
+	       (if (not (ad-get-arg 1))
+		   (setq ad-return-value
+			 (substitute-command-keys ad-return-value))))))))
+
+
+;; @@ Starting, stopping and recovering from the advice package magic:
+;; ===================================================================
+
+(defun ad-start-advice ()
+  "Starts the automatic advice handling magic."
+  (interactive)
+  ;; Advising `ad-activate' means death!!
+  (ad-set-advice-info 'ad-activate nil)
+  (ad-safe-fset 'ad-activate 'ad-activate-on)
+  (ad-enable-advice 'documentation 'after 'ad-advised-docstring)
+  (ad-activate-on 'documentation 'compile))
+
+(defun ad-stop-advice ()
+  "Stops the automatic advice handling magic.
+You should only need this in case of Advice-related emergencies."
+  (interactive)
+  ;; Advising `ad-activate' means death!!
+  (ad-set-advice-info 'ad-activate nil)
+  (ad-disable-advice 'documentation 'after 'ad-advised-docstring)
+  (ad-update 'documentation)
+  (ad-safe-fset 'ad-activate 'ad-activate-off))
+
+(defun ad-recover-normality ()
+  "Undoes all advice related redefinitions and unadvises everything. 
+Use only in REAL emergencies."
+  (interactive)
+  ;; Advising `ad-activate' means death!!
+  (ad-set-advice-info 'ad-activate nil)
+  (ad-safe-fset 'ad-activate 'ad-activate-off)
+  (ad-recover-all)
+  (setq ad-advised-functions nil))
+
+(ad-start-advice)
+
+(provide 'advice)
+
+;;; advice.el ends here