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1
2 @node Windows, Major Modes, Buffers, Top
3 @chapter Multiple Windows
4 @cindex windows
5
6 Emacs can split the frame into two or many windows, which can display
7 parts of different buffers or different parts of one buffer. If you are
8 running XEmacs under X, that means you can have the X window that contains
9 the Emacs frame have multiple subwindows.
10
11 @menu
12 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
13 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
14 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
15 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
16 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
17 @end menu
18
19 @node Basic Window, Split Window, Windows, Windows
20 @section Concepts of Emacs Windows
21
22 When Emacs displays multiple windows, each window has one Emacs
23 buffer designated for display. The same buffer may appear in more
24 than one window; if it does, any changes in its text are displayed in all
25 the windows that display it. Windows showing the same buffer can
26 show different parts of it, because each window has its own value of point.
27
28 @cindex selected window
29 At any time, one window is the @dfn{selected window}; the buffer
30 displayed by that window is the current buffer. The cursor
31 shows the location of point in that window. Each other window has a
32 location of point as well, but since the terminal has only one cursor, it
33 cannot show the location of point in the other windows.
34
35 Commands to move point affect the value of point for the selected Emacs
36 window only. They do not change the value of point in any other Emacs
37 window, including those showing the same buffer. The same is true for commands
38 such as @kbd{C-x b} to change the selected buffer in the selected window;
39 they do not affect other windows at all. However, there are other commands
40 such as @kbd{C-x 4 b} that select a different window and switch buffers in
41 it. Also, all commands that display information in a window, including
42 (for example) @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-x C-b}
43 (@code{list-buffers}), work by switching buffers in a non-selected window
44 without affecting the selected window.
45
46 Each window has its own mode line, which displays the buffer name,
47 modification status, and major and minor modes of the buffer that is
48 displayed in the window. @xref{Mode Line}, for details on the mode
49 line.
50
51 @node Split Window, Other Window, Basic Window, Windows
52 @section Splitting Windows
53
54 @table @kbd
55 @item C-x 2
56 Split the selected window into two windows, one above the other
57 (@code{split-window-vertically}).
58 @item C-x 3
59 Split the selected window into two windows positioned side by side
60 (@code{split-window-horizontally}).
61 @item C-x 6
62 Save the current window configuration in register @var{reg} (a letter).
63 @item C-x 7
64 Restore (make current) the window configuration in register
65 @var{reg} (a letter). Use with a register previously set with @kbd{C-x 6}.
66 @end table
67
68 @kindex C-x 2
69 @findex split-window-vertically
70 The command @kbd{C-x 2} (@code{split-window-vertically}) breaks the
71 selected window into two windows, one above the other. Both windows
72 start out displaying the same buffer, with the same value of point. By
73 default each of the two windows gets half the height of the window that
74 was split. A numeric argument specifies how many lines to give to the
75 top window.
76
77 @kindex C-x 3
78 @findex split-window-horizontally
79 @kbd{C-x 3} (@code{split-window-horizontally}) breaks the selected
80 window into two side-by-side windows. A numeric argument specifies how
81 many columns to give the one on the left. A line of vertical bars
82 separates the two windows. Windows that are not the full width of the
83 frame have truncated mode lines which do not always appear in inverse
84 video, because Emacs display routines cannot display a region of inverse
85 video that is only part of a line on the screen.
86
87 @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows
88 When a window is less than the full width, many text lines are too
89 long to fit. Continuing all those lines might be confusing. Set the
90 variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} to non-@code{nil} to
91 force truncation in all windows less than the full width of the frame,
92 independent of the buffer and its value for @code{truncate-lines}.
93 @xref{Continuation Lines}.@refill
94
95 Horizontal scrolling is often used in side-by-side windows.
96 @xref{Display}.
97
98 @findex jump-to-register
99 @findex window-configuration-to-register
100 You can resize a window and store that configuration in a register by
101 supplying a @var{register} argument to @code{window-configuration-to-register}
102 (@kbd{C-x 6}). To return to the window configuration established with
103 @code{window-configuration-to-register}, use @code{jump-to-register}
104 (@kbd{C-x j}).
105
106 @node Other Window, Pop Up Window, Split Window, Windows
107 @section Using Other Windows
108
109 @table @kbd
110 @item C-x o
111 Select another window (@code{other-window}). That is the letter `o', not zero.
112 @item M-C-v
113 Scroll the next window (@code{scroll-other-window}).
114 @item M-x compare-windows
115 Find the next place where the text in the selected window does not match
116 the text in the next window.
117 @item M-x other-window-any-frame @var{n}
118 Select the @var{n}th different window on any frame.
119 @end table
120
121 @kindex C-x o
122 @findex other-window
123 To select a different window, use @kbd{C-x o} (@code{other-window}).
124 That is an `o', for `other', not a zero. When there are more than
125 two windows, the command moves through all the windows in a cyclic
126 order, generally top to bottom and left to right. From the rightmost
127 and bottommost window, it goes back to the one at the upper left corner.
128 A numeric argument, @var{n}, moves several steps in the cyclic order of
129 windows. A negative numeric argument moves around the cycle in the
130 opposite order. If the optional second argument @var{all-frames} is
131 non-@code{nil}, the function cycles through all frames. When the
132 minibuffer is active, the minibuffer is the last window in the cycle;
133 you can switch from the minibuffer window to one of the other windows,
134 and later switch back and finish supplying the minibuffer argument that
135 is requested. @xref{Minibuffer Edit}.
136
137 @findex other-window-any-frame
138 The command @kbd{M-x other-window-any-frame} also selects the window
139 @var{n} steps away in the cyclic order. However, unlike @code{other-window},
140 this command selects a window on the next or previous frame instead of
141 wrapping around to the top or bottom of the current frame, when there
142 are no more windows.
143
144 @kindex C-M-v
145 @findex scroll-other-window
146 The usual scrolling commands (@pxref{Display}) apply to the selected
147 window only. @kbd{M-C-v} (@code{scroll-other-window}) scrolls the
148 window that @kbd{C-x o} would select. Like @kbd{C-v}, it takes positive
149 and negative arguments.
150
151 @findex compare-windows
152 The command @kbd{M-x compare-windows} compares the text in the current
153 window with the text in the next window. Comparison starts at point in each
154 window. Point moves forward in each window, a character at a time,
155 until the next set of characters in the two windows are different. Then the
156 command is finished.
157
158 A prefix argument @var{ignore-whitespace} means ignore changes in
159 whitespace. The variable @code{compare-windows-whitespace} controls how
160 whitespace is skipped.
161
162 If @code{compare-ignore-case} is non-@code{nil}, changes in case are
163 also ignored.
164
165 @node Pop Up Window, Change Window, Other Window, Windows
166 @section Displaying in Another Window
167
168 @kindex C-x 4
169 @kbd{C-x 4} is a prefix key for commands that select another window
170 (splitting the window if there is only one) and select a buffer in that
171 window. Different @kbd{C-x 4} commands have different ways of finding the
172 buffer to select.
173
174 @findex switch-to-buffer-other-window
175 @findex find-file-other-window
176 @findex find-tag-other-window
177 @findex dired-other-window
178 @findex mail-other-window
179 @table @kbd
180 @item C-x 4 b @var{bufname} @key{RET}
181 Select buffer @var{bufname} in another window. This runs
182 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}.
183 @item C-x 4 f @var{filename} @key{RET}
184 Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another window. This
185 runs @code{find-file-other-window}. @xref{Visiting}.
186 @item C-x 4 d @var{directory} @key{RET}
187 Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another window.
188 This runs @code{dired-other-window}. @xref{Dired}.
189 @item C-x 4 m
190 Start composing a mail message in another window. This runs
191 @code{mail-other-window}, and its same-window version is @kbd{C-x m}
192 (@pxref{Sending Mail}).
193 @item C-x 4 .
194 Find a tag in the current tag table in another window. This runs
195 @code{find-tag-other-window}, the multiple-window variant of @kbd{M-.}
196 (@pxref{Tags}).
197 @end table
198
199 @vindex display-buffer-function
200 If the variable @code{display-buffer-function} is non-@code{nil}, its value is
201 the function to call to handle @code{display-buffer}. It receives two
202 arguments, the buffer and a flag that if non-@code{nil} means that the
203 currently selected window is not acceptable. Commands such as
204 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-window} and @code{find-file-other-window}
205 work using this function.
206
207 @node Change Window,, Pop Up Window, Windows
208 @section Deleting and Rearranging Windows
209
210 @table @kbd
211 @item C-x 0
212 Get rid of the selected window (@code{delete-window}). That is a zero.
213 If there is more than one Emacs frame, deleting the sole remaining
214 window on that frame deletes the frame as well. If the current frame
215 is the only frame, it is not deleted.
216 @item C-x 1
217 Get rid of all windows except the selected one
218 (@code{delete-other-windows}).
219 @item C-x ^
220 Make the selected window taller, at the expense of the other(s)
221 @*(@code{enlarge-window}).
222 @item C-x @}
223 Make the selected window wider (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}).
224 @end table
225
226 @kindex C-x 0
227 @findex delete-window
228 To delete a window, type @kbd{C-x 0} (@code{delete-window}). (That is a
229 zero.) The space occupied by the deleted window is distributed among the
230 other active windows (but not the minibuffer window, even if that is active
231 at the time). Once a window is deleted, its attributes are forgotten;
232 there is no automatic way to make another window of the same shape or
233 showing the same buffer. The buffer continues to exist, and you can
234 select it in any window with @kbd{C-x b}.
235
236 @kindex C-x 1
237 @findex delete-other-windows
238 @kbd{C-x 1} (@code{delete-other-windows}) is more powerful than @kbd{C-x 0};
239 it deletes all the windows except the selected one (and the minibuffer).
240 The selected window expands to use the whole frame except for the echo
241 area.
242
243 @kindex C-x ^
244 @findex enlarge-window
245 @kindex C-x @}
246 @findex enlarge-window-horizontally
247 @vindex window-min-height
248 @vindex window-min-width
249 To readjust the division of space among existing windows, use @kbd{C-x
250 ^} (@code{enlarge-window}). It makes the currently selected window
251 longer by one line or as many lines as a numeric argument specifies.
252 With a negative argument, it makes the selected window smaller.
253 @kbd{C-x @}} (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}) makes the selected
254 window wider by the specified number of columns. The extra screen space
255 given to a window comes from one of its neighbors, if that is possible;
256 otherwise, all the competing windows are shrunk in the same proportion.
257 If this makes some windows too small, those windows are deleted and their
258 space is divided up. Minimum window size is specified by the variables
259 @code{window-min-height} and @code{window-min-width}.
260
261 You can also resize windows within a frame by clicking the left mouse
262 button on a modeline, and dragging.
263
264 Clicking the right button on a mode line pops up a menu of common window
265 manager operations. This menu contains the following options:
266
267 @cindex Windows menu
268 @cindex Pull-down Menus
269 @cindex menus
270 @table @b
271 @item Delete Window
272 Remove the window above this modeline from the frame.
273
274 @item Delete Other Windows
275 Delete all windows on the frame except for the one above this modeline.
276
277 @item Split Window
278 Split the window above the mode line in half, creating another window.
279
280 @item Split Window Horizontally
281 Split the window above the mode line in half horizontally, so that there
282 will be two windows side-by-side.
283
284 @item Balance Windows
285 Readjust the sizes of all windows on the frame until all windows have
286 roughly the same number of lines.
287 @end table