xemacs-beta: etc/TUTORIAL comparison

comparison etc/TUTORIAL @ 771:943eaba38521

[xemacs-hg @ 2002-03-13 08:51:24 by ben] The big ben-mule-21-5 check-in! Various files were added and deleted. See CHANGES-ben-mule. There are still some test suite failures. No crashes, though. Many of the failures have to do with problems in the test suite itself rather than in the actual code. I'll be addressing these in the next day or so -- none of the test suite failures are at all critical. Meanwhile I'll be trying to address the biggest issues -- i.e. build or run failures, which will almost certainly happen on various platforms. All comments should be sent to ben@xemacs.org -- use a Cc: if necessary when sending to mailing lists. There will be pre- and post- tags, something like pre-ben-mule-21-5-merge-in, and post-ben-mule-21-5-merge-in.

author	ben
date	Wed, 13 Mar 2002 08:54:06 +0000
parents	abac34c62a39
children	137460151b27

comparison

equal deleted inserted replaced

-:336a418893b5
+:943eaba38521
-Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. See end for conditions.
+You are looking at the XEmacs tutorial.  See end for copyrights and conditions.
-You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
+XEmacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
+CTRL or CTL) or the META key. "META" is a traditional Emacs term; on
-Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labelled
+most keyboards, the key is labelled "Alt". (On Sun keyboards, the META
-CTRL or CTL) or the META key.  On some keyboards, the META key is
+key is labelled with a diamond, and is *NOT* the Alt key, which also
-labelled ALT or EDIT or something else (for example, on Sun keyboards,
+exists.) On some TTY's, there is no META key; in this case, use ESC.
-the diamond key to the left of the spacebar is META).  If you have no
+Rather than write out META or CONTROL each time we want you to prefix a
-META key, you can use ESC instead.  Rather than write out META or
+character, we'll use the following abbreviations:
-CONTROL each time we want you to prefix a character, we'll use the
-following abbreviations:
 C-<chr>  means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
 	  Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
-M-<chr>  means hold the META key down while typing <chr>.  If there
+M-<chr>  means hold the META (i.e. Alt) key down while typing <chr>.
-	  is no META key, type <ESC>, release it, then type the
+(See above for Sun keyboards and TTY's.)
-	  character <chr>.
+Important note: to end the XEmacs session, type C-x C-c.  (Two characters.)
-Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c.  (Two characters.)
+To move to the next screen, type <Next> (often labeled PgDn).  On TTY's,
+you may not have such a key; use C-v instead. (Hold down the CONTROL key
+while typing v.)
+To move to the previous screen, type <Prior> (often labeled PgUp).  On
+TTY's, use M-v. (Remember, this means META + v; if you have no META or Alt
+key that works, press and release ESC, then type v.)
 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
 try using a command.  For instance:
-<<Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below.>>
->>  Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
+>>  Try typing <Next> and then <Prior>, a few times. (Or C-v and M-v,
-	(go ahead, do it by holding down the control key while typing v).
+on TTY's.)
-	From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
-	reading the screen.
+Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen to
+screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading the text.
-Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
-to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
+In general, every "cursor key" (the arrows and similar keys set off to the
-the text.
+right side of the keyboard) has an equivalent binding that uses only the
+alphanumeric keys in combination with CONTROL and/or META, so that TTY
-The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
+users can use XEmacs.
-to place in the text.  You already know how to move forward one screen,
-with C-v.  To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
+(In fact, in olden days, this "older way" was the only way to do things,
-and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
+and you will still often see references to these keys as the "recommended"
+way of doing things.  We don't actually recommend that you use these older
->>  Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
+bindings in preference to the more obvious cursor keys, since the cursor
+keys are easier to remember and usually more convenient to use.  However,
+it's useful to know the older bindings, either in case you ever use a TTY
+or so that you can make sense of references to them.  From now on, we will
+mention the TTY bindings in parentheses, and expect that TTY users will
+subsitute them whenever we mention a cursor key.)
+Now you may ask, what is a TTY?  A TTY (or "TeleTYpe")is a text-only
+connection, the kind you get when you use the "telnet" program to log into
+a remote site.  Up till 20 years ago or so, such text-only connections were
+all that existed to communicate with a computer, usually via a "terminal"
+(a combination keyboard and monochrome screen) connected directly to a
+computer.  Nowadays, such dedicated TTY's are increasingly rare, and most
+people only run into them when using telnet.  Emacs began in those olden
+days, and it still carries some baggage from that time, but things have
+greatly improved since then.  Now, you are probably using XEmacs under MS
+Windows or X Windows, collectively termed a "window system".
 * SUMMARY
 ---------
 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
-	C-v	Move forward one screenful
+	<Next>	 Move forward one screenful (C-v on TTY's)
-	M-v	Move backward one screenful
+	<Prior>	 Move backward one screenful (M-v on TTY's)
-	C-l	Clear screen and redisplay everything
+	 C-l	 Clear frame and redisplay all the text,
-		 putting the text near the cursor at the center.
+		 moving the text around the cursor
-		 (That's control-L, not control-1.)
+		 to the center of the window.
+		 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
 Then type C-l.
 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
 is near the cursor now.
+* SOME TERMINOLOGY
+------------------
+All aspects of computers have terminology associated with them, and until
+you master the terminology, things can seem overwhelming.  To add to this,
+however, XEmacs has its own terminology, some of which of course includes
+terms for concepts new to XEmacs.  Some XEmacs terminology, however, is
+just nonstandard terms for familiar objects and concepts. (This is because
+Emacs began a long time ago, when many standard things in today's computers
+didn't exist, and others that did exist had different names.)
+To make things easier for you, the most common XEmacs terms that you will
+find in this tutorial are defined here, even though some have already been
+defined above and others aren't discussed in detail until later.  This way,
+if you come across an unfamiliar term, you know exactly where to look to
+find the definition.  Don't worry if you don't understand all the terms; if
+you keep reading the tutorial, eventually all the terms will be explained
+in detail.
+Term		Definition
+--------------------------
+C-		A keystroke involving the CONTROL key.  C-k is sometimes
+		indicated as CONTROL + k or (not in XEmacs) ^K, and means
+		to hold down the CONTROL key and hit the k key.
+Info		The name of XEmacs' online documentation, accessed through
+		C-h i.
+M-		A keystroke involving the META key.  See META.
+META		An abstract name for a particular modifier key, which has
+		different correspondences depending on your keyboard.  On
+		most keyboards, META is the Alt key, but on Sun keyboards it's
+		a key labelled with a diamond, and *NOT* the Alt key, which
+		also exists.  META can also be simulated by pressing ESC before
+		the other key, but in reality this is just two separate keys,
+		not a modifier plus a key: If you want to do M-f M-f, normally
+		you can hold down (e.g.) Alt, hit f twice, and release the Alt,
+		but when using ESC as META, you'd have to type ESC f ESC f.
+TTY		A text-only connection to a computer, such as when you
+		telnet into a machine.  See the previous section for more
+		explanation.
+binding		The command that's bound to a particular key sequence; you
+		can find out what the binding is and how the command works
+		using C-h k; it's also possible to change the bindings of
+		key sequences, but this isn't discussed in the tutorial
+buffer		A block of memory holding some text, such as the text of a
+		file, email message, list of files in a directory, etc.  All
+		visible windows are always displaying the text of some buffer,
+		and more than one window can be displaying the same buffer.
+		In this case, each buffer has a different value for point
+		(see definition).
+cursor		A block or bar showing where in the text the current insertion
+		point is.
+cursor key	Any of the keys used for moving the cursor, such as the arrow
+		keys, <Next> and <Prior> (often labelled PgUp and PgDn),
+		<Home> and <End>, etc.  Usually set off to the right of the
+		main part of the keyboard, often painted gray.
+echo area	A one-line area at the bottom of the frame where messages are
+		output.  It shares the same space as the minibuffer, which
+		works because the minibuffer is not active most of the time
+		and is active only for short intervals. (Even then, if a
+		message needs to be displayed, the minibuffer will temporarily
+		disappear, the message will be displayed, and then the
+		minibuffer will appear again in a few seconds.)
+frame		Same as what's standardly called a "window" in a window system.
+		TTY's only have one visible frame, but it's possible to create
+		others and switch between them (sort of like if, in a window
+		system, all your windows were maximized to take up the whole
+		screen, so you could only see one at once).
+isearch		Incremental search.  An Emacs invention that is a special,
+		extra-efficient way of searching.  Each time you type a
+		character in a search string, XEmacs immediately finds the
+		next match for what you've typed so far.  This way, you avoid
+		typing more keys than necessary to find what you're looking
+		for.
+key sequence	A sequence of one or more keystrokes that together make a
+		command.  C-x C-f, C-x 5 0, C-l, and <Next> are all key
+		sequences.  See also "binding".
+keystroke	A combination of a key and a modifier (e.g. CONTROL, SHIFT,
+		META).
+kill		Standardly known as "cut".  Remove text and remember it, so
+that it can be "yanked" (standardly, "pasted") later.  Multiple
+		"kills" are remembered, not only the most recent, and can be
+		accessed using M-y.  "kill" is also sometimes used in general
+to refer to deleting anything other than text, e.g. buffers,
+		toolbar items, local variables, subprocesses, abbrevations,
+		or to terminating the XEmacs process.
+minibuffer	A small buffer (usually one line, but it may expand as
+		necessary) at the bottom of the frame, used when commands need
+		input such as file names.
+modeline	A status line, near the bottom of a window, showing the
+		current file being edited, the current mode, the line number,
+		etc. (If you split a frame into two windows, you get two
+		modelines.)
+point		The location in the text where the cursor is. (Technically,
+		the cursor is *BETWEEN* two text characters, not on one.
+		This is most obvious when you use the bar cursor.)
+prefix argument An extra piece of information typed just before a command to
+		be executed, which changes how the command works.  Prefix
+		arguments typically come in two types: Numeric arguments,
+		which specify repeat counts, screen lines to move to, etc.
+		are are specified using META plus a number before a command;
+		and flag arguments, which are just simple yes/no-type
+		indications to do something differently (e.g. put point at
+		the beginning of inserted text rather than at the end) and
+		are specified using C-u before the command.
+recursive edit	Used when you are in the middle of executing a long command
+		(e.g. a search and replace), and want to temporarily make
+		an edit to some text.  Indicated with brackets around the
+		mode name.  It's unlikely you'll use this much, if at all,
+		but it's useful to know how to get out if you accidentally
+		get into this mode: use ESC ESC.
+screen		The totality of everything that can be seen on the display.
+		Also used in some expressions: "on/off the screen" means
+		currently visible or invisible.  A "screenful" is the amount
+		of text in a particular window that can be viewed at one time.
+window		Non-overlapping division of a frame, standardly called a
+		"pane".  Most often, there is only one window in a frame, and
+		then the two terms become essentially synonymous. (Technically,
+		however, the window includes the modeline below it but not
+		the minibuffer.)
+yank		Standardly known as "paste".  Insert text that was previously
+		removed and remembered, a process known as "killing", or more
+		standardly "cutting".
 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
 ----------------------
-Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
+The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
-move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
+to place in the text.  You already know how to move forward and backward
+one screen, but how do you move to a specific place within the text on
+the screen?
 There are several ways you can do this.  The most basic way is to use
-the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n.  Each of these commands moves the
+the arrow keys, which we refer to as <Left>, <Right>, <Up>, and <Down>.
-cursor one row or column in a particular direction on the screen.
+Each of these commands moves the cursor one row or column in a
-Here is a table showing these four commands and shows the directions
+particular direction on the screen.
-they move:
+On a TTY, the arrow keys should, hopefully, work the same, but they
+might not, since TTY's are easy to misconfigure.  As mentioned above,
+for all cursor-key bindings, there are equivalent alphanumeric ones.  In
+this case, the bindings are unfortunately not at all obvious, since they
+were chosen mnemonically and not visually.  Here is a table showing the
+TTY bindings:
 			  Previous line, C-p
 				  :
 				  :
 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
 				  :
 				  :
 			    Next line, C-n
->> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
+>> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram using <Down>
-using C-n or C-p.  Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
+or <Up>.  Then type C-l to see the whole diagram centered in the window.
-centered in the screen.
+(Remember, TTY users should substitute the appropriate bindings whenever
+necessary.  In this case, use C-n and C-p.)
-You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter: P for
-previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward.  These are the
+Note the mnemonic significance of the TTY bindings: P for previous, N
-basic cursor positioning commands, and you'll be using them ALL the
+for next, B for backward and F for forward.  If you're on a TTY, you
-time, so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
+really should spend some time now etching these cursor bindings into
+your brain.  These cursor positioning commands are the most fundamental
->> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
+way to move around and you'll be using them ALL the time, so you will be
+completely lost without them.
->> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
-See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
+Even if you are on a window system and are not forced to learn these
+bindings, you should try to memorize at least these four commands and in
-Each of text line ends with a Newline character, which serves to
+particular their associated words, since variations on them show up in
-separate it from the following line.  The last line in your file ought
+many different keyboard commands, and knowing what they stand for can be
-to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
+of tremendous help.
-one).
->> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line.  It should move to
+>> Do a few <Down>'s to bring the cursor down to this line.
+>> Move into the line with <Right>'s and then up with <Up>'s.
+See what <Up> does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
+The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point".  You will
+often see such references to "point" in the documentation, so remember
+this term.
+Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to separate
+it from the following line.  The last line in your file ought to have a
+Newline at the end.  XEmacs does not normally require it to have one, but
+you can change this -- see the menu entry "Options->Editing->Newline at End
+of File...". (More on menu entries later.)
+>> Try to <Left> at the beginning of a line.  It should move to
 the end of the previous line.  This is because it moves back
 across the Newline character.
-C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
+<Right> can move across a Newline just like <Left>.
->> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
+>> Do a few more <Left>'s, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
-Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
+Then do <Right>'s to return to the end of the line.
-Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
+Then do one more <Right> to move to the following line.
-When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
+When you move past the top or bottom of the window, the text beyond
 the edge shifts onto the screen.  This is called "scrolling".  It
-enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
+enables XEmacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
 without moving it off the screen.
->> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
+>> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the window with <Down>, and
 see what happens.
-If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words.  M-f
+If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words.  C-<Right>
-(Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
+(CONTROL + right-arrow key) moves forward a word and C-<Left> moves back a
+word.  On TTY's, use M-f instead of C-<Right> and M-p instead of C-<Left>.
->> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
+>> Type a few C-<Right>'s and C-<Left>'s.
-When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
-When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
+When you are in the middle of a word, C-<Right> moves to the end of the
-following word.  M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
+word.  When you are in whitespace between words, C-<Right> moves to the
+end of the following word.  C-<Left> works likewise in the opposite
->> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
+direction.
-so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
-places inside and between words.
+>> Type C-<Right> and C-<Left> a few times, interspersed with <Right>'s and
+<Left>'s so that you can observe the action of C-<Right> and C-<Left>
-Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
+from various places inside and between words.
-M-b on the other hand.  Very often Meta characters are used for
-operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
+Notice the parallel between <Right> and <Left> on the one hand, and
-paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
+C-<Right> and C-<Left> on the other hand.  Also notice the parallel
-independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
+between C-f and C-p on the one hand, and M-f and M-p on the other hand.
+XEmacs tries fairly hard to maintain parallelism in keyboard commands to
-This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
+make them easier to remember, and generally adding CONTROL or META to an
-the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
+operation makes it "more so".  META goes beyond CONTROL, often making
-or end of a sentence.
+the units of movement less basic in the process -- words vs. characters,
+balanced parenthetical expressions vs. words, or sentences vs. lines.
->> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
-Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
+Other important cursor motion commands are <Home> and <End> (beginning
+and end of the line), and C-<Home> and C-<End> (beginning and end of the
-See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
+whole text).  Note again the parallelism just mentioned.
-more sentence.  Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
-natural.
+On TTY's, use C-a and C-e for beginning and end of line, and M-< and M->
+for beginning and end of text. (If it helps, think of A as the first
-The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point".  To
+letter of the alphabet, and E as standing for "end".) Note that the <
-paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
+and > chars (Less-than and Greater-than) are above the comma and period
-the text.
+on most keyboards, so you'll have to use the SHIFT key in conjunction
+with META.  If you have no META, the order is very important: Type ESC
-Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
+first, then type < or >.
-word and sentence moving commands:
+>> Move the cursor to this line, then try <Home> and <End> a few times.
-	C-f	Move forward a character
-	C-b	Move backward a character
+>> (Read this entire entry before doing anything!) Try C-<Home> now, to
+move to the beginning of the tutorial.  Then use <Next> repeatedly to
-	M-f	Move forward a word
+move back here.
-	M-b	Move backward a word
-	C-n	Move to next line
-	C-p	Move to previous line
-	C-a	Move to beginning of line
-	C-e	Move to end of line
-	M-a	Move back to beginning of sentence
-	M-e	Move forward to end of sentence
 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
 These are the most often used commands.
-Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
+Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations.  Don't worry if you
-which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (Meta
+can't remember everything; you can always move back to this table for
-Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
+reference.
-On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
+KEYSTROKE:      SEQUENCE                                TTY:
-shift key to type it.  On these terminals you must use the shift key
-to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
+<Prior> (PgUp)  Move backward a screen			M-v
+<Next> (PgDn)   Move forward a screen			C-v
->> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
-Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
+	<Left>		Move backward a character		C-b
+	<Right>		Move forward a character		C-f
->> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
-Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
+	C-<Left>	Move backward a word			M-b
+	C-<Right>	Move forward a word			M-f
-You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
-arrow keys.  We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
+	<Up>		Move to previous line			C-p
-reasons.  First, they work on all kinds of terminals.  Second, once
+	<Down>		Move to next line			C-n
-you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these CTRL
-characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
+	C-<Up>		Move 6 lines up
-have to move your hands away from touch-typing position).  Third, once
+	C-<Down>	Move 6 lines down
-you form the habit of using these CTRL character commands, you can
-easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
+	<Home>		Move to beginning of line		C-a
+	<End>		Move to end of line			C-e
-Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
-serves as a repeat-count.  The way you give a command a repeat count
+	C-<Home>	Move to beginning of text		M-<
-is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command.  If
+	C-<End>		Move to end of text			M->
-you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another alternative way
-to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
-META key.  We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
+* PREFIX ARGUMENTS
-any terminal.
+------------------
-For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
+Most XEmacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
+serves as a repeat-count.  The way you give a command a repeat count is
+by holding down the META key while typing the digits.  You really only
+need to hold down META for the first digit; for this reason, an
+alternative method is to simply hit the ESC key once, then type the
+digits.  (This latter method works on TTY's as well.) The numeric
+argument is also called a "prefix argument", because you type the
+argument before the command it applies to.
+For instance, M-8 <Right> moves forward eight characters.
->> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
+>> Try using <Down> or <Up> with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
 to a line near this one with just one command.
-Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count.  Certain
+Sometimes, commands use the term "prefix argument" to refer not to a
-exceptional commands use it differently.  C-v and M-v are among the
+numeric argument, but to just a flag that makes the command do something
-exceptions.  When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or down
+different if given. (We haven't encountered any such commands so far.)
-by that many lines, rather than by a screenfuls.  For example, C-u 4
+For such commands, the flag is normally given by typing C-u before the
-C-v scrolls the screen by 4 lines.
+command, but generally you can also specify any numeric argument -- the
+actual number makes no difference.
->> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
-This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines.  If you would like
+* SCROLLBARS
-to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
+------------
-If you are using the X Window system, there is probably a rectangular
+Unless you are on a TTY, there is probably a rectangular area called a
-area called a scroll bar at the right hand side of the Emacs window.
+scroll bar at the right hand side of the XEmacs window.  You can scroll the
-You can scroll the text by manipulating the scroll bar with the mouse.
+text by manipulating the scrollbar with the mouse.
->> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
+The scrollbar has a button in the middle of it, called a thumb.  The
-within the scroll bar.  This should scroll the text to a position
+relative position of this thumb within the rectangle indicates where you
-determined by how high or low you click.
+are within the file.  As you scroll up or down with the cursor keys, the
+thumb will follow.
->> Move the mouse to a point in the scroll bar about three lines from
-the top, and click the left button a couple of times.
+>> Try holding down the left button on the thumb and moving the mouse up
+and down.  You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as you move the
+mouse. (NOTE: Some scrollbars, such as the Athena scrollbars under X
-* CURSOR CONTROL WITH AN X TERMINAL
+Windows, work differently.  On these, you will have to use the middle
------------------------------------
+button, not the left one.)
-If you have an X terminal, you will probably find it easier to use
+>> Try clicking the left button in the area above the thumb.  This should
-the keys on the keypad to control the cursor.  The left, right, up,
+scroll the text up by a screenful.  Similarly, clicking the button below
-and down arrow keys move in the expected direction; they function
+the thumb will scroll down by a screenful. (NOTE: Under Athena, things
-exactly like C-b, C-f, C-p, and C-n, but are easier to type and to
+work differently.) Holding the button down will cause the text to
-remember.  You can also use C-left and C-right to move by words, and
+repeatedly scroll by a screenful.
-C-up and C-down to move by blocks (e.g.  paragraphs, if you're
-editing text).  If you have keys labelled HOME (or BEGIN) and END,
+>> Most scrollbars have arrows at the top and bottom of the rectangle.
-they will take you to the beginning and end of a line, respectively,
+Clicking on these will scroll the text up or down by a line, and holding
-and C-home and C-end will move to the beginning and end of the file.
+the button down will cause the text to repeatedly scroll by a line.
-If your keyboard has PgUp and PgDn keys, you can use them to move up
-and down a screenful at a time, like M-v and C-v.
+* USING THE MENU
-All of these commands can take numeric arguments, as described above.
+----------------
-You can use a shortcut to enter these arguments: just hold down the
-CONTROL or META key and type the number. For example, to move 12
+Unless you are on a TTY, you will notice a menubar at the top of the
-words to the right, type C-1 C-2 C-right.  Note that it is very easy
+XEmacs frame.  You can use this menubar to access all the most common
-to type this because you do not have to release the CONTROL key
+XEmacs commands, such as "open a file".  You will find this easier at
-between keystrokes.
+first, because you don't need to remember the keystrokes necessary to
+access any particular command.  Once you are comfortable with XEmacs, it
+will be easy to begin using the keyboard commands because each menu item
-* WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
+with a corresponding keyboard command has the command listed next to it.
---------------------
+Note that there are many items in the menubar that have no exact
-If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
+keyboard equivalents.  For example, the Buffers menu lists all of the
+available buffers in most-recently used order.  You can switch to any
+buffer by simply findings its name in the Buffers menu and selecting it.
+You can also configure XEmacs so that you can use the META key to access
+menu items -- the "accelerator" functionality that is standard under MS
+Windows.  One easy way to do this in XEmacs is using the menu item
+"Options->Menubars->Alt/Meta Selects Menu Items".
+When this feature is on, you can select a menu or menu item using the
+combination of META (i.e. Alt) plus the underlined letter of the menu item.
+For example, to exit XEmacs, use M-f M-x.  We currently don't turn this on
+by default because it interferes with the traditional usage of META in
+XEmacs.  However, we may do this in the future: Only commands for which
+there are top-level menus are shadowed by accelerator bindings, and for all
+those commands, there are equivalents either using cursor keys or on the
+menus.
+When we mention a menu selection, it will be specified as just shown --
+i.e. a string, with an arrow ("->") separating different submenus or items.
+In this case, the menu entry just mentioned means "Click the Options menu
+on the menubar, then the Menubars submenu, the the entry off of that
+labeled "Alt/Meta Selects Menu Items".  In general, XEmacs is highly
+customizable, and one of the easiest ways to make such customizations is
+through the Options menu.
+IMPORTANT: If you want a change on the Options menu to last beyond the
+current XEmacs session, use "Options->Save Options to Init File".  This
+way, it will be permanent.  Otherwise, all Options changes made in the
+current session will be lost.
+* WHEN XEMACS IS HUNG OR IN SOME STRANGE MODE
+---------------------------------------------
+If XEmacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
 typing C-g.  You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
 long to execute.
 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
 a command that you do not want to finish.
->> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
+>> Type M-100 to make a numeric arg of 100 (remember, this means hold
-Now type C-f.  It should move just one character,
+down META and type 100, or type ESC 1 0 0), then type C-g.  Now type
-because you canceled the argument with C-g.
+<Right>.  It should move just one character, because you canceled the
+argument with C-g.
-If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
-with a C-g.
+If XEmacs is in some strange mode and C-g isn't getting out of it, you
+can use the all-purpose escape mechanism: ESC ESC. (On TTY's, you have
+to use ESC ESC ESC.  The reasons for this are a bit complicated.)
+Hitting ESC ESC will get you out of almost any weird mode, including
+selected text, split windows, the minibuffer, recursive edits, "stranded
+minibuffer requests", and the like.  If you have many problems at once,
+each invokation of ESC ESC will get rid of one, so keep repeating until
+everything's fixed.  REMEMBER: ESC ESC does not work if XEmacs is hung
+doing some time-consuming operation or running broken code.  Use C-g for
+that.
 * DISABLED COMMANDS
 -------------------
-Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
+Some XEmacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
 them by accident.
-If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
+If you type one of the disabled commands, XEmacs displays a message
 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
 ahead and execute the command.
-If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
+If you really want to try the command, type <Space> in answer to the
 question.  Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
 command, answer the question with "n".
 >> Type `C-x n p' (which is a disabled command),
 then type n to answer the question.
-* WINDOWS
+* "WINDOWS", I.E. PANES
----------
+-----------------------
-Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.
+XEmacs can have several panes (i.e. non-overlapping divisions of a window
-Note that "window" as used by Emacs does not refer to separate
+or a TTY screen), each displaying its own text.  For historical reasons,
-overlapping windows in the window system, but to separate panes
+these panes are called "windows", and what we normally think of as a
-within a single X window. (Emacs can also have multiple X
+window is called a "frame".  XEmacs can also have multiple "frames"; this
-windows, or "frames" in Emacs terminology.  This is described
+is described later.  From now on, we omit the quotes around the XEmacs
-later.)
+terms, and if we need to use "window" in the standard sense, we will say
+"window-system window".
-At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques of
-using multiple windows.  But you do need to know how to get
+At this stage it is better not to go too deeply into the techniques of
-rid of extra windows that may appear to display help or
+using multiple windows.  But you do need to know how to get rid of extra
-output from certain commands.  It is simple:
+windows that may appear to display help or output from certain commands.
+Most of the time, your cursor will be in the new window; if this is the
-	C-x 1	One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
+case, simply type q.  Alternatively, you can type
-That is Control-x followed by the digit 1.  C-x 1 expands the window
+	C-x 0	Delete window.
-which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen.  It deletes all
-other windows.
+That is, CONTROL-x followed by the digit 0.  This command is unlike the
+other commands you have learned in that it consists of two characters.  It
->> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
+starts with the character CONTROL-x.  There is a whole series of commands
+that start with CONTROL-x; many of them have to do with windows, files,
-(Remember that C-l redraws the screen.  If you give a
+buffers, and related things.  These commands are two, three or four
-numeric argument to this command, it means "redraw the
+characters long.
-screen and put the current line that many lines from the
-top of the screen."  So C-u 0 C-l means "redraw the
+>> Move the cursor to this line and type M-0 C-l.
-screen, putting the current line at the top.")
+(That's a zero, not an Oh.)
+>> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
->> Type Control-x 2
 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
-to display contents of this buffer.
+to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
->> Type C-x 1 and see the new window disappear.
+>> Type q and see the documentation listing window disappear.
+(Remember that C-l redraws the frame.  If you give a numeric argument to
+this command, it means "redraw the frame and put the current line that
+many lines from the top of the window."  So M-0 C-l means "redraw the
+frame, putting the current line at the top.")
 * INSERTING AND DELETING
 ------------------------
-If you want to insert text, just type the text.  Characters which you
+If you want to insert text, just type the text.  Characters which you can
-can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
+see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by XEmacs as text and inserted
-immediately.  Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
+immediately.  Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a Newline
-Newline character.
+character.
-You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
+You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Backspace>.
-<Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del".  In
+<Backspace> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled simply with a
-some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!
+left arrow sign.
-More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
+(NOTE: On a few misconfigured TTY's, typing <Backspace> may try to invoke
+the help system; the symptom of this is a line like "C-h (Type ? for
+further options)" at the bottom of the frame.  If this is the case, type
+C-g to get out of this, and try using <Delete> from now on in place of
+<Backspace>.)
+More generally, <Backspace> deletes the character immediately before the
 current cursor position.
 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
-by typing <Delete> a few times.  Don't worry about this file
+by typing <Backspace> a few times.  Don't worry about this file
 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial.  This is
 your personal copy of it.
-When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
+When a line of text gets too big for one line on the window, the line of
-of text is "continued" onto a second screen line.  A backslash ("\")
+text is "continued" onto a second window line.  An arrow at the right
-at the right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
+margin that hooks down and to the left (or a backslash ("\") on TTY's)
+indicates a line which has been continued.
 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
 You'll see a continuation line appear.
->> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
+>> Use <Backspace>s to delete the text until the line fits on one window
 line again.  The continuation line goes away.
 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
 one line.  If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
-screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
+window width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
->> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>.  This
+>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Backspace>.  This
 merges that line with the previous line.
 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
-Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
+Remember that most XEmacs commands can be given a repeat count;
 this includes text characters.  Repeating a text character inserts
 it several times.
->>  Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
+>>  Try that now -- type M-8 * to insert ********.
 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
-Emacs and correcting errors.  You can delete by words or lines
+XEmacs and correcting errors.  You can delete by words or lines
 as well.  Here is a summary of the delete operations:
-	<Delete>     delete the character just before the cursor
+	<Backspace>   delete the character just before the cursor
-	C-d   	     delete the next character after the cursor
+<Delete>      delete the next character after the cursor
+	C-d   	      same as <Delete> but works on TTY's
-	M-<Delete>   kill the word immediately before the cursor
-	M-d	     kill the next word after the cursor
+	M-<Backspace> cut ("kill") the word immediately before the cursor
+	M-<Delete>    cut ("kill") the next word after the cursor
-	C-k	     kill from the cursor position to end of line
+M-d	      same as M-<Delete> but works on TTY's
-	M-k	     kill to the end of the current sentence
+	C-k	      cut ("kill") from the cursor position to end of line
-Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
+	M-k	      cut ("kill") to the end of the current sentence
-started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a control
-character, but let's not worry about that).  C-k and M-k are like C-e
+Notice again the parallelism with no modifier vs. CONTROL vs. META that
-and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
+was mentioned earlier -- although the parallels are not perfect.
-When you delete more than one character at a time, Emacs saves the
+(In the violent old days when Emacs first began, removing text that
-deleted text so that you can bring it back.  Bringing back killed text
+could later be re-inserted was called "killing", and re-inserting was
-is called "yanking".  You can yank the killed text either at the same
+called "yanking" -- evidently the designers of Emacs must have been
-place where it was killed, or at some other place in the text.  You
+thinking of role-playing games, where killed characters could be easily
-can yank the text several times in order to make multiple copies of
+resurrected with the wave [yank?] of a magic wand.  In the more genteel
-it.  The command to yank is C-y.
+[and realistic] times we live in, the preferred terms are "cut" and
+"paste".)
-Note that the difference between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is
-that "Killed" things can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.
+You can also kill any part of the buffer with one uniform method.  Under
-Generally, the commands that can remove a lot of text save the text,
+window systems, the preferred method is to move to one end of that part,
-while the commands that delete just one character, or just blank lines
+hold the SHIFT key down, and use the cursor keys to move to the other
-and spaces, do not save the deleted text.
+end.  Then release the SHIFT key and type C-w.  That kills all the text
+between the two positions.
+An alternative method, which also works on TTY's, is to move to one end of
+the text, and type C-@ or C-<Space> (either one).
+Move to the other end and type C-w.
+>> Move the cursor to the A at the start of the previous paragraph.
+>> Hold the SHIFT key down.
+>> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the third line of the
+paragraph.
+>> Release the SHIFT key and type C-w.  This will kill the text starting
+from the A, and ending just before the n.
+Now try it the other way.
+>> Type C-/ to undo the killing, or C-_ or C-x u on TTY's.
+>> Move the cursor to the same A again.
+>> Type C-<Space>.  XEmacs should display a message "Mark set"
+at the bottom of the frame.
+>> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the third line of the
+paragraph.
+>> Type C-w.  You will get the same result as previously.
+The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
+can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
+Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking".  Generally, the
+commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
+that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
+character, or just blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you cannot
+yank that text).
+Normally, on a window system "killing" text stores it internally but
+also puts it on the clipboard, just like Cut in a word processor, and
+"yanking" takes text from the clipboard if available, just like Paste.
+(This connection to the clipboard can be turned off from the Options
+menu.) There are also menu items, "Edit->Cut" and "Edit->Paste", that
+always connect with the clipboard, and equivalent Cut and Paste keys on
+Sun keyboards.
 >> Move the cursor to the  beginning of a line which is not empty.
 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
 >> Type C-k a second time.  You'll see that it kills the Newline
 which follows that line.
 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
-C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up.  C-k
+C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up.  C-k
 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
-their contents.  This is not mere repetition.  C-u 2 C-k kills two
+their contents.  This is not mere repetition.  M-2 C-k kills two
 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
-To retrieve the last killed text and put it where the cursor currently
+Bringing back killed text is called "yanking".  (Think of it as
-is, type C-y.
+yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.)  You
+can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
+or at some other place in the buffer, or even in a different file.
+You can yank the text several times, which makes multiple copies of
+it.
+The command for yanking is C-y.  It reinserts the last killed text,
+after the current cursor position.
 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
-Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone took
+If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
-away from you.  Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row, all of
+together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
-the killed text is saved together, so that one C-y will yank all of
-the lines.
 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
 Now to retrieve that killed text:
 * UNDO
 ------
-If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
+If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a mistake,
-mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
+you can undo the change with the undo command, C-/. (On TTY's, use C-_,
+i.e. CONTROL + underscore, which is normally above the minus sign;
-Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
+i.e. you will have to hold the SHIFT key down, as in CONTROL + SHIFT +
-the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
+minus.  If that doesn't work, you can fall back to C-x u; but that has
+the unfortunate property that it's difficult to execute several times in
+a row.)
+Normally, C-/ undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
+the C-/ several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
 additional command.
 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
-of up to 20.  (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
+of up to 20.  (This is to reduce the number of C-/'s you have to
 type to undo insertion of text.)
->> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
+>> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-/ and it should reappear.
-C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
+A numeric argument to C-/ acts as a repeat count.
-but it is easier to type several times in a row.  The disadvantage of
-C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it.  That
+If you change your mind and want to redo changes that you've undone,
-is why we provide C-x u as well.  On some terminals, you can type C-_
+issue any command other than Undo (usually people move the cursor), and
-by typing / while holding down CTRL.
+then start undoing again.  This will undo your Undo changes; keep
+hitting Undo, and you will eventually undo all the Undo's, and start
-A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
+undoing your original changes.  Essentially, XEmacs treats each Undo as
+a further change, and records them for undoing just like regular
+commands; but as long as you keeping issuing Undo commands directly
+after previous ones, XEmacs remembers where you are in the Undo history
+so it can keep undoing.  Once you issue another command, XEmacs
+"forgets" and resets its internal pointer to the end of the Undo
+history.  This may seem confusing, so try it out:
+>> Type a line of text above this one.
+>> Move to the end of the line you just typed, and hit <Backspace>
+until you've deleted all characters.
+>> Type C-/ a number of times to undo some of your deletions.
+>> Move the cursor left.
+>> Start typing C-/ again, and it will redo your deletions until there's
+no text left, then it will start undoing the original deletions.
+When all the text appears again, further C-/'s will undo the text you
+originally typed, in groups of up to 20 (see above).
+As you just saw, you can undo deletion of text just as you can undo
+killing of text.  The distinction between killing something and deleting
+it affects whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for
+undo.
+* USING THE MOUSE
+-----------------
+On window systems, XEmacs is fully integrated with the mouse.  You can
+position the text cursor by clicking the left button at the desired
+location, and you can select text by dragging the left mouse button
+across the text you want to select. (Or alternatively, click the left
+mouse button at one end of the text, then move to the other end and use
+Shift-click to select the text.)
+The middle mouse button is commonly used to choose items that are
+visible on the screen.  For example, if you enter Info (the on-line
+XEmacs documentation) using C-h i or the Help menu, you can follow a
+highlighted link by clicking the middle mouse button on it.  Similarly,
+if you are typing a file name in (e.g. when prompted by "Find File") and
+you hit <Tab> to show the possible completions, you can click the middle
+mouse button on one of the completions to select it.  If you have a
+two-button mouse, such as some MS Windows systems, you can click both
+buttons simultaneously to simulate the middle button.
+The right mouse button brings up a popup menu, called a "context menu"
+because the contents vary depending on what context you're in, such as
+the mode of the window you click in or the text under the mouse.  The
+menu usually contains the commands most relevant to where you clicked,
+so they're easier to access.
+>> Press the right mouse button now.
+Under X Windows, you may have to hold the button down in order to keep
+the menu up.
 * FILES
 -------
 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
-file.  Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
+file.  Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of XEmacs goes
-away.  You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file.  (This is
+away.  In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
-also called "visiting" the file.)
+before you enter the text.  (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
-Emacs.  In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
+XEmacs.  In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
-However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
+However, the changes you make using XEmacs do not become permanent
 until you "save" the file.  This is so you can avoid leaving a
 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to.  Even when
-you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
+you save, XEmacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
-If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
+If you look near the bottom of the frame you will see a line that begins
-begins and ends with dashes, and contains the string "Emacs:
+and ends with dashes, and contains the string "XEmacs: TUTORIAL" or
-TUTORIAL".  This part of the screen always shows the name of the file
+something like that.  This part of the frame normally shows the name of
-that you are visiting.  Right now, you are visiting a file called
+the file that you are visiting.  Right now, you are visiting a file called
-"TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs tutorial.
+"TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the XEmacs tutorial.
-Whatever file you find, that file's name will appear in that precise
+When you find a file with XEmacs, that file's name will appear in that
-spot.
+precise spot.
-The commands for finding and saving files are unlike the other
+One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
-commands you have learned in that they consist of two characters.
+have to say what file name you want.  We say the command "reads an
-They both start with the character Control-x.  There is a whole series
+argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
-of commands that start with Control-x; many of them have to do with
+the file).  After you type the command
-files, buffers, and related things.  These commands are two, three or
-four characters long.
-Another thing about the command for finding a file is that you have
-to say what file name you want.  We say the command "reads an argument
-from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of the
-file).  After you type the command
 	C-x C-f   Find a file
-Emacs asks you to type the file name.  The file name you type appears
+XEmacs asks you to type the file name.  The file name you type appears
-on the bottom line of the screen.  The bottom line is called the
+on the bottom line of the frame.  The bottom line is called the
 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input.  You can use
-ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
+ordinary XEmacs editing commands to edit the file name.
 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
 you can cancel the command with C-g.
 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g.  This cancels the minibuffer,
 edit the contents.  When you wish to make your changes permanent,
 type the command
 	C-x C-s   Save the file
-This copies the text within Emacs into the file.  The first time you
+This copies the text within XEmacs into the file.  The first time you
-do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
+do this, XEmacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
 not lost.  The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
 original file's name.
-When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
+When saving is finished, XEmacs displays the name of the file written.
 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
 work if the system should crash.
 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
-This should print "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
+This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the frame.
-NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
+NOTE: On some older TTY connections, typing C-s will freeze the screen
-will see no further output from Emacs.  This indicates that an
+and you will see no further output from XEmacs.  This indicates that an
-operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
+operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s
-C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs.  To unfreeze the screen,
+and not letting it get through to XEmacs.  To unfreeze the screen, type
-type C-q.  Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
+C-q.  Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in
-Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
+the XEmacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it.  You can also
 find a file which does not already exist.  This is the way to create a
-file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
+file with XEmacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
 begin inserting the text for the file.  When you ask to "save" the
-file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
+file, XEmacs will really create the file with the text that you have
 inserted.  From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
 already existing file.
 * BUFFERS
 ---------
 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
-inside Emacs.  You can switch back to it by finding it again with
+inside XEmacs.  You can switch back to it by finding it again with
-C-x C-f.  This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
+C-x C-f.  This way you can get quite a number of files inside XEmacs.
 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing  C-x C-f foo <Return>.
 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing  C-x C-s.
 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
 to come back to the tutorial.
-Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer."
+XEmacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
-Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs.  To see a list of the
+Finding a file makes a new buffer inside XEmacs.  To see a list of the
-buffers that current exist in your Emacs job, type
+buffers that currently exist in your XEmacs job, type
 	C-x C-b   List buffers
 >> Try C-x C-b now.
 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
 for the file whose contents it holds.  Some buffers do not correspond
 to files.  For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
 not have any file.  It is the buffer which contains the buffer
-list that was made by C-x C-b.  ANY text you see in an Emacs window
+list that was made by C-x C-b.  ANY text you see in an XEmacs window
 is always part of some buffer.
->> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
+>> Type ESC ESC to get rid of the buffer list. (Remember, three ESC's
+under TTY's.)
 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
-this does not save the first file.  Its changes remain inside Emacs,
+this does not save the first file.  Its changes remain inside XEmacs,
 in that file's buffer.  The creation or editing of the second file's
 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer.  This is very useful,
 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
 file's buffer.  It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s.  So we have
 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
-* USING THE MENU
-----------------
-If you are on an X terminal, you will notice a menubar at the
-top of the Emacs screen.  You can use this menubar to access all
-the most common Emacs commands, such as "find file".  You will
-find this easier at first, because you don't need to remember
-the keystrokes necessary to access any particular command.  Once
-you are comfortable with Emacs, it will be easy to begin using
-the keyboard commands because each menu item with a
-corresponding keyboard command has the command listed next to
-it.
-Note that there are many items in the menubar that have no exact
-keyboard equivalents.  For example, the Buffers menu lists all
-of the available buffers in most-recently used order.  You can
-switch to any buffer by simply findings its name in the Buffers
-menu and selecting it.
-* USING THE MOUSE
------------------
-When running under X, Emacs is fully integrated with the mouse.
-You can position the text cursor by clicking the left button at
-the desired location, and you can select text by dragging the
-left mouse button across the text you want to select. (Or
-alternatively, click the left mouse button at one end of the
-text, then move to the other end and use Shift-click to select
-the text.)
-To kill some selected text, you can use C-w or choose the Cut
-item from the Edit menu.  Note that these are *not* equivalent:
-C-w only saves the text internally within Emacs (similar to C-k
-as described above), whereas Cut does this and also puts the
-text into the X clipboard, where it can be accessed by other
-applications.
-To retrieve text from the X clipboard, use the Paste item from
-the Edit menu.
-The middle mouse button is commonly used to choose items that
-are visible on the screen.  For example, if you enter Info (the
-on-line Emacs documentation) using C-h i or the Help menu, you
-can follow a highlighted link by clicking the middle mouse
-button on it.  Similarly, if you are typing a file name in
-(e.g. when prompted by "Find File") and you hit TAB to show the
-possible completions, you can click the middle mouse button on
-one of the completions to select it.
-The right mouse button brings up a popup menu.  The contents of
-this menu vary depending on what mode you're in, and usually
-contain a few commonly used commands, so they're easier to
-access.
->> Press the right mouse button now.
-You will have to hold the button down in order to keep the
-menu up.
 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
 ---------------------------
-There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
+There are many, many more XEmacs commands than could possibly be put
-on all the control and meta characters.  Emacs gets around this with
+on all the control and meta characters.  XEmacs gets around this with
 the X (eXtend) command.  This comes in two flavors:
 	C-x	Character eXtend.  Followed by one character.
 	M-x	Named command eXtend.  Followed by a long name.
 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
 commands you have already learned about.  You have already seen two of
 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save.  Another
-example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command
+example is the command to end the XEmacs session--this is the command
 C-x C-c.  (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
-offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)
+offers to save each changed file before it kills the XEmacs.)
-C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
+If you have installed the sample init.el file (we highly recommend this,
-back to the same Emacs session afterward.
+once you've gotten some familiarity with XEmacs; see "Help->Samples->View
+Sample init.el"), you will find that C-x C-c does not exit XEmacs, but
-On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns
+instead outputs a message.  This is intentional, since C-x C-c is easy to
-to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs.  In the most common
+hit accidentally.  Instead, use the "File->Exit XEmacs" menu item to exit.
-shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
+If you are on a TTY, and you want to exit temporarily to execute a shell
-On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell
+command, you should use C-z instead of C-x C-c.  Under TTY's, C-z
-running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and
+"suspends" XEmacs; that is, it returns to the shell but does not destroy
-return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs.  In
+the XEmacs.  In the most common shells, you can resume XEmacs with the
-this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to
+`fg' command or with `%xemacs'. (On systems which do not implement
-Emacs from the subshell.
+suspending, C-z creates a subshell running under XEmacs to give you the
+chance to run other programs and return to XEmacs afterward; it does not
-The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out.  It's also
+truly "exit" from XEmacs.  In this case, the shell command `exit' is the
-the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
+usual way to get back to XEmacs from the subshell.)
-programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
-how to cope with suspension of Emacs.  In ordinary circumstances,
-though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
-with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
 There are many C-x commands.  Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
 	C-x C-f		Find file.
 	C-x C-s		Save file.
 	C-x C-b		List buffers.
-	C-x C-c		Quit Emacs.
+	C-x C-c		Quit XEmacs.
-	C-x u		Undo.
+	C-x 0		Delete the current window.
+	C-x u		Undo (TTY version).
 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes.  An
 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
-string with another.  When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
+string with another.  When you type M-x, XEmacs prompts you at the
-bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
+bottom of the frame with M-x and you should type the name of the
-command; in this case, "replace-string".  Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
+command; in this case, "replace-string".  Just type "repl s<Tab>" and
-Emacs will complete the name.  End the command name with <Return>.
+XEmacs will complete the name.  (<Tab> is the Tab key, usually found
+above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
+End the command name with <Return>.
 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
 replaced, and the string to replace it with.  You must end each
 argument with <Return>.
 * AUTO SAVE
 -----------
 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
-they could be lost if your computer crashes.  To protect you from
+they could be lost if your computer crashes.  To protect you from this,
-this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
+XEmacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that you
-you are editing.  The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
+are editing.  The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and the
-the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
+end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save file's
-file's name is "#hello.c#".  When you save the file in the normal way,
+name is usually "#hello.c#".  When you save the file in the normal way,
-Emacs deletes its auto save file.
+XEmacs deletes its auto save file.
 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
-save file) and then typing M-x recover file<return>.  When it asks for
+save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>.  When it asks for
-confirmation, type yes<return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
+confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
 data.
 * ECHO AREA
 -----------
-If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
+If XEmacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
-at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area."  The echo
+shows them to you at the bottom of the frame in an area called the
-area contains the bottom line of the screen.
+"echo area".  The echo area contains the bottom line of the frame.
 * MODELINE
------------
+----------
 The line immediately above the echo area it is called the "modeline".
 The mode line says something like this:
 --**-XEmacs: TUTORIAL          (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
-This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
+This line gives useful information about the status of XEmacs and
 the text you are editing.
 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
 found.  -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
-that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen.  If the
+that NN percent of the text is above the top of the window.  If the
 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
 --00%--.  If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
 --Bot--.  If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
 the screen, the mode line says --All--.
+The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
+current line number of point.
 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
 no stars, just dashes.
 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
 editing modes you are in.  The default mode is Fundamental which is
 what you are using now.  It is an example of a "major mode".
-Emacs has many different major modes.  Some of them are meant for
+XEmacs has many different major modes.  Some of them are meant for
 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
 Text mode, etc.  At any time one and only one major mode is active,
 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
 "Fundamental" is now.
 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
 should probably use Text Mode.
 >> Type M-x text-mode<Return>.
-Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in
+Don't worry, none of the XEmacs commands you have learned changes in
-any great way.  But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
+any great way.  But you can observe that C-<Right> and C-<Left> now treat
 apostrophes as part of words.  Previously, in Fundamental mode,
-M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
+C-<Right> and C-<Left> treated apostrophes as word-separators.
 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
 differently.
 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
->> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
+>> Use M-4 C-l to bring this line near the top of the window.
 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
 >> Type q to remove the documentation from the screen.
 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
-Minor modes are alternatives not to the major modes, just minor
+Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
 modifications of them.  Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
 major mode.  So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
 combination of several minor modes.
 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
-text, is Auto Fill mode.  When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
+text, is Auto Fill mode.  When this mode is on, XEmacs breaks the line
 in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a
 line that is too wide.
 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
-When the mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x
+When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
 auto-fill-mode<Return>.  If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off.  We say that the
 command "toggles the mode".
 >> Type M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> now.  Then insert a line of "asdf "
 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
 with the C-x f command.  You should give the margin setting you want
 as a numeric argument.
->> Type C-x f with an argument of 20.  (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
+>> Type C-x f with an argument of 20.  (M-20 C-x f).
-Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
+Then type in some text and see XEmacs fill lines of 20
 characters with it.  Then set the margin back to 70 using
 C-x f again.
-If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
+If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
 does not re-fill it for you.
-To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
+To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
 that paragraph.
 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
 * SEARCHING
 -----------
-Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
+XEmacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
 through it.  Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
-The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
+The XEmacs search command is different from the search commands
 of most editors, in that it is "incremental".  This means that the
 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
 for reverse search.  BUT WAIT!  Don't try them now.
 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
-a prompt in the echo area.  This tells you that Emacs is in what is
+a prompt in the echo area.  This tells you that XEmacs is in what is
 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
 you want to search for.  <Return> terminates a search.
 >> Now type C-s to start a search.  SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
->> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
+>> Now type <Backspace> four times and see how the cursor moves.
->> Type <RET> to terminate the search.
+>> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
-Did you see what happened?  Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
+Did you see what happened?  XEmacs, in an incremental search, tries to
 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far,
 highlighting it for your convenience.  To go to the next occurrence of
-'cursor' just type C-s again.  If no such occurrence exists Emacs
+'cursor' just type C-s again.  If no such occurrence exists XEmacs
 beeps and tells you the search is currently "failing", C-g would also
 terminate the search.
-NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
+NOTE: On some older TTY connections, typing C-s will freeze the screen
-see no further output from Emacs.  This indicates that an operating
+and you will see no further output from XEmacs.  This indicates that an
-system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
+operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s
-letting it get through to Emacs.  To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
+and not letting it get through to XEmacs.  To unfreeze the screen, type
-Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
+C-q.  Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in
-Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
+the XEmacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
-If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
+If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Backspace>,
 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
 and the search backs up to the last place of the search.  For
 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
 occurrence of "c".  Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
-to the first occurrence of "cu".  Now type <Delete>.  This erases
+to the first occurrence of "cu".  Now type <Backspace>.  This erases
 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
 the first occurrence of "c".
 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead.  Everything that we
 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
 the search is reversed.
-* MULTIPLE WINDOWS
+* MULTIPLE "WINDOWS" (I.E. PANES)
-------------------
+---------------------------------
-One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
+One of the nice features of XEmacs is that you can split the current
-window on the screen at the same time.
+frame (i.e. window-system window) into more than one pane, or "window"
+in XEmacs parlance.
->> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
+>> Move the cursor to this line and type M-0 C-l (that's zero, not Oh,
->> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
+and CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1).
+>> Now type C-x 2 which splits the frame into two windows.
 Both windows display this tutorial.  The cursor stays in the top window.
->> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
+>> Type M-<Next> to scroll the bottom window.
-(If you do not have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
+(C-M-v on TTY's.  If you do not have a real META key, type ESC C-v.)
->> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
+>> Type C-<Tab> to move the cursor to the bottom window. (Use C-x o -- "o"
->> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
+for "other" -- on TTY's.)
+>> Use <Next> and <Prior> in the bottom window to scroll it.
 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
->> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
+>> Type C-<Tab> again to move the cursor back to the top window.
 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
-You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows.  Each
+You can keep using C-<Tab> to switch between the windows.  Each
 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
 shows the cursor.  All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
 window that the cursor is in.  We call this the "selected window".
-The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
+If you have more than two windows, C-<Tab> cycles between them, and
-window and using the other window just for reference.  You can keep
+C-Sh-<Tab> (i.e. CONTROL-SHIFT-TAB) in the opposite direction. (There is
-the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
+no TTY equivalent for C-Sh-<Tab>.)
-through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
+The commands M-<Prior> and M-<Next> are very useful when you are editing
-C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character.  If you have a real
+text in one window and using the other window just for reference.  You
-META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CTRL and META while
+can keep the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and
-typing v.  It does not matter whether CTRL or META "comes first,"
+scroll forward or back through the other window with these commands.
-because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
+On TTY's, use C-M-v in place of M-<Next>, and there's no equivalent of
-If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order
+M-<Prior>.  C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character.  If you
-does matter: you must type ESC followed by CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v will not
+have a real META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL
-work.  This is because ESC is a character in its own right, not a
+and META while typing v.  It does not matter whether CONTROL or META
-modifier key.
+"comes first," because both of these keys act by modifying the
+characters you type.  If you do not have a real META key, and you use
+ESC instead, the order does matter: you must type ESC followed by
+CONTROL-v, because CONTROL-ESC v will not work.  This is because ESC is
+a character in its own right, not a modifier key.
 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
 of the top one.  Think of this command as "Keep just one
 change.  You can find a file in each window independently.
 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
 things:
->> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
+>> Type C-x 4 f followed by the name of one of your files.
 End with <Return>.  See the specified file appear in the bottom
 window.  The cursor goes there, too.
->> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
+>> Type C-<Tab> to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
 the bottom window.
+* MULTIPLE "FRAMES" (I.E. WINDOW-SYSTEM WINDOWS)
+------------------------------------------------
+On window systems, you can also create multiple "frames", or
+window-system windows.  These exist independently of each other at the
+top level, just like separate programs. (There is no support for the MS
+Windows feature called MDI, or Multiple Document Interface, where
+multiple overlapping child windows exist inside of a single top-level
+window.)
+The commands for frames are similar to those for windows, but begin with
+"C-x 5".
+>> Type C-x 5 2 to create a new frame.
+>> Move the mouse into it, and click. (On X Windows, you may not need
+to click; this depends on the window manager.)
+>> Scroll up or down.  Note that, just like for XEmacs windows, two frames
+can be showing the same buffer but in different positions.
+>> Type C-x 2.  Note that each frame can have separate windows,
+independently of other frames.
+>> Type C-x 5 o (or Alt-Tab under MS Windows) to go back to the first frame.
+(That's a small Oh, for "other".)
+>> Type C-x 5 0 to kill the old frame. (That's a zero.)
+>> Note that we're still here!  XEmacs will not exit until all frames
+are deleted, no matter what order they were created in.
+>> Type C-x 1 to get back to one window.
+You can also use C-x 5 f to open a file in a new frame, just like C-x 4
+f opens a file in a new window in the same frame.
 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
 --------------------------
 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
 level".  This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name.  For
 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
-To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC.  That is
+To get out of the recursive editing level, use the all-purpose escape
-an all-purpose "get out" command.  You can also use it for eliminating
+mechanism mentioned earlier: ESC ESC. (Remember, it's ESC ESC ESC on
-extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
+TTY's.)  You can also use it for eliminating extra windows, canceling a
+selection, and getting out of the minibuffer.
->> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
+>> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC to get out.
 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level.  This is
 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
 recursive editing level.
 * GETTING MORE HELP
 -------------------
 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
-get you started using Emacs.  There is so much available in Emacs that
+get you started using XEmacs.  There is so much available in XEmacs that
 it would be impossible to explain it all here.  However, you may want
-to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
+to learn more about XEmacs since it has many other useful features.
-Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
+XEmacs provides commands for reading documentation about XEmacs
 commands.  These "help" commands all start with the character
-Control-h, which is called "the Help character".
+CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
 character saying what kind of help you want.  If you are REALLY lost,
-type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
+type C-h ? ? and XEmacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
 type C-g to cancel it.
-(Some sites rebind the character C-h.  They really should not do this
+(Note for TTY users: Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h.
-as a blanket measure, so complain to the system administrator.
+They really should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you
-Meanwhile, if C-h does not display a message about help at the bottom
+have grounds to complain to the system administrator.  Meanwhile, if C-h
-of the screen, try typing M-x help RET instead.)
+does not display a message about help at the bottom of the frame, try
+typing the F1 key or M-? instead.)
-The most basic HELP feature is C-h c.  Type C-h, a c, and a
-command character or sequence, and Emacs displays a very brief
+The most basic HELP feature is C-h c.  Type C-h, the character c, and
+a command character or sequence; then XEmacs displays a very brief
 description of the command.
->> Type C-h c Control-p.
+>> Type C-h c <Up>.
 The message should be something like
-	C-p runs the command previous-line
+	up runs the command previous-line
 This tells you the "name of the function".  Function names are used
-mainly for customizing and extending Emacs.  But since function names
+mainly for customizing and extending XEmacs.  But since function names
 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
 have already learned.
-Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
+Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and <ESC>v are also allowed
-EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
+after C-h c.
 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
->> Type C-h k Control-p.
+>> Type C-h k <Up>.
 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
-name, in an Emacs window.  When you are finished reading the
+name, in an XEmacs window.  When you are finished reading the
 output, type q to get rid of the help text.
 Here are some other useful C-h options:
 C-h f	Describe a function.  You type in the name of the
 		function.
 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
-This prints all the information Emacs has about the
+This displays all the information XEmacs has about the
-function which implements the C-p command.
+function which implements the <Up> command.
-C-h a	Hyper Apropos.  Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
+A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose
+values you can set to customize XEmacs behavior.  You need to type in
+the name of the variable when XEmacs prompts for it.
+C-h a	Hyper Apropos.  Type in a keyword and XEmacs will list
 		all the functions and variables whose names contain
 		that keyword.  For commands that can be invoked with
-		Meta-x, an asterisk will be displayed to the left.
+		META-x, an asterisk will be displayed to the left.
 >> Type C-h a newline<Return>.
 This displays a list of all functions and variables with "newline" in
 their names.  Press <Return> or click the middle mouse button to find
 out more about a function or variable.  Type `q' to exit hyper-apropos.
+C-h i	Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info).  This command puts
+you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you can
+read on-line manuals for the XEmacs packages installed
+on your system.  Type m xemacs <Return> to read the
+XEmacs manual.  If you have never before used Info, type
+? and XEmacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode
+facilities.  Once you are through with this tutorial,
+you should consult the XEmacs Info manual as your
+primary documentation.
 * CONCLUSION
 ------------
-Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c.  To exit to a shell
+Remember, to exit XEmacs permanently use the menu item "File->Exit XEmacs",
-temporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z.  (under X, this
+or type C-x C-c.  On TTY's, to temporarily exit to a shell, so that you can
-iconifies the current Emacs frame.)
+come back in, use C-z.
-This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
+This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if you
-you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
+found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
-COPYING
+COPYRIGHTS, COPYING, ORIGINS
--------
+----------------------------
-This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation.
-starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
+Copyright (c) 2001 Ben Wing.
-Ben Wing updated the tutorial for X Windows.  Martin Buchholz and
+This tutorial is synched with FSF 21.0.106.
-Hrvoje Niksic added more corrections for XEmacs.
+This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials starting with
-This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
+the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.  Ben Wing
+updated the tutorial for X Windows.  Martin Buchholz and Hrvoje Niksic
+added more corrections for XEmacs.  Ben Wing later synched up to FSF
+21.0.105 and rehashed many sections to match the current XEmacs norms.
+This version of the tutorial, like XEmacs, is copyrighted, and
 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
-Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
 of this document, or of portions of it,
 under the above conditions, provided also that they
 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
-The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
+The conditions for copying XEmacs itself are more complex, but in the
 same spirit.  Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
-GNU Emacs to your friends.  Help stamp out software obstructionism
+XEmacs to your friends.  Help stamp out software obstructionism
 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!

Mercurial > hg > xemacs-beta

comparison etc/TUTORIAL @ 771:943eaba38521