xemacs-beta: man/texinfo.texi comparison

comparison man/texinfo.texi @ 0:376386a54a3c r19-14

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date	Mon, 13 Aug 2007 08:45:50 +0200
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+\input texinfo.tex    @c -*-texinfo-*-
+@comment %**start of header
+@setfilename ../info/texinfo.info
+@settitle Texinfo @value{edition}
+@syncodeindex vr fn
+@footnotestyle separate
+@paragraphindent 2
+@smallbook
+@comment %**end of header
+@c Set smallbook if printing in smallbook format so the example of the
+@c smallbook font is actually written using smallbook; in bigbook, a kludge
+@c is used for TeX output.
+@set smallbook
+@c @@clear smallbook
+@ignore
+@ifinfo
+@format
+START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+* Texinfo: (texinfo).           The documentation format for the GNU Project.
+END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+@end format
+@end ifinfo
+@end ignore
+@set edition 2.21
+@set update-date 7 June 1995
+@set update-month June 1995
+@c Experiment with smaller amounts of whitespace between chapters
+@c and sections.
+@tex
+\global\chapheadingskip = 15pt plus 4pt minus 2pt
+\global\secheadingskip = 12pt plus 3pt minus 2pt
+\global\subsecheadingskip = 9pt plus 2pt minus 2pt
+@end tex
+@c Experiment with smaller amounts of whitespace between paragraphs in
+@c the 8.5 by 11 inch format.
+@ifclear smallbook
+@tex
+\global\parskip 6pt plus 1pt
+@end tex
+@end ifclear
+@finalout
+@c Currently undocumented command, 5 December 1993:
+@c
+@c nwnode          (Same as node, but no warnings; for `makeinfo'.)
+@ifinfo
+This file documents Texinfo, a documentation system that uses a single
+source file to produce both on-line information and a printed manual.
+Copyright (C) 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+This is the second edition of the Texinfo documentation,@*
+and is consistent with version 2 of @file{texinfo.tex}.
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+@ignore
+Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
+results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
+notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
+(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
+@end ignore
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
+resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
+notice identical to this one.
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
+except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
+by the Free Software Foundation.
+@end ifinfo
+@setchapternewpage odd
+@shorttitlepage Texinfo
+@titlepage
+@c use the new format for titles
+@title Texinfo
+@subtitle The GNU Documentation Format
+@subtitle Edition @value{edition}, for Texinfo Version Three
+@subtitle @value{update-month}
+@author by Robert J. Chassell and Richard M. Stallman
+@comment   Include the Distribution inside the titlepage so
+@c that headings are turned off.
+@page
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@sp 2
+This is the second edition of the Texinfo documentation,@*
+and is consistent with version 2 of @file{texinfo.tex}.
+@sp 2
+Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
+59 Temple Place Suite 330, @*
+Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA @*
+Printed copies are available for $15 each.@*
+ISBN 1-882114-63-9
+@c ISBN number 1-882114-63-9 is for edition 2.20 of 28 February 1995
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
+resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
+notice identical to this one.
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
+except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
+by the Free Software Foundation.
+@sp 2
+Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
+@end titlepage
+@ifinfo
+@node Top, Copying, (dir), (dir)
+@top Texinfo
+Texinfo is a documentation system that uses a single source file to
+produce both on-line information and printed output.@refill
+The first part of this master menu lists the major nodes in this Info
+document, including the @@-command and concept indices.  The rest of
+the menu lists all the lower level nodes in the document.@refill
+This is Edition @value{edition} of the Texinfo documentation,
+@w{@value{update-date},} for Texinfo Version Three.
+@end ifinfo
+@c Here is a spare copy of the chapter menu entry descriptions,
+@c in case they are accidently deleted
+@ignore
+Your rights.
+Texinfo in brief.
+How to use Texinfo mode.
+What is at the beginning of a Texinfo file?
+What is at the end of a Texinfo file?
+How to create chapters, sections, subsections,
+appendices, and other parts.
+How to provide structure for a document.
+How to write nodes.
+How to write menus.
+How to write cross references.
+How to mark words and phrases as code,
+keyboard input, meta-syntactic
+variables, and the like.
+How to write quotations, examples, etc.
+How to write lists and tables.
+How to create indices.
+How to insert @@-signs, braces, etc.
+How to indicate results of evaluation,
+expansion of macros, errors, etc.
+How to force and prevent line and page breaks.
+How to describe functions and the like in a uniform manner.
+How to write footnotes.
+How to specify text for either @TeX{} or Info.
+How to print hardcopy.
+How to create an Info file.
+How to install an Info file
+A list of all the Texinfo @@-commands.
+Hints on how to write a Texinfo document.
+A sample Texinfo file to look at.
+Tell readers they have the right to copy
+and distribute.
+How to incorporate other Texinfo files.
+How to write page headings and footings.
+How to find formatting mistakes.
+All about paragraph refilling.
+A description of @@-Command syntax.
+Texinfo second edition features.
+A menu containing commands and variables.
+A menu covering many topics.
+@end ignore
+@menu
+* Copying::                     Your rights.
+* Overview::                    Texinfo in brief.
+* Texinfo Mode::                How to use Texinfo mode.
+* Beginning a File::            What is at the beginning of a Texinfo file?
+* Ending a File::               What is at the end of a Texinfo file?
+* Structuring::                 How to create chapters, sections, subsections,
+appendices, and other parts.
+* Nodes::                       How to write nodes.
+* Menus::                       How to write menus.
+* Cross References::            How to write cross references.
+* Marking Text::                How to mark words and phrases as code,
+keyboard input, meta-syntactic
+variables, and the like.
+* Quotations and Examples::     How to write quotations, examples, etc.
+* Lists and Tables::            How to write lists and tables.
+* Indices::                     How to create indices.
+* Insertions::                  How to insert @@-signs, braces, etc.
+* Glyphs::                      How to indicate results of evaluation,
+expansion of macros, errors, etc.
+* Breaks::                      How to force and prevent line and page breaks.
+* Definition Commands::         How to describe functions and the like
+in a uniform manner.
+* Footnotes::                   How to write footnotes.
+* Conditionals::                How to specify text for either @TeX{} or Info.
+* Format/Print Hardcopy::       How to convert a Texinfo file to a file
+for printing and how to print that file.
+* Create an Info File::         Convert a Texinfo file into an Info file.
+* Install an Info File::        Make an Info file accessible to users.
+* Command List::                All the Texinfo @@-commands.
+* Tips::                        Hints on how to write a Texinfo document.
+* Sample Texinfo File::         A sample Texinfo file to look at.
+* Sample Permissions::          Tell readers they have the right to copy
+and distribute.
+* Include Files::               How to incorporate other Texinfo files.
+* Headings::                    How to write page headings and footings.
+* Catching Mistakes::           How to find formatting mistakes.
+* Refilling Paragraphs::        All about paragraph refilling.
+* Command Syntax::              A description of @@-Command syntax.
+* Obtaining TeX::               How to Obtain @TeX{}.
+* New Features::                Texinfo second edition features.
+* Command and Variable Index::  A menu containing commands and variables.
+* Concept Index::               A menu covering many topics.
+--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
+Overview of Texinfo
+* Using Texinfo::               Create a conventional printed book
+or an Info file.
+* Info Files::                  What is an Info file?
+* Printed Books::               Characteristics of a printed book or manual.
+* Formatting Commands::         @@-commands are used for formatting.
+* Conventions::                 General rules for writing a Texinfo file.
+* Comments::                    How to write comments and mark regions that
+the formatting commands will ignore.
+* Minimum::                     What a Texinfo file must have.
+* Six Parts::                   Usually, a Texinfo file has six parts.
+* Short Sample::                A short sample Texinfo file.
+* Acknowledgements::
+Using Texinfo Mode
+* Texinfo Mode Overview::       How Texinfo mode can help you.
+* Emacs Editing::               Texinfo mode adds to GNU Emacs' general
+purpose editing features.
+* Inserting::                   How to insert frequently used @@-commands.
+* Showing the Structure::       How to show the structure of a file.
+* Updating Nodes and Menus::    How to update or create new nodes and menus.
+* Info Formatting::             How to format for Info.
+* Printing::                    How to format and print part or all of a file.
+* Texinfo Mode Summary::        Summary of all the Texinfo mode commands.
+Updating Nodes and Menus
+* Updating Commands::           Five major updating commands.
+* Updating Requirements::       How to structure a Texinfo file for
+using the updating command.
+* Other Updating Commands::     How to indent descriptions, insert
+missing nodes lines, and update
+nodes in sequence.
+Beginning a Texinfo File
+* Four Parts::                  Four parts begin a Texinfo file.
+* Sample Beginning::            Here is a sample beginning for a Texinfo file.
+* Header::                      The very beginning of a Texinfo file.
+* Info Summary and Permissions::  Summary and copying permissions for Info.
+* Titlepage & Copyright Page::  Creating the title and copyright pages.
+* The Top Node::                Creating the `Top' node and master menu.
+* Software Copying Permissions::  Ensure that you and others continue to
+have the right to use and share software.
+The Texinfo File Header
+* First Line::                  The first line of a Texinfo file.
+* Start of Header::             Formatting a region requires this.
+* setfilename::                 Tell Info the name of the Info file.
+* settitle::                    Create a title for the printed work.
+* setchapternewpage::           Start chapters on right-hand pages.
+* paragraphindent::             An option to specify paragraph indentation.
+* End of Header::               Formatting a region requires this.
+The Title and Copyright Pages
+* titlepage::                   Create a title for the printed document.
+* titlefont center sp::         The @code{@@titlefont}, @code{@@center},
+and @code{@@sp} commands.
+* title subtitle author::       The @code{@@title}, @code{@@subtitle},
+and @code{@@author} commands.
+* Copyright & Permissions::     How to write the copyright notice and
+include copying permissions.
+* end titlepage::               Turn on page headings after the title and
+copyright pages.
+* headings on off::             An option for turning headings on and off
+and double or single sided printing.
+The `Top' Node and Master Menu
+* Title of Top Node::           Sketch what the file is about.
+* Master Menu Parts::           A master menu has three or more parts.
+Ending a Texinfo File
+* Printing Indices & Menus::    How to print an index in hardcopy and
+generate index menus in Info.
+* Contents::                    How to create a table of contents.
+* File End::                    How to mark the end of a file.
+Chapter Structuring
+* Tree Structuring::            A manual is like an upside down tree @dots{}
+* Structuring Command Types::   How to divide a manual into parts.
+* makeinfo top::                The @code{@@top} command, part of the `Top' node.
+* chapter::
+* unnumbered & appendix::
+* majorheading & chapheading::
+* section::
+* unnumberedsec appendixsec heading::
+* subsection::
+* unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading::
+* subsubsection::               Commands for the lowest level sections.
+* Raise/lower sections::        How to change commands' hierarchical level.
+Nodes
+* Two Paths::                   Different commands to structure
+Info output and printed output.
+* Node Menu Illustration::      A diagram, and sample nodes and menus.
+* node::                        How to write a node, in detail.
+* makeinfo Pointer Creation::   How to create node pointers with @code{makeinfo}.
+The @code{@@node} Command
+* Node Names::                  How to choose node and pointer names.
+* Writing a Node::              How to write an @code{@@node} line.
+* Node Line Tips::              Keep names short.
+* Node Line Requirements::      Keep names unique, without @@-commands.
+* First Node::                  How to write a `Top' node.
+* makeinfo top command::        How to use the @code{@@top} command.
+* Top Node Summary::            Write a brief description for readers.
+Menus
+* Menu Location::               Put a menu in a short node.
+* Writing a Menu::              What is a menu?
+* Menu Parts::                  A menu entry has three parts.
+* Less Cluttered Menu Entry::   Two part menu entry.
+* Menu Example::                Two and three part menu entries.
+* Other Info Files::            How to refer to a different Info file.
+Cross References
+* References::                  What cross references are for.
+* Cross Reference Commands::    A summary of the different commands.
+* Cross Reference Parts::       A cross reference has several parts.
+* xref::                        Begin a reference with `See' @dots{}
+* Top Node Naming::             How to refer to the beginning of another file.
+* ref::                         A reference for the last part of a sentence.
+* pxref::                       How to write a parenthetical cross reference.
+* inforef::                     How to refer to an Info-only file.
+@code{@@xref}
+* Reference Syntax::            What a reference looks like and requires.
+* One Argument::                @code{@@xref} with one argument.
+* Two Arguments::               @code{@@xref} with two arguments.
+* Three Arguments::             @code{@@xref} with three arguments.
+* Four and Five Arguments::     @code{@@xref} with four and five arguments.
+Marking Words and Phrases
+* Indicating::                  How to indicate definitions, files, etc.
+* Emphasis::                    How to emphasize text.
+Indicating Definitions, Commands, etc.
+* Useful Highlighting::         Highlighting provides useful information.
+* code::                        How to indicate code.
+* kbd::                         How to show keyboard input.
+* key::                         How to specify keys.
+* samp::                        How to show a literal sequence of characters.
+* var::                         How to indicate a metasyntactic variable.
+* file::                        How to indicate the name of a file.
+* dfn::                         How to specify a definition.
+* cite::                        How to refer to a book that is not in Info.
+Emphasizing Text
+* emph & strong::               How to emphasize text in Texinfo.
+* Smallcaps::                   How to use the small caps font.
+* Fonts::                       Various font commands for printed output.
+* Customized Highlighting::     How to define highlighting commands.
+Quotations and Examples
+* Block Enclosing Commands::    Use different constructs for
+different purposes.
+* quotation::                   How to write a quotation.
+* example::                     How to write an example in a fixed-width font.
+* noindent::                    How to prevent paragraph indentation.
+* Lisp Example::                How to illustrate Lisp code.
+* smallexample & smalllisp::    Forms for the @code{@@smallbook} option.
+* display::                     How to write an example in the current font.
+* format::                      How to write an example that does not narrow
+the margins.
+* exdent::                      How to undo the indentation of a line.
+* flushleft & flushright::      How to push text flushleft or flushright.
+* cartouche::                   How to draw cartouches around examples.
+Making Lists and Tables
+* Introducing Lists::           Texinfo formats lists for you.
+* itemize::                     How to construct a simple list.
+* enumerate::                   How to construct a numbered list.
+* Two-column Tables::           How to construct a two-column table.
+Making a Two-column Table
+* table::                       How to construct a two-column table.
+* ftable vtable::               How to construct a two-column table
+with automatic indexing.
+* itemx::                       How to put more entries in the first column.
+Creating Indices
+* Index Entries::               Choose different words for index entries.
+* Predefined Indices::          Use different indices for different kinds
+of entry.
+* Indexing Commands::           How to make an index entry.
+* Combining Indices::           How to combine indices.
+* New Indices::                 How to define your own indices.
+Combining Indices
+* syncodeindex::                How to merge two indices, using @code{@@code}
+font for the merged-from index.
+* synindex::                    How to merge two indices, using the
+default font of the merged-to index.
+Special Insertions
+* Braces Atsigns Periods::      How to insert braces, @samp{@@} and periods.
+* dmn::                         How to format a dimension.
+* Dots Bullets::                How to insert dots and bullets.
+* TeX and copyright::           How to insert the @TeX{} logo
+and the copyright symbol.
+* minus::                       How to insert a minus sign.
+* math::                        How to format a mathematical expression.
+Inserting @samp{@@}, Braces, and Periods
+* Inserting An Atsign::
+* Inserting Braces::            How to insert @samp{@{} and @samp{@}}
+* Controlling Spacing::         How to insert the right amount of space
+after punctuation within a sentence.
+Inserting Ellipsis, Dots, and Bullets
+* dots::                        How to insert dots @dots{}
+* bullet::                      How to insert a bullet.
+Inserting @TeX{} and the Copyright Symbol
+* tex::                         How to insert the @TeX{} logo.
+* copyright symbol::            How to use @code{@@copyright}@{@}.
+Glyphs for Examples
+* Glyphs Summary::
+* result::                      How to show the result of expression.
+* expansion::                   How to indicate an expansion.
+* Print Glyph::                 How to indicate printed output.
+* Error Glyph::                 How to indicate an error message.
+* Equivalence::                 How to indicate equivalence.
+* Point Glyph::                 How to indicate the location of point.
+Making and Preventing Breaks
+* Break Commands::              Cause and prevent splits.
+* Line Breaks::                 How to force a single line to use two lines.
+* w::                           How to prevent unwanted line breaks.
+* sp::                          How to insert blank lines.
+* page::                        How to force the start of a new page.
+* group::                       How to prevent unwanted page breaks.
+* need::                        Another way to prevent unwanted page breaks.
+Definition Commands
+* Def Cmd Template::            How to structure a description using a
+definition command.
+* Optional Arguments::          How to handle optional and repeated arguments.
+* deffnx::                      How to group two or more `first' lines.
+* Def Cmds in Detail::          All the definition commands.
+* Def Cmd Conventions::         Conventions for writing definitions.
+* Sample Function Definition::
+The Definition Commands
+* Functions Commands::          Commands for functions and similar entities.
+* Variables Commands::          Commands for variables and similar entities.
+* Typed Functions::             Commands for functions in typed languages.
+* Typed Variables::             Commands for variables in typed languages.
+* Abstract Objects::            Commands for object-oriented programming.
+* Data Types::                  The definition command for data types.
+Conditionally Visible Text
+* Conditional Commands::        How to specify text for Info or @TeX{}.
+* Using Ordinary TeX Commands::  You can use any and all @TeX{} commands.
+* set clear value::             How to designate which text to format (for
+both Info and @TeX{}); and how to set a
+flag to a string that you can insert.
+@code{@@set}, @code{@@clear}, and @code{@@value}
+* ifset ifclear::               Format a region if a flag is set.
+* value::                       Replace a flag with a string.
+* value Example::               An easy way to update edition information.
+Format and Print Hardcopy
+* Use TeX::                     Use @TeX{} to format for hardcopy.
+* Format with tex/texindex::    How to format in a shell.
+* Format with texi2dvi::        A simpler way to use the shell.
+* Print with lpr::              How to print.
+* Within Emacs::                How to format and print from an Emacs shell.
+* Texinfo Mode Printing::       How to format and print in Texinfo mode.
+* Compile-Command::             How to print using Emacs's compile command.
+* Requirements Summary::        @TeX{} formatting requirements summary.
+* Preparing for TeX::           What you need to do to use @TeX{}.
+* Overfull hboxes::             What are and what to do with overfull hboxes.
+* smallbook::                   How to print small format books and manuals.
+* A4 Paper::                    How to print on European A4 paper.
+* Cropmarks and Magnification::  How to print marks to indicate the size
+of pages and how to print scaled up output.
+Creating an Info File
+* makeinfo advantages::         @code{makeinfo} provides better error checking.
+* Invoking makeinfo::           How to run @code{makeinfo} from a shell.
+* makeinfo options::            Specify fill-column and other options.
+* Pointer Validation::          How to check that pointers point somewhere.
+* makeinfo in Emacs::           How to run @code{makeinfo} from Emacs.
+* texinfo-format commands::     Two Info formatting commands written
+in Emacs Lisp are an alternative
+to @code{makeinfo}.
+* Batch Formatting::            How to format for Info in Emacs Batch mode.
+* Tag and Split Files::         How tagged and split files help Info
+to run better.
+Installing an Info File
+* Directory file::              The top level menu for all Info files.
+* New Info File::               Listing a new info file.
+* Other Info Directories::      How to specify Info files that are
+located in other directories.
+Sample Permissions
+* Inserting Permissions::       How to put permissions in your document.
+* ifinfo Permissions::          Sample @samp{ifinfo} copying permissions.
+* Titlepage Permissions::       Sample Titlepage copying permissions.
+Include Files
+* Using Include Files::         How to use the @code{@@include} command.
+* texinfo-multiple-files-update::  How to create and update nodes and
+menus when using included files.
+* Include File Requirements::   What @code{texinfo-multiple-files-update} expects.
+* Sample Include File::         A sample outer file with included files
+within it; and a sample included file.
+* Include Files Evolution::     How use of the @code{@@include} command
+has changed over time.
+Page Headings
+* Headings Introduced::         Conventions for using page headings.
+* Heading Format::              Standard page heading formats.
+* Heading Choice::              How to specify the type of page heading.
+* Custom Headings::             How to create your own headings and footings.
+Formatting Mistakes
+* makeinfo preferred::          @code{makeinfo} finds errors.
+* Debugging with Info::         How to catch errors with Info formatting.
+* Debugging with TeX::          How to catch errors with @TeX{} formatting.
+* Using texinfo-show-structure::  How to use @code{texinfo-show-structure}.
+* Using occur::                 How to list all lines containing a pattern.
+* Running Info-Validate::       How to find badly referenced nodes.
+Finding Badly Referenced Nodes
+* Using Info-validate::         How to run @code{Info-validate}.
+* Unsplit::                     How to create an unsplit file.
+* Tagifying::                   How to tagify a file.
+* Splitting::                   How to split a file manually.
+Second Edition Features
+* New Texinfo Mode Commands::   The updating commands are especially useful.
+* New Commands::                Many newly described @@-commands.
+@end menu
+@node Copying, Overview, Top, Top
+@comment  node-name, next, previous,  up
+@unnumbered Texinfo Copying Conditions
+@cindex Copying conditions
+@cindex Conditions for copying Texinfo
+The programs currently being distributed that relate to Texinfo include
+portions of GNU Emacs, plus other separate programs (including
+@code{makeinfo}, @code{info}, @code{texindex}, and @file{texinfo.tex}).
+These programs are @dfn{free}; this means that everyone is free to use
+them and free to redistribute them on a free basis.  The Texinfo-related
+programs are not in the public domain; they are copyrighted and there
+are restrictions on their distribution, but these restrictions are
+designed to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want
+to do.  What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further
+sharing any version of these programs that they might get from
+you.@refill
+Specifically, we want to make sure that you have the right to give
+away copies of the programs that relate to Texinfo, that you receive
+source code or else can get it if you want it, that you can change these
+programs or use pieces of them in new free programs, and that you know
+you can do these things.@refill
+To make sure that everyone has such rights, we have to forbid you to
+deprive anyone else of these rights.  For example, if you distribute
+copies of the Texinfo related programs, you must give the recipients all
+the rights that you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or
+can get the source code.  And you must tell them their rights.@refill
+Also, for our own protection, we must make certain that everyone finds
+out that there is no warranty for the programs that relate to Texinfo.
+If these programs are modified by someone else and passed on, we want
+their recipients to know that what they have is not what we distributed,
+so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on our
+reputation.@refill
+The precise conditions of the licenses for the programs currently
+being distributed that relate to Texinfo are found in the General Public
+Licenses that accompany them.@refill
+@node Overview, Texinfo Mode, Copying, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Overview of Texinfo
+@cindex Overview of Texinfo
+@cindex Texinfo overview
+@dfn{Texinfo}@footnote{Note that the first syllable of ``Texinfo'' is
+pronounced like ``speck'', not ``hex''.  This odd pronunciation is
+derived from, but is not the same as, the pronunciation of @TeX{}.  In
+the word @TeX{}, the @samp{X} is actually the Greek letter ``chi''
+rather than the English letter ``ex''.  Pronounce @TeX{} as if the
+@samp{X} were the last sound in the name `Bach'; but pronounce Texinfo
+as if the @samp{x} were a `k'.  Spell ``Texinfo'' with a capital ``T''
+and write the other letters in lower case.}
+is a documentation system that uses a single source file to produce both
+on-line information and printed output.  This means that instead of
+writing two different documents, one for the on-line help or other on-line
+information and the other for a typeset manual or other printed work, you
+need write only one document.  When the work is revised, you need revise
+only one document.  (You can read the on-line information, known as an
+@dfn{Info file}, with an Info documentation-reading program.)@refill
+@menu
+* Using Texinfo::               Create a conventional printed book
+or an Info file.
+* Info Files::                  What is an Info file?
+* Printed Books::               Characteristics of a printed book or manual.
+* Formatting Commands::         @@-commands are used for formatting.
+* Conventions::                 General rules for writing a Texinfo file.
+* Comments::                    How to write comments and mark regions that
+the formatting commands will ignore.
+* Minimum::                     What a Texinfo file must have.
+* Six Parts::                   Usually, a Texinfo file has six parts.
+* Short Sample::                A short sample Texinfo file.
+* Acknowledgements::
+@end menu
+@node Using Texinfo, Info Files, Overview, Overview
+@ifinfo
+@heading Using Texinfo
+@end ifinfo
+Using Texinfo, you can create a printed document with the normal
+features of a book, including chapters, sections, cross references,
+and indices.  From the same Texinfo source file, you can create a
+menu-driven, on-line Info file with nodes, menus, cross references,
+and indices.  You can, if you wish, make the chapters and sections of
+the printed document correspond to the nodes of the on-line
+information; and you use the same cross references and indices for
+both the Info file and the printed work.  @cite{The GNU
+Emacs Manual} is a good example of a Texinfo file, as is this manual.@refill
+To make a printed document, you process a Texinfo source file with the
+@TeX{} typesetting program.  This creates a @sc{dvi} file that you can
+typeset and print as a book or report.  (Note that the Texinfo language is
+completely different from @TeX{}'s usual language, Plain@TeX{}, which
+Texinfo replaces.)  If you do not have @TeX{}, but do have
+@code{troff} or @code{nroff}, you can use the @code{texi2roff} program
+instead.@refill
+To make an Info file, you process a Texinfo source file with the
+@code{makeinfo} utility or Emacs's @code{texinfo-format-buffer} command;
+this creates an Info file that you can install on-line.@refill
+@TeX{} and @code{texi2roff} work with many types of printer; similarly,
+Info works with almost every type of computer terminal.  This power
+makes Texinfo a general purpose system, but brings with it a constraint,
+which is that a Texinfo file may contain only the customary
+``typewriter'' characters (letters, numbers, spaces, and punctuation
+marks) but no special graphics.@refill
+A Texinfo file is a plain @sc{ascii} file containing text and
+@dfn{@@-commands} (words preceded by an @samp{@@}) that tell the
+typesetting and formatting programs what to do.  You may edit a
+Texinfo file with any text editor; but it is especially convenient to
+use GNU Emacs since that editor has a special mode, called Texinfo
+mode, that provides various Texinfo-related features.  (@xref{Texinfo
+Mode}.)@refill
+Before writing a Texinfo source file, you should become familiar with
+the Info documentation reading program and learn about nodes,
+menus, cross references, and the rest.  (@inforef{Top, info, info},
+for more information.)@refill
+You can use Texinfo to create both on-line help and printed manuals;
+moreover, Texinfo is freely redistributable.  For these reasons, Texinfo
+is the format in which documentation for GNU utilities and libraries is
+written.@refill
+@node Info Files, Printed Books, Using Texinfo, Overview
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Info files
+@cindex Info files
+An Info file is a Texinfo file formatted so that the Info documentation
+reading program can operate on it.  (@code{makeinfo}
+and @code{texinfo-format-buffer} are two commands that convert a Texinfo file
+into an Info file.)@refill
+Info files are divided into pieces called @dfn{nodes}, each of which
+contains the discussion of one topic.  Each node has a name, and
+contains both text for the user to read and pointers to other nodes,
+which are identified by their names.  The Info program displays one node
+at a time, and provides commands with which the user can move to other
+related nodes.@refill
+@ifinfo
+@inforef{Top, info, info}, for more information about using Info.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+Each node of an Info file may have any number of child nodes that
+describe subtopics of the node's topic.  The names of child
+nodes are listed in a @dfn{menu} within the parent node; this
+allows you to use certain Info commands to move to one of the child
+nodes.  Generally, an Info file is organized like a book.  If a node
+is at the logical level of a chapter, its child nodes are at the level
+of sections; likewise, the child nodes of sections are at the level
+of subsections.@refill
+All the children of any one parent are linked together in a
+bidirectional chain of `Next' and `Previous' pointers.  The `Next'
+pointer provides a link to the next section, and the `Previous' pointer
+provides a link to the previous section.  This means that all the nodes
+that are at the level of sections within a chapter are linked together.
+Normally the order in this chain is the same as the order of the
+children in the parent's menu.  Each child node records the parent node
+name as its `Up' pointer.  The last child has no `Next' pointer, and the
+first child has the parent both as its `Previous' and as its `Up'
+pointer.@footnote{In some documents, the first child has no `Previous'
+pointer.  Occasionally, the last child has the node name of the next
+following higher level node as its `Next' pointer.}@refill
+The book-like structuring of an Info file into nodes that correspond
+to chapters, sections, and the like is a matter of convention, not a
+requirement.  The `Up', `Previous', and `Next' pointers of a node can
+point to any other nodes, and a menu can contain any other nodes.
+Thus, the node structure can be any directed graph.  But it is usually
+more comprehensible to follow a structure that corresponds to the
+structure of chapters and sections in a printed book or report.@refill
+In addition to menus and to `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers, Info
+provides pointers of another kind, called references, that can be
+sprinkled throughout the text.  This is usually the best way to
+represent links that do not fit a hierarchical structure.@refill
+Usually, you will design a document so that its nodes match the
+structure of chapters and sections in the printed output.  But there
+are times when this is not right for the material being discussed.
+Therefore, Texinfo uses separate commands to specify the node
+structure for the Info file and the section structure for the printed
+output.@refill
+Generally, you enter an Info file through a node that by convention is
+called @samp{Top}.  This node normally contains just a brief summary
+of the file's purpose, and a large menu through which the rest of the
+file is reached.  From this node, you can either traverse the file
+systematically by going from node to node, or you can go to a specific
+node listed in the main menu, or you can search the index menus and
+then go directly to the node that has the information you want.@refill
+@c !!! With the standalone Info system you may go to specific nodes
+@c directly..
+If you want to read through an Info file in sequence, as if it were a
+printed manual, you can get the whole file with the advanced Info
+command @kbd{g* @key{RET}}.  (@inforef{Expert, Advanced Info commands,
+info}.)@refill
+@c !!! dir file may be located in one of many places:
+@c     /usr/local/emacs/info            mentioned in info.c DEFAULT_INFOPATH
+@c     /usr/local/lib/emacs/info        mentioned in info.c DEFAULT_INFOPATH
+@c     /usr/gnu/info                    mentioned in info.c DEFAULT_INFOPATH
+@c     /usr/local/info
+@c     /usr/local/lib/info
+The @file{dir} file in the @file{info} directory serves as the
+departure point for the whole Info system.  From it, you can reach the
+`Top' nodes of each of the documents in a complete Info system.@refill
+@node Printed Books, Formatting Commands, Info Files, Overview
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Printed Books
+@cindex Printed book and manual characteristics
+@cindex Manual characteristics, printed
+@cindex Book characteristics, printed
+@cindex Texinfo printed book characteristics
+@cindex Characteristics, printed books or manuals
+A Texinfo file can be formatted and typeset as a printed book or manual.
+To do this, you need @TeX{}, a powerful, sophisticated typesetting
+program written by Donald Knuth.@footnote{You can also use the
+@code{texi2roff} program if you do not have @TeX{}; since Texinfo is
+designed for use with @TeX{}, @code{texi2roff} is not described here.
+@code{texi2roff} is part of the standard GNU distribution.}@refill
+A Texinfo-based book is similar to any other typeset, printed work: it
+can have a title page, copyright page, table of contents, and preface,
+as well as chapters, numbered or unnumbered sections and subsections,
+page headers, cross references, footnotes, and indices.@refill
+You can use Texinfo to write a book without ever having the intention
+of converting it into on-line information.  You can use Texinfo for
+writing a printed novel, and even to write a printed memo, although
+this latter application is not recommended since electronic mail is so
+much easier.@refill
+@TeX{} is a general purpose typesetting program.  Texinfo provides a
+file called @file{texinfo.tex} that contains information (definitions or
+@dfn{macros}) that @TeX{} uses when it typesets a Texinfo file.
+(@file{texinfo.tex} tells @TeX{} how to convert the Texinfo @@-commands
+to @TeX{} commands, which @TeX{} can then process to create the typeset
+document.)  @file{texinfo.tex} contains the specifications for printing
+a document.@refill
+Most often, documents are printed on 8.5 inch by 11 inch
+pages (216@dmn{mm} by 280@dmn{mm}; this is the default size), but you
+can also print for 7 inch by 9.25 inch pages (178@dmn{mm} by
+235@dmn{mm}; the @code{@@smallbook} size) or on European A4 size paper
+(@code{@@afourpaper}).  (@xref{smallbook, , Printing ``Small'' Books}.
+Also, see @ref{A4 Paper, ,Printing on A4 Paper}.)@refill
+By changing the parameters in @file{texinfo.tex}, you can change the
+size of the printed document.  In addition, you can change the style in
+which the printed document is formatted; for example, you can change the
+sizes and fonts used, the amount of indentation for each paragraph, the
+degree to which words are hyphenated, and the like.  By changing the
+specifications, you can make a book look dignified, old and serious, or
+light-hearted, young and cheery.@refill
+@TeX{} is freely distributable.  It is written in a dialect of Pascal
+called WEB and can be compiled either in Pascal or (by using a
+conversion program that comes with the @TeX{} distribution) in C.
+(@xref{TeX Mode, ,@TeX{} Mode, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for information
+about @TeX{}.)@refill
+@TeX{} is very powerful and has a great many features.  Because a
+Texinfo file must be able to present information both on a
+character-only terminal in Info form and in a typeset book, the
+formatting commands that Texinfo supports are necessarily
+limited.@refill
+@xref{Obtaining TeX, , How to Obtain @TeX{}}.
+@node Formatting Commands, Conventions, Printed Books, Overview
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @@-commands
+@cindex @@-commands
+@cindex Formatting commands
+In a Texinfo file, the commands that tell @TeX{} how to typeset the
+printed manual and tell @code{makeinfo} and
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} how to create an Info file are preceded
+by @samp{@@}; they are called @dfn{@@-commands}.  For example,
+@code{@@node} is the command to indicate a node and @code{@@chapter}
+is the command to indicate the start of a chapter.@refill
+@quotation
+@strong{Please note:} All the @@-commands, with the exception of the
+@code{@@TeX@{@}} command, must be written entirely in lower
+case.@refill
+@end quotation
+The Texinfo @@-commands are a strictly limited set of constructs.  The
+strict limits make it possible for Texinfo files to be understood both
+by @TeX{} and by the code that converts them into Info files.  You can
+display Info files on any terminal that displays alphabetic and
+numeric characters.  Similarly, you can print the output generated by
+@TeX{} on a wide variety of printers.@refill
+Depending on what they do or what arguments@footnote{The word
+@dfn{argument} comes from the way it is used in mathematics and does
+not refer to a disputation between two people; it refers to the
+information presented to the command.  According to the @cite{Oxford
+English Dictionary}, the word derives from the Latin for @dfn{to make
+clear, prove}; thus it came to mean `the evidence offered as proof',
+which is to say, `the information offered', which led to its
+mathematical meaning.  In its other thread of derivation, the word
+came to mean `to assert in a manner against which others may make
+counter assertions', which led to the meaning of `argument' as a
+disputation.} they take, you need to write @@-commands on lines of
+their own or as part of sentences:@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Write a command such as @code{@@noindent} at the beginning of a line as
+the only text on the line.  (@code{@@noindent} prevents the beginning of
+the next line from being indented as the beginning of a
+paragraph.)@refill
+@item
+Write a command such as @code{@@chapter} at the beginning of a line
+followed by the command's arguments, in this case the chapter title, on
+the rest of the line.  (@code{@@chapter} creates chapter titles.)@refill
+@item
+Write a command such as @code{@@dots@{@}} wherever you wish but usually
+within a sentence. (@code{@@dots@{@}} creates dots @dots{})@refill
+@item
+Write a command such as @code{@@code@{@var{sample-code}@}} wherever you
+wish (but usually within a sentence) with its argument,
+@var{sample-code} in this example, between the braces.  (@code{@@code}
+marks text as being code.)@refill
+@item
+Write a command such as @code{@@example} at the beginning of a line of
+its own; write the body-text on following lines; and write the matching
+@code{@@end} command, @code{@@end example} in this case, at the
+beginning of a line of its own after the body-text. (@code{@@example}
+@dots{} @code{@@end example} indents and typesets body-text as an
+example.)@refill
+@end itemize
+@noindent
+@cindex Braces, when to use
+As a general rule, a command requires braces if it mingles among other
+text; but it does not need braces if it starts a line of its own.  The
+non-alphabetic commands, such as @code{@@:}, are exceptions to the rule;
+they do not need braces.@refill
+As you gain experience with Texinfo, you will rapidly learn how to
+write the different commands: the different ways to write commands
+make it easier to write and read Texinfo files than if all commands
+followed exactly the same syntax.  (For details about @@-command
+syntax, see @ref{Command Syntax, , @@-Command Syntax}.)@refill
+@node Conventions, Comments, Formatting Commands, Overview
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section General Syntactic Conventions
+@cindex General syntactic conventions
+@cindex Syntactic conventions
+@cindex Conventions, syntactic
+All @sc{ascii} printing characters except @samp{@@}, @samp{@{} and
+@samp{@}} can appear in a Texinfo file and stand for themselves.
+@samp{@@} is the escape character which introduces commands.
+@samp{@{} and @samp{@}} should be used only to surround arguments to
+certain commands.  To put one of these special characters into the
+document, put an @samp{@@} character in front of it, like this:
+@samp{@@@@}, @samp{@@@{}, and @samp{@@@}}.@refill
+@ifinfo
+It is customary in @TeX{} to use doubled single-quote characters to
+begin and end quotations: ` ` and ' ' (but without a space between the
+two single-quote characters).  This convention should be followed in
+Texinfo files.  @TeX{} converts doubled single-quote characters to
+left- and right-hand doubled quotation marks and Info converts doubled
+single-quote characters to @sc{ascii} double-quotes: ` ` and ' ' to " .@refill
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+It is customary in @TeX{} to use doubled single-quote characters to
+begin and end quotations: @w{@tt{ `` }} and @w{@tt{ '' }}.  This
+convention should be followed in Texinfo files.  @TeX{} converts
+doubled single-quote characters to left- and right-hand doubled
+quotation marks, ``like this'', and Info converts doubled single-quote
+characters to @sc{ascii} double-quotes: @w{@tt{ `` }} and
+@w{@tt{ '' }} to @w{@tt{ " }}.@refill
+@end iftex
+Use three hyphens in a row, @samp{---}, for a dash---like this.  In
+@TeX{}, a single or even a double hyphen produces a printed dash that
+is shorter than the usual typeset dash. Info reduces three hyphens to two for
+display on the screen.@refill
+To prevent a paragraph from being indented in the printed manual, put
+the command @code{@@noindent} on a line by itself before the
+paragraph.@refill
+If you mark off a region of the Texinfo file with the @code{@@iftex}
+and @w{@code{@@end iftex}} commands, that region will appear only in
+the printed copy; in that region, you can use certain commands
+borrowed from Plain@TeX{} that you cannot use in Info.  Likewise, if
+you mark off a region with the @code{@@ifinfo} and @code{@@end ifinfo}
+commands, that region will appear only in the Info file; in that
+region, you can use Info commands that you cannot use in @TeX{}.
+(@xref{Conditionals}.)
+@cindex Tabs; don't use!
+@quotation
+@strong{Caution:} Do not use tabs in a Texinfo file!  @TeX{} uses
+variable-width fonts, which means that it cannot predefine a tab to work
+in all circumstances.  Consequently, @TeX{} treats tabs like single
+spaces, and that is not what they look like.@refill
+@noindent
+To avoid this problem, Texinfo mode causes GNU Emacs to insert multiple
+spaces when you press the @key{TAB} key.@refill
+@noindent
+Also, you can run @code{untabify} in Emacs to convert tabs in a region
+to multiple spaces.@refill
+@end quotation
+@node Comments, Minimum, Conventions, Overview
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Comments
+You can write comments in a Texinfo file that will not appear in
+either the Info file or the printed manual by using the
+@code{@@comment} command (which may be abbreviated to @code{@@c}).
+Such comments are for the person who reads the Texinfo file.  All the
+text on a line that follows either @code{@@comment} or @code{@@c} is a
+comment; the rest of the line does not appear in either the Info file
+or the printed manual. (Often, you can write the @code{@@comment} or
+@code{@@c} in the middle of a line, and only the text that follows after
+the @code{@@comment} or @code{@@c} command does not appear; but some
+commands, such as @code{@@settitle} and @code{@@setfilename}, work on a
+whole line.  You cannot use @code{@@comment} or @code{@@c} in a line
+beginning with such a command.)@refill
+@cindex Comments
+@findex comment
+@findex c @r{(comment)}
+You can write long stretches of text that will not appear in either
+the Info file or the printed manual by using the @code{@@ignore} and
+@code{@@end ignore} commands.  Write each of these commands on a line
+of its own, starting each command at the beginning of the line.  Text
+between these two commands does not appear in the processed output.
+You can use @code{@@ignore} and @code{@@end ignore} for writing
+comments.  Often, @code{@@ignore} and @code{@@end ignore} is used
+to enclose a part of the copying permissions that applies to the
+Texinfo source file of a document, but not to the Info or printed
+version of the document.@refill
+@cindex Ignored text
+@cindex Unprocessed text
+@findex ignore
+@c !!! Perhaps include this comment about ignore and ifset:
+@ignore
+Text enclosed by @code{@@ignore} or by failing @code{@@ifset} or
+@code{@@ifclear} conditions is ignored in the sense that it will not
+contribute to the formatted output.  However, TeX and makeinfo must
+still parse the ignored text, in order to understand when to
+@emph{stop} ignoring text from the source file; that means that you
+will still get error messages if you have invalid Texinfo markup
+within ignored text.
+@end ignore
+@node Minimum, Six Parts, Comments, Overview
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section What a Texinfo File Must Have
+@cindex Minimal Texinfo file (requirements)
+@cindex Must have in Texinfo file
+@cindex Required in Texinfo file
+@cindex Texinfo file minimum
+By convention, the names of Texinfo files end with one of the
+extensions @file{.texinfo}, @file{.texi}, or @file{.tex}.  The longer
+extension is preferred since it describes more clearly to a human
+reader the nature of the file.  The shorter extensions are for
+operating systems that cannot handle long file names.@refill
+In order to be made into a printed manual and an Info file, a
+Texinfo file @strong{must} begin with lines like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+\input texinfo
+@@setfilename @var{info-file-name}
+@@settitle @var{name-of-manual}
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+The contents of the file follow this beginning, and then you @strong{must} end
+a Texinfo file with a line like this:@refill
+@example
+@@bye
+@end example
+@findex input @r{(@TeX{} command)}
+@noindent
+The @samp{\input texinfo} line tells @TeX{} to use the
+@file{texinfo.tex} file, which tells @TeX{} how to translate the Texinfo
+@@-commands into @TeX{} typesetting commands.  (Note the use of the
+backslash, @samp{\}; this is correct for @TeX{}.)  The
+@samp{@@setfilename} line provides a name for the Info file and the
+@samp{@@settitle} line specifies a title for the page headers (or
+footers) of the printed manual.@refill
+The @code{@@bye} line at the end of the file on a line of its own tells
+the formatters that the file is ended and to stop formatting.@refill
+Usually, you will not use quite such a spare format, but will include
+mode setting and start-of-header and end-of-header lines at the
+beginning of a Texinfo file, like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+\input texinfo   @@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@@c %**start of header
+@@setfilename @var{info-file-name}
+@@settitle @var{name-of-manual}
+@@c %**end of header
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+In the first line, @samp{-*-texinfo-*-} causes Emacs to switch into
+Texinfo mode when you edit the file.
+The @code{@@c} lines which surround the @samp{@@setfilename} and
+@samp{@@settitle} lines are optional, but you need them in order to
+run @TeX{} or Info on just part of the file.  (@xref{Start of Header},
+for more information.)@refill
+Furthermore, you will usually provide a Texinfo file with a title
+page, indices, and the like.  But the minimum, which can be useful
+for short documents, is just the three lines at the beginning and the
+one line at the end.@refill
+@node Six Parts, Short Sample, Minimum, Overview
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Six Parts of a Texinfo File
+Generally, a Texinfo file contains more than the minimal
+beginning and end---it usually contains six parts:@refill
+@table @r
+@item 1. Header
+The @dfn{Header} names the file, tells @TeX{} which definitions' file to
+use, and performs other ``housekeeping'' tasks.@refill
+@item 2. Summary Description and Copyright
+The @dfn{Summary Description and Copyright} segment describes the document
+and contains the copyright notice and copying permissions for the Info
+file.  The segment must be enclosed between @code{@@ifinfo} and
+@code{@@end ifinfo} commands so that the formatters place it only in the Info
+file.@refill
+@item 3. Title and Copyright
+The @dfn{Title and Copyright} segment contains the title and copyright pages
+and copying permissions for the printed manual.  The segment must be
+enclosed between @code{@@titlepage} and @code{@@end titlepage} commands.
+The title and copyright page appear only in the printed @w{manual}.@refill
+@item 4. `Top' Node and Master Menu
+The @dfn{Master Menu} contains a complete menu of all the nodes in the whole
+Info file.  It appears only in the Info file, in the `Top' node.@refill
+@item 5. Body
+The @dfn{Body} of the document may be structured like a traditional book or
+encyclopedia or it may be free form.@refill
+@item 6. End
+The @dfn{End} contains commands for printing indices and generating
+the table of contents, and the @code{@@bye} command on a line of its
+own.@refill
+@end table
+@node Short Sample, Acknowledgements, Six Parts, Overview
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section A Short Sample Texinfo File
+@cindex Sample Texinfo file
+Here is a complete but very short Texinfo file, in 6 parts.  The first
+three parts of the file, from @samp{\input texinfo} through to
+@samp{@@end titlepage}, look more intimidating than they are.  Most of
+the material is standard boilerplate; when you write a manual, simply
+insert the names for your own manual in this segment. (@xref{Beginning a
+File}.)@refill
+@noindent
+In the following, the sample text is @emph{indented}; comments on it are
+not.  The complete file, without any comments, is shown in
+@ref{Sample Texinfo File}.
+@subheading Part 1: Header
+@noindent
+The header does not appear in either the Info file or the@*
+printed output.  It sets various parameters, including the@*
+name of the Info file and the title used in the header.
+@example
+@group
+\input texinfo   @@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@@c %**start of header
+@@setfilename sample.info
+@@settitle Sample Document
+@@c %**end of header
+@@setchapternewpage odd
+@end group
+@end example
+@subheading Part 2: Summary Description and Copyright
+@noindent
+The summary description and copyright segment does not@*
+appear in the printed document.
+@example
+@group
+@@ifinfo
+This is a short example of a complete Texinfo file.
+Copyright @@copyright@{@} 1990 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@@end ifinfo
+@end group
+@end example
+@subheading Part 3: Titlepage and Copyright
+@noindent
+The titlepage segment does not appear in the Info file.
+@example
+@group
+@@titlepage
+@@sp 10
+@@comment The title is printed in a large font.
+@@center @@titlefont@{Sample Title@}
+@end group
+@group
+@@c The following two commands start the copyright page.
+@@page
+@@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+Copyright @@copyright@{@} 1990 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@@end titlepage
+@end group
+@end example
+@subheading Part 4: `Top' Node and Master Menu
+@noindent
+The `Top' node contains the master menu for the Info file.@*
+Since a printed manual uses a table of contents rather than@*
+a menu, the master menu appears only in the Info file.
+@example
+@group
+@@node    Top,       First Chapter, (dir),    (dir)
+@@comment node-name, next,          previous, up
+@end group
+@end example
+@example
+@group
+@@menu
+* First Chapter::    The first chapter is the
+only chapter in this sample.
+* Concept Index::    This index has two entries.
+@@end menu
+@end group
+@end example
+@subheading Part 5:  The Body of the Document
+@noindent
+The body segment contains all the text of the document, but not the
+indices or table of contents.  This example illustrates a node and a
+chapter containing an enumerated list.@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@node    First Chapter, Concept Index, Top,      Top
+@@comment node-name,     next,          previous, up
+@@chapter First Chapter
+@@cindex Sample index entry
+@end group
+@group
+This is the contents of the first chapter.
+@@cindex Another sample index entry
+@end group
+@group
+Here is a numbered list.
+@@enumerate
+@@item
+This is the first item.
+@@item
+This is the second item.
+@@end enumerate
+@end group
+@group
+The @@code@{makeinfo@} and @@code@{texinfo-format-buffer@}
+commands transform a Texinfo file such as this into
+an Info file; and @@TeX@{@} typesets it for a printed
+manual.
+@end group
+@end example
+@subheading Part 6: The End of the Document
+@noindent
+The end segment contains commands both for generating an index in a node
+and unnumbered chapter of its own and for generating the table of
+contents; and it contains the @code{@@bye} command that marks the end of
+the document.@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@node    Concept Index,    ,  First Chapter, Top
+@@comment node-name,    next,  previous,      up
+@@unnumbered Concept Index
+@end group
+@group
+@@printindex cp
+@@contents
+@@bye
+@end group
+@end example
+@subheading The Results
+Here is what the contents of the first chapter of the sample look like:
+@sp 1
+@need 700
+@quotation
+This is the contents of the first chapter.
+Here is a numbered list.
+@enumerate
+@item
+This is the first item.
+@item
+This is the second item.
+@end enumerate
+The @code{makeinfo} and @code{texinfo-format-buffer}
+commands transform a Texinfo file such as this into
+an Info file; and @TeX{} typesets it for a printed
+manual.
+@end quotation
+@node Acknowledgements,  , Short Sample, Overview
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Acknowledgements
+Richard M.@: Stallman wrote Edition 1.0 of this manual.
+@w{Robert J.@: Chassell} revised and extended it,
+starting with Edition 1.1.
+Our thanks go out to all who helped improve this work, particularly to
+@w{Francois Pinard} and @w{David D.@: Zuhn}, who tirelessly recorded
+and reported mistakes and obscurities; our special thanks go to
+@w{Melissa Weisshaus} for her frequent and often tedious reviews of
+nearly similar editions.  Our mistakes are our own.
+@c ignore until mailing lists set up
+@ignore
+Please send suggestions and corrections to:
+@example
+@group
+@r{Internet address:}
+bug-texinfo@@prep.ai.mit.edu
+@r{UUCP path:}
+mit-eddie!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-texinfo
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+Please include the manual's edition number in your messages.
+@end ignore
+@node Texinfo Mode, Beginning a File, Overview, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Using Texinfo Mode
+@cindex Texinfo mode
+@cindex Mode, using Texinfo
+@cindex GNU Emacs
+@cindex Emacs
+You may edit a Texinfo file with any text editor you choose.  A Texinfo
+file is no different from any other @sc{ascii} file.  However, GNU Emacs
+comes with a special mode, called Texinfo
+mode, that provides  Emacs commands and tools to help ease your work.@refill
+This chapter describes features of GNU Emacs' Texinfo mode but not any
+features of the Texinfo formatting language.  If you are reading this
+manual straight through from the beginning, you may want to skim through
+this chapter briefly and come back to it after reading succeeding
+chapters which describe the Texinfo formatting language in
+detail.@refill
+@menu
+* Texinfo Mode Overview::       How Texinfo mode can help you.
+* Emacs Editing::               Texinfo mode adds to GNU Emacs' general
+purpose editing features.
+* Inserting::                   How to insert frequently used @@-commands.
+* Showing the Structure::       How to show the structure of a file.
+* Updating Nodes and Menus::    How to update or create new nodes and menus.
+* Info Formatting::             How to format for Info.
+* Printing::                    How to format and print part or all of a file.
+* Texinfo Mode Summary::        Summary of all the Texinfo mode commands.
+@end menu
+@node Texinfo Mode Overview, Emacs Editing, Texinfo Mode, Texinfo Mode
+@ifinfo
+@heading Texinfo Mode Overview
+@end ifinfo
+Texinfo mode provides special features for working with Texinfo
+files:@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Insert frequently used @@-commands. @refill
+@item
+Automatically create @code{@@node} lines.
+@item
+Show the structure of a Texinfo source file.@refill
+@item
+Automatically create or update the `Next',@*
+`Previous', and `Up' pointers of a node.
+@item
+Automatically create or update menus.@refill
+@item
+Automatically create a master menu.@refill
+@item
+Format a part or all of a file for Info.@refill
+@item
+Typeset and print part or all of a file.@refill
+@end itemize
+Perhaps the two most helpful features are those for inserting frequently
+used @@-commands and for creating node pointers and menus.@refill
+@node Emacs Editing, Inserting, Texinfo Mode Overview, Texinfo Mode
+@section The Usual GNU Emacs Editing Commands
+In most cases, the usual Text mode commands work the same in Texinfo
+mode as they do in Text mode.  Texinfo mode adds new editing commands
+and tools to GNU Emacs' general purpose editing features.  The major
+difference concerns filling.  In Texinfo mode, the paragraph
+separation variable and syntax table are redefined so that Texinfo
+commands that should be on lines of their own are not inadvertently
+included in paragraphs.  Thus, the @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph})
+command will refill a paragraph but not mix an indexing command on a
+line adjacent to it into the paragraph.@refill
+In addition, Texinfo mode sets the @code{page-delimiter} variable to
+the value of @code{texinfo-chapter-level-regexp}; by default, this is
+a regular expression matching the commands for chapters and their
+equivalents, such as appendices.  With this value for the page
+delimiter, you can jump from chapter title to chapter title with the
+@kbd{C-x ]} (@code{forward-page}) and @kbd{C-x [}
+(@code{backward-page}) commands and narrow to a chapter with the
+@kbd{C-x p} (@code{narrow-to-page}) command.  (@xref{Pages, , ,emacs,
+The GNU Emacs Manual}, for details about the page commands.)@refill
+You may name a Texinfo file however you wish, but the convention is to
+end a Texinfo file name with one of the three extensions
+@file{.texinfo}, @file{.texi}, or @file{.tex}.  A longer extension is
+preferred, since it is explicit, but a shorter extension may be
+necessary for operating systems that limit the length of file names.
+GNU Emacs automatically enters Texinfo mode when you visit a file with
+a @file{.texinfo} or  @file{.texi}
+extension.  Also, Emacs switches to Texinfo mode
+when you visit a
+file that has @samp{-*-texinfo-*-} in its first line.  If ever you are
+in another mode and wish to switch to Texinfo mode, type @code{M-x
+texinfo-mode}.@refill
+Like all other Emacs features, you can customize or enhance Texinfo
+mode as you wish.  In particular, the keybindings are very easy to
+change.  The keybindings described here are the default or standard
+ones.@refill
+@node Inserting, Showing the Structure, Emacs Editing, Texinfo Mode
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Inserting Frequently Used Commands
+@cindex Inserting frequently used commands
+@cindex Frequently used commands, inserting
+@cindex Commands, inserting them
+Texinfo mode provides commands to insert various frequently used
+@@-commands into the buffer.  You can use these commands to save
+keystrokes.@refill
+The insert commands are invoked by typing @kbd{C-c} twice and then the
+first letter of the @@-command:@refill
+@table @kbd
+@item  C-c C-c c
+@itemx M-x texinfo-insert-@@code
+@findex texinfo-insert-@@code
+Insert @code{@@code@{@}} and put the
+cursor between the braces.@refill
+@item  C-c C-c d
+@itemx M-x texinfo-insert-@@dfn
+@findex texinfo-insert-@@dfn
+Insert @code{@@dfn@{@}} and put the
+cursor between the braces.@refill
+@item  C-c C-c e
+@itemx M-x texinfo-insert-@@end
+@findex texinfo-insert-@@end
+Insert @code{@@end} and attempt to insert the correct following word,
+such as @samp{example} or @samp{table}.  (This command does not handle
+nested lists correctly, but inserts the word appropriate to the
+immediately preceding list.)@refill
+@item  C-c C-c i
+@itemx M-x texinfo-insert-@@item
+@findex texinfo-insert-@@item
+Insert @code{@@item} and put the
+cursor at the beginning of the next line.@refill
+@item  C-c C-c k
+@itemx M-x texinfo-insert-@@kbd
+@findex texinfo-insert-@@kbd
+Insert @code{@@kbd@{@}} and put the
+cursor between the braces.@refill
+@item  C-c C-c n
+@itemx M-x texinfo-insert-@@node
+@findex texinfo-insert-@@node
+Insert @code{@@node} and a comment line
+listing the sequence for the `Next',
+`Previous', and `Up' nodes.
+Leave point after the @code{@@node}.@refill
+@item  C-c C-c o
+@itemx M-x texinfo-insert-@@noindent
+@findex texinfo-insert-@@noindent
+Insert @code{@@noindent} and put the
+cursor at the beginning of the next line.@refill
+@item  C-c C-c s
+@itemx M-x texinfo-insert-@@samp
+@findex texinfo-insert-@@samp
+Insert @code{@@samp@{@}} and put the
+cursor between the braces.@refill
+@item  C-c C-c t
+@itemx M-x texinfo-insert-@@table
+@findex texinfo-insert-@@table
+Insert @code{@@table} followed by a @key{SPC}
+and leave the cursor after the @key{SPC}.@refill
+@item  C-c C-c v
+@itemx M-x texinfo-insert-@@var
+@findex texinfo-insert-@@var
+Insert @code{@@var@{@}} and put the
+cursor between the braces.@refill
+@item  C-c C-c x
+@itemx M-x texinfo-insert-@@example
+@findex texinfo-insert-@@example
+Insert @code{@@example} and put the
+cursor at the beginning of the next line.@refill
+@c M-@{  was the binding for texinfo-insert-braces;
+@c in Emacs 19, backward-paragraph will take this binding.
+@item C-c C-c @{
+@itemx M-x texinfo-insert-braces
+@findex texinfo-insert-braces
+Insert @code{@{@}} and put the cursor between the braces.@refill
+@item C-c C-c @}
+@itemx C-c C-c ]
+@itemx M-x up-list
+@findex up-list
+Move from between a pair of braces forward past the closing brace.
+Typing @kbd{C-c C-c ]} is easier than typing @kbd{C-c C-c @}}, which
+is, however, more mnemonic; hence the two keybindings.  (Also, you can
+move out from between braces by typing @kbd{C-f}.)@refill
+@end table
+To put a command such as @w{@code{@@code@{@dots{}@}}} around an
+@emph{existing} word, position the cursor in front of the word and type
+@kbd{C-u 1 C-c C-c c}.  This makes it easy to edit existing plain text.
+The value of the prefix argument tells Emacs how many words following
+point to include between braces---1 for one word, 2 for two words, and
+so on.  Use a negative argument to enclose the previous word or words.
+If you do not specify a prefix argument, Emacs inserts the @@-command
+string and positions the cursor between the braces.  This feature works
+only for those @@-commands that operate on a word or words within one
+line, such as @code{@@kbd} and @code{@@var}.@refill
+This set of insert commands was created after analyzing the frequency
+with which different @@-commands are used in the @cite{GNU Emacs
+Manual} and the @cite{GDB Manual}.  If you wish to add your own insert
+commands, you can bind a keyboard macro to a key, use abbreviations,
+or extend the code in @file{texinfo.el}.@refill
+@findex texinfo-start-menu-description
+@cindex Menu description, start
+@cindex Description for menu, start
+@kbd{C-c C-c C-d} (@code{texinfo-start-menu-description}) is an insert
+command that works differently from the other insert commands.  It
+inserts a node's section or chapter title in the space for the
+description in a menu entry line.  (A menu entry has three parts, the
+entry name, the node name, and the description.  Only the node name is
+required, but a description helps explain what the node is about.
+@xref{Menu Parts, , The Parts of a Menu}.)@refill
+To use @code{texinfo-start-menu-description}, position point in a menu
+entry line and type @kbd{C-c C-c C-d}.  The command looks for and copies
+the title that goes with the node name, and inserts the title as a
+description; it positions point at beginning of the inserted text so you
+can edit it.  The function does not insert the title if the menu entry
+line already contains a description.@refill
+This command is only an aid to writing descriptions; it does not do the
+whole job.  You must edit the inserted text since a title tends to use
+the same words as a node name but a useful description uses different
+words.@refill
+@node Showing the Structure, Updating Nodes and Menus, Inserting, Texinfo Mode
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Showing the Section Structure of a File
+@cindex Showing the section structure of a file
+@cindex Section structure of a file, showing it
+@cindex Structure of a file, showing it
+@cindex Outline of file structure, showing it
+@cindex Contents-like outline of file structure
+@cindex File section structure, showing it
+@cindex Texinfo file section structure, showing it
+You can show the section structure of a Texinfo file by using the
+@kbd{C-c C-s} command (@code{texinfo-show-structure}).  This command
+shows the section structure of a Texinfo file by listing the lines
+that begin with the @@-commands for @code{@@chapter},
+@code{@@section}, and the like.  It constructs what amounts
+to a table of contents.  These lines are displayed in another buffer
+called the @samp{*Occur*} buffer.  In that buffer, you can position
+the cursor over one of the lines and use the @kbd{C-c C-c} command
+(@code{occur-mode-goto-occurrence}), to jump to the corresponding spot
+in the Texinfo file.@refill
+@table @kbd
+@item  C-c C-s
+@itemx M-x texinfo-show-structure
+@findex texinfo-show-structure
+Show the @code{@@chapter}, @code{@@section}, and such lines of a
+Texinfo file.@refill
+@item  C-c C-c
+@itemx M-x occur-mode-goto-occurrence
+@findex occur-mode-goto-occurrence
+Go to the line in the Texinfo file corresponding to the line under the
+cursor in the @file{*Occur*} buffer.@refill
+@end table
+If you call @code{texinfo-show-structure} with a prefix argument by
+typing @w{@kbd{C-u C-c C-s}}, it will list not only those lines with the
+@@-commands for @code{@@chapter}, @code{@@section}, and the like,
+but also the @code{@@node} lines.  (This is how the
+@code{texinfo-show-structure} command worked without an argument in
+the first version of Texinfo.  It was changed because @code{@@node}
+lines clutter up the @samp{*Occur*} buffer and are usually not
+needed.)  You can use @code{texinfo-show-structure} with a prefix
+argument to check whether the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers of
+an @code{@@node} line are correct.@refill
+Often, when you are working on a manual, you will be interested only
+in the structure of the current chapter.  In this case, you can mark
+off the region of the buffer that you are interested in by using the
+@kbd{C-x n n} (@code{narrow-to-region}) command and
+@code{texinfo-show-structure} will work on only that region.  To see
+the whole buffer again, use @w{@kbd{C-x n w}} (@code{widen}).
+(@xref{Narrowing, , , emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for more
+information about the narrowing commands.)@refill
+@vindex page-delimiter
+@cindex Page delimiter in Texinfo mode
+In addition to providing the @code{texinfo-show-structure} command,
+Texinfo mode sets the value of the page delimiter variable to match
+the chapter-level @@-commands.  This enables you to use the @kbd{C-x
+]} (@code{forward-page}) and @kbd{C-x [} (@code{backward-page})
+commands to move forward and backward by chapter, and to use the
+@kbd{C-x p} (@code{narrow-to-page}) command to narrow to a chapter.
+@xref{Pages, , , emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for more information
+about the page commands.@refill
+@node Updating Nodes and Menus, Info Formatting, Showing the Structure, Texinfo Mode
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Updating Nodes and Menus
+@cindex Updating nodes and menus
+@cindex Create nodes, menus automatically
+@cindex Insert nodes, menus automatically
+@cindex Automatically insert nodes, menus
+Texinfo mode provides commands for automatically creating or updating
+menus and node pointers.  The commands are called ``update'' commands
+because their most frequent use is for updating a Texinfo file after
+you have worked on it; but you can use them to insert the `Next',
+`Previous', and `Up' pointers into an @code{@@node} line that has none and to
+create menus in a file that has none.@refill
+If you do not use the updating commands, you need to write menus and
+node pointers by hand, which is a tedious task.@refill
+@menu
+* Updating Commands::           Five major updating commands.
+* Updating Requirements::       How to structure a Texinfo file for
+using the updating command.
+* Other Updating Commands::     How to indent descriptions, insert
+missing nodes lines, and update
+nodes in sequence.
+@end menu
+@node Updating Commands, Updating Requirements, Updating Nodes and Menus, Updating Nodes and Menus
+@ifinfo
+@subheading The Updating Commands
+@end ifinfo
+You can use the updating commands@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+to insert or update the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers of a
+node,@refill
+@item
+to insert or update the menu for a section, and@refill
+@item
+to create a master menu for a Texinfo source file.@refill
+@end itemize
+You can also use the commands to update all the nodes and menus in a
+region or in a whole Texinfo file.@refill
+The updating commands work only with conventional Texinfo files, which
+are structured hierarchically like books.  In such files, a structuring
+command line must follow closely after each @code{@@node} line, except
+for the `Top' @code{@@node} line.  (A @dfn{structuring command line} is
+a line beginning with @code{@@chapter}, @code{@@section}, or other
+similar command.)
+You can write the structuring command line on the line that follows
+immediately after an @code{@@node} line or else on the line that
+follows after a single @code{@@comment} line or a single
+@code{@@ifinfo} line.  You cannot interpose more than one line between
+the @code{@@node} line and the structuring command line; and you may
+interpose only an @code{@@comment} line or an @code{@@ifinfo} line.
+Commands which work on a whole buffer require that the `Top' node be
+followed by a node with an @code{@@chapter} or equivalent-level command.
+Note that the menu updating commands will not create a main or master
+menu for a Texinfo file that has only @code{@@chapter}-level nodes!  The
+menu updating commands only create menus @emph{within} nodes for lower level
+nodes.  To create a menu of chapters, you must provide a `Top'
+node.@refill
+The menu updating commands remove menu entries that refer to other Info
+files since they do not refer to nodes within the current buffer.  This
+is a deficiency.  Rather than use menu entries, you can use cross
+references to refer to other Info files.  None of the updating commands
+affect cross references.@refill
+Texinfo mode has five updating commands that are used most often: two
+are for updating the node pointers or menu of a single node (or a
+region); two are for updating every node pointer and menu in a file;
+and one, the @code{texinfo-master-menu} command, is for creating a
+master menu for a complete file, and optionally, for updating every
+node and menu in the whole Texinfo file.@refill
+The @code{texinfo-master-menu} command is the primary command:@refill
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-u m
+@itemx M-x texinfo-master-menu
+@findex texinfo-master-menu
+Create or update a master menu that includes all the other menus
+(incorporating the descriptions from pre-existing menus, if
+any).@refill
+With an argument (prefix argument, @kbd{C-u,} if interactive), first create or
+update all the nodes and all the regular menus in the buffer before
+constructing the master menu.  (@xref{The Top Node, , The Top Node and
+Master Menu}, for more about a master menu.)@refill
+For @code{texinfo-master-menu} to work, the Texinfo file must have a
+`Top' node and at least one subsequent node.@refill
+After extensively editing a Texinfo file, you can type the following:
+@example
+C-u M-x texinfo-master-menu
+@exdent or
+C-u C-c C-u m
+@end example
+@noindent
+This updates all the nodes and menus completely and all at once.@refill
+@end table
+The other major updating commands do smaller jobs and are designed for
+the person  who updates nodes and menus as he or she writes a Texinfo
+file.@refill
+@need 1000
+The commands are:@refill
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-u C-n
+@itemx M-x texinfo-update-node
+@findex texinfo-update-node
+Insert the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers for the node that point is
+within (i.e., for the @code{@@node} line preceding point).  If the
+@code{@@node} line has pre-existing `Next', `Previous', or `Up'
+pointers in it, the old pointers are removed and new ones inserted.
+With an argument (prefix argument, @kbd{C-u}, if interactive), this command
+updates all @code{@@node} lines in the region (which is the text
+between point and mark).@refill
+@item C-c C-u C-m
+@itemx M-x texinfo-make-menu
+@findex texinfo-make-menu
+Create or update the menu in the node that point is within.
+With an argument (@kbd{C-u} as prefix argument, if
+interactive), the command makes or updates menus for the
+nodes which are either within or a part of the
+region.@refill
+Whenever @code{texinfo-make-menu} updates an existing menu, the
+descriptions from that menu are incorporated into the new menu.  This
+is done by copying descriptions from the existing menu to the entries
+in the new menu that have the same node names.  If the node names are
+different, the descriptions are not copied to the new menu.@refill
+@item C-c C-u C-e
+@itemx M-x texinfo-every-node-update
+@findex texinfo-every-node-update
+Insert or update the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers for every
+node in the buffer.@refill
+@item C-c C-u C-a
+@itemx M-x texinfo-all-menus-update
+@findex texinfo-all-menus-update
+Create or update all the menus in the buffer.  With an argument
+(@kbd{C-u} as prefix argument, if interactive), first insert
+or update all the node
+pointers before working on the menus.@refill
+If a master menu exists, the @code{texinfo-all-menus-update} command
+updates it; but the command does not create a new master menu if none
+already exists.  (Use the @code{texinfo-master-menu} command for
+that.)@refill
+When working on a document that does not merit a master menu, you can
+type the following:
+@example
+C-u C-c C-u C-a
+@exdent or
+C-u M-x texinfo-all-menus-update
+@end example
+@noindent
+This updates all the nodes and menus.@refill
+@end table
+The @code{texinfo-column-for-description} variable specifies the
+column to which menu descriptions are indented.  By default, the value
+is 32 although it is often useful to reduce it to as low as 24.  You
+can set the variable with the @kbd{M-x edit-options} command
+(@pxref{Edit Options, , Editing Variable Values, emacs, The GNU Emacs
+Manual}) or with the @kbd{M-x set-variable} command (@pxref{Examining,
+, Examining and Setting Variables, emacs, The GNU Emacs
+Manual}).@refill
+Also, the @code{texinfo-indent-menu-description} command may be used to
+indent existing menu descriptions to a specified column.  Finally, if
+you wish, you can use the @code{texinfo-insert-node-lines} command to
+insert missing @code{@@node} lines into a file.  (@xref{Other Updating
+Commands}, for more information.)@refill
+@node Updating Requirements, Other Updating Commands, Updating Commands, Updating Nodes and Menus
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection Updating Requirements
+@cindex Updating requirements
+@cindex Requirements for updating commands
+To use the updating commands, you must organize the Texinfo file
+hierarchically with chapters, sections, subsections, and the like.
+When you construct the hierarchy of the manual, do not `jump down'
+more than one level at a time: you can follow the `Top' node with a
+chapter, but not with a section; you can follow a chapter with a
+section, but not with a subsection.  However, you may `jump up' any
+number of levels at one time---for example, from a subsection to a
+chapter.@refill
+Each @code{@@node} line, with the exception of the line for the `Top'
+node, must be followed by a line with a structuring command such as
+@code{@@chapter}, @code{@@section}, or
+@code{@@unnumberedsubsec}.@refill
+Each @code{@@node} line/structuring-command line combination
+must look either like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@node     Comments,  Minimum, Conventions, Overview
+@@comment  node-name, next,    previous,    up
+@@section Comments
+@end group
+@end example
+or like this (without the @code{@@comment} line):
+@example
+@group
+@@node Comments, Minimum, Conventions, Overview
+@@section Comments
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+In this example, `Comments' is the name of both the node and the
+section.  The next node is called `Minimum' and the previous node is
+called `Conventions'.  The `Comments' section is within the `Overview'
+node, which is specified by the `Up' pointer.  (Instead of an
+@code{@@comment} line, you can write an @code{@@ifinfo} line.)@refill
+If a file has a `Top' node, it must be called @samp{top} or @samp{Top}
+and be the first node in the file.@refill
+The menu updating commands create a menu of sections within a chapter,
+a menu of subsections within a section, and so on.  This means that
+you must have a `Top' node if you want a menu of chapters.@refill
+Incidentally, the @code{makeinfo} command will create an Info file for
+a hierarchically organized Texinfo file that lacks `Next', `Previous'
+and `Up' pointers.  Thus, if you can be sure that your Texinfo file
+will be formatted with @code{makeinfo}, you have no need for the
+`update node' commands.  (@xref{Create an Info File, , Creating an
+Info File}, for more information about @code{makeinfo}.)  However,
+both @code{makeinfo} and the @code{texinfo-format-@dots{}} commands
+require that you insert menus in the file.@refill
+@node Other Updating Commands,  , Updating Requirements, Updating Nodes and Menus
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection Other Updating Commands
+In addition to the five major updating commands, Texinfo mode
+possesses several less frequently used updating commands:@refill
+@table @kbd
+@item M-x texinfo-insert-node-lines
+@findex texinfo-insert-node-lines
+Insert @code{@@node} lines before the @code{@@chapter},
+@code{@@section}, and other sectioning commands wherever they are
+missing throughout a region in a Texinfo file.@refill
+With an argument (@kbd{C-u} as prefix argument, if interactive), the
+@code{texinfo-insert-node-lines} command not only inserts
+@code{@@node} lines but also inserts the chapter or section titles as
+the names of the corresponding nodes.  In addition, it inserts the
+titles as node names in pre-existing @code{@@node} lines that lack
+names.  Since node names should be more concise than section or
+chapter titles, you must manually edit node names so inserted.@refill
+For example, the following marks a whole buffer as a region and inserts
+@code{@@node} lines and titles throughout:@refill
+@example
+C-x h C-u M-x texinfo-insert-node-lines
+@end example
+(Note that this command inserts titles as node names in @code{@@node}
+lines; the @code{texinfo-start-menu-description} command
+(@pxref{Inserting, Inserting Frequently Used Commands}) inserts titles
+as descriptions in menu entries, a different action.  However, in both
+cases, you need to edit the inserted text.)@refill
+@item M-x texinfo-multiple-files-update
+@findex texinfo-multiple-files-update @r{(in brief)}
+Update nodes and menus in a document built from several separate files.
+With @kbd{C-u} as a prefix argument, create and insert a master menu in
+the outer file.  With a numeric prefix argument, such as @kbd{C-u 2}, first
+update all the menus and all the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers
+of all the included files before creating and inserting a master menu in
+the outer file.  The @code{texinfo-multiple-files-update} command is
+described in the appendix on @code{@@include} files.
+@ifinfo
+@xref{texinfo-multiple-files-update}.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+@xref{texinfo-multiple-files-update, ,
+@code{texinfo-multiple-files-update}}.@refill
+@end iftex
+@item M-x texinfo-indent-menu-description
+@findex texinfo-indent-menu-description
+Indent every description in the menu following point to the specified
+column.  You can use this command to give yourself more space for
+descriptions.  With an argument (@kbd{C-u} as prefix argument, if
+interactive), the @code{texinfo-indent-menu-description} command indents
+every description in every menu in the region.  However, this command
+does not indent the second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
+description.@refill
+@item M-x texinfo-sequential-node-update
+@findex texinfo-sequential-node-update
+Insert the names of the nodes immediately following and preceding the
+current node as the `Next' or `Previous' pointers regardless of those
+nodes' hierarchical level.  This means that the `Next' node of a
+subsection may well be the next chapter.  Sequentially ordered nodes are
+useful for novels and other documents that you read through
+sequentially.  (However, in Info, the @code{g* @key{RET}} command lets
+you look through the file sequentially, so sequentially ordered nodes
+are not strictly necessary.)  With an argument (prefix argument, if
+interactive), the @code{texinfo-sequential-node-update} command
+sequentially updates all the nodes in the region.@refill
+@end table
+@node Info Formatting, Printing, Updating Nodes and Menus, Texinfo Mode
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Formatting for Info
+@cindex Formatting for Info
+@cindex Running an Info formatter
+@cindex Info formatting
+Texinfo mode provides several commands for formatting part or all of a
+Texinfo file for Info.  Often, when you are writing a document, you
+want to format only part of a file---that is, a region.@refill
+You can use either the @code{texinfo-format-region} or the
+@code{makeinfo-region} command to format a region:@refill
+@table @kbd
+@findex texinfo-format-region
+@item  C-c C-e C-r
+@itemx M-x texinfo-format-region
+@itemx C-c C-m C-r
+@itemx M-x makeinfo-region
+Format the current region for Info.@refill
+@end table
+You can use either the @code{texinfo-format-buffer} or the
+@code{makeinfo-buffer} command to format a whole buffer:@refill
+@table @kbd
+@findex texinfo-format-buffer
+@item  C-c C-e C-b
+@itemx M-x texinfo-format-buffer
+@itemx C-c C-m C-b
+@itemx M-x makeinfo-buffer
+Format the current buffer for Info.@refill
+@end table
+@need 1000
+For example, after writing a Texinfo file, you can type the following:
+@example
+C-u C-c C-u m
+@exdent or
+C-u M-x texinfo-master-menu
+@end example
+@noindent
+This updates all the nodes and menus.  Then type the following to create
+an Info file:
+@example
+C-c C-m C-b
+@exdent or
+M-x makeinfo-buffer
+@end example
+For the Info formatting commands to work, the file @emph{must} include
+a line that has @code{@@setfilename} in its header.@refill
+Not all systems support the @code{makeinfo}-based formatting commands.@refill
+@xref{Create an Info File}, for details about Info formatting.@refill
+@node Printing, Texinfo Mode Summary, Info Formatting, Texinfo Mode
+@comment node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Formatting and Printing
+@cindex Formatting for printing
+@cindex Printing a region or buffer
+@cindex Region formatting and printing
+@cindex Buffer formatting and printing
+@cindex Part of file formatting and printing
+Typesetting and printing a Texinfo file is a multi-step process in which
+you first create a file for printing (called a @sc{dvi} file), and then
+print the file.  Optionally, you may also create indices.  To do this,
+you must run the @code{texindex} command after first running the
+@code{tex} typesetting command; and then you must run the @code{tex}
+command again.  Or else run the @code{texi2dvi} command which
+automatically creates indices as needed.@refill
+Often, when you are writing a document, you want to typeset and print
+only part of a file to see what it will look like.  You can use the
+@code{texinfo-tex-region} and related commands for this purpose.  Use
+the @code{texinfo-tex-buffer} command to format all of a
+buffer.@refill
+@table @kbd
+@item  C-c C-t C-b
+@itemx M-x texinfo-tex-buffer
+@findex texinfo-tex-buffer
+Run @code{texi2dvi} on the buffer.  In addition to running @TeX{} on the
+buffer, this command automatically creates or updates indices as
+needed.@refill
+@item  C-c C-t C-r
+@itemx M-x texinfo-tex-region
+@findex texinfo-tex-region
+Run @TeX{} on the region.@refill
+@item C-c C-t C-i
+@itemx M-x texinfo-texindex
+Run @code{texindex} to sort the indices of a Texinfo file formatted with
+@code{texinfo-tex-region}.  The @code{texinfo-tex-region} command does
+not run @code{texindex} automatically; it only runs the @code{tex}
+typesetting command.  You must run the @code{texinfo-tex-region} command
+a second time after sorting the raw index files with the @code{texindex}
+command.  (Usually, you do not format an index when you format a region,
+only when you format a buffer.  Now that the @code{texi2dvi} command
+exists, there is no little need for this command.)@refill
+@item C-c C-t C-p
+@itemx M-x texinfo-tex-print
+@findex texinfo-tex-print
+Print the file (or the part of the file) previously formatted with
+@code{texinfo-tex-buffer} or @code{texinfo-tex-region}.@refill
+@end table
+For @code{texinfo-tex-region} or @code{texinfo-tex-buffer} to work, the
+file @emph{must} start with a @samp{\input texinfo} line and must
+include an @code{@@settitle} line.  The file must end with @code{@@bye}
+on a line by itself.  (When you use @code{texinfo-tex-region}, you must
+surround the @code{@@settitle} line with start-of-header and
+end-of-header lines.)@refill
+@xref{Format/Print Hardcopy}, for a description of the other @TeX{} related
+commands, such as @code{tex-show-print-queue}.@refill
+@node Texinfo Mode Summary,  , Printing, Texinfo Mode
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Texinfo Mode Summary
+In Texinfo mode, each set of commands has default keybindings that
+begin with the same keys.  All the commands that are custom-created
+for Texinfo mode begin with @kbd{C-c}.  The keys are somewhat
+mnemonic.@refill
+@subheading Insert Commands
+The insert commands are invoked by typing @kbd{C-c} twice and then the
+first letter of the @@-command to be inserted.  (It might make more
+sense mnemonically to use @kbd{C-c C-i}, for `custom insert', but
+@kbd{C-c C-c} is quick to type.)@refill
+@example
+C-c C-c c       @r{Insert} @samp{@@code}.
+C-c C-c d       @r{Insert} @samp{@@dfn}.
+C-c C-c e       @r{Insert} @samp{@@end}.
+C-c C-c i       @r{Insert} @samp{@@item}.
+C-c C-c n       @r{Insert} @samp{@@node}.
+C-c C-c s       @r{Insert} @samp{@@samp}.
+C-c C-c v       @r{Insert} @samp{@@var}.
+C-c C-c @{       @r{Insert braces.}
+C-c C-c ]
+C-c C-c @}       @r{Move out of enclosing braces.}
+@group
+C-c C-c C-d     @r{Insert a node's section title}
+@r{in the space for the description}
+@r{in a menu entry line.}
+@end group
+@end example
+@subheading Show Structure
+The @code{texinfo-show-structure} command is often used within a
+narrowed region.@refill
+@example
+C-c C-s         @r{List all the headings.}
+@end example
+@subheading The Master Update Command
+The @code{texinfo-master-menu} command creates a master menu; and can
+be used to update every node and menu in a file as well.@refill
+@example
+@group
+C-c C-u m
+M-x texinfo-master-menu
+@r{Create or update a master menu.}
+@end group
+@group
+C-u C-c C-u m   @r{With @kbd{C-u} as a prefix argument, first}
+@r{create or update all nodes and regular}
+@r{menus, and then create a master menu.}
+@end group
+@end example
+@subheading Update Pointers
+The update pointer commands are invoked by typing @kbd{C-c C-u} and
+then either @kbd{C-n} for @code{texinfo-update-node} or @kbd{C-e} for
+@code{texinfo-every-node-update}.@refill
+@example
+C-c C-u C-n     @r{Update a node.}
+C-c C-u C-e     @r{Update every node in the buffer.}
+@end example
+@subheading Update Menus
+Invoke the  update menu commands by typing @kbd{C-c C-u}
+and then either @kbd{C-m} for @code{texinfo-make-menu} or
+@kbd{C-a} for @code{texinfo-all-menus-update}.  To update
+both nodes and menus at the same time, precede @kbd{C-c C-u
+C-a} with @kbd{C-u}.@refill
+@example
+C-c C-u C-m     @r{Make or update a menu.}
+@group
+C-c C-u C-a     @r{Make or update all}
+@r{menus in a buffer.}
+@end group
+@group
+C-u C-c C-u C-a @r{With @kbd{C-u} as a prefix argument,}
+@r{first create or update all nodes and}
+@r{then create or update all menus.}
+@end group
+@end example
+@subheading Format for Info
+The Info formatting commands that are written in Emacs Lisp are
+invoked by typing @kbd{C-c C-e} and then either @kbd{C-r} for a region
+or @kbd{C-b} for the whole buffer.@refill
+The Info formatting commands that are written in C and based on the
+@code{makeinfo} program are invoked by typing @kbd{C-c C-m} and then
+either @kbd{C-r} for a region or @kbd{C-b} for the whole buffer.@refill
+@need 800
+@noindent
+Use the @code{texinfo-format@dots{}} commands:
+@example
+@group
+C-c C-e C-r     @r{Format the region.}
+C-c C-e C-b     @r{Format the buffer.}
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 750
+@noindent
+Use @code{makeinfo}:
+@example
+C-c C-m C-r     @r{Format the region.}
+C-c C-m C-b     @r{Format the buffer.}
+C-c C-m C-l     @r{Recenter the @code{makeinfo} output buffer.}
+C-c C-m C-k     @r{Kill the @code{makeinfo} formatting job.}
+@end example
+@subheading Typeset and Print
+The @TeX{} typesetting and printing commands are invoked by typing
+@kbd{C-c C-t} and then another control command: @kbd{C-r} for
+@code{texinfo-tex-region}, @kbd{C-b} for @code{texinfo-tex-buffer},
+and so on.@refill
+@example
+C-c C-t C-r     @r{Run @TeX{} on the region.}
+C-c C-t C-b     @r{Run} @code{texi2dvi} @r{on the buffer.}
+C-c C-t C-i     @r{Run} @code{texindex}.
+C-c C-t C-p     @r{Print the @sc{dvi} file.}
+C-c C-t C-q     @r{Show the print queue.}
+C-c C-t C-d     @r{Delete a job from the print queue.}
+C-c C-t C-k     @r{Kill the current @TeX{} formatting job.}
+C-c C-t C-x     @r{Quit a currently stopped @TeX{} formatting job.}
+C-c C-t C-l     @r{Recenter the output buffer.}
+@end example
+@subheading Other Updating Commands
+The `other updating commands' do not have standard keybindings because
+they are rarely used.
+@example
+@group
+M-x texinfo-insert-node-lines
+@r{Insert missing @code{@@node} lines in region.}
+@r{With @kbd{C-u} as a prefix argument,}
+@r{use section titles as node names.}
+@end group
+@group
+M-x texinfo-multiple-files-update
+@r{Update a multi-file document.}
+@r{With @kbd{C-u 2} as a prefix argument,}
+@r{create or update all nodes and menus}
+@r{in all included files first.}
+@end group
+@group
+M-x texinfo-indent-menu-description
+@r{Indent descriptions.}
+@end group
+@group
+M-x texinfo-sequential-node-update
+@r{Insert node pointers in strict sequence.}
+@end group
+@end example
+@node Beginning a File, Ending a File, Texinfo Mode, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Beginning a Texinfo File
+@cindex Beginning a Texinfo file
+@cindex Texinfo file beginning
+@cindex File beginning
+Certain pieces of information must be provided at the beginning of a
+Texinfo file, such as the name of the file and the title of the
+document.@refill
+@menu
+* Four Parts::                  Four parts begin a Texinfo file.
+* Sample Beginning::            Here is a sample beginning for a Texinfo file.
+* Header::                      The very beginning of a Texinfo file.
+* Info Summary and Permissions::  Summary and copying permissions for Info.
+* Titlepage & Copyright Page::  Creating the title and copyright pages.
+* The Top Node::                Creating the `Top' node and master menu.
+* Software Copying Permissions::  Ensure that you and others continue to
+have the right to use and share software.
+@end menu
+@node Four Parts, Sample Beginning, Beginning a File, Beginning a File
+@ifinfo
+@heading Four Parts Begin a File
+@end ifinfo
+Generally, the beginning of a Texinfo file has four parts:@refill
+@enumerate
+@item
+The header, delimited by special comment lines, that includes the
+commands for naming the Texinfo file and telling @TeX{} what
+definitions' file to use when processing the Texinfo file.@refill
+@item
+A short statement of what the file is about, with a copyright notice
+and copying permissions.  This is enclosed in @code{@@ifinfo} and
+@code{@@end ifinfo} commands so that the formatters place it only
+in the Info file.@refill
+@item
+A title page and copyright page, with a copyright notice and copying
+permissions.  This is enclosed between @code{@@titlepage} and
+@code{@@end titlepage} commands.  The title and copyright page appear
+only in the printed @w{manual}.@refill
+@item
+The `Top' node that contains a menu for the whole Info file.  The
+contents of this node appear only in the Info file.@refill
+@end enumerate
+Also, optionally, you may include the copying conditions for a program
+and a warranty disclaimer.  The copying section will be followed by an
+introduction or else by the first chapter of the manual.@refill
+Since the copyright notice and copying permissions for the Texinfo
+document (in contrast to the copying permissions for a program) are in
+parts that appear only in the Info file or only in the printed manual,
+this information must be given twice.@refill
+@node Sample Beginning, Header, Four Parts, Beginning a File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Sample Texinfo File Beginning
+The following sample shows what is needed.@refill
+@example
+\input texinfo   @@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@@c %**start of header
+@@setfilename @var{name-of-info-file}
+@@settitle @var{name-of-manual}
+@@setchapternewpage odd
+@@c %**end of header
+@@ifinfo
+This file documents @dots{}
+Copyright @var{year} @var{copyright-owner}
+@group
+Permission is granted to @dots{}
+@@end ifinfo
+@end group
+@group
+@@c  This title page illustrates only one of the
+@@c  two methods of forming a title page.
+@end group
+@group
+@@titlepage
+@@title @var{name-of-manual-when-printed}
+@@subtitle @var{subtitle-if-any}
+@@subtitle @var{second-subtitle}
+@@author @var{author}
+@end group
+@group
+@@c  The following two commands
+@@c  start the copyright page.
+@@page
+@@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+Copyright @@copyright@{@} @var{year} @var{copyright-owner}
+@end group
+Published by @dots{}
+Permission is granted to @dots{}
+@@end titlepage
+@@node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir)
+@@ifinfo
+This document describes @dots{}
+This document applies to version @dots{}
+of the program named @dots{}
+@@end ifinfo
+@group
+@@menu
+* Copying::          Your rights and freedoms.
+* First Chapter::    Getting started @dots{}
+* Second Chapter::              @dots{}
+@dots{}
+@dots{}
+@@end menu
+@end group
+@group
+@@node    First Chapter, Second Chapter, top,      top
+@@comment node-name,     next,           previous, up
+@@chapter First Chapter
+@@cindex Index entry for First Chapter
+@end group
+@end example
+@node Header, Info Summary and Permissions, Sample Beginning, Beginning a File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section The Texinfo File Header
+@cindex Header for Texinfo files
+@cindex Texinfo file header
+Texinfo files start with at least three lines that provide Info and
+@TeX{} with necessary information.  These are the @code{\input
+texinfo} line, the @code{@@settitle} line, and the
+@code{@@setfilename} line.  If you want to run @TeX{} on just a part
+of the Texinfo File, you must write the @code{@@settitle}
+and @code{@@setfilename} lines between start-of-header and end-of-header
+lines.@refill
+Thus, the beginning of a Texinfo file looks like this:
+@example
+@group
+\input texinfo   @@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@@setfilename sample.info
+@@settitle Sample Document
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+or else like this:
+@example
+@group
+\input texinfo   @@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@@c %**start of header
+@@setfilename sample.info
+@@settitle Sample Document
+@@c %**end of header
+@end group
+@end example
+@menu
+* First Line::                  The first line of a Texinfo file.
+* Start of Header::             Formatting a region requires this.
+* setfilename::                 Tell Info the name of the Info file.
+* settitle::                    Create a title for the printed work.
+* setchapternewpage::           Start chapters on right-hand pages.
+* paragraphindent::             An option to specify paragraph indentation.
+* End of Header::               Formatting a region requires this.
+@end menu
+@node First Line, Start of Header, Header, Header
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection The First Line of a Texinfo File
+@cindex First line of a Texinfo file
+@cindex Beginning line of a Texinfo file
+@cindex Header of a Texinfo file
+Every Texinfo file that is to be the top-level input to @TeX{} must begin
+with a line that looks like this:@refill
+@example
+\input texinfo   @@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@end example
+@noindent
+This line serves two functions:
+@enumerate
+@item
+When the file is processed by @TeX{}, the @code{\input texinfo} command
+tells @TeX{} to load the macros needed for processing a Texinfo file.
+These are in a file called @file{texinfo.tex}, which is usually located
+in the @file{/usr/lib/tex/macros} directory.  @TeX{} uses the backslash,
+@samp{\}, to mark the beginning of a command, just as Texinfo uses
+@code{@@}.  The @file{texinfo.tex} file causes the switch from @samp{\}
+to @samp{@@}; before the switch occurs, @TeX{} requires @samp{\}, which
+is why it appears at the beginning of the file.@refill
+@item
+When the file is edited in GNU Emacs, the @samp{-*-texinfo-*-} mode
+specification tells Emacs to use Texinfo mode.@refill
+@end enumerate
+@node Start of Header, setfilename, First Line, Header
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection Start of Header
+@cindex Start of header line
+Write a start-of-header line on the second line of a Texinfo file.
+Follow the start-of-header line with @code{@@setfilename} and
+@code{@@settitle} lines and, optionally, with other command lines, such
+as @code{@@smallbook} or @code{@@footnotestyle}; and then by an
+end-of-header line (@pxref{End of Header}).@refill
+With these lines, you can format part of a Texinfo file for Info or
+typeset part for printing.@refill
+A start-of-header line looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@@c %**start of header
+@end example
+The odd string of characters, @samp{%**}, is to ensure that no other
+comment is accidentally taken for a start-of-header line.@refill
+@node setfilename, settitle, Start of Header, Header
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@setfilename}
+@cindex Info file requires @code{@@setfilename}
+@findex setfilename
+In order to be made into an Info file, a Texinfo file must contain a line
+that looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@@setfilename @var{info-file-name}
+@end example
+Write the @code{@@setfilename} command at the beginning of a line and
+follow it on the same line by the Info file name.  Do not write
+anything else on the line; anything on the line after the command is
+considered part of the file name, including a comment.@refill
+The @code{@@setfilename} line specifies the name of the Info file to be
+generated.  This name should be different from the name of the Texinfo
+file.  The convention is to write a name with a @samp{.info} extension,
+to produce an Info file name such as @file{texinfo.info}.@refill
+Some operating systems cannot handle long file names.  You can run into
+a problem even when the file name you specify is itself short enough.
+This occurs because the Info formatters split a long Info file into
+short indirect subfiles, and name them by appending `-1', `-2', @dots{},
+`-10', `-11', and so on, to the original file name.  (@xref{Tag and
+Split Files, , Tag Files and Split Files}.)  The subfile name
+@file{texinfo.info-10}, for example, is too long for some systems; so
+the Info file name for this document is actually @file{texinfo} rather than
+@file{texinfo.info}.@refill
+The Info formatting commands ignore everything written before the
+@code{@@setfilename} line, which is why the very first line of
+the file (the @code{\input} line) does not need to be commented out.
+The @code{@@setfilename} line is ignored when you typeset a printed
+manual.@refill
+@node settitle, setchapternewpage, setfilename, Header
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@settitle}
+@findex settitle
+In order to be made into a printed manual, a Texinfo file must contain
+a line that looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@@settitle @var{title}
+@end example
+Write the @code{@@settitle} command at the beginning of a line and
+follow it on the same line by the title.  This tells @TeX{} the title
+to use in a header or footer.  Do not write anything else on the line;
+anything on the line after the command is considered part of the
+title, including a comment.@refill
+Conventionally, when @TeX{} formats a Texinfo file for double-sided
+output, the title is printed in the left-hand (even-numbered) page
+headings and the current chapter title is printed in the right-hand
+(odd-numbered) page headings.  (@TeX{} learns the title of each chapter
+from each @code{@@chapter} command.)  Page footers are not
+printed.@refill
+Even if you are printing in a single-sided style, @TeX{} looks for an
+@code{@@settitle} command line, in case you include the manual title
+in the heading. @refill
+The @code{@@settitle} command should precede everything that generates
+actual output in @TeX{}.@refill
+Although the title in the @code{@@settitle} command is usually the
+same as the title on the title page, it does not affect the title as
+it appears on the title page.  Thus, the two do not need not match
+exactly;  and the title in the @code{@@settitle} command can be a
+shortened or expanded version of the title as it appears on the title
+page. (@xref{titlepage, , @code{@@titlepage}}.)@refill
+@TeX{} prints page headings only for that text that comes after the
+@code{@@end titlepage} command in the Texinfo file, or that comes
+after an @code{@@headings} command that turns on headings.
+(@xref{headings on off, , The @code{@@headings} Command}, for more
+information.)@refill
+You may, if you wish, create your own, customized headings and
+footings.  @xref{Headings, , Page Headings}, for a detailed discussion
+of this process.@refill
+@node setchapternewpage, paragraphindent, settitle, Header
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@setchapternewpage}
+@cindex Starting chapters
+@cindex Pages, starting odd
+@findex setchapternewpage
+In a book or a manual, text is usually printed on both sides of the
+paper, chapters start on right-hand pages, and right-hand pages have
+odd numbers.  But in short reports, text often is printed only on one
+side of the paper.  Also in short reports, chapters sometimes do not
+start on new pages, but are printed on the same page as the end of the
+preceding chapter, after a small amount of vertical whitespace.@refill
+You can use the @code{@@setchapternewpage} command with various
+arguments to specify how @TeX{} should start chapters and whether it
+should typeset pages for printing on one or both sides of the paper
+(single-sided or double-sided printing).@refill
+Write the @code{@@setchapternewpage} command at the beginning of a
+line followed by its argument.@refill
+For example, you would write the following to cause each chapter to
+start on a fresh odd-numbered page:@refill
+@example
+@@setchapternewpage odd
+@end example
+You can specify one of three alternatives with the
+@code{@@setchapternewpage} command:@refill
+@table @asis
+@ignore
+@item No @code{@@setchapternewpage} command
+If the Texinfo file does not contain an @code{@@setchapternewpage}
+command before the @code{@@titlepage} command, @TeX{} automatically
+begins chapters on new pages and prints headings in the standard
+format for single-sided printing.  This is the conventional format for
+single-sided printing.@refill
+The result is exactly the same as when you write
+@code{@@setchapternewpage on}.@refill
+@end ignore
+@item @code{@@setchapternewpage off}
+Cause @TeX{} to typeset a new chapter on the same page as the last
+chapter, after skipping some vertical whitespace.  Also, cause @TeX{} to
+format page headers for single-sided printing. (You can override the
+headers format with the @code{@@headings double} command; see
+@ref{headings on off, , The @code{@@headings} Command}.)@refill
+@item @code{@@setchapternewpage on}
+Cause @TeX{} to start new chapters on new pages and to typeset page
+headers for single-sided printing.  This is the form most often
+used for short reports.@refill
+This alternative is the default.@refill
+@item @code{@@setchapternewpage odd}
+Cause @TeX{} to start new chapters on new, odd-numbered pages
+(right-handed pages) and to typeset for double-sided printing.  This is
+the form most often used for books and manuals.@refill
+@end table
+@noindent
+Texinfo does not have an @code{@@setchapternewpage even} command.@refill
+@noindent
+(You can countermand or modify an @code{@@setchapternewpage} command
+with an @code{@@headings} command.  @xref{headings on off, , The
+@code{@@headings} Command}.)@refill
+At the beginning of a manual or book, pages are not numbered---for
+example, the title and copyright pages of a book are not numbered.
+By convention, table of contents pages are numbered with roman
+numerals and not in sequence with the rest of the document.@refill
+Since an Info file does not have pages, the @code{@@setchapternewpage}
+command has no effect on it.@refill
+Usually, you do not write an @code{@@setchapternewpage} command for
+single-sided printing, but accept the default which is to typeset for
+single-sided printing and to start new chapters on new pages.  Usually,
+you write an @code{@@setchapternewpage odd} command for double-sided
+printing.@refill
+@node paragraphindent, End of Header, setchapternewpage, Header
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection Paragraph Indenting
+@cindex Indenting paragraphs
+@cindex Paragraph indentation
+@findex paragraphindent
+The Info formatting commands may insert spaces at the beginning of the
+first line of each paragraph, thereby indenting that paragraph.  You
+can use the @code{@@paragraphindent} command to specify the
+indentation.  Write an @code{@@paragraphindent} command at the
+beginning of a line followed by either @samp{asis} or a number.  The
+template is:@refill
+@example
+@@paragraphindent @var{indent}
+@end example
+The Info formatting commands indent according to the value of
+@var{indent}:@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+If the value of @var{indent} is @samp{asis}, the Info formatting
+commands do not change the existing indentation.@refill
+@item
+If the value of @var{indent} is 0, the Info formatting commands delete
+existing indentation.@refill
+@item
+If the value of @var{indent} is greater than 0, the Info formatting
+commands indent the paragraph by that number of spaces.@refill
+@end itemize
+The default value of @var{indent} is @samp{asis}.@refill
+Write the @code{@@paragraphindent} command before or shortly after the
+end-of-header line at the beginning of a Texinfo file.  (If you write
+the command between the start-of-header and end-of-header lines, the
+region formatting commands indent paragraphs as specified.)@refill
+A peculiarity of the @code{texinfo-format-buffer} and
+@code{texinfo-format-region} commands is that they do not indent (nor
+fill) paragraphs that contain @code{@@w} or @code{@@*} commands.
+@xref{Refilling Paragraphs}, for a detailed description of what goes
+on.@refill
+@node End of Header,  , paragraphindent, Header
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection  End of Header
+@cindex End of header line
+Follow the header lines with an @w{end-of-header} line.
+An end-of-header line looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@@c %**end of header
+@end example
+If you include the @code{@@setchapternewpage} command between the
+start-of-header and end-of-header lines, @TeX{} will typeset a region as
+that command specifies.  Similarly, if you include an @code{@@smallbook}
+command between the start-of-header and end-of-header lines, @TeX{} will
+typeset a region in the ``small'' book format.@refill
+@ifinfo
+The reason for the odd string of characters (@samp{%**}) is so that the
+@code{texinfo-tex-region} command does not accidentally find
+something that it should not when it is looking for the header.@refill
+The start-of-header line and the end-of-header line are Texinfo mode
+variables that you can change.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+@xref{Start of Header}.
+@end iftex
+@node Info Summary and Permissions, Titlepage & Copyright Page, Header, Beginning a File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Summary and Copying Permissions for Info
+The title page and the copyright page appear only in the printed copy of
+the manual; therefore, the same information must be inserted in a
+section that appears only in the Info file.  This section usually
+contains a brief description of the contents of the Info file, a
+copyright notice, and copying permissions.@refill
+The copyright notice should read:@refill
+@example
+Copyright @var{year} @var{copyright-owner}
+@end example
+@noindent
+and be put on a line by itself.@refill
+Standard text for the copyright permissions is contained in an appendix
+to this manual; see @ref{ifinfo Permissions, , @samp{ifinfo} Copying
+Permissions}, for the complete text.@refill
+The permissions text appears in an Info file @emph{before} the first
+node.  This mean that a reader does @emph{not} see this text when
+reading the file using Info, except when using the advanced Info command
+@kbd{g *}.
+@node Titlepage & Copyright Page, The Top Node, Info Summary and Permissions, Beginning a File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section The Title and Copyright Pages
+A manual's name and author are usually printed on a title page.
+Sometimes copyright information is printed on the title page as well;
+more often, copyright information is printed on the back of the title
+page.
+The title and copyright pages appear in the printed manual, but not in the
+Info file.  Because of this, it is possible to use several slightly
+obscure @TeX{} typesetting commands that cannot be used in an Info file.
+In addition, this part of the beginning of a Texinfo file contains the text
+of the copying permissions that will appear in the printed manual.@refill
+@xref{Titlepage Permissions, , Titlepage Copying Permissions}, for the
+standard text for the copyright permissions.@refill
+@menu
+* titlepage::                   Create a title for the printed document.
+* titlefont center sp::         The @code{@@titlefont}, @code{@@center},
+and @code{@@sp} commands.
+* title subtitle author::       The @code{@@title}, @code{@@subtitle},
+and @code{@@author} commands.
+* Copyright & Permissions::     How to write the copyright notice and
+include copying permissions.
+* end titlepage::               Turn on page headings after the title and
+copyright pages.
+* headings on off::             An option for turning headings on and off
+and double or single sided printing.
+@end menu
+@node titlepage, titlefont center sp, Titlepage & Copyright Page, Titlepage & Copyright Page
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@titlepage}
+@cindex Title page
+@findex titlepage
+Start the material for the title page and following copyright page
+with @code{@@titlepage} on a line by itself and end it with
+@code{@@end titlepage} on a line by itself.@refill
+The @code{@@end titlepage} command starts a new page and turns on page
+numbering. (@xref{Headings, , Page Headings}, for details about how to
+generate of page headings.)  All the material that you want to
+appear on unnumbered pages should be put between the
+@code{@@titlepage} and @code{@@end titlepage} commands.  By using the
+@code{@@page} command you can force a page break within the region
+delineated by the @code{@@titlepage} and @code{@@end titlepage}
+commands and thereby create more than one unnumbered page.  This is
+how the copyright page is produced.  (The @code{@@titlepage} command
+might perhaps have been better named the
+@code{@@titleandadditionalpages} command, but that would have been
+rather long!)@refill
+@c !!! append refill to footnote when makeinfo can handle it.
+When you write a manual about a computer program, you should write the
+version of the program to which the manual applies on the title
+page.  If the manual changes more frequently than the program or is
+independent of it, you should also include an edition
+number@footnote{We have found that it is helpful to refer to versions
+of manuals as `editions' and versions of programs as `versions';
+otherwise, we find we are liable to confuse each other in conversation
+by referring to both the documentation and the software with the same
+words.} for the manual.  This helps readers keep track of which manual
+is for which version of the program.  (The `Top' node
+should also contain this information; see @ref{makeinfo top, ,
+@code{@@top}}.)@refill
+Texinfo provides two methods for creating a title page.  One method
+uses the @code{@@titlefont}, @code{@@sp}, and @code{@@center} commands
+to generate a title page in which the words on the page are
+centered.@refill
+The second method uses the @code{@@title}, @code{@@subtitle}, and
+@code{@@author} commands to create a title page with black rules under
+the title and author lines and the subtitle text set flush to the
+right hand side of the page.  With this method, you do not specify any
+of the actual formatting of the title page.  You specify the text
+you want, and Texinfo does the formatting.  You may use either
+method.@refill
+@node titlefont center sp, title subtitle author, titlepage, Titlepage & Copyright Page
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@titlefont}, @code{@@center}, and @code{@@sp}
+@findex titlefont
+@findex center
+@findex sp @r{(titlepage line spacing)}
+You can use the @code{@@titlefont}, @code{@@sp}, and @code{@@center}
+commands to create a title page for a printed document.  (This is the
+first of the two methods for creating a title page in Texinfo.)@refill
+Use the @code{@@titlefont} command to select a large font suitable for
+the title itself.@refill
+@need 700
+For example:
+@example
+@@titlefont@{Texinfo@}
+@end example
+Use the @code{@@center} command at the beginning of a line to center
+the remaining text on that line.  Thus,@refill
+@example
+@@center @@titlefont@{Texinfo@}
+@end example
+@noindent
+centers the title, which in this example is ``Texinfo'' printed
+in the title font.@refill
+Use the @code{@@sp} command to insert vertical space.  For example:@refill
+@example
+@@sp 2
+@end example
+@noindent
+This inserts two blank lines on the printed page.  (@xref{sp, ,
+@code{@@sp}}, for more information about the @code{@@sp}
+command.)@refill
+A template for this method looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@titlepage
+@@sp 10
+@@center @@titlefont@{@var{name-of-manual-when-printed}@}
+@@sp 2
+@@center @var{subtitle-if-any}
+@@sp 2
+@@center @var{author}
+@dots{}
+@@end titlepage
+@end group
+@end example
+The spacing of the example fits an 8 1/2 by 11 inch manual.@refill
+@node title subtitle author, Copyright & Permissions, titlefont center sp, Titlepage & Copyright Page
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@title}, @code{@@subtitle}, and @code{@@author}
+@findex title
+@findex subtitle
+@findex author
+You can use the @code{@@title}, @code{@@subtitle}, and @code{@@author}
+commands to create a title page in which the vertical and horizontal
+spacing is done for you automatically.  This contrasts with the method
+described in
+the previous section, in which the @code{@@sp} command is needed to
+adjust vertical spacing.@refill
+Write the @code{@@title}, @code{@@subtitle}, or @code{@@author}
+commands at the beginning of a line followed by the title, subtitle,
+or author.@refill
+The @code{@@title} command produces a line in which the title is set
+flush to the left-hand side of the page in a larger than normal font.
+The title is underlined with a black rule.@refill
+The @code{@@subtitle} command sets subtitles in a normal-sized font
+flush to the right-hand side of the page.@refill
+The @code{@@author} command sets the names of the author or authors in
+a middle-sized font flush to the left-hand side of the page on a line
+near the bottom of the title page.  The names are underlined with a
+black rule that is thinner than the rule that underlines the title.
+(The black rule only occurs if the @code{@@author} command line is
+followed by an @code{@@page} command line.)@refill
+There are two ways to use the @code{@@author} command: you can write
+the name or names on the remaining part of the line that starts with
+an @code{@@author} command:@refill
+@example
+@@author by Jane Smith and John Doe
+@end example
+@noindent
+or you can write the names one above each other by using two (or more)
+@code{@@author} commands:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@author Jane Smith
+@@author John Doe
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+(Only the bottom name is underlined with a black rule.)@refill
+@need 950
+A template for this method looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@titlepage
+@@title @var{name-of-manual-when-printed}
+@@subtitle @var{subtitle-if-any}
+@@subtitle @var{second-subtitle}
+@@author @var{author}
+@@page
+@dots{}
+@@end titlepage
+@end group
+@end example
+@ifinfo
+@noindent
+Contrast this form with the form of a title page written using the
+@code{@@sp}, @code{@@center}, and @code{@@titlefont} commands:@refill
+@example
+@@titlepage
+@@sp 10
+@@center @@titlefont@{Name of Manual When Printed@}
+@@sp 2
+@@center Subtitle, If Any
+@@sp 1
+@@center Second subtitle
+@@sp 2
+@@center Author
+@@page
+@dots{}
+@@end titlepage
+@end example
+@end ifinfo
+@node Copyright & Permissions, end titlepage, title subtitle author, Titlepage & Copyright Page
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection Copyright Page and Permissions
+@cindex Copyright page
+@cindex Printed permissions
+@cindex Permissions, printed
+By international treaty, the copyright notice for a book should be
+either on the title page or on the back of the title page.  The
+copyright notice should include the year followed by the name of the
+organization or person who owns the copyright.@refill
+When the copyright notice is on the back of the title page, that page
+is customarily not numbered.  Therefore, in Texinfo, the information
+on the copyright page should be within @code{@@titlepage} and
+@code{@@end titlepage} commands.@refill
+@findex vskip
+@findex filll
+@cindex Vertical whitespace (@samp{vskip})
+Use the @code{@@page} command to cause a page break.  To push the
+copyright notice and the other text on the copyright page towards the
+bottom of the page, you can write a somewhat mysterious line after the
+@code{@@page} command that reads like this:@refill
+@example
+@@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+@end example
+@noindent
+This is a @TeX{} command that is not supported by the Info formatting
+commands.  The @code{@@vskip} command inserts whitespace.  The
+@samp{0pt plus 1filll} means to put in zero points of mandatory whitespace,
+and as much optional whitespace as needed to push the
+following text to the bottom of the page.  Note the use of three
+@samp{l}s in the word @samp{filll}; this is the correct usage in
+@TeX{}.@refill
+@findex copyright
+In a printed manual, the @code{@@copyright@{@}} command generates a
+@samp{c} inside a circle.  (In Info, it generates @samp{(C)}.)  The
+copyright notice itself has the following legally defined sequence:@refill
+@example
+Copyright @copyright{} @var{year} @var{copyright-owner}
+@end example
+It is customary to put information on how to get a manual after the
+copyright notice, followed by the copying permissions for the
+manual.@refill
+Note that permissions must be given here as well as in the summary
+segment within @code{@@ifinfo} and @code{@@end ifinfo} that
+immediately follows the header since this text appears only in the
+printed manual and the @samp{ifinfo} text appears only in the Info
+file.@refill
+@xref{Sample Permissions}, for the standard text.@refill
+@node end titlepage, headings on off, Copyright & Permissions, Titlepage & Copyright Page
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection Heading Generation
+@findex end titlepage
+@cindex Headings, page, begin to appear
+@cindex Titlepage end starts headings
+@cindex End titlepage starts headings
+An @code{@@end titlepage} command on a line by itself not only marks
+the end of the title and copyright pages, but also causes @TeX{} to start
+generating page headings and page numbers.
+To repeat what is said elsewhere,  Texinfo has two standard page heading
+formats, one for documents which are printed on one side of each sheet of paper
+(single-sided printing), and the other for documents which are printed on both
+sides of each sheet (double-sided printing).
+(@xref{setchapternewpage, ,@code{@@setchapternewpage}}.)
+You can specify these formats in different ways:@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The conventional way is to write an @code{@@setchapternewpage} command
+before the title page commands, and then have the @code{@@end
+titlepage} command start generating page headings in the manner desired.
+(@xref{setchapternewpage, , @code{@@setchapternewpage}}.)@refill
+@item
+Alternatively, you can use the @code{@@headings} command to prevent page
+headings from being generated or to start them for either single or
+double-sided printing.  (Write an @code{@@headings} command immediately
+after the @code{@@end titlepage} command.  @xref{headings on off, , The
+@code{@@headings} Command}, for more information.)@refill
+@item
+Or, you may specify your own page heading and footing format.
+@xref{Headings, , Page Headings}, for detailed
+information about page headings and footings.@refill
+@end itemize
+Most documents are formatted with the standard single-sided or
+double-sided format, using @code{@@setchapternewpage odd} for
+double-sided printing and no @code{@@setchapternewpage} command for
+single-sided printing.@refill
+@node headings on off,  , end titlepage, Titlepage & Copyright Page
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection The @code{@@headings} Command
+@findex headings
+The @code{@@headings} command is rarely used.  It specifies what kind of
+page headings and footings to print on each page.  Usually, this is
+controlled by the @code{@@setchapternewpage} command.  You need the
+@code{@@headings} command only if the @code{@@setchapternewpage} command
+does not do what you want, or if you want to turn off pre-defined page
+headings prior to defining your own.  Write an @code{@@headings} command
+immediately after the @code{@@end titlepage} command.@refill
+There are four ways to use the @code{@@headings} command:@refill
+@table @code
+@item @@headings off
+Turn off printing of page headings.@refill
+@item @@headings single
+Turn on page headings appropriate for single-sided printing.
+@refill
+@item @@headings double
+@itemx @@headings on
+Turn on page headings appropriate for double-sided printing.  The two
+commands, @code{@@headings on} and @code{@@headings double}, are
+synonymous.@refill
+@end table
+For example, suppose you write @code{@@setchapternewpage off} before the
+@code{@@titlepage} command to tell @TeX{} to start a new chapter on the
+same page as the end of the last chapter.  This command also causes
+@TeX{} to typeset page headers for single-sided printing.  To cause
+@TeX{} to typeset for double sided printing, write @code{@@headings
+double} after the @code{@@end titlepage} command.
+You can stop @TeX{} from generating any page headings at all by
+writing @code{@@headings off} on a line of its own immediately after the
+line containing the @code{@@end titlepage} command, like this:@refill
+@example
+@@end titlepage
+@@headings off
+@end example
+@noindent
+The @code{@@headings off} command overrides the @code{@@end titlepage}
+command, which would otherwise cause @TeX{} to print page
+headings.@refill
+You can also specify your own style of page heading and footing.
+@xref{Headings, , Page Headings}, for more information.@refill
+@node The Top Node, Software Copying Permissions, Titlepage & Copyright Page, Beginning a File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section The `Top' Node and Master Menu
+@cindex @samp{@r{Top}} node
+@cindex Master menu
+@cindex Node, `Top'
+The `Top' node is the node from which you enter an Info file.@refill
+A `Top' node should contain a brief description of the Info file and an
+extensive, master menu for the whole Info file.
+This helps the reader understand what the Info file is
+about.  Also, you should write the version number of the program to
+which the Info file applies; or, at least, the edition number.@refill
+The contents of the `Top' node should appear only in the Info file; none
+of it should appear in printed output, so enclose it between
+@code{@@ifinfo} and @code{@@end ifinfo} commands.  (@TeX{} does not
+print either an @code{@@node} line or a menu; they appear only in Info;
+strictly speaking, you are not required to enclose these parts between
+@code{@@ifinfo} and @code{@@end ifinfo}, but it is simplest to do so.
+@xref{Conditionals, , Conditionally Visible Text}.)@refill
+@menu
+* Title of Top Node::           Sketch what the file is about.
+* Master Menu Parts::           A master menu has three or more parts.
+@end menu
+@node Title of Top Node, Master Menu Parts, The Top Node, The Top Node
+@ifinfo
+@subheading `Top' Node Title
+@end ifinfo
+Sometimes, you will want to place an @code{@@top} sectioning command
+line containing the title of the document immediately after the
+@code{@@node Top} line (@pxref{makeinfo top command, , The @code{@@top}
+Sectioning Command}, for more information).@refill
+For example, the beginning of the Top node of this manual contains an
+@code{@@top} sectioning command, a short description, and edition and
+version information.  It looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@dots{}
+@@end titlepage
+@@ifinfo
+@@node Top, Copying, (dir), (dir)
+@@top Texinfo
+Texinfo is a documentation system@dots{}
+@end group
+@group
+This is edition@dots{}
+@dots{}
+@@end ifinfo
+@end group
+@group
+@@menu
+* Copying::                 Texinfo is freely
+redistributable.
+* Overview::                What is Texinfo?
+@dots{}
+@end group
+@@end menu
+@end example
+In a `Top' node, the `Previous', and `Up' nodes usually refer to the top
+level directory of the whole Info system, which is called @samp{(dir)}.
+The `Next' node refers to the first node that follows the main or master
+menu, which is usually the copying permissions, introduction, or first
+chapter.@refill
+@node Master Menu Parts,  , Title of Top Node, The Top Node
+@subsection Parts of a Master Menu
+@cindex Master menu parts
+@cindex Parts of a master menu
+A @dfn{master menu} is a detailed main menu listing all the nodes in a
+file.
+A master menu is enclosed in @code{@@menu} and @code{@@end menu}
+commands and does not appear in the printed document.@refill
+Generally, a master menu is divided into parts.@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The first part contains the major nodes in the Texinfo file: the nodes
+for the chapters, chapter-like sections, and the appendices.@refill
+@item
+The second part contains nodes for the indices.@refill
+@item
+The third and subsequent parts contain a listing of the other, lower
+level nodes, often ordered by chapter.  This way, rather than go
+through an intermediary menu, an inquirer can go directly to a
+particular node when searching for specific information.  These menu
+items are not required; add them if you think they are a
+convenience.@refill
+@end itemize
+Each section in the menu can be introduced by a descriptive line.  So
+long as the line does not begin with an asterisk, it will not be
+treated as a menu entry.  (@xref{Writing a Menu}, for more
+information.)@refill
+For example, the master menu for this manual looks like the following
+(but has many more entries):@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@menu
+* Copying::             Texinfo is freely
+redistributable.
+* Overview::            What is Texinfo?
+* Texinfo Mode::        Special features in GNU Emacs.
+@dots{}
+@dots{}
+@end group
+@group
+* Command and Variable Index::
+An entry for each @@-command.
+* Concept Index::       An entry for each concept.
+@end group
+@group
+--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
+Overview of Texinfo
+* Info Files::          What is an Info file?
+* Printed Manuals::     Characteristics of
+a printed manual.
+@dots{}
+@dots{}
+@end group
+@group
+Using Texinfo Mode
+* Info on a Region::    Formatting part of a file
+for Info.
+@dots{}
+@dots{}
+@@end menu
+@end group
+@end example
+@node Software Copying Permissions,  , The Top Node, Beginning a File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Software Copying Permissions
+@cindex Software copying permissions
+@cindex Copying software
+@cindex Distribution
+@cindex License agreement
+If the Texinfo file has a section containing the ``General Public
+License'' and the distribution information and a warranty disclaimer
+for the software that is documented, this section usually follows the
+`Top' node.  The General Public License is very important to Project
+GNU software.  It ensures that you and others will continue to have a
+right to use and share the software.@refill
+The copying and distribution information and the disclaimer are
+followed by an introduction or else by the first chapter of the
+manual.@refill
+@cindex Introduction, as part of file
+Although an introduction is not a required part of a Texinfo file, it
+is very helpful.  Ideally, it should state clearly and concisely what
+the file is about and who would be interested in reading it.  In
+general, an introduction would follow the licensing and distribution
+information, although sometimes people put it earlier in the document.
+Usually, an introduction is put in an @code{@@unnumbered} section.
+(@xref{unnumbered & appendix, , The @code{@@unnumbered} and
+@code{@@appendix} Commands}.)@refill
+@node Ending a File, Structuring, Beginning a File, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Ending a Texinfo File
+@cindex Ending a Texinfo file
+@cindex Texinfo file ending
+@cindex File ending
+@findex bye
+The end of a Texinfo file should include the commands that create
+indices and generate detailed and summary tables of contents.
+And it must include the @code{@@bye} command that marks the last line
+processed by @TeX{}.@refill
+@need 700
+For example:
+@example
+@@node    Concept Index,     , Variables Index, Top
+@@c        node-name,    next, previous,        up
+@@unnumbered Concept Index
+@@printindex cp
+@@contents
+@@bye
+@end example
+@menu
+* Printing Indices & Menus::    How to print an index in hardcopy and
+generate index menus in Info.
+* Contents::                    How to create a table of contents.
+* File End::                    How to mark the end of a file.
+@end menu
+@node Printing Indices & Menus, Contents, Ending a File, Ending a File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Index Menus and Printing an Index
+@findex printindex
+@cindex Printing an index
+@cindex Indices, printing and menus
+@cindex Generating menus with indices
+@cindex Menus generated with indices
+To print an index means to include it as part of a manual or Info
+file.  This does not happen automatically just because you use
+@code{@@cindex} or other index-entry generating commands in the
+Texinfo file; those just cause the raw data for the index to be
+accumulated.  To generate an index, you must include the
+@code{@@printindex} command at the place in the document where you
+want the index to appear.  Also, as part of the process of creating a
+printed manual, you must run a program called @code{texindex}
+(@pxref{Format/Print Hardcopy}) to sort the raw data to produce a sorted
+index file.  The sorted index file is what is actually used to
+print the index.@refill
+Texinfo offers six different types of predefined index: the concept
+index, the function index, the variables index, the keystroke index, the
+program index, and the data type index (@pxref{Predefined Indices}).  Each
+index type has a two-letter name: @samp{cp}, @samp{fn}, @samp{vr},
+@samp{ky}, @samp{pg}, and @samp{tp}.  You may merge indices, or put them
+into separate sections (@pxref{Combining Indices}); or you may define
+your own indices (@pxref{New Indices, , Defining New Indices}).@refill
+The @code{@@printindex} command takes a two-letter index name, reads
+the corresponding sorted index file and formats it appropriately into
+an index.@refill
+@ignore
+The two-letter index names are:
+@table @samp
+@item cp
+concept index
+@item fn
+function index
+@item vr
+variable index
+@item ky
+key index
+@item pg
+program index
+@item tp
+data type index
+@end table
+@end ignore
+The @code{@@printindex} command does not generate a chapter heading
+for the index.  Consequently, you should precede the
+@code{@@printindex} command with a suitable section or chapter command
+(usually @code{@@unnumbered}) to supply the chapter heading and put
+the index into the table of contents.  Precede the @code{@@unnumbered}
+command with an @code{@@node} line.@refill
+@need 1200
+For example:
+@smallexample
+@group
+@@node Variable Index, Concept Index, Function Index, Top
+@@comment    node-name,         next,       previous, up
+@@unnumbered Variable Index
+@@printindex vr
+@end group
+@group
+@@node     Concept Index,     , Variable Index, Top
+@@comment      node-name, next,       previous, up
+@@unnumbered Concept Index
+@@printindex cp
+@end group
+@group
+@@summarycontents
+@@contents
+@@bye
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@noindent
+(Readers often prefer that the concept index come last in a book,
+since that makes it easiest to find.)@refill
+@ignore
+In @TeX{}, the @code{@@printindex} command needs a sorted index file
+to work from.  @TeX{} does not know how to do sorting; this is a
+deficiency.  @TeX{} writes output files of raw index data; use the
+@code{texindex} program to convert these files to sorted index files.
+(@xref{Format/Print Hardcopy}, for more information.)@refill
+@end ignore
+@node     Contents, File End, Printing Indices & Menus, Ending a File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Generating a Table of Contents
+@cindex Table of contents
+@cindex Contents, Table of
+@findex contents
+@findex summarycontents
+@findex shortcontents
+The @code{@@chapter}, @code{@@section}, and other structuring commands
+supply the information to make up a table of contents, but they do not
+cause an actual table to appear in the manual.  To do this, you must
+use the @code{@@contents} and @code{@@summarycontents}
+commands:@refill
+@table @code
+@item @@contents
+Generate a table of contents in a printed manual, including all
+chapters, sections, subsections, etc., as well as appendices and
+unnumbered chapters.  (Headings generated by the @code{@@heading}
+series of commands do not appear in the table of contents.)  The
+@code{@@contents} command should be written on a line by
+itself.@refill
+@item @@shortcontents
+@itemx @@summarycontents
+(@code{@@summarycontents} is a synonym for @code{@@shortcontents}; the
+two commands are exactly the same.)@refill
+Generate a short or summary table of contents that lists only the
+chapters (and appendices and unnumbered chapters).  Omit sections, subsections
+and subsubsections.  Only a long manual needs a short table
+of contents in addition to the full table of contents.@refill
+Write the @code{@@shortcontents} command on a line by itself right
+@emph{before} the @code{@@contents} command.@refill
+@end table
+The table of contents commands automatically generate a chapter-like
+heading at the top of the first table of contents page.  Write the table
+of contents commands at the very end of a Texinfo file, just before the
+@code{@@bye} command, following any index sections---anything in the
+Texinfo file after the table of contents commands will be omitted from
+the table of contents.@refill
+When you print a manual with a table of contents, the table of
+contents are printed last and numbered with roman numerals.  You need
+to place those pages in their proper place, after the title page,
+yourself.  (This is the only collating you need to do for a printed
+manual.  The table of contents is printed last because it is generated
+after the rest of the manual is typeset.)@refill
+@need 700
+Here is an example of where to write table of contents commands:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@var{indices}@dots{}
+@@shortcontents
+@@contents
+@@bye
+@end group
+@end example
+Since an Info file uses menus instead of tables of contents, the Info
+formatting commands ignore the @code{@@contents} and
+@code{@@shortcontents} commands.@refill
+@node File End,  , Contents, Ending a File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@bye} File Ending
+@findex bye
+An @code{@@bye} command terminates @TeX{} or Info formatting.  None of
+the formatting commands see any of the file following @code{@@bye}.
+The @code{@@bye} command should be on a line by itself.@refill
+If you wish, you may follow the @code{@@bye} line with notes. These notes
+will not be formatted and will not appear in either Info or a printed
+manual; it is as if text after @code{@@bye} were within @code{@@ignore}
+@dots{} @code{@@end ignore}.  Also, you may follow the @code{@@bye} line
+with a local variables list.  @xref{Compile-Command, , Using Local
+Variables and the Compile Command}, for more information.@refill
+@node Structuring, Nodes, Ending a File, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Chapter Structuring
+@cindex Chapter structuring
+@cindex Structuring of chapters
+The @dfn{chapter structuring} commands divide a document into a hierarchy of
+chapters, sections, subsections, and subsubsections.  These commands
+generate large headings; they also provide information for the table
+of contents of a printed manual (@pxref{Contents, , Generating a Table
+of Contents}).@refill
+The chapter structuring commands do not create an Info node structure,
+so normally you should put an @code{@@node} command immediately before
+each chapter structuring command (@pxref{Nodes}).  The only time you
+are likely to use the chapter structuring commands without using the
+node structuring commands is if you are writing a document that
+contains no cross references and will never be transformed into Info
+format.@refill
+It is unlikely that you will ever write a Texinfo file that is
+intended only as an Info file and not as a printable document.  If you
+do, you might still use chapter structuring commands to create a
+heading at the top of each node---but you don't need to.@refill
+@menu
+* Tree Structuring::            A manual is like an upside down tree @dots{}
+* Structuring Command Types::   How to divide a manual into parts.
+* makeinfo top::                The @code{@@top} command, part of the `Top' node.
+* chapter::
+* unnumbered & appendix::
+* majorheading & chapheading::
+* section::
+* unnumberedsec appendixsec heading::
+* subsection::
+* unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading::
+* subsubsection::               Commands for the lowest level sections.
+* Raise/lower sections::        How to change commands' hierarchical level.
+@end menu
+@node Tree Structuring, Structuring Command Types, Structuring, Structuring
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Tree Structure of Sections
+@cindex Tree structuring
+A Texinfo file is usually structured like a book with chapters,
+sections, subsections, and the like.  This structure can be visualized
+as a tree (or rather as an upside-down tree) with the root at the top
+and the levels corresponding to chapters, sections, subsection, and
+subsubsections.@refill
+Here is a diagram that shows a Texinfo file with three chapters,
+each of which has two sections.@refill
+@example
+@group
+Top
+|
+-------------------------------------
+|                  |                  |
+Chapter 1          Chapter 2          Chapter 3
+|                  |                  |
+--------           --------           --------
+|        |         |        |         |        |
+Section  Section   Section  Section   Section  Section
+1.1      1.2       2.1      2.2       3.1      3.2
+@end group
+@end example
+In a Texinfo file that has this structure, the beginning of Chapter 2
+looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@node    Chapter 2,  Chapter 3, Chapter 1, top
+@@chapter Chapter 2
+@end group
+@end example
+The chapter structuring commands are described in the sections that
+follow; the @code{@@node} and @code{@@menu} commands are described in
+following chapters. (@xref{Nodes}, and see @ref{Menus}.)@refill
+@node Structuring Command Types, makeinfo top, Tree Structuring, Structuring
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Types of Structuring Command
+The chapter structuring commands fall into four groups or series, each
+of which contains structuring commands corresponding to the
+hierarchical levels of chapters, sections, subsections, and
+subsubsections.@refill
+The four groups are the @code{@@chapter} series, the
+@code{@@unnumbered} series, the @code{@@appendix} series, and the
+@code{@@heading} series.@refill
+Each command produces titles that have a different appearance on the
+printed page or Info file; only some of the commands produce
+titles that are listed in the table of contents of a printed book or
+manual.@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The @code{@@chapter} and @code{@@appendix} series of commands produce
+numbered or lettered entries both in the body of a printed work and in
+its table of contents.@refill
+@item
+The @code{@@unnumbered} series of commands produce unnumbered entries
+both in the body of a printed work and in its table of contents.  The
+@code{@@top} command, which has a special use, is a member of this
+series (@pxref{makeinfo top, , @code{@@top}}).@refill
+@item
+The @code{@@heading} series of commands produce unnumbered headings
+that do not appear in a table of contents.  The heading commands never
+start a new page.@refill
+@item
+The @code{@@majorheading} command produces results similar to using
+the @code{@@chapheading} command but generates a larger vertical
+whitespace before the heading.@refill
+@item
+When an @code{@@setchapternewpage} command says to do so, the
+@code{@@chapter}, @code{@@unnumbered}, and @code{@@appendix} commands
+start new pages in the printed manual; the @code{@@heading} commands
+do not.@refill
+@end itemize
+@need 1000
+Here are the four groups of chapter structuring commands:@refill
+@c Slightly different formatting for regular sized books and smallbooks.
+@ifset smallbook
+@sp 1
+@tex
+{\let\rm=\indrm \let\tt=\indtt
+\halign{\hskip\itemindent#\hfil&  \hskip.5em#\hfil&  \hskip.5em#\hfil&
+\hskip.5em#\hfil\cr
+& & &                                                \rm No new pages\cr
+\rm Numbered&    \rm Unnumbered&  \rm Lettered and numbered& \rm Unnumbered\cr
+\rm In contents&  \rm In contents&  \rm In contents&  \rm Not in contents\cr
+& & & \cr
+&              \tt  @@top&            &               \tt @@majorheading\cr
+\tt @@chapter& \tt @@unnumbered&    \tt @@appendix&     \tt @@chapheading\cr
+\tt @@section&   \tt @@unnumberedsec&   \tt @@appendixsec&   \tt @@heading\cr
+\tt @@subsection&\tt @@unnumberedsubsec&\tt @@appendixsubsec&
+\tt @@subheading\cr
+\tt @@subsubsection& \tt @@unnumberedsubsubsec& \tt @@appendixsubsubsec&
+\tt @@subsubheading\cr}}
+@end tex
+@end ifset
+@ifclear smallbook
+@sp 1
+@tex
+\vbox{
+\halign{\hskip\itemindent\hskip.5em#\hfil&  \hskip.5em#\hfil&
+\hskip.5em#\hfil& \hskip.5em #\hfil\cr
+& & & \cr
+& & &                                                \rm No new pages\cr
+\rm Numbered&    \rm Unnumbered&  \rm Lettered and numbered& \rm Unnumbered\cr
+\rm In contents&  \rm In contents&  \rm In contents&  \rm Not in contents\cr
+& & & \cr
+&              \tt  @@top&            &               \tt @@majorheading\cr
+\tt @@chapter& \tt @@unnumbered&    \tt @@appendix&     \tt @@chapheading\cr
+\tt @@section&   \tt @@unnumberedsec&   \tt @@appendixsec&   \tt @@heading\cr
+\tt @@subsection&\tt @@unnumberedsubsec&\tt @@appendixsubsec&
+\tt @@subheading\cr
+\tt @@subsubsection& \tt @@unnumberedsubsubsec& \tt @@appendixsubsubsec&
+\tt @@subsubheading\cr}}
+@end tex
+@end ifclear
+@ifinfo
+@example
+@group
+@r{No new pages}
+@r{Numbered}       @r{Unnumbered}       @r{Lettered and numbered}  @r{Unnumbered}
+@r{In contents}    @r{In contents}          @r{In contents}        @r{Not in contents}
+@@top                                    @@majorheading
+@@chapter       @@unnumbered          @@appendix          @@chapheading
+@@section       @@unnumberedsec       @@appendixsec       @@heading
+@@subsection    @@unnumberedsubsec    @@appendixsubsec    @@subheading
+@@subsubsection @@unnumberedsubsubsec @@appendixsubsubsec @@subsubheading
+@end group
+@end example
+@end ifinfo
+@c Cannot line up columns properly inside of an example because of roman
+@c proportional fonts.
+@ignore
+@ifset smallbook
+@iftex
+@smallexample
+@group
+@r{No new pages}
+@r{Numbered}      @r{Unnumbered}       @r{Lettered and numbered}  @r{Unnumbered}
+@r{In contents}      @r{In contents}           @r{In contents}         @r{Not in contents}
+@@top                                    @@majorheading
+@@chapter       @@unnumbered          @@appendix          @@chapheading
+@@section       @@unnumberedsec       @@appendixsec       @@heading
+@@subsection    @@unnumberedsubsec    @@appendixsubsec    @@subheading
+@@subsubsection @@unnumberedsubsubsec @@appendixsubsubsec @@subsubheading
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@end iftex
+@end ifset
+@ifclear smallbook
+@iftex
+@smallexample
+@group
+@r{No new pages}
+@r{Numbered}      @r{Unnumbered}       @r{Lettered and numbered}  @r{Unnumbered}
+@r{In contents}      @r{In contents}           @r{In contents}         @r{Not in contents}
+@@top                                    @@majorheading
+@@chapter       @@unnumbered          @@appendix          @@chapheading
+@@section       @@unnumberedsec       @@appendixsec       @@heading
+@@subsection    @@unnumberedsubsec    @@appendixsubsec    @@subheading
+@@subsubsection @@unnumberedsubsubsec @@appendixsubsubsec @@subsubheading
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@end iftex
+@end ignore
+@node makeinfo top, chapter, Structuring Command Types, Structuring
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@top}
+The @code{@@top} command is a special sectioning command that you use
+only after an @code{@@node Top} line at the beginning of a Texinfo file.
+The @code{@@top} command tells the @code{makeinfo} formatter
+which node is the `Top'
+node.  It has the same typesetting effect as @code{@@unnumbered}
+(@pxref{unnumbered & appendix, , @code{@@unnumbered}, @code{@@appendix}}).
+For detailed information, see
+@ref{makeinfo top command, , The @code{@@top} Command}.@refill
+@node chapter, unnumbered & appendix, makeinfo top, Structuring
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@chapter}
+@findex chapter
+@code{@@chapter} identifies a chapter in the document.  Write the
+command at the beginning of a line and follow it on the same line by
+the title of the chapter.@refill
+For example, this chapter in this manual is entitled ``Chapter
+Structuring''; the @code{@@chapter} line looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@@chapter Chapter Structuring
+@end example
+In @TeX{}, the @code{@@chapter} command creates a chapter in the
+document, specifying the chapter title.  The chapter is numbered
+automatically.@refill
+In Info, the @code{@@chapter} command causes the title to appear on a
+line by itself, with a line of asterisks inserted underneath.  Thus,
+in Info, the above example produces the following output:@refill
+@example
+Chapter Structuring
+*******************
+@end example
+@node unnumbered & appendix, majorheading & chapheading, chapter, Structuring
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@unnumbered}, @code{@@appendix}
+@findex unnumbered
+@findex appendix
+Use the @code{@@unnumbered} command to create a chapter that appears
+in a printed manual without chapter numbers of any kind.  Use the
+@code{@@appendix} command to create an appendix in a printed manual
+that is labelled by letter instead of by number.@refill
+For Info file output, the @code{@@unnumbered} and @code{@@appendix}
+commands are equivalent to @code{@@chapter}: the title is printed on a
+line by itself with a line of asterisks underneath.  (@xref{chapter, ,
+@code{@@chapter}}.)@refill
+To create an appendix or an unnumbered chapter, write an
+@code{@@appendix} or @code{@@unnumbered} command at the beginning of a
+line and follow it on the same line by the title, as you would if you
+were creating a chapter.@refill
+@node majorheading & chapheading, section, unnumbered & appendix, Structuring
+@section @code{@@majorheading}, @code{@@chapheading}
+@findex majorheading
+@findex chapheading
+The @code{@@majorheading} and @code{@@chapheading} commands put
+chapter-like headings in the body of a document.@refill
+However, neither command causes @TeX{} to produce a numbered heading
+or an entry in the table of contents; and neither command causes
+@TeX{} to start a new page in a printed manual.@refill
+In @TeX{}, an @code{@@majorheading} command generates a larger vertical
+whitespace before the heading than an @code{@@chapheading} command but
+is otherwise the same.@refill
+In Info,
+the @code{@@majorheading} and
+@code{@@chapheading} commands are equivalent to
+@code{@@chapter}: the title is printed on a line by itself with a line
+of asterisks underneath.  (@xref{chapter, , @code{@@chapter}}.)@refill
+@node section, unnumberedsec appendixsec heading, majorheading & chapheading, Structuring
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@section}
+@findex section
+In a printed manual, an @code{@@section} command identifies a
+numbered section within a chapter.  The section title appears in the
+table of contents.  In Info, an @code{@@section} command provides a
+title for a segment of text, underlined with @samp{=}.@refill
+This section is headed with an @code{@@section} command and looks like
+this in the Texinfo file:@refill
+@example
+@@section @@code@{@@@@section@}
+@end example
+To create a section, write the @code{@@section} command at the
+beginning of a line and follow it on the same line by the section
+title.@refill
+Thus,
+@example
+@@section This is a section
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+@group
+This is a section
+=================
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+in Info.
+@node unnumberedsec appendixsec heading, subsection, section, Structuring
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@unnumberedsec}, @code{@@appendixsec}, @code{@@heading}
+@findex unnumberedsec
+@findex appendixsec
+@findex heading
+The @code{@@unnumberedsec}, @code{@@appendixsec}, and @code{@@heading}
+commands are, respectively, the unnumbered, appendix-like, and
+heading-like equivalents of the @code{@@section} command.
+(@xref{section, , @code{@@section}}.)@refill
+@table @code
+@item @@unnumberedsec
+The @code{@@unnumberedsec} command may be used within an
+unnumbered chapter or within a regular chapter or appendix to
+provide an unnumbered section.@refill
+@item @@appendixsec
+@itemx @@appendixsection
+@code{@@appendixsection} is a longer spelling of the
+@code{@@appendixsec} command; the two are synonymous.@refill
+@findex appendixsection
+Conventionally, the @code{@@appendixsec} or @code{@@appendixsection}
+command is used only within appendices.@refill
+@item @@heading
+You may use the @code{@@heading} command anywhere you wish for a
+section-style heading that will not appear in the table of contents.@refill
+@end table
+@node subsection, unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading, unnumberedsec appendixsec heading, Structuring
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section The @code{@@subsection} Command
+@findex subsection
+Subsections are to sections as sections are to chapters.
+(@xref{section, , @code{@@section}}.)  In Info, subsection titles are
+underlined with @samp{-}.  For example,@refill
+@example
+@@subsection This is a subsection
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+@group
+This is a subsection
+--------------------
+@end group
+@end example
+In a printed manual, subsections are listed in the table of contents
+and are numbered three levels deep.@refill
+@node unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading, subsubsection, subsection, Structuring
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section The @code{@@subsection}-like Commands
+@cindex Subsection-like commands
+@findex unnumberedsubsec
+@findex appendixsubsec
+@findex subheading
+The @code{@@unnumberedsubsec}, @code{@@appendixsubsec}, and
+@code{@@subheading} commands are, respectively, the unnumbered,
+appendix-like, and heading-like equivalents of the @code{@@subsection}
+command.  (@xref{subsection, , @code{@@subsection}}.)@refill
+In Info, the @code{@@subsection}-like commands generate a title
+underlined with hyphens.  In a printed manual, an @code{@@subheading}
+command produces a heading like that of a subsection except that it is
+not numbered and does not appear in the table of contents.  Similarly,
+an @code{@@unnumberedsubsec} command produces an unnumbered heading like
+that of a subsection and an @code{@@appendixsubsec} command produces a
+subsection-like heading labelled with a letter and numbers; both of
+these commands produce headings that appear in the table of
+contents.@refill
+@node subsubsection, Raise/lower sections, unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading, Structuring
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section The `subsub' Commands
+@cindex Subsub commands
+@findex subsubsection
+@findex unnumberedsubsubsec
+@findex appendixsubsubsec
+@findex subsubheading
+The fourth and lowest level sectioning commands in Texinfo are the
+`subsub' commands.  They are:@refill
+@table @code
+@item @@subsubsection
+Subsubsections are to subsections as subsections are to sections.
+(@xref{subsection, , @code{@@subsection}}.)  In a printed manual,
+subsubsection titles appear in the table of contents and are numbered
+four levels deep.@refill
+@item @@unnumberedsubsubsec
+Unnumbered subsubsection titles appear in the table of contents of a
+printed manual, but lack numbers.  Otherwise, unnumbered
+subsubsections are the same as subsubsections.  In Info, unnumbered
+subsubsections look exactly like ordinary subsubsections.@refill
+@item @@appendixsubsubsec
+Conventionally, appendix commands are used only for appendices and are
+lettered and numbered appropriately in a printed manual.  They also
+appear in the table of contents.  In Info, appendix subsubsections look
+exactly like ordinary subsubsections.@refill
+@item @@subsubheading
+The @code{@@subsubheading} command may be used anywhere that you need
+a small heading that will not appear in the table of contents.  In
+Info, subsubheadings look exactly like ordinary subsubsection
+headings.@refill
+@end table
+In Info,  `subsub' titles are underlined with periods.
+For example,@refill
+@example
+@@subsubsection This is a subsubsection
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+@group
+This is a subsubsection
+.......................
+@end group
+@end example
+@node Raise/lower sections,  , subsubsection, Structuring
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@raisesections} and @code{@@lowersections}
+@findex @@raisesections
+@findex @@lowersections
+@cindex Raising and lowering sections
+@cindex Sections, raising and lowering
+The @code{@@raisesections} and @code{@@lowersections} commands raise and
+lower the hierarchical level of chapters, sections, subsections and the
+like.  The @code{@@raisesections} command changes sections to chapters,
+subsections to sections, and so on.  The @code{@@lowersections} command
+changes chapters to sections, sections to subsections, and so on.
+An @code{@@lowersections} command is useful if you wish to include text
+that is written as an outer or standalone Texinfo file in another
+Texinfo file as an inner, included file.  If you write the command at
+the beginning of the file, all your @code{@@chapter} commands are
+formatted as if they were @code{@@section} commands, all your
+@code{@@section} command are formatted as if they were
+@code{@@subsection} commands, and so on.
+@need 1000
+@code{@@raisesections} raises a command one level in the chapter
+structuring hierarchy:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@r{Change}           @r{To}
+@@subsection     @@section,
+@@section        @@chapter,
+@@heading        @@chapheading,
+@r{etc.}
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 1000
+@code{@@lowersections} lowers a command one level in the chapter
+structuring hierarchy:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@r{Change}           @r{To}
+@@chapter        @@section,
+@@subsection     @@subsubsection,
+@@heading        @@subheading,
+@r{etc.}
+@end group
+@end example
+An @code{@@raisesections} or @code{@@lowersections} command changes only
+those structuring commands that follow the command in the Texinfo file.
+Write an @code{@@raisesections} or @code{@@lowersections} command on a
+line of its own.
+An @code{@@lowersections} command cancels an @code{@@raisesections}
+command, and vice versa.
+Repeated use of the commands continue to raise or lower the hierarchical
+level a step at a time.
+An attempt to raise above `chapters' reproduces chapter commands; an
+attempt to lower below `subsubsections' reproduces subsubsection
+commands.
+@node Nodes, Menus, Structuring, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Nodes
+@dfn{Nodes} are the primary segments of a Texinfo file.  They do not
+themselves impose a hierarchic or any other kind of structure on a file.
+Nodes contain @dfn{node pointers} that name other nodes, and can contain
+@dfn{menus} which are lists of nodes.  In Info, the movement commands
+can carry you to a pointed-to node or to a node listed in a menu.  Node
+pointers and menus provide structure for Info files just as chapters,
+sections, subsections, and the like, provide structure for printed
+books.@refill
+@menu
+* Two Paths::                   Different commands to structure
+Info output and printed output.
+* Node Menu Illustration::      A diagram, and sample nodes and menus.
+* node::                        How to write a node, in detail.
+* makeinfo Pointer Creation::   How to create node pointers with @code{makeinfo}.
+@end menu
+@node Two Paths, Node Menu Illustration, Nodes, Nodes
+@ifinfo
+@heading Two Paths
+@end ifinfo
+The node and menu commands and the chapter structuring commands are
+independent of each other:
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+In Info, node and menu commands provide structure.  The chapter
+structuring commands generate headings with different kinds of
+underlining---asterisks for chapters, hyphens for sections, and so on;
+they do nothing else.@refill
+@item
+In @TeX{}, the chapter structuring commands generate chapter and section
+numbers and tables of contents.  The node and menu commands provide
+information for cross references; they do nothing else.@refill
+@end itemize
+You can use node pointers and menus to structure an Info file any way
+you want; and you can write a Texinfo file so that its Info output has a
+different structure than its printed output.  However, most Texinfo
+files are written such that the structure for the Info output
+corresponds to the structure for the printed output.  It is not
+convenient to do otherwise.@refill
+Generally, printed output is structured in a tree-like hierarchy in
+which the chapters are the major limbs from which the sections branch
+out.  Similarly, node pointers and menus are organized to create a
+matching structure in the Info output.@refill
+@node Node Menu Illustration, node, Two Paths, Nodes
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Node and Menu Illustration
+Here is a copy of the diagram shown earlier that illustrates a Texinfo
+file with three chapters, each of which contains two sections.@refill
+Note that the ``root'' is at the top of the diagram and the ``leaves''
+are at the bottom.  This is how such a diagram is drawn conventionally;
+it illustrates an upside-down tree.  For this reason, the root node is
+called the `Top' node, and `Up' node pointers carry you closer to the
+root.@refill
+@example
+@group
+Top
+|
+-------------------------------------
+|                  |                  |
+Chapter 1          Chapter 2          Chapter 3
+|                  |                  |
+--------           --------           --------
+|        |         |        |         |        |
+Section  Section   Section  Section   Section  Section
+1.1      1.2       2.1      2.2       3.1      3.2
+@end group
+@end example
+Write the beginning of the node for Chapter 2 like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@node     Chapter 2,  Chapter 3, Chapter 1, top
+@@comment  node-name,  next,      previous,  up
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This @code{@@node} line says that the name of this node is ``Chapter 2'', the
+name of the `Next' node is ``Chapter 3'', the name of the `Previous'
+node is ``Chapter 1'', and the name of the `Up' node is ``Top''.
+@quotation
+@strong{Please Note:} `Next' refers to the next node at the same
+hierarchical level in the manual, not necessarily to the next node
+within the Texinfo file.  In the Texinfo file, the subsequent node may
+be at a lower level---a section-level node may follow a chapter-level
+node, and a subsection-level node may follow a section-level node.
+`Next' and `Previous' refer to nodes at the @emph{same} hierarchical
+level.  (The `Top' node contains the exception to this rule.  Since the
+`Top' node is the only node at that level, `Next' refers to the first
+following node, which is almost always a chapter or chapter-level
+node.)@refill
+@end quotation
+To go to Sections 2.1 and 2.2 using Info, you need a menu inside Chapter
+2.  (@xref{Menus}.)  You would write the menu just
+before the beginning of Section 2.1, like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@menu
+* Sect. 2.1::    Description of this section.
+* Sect. 2.2::
+@@end menu
+@end group
+@end example
+Write the node for Sect. 2.1 like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@node     Sect. 2.1, Sect. 2.2, Chapter 2, Chapter 2
+@@comment  node-name, next,      previous,  up
+@end group
+@end example
+In Info format, the `Next' and `Previous' pointers of a node usually
+lead to other nodes at the same level---from chapter to chapter or from
+section to section (sometimes, as shown, the `Previous' pointer points
+up); an `Up' pointer usually leads to a node at the level above (closer
+to the `Top' node); and a `Menu' leads to nodes at a level below (closer
+to `leaves').  (A cross reference can point to a node at any level;
+see @ref{Cross References}.)@refill
+Usually, an @code{@@node} command and a chapter structuring command are
+used in sequence, along with indexing commands.  (You may follow the
+@code{@@node} line with a comment line that reminds you which pointer is
+which.)@refill
+Here is the beginning of the chapter in this manual called ``Ending a
+Texinfo File''.  This shows an @code{@@node} line followed by a comment
+line, an @code{@@chapter} line, and then by indexing lines.@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@node    Ending a File, Structuring, Beginning a File, Top
+@@comment node-name,     next,        previous,         up
+@@chapter Ending a Texinfo File
+@@cindex Ending a Texinfo file
+@@cindex Texinfo file ending
+@@cindex File ending
+@end group
+@end example
+@node node, makeinfo Pointer Creation, Node Menu Illustration, Nodes
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section The @code{@@node} Command
+@cindex Node, defined
+A @dfn{node} is a segment of text that begins at an @code{@@node}
+command and continues until the next @code{@@node} command.  The
+definition of node is different from that for chapter or section.  A
+chapter may contain sections and a section may contain subsections;
+but a node cannot contain subnodes; the text of a node continues only
+until the next @code{@@node} command in the file.  A node usually
+contains only one chapter structuring command, the one that follows
+the @code{@@node} line.  On the other hand, in printed output nodes
+are used only for cross references, so a chapter or section may
+contain any number of nodes.  Indeed, a chapter usually contains
+several nodes, one for each section, subsection, and
+subsubsection.@refill
+To create a node, write an @code{@@node} command at the beginning of a
+line, and follow it with four arguments, separated by commas, on the
+rest of the same line.  These arguments are the name of the node, and
+the names of the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers, in that order.
+You may insert spaces before each pointer if you wish; the spaces are
+ignored.  You must write the name of the node, and the names of the
+`Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers, all on the same line.  Otherwise,
+the formatters fail.  (@inforef{Top, info, info}, for more information
+about nodes in Info.)@refill
+Usually, you write one of the chapter-structuring command lines
+immediately after an @code{@@node} line---for example, an
+@code{@@section} or @code{@@subsection} line.  (@xref{Structuring
+Command Types, , Types of Structuring Command}.)@refill
+@quotation
+@strong{Please note:} The GNU Emacs Texinfo mode updating commands work
+only with Texinfo files in which @code{@@node} lines are followed by chapter
+structuring lines.  @xref{Updating Requirements}.@refill
+@end quotation
+@TeX{} uses @code{@@node} lines to identify the names to use for cross
+references.  For this reason, you must write @code{@@node} lines in a
+Texinfo file that you intend to format for printing, even if you do not
+intend to format it for Info.  (Cross references, such as the one at the
+end of this sentence, are made with @code{@@xref} and its related
+commands; see @ref{Cross References}.)@refill
+@menu
+* Node Names::                  How to choose node and pointer names.
+* Writing a Node::              How to write an @code{@@node} line.
+* Node Line Tips::              Keep names short.
+* Node Line Requirements::      Keep names unique, without @@-commands.
+* First Node::                  How to write a `Top' node.
+* makeinfo top command::        How to use the @code{@@top} command.
+* Top Node Summary::            Write a brief description for readers.
+@end menu
+@node Node Names, Writing a Node, node, node
+@ifinfo
+@subheading Choosing Node and Pointer Names
+@end ifinfo
+The name of a node identifies the node.  The pointers enable
+you to reach other nodes and consist of the names of those nodes.@refill
+Normally, a node's `Up' pointer contains the name of the node whose menu
+mentions that node.  The node's `Next' pointer contains the name of the
+node that follows that node in that menu and its `Previous' pointer
+contains the name of the node that precedes it in that menu.  When a
+node's `Previous' node is the same as its `Up' node, both node pointers
+name the same node.@refill
+Usually, the first node of a Texinfo file is the `Top' node, and its
+`Up' and `Previous' pointers point to the @file{dir} file, which
+contains the main menu for all of Info.@refill
+The `Top' node itself contains the main or master menu for the manual.
+Also, it is helpful to include a brief description of the manual in the
+`Top' node.  @xref{First Node}, for information on how to write the
+first node of a Texinfo file.@refill
+@node Writing a Node, Node Line Tips, Node Names, node
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection How to Write an @code{@@node} Line
+@cindex Writing an @code{@@node} line
+@cindex @code{@@node} line writing
+@cindex Node line writing
+The easiest way to write an @code{@@node} line is to write @code{@@node}
+at the beginning of a line and then the name of the node, like
+this:@refill
+@example
+@@node @var{node-name}
+@end example
+If you are using GNU Emacs, you can use the update node commands
+provided by Texinfo mode to insert the names of the pointers; or you
+can leave the pointers out of the Texinfo file and let @code{makeinfo}
+insert node pointers into the Info file it creates.  (@xref{Texinfo
+Mode}, and @ref{makeinfo Pointer Creation}.)@refill
+Alternatively, you can insert the `Next', `Previous', and `Up'
+pointers yourself.  If you do this, you may find it helpful to use the
+Texinfo mode keyboard command @kbd{C-c C-c n}.  This command inserts
+@samp{@@node} and a comment line listing the names of the pointers in
+their proper order.  The comment line helps you keep track of which
+arguments are for which pointers.  This comment line is especially useful
+if you are not familiar with Texinfo.@refill
+The template for a node line with `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers
+looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@@node @var{node-name}, @var{next}, @var{previous}, @var{up}
+@end example
+If you wish, you can ignore @code{@@node} lines altogether in your first
+draft and then use the @code{texinfo-insert-node-lines} command to
+create @code{@@node} lines for you.  However, we do not
+recommend this practice.  It is better to name the node itself
+at the same time that you
+write a segment so you can easily make cross references.  A large number
+of cross references are an especially important feature of a good Info
+file.@refill
+After you have inserted an @code{@@node} line, you should immediately
+write an @@-command for the chapter or section and insert its name.
+Next (and this is important!), put in several index entries.  Usually,
+you will find at least two and often as many as four or five ways of
+referring to the node in the index.  Use them all.  This will make it
+much easier for people to find the node.@refill
+@node Node Line Tips, Node Line Requirements, Writing a Node, node
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@node} Line Tips
+Here are three suggestions:
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Try to pick node names that are informative but short.@refill
+In the Info file, the file name, node name, and pointer names are all
+inserted on one line, which may run into the right edge of the window.
+(This does not cause a problem with Info, but is ugly.)@refill
+@item
+Try to pick node names that differ from each other near the beginnings
+of their names.  This way, it is easy to use automatic name completion in
+Info.@refill
+@item
+By convention, node names are capitalized just as they would be for
+section or chapter titles---initial and significant words are
+capitalized; others are not.@refill
+@end itemize
+@node Node Line Requirements, First Node, Node Line Tips, node
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@node} Line Requirements
+@cindex Node line requirements
+Here are several requirements for @code{@@node} lines:
+@itemize @bullet
+@cindex Unique nodename requirement
+@cindex Nodename must be unique
+@item
+All the node names for a single Info file must be unique.@refill
+Duplicates confuse the Info movement commands.  This means, for
+example, that if you end every chapter with a summary, you must name
+each summary node differently.  You cannot just call each one
+``Summary''.  You may, however, duplicate the titles of chapters, sections,
+and the like.  Thus you can end each chapter in a book with a section
+called ``Summary'', so long as the node names for those sections are all
+different.@refill
+@item
+A pointer name must be the name of a node.@refill
+The node to which a pointer points may come before or after the
+node containing the pointer.@refill
+@cindex @@-command in nodename
+@cindex Nodename, cannot contain
+@item
+You cannot use any of the Texinfo @@-commands in a node name;
+@w{@@-commands} confuse Info.@refill
+@need 750
+Thus, the beginning of the section called @code{@@chapter} looks like
+this:@refill
+@smallexample
+@group
+@@node  chapter, unnumbered & appendix, makeinfo top, Structuring
+@@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@@section @@code@{@@@@chapter@}
+@@findex chapter
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@cindex Comma in nodename
+@cindex Colon in nodename
+@cindex Apostrophe in nodename
+@item
+You cannot use commas, colons, or apostrophes within a node name; these
+confuse @TeX{} or the Info formatters.@refill
+@need 700
+For example, the following is a section title:
+@smallexample
+@@code@{@@@@unnumberedsec@}, @@code@{@@@@appendixsec@}, @@code@{@@@@heading@}
+@end smallexample
+@noindent
+The corresponding node name is:
+@smallexample
+unnumberedsec appendixsec heading
+@end smallexample
+@cindex Case in nodename
+@item
+Case is significant.
+@end itemize
+@node First Node, makeinfo top command, Node Line Requirements, node
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection The First Node
+@cindex @samp{@r{Top}} node is first
+@cindex First node
+The first node of a Texinfo file is the `Top' node, except in an
+included file (@pxref{Include Files}).
+The `Top' node (which must be named @samp{top} or @samp{Top}) should
+have as its `Up' and `Previous' nodes the name of a node in another
+file, where there is a menu that leads to this file.  Specify the file
+name in parentheses.  If the file is to be installed directly in the
+Info directory file, use @samp{(dir)} as the parent of the `Top' node;
+this is short for @samp{(dir)top}, and specifies the `Top' node in the
+@file{dir} file, which contains the main menu for Info.  For example,
+the @code{@@node Top} line of this manual looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@@node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir)
+@end example
+@noindent
+(You may use the Texinfo updating commands or the @code{makeinfo}
+utility to insert these `Next' and @samp{(dir)} pointers
+automatically.)@refill
+@xref{Install an Info File}, for more information about installing
+an Info file in the @file{info} directory.@refill
+The `Top' node contains the main or master menu for the document.
+@node makeinfo top command, Top Node Summary, First Node, node
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection The @code{@@top} Sectioning Command
+@findex top @r{(@@-command)}
+A special sectioning command, @code{@@top}, has been created for use
+with the @code{@@node Top} line.  The @code{@@top} sectioning command tells
+@code{makeinfo} that it marks the `Top' node in the file.  It provides
+the information that @code{makeinfo} needs to insert node
+pointers automatically.  Write the @code{@@top} command at the
+beginning of the line immediately following the @code{@@node Top}
+line.  Write the title on the remaining part of the same line as the
+@code{@@top} command.@refill
+In Info, the @code{@@top} sectioning command causes the title to appear on a
+line by itself, with a line of asterisks inserted underneath.@refill
+In @TeX{} and @code{texinfo-format-buffer}, the @code{@@top}
+sectioning command is merely a synonym for @code{@@unnumbered}.
+Neither of these formatters require an @code{@@top} command, and do
+nothing special with it.  You can use @code{@@chapter} or
+@code{@@unnumbered} after the @code{@@node Top} line when you use
+these formatters.  Also, you can use @code{@@chapter} or
+@code{@@unnumbered} when you use the Texinfo updating commands to
+create or update pointers and menus.@refill
+@node Top Node Summary,  , makeinfo top command, node
+@subsection The `Top' Node Summary
+@cindex @samp{@r{Top}} node summary
+You can help readers by writing a summary in the `Top' node, after the
+@code{@@top} line, before the main or master menu.  The summary should
+briefly describe the document.  In Info, this summary will appear just
+before the master menu.  In a printed manual, this summary will appear
+on a page of its own.@refill
+If you do not want the summary to appear on a page of its own in a
+printed manual, you can enclose the whole of the `Top' node, including
+the @code{@@node Top} line and the @code{@@top} sectioning command line
+or other sectioning command line between @code{@@ifinfo} and @code{@@end
+ifinfo}.  This prevents any of the text from appearing in the printed
+output. (@pxref{Conditionals, , Conditionally Visible Text}).  You can
+repeat the brief description from the `Top' node within @code{@@iftex}
+@dots{} @code{@@end iftex} at the beginning of the first chapter, for
+those who read the printed manual.  This saves paper and may look
+neater.@refill
+You should write the version number of the program to which the manual
+applies in the summary.  This helps the reader keep track of which
+manual is for which version of the program.  If the manual changes more
+frequently than the program or is independent of it, you should also
+include an edition number for the manual.  (The title page should also
+contain this information: see @ref{titlepage, ,
+@code{@@titlepage}}.)@refill
+@node makeinfo Pointer Creation,  , node, Nodes
+@section Creating Pointers with @code{makeinfo}
+@cindex Creating pointers with @code{makeinfo}
+@cindex Pointer creation with @code{makeinfo}
+@cindex Automatic pointer creation with @code{makeinfo}
+The @code{makeinfo} program has a feature for automatically creating
+node pointers for a hierarchically organized file that lacks
+them.@refill
+When you take advantage of this feature, you do not need to write the
+`Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers after the name of a node.
+However, you must write a sectioning command, such as @code{@@chapter}
+or @code{@@section}, on the line immediately following each truncated
+@code{@@node} line.  You cannot write a comment line after a node
+line; the section line must follow it immediately.@refill
+In addition, you must follow the `Top' @code{@@node} line with a line beginning
+with @code{@@top} to mark the `Top' node in the file. @xref{makeinfo
+top, , @code{@@top}}.
+Finally, you must write the name of each node (except for the `Top'
+node) in a menu that is one or more hierarchical levels above the
+node's hierarchical level.@refill
+This node pointer insertion feature in @code{makeinfo} is an
+alternative to the menu and pointer creation and update commands in
+Texinfo mode.  (@xref{Updating Nodes and Menus}.)  It is especially
+helpful to people who do not use GNU Emacs for writing Texinfo
+documents.@refill
+@node Menus, Cross References, Nodes, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,          up
+@chapter Menus
+@cindex Menus
+@findex menu
+@dfn{Menus} contain pointers to subordinate
+nodes.@footnote{Menus can carry you to any node, regardless
+of the hierarchical structure; even to nodes in a different
+Info file.  However, the GNU Emacs Texinfo mode updating
+commands work only to create menus of subordinate nodes.
+Conventionally, cross references are used to refer to other
+nodes.} In Info, you use menus to go to such nodes.  Menus
+have no effect in printed manuals and do not appear in
+them.@refill
+By convention, a menu is put at the end of a node since a reader who
+uses the menu may not see text that follows it.@refill
+@ifinfo
+A node that has a menu should @emph{not} contain much text.  If you
+have a lot of text and a menu, move most of the text into a new
+subnode---all but a few lines.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+@emph{A node that has a menu should not contain much text.} If you
+have a lot of text and a menu, move most of the text into a new
+subnode---all but a few lines.  Otherwise, a reader with a terminal
+that displays only a few lines may miss the menu and its associated
+text.  As a practical matter, you should locate a menu within 20 lines
+of the beginning of the node.@refill
+@end iftex
+@menu
+* Menu Location::               Put a menu in a short node.
+* Writing a Menu::              What is a menu?
+* Menu Parts::                  A menu entry has three parts.
+* Less Cluttered Menu Entry::   Two part menu entry.
+* Menu Example::                Two and three part menu entries.
+* Other Info Files::            How to refer to a different Info file.
+@end menu
+@node Menu Location, Writing a Menu, Menus, Menus
+@ifinfo
+@heading Menus Need Short Nodes
+@end ifinfo
+@cindex Menu location
+@cindex Location of menus
+@cindex Nodes for menus are short
+@cindex Short nodes for menus
+@ifinfo
+A reader can easily see a menu that is close to the beginning of the
+node.  The node should be short.  As a practical matter, you should
+locate a menu within 20 lines of the beginning of the node.
+Otherwise, a reader with a terminal that displays only a few lines may
+miss the menu and its associated text.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+The short text before a menu may look awkward in a printed manual.  To
+avoid this, you can write a menu near the beginning of its node and
+follow the menu by an @code{@@node} line, and then an @code{@@heading}
+line located within @code{@@ifinfo} and @code{@@end ifinfo}.  This way,
+the menu, @code{@@node} line, and title appear only in the Info file,
+not the printed document.@refill
+For example, the preceding two paragraphs follow an Info-only menu,
+@code{@@node} line, and heading, and look like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@menu
+* Menu Location::             Put a menu in a short node.
+* Writing a Menu::            What is a menu?
+* Menu Parts::                A menu entry has three parts.
+* Less Cluttered Menu Entry:: Two part menu entry.
+* Menu Example::              Two and three part entries.
+* Other Info Files::          How to refer to a different
+Info file.
+@@end menu
+@@node Menu Location, Writing a Menu,  , Menus
+@@ifinfo
+@@heading Menus Need Short Nodes
+@@end ifinfo
+@end group
+@end example
+The Texinfo file for this document contains more than a dozen
+examples of this procedure.  One is at the beginning of this chapter;
+another is at the beginning of the ``Cross References'' chapter.@refill
+@node Writing a Menu, Menu Parts, Menu Location, Menus
+@section Writing a Menu
+@cindex Writing a menu
+@cindex Menu writing
+A menu consists of an @code{@@menu} command on a line by
+itself followed by menu entry lines or menu comment lines
+and then by an @code{@@end menu} command on a line by
+itself.@refill
+A menu looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@menu
+Larger Units of Text
+* Files::                       All about handling files.
+* Multiples: Buffers.           Multiple buffers; editing
+several files at once.
+@@end menu
+@end group
+@end example
+In a menu, every line that begins with an @w{@samp{* }} is a
+@dfn{menu entry}.  (Note the space after the asterisk.)  A
+line that does not start with an @w{@samp{* }} may also
+appear in a menu.  Such a line is not a menu entry but is a
+menu comment line that appears in the Info file.  In
+the example above, the line @samp{Larger Units of Text} is a
+menu comment line; the two lines starting with @w{@samp{* }}
+are menu entries.
+@node Menu Parts, Less Cluttered Menu Entry, Writing a Menu, Menus
+@section The Parts of a Menu
+@cindex Parts of a menu
+@cindex Menu parts
+@cindex @code{@@menu} parts
+A menu entry has three parts, only the second of which is
+required:@refill
+@enumerate
+@item
+The menu entry name.
+@item
+The name of the node (required).
+@item
+A description of the item.
+@end enumerate
+The template for a menu entry looks like this:@refill
+@example
+* @var{menu-entry-name}: @var{node-name}.   @var{description}
+@end example
+Follow the menu entry name with a single colon and follow the node name
+with tab, comma, period, or newline.@refill
+In Info, a user selects a node with the @kbd{m} (@code{Info-menu})
+command.  The menu entry name is what the user types after the @kbd{m}
+command.@refill
+The third part of a menu entry is a descriptive phrase or
+sentence.  Menu entry names and node names are often short; the
+description explains to the reader what the node is about.  The
+description, which is optional, can spread over two or more lines.  A
+useful description complements the node name rather than repeats
+it.@refill
+@node Less Cluttered Menu Entry, Menu Example, Menu Parts, Menus
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Less Cluttered Menu Entry
+@cindex Two part menu entry
+@cindex Double-colon menu entries
+@cindex Menu entries with two colons
+@cindex Less cluttered menu entry
+@cindex Uncluttered menu entry
+When the menu entry name and node name are the same, you can write
+the name immediately after the asterisk and space at the beginning of
+the line and follow the name with two colons.@refill
+@need 800
+For example, write
+@example
+* Name::                                    @var{description}
+@end example
+@need 800
+@noindent
+instead of
+@example
+* Name: Name.                               @var{description}
+@end example
+You should use the node name for the menu entry name whenever possible,
+since it reduces visual clutter in the menu.@refill
+@node Menu Example, Other Info Files, Less Cluttered Menu Entry, Menus
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section A Menu Example
+@cindex Menu example
+@cindex Example menu
+A menu looks like this in Texinfo:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@menu
+* menu entry name: Node name.   A short description.
+* Node name::                   This form is preferred.
+@@end menu
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 800
+@noindent
+This produces:
+@example
+@group
+* menu:
+* menu entry name: Node name.   A short description.
+* Node name::                   This form is preferred.
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 700
+Here is an example as you might see it in a Texinfo file:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@menu
+Larger Units of Text
+* Files::                       All about handling files.
+* Multiples: Buffers.           Multiple buffers; editing
+several files at once.
+@@end menu
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 800
+@noindent
+This produces:
+@example
+@group
+* menu:
+Larger Units of Text
+* Files::                       All about handling files.
+* Multiples: Buffers.           Multiple buffers; editing
+several files at once.
+@end group
+@end example
+In this example, the menu has two entries.  @samp{Files} is both a menu
+entry name and the name of the node referred to by that name.
+@samp{Multiples} is the menu entry name; it refers to the node named
+@samp{Buffers}. The line @samp{Larger Units of Text} is a comment; it
+appears in the menu, but is not an entry.@refill
+Since no file name is specified with either @samp{Files} or
+@samp{Buffers}, they must be the names of nodes in the same Info file
+(@pxref{Other Info Files, , Referring to Other Info Files}).@refill
+@node Other Info Files,  , Menu Example, Menus
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Referring to Other Info Files
+@cindex Referring to other Info files
+@cindex Nodes in other Info files
+@cindex Other Info files' nodes
+@cindex Going to other Info files' nodes
+@cindex Info; other files' nodes
+You can create a menu entry that enables a reader in Info to go to a
+node in another Info file by writing the file name in parentheses just
+before the node name.  In this case, you should use the three-part menu
+entry format, which saves the reader from having to type the file
+name.@refill
+@need 800
+The format looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@menu
+* @var{first-entry-name}:(@var{filename})@var{nodename}.     @var{description}
+* @var{second-entry-name}:(@var{filename})@var{second-node}. @var{description}
+@@end menu
+@end group
+@end example
+For example, to refer directly to the @samp{Outlining} and
+@samp{Rebinding} nodes in the @cite{Emacs Manual}, you would write a
+menu like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@menu
+* Outlining: (emacs)Outline Mode. The major mode for
+editing outlines.
+* Rebinding: (emacs)Rebinding.    How to redefine the
+meaning of a key.
+@@end menu
+@end group
+@end example
+If you do not list the node name, but only name the file, then Info
+presumes that you are referring to the `Top' node.@refill
+The @file{dir} file that contains the main menu for Info has menu
+entries that list only file names.  These take you directly to the `Top'
+nodes of each Info document.  (@xref{Install an Info File}.)@refill
+@need 700
+For example:
+@example
+@group
+* Info: (info).         Documentation browsing system.
+* Emacs: (emacs).       The extensible, self-documenting
+text editor.
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+(The @file{dir} top level directory for the Info system is an Info file,
+not a Texinfo file, but a menu entry looks the same in both types of
+file.)@refill
+Note that the GNU Emacs Texinfo mode menu updating commands only work
+with nodes within the current buffer, so you cannot use them to create
+menus that refer to other files.  You must write such menus by hand.@refill
+@node Cross References, Marking Text, Menus, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Cross References
+@cindex Making cross references
+@cindex Cross references
+@cindex References
+@dfn{Cross references} are used to refer the reader to other parts of the
+same or different Texinfo files.  In Texinfo, nodes are the
+places to which cross references can refer.@refill
+@menu
+* References::                  What cross references are for.
+* Cross Reference Commands::    A summary of the different commands.
+* Cross Reference Parts::       A cross reference has several parts.
+* xref::                        Begin a reference with `See' @dots{}
+* Top Node Naming::             How to refer to the beginning of another file.
+* ref::                         A reference for the last part of a sentence.
+* pxref::                       How to write a parenthetical cross reference.
+* inforef::                     How to refer to an Info-only file.
+@end menu
+@node References, Cross Reference Commands, Cross References, Cross References
+@ifinfo
+@heading What References Are For
+@end ifinfo
+Often, but not always, a printed document should be designed so that
+it can be read sequentially.  People tire of flipping back and forth
+to find information that should be presented to them as they need
+it.@refill
+However, in any document, some information will be too detailed for
+the current context, or incidental to it; use cross references to
+provide access to such information.  Also, an on-line help system or a
+reference manual is not like a novel; few read such documents in
+sequence from beginning to end.  Instead, people look up what they
+need.  For this reason, such creations should contain many cross
+references to help readers find other information that they may not
+have read.@refill
+In a printed manual, a cross reference results in a page reference,
+unless it is to another manual altogether, in which case the cross
+reference names that manual.@refill
+In Info, a cross reference results in an entry that you can follow using
+the Info @samp{f} command.  (@inforef{Help-Adv, Some advanced Info
+commands, info}.)@refill
+The various cross reference commands use nodes to define cross
+reference locations.  This is evident in Info, in which a cross
+reference takes you to the specified node.  @TeX{} also uses nodes to
+define cross reference locations, but the action is less obvious.  When
+@TeX{} generates a @sc{dvi} file, it records nodes' page numbers and
+uses the page numbers in making references.  Thus, if you are writing
+a manual that will only be printed, and will not be used on-line, you
+must nonetheless write @code{@@node} lines to name the places to which
+you make cross references.@refill
+@need 800
+@node Cross Reference Commands, Cross Reference Parts, References, Cross References
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Different Cross Reference Commands
+@cindex Different cross reference commands
+There are four different cross reference commands:@refill
+@table @code
+@item @@xref
+Used to start a sentence in the printed manual saying @w{`See @dots{}'}
+or an Info cross-reference saying @samp{*Note @var{name}: @var{node}.}.
+@item @@ref
+Used within or, more often, at the end of a sentence; same as
+@code{@@xref} for Info; produces just the reference in the printed
+manual without a preceding `See'.@refill
+@item @@pxref
+Used within parentheses to make a reference that suits both an Info
+file and a printed book.  Starts with a lower case `see' within the
+printed manual. (@samp{p} is for `parenthesis'.)@refill
+@item @@inforef
+Used to make a reference to an Info file for which there is no printed
+manual.@refill
+@end table
+@noindent
+(The @code{@@cite} command is used to make references to books and
+manuals for which there is no corresponding Info file and, therefore,
+no node to which to point.   @xref{cite, , @code{@@cite}}.)@refill
+@node Cross Reference Parts, xref, Cross Reference Commands, Cross References
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Parts of a Cross Reference
+@cindex Cross reference parts
+@cindex Parts of a cross reference
+A cross reference command requires only one argument, which is the
+name of the node to which it refers.  But a cross reference command
+may contain up to four additional arguments.  By using these
+arguments, you can provide a cross reference name for Info, a topic
+description or section title for the printed output, the name of a
+different Info file, and the name of a different printed
+manual.@refill
+Here is a simple cross reference example:@refill
+@example
+@@xref@{Node name@}.
+@end example
+@noindent
+which produces
+@example
+*Note Node name::.
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+See Section @var{nnn} [Node name], page @var{ppp}.
+@end quotation
+@need 700
+Here is an example of a full five-part cross reference:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@xref@{Node name, Cross Reference Name, Particular Topic,
+info-file-name, A Printed Manual@}, for details.
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+which produces
+@example
+*Note Cross Reference Name: (info-file-name)Node name,
+for details.
+@end example
+@noindent
+in Info and
+@quotation
+See section ``Particular Topic'' in @i{A Printed Manual}, for details.
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+in a printed book.
+The five possible arguments for a cross reference are:@refill
+@enumerate
+@item
+The node name (required).  This is the node to which the
+cross reference takes you.  In a printed document, the location of the
+node provides the page reference only for references within the same
+document.@refill
+@item
+The cross reference name for the Info reference, if it is to be different
+from the node name.  If you include this argument, it argument becomes
+the first part of the cross reference. It is usually omitted.@refill
+@item
+A topic description or section name.  Often, this is the title of the
+section.  This is used as the name of the reference in the printed
+manual.  If omitted, the node name is used.@refill
+@item
+The name of the Info file in which the reference is located, if it is
+different from the current file.@refill
+@item
+The name of a printed manual from a different Texinfo file.@refill
+@end enumerate
+The template for a full five argument cross reference looks like
+this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@xref@{@var{node-name}, @var{cross-reference-name}, @var{title-or-topic},
+@var{info-file-name}, @var{printed-manual-title}@}.
+@end group
+@end example
+Cross references with one, two, three, four, and five arguments are
+described separately following the description of @code{@@xref}.@refill
+Write a node name in a cross reference in exactly the same way as in
+the @code{@@node} line, including the same capitalization; otherwise, the
+formatters may not find the reference.@refill
+You can write cross reference commands within a paragraph, but note
+how Info and @TeX{} format the output of each of the various commands:
+write @code{@@xref} at the beginning of a sentence; write
+@code{@@pxref} only within parentheses, and so on.@refill
+@node xref, Top Node Naming, Cross Reference Parts, Cross References
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@xref}
+@findex xref
+@cindex Cross references using @code{@@xref}
+@cindex References using @code{@@xref}
+The @code{@@xref} command generates a cross reference for the
+beginning of a sentence.  The Info formatting commands convert it into
+an Info cross reference, which the Info @samp{f} command can use to
+bring you directly to another node.  The @TeX{} typesetting commands
+convert it into a page reference, or a reference to another book or
+manual.@refill
+@menu
+* Reference Syntax::            What a reference looks like and requires.
+* One Argument::                @code{@@xref} with one argument.
+* Two Arguments::               @code{@@xref} with two arguments.
+* Three Arguments::             @code{@@xref} with three arguments.
+* Four and Five Arguments::     @code{@@xref} with four and five arguments.
+@end menu
+@node Reference Syntax, One Argument, xref, xref
+@ifinfo
+@subheading What a Reference Looks Like and Requires
+@end ifinfo
+Most often, an Info cross reference looks like this:@refill
+@example
+*Note @var{node-name}::.
+@end example
+@noindent
+or like this
+@example
+*Note @var{cross-reference-name}: @var{node-name}.
+@end example
+@noindent
+In @TeX{}, a cross reference looks like this:
+@example
+See Section @var{section-number} [@var{node-name}], page @var{page}.
+@end example
+@noindent
+or like this
+@example
+See Section @var{section-number} [@var{title-or-topic}], page @var{page}.
+@end example
+The @code{@@xref} command does not generate a period or comma to end
+the cross reference in either the Info file or the printed output.
+You must write that period or comma yourself; otherwise, Info will not
+recognize the end of the reference.  (The @code{@@pxref} command works
+differently.  @xref{pxref, , @code{@@pxref}}.)@refill
+@quotation
+@strong{Please note:} A period or comma @strong{must} follow the closing
+brace of an @code{@@xref}.  It is required to terminate the cross
+reference.  This period or comma will appear in the output, both in
+the Info file and in the printed manual.@refill
+@end quotation
+@code{@@xref} must refer to an Info node by name.  Use @code{@@node}
+to define the node (@pxref{Writing a Node}).@refill
+@code{@@xref} is followed by several arguments inside braces, separated by
+commas.  Whitespace before and after these commas is ignored.@refill
+A cross reference requires only the name of a node; but it may contain
+up to four additional arguments.  Each of these variations produces a
+cross reference that looks somewhat different.@refill
+@quotation
+@strong{Please note:} Commas separate arguments in a cross reference;
+avoid including them in the title or other part lest the formatters
+mistake them for separators.@refill
+@end quotation
+@node One Argument, Two Arguments, Reference Syntax, xref
+@subsection @code{@@xref} with One Argument
+The simplest form of @code{@@xref} takes one argument, the name of
+another node in the same Info file.    The Info formatters produce
+output that the Info readers can use to jump to the reference; @TeX{}
+produces output that specifies the page and section number for you.@refill
+@need 700
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+@@xref@{Tropical Storms@}.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+*Note Tropical Storms::.
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+See Section 3.1 [Tropical Storms], page 24.
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+(Note that in the preceding example the closing brace is followed by a
+period.)@refill
+You can write a clause after the cross reference, like this:@refill
+@example
+@@xref@{Tropical Storms@}, for more info.
+@end example
+@noindent
+which produces
+@example
+*Note Tropical Storms::, for more info.
+@end example
+@quotation
+See Section 3.1 [Tropical Storms], page 24, for more info.
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+(Note that in the preceding example the closing brace is followed by a
+comma, and then by the clause, which is followed by a period.)@refill
+@node Two Arguments, Three Arguments, One Argument, xref
+@subsection @code{@@xref} with Two Arguments
+With two arguments, the second is used as the name of the Info cross
+reference, while the first is still the name of the node to which the
+cross reference points.@refill
+@need 750
+@noindent
+The template is like this:
+@example
+@@xref@{@var{node-name}, @var{cross-reference-name}@}.
+@end example
+@need 700
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+@@xref@{Electrical Effects, Lightning@}.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces:
+@example
+*Note Lightning: Electrical Effects.
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+See Section 5.2 [Electrical Effects], page 57.
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+(Note that in the preceding example the closing brace is followed by a
+period; and that the node name is printed, not the cross reference name.)@refill
+You can write a clause after the cross reference, like this:@refill
+@example
+@@xref@{Electrical Effects, Lightning@}, for more info.
+@end example
+@noindent
+which produces
+@example
+*Note Lightning: Electrical Effects, for more info.
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+See Section 5.2 [Electrical Effects], page 57, for more info.
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+(Note that in the preceding example the closing brace is followed by a
+comma, and then by the clause, which is followed by a period.)@refill
+@node Three Arguments, Four and Five Arguments, Two Arguments, xref
+@subsection @code{@@xref} with Three Arguments
+A third argument replaces the node name in the @TeX{} output.  The third
+argument should be the name of the section in the printed output, or
+else state the topic discussed by that section.  Often, you will want to
+use initial upper case letters so it will be easier to read when the
+reference is printed.  Use a third argument when the node name is
+unsuitable because of syntax or meaning.@refill
+Remember to avoid placing a comma within the title or topic section of
+a cross reference, or within any other section.  The formatters divide
+cross references into arguments according to the commas; a comma
+within a title or other section will divide it into two arguments.  In
+a reference, you need to write a title such as ``Clouds, Mist, and
+Fog'' without the commas.@refill
+Also, remember to write a comma or period after the closing brace of a
+@code{@@xref} to terminate the cross reference.  In the following
+examples, a clause follows a terminating comma.@refill
+@need 750
+@noindent
+The template is like this:
+@example
+@group
+@@xref@{@var{node-name}, @var{cross-reference-name}, @var{title-or-topic}@}.
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 700
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+@@xref@{Electrical Effects, Lightning, Thunder and Lightning@},
+for details.
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+*Note Lightning: Electrical Effects, for details.
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+See Section 5.2 [Thunder and Lightning], page 57, for details.
+@end quotation
+If a third argument is given and the second one is empty, then the
+third argument serves both.  (Note how two commas, side by side, mark
+the empty second argument.)@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@xref@{Electrical Effects, , Thunder and Lightning@},
+for details.
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+*Note Thunder and Lightning: Electrical Effects, for details.
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+See Section 5.2 [Thunder and Lightning], page 57, for details.
+@end quotation
+As a practical matter, it is often best to write cross references with
+just the first argument if the node name and the section title are the
+same, and with the first and third arguments if the node name and title
+are different.@refill
+Here are several examples from @cite{The GAWK Manual}:@refill
+@smallexample
+@@xref@{Sample Program@}.
+@@xref@{Glossary@}.
+@@xref@{Case-sensitivity, ,Case-sensitivity in Matching@}.
+@@xref@{Close Output, , Closing Output Files and Pipes@},
+for more information.
+@@xref@{Regexp, , Regular Expressions as Patterns@}.
+@end smallexample
+@node Four and Five Arguments,  , Three Arguments, xref
+@subsection @code{@@xref} with Four and Five Arguments
+In a cross reference, a fourth argument specifies the name of another
+Info file, different from the file in which the reference appears, and
+a fifth argument specifies its title as a printed manual.@refill
+Remember that a comma or period must follow the closing brace of an
+@code{@@xref} command to terminate the cross reference.  In the
+following examples, a clause follows a terminating comma.@refill
+@need 800
+@noindent
+The template is:
+@example
+@group
+@@xref@{@var{node-name}, @var{cross-reference-name}, @var{title-or-topic},
+@var{info-file-name}, @var{printed-manual-title}@}.
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 700
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+@@xref@{Electrical Effects, Lightning, Thunder and Lightning,
+weather, An Introduction to Meteorology@}, for details.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+*Note Lightning: (weather)Electrical Effects, for details.
+@end example
+@noindent
+The name of the Info file is enclosed in parentheses and precedes
+the name of the node.
+@noindent
+In a printed manual, the reference looks like this:@refill
+@quotation
+See section ``Thunder and Lightning'' in @i{An Introduction to
+Meteorology}, for details.
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+The title of the printed manual is typeset in italics; and the
+reference lacks a page number since @TeX{} cannot know to which page a
+reference refers when that reference is to another manual.@refill
+Often, you will leave out the second argument when you use the long
+version of @code{@@xref}.  In this case, the third argument, the topic
+description, will be used as the cross reference name in Info.@refill
+@noindent
+The template looks like this:
+@example
+@@xref@{@var{node-name}, , @var{title-or-topic}, @var{info-file-name},
+@var{printed-manual-title}@}, for details.
+@end example
+@noindent
+which produces
+@example
+*Note @var{title-or-topic}: (@var{info-file-name})@var{node-name}, for details.
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+See section @var{title-or-topic} in @var{printed-manual-title}, for details.
+@end quotation
+@need 700
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+@@xref@{Electrical Effects, , Thunder and Lightning,
+weather, An Introduction to Meteorology@}, for details.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+@group
+*Note Thunder and Lightning: (weather)Electrical Effects,
+for details.
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+See section ``Thunder and Lightning'' in @i{An Introduction to
+Meteorology}, for details.
+@end quotation
+On rare occasions, you may want to refer to another Info file that
+is within a single printed manual---when multiple Texinfo files are
+incorporated into the same @TeX{} run but make separate Info files.
+In this case, you need to specify only the fourth argument, and not
+the fifth.@refill
+@node Top Node Naming, ref, xref, Cross References
+@section Naming a `Top' Node
+@cindex Naming a `Top' Node in references
+@cindex @samp{@r{Top}} node naming for references
+In a cross reference, you must always name a node.  This means that in
+order to refer to a whole manual, you must identify the `Top' node by
+writing it as the first argument to the @code{@@xref} command.  (This
+is different from the way you write a menu entry; see @ref{Other Info
+Files, , Referring to Other Info Files}.)  At the same time, to
+provide a meaningful section topic or title in the printed cross
+reference (instead of the word `Top'), you must write an appropriate
+entry for the third argument to the @code{@@xref} command.
+@refill
+@noindent
+Thus, to make a cross reference to @cite{The GNU Make Manual},
+write:@refill
+@example
+@@xref@{Top, , Overview, make, The GNU Make Manual@}.
+@end example
+@noindent
+which produces
+@example
+*Note Overview: (make)Top.
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+See section ``Overview'' in @i{The GNU Make Manual}.
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+In this example, @samp{Top} is the name of the first node, and
+@samp{Overview} is the name of the first section of the manual.@refill
+@node ref, pxref, Top Node Naming, Cross References
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@ref}
+@cindex Cross references using @code{@@ref}
+@cindex References using @code{@@ref}
+@findex ref
+@code{@@ref} is nearly the same as @code{@@xref} except that it does
+not generate a `See' in the printed output, just the reference itself.
+This makes it useful as the last part of a sentence.@refill
+@need 700
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+For more information, see @@ref@{Hurricanes@}.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+For more information, see *Note Hurricanes.
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+For more information, see Section 8.2 [Hurricanes], page 123.
+@end quotation
+The @code{@@ref} command sometimes leads writers to express themselves
+in a manner that is suitable for a printed manual but looks awkward
+in the Info format.  Bear in mind that your audience will be using
+both the printed and the Info format.@refill
+@need 800
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+Sea surges are described in @@ref@{Hurricanes@}.
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 800
+@noindent
+produces
+@quotation
+Sea surges are described in Section 6.7 [Hurricanes], page 72.
+@end quotation
+@need 800
+@noindent
+in a printed document, and the following in Info:
+@example
+Sea surges are described in *Note Hurricanes::.
+@end example
+@quotation
+@strong{Caution:} You @emph{must} write a period or comma immediately
+after an @code{@@ref} command with two or more arguments.  Otherwise,
+Info will not find the end of the cross reference entry and its
+attempt to follow the cross reference will fail.  As a general rule,
+you should write a period or comma after every @code{@@ref} command.
+This looks best in both the printed and the Info output.@refill
+@end quotation
+@node pxref, inforef, ref, Cross References
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@pxref}
+@cindex Cross references using @code{@@pxref}
+@cindex References using @code{@@pxref}
+@findex pxref
+The parenthetical reference command, @code{@@pxref}, is nearly the
+same as @code{@@xref}, but you use it @emph{only} inside parentheses
+and you do @emph{not} type a comma or period after the command's
+closing brace.  The command differs from @code{@@xref} in two
+ways:@refill
+@enumerate
+@item
+@TeX{} typesets the reference for the printed manual with a lower case
+`see' rather than an upper case `See'.@refill
+@item
+The Info formatting commands automatically end the reference with a
+closing colon or period.@refill
+@end enumerate
+Because one type of formatting automatically inserts closing
+punctuation and the other does not, you should use @code{@@pxref}
+@emph{only} inside parentheses as part of another sentence.  Also, you
+yourself should not insert punctuation after the reference, as you do
+with @code{@@xref}.@refill
+@code{@@pxref} is designed so that the output looks right and works
+right between parentheses both in printed output and in an Info file.
+In a printed manual, a closing comma or period should not follow a
+cross reference within parentheses; such punctuation is wrong.  But in
+an Info file, suitable closing punctuation must follow the cross
+reference so Info can recognize its end.  @code{@@pxref} spares you
+the need to use complicated methods to put a terminator into one form
+of the output and not the other.@refill
+@noindent
+With one argument, a parenthetical cross reference looks like
+this:@refill
+@example
+@dots{} storms cause flooding (@@pxref@{Hurricanes@}) @dots{}
+@end example
+@need 800
+@noindent
+which produces
+@example
+@group
+@dots{} storms cause flooding (*Note Hurricanes::) @dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+@dots{} storms cause flooding (see Section 6.7 [Hurricanes], page 72) @dots{}
+@end quotation
+With two arguments, a parenthetical cross reference has this
+template:@refill
+@example
+@dots{} (@@pxref@{@var{node-name}, @var{cross-reference-name}@}) @dots{}
+@end example
+@noindent
+which produces
+@example
+@dots{} (*Note @var{cross-reference-name}: @var{node-name}.) @dots{}
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@need 1500
+@quotation
+@dots{} (see Section @var{nnn} [@var{node-name}], page @var{ppp}) @dots{}
+@end quotation
+@code{@@pxref} can be used with up to five arguments just like
+@code{@@xref} (@pxref{xref, , @code{@@xref}}).@refill
+@quotation
+@strong{Please note:} Use @code{@@pxref} only as a parenthetical
+reference.  Do not try to use @code{@@pxref} as a clause in a sentence.
+It will look bad in either the Info file, the printed output, or
+both.@refill
+Also, parenthetical cross references look best at the ends of sentences.
+Although you may write them in the middle of a sentence, that location
+breaks up the flow of text.@refill
+@end quotation
+@node inforef,  , pxref, Cross References
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@inforef}
+@cindex Cross references using @code{@@inforef}
+@cindex References using @code{@@inforef}
+@findex inforef
+@code{@@inforef} is used for cross references to Info files for which
+there are no printed manuals.  Even in a printed manual,
+@code{@@inforef} generates a reference directing the user to look in
+an Info file.@refill
+The command takes either two or three arguments, in the following
+order:@refill
+@enumerate
+@item
+The node name.
+@item
+The cross reference name (optional).
+@item
+The Info file name.
+@end enumerate
+@noindent
+Separate the arguments with commas, as with @code{@@xref}.  Also, you
+must terminate the reference with a comma or period after the
+@samp{@}}, as you do with @code{@@xref}.@refill
+@noindent
+The template is:
+@example
+@@inforef@{@var{node-name}, @var{cross-reference-name}, @var{info-file-name}@},
+@end example
+@need 800
+@noindent
+Thus,
+@example
+@group
+@@inforef@{Expert, Advanced Info commands, info@},
+for more information.
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 800
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+@group
+*Note Advanced Info commands: (info)Expert,
+for more information.
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 800
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+See Info file @file{info}, node @samp{Expert}, for more information.
+@end quotation
+@need 800
+@noindent
+Similarly,
+@example
+@group
+@@inforef@{Expert, , info@}, for more information.
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 800
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+*Note (info)Expert::, for more information.
+@end example
+@need 800
+@noindent
+and
+@quotation
+See Info file @file{info}, node @samp{Expert}, for more information.
+@end quotation
+The converse of @code{@@inforef} is @code{@@cite}, which is used to
+refer to printed works for which no Info form exists.  @xref{cite, ,
+@code{@@cite}}.@refill
+@node Marking Text, Quotations and Examples, Cross References, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Marking Words and Phrases
+@cindex Paragraph, marking text within
+@cindex Marking words and phrases
+@cindex Words and phrases, marking them
+@cindex Marking text within a paragraph
+In Texinfo, you can mark words and phrases in a variety of ways.
+The Texinfo formatters use this information to determine how to
+highlight the text.
+You can specify, for example, whether a word or phrase is a
+defining occurrence, a metasyntactic variable, or a symbol used in a
+program.  Also, you can emphasize text.@refill
+@menu
+* Indicating::                  How to indicate definitions, files, etc.
+* Emphasis::                    How to emphasize text.
+@end menu
+@node Indicating, Emphasis, Marking Text, Marking Text
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Indicating Definitions, Commands, etc.
+@cindex Highlighting text
+@cindex Indicating commands, definitions, etc.
+Texinfo has commands for indicating just what kind of object a piece of
+text refers to.  For example, metasyntactic variables are marked by
+@code{@@var}, and code by @code{@@code}.  Since the pieces of text are
+labelled by commands that tell what kind of object they are, it is easy
+to change the way the Texinfo formatters prepare such text.  (Texinfo is
+an @emph{intentional} formatting language rather than a @emph{typesetting}
+formatting language.)@refill
+For example, in a printed manual,
+code is usually illustrated in a typewriter font;
+@code{@@code} tells @TeX{} to typeset this text in this font.  But it
+would be easy to change the way @TeX{} highlights code to use another
+font, and this change would not effect how keystroke examples are
+highlighted.  If straight typesetting commands were used in the body
+of the file and you wanted to make a change, you would need to check
+every single occurrence to make sure that you were changing code and
+not something else that should not be changed.@refill
+@menu
+* Useful Highlighting::         Highlighting provides useful information.
+* code::                        How to indicate code.
+* kbd::                         How to show keyboard input.
+* key::                         How to specify keys.
+* samp::                        How to show a literal sequence of characters.
+* var::                         How to indicate a metasyntactic variable.
+* file::                        How to indicate the name of a file.
+* dfn::                         How to specify a definition.
+* cite::                        How to refer to a book that is not in Info.
+@end menu
+@node Useful Highlighting, code, Indicating, Indicating
+@ifinfo
+@subheading Highlighting Commands are Useful
+@end ifinfo
+The highlighting commands can be used to generate useful information
+from the file, such as lists of functions or file names.  It is
+possible, for example, to write a program in Emacs Lisp (or a keyboard
+macro) to insert an index entry after every paragraph that contains
+words or phrases marked by a specified command.  You could do this to
+construct an index of functions if you had not already made the
+entries.@refill
+The commands serve a variety of purposes:@refill
+@table @code
+@item @@code@{@var{sample-code}@}
+Indicate text that is a literal example of a piece of a program.@refill
+@item @@kbd@{@var{keyboard-characters}@}
+Indicate keyboard input.@refill
+@item @@key@{@var{key-name}@}
+Indicate the conventional name for a key on a keyboard.@refill
+@item @@samp@{@var{text}@}
+Indicate text that is a literal example of a sequence of characters.@refill
+@item @@var@{@var{metasyntactic-variable}@}
+Indicate a metasyntactic variable.@refill
+@item @@file@{@var{file-name}@}
+Indicate the name of a file.@refill
+@item @@dfn@{@var{term}@}
+Indicate the introductory or defining use of a term.@refill
+@item @@cite@{@var{reference}@}
+Indicate the name of a book.@refill
+@ignore
+@item @@ctrl@{@var{ctrl-char}@}
+Use for an @sc{ascii} control character.@refill
+@end ignore
+@end table
+@node code, kbd, Useful Highlighting, Indicating
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@code}@{@var{sample-code}@}
+@findex code
+Use the @code{@@code} command to indicate text that is a piece of a
+program and which consists of entire syntactic tokens.  Enclose the
+text in braces.@refill
+Thus, you should use @code{@@code} for an expression in a program, for
+the name of a variable or function used in a program, or for a
+keyword.  Also, you should use @code{@@code} for the name of a
+program, such as @code{diff}, that is a name used in the machine. (You
+should write the name of a program in the ordinary text font if you
+regard it as a new English word, such as `Emacs' or `Bison'.)@refill
+Use @code{@@code} for environment variables such as @code{TEXINPUTS},
+and other variables.@refill
+Use @code{@@code} for command names in command languages that
+resemble programming languages, such as Texinfo or the shell.
+For example, @code{@@code} and @code{@@samp} are produced by writing
+@samp{@@code@{@@@@code@}} and @samp{@@code@{@@@@samp@}} in the Texinfo
+source, respectively.@refill
+Note, however, that you should not use @code{@@code} for shell options
+such as @samp{-c} when such options stand alone. (Use @code{@@samp}.)
+Also, an entire shell command often looks better if written using
+@code{@@samp} rather than @code{@@code}.  In this case, the rule is to
+choose the more pleasing format.@refill
+It is incorrect to alter the case of a word inside an @code{@@code}
+command when it appears at the beginning of a sentence.  Most computer
+languages are case sensitive.  In C, for example, @code{Printf} is
+different from the identifier @code{printf}, and most likely is a
+misspelling of it.  Even in languages which are not case sensitive, it
+is confusing to a human reader to see identifiers spelled in different
+ways.  Pick one spelling and always use that.  If you do not want to
+start a sentence with a command written all in lower case, you should
+rearrange the sentence.@refill
+Do not use the @code{@@code} command for a string of characters shorter
+than a syntactic token.  If you are writing about @samp{TEXINPU}, which
+is just a part of the name for the @code{TEXINPUTS} environment
+variable, you should use @code{@@samp}.@refill
+In particular, you should not use the @code{@@code} command when writing
+about the characters used in a token; do not, for example, use
+@code{@@code} when you are explaining what letters or printable symbols
+can be used in the names of functions.  (Use @code{@@samp}.)  Also, you
+should not use @code{@@code} to mark text that is considered input to
+programs unless the input is written in a language that is like a
+programming language.  For example, you should not use @code{@@code} for
+the keystroke commands of GNU Emacs (use @code{@@kbd} instead) although
+you may use @code{@@code} for the names of the Emacs Lisp functions that
+the keystroke commands invoke.@refill
+In the printed manual, @code{@@code} causes @TeX{} to typeset the
+argument in a typewriter face.  In the Info file, it causes the Info
+formatting commands to use single quotation marks around the text.
+@need 700
+For example,
+@example
+Use @@code@{diff@} to compare two files.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces this in the printed manual:@refill
+@quotation
+Use @code{diff} to compare two files.
+@end quotation
+@iftex
+@noindent
+and this in the Info file:@refill
+@example
+Use `diff' to compare two files.
+@end example
+@end iftex
+@node kbd, key, code, Indicating
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@kbd}@{@var{keyboard-characters}@}
+@findex kbd
+Use the @code{@@kbd} command for characters of input to be typed by
+users.  For example, to refer to the characters @kbd{M-a},
+write@refill
+@example
+@@kbd@{M-a@}
+@end example
+@noindent
+and to refer to the characters @kbd{M-x shell}, write@refill
+@example
+@@kbd@{M-x shell@}
+@end example
+The @code{@@kbd} command has the same effect as @code{@@code} in Info,
+but may produce a different font in a printed manual.@refill
+You can embed another @@-command inside the braces of an @code{@@kbd}
+command.  Here, for example, is the way to describe a command that
+would be described more verbosely as ``press an @samp{r} and then
+press the @key{RET} key'':@refill
+@example
+@@kbd@{r @@key@{RET@}@}
+@end example
+@noindent
+This produces: @kbd{r @key{RET}}
+You also use the @code{@@kbd} command if you are spelling out the letters
+you type; for example:@refill
+@example
+To give the @@code@{logout@} command,
+type the characters @@kbd@{l o g o u t @@key@{RET@}@}.
+@end example
+@noindent
+This produces:
+@quotation
+To give the @code{logout} command,
+type the characters @kbd{l o g o u t @key{RET}}.
+@end quotation
+(Also, this example shows that you can add spaces for clarity.  If you
+really want to mention a space character as one of the characters of
+input, write @kbd{@@key@{SPC@}} for it.)@refill
+@node key, samp, kbd, Indicating
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@key}@{@var{key-name}@}
+@findex key
+Use the @code{@@key} command for the conventional name for a key on a
+keyboard, as in:@refill
+@example
+@@key@{RET@}
+@end example
+You can use the @code{@@key} command within the argument of an
+@code{@@kbd} command when the sequence of characters to be typed
+includes one or more keys that are described by name.@refill
+@need 700
+For example, to produce @kbd{C-x @key{ESC}} you would type:@refill
+@example
+@@kbd@{C-x @@key@{ESC@}@}
+@end example
+@c bob: this next sentence looks weird, having a semi-colon followed by
+@c a colon that ends the "sentence"..  --mew
+Here is a list of the recommended names for keys; they are all in
+upper case:@refill
+@cindex Recommended names for keys
+@cindex Keys, recommended names
+@cindex Names recommended for keys
+@cindex Abbreviations for keys
+@quotation
+@table @t
+@item SPC
+Space
+@item RET
+Return
+@item LFD
+Linefeed
+@item TAB
+Tab
+@item BS
+Backspace
+@item ESC
+Escape
+@item DEL
+Delete
+@item SFT
+Shift
+@item CTL
+Control
+@item META
+Meta
+@end table
+@end quotation
+There are subtleties to handling words like `meta' or `ctl' that are
+names of shift keys.  When mentioning a character in which the shift
+key is used, such as @kbd{Meta-a}, use the @code{@@kbd} command alone;
+do not use the @code{@@key} command; but when you are referring to the
+shift key in isolation, use the @code{@@key} command.  For example,
+write @samp{@@kbd@{Meta-a@}} to produce @kbd{Meta-a} and
+@samp{@@key@{META@}} to produce @key{META}.  This is because
+@kbd{Meta-a} refers to keys that you press on a keyboard, but
+@key{META} refers to a key without implying that you press it.  In
+short, use @code{@@kbd} for what you do, and use @code{@@key} for what
+you talk about: ``Press @code{@@kbd@{M-a@}} to move point to the
+beginning of the sentence.  The @code{@@key@{META@}} key is often in the
+lower left of the keyboard.''@refill
+@cindex META key
+@node samp, var, key, Indicating
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@samp}@{@var{text}@}
+@findex samp
+Use the @code{@@samp} command to indicate text that is a literal example
+or `sample' of a sequence of characters in a file, string, pattern, etc.
+Enclose the text in braces.  The argument appears within single
+quotation marks in both the Info file and the printed manual; in
+addition, it is printed in a fixed-width font.@refill
+@example
+To match @@samp@{foo@} at the end of the line,
+use the regexp @@samp@{foo$@}.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@quotation
+To match @samp{foo} at the end of the line, use the regexp
+@samp{foo$}.@refill
+@end quotation
+Any time you are referring to single characters, you should use
+@code{@@samp} unless @code{@@kbd} is more appropriate.  Use
+@code{@@samp} for the names of command-line options.  Also, you may use
+@code{@@samp} for entire statements in C and for entire shell
+commands---in this case, @code{@@samp} often looks better than
+@code{@@code}.  Basically, @code{@@samp} is a catchall for whatever is
+not covered by @code{@@code}, @code{@@kbd}, or @code{@@key}.@refill
+Only include punctuation marks within braces if they are part of the
+string you are specifying.  Write punctuation marks outside the braces
+if those punctuation marks are part of the English text that surrounds
+the string.  In the following sentence, for example, the commas and
+period are outside of the braces:@refill
+@example
+@group
+In English, the vowels are @@samp@{a@}, @@samp@{e@},
+@@samp@{i@}, @@samp@{o@}, @@samp@{u@}, and sometimes
+@@samp@{y@}.
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This produces:
+@quotation
+In English, the vowels are @samp{a}, @samp{e},
+@samp{i}, @samp{o}, @samp{u},  and sometimes
+@samp{y}.
+@end quotation
+@node var, file, samp, Indicating
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@var}@{@var{metasyntactic-variable}@}
+@findex var
+Use the @code{@@var} command to indicate metasyntactic variables.  A
+@dfn{metasyntactic variable} is something that stands for another piece of
+text.  For example, you should use a metasyntactic variable in the
+documentation of a function to describe the arguments that are passed
+to that function.@refill
+Do not use @code{@@var} for the names of particular variables in
+programming languages.  These are specific names from a program, so
+@code{@@code} is correct for them.  For example, the Lisp variable
+@code{texinfo-tex-command} is not a metasyntactic variable; it is
+properly formatted using @code{@@code}.@refill
+The effect of @code{@@var} in the Info file is to change the case of
+the argument to all upper case; in the printed manual, to italicize it.
+@need 700
+For example,
+@example
+To delete file @@var@{filename@},
+type @@code@{rm @@var@{filename@}@}.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@quotation
+To delete file @var{filename}, type @code{rm @var{filename}}.
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+(Note that @code{@@var} may appear inside @code{@@code},
+@code{@@samp}, @code{@@file}, etc.)@refill
+Write a metasyntactic variable all in lower case without spaces, and
+use hyphens to make it more readable.  Thus, the Texinfo source for
+the illustration of how to begin a Texinfo manual looks like
+this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+\input texinfo
+@@@@setfilename @@var@{info-file-name@}
+@@@@settitle @@var@{name-of-manual@}
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This produces:
+@example
+@group
+\input texinfo
+@@setfilename @var{info-file-name}
+@@settitle @var{name-of-manual}
+@end group
+@end example
+In some documentation styles, metasyntactic variables are shown with
+angle brackets, for example:@refill
+@example
+@dots{}, type rm <filename>
+@end example
+@noindent
+However, that is not the style that Texinfo uses.  (You can, of
+course, modify the sources to @TeX{} and the Info formatting commands
+to output the @code{<@dots{}>} format if you wish.)@refill
+@node file, dfn, var, Indicating
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@file}@{@var{file-name}@}
+@findex file
+Use the @code{@@file} command to indicate text that is the name of a
+file, buffer, or directory, or is the name of a node in Info.  You can
+also use the command for file name suffixes.  Do not use @code{@@file}
+for symbols in a programming language; use @code{@@code}.
+Currently, @code{@@file} is equivalent to @code{@@samp} in its effects.
+For example,@refill
+@example
+The @@file@{.el@} files are in
+the @@file@{/usr/local/emacs/lisp@} directory.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@quotation
+The @file{.el} files are in
+the @file{/usr/local/emacs/lisp} directory.
+@end quotation
+@node dfn, cite, file, Indicating
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@dfn}@{@var{term}@}
+@findex dfn
+Use the @code{@@dfn} command to identify the introductory or defining
+use of a technical term.  Use the command only in passages whose
+purpose is to introduce a term which will be used again or which the
+reader ought to know.  Mere passing mention of a term for the first
+time does not deserve @code{@@dfn}.  The command generates italics in
+the printed manual, and double quotation marks in the Info file.  For
+example:@refill
+@example
+Getting rid of a file is called @@dfn@{deleting@} it.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@quotation
+Getting rid of a file is called @dfn{deleting} it.
+@end quotation
+As a general rule, a sentence containing the defining occurrence of a
+term should be a definition of the term.  The sentence does not need
+to say explicitly that it is a definition, but it should contain the
+information of a definition---it should make the meaning clear.
+@node cite,  , dfn, Indicating
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@cite}@{@var{reference}@}
+@findex cite
+Use the @code{@@cite} command for the name of a book that lacks a
+companion Info file. The command produces italics in the printed
+manual, and quotation marks in the Info file.@refill
+(If a book is written in Texinfo, it is better to use a cross reference
+command since a reader can easily follow such a reference in Info.
+@xref{xref, , @code{@@xref}}.)@refill
+@ignore
+@c node ctrl,  , cite, Indicating
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@c subsection @code{@@ctrl}@{@var{ctrl-char}@}
+@findex ctrl
+The @code{@@ctrl} command is seldom used.  It describes an @sc{ascii}
+control character by inserting the actual character into the Info
+file.
+Usually, in Texinfo, you talk what you type as keyboard entry by
+describing it with @code{@@kbd}: thus, @samp{@@kbd@{C-a@}} for
+@kbd{C-a}.  Use @code{@@kbd} in this way when talking about a control
+character that is typed on the keyboard by the user.  When talking
+about a control character appearing in a file or a string, do not use
+@code{@@kbd} since the control character is not typed.  Also, do not
+use @samp{C-} but spell out @code{control-}, as in @samp{control-a},
+to make it easier for a reader to understand.@refill
+@code{@@ctrl} is an idea from the beginnings of Texinfo which may not
+really fit in to the scheme of things.  But there may be times when
+you want to use the command.  The pattern is
+@code{@@ctrl@{@var{ch}@}}, where @var{ch} is an @sc{ascii} character
+whose control-equivalent is wanted.  For example, to specify
+@samp{control-f}, you would enter@refill
+@example
+@@ctrl@{f@}
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@quotation
+@ctrl{f}
+@end quotation
+In the Info file, this generates the specified control character, output
+literally into the file.  This is done so a user can copy the specified
+control character (along with whatever else he or she wants) into another
+Emacs buffer and use it.  Since the `control-h',`control-i', and
+`control-j' characters are formatting characters, they should not be
+indicated with @code{@@ctrl}.@refill
+In a printed manual, @code{@@ctrl} generates text to describe or
+identify that control character: an uparrow followed by the character
+@var{ch}.@refill
+@end ignore
+@node Emphasis,  , Indicating, Marking Text
+@comment node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Emphasizing Text
+@cindex Emphasizing text
+Usually, Texinfo changes the font to mark words in the text according to
+what category the words belong to; an example is the @code{@@code} command.
+Most often, this is the best way to mark words.
+However, sometimes you will want to emphasize text without indicating a
+category.  Texinfo has two commands to do this.  Also, Texinfo has
+several commands that specify the font in which @TeX{} will typeset
+text.  These commands have no affect on Info and only one of them,
+the @code{@@r} command, has any regular use.@refill
+@menu
+* emph & strong::               How to emphasize text in Texinfo.
+* Smallcaps::                   How to use the small caps font.
+* Fonts::                       Various font commands for printed output.
+* Customized Highlighting::     How to define highlighting commands.
+@end menu
+@node emph & strong, Smallcaps, Emphasis, Emphasis
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@emph}@{@var{text}@} and @code{@@strong}@{@var{text}@}
+@cindex Emphasizing text, font for
+@findex emph
+@findex strong
+The @code{@@emph} and @code{@@strong} commands are for emphasis;
+@code{@@strong} is stronger.  In printed output, @code{@@emph}
+produces @emph{italics} and @code{@@strong} produces
+@strong{bold}.@refill
+@need 800
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+@@quotation
+@@strong@{Caution:@} @@code@{rm * .[^.]*@} removes @@emph@{all@}
+files in the directory.
+@@end quotation
+@end group
+@end example
+@iftex
+@noindent
+produces the following in printed output:
+@quotation
+@strong{Caution}: @code{rm * .[^.]*} removes @emph{all}
+files in the directory.
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+and the following in Info:
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+@noindent
+produces:
+@end ifinfo
+@example
+*Caution*: `rm * .[^.]*' removes *all*
+files in the directory.
+@end example
+The @code{@@strong} command is seldom used except to mark what is, in
+effect, a typographical element, such as the word `Caution' in the
+preceding example.
+In the Info file, both @code{@@emph} and @code{@@strong} put asterisks
+around the text.@refill
+@quotation
+@strong{Caution:} Do not use @code{@@emph} or @code{@@strong} with the
+word @samp{Note}; Info will mistake the combination for a cross
+reference.  Use a phrase such as @strong{Please note} or
+@strong{Caution} instead.@refill
+@end quotation
+@node Smallcaps, Fonts, emph & strong, Emphasis
+@subsection @code{@@sc}@{@var{text}@}: The Small Caps Font
+@cindex Small caps font
+@findex sc @r{(small caps font)}
+@iftex
+Use the @samp{@@sc} command to set text in the printed output in @sc{a
+small caps font} and set text in the Info file in upper case letters.@refill
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+Use the @samp{@@sc} command to set text in the printed output in a
+small caps font and set text in the Info file in upper case letters.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+Write the text between braces in lower case, like this:@refill
+@example
+The @@sc@{acm@} and @@sc@{ieee@} are technical societies.
+@end example
+@noindent
+This produces:
+@display
+The @sc{acm} and @sc{ieee} are technical societies.
+@end display
+@TeX{} typesets the small caps font in a manner that prevents the
+letters from `jumping out at you on the page'.  This makes small caps
+text easier to read than text in all upper case.  The Info formatting
+commands set all small caps text in upper case.@refill
+@ifinfo
+If the text between the braces of an @code{@@sc} command is upper case,
+@TeX{} typesets in full-size capitals.  Use full-size capitals
+sparingly.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+If the text between the braces of an @code{@@sc} command is upper case,
+@TeX{} typesets in @sc{FULL-SIZE CAPITALS}.  Use full-size capitals
+sparingly.@refill
+@end iftex
+You may also use the small caps font for a jargon word such as
+@sc{ato} (a @sc{nasa} word meaning `abort to orbit').@refill
+There are subtleties to using the small caps font with a jargon word
+such as @sc{cdr}, a word used in Lisp programming.  In this case, you
+should use the small caps font when the word refers to the second and
+subsequent elements of a list (the @sc{cdr} of the list), but you
+should use @samp{@@code} when the word refers to the Lisp function of
+the same spelling.@refill
+@node Fonts, Customized Highlighting, Smallcaps, Emphasis
+@comment node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection Fonts for Printing, Not Info
+@cindex Fonts for printing, not for Info
+@findex i @r{(italic font)}
+@findex b @r{(bold font)}
+@findex t @r{(typewriter font)}
+@findex r @r{(Roman font)}
+Texinfo provides four font commands that specify font changes in the
+printed manual but have no effect in the Info file.  @code{@@i}
+requests @i{italic} font (in some versions of @TeX{}, a slanted font
+is used), @code{@@b} requests @b{bold} face, @code{@@t} requests the
+@t{fixed-width}, typewriter-style font used by @code{@@code}, and @code{@@r} requests a
+@r{roman} font, which is the usual font in which text is printed.  All
+four commands apply to an argument that follows, surrounded by
+braces.@refill
+Only the @code{@@r} command has much use: in example programs, you
+can use the @code{@@r} command to convert code comments from the
+fixed-width font to a roman font.  This looks better in printed
+output.@refill
+@need 700
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+@@lisp
+(+ 2 2)    ; @@r@{Add two plus two.@}
+@@end lisp
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@lisp
+(+ 2 2)    ; @r{Add two plus two.}
+@end lisp
+If possible, you should avoid using the other three font commands.  If
+you need to use one, it probably indicates a gap in the Texinfo
+language.@refill
+@node Customized Highlighting,  , Fonts, Emphasis
+@comment node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection Customized Highlighting
+@findex @@definfoenclose
+@cindex `Enclosure' command for Info
+@cindex Highlighting, customized
+@cindex Customized highlighting
+You can use regular @TeX{} commands inside of @code{@@iftex} @dots{}
+@code{@@end iftex} to create your own customized highlighting commands
+for Texinfo.  The easiest way to do this is to equate your customized
+commands with pre-existing commands, such as those for italics.  Such
+new commands work only with @TeX{}.@refill
+You can use the @code{@@definfoenclose} command inside of
+@code{@@ifinfo} @dots{} @code{@@end ifinfo} to define commands for Info
+with the same names as new commands for @TeX{}.
+@code{@@definfoenclose} creates new commands for Info that mark text by
+enclosing it in strings that precede and follow the text.
+@footnote{Currently, @code{@@definfoenclose} works only with
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} and @code{texinfo-format-region}, not with
+@code{makeinfo}.}@refill
+Here is how to create a new @@-command called @code{@@phoo} that causes
+@TeX{} to typeset its argument in italics and causes Info to display the
+argument between @samp{//} and @samp{\\}.@refill
+@need 1300
+For @TeX{}, write the following to equate the @code{@@phoo} command with
+the existing @code{@@i} italics command:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@iftex
+@@global@@let@@phoo=@@i
+@@end iftex
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This defines @code{@@phoo} as a command that causes @TeX{} to typeset
+the argument to @code{@@phoo} in italics.  @code{@@global@@let} tells
+@TeX{} to equate the next argument with the argument that follows the
+equals sign.
+@need 1300
+For Info, write the following to tell the Info formatters to enclose the
+argument between @samp{//} and @samp{\\}:
+@example
+@group
+@@ifinfo
+@@definfoenclose phoo, //, \\
+@@end ifinfo
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+Write the @code{@@definfoenclose} command on a line and follow it with
+three arguments separated by commas (commas are used as separators in an
+@code{@@node} line in the same way).@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The first argument to @code{@@definfoenclose} is the @@-command name
+@strong{without} the @samp{@@};
+@item
+the second argument is the Info start delimiter string; and,
+@item
+the third argument is the Info end delimiter string.
+@end itemize
+@noindent
+The latter two arguments enclose the highlighted text in the Info file.
+A delimiter string may contain spaces.  Neither the start nor end
+delimiter is required.  However, if you do not provide a start
+delimiter, you must follow the command name with two commas in a row;
+otherwise, the Info formatting commands will misinterpret the end
+delimiter string as a start delimiter string.@refill
+After you have defined @code{@@phoo} both for @TeX{} and for Info, you
+can then write @code{@@phoo@{bar@}} to see @samp{//bar\\}
+in Info and see
+@ifinfo
+@samp{bar} in italics in printed output.
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+@i{bar} in italics in printed output.
+@end iftex
+Note that each definition applies to its own formatter: one for @TeX{},
+the other for Info.
+@need 1200
+Here is another example:
+@example
+@group
+@@ifinfo
+@@definfoenclose headword, , :
+@@end ifinfo
+@@iftex
+@@global@@let@@headword=@@b
+@@end iftex
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This defines @code{@@headword} as an Info formatting command that
+inserts nothing before and a colon after the argument and as a @TeX{}
+formatting command to typeset its argument in bold.
+@node Quotations and Examples, Lists and Tables, Marking Text, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Quotations and Examples
+Quotations and examples are blocks of text consisting of one or more
+whole paragraphs that are set off from the bulk of the text and
+treated differently.  They are usually indented.@refill
+In Texinfo, you always begin a quotation or example by writing an
+@@-command at the beginning of a line by itself, and end it by writing
+an @code{@@end} command that is also at the beginning of a line by
+itself.  For instance, you begin an example by writing @code{@@example}
+by itself at the beginning of a line and end the example by writing
+@code{@@end example} on a line by itself, at the beginning of that
+line.@refill
+@findex end
+@menu
+* Block Enclosing Commands::    Use different constructs for
+different purposes.
+* quotation::                   How to write a quotation.
+* example::                     How to write an example in a fixed-width font.
+* noindent::                    How to prevent paragraph indentation.
+* Lisp Example::                How to illustrate Lisp code.
+* smallexample & smalllisp::    Forms for the @code{@@smallbook} option.
+* display::                     How to write an example in the current font.
+* format::                      How to write an example that does not narrow
+the margins.
+* exdent::                      How to undo the indentation of a line.
+* flushleft & flushright::      How to push text flushleft or flushright.
+* cartouche::                   How to draw cartouches around examples.
+@end menu
+@node Block Enclosing Commands, quotation, Quotations and Examples, Quotations and Examples
+@section The Block Enclosing Commands
+Here are commands for quotations and examples:@refill
+@table @code
+@item @@quotation
+Indicate text that is quoted. The text is filled, indented, and
+printed in a roman font by default.@refill
+@item @@example
+Illustrate code, commands, and the like. The text is printed
+in a fixed-width font, and indented but not filled.@refill
+@item @@lisp
+Illustrate Lisp code. The text is printed in a fixed-width font,
+and indented but not filled.@refill
+@item @@smallexample
+Illustrate code, commands, and the like.  Similar to
+@code{@@example}, except that in @TeX{} this command typesets text in
+a smaller font for the smaller @code{@@smallbook} format than for the
+8.5 by 11 inch format.@refill
+@item @@smalllisp
+Illustrate Lisp code.  Similar to @code{@@lisp}, except that
+in @TeX{} this command typesets text in a smaller font for the smaller
+@code{@@smallbook} format than for the 8.5 by 11 inch format.@refill
+@item @@display
+Display illustrative text.  The text is indented but not filled, and
+no font is specified (so, by default, the font is roman).@refill
+@item @@format
+Print illustrative text.  The text is not indented and not filled
+and no font is specified (so, by default, the font is roman).@refill
+@end table
+The @code{@@exdent} command is used within the above constructs to
+undo the indentation of a line.
+The @code{@@flushleft} and @code{@@flushright} commands are used to line
+up the left or right margins of unfilled text.@refill
+The @code{@@noindent} command may be used after one of the above
+constructs to prevent the following text from being indented as a new
+paragraph.@refill
+You can use the @code{@@cartouche} command within one of the above
+constructs to highlight the example or quotation by drawing a box with
+rounded corners around it.  (The @code{@@cartouche} command affects
+only the printed manual; it has no effect in the Info file; see
+@ref{cartouche, , Drawing Cartouches Around Examples}.)@refill
+@node quotation, example, Block Enclosing Commands, Quotations and Examples
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@quotation}
+@cindex Quotations
+@findex quotation
+The text of a quotation is
+processed normally except that:@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+the margins are closer to the center of the page, so the whole of the
+quotation is indented;@refill
+@item
+the first lines of paragraphs are indented no more than other
+lines;@refill
+@item
+in the printed output, interparagraph spacing is reduced.@refill
+@end itemize
+@quotation
+This is an example of text written between an @code{@@quotation}
+command and an @code{@@end quotation} command.  An @code{@@quotation}
+command is most often used to indicate text that is excerpted from
+another (real or hypothetical) printed work.@refill
+@end quotation
+Write an @code{@@quotation} command as text on a line by itself.  This
+line will disappear from the output.  Mark the end of the quotation
+with a line beginning with and containing only @code{@@end quotation}.
+The @code{@@end quotation} line will likewise disappear from the
+output.  Thus, the following,@refill
+@example
+@@quotation
+This is
+a foo.
+@@end quotation
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@quotation
+This is a foo.
+@end quotation
+@node example, noindent, quotation, Quotations and Examples
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@example}
+@cindex Examples, formatting them
+@cindex Formatting examples
+@findex example
+The @code{@@example} command is used to indicate an example that is
+not part of the running text, such as computer input or output.@refill
+@example
+@group
+This is an example of text written between an
+@code{@@example} command
+and an @code{@@end example} command.
+The text is indented but not filled.
+@end group
+@group
+In the printed manual, the text is typeset in a
+fixed-width font, and extra spaces and blank lines are
+significant.  In the Info file, an analogous result is
+obtained by indenting each line with five spaces.
+@end group
+@end example
+Write an @code{@@example} command at the beginning of a line by itself.
+This line will disappear from the output.  Mark the end of the example
+with an @code{@@end example} command, also written at the beginning of a
+line by itself.  The @code{@@end example} will disappear from the
+output.@refill
+@need 700
+For example,
+@example
+@@example
+mv foo bar
+@@end example
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+mv foo bar
+@end example
+Since the lines containing @code{@@example} and @code{@@end example}
+will disappear, you should put a blank line before the
+@code{@@example} and another blank line after the @code{@@end
+example}.  (Remember that blank lines between the beginning
+@code{@@example} and the ending @code{@@end example} will appear in
+the output.)@refill
+@quotation
+@strong{Caution:} Do not use tabs in the lines of an example (or anywhere
+else in Texinfo, for that matter)!  @TeX{} treats tabs as single
+spaces, and that is not what they look like.  This is a problem with
+@TeX{}.  (If necessary, in Emacs, you can use @kbd{M-x untabify} to
+convert tabs in a region to multiple spaces.)@refill
+@end quotation
+Examples are often, logically speaking, ``in the middle'' of a
+paragraph, and the text continues after an example should not be
+indented.  The @code{@@noindent} command prevents a piece of text from
+being indented as if it were a new paragraph.
+@ifinfo
+(@xref{noindent}.)
+@end ifinfo
+(The @code{@@code} command is used for examples of code that are
+embedded within sentences, not set off from preceding and following
+text.  @xref{code, , @code{@@code}}.)
+@node noindent, Lisp Example, example, Quotations and Examples
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@noindent}
+@findex noindent
+An example or other inclusion can break a paragraph into segments.
+Ordinarily, the formatters indent text that follows an example as a new
+paragraph.  However, you can prevent this by writing @code{@@noindent}
+at the beginning of a line by itself preceding the continuation
+text.@refill
+@need 1500
+For example:
+@example
+@group
+@@example
+This is an example
+@@end example
+@@noindent
+This line is not indented.  As you can see, the
+beginning of the line is fully flush left with the line
+that follows after it.  (This whole example is between
+@@code@{@@@@display@} and @@code@{@@@@end display@}.)
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@display
+@example
+This is an example
+@end example
+@tex
+% Remove extra vskip; this is a kludge to counter the effect of display
+\vskip-3.5\baselineskip
+@end tex
+@noindent
+This line is not indented.  As you can see, the
+beginning of the line is fully flush left with the line
+that follows after it.  (This whole example is between
+@code{@@display} and @code{@@end display}.)
+@end display
+To adjust the number of blank lines properly in the Info file output,
+remember that the line containing @code{@@noindent} does not generate a
+blank line, and neither does the @code{@@end example} line.@refill
+In the Texinfo source file for this manual, each line that says
+`produces' is preceded by a line containing @code{@@noindent}.@refill
+Do not put braces after an @code{@@noindent} command; they are not
+necessary, since @code{@@noindent} is a command used outside of
+paragraphs (@pxref{Command Syntax}).@refill
+@node Lisp Example, smallexample & smalllisp, noindent, Quotations and Examples
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@lisp}
+@cindex Lisp example
+@findex lisp
+The @code{@@lisp} command is used for Lisp code.  It is synonymous
+with the @code{@@example} command.
+@lisp
+This is an example of text written between an
+@code{@@lisp} command and an @code{@@end lisp} command.
+@end lisp
+Use @code{@@lisp} instead of @code{@@example} so as to preserve
+information regarding the nature of the example.  This is useful, for
+example, if you write a function that evaluates only and all the Lisp
+code in a Texinfo file.  Then you can use the Texinfo file as a Lisp
+library.@footnote{It would be straightforward to extend Texinfo to
+work in a similar fashion for C, @sc{fortran}, or other languages.}@refill
+Mark the end of @code{@@lisp} with @code{@@end lisp} on a line by
+itself.@refill
+@node smallexample & smalllisp, display, Lisp Example, Quotations and Examples
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@smallexample} and @code{@@smalllisp}
+@cindex Small book example
+@cindex Example for a small book
+@cindex Lisp example for a small book
+@findex smallexample
+@findex smalllisp
+In addition to the regular @code{@@example} and @code{@@lisp} commands,
+Texinfo has two other ``example-style'' commands.  These are the
+@code{@@smallexample} and @code{@@smalllisp} commands.  Both these
+commands are designed for use with the @code{@@smallbook} command that
+causes @TeX{} to produce a printed manual in a 7 by 9.25 inch format
+rather than the regular 8.5 by 11 inch format.@refill
+In @TeX{}, the @code{@@smallexample} and @code{@@smalllisp} commands
+typeset text in a smaller font for the smaller @code{@@smallbook}
+format than for the 8.5 by 11 inch format.  Consequently, many examples
+containing long lines fit in a narrower, @code{@@smallbook} page
+without needing to be shortened.  Both commands typeset in the normal
+font size when you format for the 8.5 by 11 inch size; indeed,
+in this situation, the @code{@@smallexample} and @code{@@smalllisp}
+commands are defined to be the @code{@@example} and @code{@@lisp}
+commands.@refill
+In Info, the @code{@@smallexample} and @code{@@smalllisp} commands are
+equivalent to the @code{@@example} and @code{@@lisp} commands, and work
+exactly the same.@refill
+Mark the end of @code{@@smallexample} or @code{@@smalllisp} with
+@code{@@end smallexample} or @code{@@end smalllisp},
+respectively.@refill
+@iftex
+Here is an example written in the small font used by the
+@code{@@smallexample} and @code{@@smalllisp} commands:
+@ifclear smallbook
+@display
+@tex
+% Remove extra vskip; this is a kludge to counter the effect of display
+\vskip-3\baselineskip
+{\ninett
+\dots{} to make sure that you have the freedom to
+distribute copies of free software (and charge for
+this service if you wish), that you receive source
+code or can get it if you want it, that you can
+change the software or use pieces of it in new free
+programs; and that you know you can do these things.}
+@end tex
+@end display
+@end ifclear
+@end iftex
+@ifset smallbook
+@iftex
+@smallexample
+This is an example of text written between @code{@@smallexample} and
+@code{@@end smallexample}.  In Info and in an 8.5 by 11 inch manual,
+this text appears in its normal size; but in a 7 by 9.25 inch manual,
+this text appears in a smaller font.
+@end smallexample
+@end iftex
+@end ifset
+@ifinfo
+@smallexample
+This is an example of text written between @code{@@smallexample} and
+@code{@@end smallexample}.  In Info and in an 8.5 by 11 inch manual,
+this text appears in its normal size; but in a 7 by 9.25 inch manual,
+this text appears in a smaller font.
+@end smallexample
+@end ifinfo
+The @code{@@smallexample} and @code{@@smalllisp} commands make it
+easier to prepare smaller format manuals without forcing you to edit
+examples by hand to fit them onto narrower pages.@refill
+As a general rule, a printed document looks better if you write all the
+examples in a chapter consistently in @code{@@example} or in
+@code{@@smallexample}.  Only occasionally should you mix the two
+formats.@refill
+@xref{smallbook, , Printing ``Small'' Books}, for more information
+about the @code{@@smallbook} command.@refill
+@node display, format, smallexample & smalllisp, Quotations and Examples
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@display}
+@cindex Display formatting
+@findex display
+The @code{@@display} command begins a kind of example.  It is like the
+@code{@@example} command
+except that, in
+a printed manual, @code{@@display} does not select the fixed-width
+font.  In fact, it does not specify the font at all, so that the text
+appears in the same font it would have appeared in without the
+@code{@@display} command.@refill
+@display
+This is an example of text written between an @code{@@display} command
+and an @code{@@end display} command.  The @code{@@display} command
+indents the text, but does not fill it.
+@end display
+@node format, exdent, display, Quotations and Examples
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@format}
+@findex format
+The @code{@@format} command is similar to @code{@@example} except
+that, in the printed manual, @code{@@format} does not select the
+fixed-width font and does not narrow the margins.@refill
+@format
+This is an example of text written between an @code{@@format} command
+and an @code{@@end format} command.  As you can see
+from this example,
+the @code{@@format} command does not fill the text.
+@end format
+@node exdent, flushleft & flushright, format, Quotations and Examples
+@section @code{@@exdent}: Undoing a Line's Indentation
+@cindex Indentation undoing
+@findex exdent
+The @code{@@exdent} command removes any indentation a line might have.
+The command is written at the beginning of a line and applies only to
+the text that follows the command that is on the same line.  Do not use
+braces around the text.  In a printed manual, the text on an
+@code{@@exdent} line is printed in the roman font.@refill
+@code{@@exdent} is usually used within examples.  Thus,@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@example
+This line follows an @@@@example command.
+@@exdent This line is exdented.
+This line follows the exdented line.
+The @@@@end example comes on the next line.
+@@end group
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+@group
+This line follows an @@example command.
+@exdent This line is exdented.
+This line follows the exdented line.
+The @@end example comes on the next line.
+@end group
+@end example
+In practice, the @code{@@exdent} command is rarely used.
+Usually, you un-indent text by ending the example and
+returning the page to its normal width.@refill
+@node flushleft & flushright, cartouche, exdent, Quotations and Examples
+@section @code{@@flushleft} and @code{@@flushright}
+@findex flushleft
+@findex flushright
+The @code{@@flushleft} and @code{@@flushright} commands line up the
+ends of lines on the left and right margins of a page,
+but do not fill the text.  The commands are written on lines of their
+own, without braces.  The @code{@@flushleft} and @code{@@flushright}
+commands are ended by @code{@@end flushleft} and @code{@@end
+flushright} commands on lines of their own.@refill
+@need 1500
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+@@flushleft
+This text is
+written flushleft.
+@@end flushleft
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@quotation
+@flushleft
+This text is
+written flushleft.
+@end flushleft
+@end quotation
+Flushright produces the type of indentation often used in the return
+address of letters.@refill
+@need 1500
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+@@flushright
+Here is an example of text written
+flushright.  The @@code@{@@flushright@} command
+right justifies every line but leaves the
+left end ragged.
+@@end flushright
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@flushright
+Here is an example of text written
+flushright.  The @code{@@flushright} command
+right justifies every line but leaves the
+left end ragged.
+@end flushright
+@node cartouche,  , flushleft & flushright, Quotations and Examples
+@section Drawing Cartouches Around Examples
+@findex cartouche
+@cindex Box with rounded corners
+In a printed manual, the @code{@@cartouche} command draws a box with
+rounded corners around its contents.  You can use this command to
+further highlight an example or quotation.  For instance, you could
+write a manual in which one type of example is surrounded by a cartouche
+for emphasis.@refill
+The @code{@@cartouche} command affects only the printed manual; it has
+no effect in the Info file.@refill
+@need 1500
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+@@example
+@@cartouche
+% pwd
+/usr/local/lib/emacs/info
+@@end cartouche
+@@end example
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+surrounds the two-line example with a box with rounded corners, in the
+printed manual.
+@iftex
+In a printed manual, the example looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@cartouche
+% pwd
+/usr/local/lib/emacs/info
+@end cartouche
+@end group
+@end example
+@end iftex
+@node Lists and Tables, Indices, Quotations and Examples, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Making Lists and Tables
+@cindex Making lists and tables
+@cindex Lists and tables, making them
+@cindex Tables and lists, making them
+Texinfo has several ways of making lists and two-column tables.  Lists can
+be bulleted or numbered, while two-column tables can highlight the items in
+the first column.@refill
+@menu
+* Introducing Lists::           Texinfo formats lists for you.
+* itemize::                     How to construct a simple list.
+* enumerate::                   How to construct a numbered list.
+* Two-column Tables::           How to construct a two-column table.
+@end menu
+@ifinfo
+@node Introducing Lists, itemize, Lists and Tables, Lists and Tables
+@heading Introducing Lists
+@end ifinfo
+Texinfo automatically indents the text in lists or tables, and numbers
+an enumerated list.  This last feature is useful if you modify the
+list, since you do not need to renumber it yourself.@refill
+Numbered lists and tables begin with the appropriate @@-command at the
+beginning of a line, and end with the corresponding @code{@@end}
+command on a line by itself.  The table and itemized-list commands
+also require that you write formatting information on the same line as
+the beginning @@-command.@refill
+Begin an enumerated list, for example, with an @code{@@enumerate}
+command and end the list with an @code{@@end enumerate} command.
+Begin an itemized list with an @code{@@itemize} command, followed on
+the same line by a formatting command such as @code{@@bullet}, and end
+the list with an @code{@@end itemize} command.@refill
+@findex end
+Precede each element of a list with an @code{@@item} or @code{@@itemx}
+command.@refill
+@sp 1
+@noindent
+Here is an itemized list of the different kinds of table and lists:@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Itemized lists with and without bullets.
+@item
+Enumerated lists, using numbers or letters.
+@item
+Two-column tables with highlighting.
+@end itemize
+@sp 1
+@noindent
+Here is an enumerated list with the same items:@refill
+@enumerate
+@item
+Itemized lists with and without bullets.
+@item
+Enumerated lists, using numbers or letters.
+@item
+Two-column tables with highlighting.
+@end enumerate
+@sp 1
+@noindent
+And here is a two-column table with the same items and their
+@w{@@-commands}:@refill
+@table @code
+@item @@itemize
+Itemized lists with and without bullets.
+@item @@enumerate
+Enumerated lists, using numbers or letters.
+@item @@table
+@itemx @@ftable
+@itemx @@vtable
+Two-column tables with highlighting.
+@end table
+@node itemize, enumerate, Introducing Lists, Lists and Tables
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Making an Itemized List
+@cindex Itemization
+@findex itemize
+The @code{@@itemize} command produces sequences of indented
+paragraphs, with a bullet or other mark inside the left margin
+at the beginning of each paragraph for which such a mark is desired.@refill
+Begin an itemized list by writing @code{@@itemize} at the beginning of
+a line.  Follow the command, on the same line, with a character or a
+Texinfo command that generates a mark.  Usually, you will write
+@code{@@bullet} after @code{@@itemize}, but you can use
+@code{@@minus}, or any character or any special symbol that results in
+a single character in the Info file.  (When you write @code{@@bullet}
+or @code{@@minus} after an @code{@@itemize} command, you may omit the
+@samp{@{@}}.)@refill
+Write the text of the indented paragraphs themselves after the
+@code{@@itemize}, up to another line that says @code{@@end
+itemize}.@refill
+Before each paragraph for which a mark in the margin is desired, write
+a line that says just @code{@@item}.  Do not write any other text on this
+line.@refill
+@findex item
+Usually, you should put a blank line before an @code{@@item}.  This
+puts a blank line in the Info file. (@TeX{} inserts the proper
+interline whitespace in either case.)  Except when the entries are
+very brief, these blank lines make the list look better.@refill
+Here is an example of the use of @code{@@itemize}, followed by the
+output it produces.  Note that @code{@@bullet} produces an @samp{*} in
+Info and a round dot in @TeX{}.@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@itemize @@bullet
+@@item
+Some text for foo.
+@@item
+Some text
+for bar.
+@@end itemize
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This produces:
+@quotation
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Some text for foo.
+@item
+Some text
+for bar.
+@end itemize
+@end quotation
+Itemized lists may be embedded within other itemized lists.  Here is a
+list marked with dashes embedded in a list marked with bullets:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@itemize @@bullet
+@@item
+First item.
+@@itemize @@minus
+@@item
+Inner item.
+@@item
+Second inner item.
+@@end itemize
+@@item
+Second outer item.
+@@end itemize
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This produces:
+@quotation
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+First item.
+@itemize @minus
+@item
+Inner item.
+@item
+Second inner item.
+@end itemize
+@item
+Second outer item.
+@end itemize
+@end quotation
+@node enumerate, Two-column Tables, itemize, Lists and Tables
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Making a Numbered or Lettered List
+@cindex Enumeration
+@findex enumerate
+@code{@@enumerate} is like @code{@@itemize} except that the marks in
+the left margin contain successive integers or letters.
+(@xref{itemize, , @code{@@itemize}}.)@refill
+Write the @code{@@enumerate} command at the beginning of a line.
+The command does not require an argument, but accepts either a number or
+a letter as an option.
+Without an argument, @code{@@enumerate} starts the list
+with the number 1.  With a numeric argument, such as 3,
+the command starts the list with that number.
+With an upper or lower case letter, such as @kbd{a} or @kbd{A},
+the command starts the list with that letter.@refill
+Write the text of the enumerated list in the same way you write an
+itemized list: put @code{@@item} on a line of its own before the start of
+each paragraph that you want enumerated.  Do not write any other text on
+the line beginning with @code{@@item}.@refill
+You should put a blank line between entries in the list.
+This generally makes it easier to read the Info file.@refill
+@need 1500
+Here is an example of @code{@@enumerate} without an argument:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@enumerate
+@@item
+Underlying causes.
+@@item
+Proximate causes.
+@@end enumerate
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This produces:
+@enumerate
+@item
+Underlying causes.
+@item
+Proximate causes.
+@end enumerate
+@sp 1
+Here is an example with an argument of @kbd{3}:@refill
+@sp 1
+@example
+@group
+@@enumerate 3
+@@item
+Predisposing causes.
+@@item
+Precipitating causes.
+@@item
+Perpetuating causes.
+@@end enumerate
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This produces:
+@enumerate 3
+@item
+Predisposing causes.
+@item
+Precipitating causes.
+@item
+Perpetuating causes.
+@end enumerate
+@sp 1
+Here is a brief summary of the alternatives.  The summary is constructed
+using @code{@@enumerate} with an argument of @kbd{a}.@refill
+@sp 1
+@enumerate a
+@item
+@code{@@enumerate}
+Without an argument, produce a numbered list, starting with the number
+1.@refill
+@item
+@code{@@enumerate @var{positive-integer}}
+With a (positive) numeric argument, start a numbered list with that
+number.  You can use this to continue a list that you interrupted with
+other text.@refill
+@item
+@code{@@enumerate @var{upper-case-letter}}
+With an upper case letter as argument, start a list
+in which each item is marked
+by a letter, beginning with that upper case letter.@refill
+@item
+@code{@@enumerate @var{lower-case-letter}}
+With a lower case letter as argument, start a list
+in which each item is marked by
+a letter, beginning with that lower case letter.@refill
+@end enumerate
+You can also nest enumerated lists, as in an outline.@refill
+@node Two-column Tables,  , enumerate, Lists and Tables
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Making a Two-column Table
+@cindex Tables, making two-column
+@findex table
+@code{@@table} is similar to @code{@@itemize}, but the command allows
+you to specify a name or heading line for each item.  (@xref{itemize,
+, @code{@@itemize}}.)  The @code{@@table} command is used to produce
+two-column tables, and is especially useful for glossaries and
+explanatory exhibits.@refill
+@menu
+* table::                       How to construct a two-column table.
+* ftable vtable::               How to construct a two-column table
+with automatic indexing.
+* itemx::                       How to put more entries in the first column.
+@end menu
+@ifinfo
+@node table, ftable vtable, Two-column Tables, Two-column Tables
+@subheading Using the @code{@@table} Command
+Use the @code{@@table} command to produce two-column tables.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+Write the @code{@@table} command at the beginning of a line and follow
+it on the same line with an argument that is a Texinfo command such as
+@code{@@code}, @code{@@samp}, @code{@@var}, or @code{@@kbd}.
+Although these commands are usually followed by arguments in braces,
+in this case you use the command name without an argument because
+@code{@@item} will supply the argument.  This command will be applied
+to the text that goes into the first column of each item and
+determines how it will be highlighted.  For example, @code{@@samp}
+will cause the text in the first column to be highlighted with an
+@code{@@samp} command.@refill
+You may also choose to use the @code{@@asis} command as an argument to
+@code{@@table}.  @code{@@asis} is a command that does nothing; if you use this
+command after @code{@@table}, @TeX{} and the Info formatting commands
+output the first column entries without added highlighting (`as
+is').@refill
+(The @code{@@table} command may work with other commands besides those
+listed here.  However, you can only use commands
+that normally take arguments in braces.)@refill
+Begin each table entry with an @code{@@item} command at the beginning
+of a line.  Write the first column text on the same line as the
+@code{@@item} command.  Write the second column text on the line
+following the @code{@@item} line and on subsequent lines.  (You do not
+need to type anything for an empty second column entry.)  You may
+write as many lines of supporting text as you wish, even several
+paragraphs.  But only text on the same line as the @code{@@item} will
+be placed in the first column.@refill
+@findex item
+Normally, you should put a blank line before an @code{@@item} line.
+This puts a blank like in the Info file.  Except when the entries are
+very brief, a blank line looks better.@refill
+@need 1500
+The following table, for example, highlights the text in the first
+column with an @code{@@samp} command:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@table @@samp
+@@item foo
+This is the text for
+@@samp@{foo@}.
+@@item bar
+Text for @@samp@{bar@}.
+@@end table
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This produces:
+@table @samp
+@item foo
+This is the text for
+@samp{foo}.
+@item bar
+Text for @samp{bar}.
+@end table
+If you want to list two or more named items with a single block of
+text, use the @code{@@itemx} command.  (@xref{itemx, ,
+@code{@@itemx}}.)@refill
+@node ftable vtable, itemx, table, Two-column Tables
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@ftable} and @code{@@vtable}
+@cindex Tables with indexes
+@cindex Indexing table entries automatically
+@findex ftable
+@findex vtable
+The @code{@@ftable} and @code{@@vtable} commands are the same as the
+@code{@@table} command except that @code{@@ftable} automatically enters
+each of the items in the first column of the table into the index of
+functions and @code{@@vtable} automatically enters each of the items in
+the first column of the table into the index of variables.  This
+simplifies the task of creating indices.  Only the items on the same
+line as the @code{@@item} commands are indexed, and they are indexed in
+exactly the form that they appear on that line.  @xref{Indices, ,
+Creating Indices}, for more information about indices.@refill
+Begin a two-column table using @code{@@ftable} or @code{@@vtable} by
+writing the @@-command at the beginning of a line, followed on the same
+line by an argument that is a Texinfo command such as @code{@@code},
+exactly as you would for an @code{@@table} command; and end the table
+with an @code{@@end ftable} or @code{@@end vtable} command on a line by
+itself.
+@node itemx,  , ftable vtable, Two-column Tables
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@itemx}
+@cindex Two named items for @code{@@table}
+@findex itemx
+Use the @code{@@itemx} command inside a table when you have two or
+more first column entries for the same item, each of which should
+appear on a line of its own.  Use @code{@@itemx} for all but the first
+entry.  The @code{@@itemx} command works exactly like @code{@@item}
+except that it does not generate extra vertical space above the first
+column text.@refill
+@need 1000
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+@@table @@code
+@@item upcase
+@@itemx downcase
+These two functions accept a character or a string as
+argument, and return the corresponding upper case (lower
+case) character or string.
+@@end table
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This produces:
+@table @code
+@item upcase
+@itemx downcase
+These two functions accept a character or a string as
+argument, and return the corresponding upper case (lower
+case) character or string.@refill
+@end table
+@noindent
+(Note also that this example illustrates multi-line supporting text in
+a two-column table.)@refill
+@node Indices, Insertions, Lists and Tables, Top
+@comment node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Creating Indices
+@cindex Indices
+@cindex Creating indices
+Using Texinfo, you can generate indices without having to sort and
+collate entries manually.  In an index, the entries are listed in
+alphabetical order, together with information on how to find the
+discussion of each entry.  In a printed manual, this information
+consists of page numbers.  In an Info file, this information is a menu
+entry leading to the first node referenced.@refill
+Texinfo provides several predefined kinds of index: an index
+for functions, an index for variables, an index for concepts, and so
+on.  You can combine indices or use them for other than their
+canonical purpose.  If you wish, you can define your own indices.@refill
+@menu
+* Index Entries::               Choose different words for index entries.
+* Predefined Indices::          Use different indices for different kinds
+of entry.
+* Indexing Commands::           How to make an index entry.
+* Combining Indices::           How to combine indices.
+* New Indices::                 How to define your own indices.
+@end menu
+@node Index Entries, Predefined Indices, Indices, Indices
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Making Index Entries
+@cindex Index entries, making
+@cindex Entries, making index
+When you are making index entries, it is good practice to think of the
+different ways people may look for something.  Different people
+@emph{do not} think of the same words when they look something up.  A
+helpful index will have items indexed under all the different words
+that people may use.  For example, one reader may think it obvious that
+the two-letter names for indices should be listed under ``Indices,
+two-letter names'', since the word ``Index'' is the general concept.
+But another reader may remember the specific concept of two-letter
+names and search for the entry listed as ``Two letter names for
+indices''.  A good index will have both entries and will help both
+readers.@refill
+Like typesetting, the construction of an index is a highly skilled,
+professional art, the subtleties of which are not appreciated until you
+need to do it yourself.@refill
+@xref{Printing Indices & Menus}, for information about printing an index
+at the end of a book or creating an index menu in an Info file.@refill
+@node Predefined Indices, Indexing Commands, Index Entries, Indices
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Predefined Indices
+Texinfo provides six predefined indices:@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+A @dfn{concept index} listing concepts that are discussed.@refill
+@item
+A @dfn{function index} listing functions (such as entry points of
+libraries).@refill
+@item
+A @dfn{variables index} listing variables (such as global variables
+of libraries).@refill
+@item
+A @dfn{keystroke index} listing keyboard commands.@refill
+@item
+A @dfn{program index} listing names of programs.@refill
+@item
+A @dfn{data type index} listing data types (such as structures defined in
+header files).@refill
+@end itemize
+@noindent
+Not every manual needs all of these, and most manuals use two or three
+of them.  This manual has two indices: a
+concept index and an @@-command index (that is actually the function
+index but is called a command index in the chapter heading).  Two or
+more indices can be combined into one using the @code{@@synindex} or
+@code{@@syncodeindex} commands.  @xref{Combining Indices}.@refill
+@node Indexing Commands, Combining Indices, Predefined Indices, Indices
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Defining the Entries of an Index
+@cindex Defining indexing entries
+@cindex Index entries
+@cindex Entries for an index
+@cindex Specifying index entries
+@cindex Creating index entries
+The data to make an index come from many individual indexing commands
+scattered throughout the Texinfo source file.  Each command says to add
+one entry to a particular index; after formatting, the index will give
+the current page number or node name as the reference.@refill
+An index entry consists of an indexing command at the beginning of a
+line followed, on the rest of the line, by the entry.@refill
+For example, this section begins with the following five entries for
+the concept index:@refill
+@example
+@@cindex Defining indexing entries
+@@cindex Index entries
+@@cindex Entries for an index
+@@cindex Specifying index entries
+@@cindex Creating index entries
+@end example
+Each predefined index has its own indexing command---@code{@@cindex}
+for the concept index, @code{@@findex} for the function index, and so
+on.@refill
+@cindex Writing index entries
+@cindex Index entry writing
+Concept index entries consist of text.  The best way to write an index
+is to choose entries that are terse yet clear.  If you can do this,
+the index often looks better if the entries are not capitalized, but
+written just as they would appear in the middle of a sentence.
+(Capitalize proper names and acronyms that always call for upper case
+letters.)  This is the case convention we use in most GNU manuals'
+indices.
+If you don't see how to make an entry terse yet clear, make it longer
+and clear---not terse and confusing.  If many of the entries are several
+words long, the index may look better if you use a different convention:
+to capitalize the first word of each entry.  But do not capitalize a
+case-sensitive name such as a C or Lisp function name or a shell
+command; that would be a spelling error.
+Whichever case convention you use, please use it consistently!
+@ignore
+Concept index entries consist of English text.  The usual convention
+is to capitalize the first word of each such index entry, unless that
+word is the name of a function, variable, or other such entity that
+should not be capitalized.  However, if your concept index entries are
+consistently short (one or two words each) it may look better for each
+regular entry to start with a lower case letter, aside from proper
+names and acronyms that always call for upper case letters.  Whichever
+convention you adapt, please be consistent!
+@end ignore
+Entries in indices other than the concept index are symbol names in
+programming languages, or program names; these names are usually
+case-sensitive, so use upper and lower case as required for them.
+By default, entries for a concept index are printed in a small roman
+font and entries for the other indices are printed in a small
+@code{@@code} font.  You may change the way part of an entry is
+printed with the usual Texinfo commands, such as @code{@@file} for
+file names and @code{@@emph} for emphasis (@pxref{Marking
+Text}).@refill
+@cindex Index font types
+@cindex Predefined indexing commands
+@cindex Indexing commands, predefined
+The six indexing commands for predefined indices are:
+@table @code
+@item @@cindex @var{concept}
+@findex cindex
+Make an entry in the concept index for @var{concept}.@refill
+@item @@findex @var{function}
+@findex findex
+Make an entry in the function index for @var{function}.@refill
+@item @@vindex @var{variable}
+@findex vindex
+Make an entry in the variable index for @var{variable}.@refill
+@item @@kindex @var{keystroke}
+@findex kindex
+Make an entry in the key index for @var{keystroke}.@refill
+@item @@pindex @var{program}
+@findex pindex
+Make an entry in the program index for @var{program}.@refill
+@item @@tindex @var{data type}
+@findex tindex
+Make an entry in the data type index for @var{data type}.@refill
+@end table
+@quotation
+@strong{Caution:} Do not use a colon in an index entry.  In Info, a
+colon separates the menu entry name from the node name.  An extra
+colon confuses Info.
+@xref{Menu Parts, , The Parts of a Menu},
+for more information about the structure of a menu entry.@refill
+@end quotation
+If you write several identical index entries in different places in a
+Texinfo file, the index in the printed manual will list all the pages to
+which those entries refer.  However, the index in the Info file will
+list @strong{only} the node that references the @strong{first} of those
+index entries.  Therefore, it is best to write indices in which each
+entry refers to only one place in the Texinfo file.  Fortunately, this
+constraint is a feature rather than a loss since it means that the index
+will be easy to use.  Otherwise, you could create an index that lists
+several pages for one entry and your reader would not know to which page
+to turn.  If you have two identical entries for one topic, change the
+topics slightly, or qualify them to indicate the difference.@refill
+You are not actually required to use the predefined indices for their
+canonical purposes.  For example, suppose you wish to index some C
+preprocessor macros.  You could put them in the function index along
+with actual functions, just by writing @code{@@findex} commands for
+them; then, when you print the ``Function Index'' as an unnumbered
+chapter, you could give it the title `Function and Macro Index' and
+all will be consistent for the reader.  Or you could put the macros in
+with the data types by writing @code{@@tindex} commands for them, and
+give that index a suitable title so the reader will understand.
+(@xref{Printing Indices & Menus}.)@refill
+@node Combining Indices, New Indices, Indexing Commands, Indices
+@comment node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Combining Indices
+@cindex Combining indices
+@cindex Indices, combining them
+Sometimes you will want to combine two disparate indices such as functions
+and concepts, perhaps because you have few enough of one of them that
+a separate index for them would look silly.@refill
+You could put functions into the concept index by writing
+@code{@@cindex} commands for them instead of @code{@@findex} commands,
+and produce a consistent manual by printing the concept index with the
+title `Function and Concept Index' and not printing the `Function
+Index' at all; but this is not a robust procedure.  It works only if
+your document is never included as part of another
+document that is designed to have a separate function index; if your
+document were to be included with such a document, the functions from
+your document and those from the other would not end up together.
+Also, to make your function names appear in the right font in the
+concept index, you would need to enclose every one of them between
+the braces of @code{@@code}.@refill
+@menu
+* syncodeindex::                How to merge two indices, using @code{@@code}
+font for the merged-from index.
+* synindex::                    How to merge two indices, using the
+default font of the merged-to index.
+@end menu
+@node syncodeindex, synindex, Combining Indices, Combining Indices
+@subsection @code{@@syncodeindex}
+@findex syncodeindex
+When you want to combine functions and concepts into one index, you
+should index the functions with @code{@@findex} and index the concepts
+with @code{@@cindex}, and use the @code{@@syncodeindex} command to
+redirect the function index entries into the concept index.@refill
+@findex syncodeindex
+The @code{@@syncodeindex} command takes two arguments; they are the name
+of the index to redirect, and the name of the index to redirect it to.
+The template looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@@syncodeindex @var{from} @var{to}
+@end example
+@cindex Predefined names for indices
+@cindex Two letter names for indices
+@cindex Indices, two letter names
+@cindex Names for indices
+For this purpose, the indices are given two-letter names:@refill
+@table @samp
+@item cp
+concept index
+@item fn
+function index
+@item vr
+variable index
+@item ky
+key index
+@item pg
+program index
+@item tp
+data type index
+@end table
+Write an @code{@@syncodeindex} command before or shortly after the
+end-of-header line at the beginning of a Texinfo file.  For example,
+to merge a function index with a concept index, write the
+following:@refill
+@example
+@@syncodeindex fn cp
+@end example
+@noindent
+This will cause all entries designated for the function index to merge
+in with the concept index instead.@refill
+To merge both a variables index and a function index into a concept
+index, write the following:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@syncodeindex vr cp
+@@syncodeindex fn cp
+@end group
+@end example
+@cindex Fonts for indices
+The @code{@@syncodeindex} command puts all the entries from the `from'
+index (the redirected index) into the @code{@@code} font, overriding
+whatever default font is used by the index to which the entries are
+now directed.  This way, if you direct function names from a function
+index into a concept index, all the function names are printed in the
+@code{@@code} font as you would expect.@refill
+@node synindex,  , syncodeindex, Combining Indices
+@subsection @code{@@synindex}
+@findex synindex
+The @code{@@synindex} command is nearly the same as the
+@code{@@syncodeindex} command, except that it does not put the
+`from' index  entries into the @code{@@code} font; rather it puts
+them in the roman font.  Thus, you use @code{@@synindex} when you
+merge a concept index into a function index.@refill
+@xref{Printing Indices & Menus}, for information about printing an index
+at the end of a book or creating an index menu in an Info file.@refill
+@node New Indices,  , Combining Indices, Indices
+@section Defining New Indices
+@cindex Defining new indices
+@cindex Indices, defining new
+@cindex New index defining
+@findex defindex
+@findex defcodeindex
+In addition to the predefined indices, you may use the
+@code{@@defindex} and @code{@@defcodeindex} commands to define new
+indices.  These commands create new indexing @@-commands with which
+you mark index entries.  The @code{@@defindex }command is used like
+this:@refill
+@example
+@@defindex @var{name}
+@end example
+The name of an index should be a two letter word, such as @samp{au}.
+For example:@refill
+@example
+@@defindex au
+@end example
+This defines a new index, called the @samp{au} index.  At the same
+time, it creates a new indexing command, @code{@@auindex}, that you
+can use to make index entries.  Use the new indexing command just as
+you would use a predefined indexing command.@refill
+For example, here is a section heading followed by a concept index
+entry and two @samp{au} index entries.@refill
+@example
+@@section Cognitive Semantics
+@@cindex kinesthetic image schemas
+@@auindex Johnson, Mark
+@@auindex Lakoff, George
+@end example
+@noindent
+(Evidently, @samp{au} serves here as an abbreviation for ``author''.)
+Texinfo constructs the new indexing command by concatenating the name
+of the index with @samp{index}; thus, defining an @samp{au} index
+leads to the automatic creation of an @code{@@auindex} command.@refill
+Use the @code{@@printindex} command to print the index, as you do with
+the predefined indices.  For example:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@node Author Index, Subject Index, , Top
+@@unnumbered Author Index
+@@printindex au
+@end group
+@end example
+The @code{@@defcodeindex} is like the @code{@@defindex} command, except
+that, in the printed output, it prints entries in an @code{@@code} font
+instead of a roman font.  Thus, it parallels the @code{@@findex} command
+rather than the @code{@@cindex} command.@refill
+You should define new indices within or right after the end-of-header
+line of a Texinfo file, before any @code{@@synindex} or
+@code{@@syncodeindex} commands (@pxref{Header}).@refill
+@node Insertions, Glyphs, Indices, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Special Insertions
+@cindex Inserting special characters and symbols
+@cindex Special insertions
+Texinfo provides several commands for formatting dimensions, for
+inserting single characters that have special meaning in Texinfo, such
+as braces, and for inserting special graphic symbols that do not
+correspond to characters, such as dots and bullets.@refill
+@iftex
+These are:
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Braces, @samp{@@} and periods.
+@item
+Format a dimension, such as @samp{12@dmn{pt}}.
+@item
+Dots and bullets.
+@item
+The @TeX{} logo and the copyright symbol.
+@item
+A minus sign.
+@end itemize
+@end iftex
+@menu
+* Braces Atsigns Periods::      How to insert braces, @samp{@@} and periods.
+* dmn::                         How to format a dimension.
+* Dots Bullets::                How to insert dots and bullets.
+* TeX and copyright::           How to insert the @TeX{} logo
+and the copyright symbol.
+* minus::                       How to insert a minus sign.
+* math::                        How to format a mathematical expression.
+@end menu
+@node Braces Atsigns Periods, dmn, Insertions, Insertions
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Inserting @samp{@@}, Braces, and Periods
+@cindex Inserting @@, braces, and periods
+@cindex Braces, inserting
+@cindex Periods, inserting
+@cindex Single characters, commands to insert
+@cindex Commands to insert single characters
+@samp{@@} and curly braces are special characters in Texinfo.  To
+insert these characters so they appear in text, you must put an @samp{@@} in front
+of these characters to prevent Texinfo from misinterpreting them.@refill
+Periods are also special.  Depending on whether the period is inside
+or at the end of a sentence, less or more space is inserted after a
+period in a typeset manual.  Since it is not always possible for
+Texinfo to determine when a period ends a sentence and when it is used
+in an abbreviation, special commands are needed in some circumstances.
+(Usually, Texinfo can guess how to handle periods, so you do not need
+to use the special commands; you just enter a period as you would if
+you were using a typewriter, which means you put two spaces after the
+period, question mark, or exclamation mark that ends a
+sentence.)@refill
+Do not put braces after any of these commands; they are not
+necessary.@refill
+@menu
+* Inserting An Atsign::
+* Inserting Braces::            How to insert @samp{@{} and @samp{@}}
+* Controlling Spacing::         How to insert the right amount of space
+after punctuation within a sentence.
+@end menu
+@node Inserting An Atsign, Inserting Braces, Braces Atsigns Periods, Braces Atsigns Periods
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection Inserting @samp{@@} with @@@@
+@findex @@ @r{(single @samp{@@})}
+@code{@@@@} stands for a single @samp{@@} in either printed or Info
+output.@refill
+Do not put braces after an @code{@@@@} command.@refill
+@node Inserting Braces, Controlling Spacing, Inserting An Atsign, Braces Atsigns Periods
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection Inserting @samp{@{} and @samp{@}}with @@@{ and @@@}
+@findex @{ @r{(single @samp{@{})}
+@findex @} @r{(single @samp{@}})}
+@code{@@@{} stands for a single @samp{@{} in either printed or Info
+output.@refill
+@code{@@@}} stands for a single @samp{@}} in either printed or Info
+output.@refill
+Do not put braces after either an @code{@@@{} or an @code{@@@}}
+command.@refill
+@node Controlling Spacing,  , Inserting Braces, Braces Atsigns Periods
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection Spacing After Colons and Periods
+@findex : @r{(suppress widening)}
+Use the @code{@@:}@: command after a period, question mark,
+exclamation mark, or colon that should not be followed by extra space.
+For example, use @code{@@:}@: after periods that end abbreviations
+which are not at the ends of sentences.  @code{@@:}@: has no effect on
+the Info file output.@refill
+@need 700
+For example,
+@example
+The s.o.p.@@: has three parts @dots{}
+The s.o.p. has three parts @dots{}
+@end example
+@noindent
+@ifinfo
+produces
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+produces the following.  If you look carefully at this printed output,
+you will see a little more whitespace after @samp{s.o.p.} in the second
+line.@refill
+@end iftex
+@quotation
+The s.o.p.@: has three parts @dots{}@*
+The s.o.p. has three parts @dots{}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+@kbd{@@:} has no effect on the Info output.  (@samp{s.o.p} is an acronym
+for ``Standard Operating Procedure''.)
+@findex .  @r{(true end of sentence)}
+Use @code{@@.}@: instead of a period at the end of a sentence that
+ends with a single capital letter.  Otherwise, @TeX{} will think the
+letter is an abbreviation and will not insert the correct
+end-of-sentence spacing.  Here is an example:@refill
+@example
+Give it to M.I.B. and to M.E.W@@.  Also, give it to R.J.C@@.
+Give it to M.I.B. and to M.E.W.  Also, give it to R.J.C.
+@end example
+@noindent
+@ifinfo
+produces
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+produces the following.  If you look carefully at this printed output,
+you will see a little more whitespace after the @samp{W} in the first
+line.@refill
+@end iftex
+@quotation
+Give it to M.I.B. and to M.E.W@.  Also, give it to R.J.C@.@*
+Give it to M.I.B. and to M.E.W.  Also, give it to R.J.C.
+@end quotation
+In the Info file output, @code{@@.}@: is equivalent to a simple
+@samp{.}.@refill
+The meanings of @code{@@:}@: and @code{@@.}@: in Texinfo are designed
+to work well with the Emacs sentence motion commands.  This made it
+necessary for them to be incompatible with some other formatting
+systems that use @@-commands.@refill
+Do not put braces after either an @code{@@:} or an @code{@@.} command.@refill
+@node dmn, Dots Bullets, Braces Atsigns Periods, Insertions
+@section @code{@@dmn}@{@var{dimension}@}: Format a Dimension
+@cindex Thin space between number, dimension
+@cindex Dimension formatting
+@cindex Format a dimension
+@findex dmn
+At times, you may want to write @samp{12@dmn{pt}} or
+@samp{8.5@dmn{in}} with little or no space between the number and the
+abbreviation for the dimension.  You can use the @code{@@dmn} command
+to do this.  On seeing the command, @TeX{} inserts just enough space
+for proper typesetting; the Info formatting commands insert no space
+at all, since the Info file does not require it.@refill
+To use the @code{@@dmn} command, write the number and then follow it
+immediately, with no intervening space, by @code{@@dmn}, and then by
+the dimension within braces.@refill
+@need 700
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+A4 paper is 8.27@@dmn@{in@} wide.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@quotation
+A4 paper is 8.27@dmn{in} wide.
+@end quotation
+Not everyone uses this style.  Instead of writing
+@w{@samp{8.27@@dmn@{in@}}} in the Texinfo file, you may write
+@w{@samp{8.27 in.}} or @w{@samp{8.27 inches}}.  (In these cases, the
+formatters may insert a line break between the number and the
+dimension.  Also, if you write a period after an abbreviation within a
+sentence, you should write @samp{@@:} after the period to prevent
+@TeX{} from inserting extra whitespace.  @xref{Controlling Spacing, ,
+Spacing After Colons and Periods}.)@refill
+@node Dots Bullets, TeX and copyright, dmn, Insertions
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Inserting Ellipsis, Dots, and Bullets
+@cindex Dots, inserting
+@cindex Bullets, inserting
+@cindex Ellipsis, inserting
+@cindex Inserting ellipsis
+@cindex Inserting dots
+@cindex Special typesetting commands
+@cindex Typesetting commands for dots, etc.
+An @dfn{ellipsis} (a line of dots) is not typeset as a string of
+periods, so a special command is used for ellipsis in Texinfo.  The
+@code{@@bullet} command is special, too.  Each of these commands is
+followed by a pair of braces, @samp{@{@}}, without any whitespace
+between the name of the command and the braces.  (You need to use braces
+with these commands because you can use them next to other text; without
+the braces, the formatters would be confused.  @xref{Command Syntax, ,
+@@-Command Syntax}, for further information.)@refill
+@menu
+* dots::                        How to insert dots @dots{}
+* bullet::                      How to insert a bullet.
+@end menu
+@node dots, bullet, Dots Bullets, Dots Bullets
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@dots}@{@}
+@findex dots
+@cindex Inserting dots
+@cindex Dots, inserting
+Use the @code{@@dots@{@}} command to generate an ellipsis, which is
+three dots in a row, appropriately spaced, like this: `@dots{}'.  Do
+not simply write three periods in the input file; that would work for
+the Info file output, but would produce the wrong amount of space
+between the periods in the printed manual.@refill
+Similarly, the @code{@@enddots@{@}} command helps you correctly set an
+end-of-sentence ellipsis (four dots).
+@iftex
+Here is an ellipsis: @dots{}
+Here are three periods in a row: ...
+In printed output, the three periods in a row are closer together than
+the dots in the ellipsis.
+@end iftex
+@node bullet,  , dots, Dots Bullets
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@bullet}@{@}
+@findex bullet
+Use the @code{@@bullet@{@}} command to generate a large round dot, or
+the closest possible thing to one.  In Info, an asterisk is used.@refill
+Here is a bullet: @bullet{}
+When you use @code{@@bullet} in @code{@@itemize}, you do not need to
+type the braces, because @code{@@itemize} supplies them.
+(@xref{itemize, , @code{@@itemize}}.)@refill
+@node TeX and copyright, minus, Dots Bullets, Insertions
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Inserting @TeX{} and the Copyright Symbol
+The logo `@TeX{}' is typeset in a special fashion and it needs an
+@@-command.  The copyright symbol, `@copyright{}', is also special.
+Each of these commands is followed by a pair of braces, @samp{@{@}},
+without any whitespace between the name of the command and the
+braces.@refill
+@menu
+* tex::                         How to insert the @TeX{} logo.
+* copyright symbol::            How to use @code{@@copyright}@{@}.
+@end menu
+@node tex, copyright symbol, TeX and copyright, TeX and copyright
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@TeX}@{@}
+@findex tex (command)
+Use the @code{@@TeX@{@}} command to generate `@TeX{}'.  In a printed
+manual, this is a special logo that is different from three ordinary
+letters.  In Info, it just looks like @samp{TeX}.  The
+@code{@@TeX@{@}} command is unique among Texinfo commands in that the
+@key{T} and the @key{X} are in upper case.@refill
+@node copyright symbol,  , tex, TeX and copyright
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@subsection @code{@@copyright}@{@}
+@findex copyright
+Use the @code{@@copyright@{@}} command to generate `@copyright{}'.  In
+a printed manual, this is a @samp{c} inside a circle, and in Info,
+this is @samp{(C)}.@refill
+@node minus, math, TeX and copyright, Insertions
+@section @code{@@minus}@{@}: Inserting a Minus Sign
+@findex minus
+Use the @code{@@minus@{@}} command to generate a minus sign.  In a
+fixed-width font, this is a single hyphen, but in a proportional font,
+the symbol is the customary length for a minus sign---a little longer
+than a hyphen.@refill
+You can compare the two forms:
+@display
+@samp{@minus{}} is a minus sign generated with @samp{@@minus@{@}},
+`-' is a hyphen generated with the character @samp{-}.
+@end display
+@noindent
+In the fixed-width font used by Info, @code{@@minus@{@}} is the same
+as a hyphen.@refill
+You should not use @code{@@minus@{@}} inside @code{@@code} or
+@code{@@example} because the width distinction is not made in the
+fixed-width font they use.@refill
+When you use @code{@@minus} to specify the mark beginning each entry in
+an itemized list, you do not need to type the braces
+(@pxref{itemize, , @code{@@itemize}}.)@refill
+@node math,  , minus, Insertions
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@math}: Inserting Mathematical Expressions
+@findex math
+@cindex Mathematical expressions
+You can write a short mathematical expression with the @code{@@math}
+command.  Write the mathematical expression between braces, like this:
+@example
+@@math@{(a + b)(a + b) = a^2 + 2ab + b^2@}
+@end example
+@iftex
+@need 1000
+@noindent
+This produces the following in @TeX{}:
+@display
+@math{(a + b)(a + b) = a^2 + 2ab + b^2}
+@end display
+@noindent
+and the following in Info:
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+@noindent
+This produces the following in Info:
+@end ifinfo
+@example
+(a + b)(a + b) = a^2 + 2ab + b^2
+@end example
+The @code{@@math} command has no effect on the Info output.  Currently,
+it has limited effect on typeset output.  However, this may change since
+@TeX{} itself is designed for mathematical typesetting and does a
+splendid job.
+Certainly, for complex mathematical expressions, you could use @TeX{}
+directly.  @xref{Using Ordinary TeX Commands, , Using Ordinary @TeX{}
+Commands}.  When you use @TeX{} directly, remember to write the
+mathematical expression between one or two @samp{$} (dollar-signs) as
+appropriate.
+@node Glyphs, Breaks, Insertions, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Glyphs for Examples
+@cindex Glyphs
+In Texinfo, code is often illustrated in examples that are delimited
+by @code{@@example} and @code{@@end example}, or by @code{@@lisp} and
+@code{@@end lisp}.  In such examples, you can indicate the results of
+evaluation or an expansion using @samp{@result{}} or
+@samp{@expansion{}}.  Likewise, there are commands to insert glyphs
+to indicate
+printed output, error messages, equivalence of expressions, and the
+location of point.@refill
+The glyph-insertion commands do not need to be used within an example, but
+most often they are.  Every  glyph-insertion command is followed by a pair of
+left- and right-hand braces.@refill
+@menu
+* Glyphs Summary::
+* result::                      How to show the result of expression.
+* expansion::                   How to indicate an expansion.
+* Print Glyph::                 How to indicate printed output.
+* Error Glyph::                 How to indicate an error message.
+* Equivalence::                 How to indicate equivalence.
+* Point Glyph::                 How to indicate the location of point.
+@end menu
+@node Glyphs Summary, result, Glyphs, Glyphs
+@ifinfo
+@heading Glyphs Summary
+Here are the different glyph commands:@refill
+@end ifinfo
+@table @asis
+@item @result{}
+@code{@@result@{@}} points to the result of an expression.@refill
+@item @expansion{}
+@code{@@expansion@{@}} shows the results of a macro expansion.@refill
+@item @print{}
+@code{@@print@{@}} indicates printed output.@refill
+@item @error{}
+@code{@@error@{@}} indicates that the following text is an error
+message.@refill
+@item @equiv{}
+@code{@@equiv@{@}} indicates the exact equivalence of two forms.@refill
+@item @point{}
+@code{@@point@{@}} shows the location of point.@refill
+@end table
+@node result, expansion, Glyphs Summary, Glyphs
+@section @result{}: Indicating Evaluation
+@cindex Result of an expression
+@cindex Indicating evaluation
+@cindex Evaluation glyph
+@cindex Value of an expression, indicating
+Use the @code{@@result@{@}} command to indicate the result of
+evaluating an expression.@refill
+@iftex
+The @code{@@result@{@}} command is displayed as @samp{=>} in Info and
+as @samp{@result{}} in the printed output.
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+The @code{@@result@{@}} command is displayed as @samp{@result{}} in Info
+and as a double stemmed arrow in the printed output.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+Thus, the following,
+@lisp
+(cdr '(1 2 3))
+@result{} (2 3)
+@end lisp
+@noindent
+may be read as ``@code{(cdr '(1 2 3))} evaluates to @code{(2 3)}''.
+@node expansion, Print Glyph, result, Glyphs
+@section @expansion{}: Indicating an Expansion
+@cindex Expansion, indicating it
+When an expression is a macro call, it expands into a new expression.
+You can indicate the result of the expansion with the
+@code{@@expansion@{@}} command.@refill
+@iftex
+The @code{@@expansion@{@}} command is displayed as @samp{==>} in Info and
+as @samp{@expansion{}} in the printed output.
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+The @code{@@expansion@{@}} command is displayed as @samp{@expansion{}}
+in Info and as a long arrow with a flat base in the printed output.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+@need 700
+For example, the following
+@example
+@group
+@@lisp
+(third '(a b c))
+@@expansion@{@} (car (cdr (cdr '(a b c))))
+@@result@{@} c
+@@end lisp
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@lisp
+@group
+(third '(a b c))
+@expansion{} (car (cdr (cdr '(a b c))))
+@result{} c
+@end group
+@end lisp
+@noindent
+which may be read as:
+@quotation
+@code{(third '(a b c))} expands to @code{(car (cdr (cdr '(a b c))))};
+the result of evaluating the expression is @code{c}.
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+Often, as in this case, an example looks better if the
+@code{@@expansion@{@}} and @code{@@result@{@}} commands are indented
+five spaces.@refill
+@node Print Glyph, Error Glyph, expansion, Glyphs
+@section @print{}: Indicating Printed Output
+@cindex Printed output, indicating it
+Sometimes an expression will print output during its execution.  You
+can indicate the printed output with the @code{@@print@{@}} command.@refill
+@iftex
+The @code{@@print@{@}} command is displayed as @samp{-|} in Info and
+as @samp{@print{}} in the printed output.
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+The @code{@@print@{@}} command is displayed as @samp{@print{}} in Info
+and similarly, as a horizontal dash butting against a vertical bar, in
+the printed output.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+In the following example, the printed text is indicated with
+@samp{@print{}}, and the value of the expression follows on the
+last line.@refill
+@lisp
+@group
+(progn (print 'foo) (print 'bar))
+@print{} foo
+@print{} bar
+@result{} bar
+@end group
+@end lisp
+@noindent
+In a Texinfo source file, this example is written as follows:
+@lisp
+@group
+@@lisp
+(progn (print 'foo) (print 'bar))
+@@print@{@} foo
+@@print@{@} bar
+@@result@{@} bar
+@@end lisp
+@end group
+@end lisp
+@node Error Glyph, Equivalence, Print Glyph, Glyphs
+@section @error{}: Indicating an Error Message
+@cindex Error message, indicating it
+A piece of code may cause an error when you evaluate it.  You can
+designate the error message with the @code{@@error@{@}} command.@refill
+@iftex
+The @code{@@error@{@}} command is displayed as @samp{error-->} in Info
+and as @samp{@error{}} in the printed output.
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+The @code{@@error@{@}} command is displayed as @samp{@error{}} in Info
+and as the word `error' in a box in the printed output.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+@need 700
+Thus,
+@example
+@@lisp
+(+ 23 'x)
+@@error@{@} Wrong type argument: integer-or-marker-p, x
+@@end lisp
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@lisp
+(+ 23 'x)
+@error{} Wrong type argument: integer-or-marker-p, x
+@end lisp
+@noindent
+This indicates that the following error message is printed
+when you evaluate the expression:
+@lisp
+Wrong type argument: integer-or-marker-p, x
+@end lisp
+Note that @samp{@error{}} itself is not part of the error
+message.
+@node Equivalence, Point Glyph, Error Glyph, Glyphs
+@section @equiv{}: Indicating Equivalence
+@cindex Equivalence, indicating it
+Sometimes two expressions produce identical results.  You can indicate the
+exact equivalence of two forms with the @code{@@equiv@{@}} command.@refill
+@iftex
+The @code{@@equiv@{@}} command is displayed as @samp{==} in Info and
+as @samp{@equiv{}} in the printed output.
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+The @code{@@equiv@{@}} command is displayed as @samp{@equiv{}} in Info
+and as a three parallel horizontal lines in the printed output.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+Thus,
+@example
+@@lisp
+(make-sparse-keymap) @@equiv@{@} (list 'keymap)
+@@end lisp
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@lisp
+(make-sparse-keymap) @equiv{} (list 'keymap)
+@end lisp
+@noindent
+This indicates that evaluating @code{(make-sparse-keymap)} produces
+identical results to evaluating @code{(list 'keymap)}.
+@c Cannot write point command here because it causes trouble with TOC.
+@node Point Glyph,  , Equivalence, Glyphs
+@section Indicating Point in a Buffer
+@cindex Point, indicating it in a buffer
+Sometimes you need to show an example of text in an Emacs buffer.  In
+such examples, the convention is to include the entire contents of the
+buffer in question between two lines of dashes containing the buffer
+name.@refill
+You can use the @samp{@@point@{@}} command to show the location of point
+in the text in the buffer.  (The symbol for point, of course, is not
+part of the text in the buffer; it indicates the place @emph{between}
+two characters where point is located.)@refill
+@iftex
+The @code{@@point@{@}} command is displayed as @samp{-!-} in Info and
+as @samp{@point{}} in the printed output.
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+The @code{@@point@{@}} command is displayed as @samp{@point{}} in Info
+and as a small five pointed star in the printed output.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+The following example shows the contents of buffer @file{foo} before
+and after evaluating a Lisp command to insert the word @code{changed}.@refill
+@example
+@group
+---------- Buffer: foo ----------
+This is the @point{}contents of foo.
+---------- Buffer: foo ----------
+@end group
+@end example
+@example
+@group
+(insert "changed ")
+@result{} nil
+---------- Buffer: foo ----------
+This is the changed @point{}contents of foo.
+---------- Buffer: foo ----------
+@end group
+@end example
+In a Texinfo source file, the example is written like this:@refill
+@example
+@@example
+---------- Buffer: foo ----------
+This is the @@point@{@}contents of foo.
+---------- Buffer: foo ----------
+(insert "changed ")
+@@result@{@} nil
+---------- Buffer: foo ----------
+This is the changed @@point@{@}contents of foo.
+---------- Buffer: foo ----------
+@@end example
+@end example
+@node Breaks, Definition Commands, Glyphs, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Making and Preventing Breaks
+@cindex Making line and page breaks
+@cindex Preventing line and page breaks
+Usually, a Texinfo file is processed both by @TeX{} and by one of the
+Info formatting commands.  Line, paragraph, or page breaks sometimes
+occur in the `wrong' place in one or other form of output.  You must
+ensure that text looks right both in the printed manual and in the
+Info file.@refill
+For example, in a printed manual, page breaks may occur awkwardly in
+the middle of an example; to prevent this, you can hold text together
+using a grouping command that keeps the text from being split across
+two pages.  Conversely, you may want to force a page break where none
+would occur normally.  Fortunately, problems like these do not often
+arise.  When they do, use the break, break prevention, or pagination
+commands.@refill
+@menu
+* Break Commands::              Cause and prevent splits.
+* Line Breaks::                 How to force a single line to use two lines.
+* w::                           How to prevent unwanted line breaks.
+* sp::                          How to insert blank lines.
+* page::                        How to force the start of a new page.
+* group::                       How to prevent unwanted page breaks.
+* need::                        Another way to prevent unwanted page breaks.
+@end menu
+@ifinfo
+@node Break Commands, Line Breaks, Breaks, Breaks
+@heading The Break Commands
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+@sp 1
+@end iftex
+The break commands create line and paragraph breaks:@refill
+@table @code
+@item @@*
+Force a line break.
+@item @@sp @var{n}
+Skip @var{n} blank lines.@refill
+@end table
+@iftex
+@sp 1
+@end iftex
+The line-break-prevention command holds text together all on one
+line:@refill
+@table @code
+@item @@w@{@var{text}@}
+Prevent @var{text} from being split and hyphenated across two lines.@refill
+@end table
+@iftex
+@sp 1
+@end iftex
+The pagination commands apply only to printed output, since Info
+files do not have pages.@refill
+@table @code
+@item @@page
+Start a new page in the printed manual.@refill
+@item @@group
+Hold text together that must appear on one printed page.@refill
+@item @@need @var{mils}
+Start a new printed page if not enough space on this one.@refill
+@end table
+@node Line Breaks, w, Break Commands, Breaks
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@*}: Generate Line Breaks
+@findex * @r{(force line break)}
+@cindex Line breaks
+@cindex Breaks in a line
+The @code{@@*} command forces a line break in both the printed manual and
+in Info.@refill
+@need 700
+For example,
+@example
+This line @@* is broken @@*in two places.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+@group
+This line
+is broken
+in two places.
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+(Note that the space after the first @code{@@*} command is faithfully
+carried down to the next line.)@refill
+@need 800
+The @code{@@*} command is often used in a file's copyright page:@refill
+@example
+@group
+This is edition 2.0 of the Texinfo documentation,@@*
+and is for @dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+In this case, the @code{@@*} command keeps @TeX{} from stretching the
+line across the whole page in an ugly manner.@refill
+@quotation
+@strong{Please note:} Do not write braces after an @code{@@*} command;
+they are not needed.@refill
+Do not write an @code{@@refill} command at the end of a paragraph
+containing an @code{@@*} command; it will cause the paragraph to be
+refilled after the line break occurs, negating the effect of the line
+break.@refill
+@end quotation
+@node w, sp, Line Breaks, Breaks
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@w}@{@var{text}@}: Prevent Line Breaks
+@findex w @r{(prevent line break)}
+@cindex Line breaks, preventing
+@code{@@w@{@var{text}@}} outputs @var{text} and prohibits line breaks
+within @var{text}.@refill
+You can use the @code{@@w} command to prevent @TeX{} from automatically
+hyphenating a long name or phrase that accidentally falls near the end
+of a line.@refill
+@example
+You can copy GNU software from @@w@{@@file@{prep.ai.mit.edu@}@}.
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@quotation
+You can copy GNU software from @w{@file{prep.ai.mit.edu}}.
+@end quotation
+In the Texinfo file, you must write the @code{@@w} command and its
+argument (all the affected text) all on one line.@refill
+@quotation
+@strong{Caution:} Do not write an @code{@@refill} command at the end
+of a paragraph containing an @code{@@w} command; it will cause the
+paragraph to be refilled and may thereby negate the effect of the
+@code{@@w} command.@refill
+@end quotation
+@node sp, page, w, Breaks
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@sp} @var{n}: Insert Blank Lines
+@findex sp @r{(line spacing)}
+@cindex Spaces (blank lines)
+@cindex Blank lines
+@cindex Line spacing
+A line beginning with and containing only @code{@@sp @var{n}}
+generates @var{n} blank lines of space in both the printed manual and
+the Info file.  @code{@@sp} also forces a paragraph break.  For
+example,@refill
+@example
+@@sp 2
+@end example
+@noindent
+generates two blank lines.
+The @code{@@sp} command is most often used in the title page.@refill
+@ignore
+@c node br, page, sp, Breaks
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@c section @code{@@br}: Generate Paragraph Breaks
+@findex br @r{(paragraph breaks)}
+@cindex Paragraph breaks
+@cindex Breaks in a paragraph
+The @code{@@br} command forces a paragraph break.  It inserts a blank
+line.  You can use the command within or at the end of a line.  If
+used within a line, the @code{@@br@{@}} command must be followed by
+left and right braces (as shown here) to mark the end of the
+command.@refill
+@need 700
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+This line @@br@{@}contains and is ended by paragraph breaks@@br
+and is followed by another line.
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@example
+@group
+This line
+contains and is ended by paragraph breaks
+and is followed by another line.
+@end group
+@end example
+The @code{@@br} command is seldom used.
+@end ignore
+@node page, group, sp, Breaks
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@page}: Start a New Page
+@cindex Page breaks
+@findex page
+A line containing only @code{@@page} starts a new page in a printed
+manual.  The command has no effect on Info files since they are not
+paginated.  An @code{@@page} command is often used in the @code{@@titlepage}
+section of a Texinfo file to start the copyright page.@refill
+@node group, need, page, Breaks
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@group}: Prevent Page Breaks
+@cindex Group (hold text together vertically)
+@cindex Holding text together vertically
+@cindex Vertically holding text together
+@findex group
+The @code{@@group} command (on a line by itself) is used inside an
+@code{@@example} or similar construct to begin an unsplittable vertical
+group, which will appear entirely on one page in the printed output.
+The group is terminated by a line containing only @code{@@end group}.
+These two lines produce no output of their own, and in the Info file
+output they have no effect at all.@refill
+@c Once said that these environments
+@c turn off vertical spacing between ``paragraphs''.
+@c Also, quotation used to work, but doesn't in texinfo-2.72
+Although @code{@@group} would make sense conceptually in a wide
+variety of contexts, its current implementation works reliably only
+within @code{@@example} and variants, and within @code{@@display},
+@code{@@format}, @code{@@flushleft} and @code{@@flushright}.
+@xref{Quotations and Examples}.  (What all these commands have in
+common is that each line of input produces a line of output.)  In
+other contexts, @code{@@group} can cause anomalous vertical
+spacing.@refill
+@need 750
+This formatting requirement means that you should write:
+@example
+@group
+@@example
+@@group
+@dots{}
+@@end group
+@@end example
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+with the @code{@@group} and @code{@@end group} commands inside the
+@code{@@example} and @code{@@end example} commands.
+The @code{@@group} command is most often used to hold an example
+together on one page.  In this Texinfo manual, more than 100 examples
+contain text that is enclosed between @code{@@group} and @code{@@end
+group}.
+If you forget to end a group, you may get strange and unfathomable
+error messages when you run @TeX{}.  This is because @TeX{} keeps
+trying to put the rest of the Texinfo file onto the one page and does
+not start to generate error messages until it has processed
+considerable text.  It is a good rule of thumb to look for a missing
+@code{@@end group} if you get incomprehensible error messages in
+@TeX{}.@refill
+@node need,  , group, Breaks
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@need @var{mils}}: Prevent Page Breaks
+@cindex Need space at page bottom
+@findex need
+A line containing only @code{@@need @var{n}} starts
+a new page in a printed manual if fewer than @var{n} mils (thousandths
+of an inch) remain on the current page.  Do not use
+braces around the argument @var{n}.  The @code{@@need} command has no
+effect on Info files since they are not paginated.@refill
+@need 800
+This paragraph is preceded by an @code{@@need} command that tells
+@TeX{} to start a new page if fewer than 800 mils (eight-tenths
+inch) remain on the page.  It looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@need 800
+This paragraph is preceded by @dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+The @code{@@need} command is useful for preventing orphans (single
+lines at the bottoms of printed pages).@refill
+@node Definition Commands, Footnotes, Breaks, Top
+@chapter Definition Commands
+@cindex Definition commands
+The @code{@@deffn} command and the other @dfn{definition commands}
+enable you to describe functions, variables, macros, commands, user
+options, special forms and other such artifacts in a uniform
+format.@refill
+In the Info file, a definition causes the entity
+category---`Function', `Variable', or whatever---to appear at the
+beginning of the first line of the definition, followed by the
+entity's name and arguments.  In the printed manual, the command
+causes @TeX{} to print the entity's name and its arguments on the left
+margin and print the category next to the right margin.  In both
+output formats, the body of the definition is indented.  Also, the
+name of the entity is entered into the appropriate index:
+@code{@@deffn} enters the name into the index of functions,
+@code{@@defvr} enters it into the index of variables, and so
+on.@refill
+A manual need not and should not contain more than one definition for
+a given name.  An appendix containing a summary should use
+@code{@@table} rather than the definition commands.@refill
+@menu
+* Def Cmd Template::            How to structure a description using a
+definition command.
+* Optional Arguments::          How to handle optional and repeated arguments.
+* deffnx::                      How to group two or more `first' lines.
+* Def Cmds in Detail::          All the definition commands.
+* Def Cmd Conventions::         Conventions for writing definitions.
+* Sample Function Definition::
+@end menu
+@node Def Cmd Template, Optional Arguments, Definition Commands, Definition Commands
+@section The Template for a Definition
+@cindex Definition template
+@cindex Template for a definition
+The @code{@@deffn} command is used for definitions of entities that
+resemble functions.  To write a definition using the @code{@@deffn}
+command, write the @code{@@deffn} command at the beginning of a line
+and follow it on the same line by the category of the entity, the name
+of the entity itself, and its arguments (if any).  Then write the body
+of the definition on succeeding lines.  (You may embed examples in the
+body.)  Finally, end the definition with an @code{@@end deffn} command
+written on a line of its own.  (The other definition commands follow
+the same format.)@refill
+The template for a definition looks like this:
+@example
+@group
+@@deffn @var{category} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+@var{body-of-definition}
+@@end deffn
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 700
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+@@deffn Command forward-word count
+This command moves point forward @@var@{count@} words
+(or backward if @@var@{count@} is negative). @dots{}
+@@end deffn
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@quotation
+@deffn Command forward-word count
+This function moves point forward @var{count} words
+(or backward if @var{count} is negative). @dots{}
+@end deffn
+@end quotation
+Capitalize the category name like a title.  If the name of the
+category contains spaces, as in the phrase `Interactive Command',
+write braces around it.  For example:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@deffn @{Interactive Command@} isearch-forward
+@dots{}
+@@end deffn
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+Otherwise, the second word will be mistaken for the name of the
+entity.@refill
+Some of the definition commands are more general than others.  The
+@code{@@deffn} command, for example, is the general definition command
+for functions and the like---for entities that may take arguments.  When
+you use this command, you specify the category to which the entity
+belongs.  The @code{@@deffn} command possesses three predefined,
+specialized variations, @code{@@defun}, @code{@@defmac}, and
+@code{@@defspec}, that specify the category for you: ``Function'',
+``Macro'', and ``Special Form'' respectively.  The @code{@@defvr}
+command also is accompanied by several predefined, specialized
+variations for describing particular kinds of variables.@refill
+The template for a specialized definition, such as @code{@@defun}, is
+similar to the template for a generalized definition, except that you
+do not need to specify the category:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@defun @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+@var{body-of-definition}
+@@end defun
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+Thus,
+@example
+@group
+@@defun buffer-end flag
+This function returns @@code@{(point-min)@} if @@var@{flag@}
+is less than 1, @@code@{(point-max)@} otherwise.
+@dots{}
+@@end defun
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@quotation
+@defun buffer-end flag
+This function returns @code{(point-min)} if @var{flag} is less than 1,
+@code{(point-max)} otherwise.  @dots{}
+@end defun
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+@xref{Sample Function Definition, Sample Function Definition, A Sample
+Function Definition}, for a more detailed example of a function
+definition, including the use of @code{@@example} inside the
+definition.@refill
+The other specialized commands work like @code{@@defun}.@refill
+@node Optional Arguments, deffnx, Def Cmd Template, Definition Commands
+@section Optional and Repeated Arguments
+@cindex Optional and repeated arguments
+@cindex Repeated and optional arguments
+@cindex Arguments, repeated and optional
+@cindex Syntax, optional & repeated arguments
+@cindex Meta-syntactic chars for arguments
+Some entities take optional or repeated arguments, which may be
+specified by a distinctive glyph that uses square brackets and
+ellipses.  For @w{example}, a special form often breaks its argument list
+into separate arguments in more complicated ways than a
+straightforward function.@refill
+@iftex
+An argument enclosed within square brackets is optional.
+Thus, the phrase
+@samp{@code{@r{[}@var{optional-arg}@r{]}}} means that
+@var{optional-arg} is optional.
+An argument followed by an ellipsis is optional
+and may be repeated more than once.
+@c This is consistent with Emacs Lisp Reference manual
+Thus, @samp{@var{repeated-args}@dots{}} stands for zero or more arguments.
+Parentheses are used when several arguments are grouped
+into additional levels of list structure in Lisp.
+@end iftex
+@c The following looks better in Info (no `r', `samp' and `code'):
+@ifinfo
+An argument enclosed within square brackets is optional.
+Thus, [@var{optional-arg}] means that @var{optional-arg} is optional.
+An argument followed by an ellipsis is optional
+and may be repeated more than once.
+@c This is consistent with Emacs Lisp Reference manual
+Thus, @var{repeated-args}@dots{} stands for zero or more arguments.
+Parentheses are used when several arguments are grouped
+into additional levels of list structure in Lisp.
+@end ifinfo
+Here is the @code{@@defspec} line of an example of an imaginary
+special form:@refill
+@quotation
+@defspec foobar (@var{var} [@var{from} @var{to} [@var{inc}]]) @var{body}@dots{}
+@end defspec
+@tex
+\vskip \parskip
+@end tex
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+In this example, the arguments @var{from} and @var{to} are optional,
+but must both be present or both absent.  If they are present,
+@var{inc} may optionally be specified as well.  These arguments are
+grouped with the argument @var{var} into a list, to distinguish them
+from @var{body}, which includes all remaining elements of the
+form.@refill
+In a Texinfo source file, this @code{@@defspec} line is written like
+this (except it would not be split over two lines, as it is in this
+example).@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@defspec foobar (@@var@{var@} [@@var@{from@} @@var@{to@}
+[@@var@{inc@}]]) @@var@{body@}@@dots@{@}
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+The function is listed in the Command and Variable Index under
+@samp{foobar}.@refill
+@node deffnx, Def Cmds in Detail, Optional Arguments, Definition Commands
+@section Two or More `First' Lines
+@cindex Two `First' Lines for @code{@@deffn}
+@cindex Grouping two definitions together
+@cindex Definitions grouped together
+@findex deffnx
+To create two or more `first' or header lines for a definition, follow
+the first @code{@@deffn} line by a line beginning with @code{@@deffnx}.
+The @code{@@deffnx} command works exactly like @code{@@deffn}
+except that it does not generate extra vertical white space between it
+and the preceding line.@refill
+@need 1000
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+@@deffn @{Interactive Command@} isearch-forward
+@@deffnx @{Interactive Command@} isearch-backward
+These two search commands are similar except @dots{}
+@@end deffn
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces
+@deffn {Interactive Command} isearch-forward
+@deffnx {Interactive Command} isearch-backward
+These two search commands are similar except @dots{}
+@end deffn
+Each of the other definition commands has an `x' form: @code{@@defunx},
+@code{@@defvrx}, @code{@@deftypefunx}, etc.
+The `x' forms work just like @code{@@itemx}; see @ref{itemx, , @code{@@itemx}}.
+@node Def Cmds in Detail, Def Cmd Conventions, deffnx, Definition Commands
+@section The Definition Commands
+Texinfo provides more than a dozen definition commands, all of which
+are described in this section.@refill
+The definition commands automatically enter the name of the entity in
+the appropriate index: for example, @code{@@deffn}, @code{@@defun},
+and @code{@@defmac} enter function names in the index of functions;
+@code{@@defvr} and @code{@@defvar} enter variable names in the index
+of variables.@refill
+Although the examples that follow mostly illustrate Lisp, the commands
+can be used for other programming languages.@refill
+@menu
+* Functions Commands::          Commands for functions and similar entities.
+* Variables Commands::          Commands for variables and similar entities.
+* Typed Functions::             Commands for functions in typed languages.
+* Typed Variables::             Commands for variables in typed languages.
+* Abstract Objects::            Commands for object-oriented programming.
+* Data Types::                  The definition command for data types.
+@end menu
+@node Functions Commands, Variables Commands, Def Cmds in Detail, Def Cmds in Detail
+@subsection Functions and Similar Entities
+This section describes the commands for describing functions and similar
+entities:@refill
+@table @code
+@findex deffn
+@item @@deffn @var{category} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+The @code{@@deffn} command is the general definition command for
+functions, interactive commands, and similar entities that may take
+arguments.  You must choose a term to describe the category of entity
+being defined; for example, ``Function'' could be used if the entity is
+a function.  The @code{@@deffn} command is written at the beginning of a
+line and is followed on the same line by the category of entity being
+described, the name of this particular entity, and its arguments, if
+any.  Terminate the definition with @code{@@end deffn} on a line of its
+own.@refill
+@need 750
+For example, here is a definition:
+@example
+@group
+@@deffn Command forward-char nchars
+Move point forward @@var@{nchars@} characters.
+@@end deffn
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This shows a rather terse definition for a ``command'' named
+@code{forward-char} with one argument, @var{nchars}.
+@code{@@deffn} prints argument names such as @var{nchars} in italics or
+upper case, as if @code{@@var} had been used, because we think of these
+names as metasyntactic variables---they stand for the actual argument
+values.  Within the text of the description, write an argument name
+explicitly with @code{@@var} to refer to the value of the argument.  In
+the example above, we used @samp{@@var@{nchars@}} in this way.
+The template for @code{@@deffn} is:
+@example
+@group
+@@deffn @var{category} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+@var{body-of-definition}
+@@end deffn
+@end group
+@end example
+@findex defun
+@item @@defun @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+The @code{@@defun} command is the definition command for functions.
+@code{@@defun} is equivalent to @samp{@@deffn Function
+@dots{}}.@refill
+@need 800
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+@@defun set symbol new-value
+Change the value of the symbol @@var@{symbol@}
+to @@var@{new-value@}.
+@@end defun
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+shows a rather terse definition for a function @code{set} whose
+arguments are @var{symbol} and @var{new-value}.  The argument names on
+the @code{@@defun} line automatically appear in italics or upper case as
+if they were enclosed in @code{@@var}.  Terminate the definition with
+@code{@@end defun} on a line of its own.@refill
+The template is:
+@example
+@group
+@@defun @var{function-name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+@var{body-of-definition}
+@@end defun
+@end group
+@end example
+@code{@@defun} creates an entry in the index of functions.
+@findex defmac
+@item @@defmac @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+The @code{@@defmac} command is the definition command for macros.
+@code{@@defmac} is equivalent to @samp{@@deffn Macro @dots{}} and
+works like @code{@@defun}.@refill
+@findex defspec
+@item @@defspec @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+The @code{@@defspec} command is the definition command for special
+forms.  (In Lisp, a special form is an entity much like a function.)
+@code{@@defspec} is equivalent to @samp{@@deffn @{Special Form@}
+@dots{}} and works like @code{@@defun}.@refill
+@end table
+@node Variables Commands, Typed Functions, Functions Commands, Def Cmds in Detail
+@subsection Variables and Similar Entities
+Here are the commands for defining variables and similar
+entities:@refill
+@table @code
+@findex defvr
+@item @@defvr @var{category} @var{name}
+The @code{@@defvr} command is a general definition command for
+something like a variable---an entity that records a value.  You must
+choose a term to describe the category of entity being defined; for
+example, ``Variable'' could be used if the entity is a variable.
+Write the @code{@@defvr} command at the beginning of a line and
+followed it on the same line by the category of the entity and the
+name of the entity.@refill
+Capitalize the category name like a title.  If the name of the
+category contains spaces, as in the name `User Option', write braces
+around it.  Otherwise, the second word will be mistaken for the name
+of the entity, for example:
+@example
+@group
+@@defvr @{User Option@} fill-column
+This buffer-local variable specifies
+the maximum width of filled lines.
+@dots{}
+@@end defvr
+@end group
+@end example
+Terminate the definition with @code{@@end defvr} on a line of its
+own.@refill
+The template is:
+@example
+@group
+@@defvr @var{category} @var{name}
+@var{body-of-definition}
+@@end defvr
+@end group
+@end example
+@code{@@defvr} creates an entry in the index of variables for @var{name}.
+@findex defvar
+@item @@defvar @var{name}
+The @code{@@defvar} command is the definition command for variables.
+@code{@@defvar} is equivalent to @samp{@@defvr Variable
+@dots{}}.@refill
+@need 750
+For example:
+@example
+@group
+@@defvar kill-ring
+@dots{}
+@@end defvar
+@end group
+@end example
+The template is:
+@example
+@group
+@@defvar @var{name}
+@var{body-of-definition}
+@@end defvar
+@end group
+@end example
+@code{@@defvar} creates an entry in the index of variables for
+@var{name}.@refill
+@findex defopt
+@item @@defopt @var{name}
+The @code{@@defopt} command is the definition command for user
+options.  @code{@@defopt} is equivalent to @samp{@@defvr @{User
+Option@} @dots{}} and works like @code{@@defvar}.@refill
+@end table
+@node Typed Functions, Typed Variables, Variables Commands, Def Cmds in Detail
+@subsection Functions in Typed Languages
+The @code{@@deftypefn} command and its variations are for describing
+functions in C or any other language in which you must declare types
+of variables and functions.@refill
+@table @code
+@findex deftypefn
+@item @@deftypefn @var{category} @var{data-type} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+The @code{@@deftypefn} command is the general definition command for
+functions and similar entities that may take arguments and that are
+typed.  The @code{@@deftypefn} command is written at the beginning of
+a line and is followed on the same line by the category of entity
+being described, the type of the returned value, the name of this
+particular entity, and its arguments, if any.@refill
+@need 800
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+@@deftypefn @{Library Function@} int foobar
+(int @@var@{foo@}, float @@var@{bar@})
+@dots{}
+@@end deftypefn
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 1000
+@noindent
+(where the text before the ``@dots{}'', shown above as two lines, would
+actually be a single line in a real Texinfo file) produces the following
+in Info:
+@smallexample
+@group
+-- Library Function: int foobar (int FOO, float BAR)
+@dots{}
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@iftex
+In a printed manual, it produces:
+@quotation
+@deftypefn {Library Function} int foobar (int @var{foo}, float @var{bar})
+@dots{}
+@end deftypefn
+@end quotation
+@end iftex
+This means that @code{foobar} is a ``library function'' that returns an
+@code{int}, and its arguments are @var{foo} (an @code{int}) and
+@var{bar} (a @code{float}).@refill
+The argument names that you write in @code{@@deftypefn} are not subject
+to an implicit @code{@@var}---since the actual names of the arguments in
+@code{@@deftypefn} are typically scattered among data type names and
+keywords, Texinfo cannot find them without help.  Instead, you must write
+@code{@@var} explicitly around the argument names.  In the example
+above, the argument names are @samp{foo} and @samp{bar}.@refill
+The template for @code{@@deftypefn} is:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@deftypefn @var{category} @var{data-type} @var{name} @var{arguments} @dots{}
+@var{body-of-description}
+@@end deftypefn
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+Note that if the @var{category} or @var{data type} is more than one
+word then it must be enclosed in braces to make it a single argument.@refill
+If you are describing a procedure in a language that has packages,
+such as Ada, you might consider using @code{@@deftypefn} in a manner
+somewhat contrary to the convention described in the preceding
+paragraphs.@refill
+@need 800
+@noindent
+For example:
+@example
+@group
+@@deftypefn stacks private push
+(@@var@{s@}:in out stack;
+@@var@{n@}:in integer)
+@dots{}
+@@end deftypefn
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+(The @code{@@deftypefn} arguments are shown split into three lines, but
+would be a single line in a real Texinfo file.)
+In this instance, the procedure is classified as belonging to the
+package @code{stacks} rather than classified as a `procedure' and its
+data type is described as @code{private}.  (The name of the procedure
+is @code{push}, and its arguments are @var{s} and @var{n}.)@refill
+@code{@@deftypefn} creates an entry in the index of functions for
+@var{name}.@refill
+@findex deftypefun
+@item @@deftypefun @var{data-type} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+The @code{@@deftypefun} command is the specialized definition command
+for functions in typed languages.  The command is equivalent to
+@samp{@@deftypefn Function @dots{}}.@refill
+@need 800
+@noindent
+Thus,
+@smallexample
+@group
+@@deftypefun int foobar (int @@var@{foo@}, float @@var@{bar@})
+@dots{}
+@@end deftypefun
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@noindent
+produces the following in Info:
+@example
+@group
+-- Function: int foobar (int FOO, float BAR)
+@dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+@iftex
+@need 800
+@noindent
+and the following in a printed manual:
+@quotation
+@deftypefun int foobar (int @var{foo}, float @var{bar})
+@dots{}
+@end deftypefun
+@end quotation
+@end iftex
+@need 800
+The template is:
+@example
+@group
+@@deftypefun @var{type} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+@var{body-of-description}
+@@end deftypefun
+@end group
+@end example
+@code{@@deftypefun} creates an entry in the index of functions for
+@var{name}.@refill
+@end table
+@node Typed Variables, Abstract Objects, Typed Functions, Def Cmds in Detail
+@subsection Variables in Typed Languages
+Variables in typed languages are handled in a manner similar to
+functions in typed languages.  @xref{Typed Functions}.  The general
+definition command @code{@@deftypevr} corresponds to
+@code{@@deftypefn} and the specialized definition command
+@code{@@deftypevar} corresponds to @code{@@deftypefun}.@refill
+@table @code
+@findex deftypevr
+@item @@deftypevr @var{category} @var{data-type} @var{name}
+The @code{@@deftypevr} command is the general definition command for
+something like a variable in a typed language---an entity that records
+a value.  You must choose a term to describe the category of the
+entity being defined; for example, ``Variable'' could be used if the
+entity is a variable.@refill
+The @code{@@deftypevr} command is written at the beginning of a line
+and is followed on the same line by the category of the entity
+being described, the data type, and the name of this particular
+entity.@refill
+@need 800
+@noindent
+For example:
+@example
+@group
+@@deftypevr @{Global Flag@} int enable
+@dots{}
+@@end deftypevr
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces the following in Info:
+@example
+@group
+-- Global Flag: int enable
+@dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+@iftex
+@noindent
+and the following in a printed manual:
+@quotation
+@deftypevr {Global Flag} int enable
+@dots{}
+@end deftypevr
+@end quotation
+@end iftex
+@need 800
+The template is:
+@example
+@@deftypevr @var{category} @var{data-type} @var{name}
+@var{body-of-description}
+@@end deftypevr
+@end example
+@code{@@deftypevr} creates an entry in the index of variables for
+@var{name}.@refill
+@findex deftypevar
+@item @@deftypevar @var{data-type} @var{name}
+The @code{@@deftypevar} command is the specialized definition command
+for variables in typed languages.  @code{@@deftypevar} is equivalent
+to @samp{@@deftypevr Variable @dots{}}.@refill
+@need 800
+@noindent
+For example:
+@example
+@group
+@@deftypevar int fubar
+@dots{}
+@@end deftypevar
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+produces the following in Info:
+@example
+@group
+-- Variable: int fubar
+@dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+@iftex
+@need 800
+@noindent
+and the following in a printed manual:
+@quotation
+@deftypevar int fubar
+@dots{}
+@end deftypevar
+@end quotation
+@end iftex
+@need 800
+@noindent
+The template is:
+@example
+@group
+@@deftypevar @var{data-type} @var{name}
+@var{body-of-description}
+@@end deftypevar
+@end group
+@end example
+@code{@@deftypevar} creates an entry in the index of variables for
+@var{name}.@refill
+@end table
+@node Abstract Objects, Data Types, Typed Variables, Def Cmds in Detail
+@subsection Object-Oriented Programming
+Here are the commands for formatting descriptions about abstract
+objects, such as are used in object-oriented programming.  A class is
+a defined type of abstract object.  An instance of a class is a
+particular object that has the type of the class.  An instance
+variable is a variable that belongs to the class but for which each
+instance has its own value.@refill
+In a definition, if the name of a class is truly a name defined in the
+programming system for a class, then you should write an @code{@@code}
+around it.  Otherwise, it is printed in the usual text font.@refill
+@table @code
+@findex defcv
+@item @@defcv @var{category} @var{class} @var{name}
+The @code{@@defcv} command is the general definition command for
+variables associated with classes in object-oriented programming.  The
+@code{@@defcv} command is followed by three arguments: the category of
+thing being defined, the class to which it belongs, and its
+name.  Thus,@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@defcv @{Class Option@} Window border-pattern
+@dots{}
+@@end defcv
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+illustrates how you would write the first line of a definition of the
+@code{border-pattern} class option of the class @code{Window}.@refill
+The template is
+@example
+@group
+@@defcv @var{category} @var{class} @var{name}
+@dots{}
+@@end defcv
+@end group
+@end example
+@code{@@defcv} creates an entry in the index of variables.
+@findex defivar
+@item @@defivar @var{class} @var{name}
+The @code{@@defivar} command is the definition command for instance
+variables in object-oriented programming.  @code{@@defivar} is
+equivalent to @samp{@@defcv @{Instance Variable@} @dots{}}@refill
+The template is:
+@example
+@group
+@@defivar @var{class} @var{instance-variable-name}
+@var{body-of-definition}
+@@end defivar
+@end group
+@end example
+@code{@@defivar} creates an entry in the index of variables.
+@findex defop
+@item @@defop @var{category} @var{class} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+The @code{@@defop} command is the general definition command for
+entities that may resemble methods in object-oriented programming.
+These entities take arguments, as functions do, but are associated
+with particular classes of objects.@refill
+For example, some systems have constructs called @dfn{wrappers} that
+are associated with classes as methods are, but that act more like
+macros than like functions.  You could use @code{@@defop Wrapper} to
+describe one of these.@refill
+Sometimes it is useful to distinguish methods and @dfn{operations}.
+You can think of an operation as the specification for a method.
+Thus, a window system might specify that all window classes have a
+method named @code{expose}; we would say that this window system
+defines an @code{expose} operation on windows in general.  Typically,
+the operation has a name and also specifies the pattern of arguments;
+all methods that implement the operation must accept the same
+arguments, since applications that use the operation do so without
+knowing which method will implement it.@refill
+Often it makes more sense to document operations than methods.  For
+example, window application developers need to know about the
+@code{expose} operation, but need not be concerned with whether a
+given class of windows has its own method to implement this operation.
+To describe this operation, you would write:@refill
+@example
+@@defop Operation windows expose
+@end example
+The @code{@@defop} command is written at the beginning of a line and
+is followed on the same line by the overall name of the category of
+operation, the name of the class of the operation, the name of the
+operation, and its arguments, if any.@refill
+@need 800
+@noindent
+The template is:
+@example
+@group
+@@defop @var{category} @var{class} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+@var{body-of-definition}
+@@end defop
+@end group
+@end example
+@code{@@defop} creates an entry, such as `@code{expose} on
+@code{windows}', in the index of functions.@refill
+@findex defmethod
+@item @@defmethod @var{class} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+The @code{@@defmethod} command is the definition command for methods
+in object-oriented programming.  A method is a kind of function that
+implements an operation for a particular class of objects and its
+subclasses.  In the Lisp Machine, methods actually were functions, but
+they were usually defined with @code{defmethod}.
+@code{@@defmethod} is equivalent to @samp{@@defop Method @dots{}}.
+The command is written at the beginning of a line and is followed by
+the name of the class of the method, the name of the method, and its
+arguments, if any.@refill
+@need 800
+@noindent
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+@@defmethod @code{bar-class} bar-method argument
+@dots{}
+@@end defmethod
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+illustrates the definition for a method called @code{bar-method} of
+the class @code{bar-class}.  The method takes an argument.@refill
+The template is:
+@example
+@group
+@@defmethod @var{class} @var{method-name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+@var{body-of-definition}
+@@end defmethod
+@end group
+@end example
+@code{@@defmethod} creates an entry, such as `@code{bar-method} on
+@code{bar-class}', in the index of functions.@refill
+@end table
+@node Data Types,  , Abstract Objects, Def Cmds in Detail
+@subsection Data Types
+Here is the command for data types:@refill
+@table @code
+@findex deftp
+@item @@deftp @var{category} @var{name} @var{attributes}@dots{}
+The @code{@@deftp} command is the generic definition command for data
+types.  The command is written at the beginning of a line and is
+followed on the same line by the category, by the name of the type
+(which is a word like @code{int} or @code{float}), and then by names of
+attributes of objects of that type.  Thus, you could use this command
+for describing @code{int} or @code{float}, in which case you could use
+@code{data type} as the category.  (A data type is a category of
+certain objects for purposes of deciding which operations can be
+performed on them.)@refill
+In Lisp, for example,  @dfn{pair} names a particular data
+type, and an object of that type has two slots called the
+@sc{car} and the @sc{cdr}.  Here is how you would write the first line
+of a definition of @code{pair}.@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@deftp @{Data type@} pair car cdr
+@dots{}
+@@end deftp
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 950
+The template is:
+@example
+@group
+@@deftp @var{category} @var{name-of-type} @var{attributes}@dots{}
+@var{body-of-definition}
+@@end deftp
+@end group
+@end example
+@code{@@deftp} creates an entry in the index of data types.
+@end table
+@node Def Cmd Conventions, Sample Function Definition, Def Cmds in Detail, Definition Commands
+@section Conventions for Writing Definitions
+@cindex Definition conventions
+@cindex Conventions for writing definitions
+When you write a definition using @code{@@deffn}, @code{@@defun}, or
+one of the other definition commands, please take care to use
+arguments that indicate the meaning, as with the @var{count} argument
+to the @code{forward-word} function.  Also, if the name of an argument
+contains the name of a type, such as @var{integer}, take care that the
+argument actually is of that type.@refill
+@node Sample Function Definition,  , Def Cmd Conventions, Definition Commands
+@section A Sample Function Definition
+@cindex Function definitions
+@cindex Command definitions
+@cindex Macro definitions
+@cindex Sample function definition
+A function definition uses the @code{@@defun} and @code{@@end defun}
+commands.  The name of the function follows immediately after the
+@code{@@defun} command and it is followed, on the same line, by the
+parameter list.@refill
+Here is a definition from @cite{The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
+(@xref{Calling Functions, , Calling Functions, elisp, The GNU Emacs
+Lisp Reference Manual}.)
+@quotation
+@defun apply function &rest arguments
+@code{apply} calls @var{function} with @var{arguments}, just
+like @code{funcall} but with one difference: the last of
+@var{arguments} is a list of arguments to give to
+@var{function}, rather than a single argument.  We also say
+that this list is @dfn{appended} to the other arguments.
+@code{apply} returns the result of calling @var{function}.
+As with @code{funcall}, @var{function} must either be a Lisp
+function or a primitive function; special forms and macros
+do not make sense in @code{apply}.
+@example
+(setq f 'list)
+@result{} list
+(apply f 'x 'y 'z)
+@error{} Wrong type argument: listp, z
+(apply '+ 1 2 '(3 4))
+@result{} 10
+(apply '+ '(1 2 3 4))
+@result{} 10
+(apply 'append '((a b c) nil (x y z) nil))
+@result{} (a b c x y z)
+@end example
+An interesting example of using @code{apply} is found in the description
+of @code{mapcar}.@refill
+@end defun
+@end quotation
+@need 1200
+In the Texinfo source file, this example looks like this:
+@example
+@group
+@@defun apply function &rest arguments
+@@code@{apply@} calls @@var@{function@} with
+@@var@{arguments@}, just like @@code@{funcall@} but with one
+difference: the last of @@var@{arguments@} is a list of
+arguments to give to @@var@{function@}, rather than a single
+argument.  We also say that this list is @@dfn@{appended@}
+to the other arguments.
+@end group
+@group
+@@code@{apply@} returns the result of calling
+@@var@{function@}.  As with @@code@{funcall@},
+@@var@{function@} must either be a Lisp function or a
+primitive function; special forms and macros do not make
+sense in @@code@{apply@}.
+@end group
+@group
+@@example
+(setq f 'list)
+@@result@{@} list
+(apply f 'x 'y 'z)
+@@error@{@} Wrong type argument: listp, z
+(apply '+ 1 2 '(3 4))
+@@result@{@} 10
+(apply '+ '(1 2 3 4))
+@@result@{@} 10
+(apply 'append '((a b c) nil (x y z) nil))
+@@result@{@} (a b c x y z)
+@@end example
+@end group
+@group
+An interesting example of using @@code@{apply@} is found
+in the description of @@code@{mapcar@}.@@refill
+@@end defun
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+In this manual, this function is listed in the Command and Variable
+Index under @code{apply}.@refill
+Ordinary variables and user options are described using a format like
+that for functions except that variables do not take arguments.
+@node Footnotes, Conditionals, Definition Commands, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Footnotes
+@cindex Footnotes
+@findex footnote
+A @dfn{footnote} is for a reference that documents or elucidates the
+primary text.@footnote{A footnote should complement or expand upon
+the primary text, but a reader should not need to read a footnote to
+understand the primary text.  For a thorough discussion of footnotes,
+see @cite{The Chicago Manual of Style}, which is published by the
+University of Chicago Press.}@refill
+In Texinfo, footnotes are created with the @code{@@footnote} command.
+This command is followed immediately by a left brace, then by the text
+of the footnote, and then by a terminating right brace.  The template
+is:
+@example
+@@footnote@{@var{text}@}
+@end example
+Footnotes may be of any length, but are usually short.@refill
+For example, this clause is followed by a sample
+footnote@footnote{Here is the sample footnote.}; in the Texinfo
+source, it looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@dots{}a sample footnote @@footnote@{Here is the sample
+footnote.@}; in the Texinfo source@dots{}
+@end example
+In a printed manual or book, the reference mark for a footnote is a
+small, superscripted number; the text of the footnote is written at
+the bottom of the page, below a horizontal line.@refill
+In Info, the reference mark for a footnote is a pair of parentheses
+with the footnote number between them, like this: @samp{(1)}.@refill
+Info has two footnote styles, which determine where the text of the
+footnote is located:@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@cindex @samp{@r{End}} node footnote style
+@item
+In the `End' node style, all the footnotes for a single node
+are placed at the end of that node.  The footnotes are separated from
+the rest of the node by a line of dashes with the word
+@samp{Footnotes} within it.  Each footnote begins with an
+@samp{(@var{n})} reference mark.@refill
+@need 700
+@noindent
+Here is an example of a single footnote in the end of node style:@refill
+@example
+@group
+--------- Footnotes ---------
+(1)  Here is a sample footnote.
+@end group
+@end example
+@cindex @samp{@r{Separate}} footnote style
+@item
+In the `Separate' node style, all the footnotes for a single
+node are placed in an automatically constructed node of
+their own.  In this style, a ``footnote reference'' follows
+each @samp{(@var{n})} reference mark in the body of the
+node.  The footnote reference is actually a cross reference
+which you use to reach the footnote node.@refill
+The name of the node containing the footnotes is constructed
+by appending @w{@samp{-Footnotes}} to the name of the node
+that contains the footnotes. (Consequently, the footnotes'
+node for the @file{Footnotes} node is
+@w{@file{Footnotes-Footnotes}}!)  The footnotes' node has an
+`Up' node pointer that leads back to its parent node.@refill
+@noindent
+Here is how the first footnote in this manual looks after being
+formatted for Info in the separate node style:@refill
+@smallexample
+@group
+File: texinfo.info  Node: Overview-Footnotes, Up: Overview
+(1) Note that the first syllable of "Texinfo" is
+pronounced like "speck", not "hex". @dots{}
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@end itemize
+A Texinfo file may be formatted into an Info file with either footnote
+style.@refill
+@findex footnotestyle
+Use the @code{@@footnotestyle} command to specify an Info file's
+footnote style.  Write this command at the beginning of a line followed
+by an argument, either @samp{end} for the end node style or
+@samp{separate} for the separate node style.
+@need 700
+For example,
+@example
+@@footnotestyle end
+@end example
+@noindent
+or
+@example
+@@footnotestyle separate
+@end example
+Write an @code{@@footnotestyle} command before or shortly after the
+end-of-header line at the beginning of a Texinfo file.  (If you
+include the @code{@@footnotestyle} command between the start-of-header
+and end-of-header lines, the region formatting commands will format
+footnotes as specified.)@refill
+If you do not specify a footnote style, the formatting commands use
+their default style.  Currently, @code{texinfo-format-buffer} and
+@code{texinfo-format-region} use the `separate' style and
+@code{makeinfo} uses the `end' style.@refill
+@c !!! note: makeinfo's --footnote-style option overrides footnotestyle
+@ignore
+If you use @code{makeinfo} to create the Info file, the
+@samp{--footnote-style} option determines which style is used,
+@samp{end} for the end of node style or @samp{separate} for the
+separate node style.  Thus, to format the Texinfo manual in the
+separate node style, you would use the following shell command:@refill
+@example
+makeinfo --footnote-style=separate texinfo.texi
+@end example
+@noindent
+To format the Texinfo manual in the end of node style, you would
+type:@refill
+@example
+makeinfo --footnote-style=end texinfo.texi
+@end example
+@end ignore
+@ignore
+If you use @code{texinfo-format-buffer} or
+@code{texinfo-format-region} to create the Info file, the value of the
+@code{texinfo-footnote-style} variable controls the footnote style.
+It can be either @samp{"separate"} for the separate node style or
+@samp{"end"} for the end of node style.  (You can change the value of
+this variable with the @kbd{M-x edit-options} command (@pxref{Edit
+Options, , Editing Variable Values, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}), or
+with the @kbd{M-x set-variable} command (@pxref{Examining, , Examining
+and Setting Variables, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).@refill
+The @code{texinfo-footnote-style} variable also controls the style if
+you use the @kbd{M-x makeinfo-region} or @kbd{M-x makeinfo-buffer}
+command in Emacs.@refill
+@end ignore
+This chapter contains two footnotes.@refill
+@node Conditionals, Format/Print Hardcopy, Footnotes, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Conditionally Visible Text
+@cindex Conditionally visible text
+@cindex Text, conditionally visible
+@cindex Visibility of conditional text
+@cindex If text conditionally visible
+@findex ifinfo
+@findex iftex
+Sometimes it is good to use different text for a printed manual and
+its corresponding Info file.  In this case, you can use the
+@dfn{conditional commands} to specify which text is for the printed manual
+and which is for the Info file.@refill
+@menu
+* Conditional Commands::        How to specify text for Info or @TeX{}.
+* Using Ordinary TeX Commands::  You can use any and all @TeX{} commands.
+* set clear value::             How to designate which text to format (for
+both Info and @TeX{}); and how to set a
+flag to a string that you can insert.
+@end menu
+@node Conditional Commands, Using Ordinary TeX Commands, Conditionals, Conditionals
+@ifinfo
+@heading Using @code{@@ifinfo} and @code{@@iftex}
+@end ifinfo
+@code{@@ifinfo} begins segments of text that should be ignored
+by @TeX{} when it
+typesets the printed manual.  The segment of text appears only
+in the Info file.
+The @code{@@ifinfo} command should appear on a line by itself;  end
+the Info-only text with a line containing @code{@@end ifinfo} by
+itself.  At the beginning of a Texinfo file, the Info permissions are
+contained within a region marked by @code{@@ifinfo} and @code{@@end
+ifinfo}. (@xref{Info Summary and Permissions}.)@refill
+The @code{@@iftex} and @code{@@end iftex} commands are similar to the
+@code{@@ifinfo} and @code{@@end ifinfo} commands, except that they
+specify text that will appear in the printed manual but not in the Info
+file.@refill
+@need 700
+For example,
+@example
+@@iftex
+This text will appear only in the printed manual.
+@@end iftex
+@@ifinfo
+However, this text will appear only in Info.
+@@end ifinfo
+@end example
+@noindent
+The preceding example produces the following line:
+@iftex
+This text will appear only in the printed manual.
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+However, this text will appear only in Info.
+@end ifinfo
+@noindent
+Note how you only see one of the two lines, depending on whether you
+are reading the Info version or the printed version of this
+manual.@refill
+The @code{@@titlepage} command is a special variant of @code{@@iftex} that
+is used for making the title and copyright pages of the printed
+manual. (@xref{titlepage, , @code{@@titlepage}}.) @refill
+@node Using Ordinary TeX Commands, set clear value, Conditional Commands, Conditionals
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Using Ordinary @TeX{} Commands
+@cindex @TeX{} commands, using ordinary
+@cindex Ordinary @TeX{} commands, using
+@cindex Commands using ordinary @TeX{}
+@cindex Plain@TeX{}
+Inside a region delineated by @code{@@iftex} and @code{@@end iftex},
+you can embed some Plain@TeX{} commands.  Info will ignore these
+commands since they are only in that part of the file which is seen by
+@TeX{}.  You can write the @TeX{} commands as you would write them in
+a normal @TeX{} file, except that you must replace the @samp{\} used
+by @TeX{} with an @samp{@@}.  For example, in the @code{@@titlepage}
+section of a Texinfo file, you can use the @TeX{} command
+@code{@@vskip} to format the copyright page.  (The @code{@@titlepage}
+command causes Info to ignore the region automatically, as it does
+with the @code{@@iftex} command.)@refill
+However, many features of Plain@TeX{} will not work, as they are
+overridden by features of Texinfo.
+@findex tex
+You can enter Plain@TeX{} completely, and use @samp{\} in the @TeX{}
+commands, by delineating a region with the @code{@@tex} and @code{@@end
+tex} commands.  (The @code{@@tex} command also causes Info to ignore the
+region, like the @code{@@iftex}
+command.)@refill
+@cindex Mathematical expressions
+For example, here is a mathematical expression written in
+Plain@TeX{}:@refill
+@example
+@@tex
+$$ \chi^2 = \sum_@{i=1@}^N
+\left (y_i - (a + b x_i)
+\over \sigma_i\right)^2 $$
+@@end tex
+@end example
+@noindent
+The output of this example will appear only in a printed manual.  If
+you are reading this in Info, you will not see anything after this
+paragraph.
+@iftex
+In a printed manual, the above expression looks like
+this:
+@end iftex
+@tex
+$$ \chi^2 = \sum_{i=1}^N
+\left(y_i - (a + b x_i)
+\over \sigma_i\right)^2 $$
+@end tex
+@node set clear value,  , Using Ordinary TeX Commands, Conditionals
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @code{@@set}, @code{@@clear}, and @code{@@value}
+You can direct the Texinfo formatting commands to format or ignore parts
+of a Texinfo file with the @code{@@set}, @code{@@clear}, @code{@@ifset},
+and @code{@@ifclear} commands.@refill
+In addition, you can use the @code{@@set @var{flag}} command to set the
+value of @var{flag} to a string of characters; and use
+@code{@@value@{@var{flag}@}} to insert that string.  You can use
+@code{@@set}, for example, to set a date and use @code{@@value} to
+insert the date in several places in the Texinfo file.@refill
+@menu
+* ifset ifclear::               Format a region if a flag is set.
+* value::                       Replace a flag with a string.
+* value Example::               An easy way to update edition information.
+@end menu
+@node ifset ifclear, value, set clear value, set clear value
+@subsection @code{@@ifset} and @code{@@ifclear}
+@findex ifset
+When a @var{flag} is set, the Texinfo formatting commands format text
+between subsequent pairs of @code{@@ifset @var{flag}} and @code{@@end
+ifset} commands.  When the @var{flag} is cleared, the Texinfo formatting
+commands do @emph{not} format the text.
+Use the @code{@@set @var{flag}} command to turn on, or @dfn{set}, a
+@var{flag}; a @dfn{flag} can be any single word.  The format for the
+command looks like this:@refill
+@findex set
+@example
+@@set @var{flag}
+@end example
+Write the conditionally formatted text between @code{@@ifset @var{flag}}
+and @code{@@end ifset} commands, like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@ifset @var{flag}
+@var{conditional-text}
+@@end ifset
+@end group
+@end example
+For example, you can create one document that has two variants, such as
+a manual for a `large' and `small' model:@refill
+@example
+You can use this machine to dig up shrubs
+without hurting them.
+@@set large
+@@ifset large
+It can also dig up fully grown trees.
+@@end ifset
+Remember to replant promptly @dots{}
+@end example
+@noindent
+In the example, the formatting commands will format the text between
+@code{@@ifset large} and @code{@@end ifset} because the @code{large}
+flag is set.@refill
+@findex clear
+Use the @code{@@clear @var{flag}} command to turn off, or @dfn{clear},
+a flag.  Clearing a flag is the opposite of setting a flag.  The
+command looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@@clear @var{flag}
+@end example
+@noindent
+Write the command on a line of its own.
+When @var{flag} is cleared, the Texinfo formatting commands do
+@emph{not} format the text between @code{@@ifset @var{flag}} and
+@code{@@end ifset}; that text is ignored and does not appear in either
+printed or Info output.@refill
+For example, if you clear the flag of the preceding example by writing
+an @code{@@clear large} command after the @code{@@set large} command
+(but before the conditional text), then the Texinfo formatting commands
+ignore the text between the @code{@@ifset large} and @code{@@end ifset}
+commands.  In the formatted output, that text does not appear; in both
+printed and Info output, you see only the lines that say, ``You can use
+this machine to dig up shrubs without hurting them.  Remember to replant
+promptly @dots{}''.
+@findex ifclear
+If a flag is cleared with an @code{@@clear @var{flag}} command, then
+the formatting commands format text between subsequent pairs of
+@code{@@ifclear} and @code{@@end ifclear} commands.  But if the flag
+is set with @code{@@set @var{flag}}, then the formatting commands do
+@emph{not} format text between an @code{@@ifclear} and an @code{@@end
+ifclear} command; rather, they ignore that text.  An @code{@@ifclear}
+command looks like this:@refill
+@example
+@@ifclear @var{flag}
+@end example
+@need 700
+In brief, the commands are:@refill
+@table @code
+@item @@set @var{flag}
+Tell the Texinfo formatting commands that @var{flag} is set.@refill
+@item @@clear @var{flag}
+Tell the Texinfo formatting commands that @var{flag} is cleared.@refill
+@item @@ifset @var{flag}
+If @var{flag} is set, tell the Texinfo formatting commands to format
+the text up to the following @code{@@end ifset} command.@refill
+If @var{flag} is cleared, tell the Texinfo formatting commands to
+ignore text up to the following @code{@@end ifset} command.@refill
+@item @@ifclear @var{flag}
+If @var{flag} is set, tell the Texinfo formatting commands to ignore
+the text up to the following @code{@@end ifclear} command.@refill
+If @var{flag} is cleared, tell the Texinfo formatting commands to
+format the text up to the following @code{@@end ifclear}
+command.@refill
+@end table
+@node value, value Example, ifset ifclear, set clear value
+@subsection @code{@@value}
+@findex value
+You can use the @code{@@set} command to specify a value for a flag,
+which is expanded by the @code{@@value} command.  The value is a string
+a characters.
+Write the @code{@@set} command like this:
+@example
+@@set foo This is a string.
+@end example
+@noindent
+This sets the value of @code{foo} to ``This is a string.''
+The Texinfo formatters replace an @code{@@value@{@var{flag}@}} command with
+the string to which @var{flag} is set.@refill
+Thus, when @code{foo} is set as shown above, the Texinfo formatters convert
+@example
+@group
+@@value@{foo@}
+@exdent @r{to}
+This is a string.
+@end group
+@end example
+You can write an @code{@@value} command within a paragraph; but you
+must write an @code{@@set} command on a line of its own.
+If you write the @code{@@set} command like this:
+@example
+@@set foo
+@end example
+@noindent
+without specifying a string, the value of @code{foo} is an empty string.
+If you clear a previously set flag with an @code{@@clear @var{flag}}
+command, a subsequent @code{@@value@{flag@}} command is invalid and the
+string is replaced with an error message that says @samp{@{No value for
+"@var{flag}"@}}.
+For example, if you set @code{foo} as follows:@refill
+@example
+@@set how-much very, very, very
+@end example
+@noindent
+then the formatters transform
+@example
+@group
+It is a @@value@{how-much@} wet day.
+@exdent @r{into}
+It is a very, very, very wet day.
+@end group
+@end example
+If you write
+@example
+@@clear how-much
+@end example
+@noindent
+then the formatters transform
+@example
+@group
+It is a @@value@{how-much@} wet day.
+@exdent @r{into}
+It is a @{No value for "how-much"@} wet day.
+@end group
+@end example
+@node value Example,  , value, set clear value
+@subsection @code{@@value} Example
+You can use the @code{@@value} command to limit the number of places you
+need to change when you record an update to a manual.
+Here is how it is done in @cite{The GNU Make Manual}:
+@need 1000
+@noindent
+Set the flags:
+@example
+@group
+@@set EDITION 0.35 Beta
+@@set VERSION 3.63 Beta
+@@set UPDATED 14 August 1992
+@@set UPDATE-MONTH August 1992
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 750
+@noindent
+Write text for the first @code{@@ifinfo} section, for people reading the
+Texinfo file:
+@example
+@group
+This is Edition @@value@{EDITION@},
+last updated @@value@{UPDATED@},
+of @@cite@{The GNU Make Manual@},
+for @@code@{make@}, Version @@value@{VERSION@}.
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 1000
+@noindent
+Write text for the title page, for people reading the printed manual:
+@c List only the month and the year since that looks less fussy on a
+@c printed cover than a date that lists the day as well.
+@example
+@group
+@@title GNU Make
+@@subtitle A Program for Directing Recompilation
+@@subtitle Edition @@value@{EDITION@}, @dots{}
+@@subtitle @@value@{UPDATE-MONTH@}
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+(On a printed cover, a date listing the month and the year looks less
+fussy than a date listing the day as well as the month and year.)
+@need 750
+@noindent
+Write text for the Top node, for people reading the Info file:
+@example
+@group
+This is Edition @@value@{EDITION@}
+of the @@cite@{GNU Make Manual@},
+last updated @@value@{UPDATED@}
+for @@code@{make@} Version @@value@{VERSION@}.
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 950
+After you format the manual, the text in the first @code{@@ifinfo}
+section looks like this:
+@example
+@group
+This is Edition 0.35 Beta, last updated 14 August 1992,
+of `The GNU Make Manual', for `make', Version 3.63 Beta.
+@end group
+@end example
+When you update the manual, change only the values of the flags; you do
+not need to rewrite the three sections.
+@node Format/Print Hardcopy, Create an Info File, Conditionals, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Format and Print Hardcopy
+@cindex Format and print hardcopy
+@cindex Hardcopy, printing it
+@cindex Making a printed manual
+@cindex Sorting indices
+@cindex Indices, sorting
+@cindex @TeX{} index sorting
+@findex texindex
+There are three major shell commands for making a printed manual from a
+Texinfo file: one for converting the Texinfo file into a file that will be
+printed, a second for sorting indices, and a third for printing the
+formatted document.  When you use the shell commands, you can either
+work directly in the operating system shell or work within a shell
+inside GNU Emacs.@refill
+If you are using GNU Emacs, you can use commands provided by Texinfo
+mode instead of shell commands.  In addition to the three commands to
+format a file, sort the indices, and print the result, Texinfo mode
+offers key bindings for commands to recenter the output buffer, show the
+print queue, and delete a job from the print queue.@refill
+@menu
+* Use TeX::                     Use @TeX{} to format for hardcopy.
+* Format with tex/texindex::    How to format in a shell.
+* Format with texi2dvi::        A simpler way to use the shell.
+* Print with lpr::              How to print.
+* Within Emacs::                How to format and print from an Emacs shell.
+* Texinfo Mode Printing::       How to format and print in Texinfo mode.
+* Compile-Command::             How to print using Emacs's compile command.
+* Requirements Summary::        @TeX{} formatting requirements summary.
+* Preparing for TeX::           What you need to do to use @TeX{}.
+* Overfull hboxes::             What are and what to do with overfull hboxes.
+* smallbook::                   How to print small format books and manuals.
+* A4 Paper::                    How to print on European A4 paper.
+* Cropmarks and Magnification::  How to print marks to indicate the size
+of pages and how to print scaled up output.
+@end menu
+@node Use TeX, Format with tex/texindex, Format/Print Hardcopy, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@ifinfo
+@heading Use @TeX{}
+@end ifinfo
+The typesetting program called @TeX{} is used for formatting a Texinfo
+file.  @TeX{} is a very powerful typesetting program and, if used right,
+does an exceptionally good job.  @xref{Obtaining TeX, , How to Obtain
+@TeX{}}, for information on how to obtain @TeX{}.@refill
+The @code{makeinfo}, @code{texinfo-format-region}, and
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} commands read the very same @@-commands
+in the Texinfo file as does @TeX{}, but process them differently to
+make an Info file; see @ref{Create an Info File}.@refill
+@node Format with tex/texindex, Format with texi2dvi, Use TeX, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Format using @code{tex} and @code{texindex}
+@cindex Shell formatting with @code{tex} and @code{texindex}
+@cindex Formatting with @code{tex} and @code{texindex}
+@cindex DVI file
+Format the Texinfo file with the shell command @code{tex} followed by
+the name of the Texinfo file.  This command produces a formatted
+@sc{dvi} file as well as several auxiliary files containing indices,
+cross references, etc.  The @sc{dvi} file (for @dfn{DeVice Independent}
+file) can be printed on a wide variety of printers.@refill
+The @code{tex} formatting command itself does not sort the indices; it
+writes an output file of unsorted index data.  This is a misfeature of
+@TeX{}.  (The @code{texi2dvi} command automatically generates indices;
+see @ref{Format with texi2dvi, , Format using @code{texi2dvi}}.)  To
+generate a printed index after running the @code{tex} command, you first
+need a sorted index to work from.  The @code{texindex} command sorts
+indices.  (The source file @file{texindex.c} comes as part of the
+standard GNU distribution and is usually installed when Emacs is
+installed.)@refill
+@findex texindex
+@ignore
+Usage: texindex [-k] [-T tempdir] infile [-o outfile] ...
+Each infile arg can optionally be followed by a `-o outfile' arg;
+for each infile that is not followed by a -o arg, the infile name with
+`s' (for `sorted') appended is used for the outfile.
+-T dir is the directory to put temp files in, instead of /tmp.
+-k means `keep tempfiles', for debugging.
+@end ignore
+The @code{tex} formatting command outputs unsorted index files under
+names that obey a standard convention.  These names are the name of
+your main input file to the @code{tex} formatting command, with
+everything after the first period thrown away, and the two letter
+names of indices added at the end.  For example, the raw index output
+files for the input file @file{foo.texinfo} would be @file{foo.cp},
+@file{foo.vr}, @file{foo.fn}, @file{foo.tp}, @file{foo.pg} and
+@file{foo.ky}.  Those are exactly the arguments to give to
+@code{texindex}.@refill
+@need 1000
+Or else, you can use @samp{??} as ``wild-cards'' and give the command in
+this form:@refill
+@example
+texindex foo.??
+@end example
+@noindent
+This command will run @code{texindex} on all the unsorted index files,
+including any that you have defined yourself using @code{@@defindex}
+or @code{@@defcodeindex}.  (You may execute @samp{texindex foo.??}
+even if there are similarly named files with two letter extensions
+that are not index files, such as @samp{foo.el}.  The @code{texindex}
+command reports but otherwise ignores such files.)@refill
+For each file specified, @code{texindex} generates a sorted index file
+whose name is made by appending @samp{s} to the input file name.  The
+@code{@@printindex} command knows to look for a file of that name.
+@code{texindex} does not alter the raw index output file.@refill
+After you have sorted the indices, you need to rerun the @code{tex}
+formatting command on the Texinfo file.  This regenerates a formatted
+@sc{dvi} file with up-to-date index entries.@footnote{If you use more
+than one index and have cross references to an index other than the
+first, you must run @code{tex} @emph{three times} to get correct output:
+once to generate raw index data; again (after @code{texindex}) to output
+the text of the indices and determine their true page numbers; and a
+third time to output correct page numbers in cross references to them.
+However, cross references to indices are rare.}@refill
+To summarize, this is a three step process:
+@enumerate
+@item
+Run the @code{tex} formatting command on the Texinfo file.  This
+generates the formatted @sc{dvi} file as well as the raw index files
+with two letter extensions.@refill
+@item
+Run the shell command @code{texindex} on the raw index files to sort
+them.  This creates the corresponding sorted index files.@refill
+@item
+Rerun the @code{tex} formatting command on the Texinfo file.  This
+regenerates a formatted @sc{dvi} file with the index entries in the
+correct order.  This second run also corrects the page numbers for
+the cross references.  (The tables of contents are always correct.)@refill
+@end enumerate
+You need not run @code{texindex} each time after you run the
+@code{tex} formatting.  If you do not, on the next run, the @code{tex}
+formatting command will use whatever sorted index files happen to
+exist from the previous use of @code{texindex}.  This is usually
+@sc{ok} while you are debugging.@refill
+@node Format with texi2dvi, Print with lpr, Format with tex/texindex, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Format using @code{texi2dvi}
+@findex texi2dvi @r{(shell script)}
+The @code{texi2dvi} command is a shell script that automatically runs
+both @code{tex} and @code{texindex} as needed to produce a @sc{dvi} file
+with up-to-date, sorted indices.  It simplifies the
+@code{tex}---@code{texindex}---@code{tex} sequence described in the
+previous section.
+@need 1000
+The syntax for @code{texi2dvi} is like this (where @samp{%} is the
+shell prompt):@refill
+@example
+% texi2dvi @var{filename}@dots{}
+@end example
+@node Print with lpr, Within Emacs, Format with texi2dvi, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Shell Print Using @code{lpr -d}
+@findex lpr @r{(@sc{dvi} print command)}
+You can print a @sc{dvi} file with the @sc{dvi} print command.  The
+precise printing command to use depends on your system; @samp{lpr -d} is
+common.  The @sc{dvi} print command may require a file name without any
+extension or with a @samp{.dvi} extension.@refill
+@need 1200
+The following commands, for example, sort the indices, format, and
+print the @cite{Bison Manual} (where @samp{%} is the shell
+prompt):@refill
+@example
+@group
+% tex bison.texinfo
+% texindex bison.??
+% tex bison.texinfo
+% lpr -d bison.dvi
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+(Remember that the shell commands may be different at your site; but
+these are commonly used versions.)@refill
+@need 1000
+Using the @code{texi2dvi} shell script, you simply need type:@refill
+@example
+@group
+% texi2dvi bison.texinfo
+% lpr -d bison.dvi
+@end group
+@end example
+@node Within Emacs, Texinfo Mode Printing, Print with lpr, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section From an Emacs Shell @dots{}
+@cindex Print, format from Emacs shell
+@cindex Format, print from Emacs shell
+@cindex Shell, format, print from
+@cindex Emacs shell, format, print from
+@cindex GNU Emacs shell, format, print from
+You can give formatting and printing commands from a shell within GNU
+Emacs.  To create a shell within Emacs, type @kbd{M-x shell}.  In this
+shell, you can format and print the document.  @xref{Format/Print
+Hardcopy, , Format and Print Hardcopy}, for details.@refill
+You can switch to and from the shell buffer while @code{tex} is
+running and do other editing.  If you are formatting a long document
+on a slow machine, this can be very convenient.@refill
+You can also use @code{texi2dvi} from an Emacs shell.  For example,
+here is how to use @code{texi2dvi} to format and print @cite{Using and
+Porting GNU CC} from a shell within Emacs (where @samp{%} is the shell
+prompt):@refill
+@example
+@group
+% texi2dvi gcc.texinfo
+% lpr -d gcc.dvi
+@end group
+@end example
+@ifinfo
+@xref{Texinfo Mode Printing}, for more information about formatting
+and printing in Texinfo mode.@refill
+@end ifinfo
+@node Texinfo Mode Printing, Compile-Command, Within Emacs, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@section Formatting and Printing in Texinfo Mode
+@cindex Region printing in Texinfo mode
+@cindex Format and print in Texinfo mode
+@cindex Print and format in Texinfo mode
+Texinfo mode provides several predefined key commands for @TeX{}
+formatting and printing.  These include commands for sorting indices,
+looking at the printer queue, killing the formatting job, and
+recentering the display of the buffer in which the operations
+occur.@refill
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-t C-b
+@itemx M-x texinfo-tex-buffer
+Run @code{texi2dvi} on the current buffer.@refill
+@item C-c C-t C-r
+@itemx M-x texinfo-tex-region
+Run @TeX{} on the current region.@refill
+@item C-c C-t C-i
+@itemx M-x texinfo-texindex
+Sort the indices of a Texinfo file formatted with
+@code{texinfo-tex-region}.@refill
+@item C-c C-t C-p
+@itemx M-x texinfo-tex-print
+Print a @sc{dvi} file that was made with @code{texinfo-tex-region} or
+@code{texinfo-tex-buffer}.@refill
+@item C-c C-t C-q
+@itemx M-x tex-show-print-queue
+Show the print queue.@refill
+@item C-c C-t C-d
+@itemx M-x texinfo-delete-from-print-queue
+Delete a job from the print queue; you will be prompted for the job
+number shown by a preceding @kbd{C-c C-t C-q} command
+(@code{texinfo-show-tex-print-queue}).@refill
+@item C-c C-t C-k
+@itemx M-x tex-kill-job
+Kill the currently running @TeX{} job started by
+@code{texinfo-tex-region} or @code{texinfo-tex-buffer}, or any other
+process running in the Texinfo shell buffer.@refill
+@item C-c C-t C-x
+@itemx M-x texinfo-quit-job
+Quit a @TeX{} formatting job that has stopped because of an error by
+sending an @key{x} to it.  When you do this, @TeX{} preserves a record
+of what it did in a @file{.log} file.@refill
+@item C-c C-t C-l
+@itemx M-x tex-recenter-output-buffer
+Redisplay the shell buffer in which the @TeX{} printing and formatting
+commands are run to show its most recent output.@refill
+@end table
+@need 1000
+Thus, the usual sequence of commands for formatting a buffer is as
+follows (with comments to the right):@refill
+@example
+@group
+C-c C-t C-b             @r{Run @code{texi2dvi} on the buffer.}
+C-c C-t C-p             @r{Print the @sc{dvi} file.}
+C-c C-t C-q             @r{Display the printer queue.}
+@end group
+@end example
+The Texinfo mode @TeX{} formatting commands start a subshell in Emacs
+called the @file{*tex-shell*}.  The @code{texinfo-tex-command},
+@code{texinfo-texindex-command}, and @code{tex-dvi-print-command}
+commands are all run in this shell.
+You can watch the commands operate in the @samp{*tex-shell*} buffer,
+and you can switch to and from and use the @samp{*tex-shell*} buffer
+as you would any other shell buffer.@refill
+@need 1500
+The formatting and print commands depend on the values of several variables.
+The default values are:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@r{Variable}                              @r{Default value}
+texinfo-texi2dvi-command                  "texi2dvi"
+texinfo-tex-command                       "tex"
+texinfo-texindex-command                  "texindex"
+texinfo-delete-from-print-queue-command   "lprm"
+texinfo-tex-trailer                       "@@bye"
+tex-start-of-header                       "%**start"
+tex-end-of-header                         "%**end"
+tex-dvi-print-command                     "lpr -d"
+tex-show-queue-command                    "lpq"
+@end group
+@end example
+You can change the values of these variables with the @kbd{M-x
+edit-options} command (@pxref{Edit Options, , Editing Variable Values,
+emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}), with the @kbd{M-x set-variable} command
+(@pxref{Examining, , Examining and Setting Variables, emacs, The GNU
+Emacs Manual}), or with your @file{.emacs} initialization file
+(@pxref{Init File, , , emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).@refill
+@node Compile-Command, Requirements Summary, Texinfo Mode Printing, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Using the Local Variables List
+@cindex Local variables
+@cindex Compile command for formatting
+@cindex Format with the compile command
+Yet another way to apply the @TeX{} formatting command to a Texinfo file
+is to put that command in a @dfn{local variables list} at the end of the
+Texinfo file.  You can then specify the @code{tex} or @code{texi2dvi}
+commands as a @code{compile-command} and have Emacs run it by typing
+@kbd{M-x compile}.  This creates a special shell called the
+@file{*compilation*} buffer in which Emacs runs the compile command.
+For example, at the end of the @file{gdb.texinfo} file, after the
+@code{@@bye}, you could put the following:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@c Local Variables:
+@@c compile-command: "texi2dvi gdb.texinfo"
+@@c End:
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This technique is most often used by programmers who also compile programs
+this way; see @ref{Compilation, , , emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.@refill
+@node Requirements Summary, Preparing for TeX, Compile-Command, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section @TeX{} Formatting Requirements Summary
+@cindex Requirements for formatting
+@cindex Formatting requirements
+Every Texinfo file that is to be input to @TeX{} must begin with a
+@code{\input} command and contain an @code{@@settitle} command:@refill
+@example
+\input texinfo
+@@settitle @var{name-of-manual}
+@end example
+@noindent
+The first command instructs @TeX{} to load the macros it needs to
+process a Texinfo file and the second command specifies the title of
+printed manual.@refill
+@need 1000
+Every Texinfo file must end with a line that terminates @TeX{}
+processing and forces out unfinished pages:@refill
+@example
+@@bye
+@end example
+Strictly speaking, these three lines are all a Texinfo file needs for
+@TeX{}, besides the body.  (The @code{@@setfilename} line is the only
+line that a Texinfo file needs for Info formatting.)@refill
+Usually, the file's first line contains an @samp{@@c -*-texinfo-*-}
+comment that causes Emacs to switch to Texinfo mode when you edit the
+file.  In addition, the beginning usually includes an
+@code{@@setfilename} for Info formatting, an @code{@@setchapternewpage}
+command, a title page, a copyright page, and permissions.  Besides an
+@code{@@bye}, the end of a file usually includes indices and a table of
+contents.@refill
+@iftex
+For more information, see
+@ref{setchapternewpage, , @code{@@setchapternewpage}},
+@ref{Headings, ,Page Headings},
+@ref{Titlepage & Copyright Page},
+@ref{Printing Indices & Menus}, and
+@ref{Contents}.
+@end iftex
+@noindent
+@ifinfo
+For more information, see@*
+@ref{setchapternewpage, , @code{@@setchapternewpage}},@*
+@ref{Headings, ,Page Headings},@*
+@ref{Titlepage & Copyright Page},@*
+@ref{Printing Indices & Menus}, and@*
+@ref{Contents}.
+@end ifinfo
+@node Preparing for TeX, Overfull hboxes, Requirements Summary, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Preparing to Use @TeX{}
+@cindex Preparing to use @TeX{}
+@cindex @TeX{} input initialization
+@cindex @code{TEXINPUTS} environment variable
+@vindex TEXINPUTS
+@cindex @b{.profile} initialization file
+@cindex @b{.cshrc} initialization file
+@cindex Initialization file for @TeX{} input
+@TeX{} needs to know where to find the @file{texinfo.tex} file
+that you have told it to input with the @samp{\input texinfo} command
+at the beginning of the first line.  The @file{texinfo.tex} file tells
+@TeX{} how to handle @@-commands.  (@file{texinfo.tex} is
+included in the standard GNU distributions.)@refill
+Usually, the @file{texinfo.tex} file is put in the default directory
+that contains @TeX{} macros (the @file{/usr/lib/tex/macros}
+directory) when GNU Emacs or other GNU software is installed.
+In this case, @TeX{} will
+find the file and you do not need to do anything special.
+Alternatively, you can put @file{texinfo.tex} in the directory in
+which the Texinfo source file is located, and @TeX{} will find it
+there.@refill
+However, you may want to specify the location of the @code{\input} file
+yourself.  One way to do this is to write the complete path for the file
+after the @code{\input} command.  Another way is to set the
+@code{TEXINPUTS} environment variable in your @file{.cshrc} or
+@file{.profile} file.  The @code{TEXINPUTS} environment variable will tell
+@TeX{} where to find the @file{texinfo.tex} file and any other file that
+you might want @TeX{} to use.@refill
+Whether you use a @file{.cshrc} or @file{.profile} file depends on
+whether you use @code{csh}, @code{sh}, or @code{bash} for your shell
+command interpreter.  When you use @code{csh}, it looks to the
+@file{.cshrc} file for initialization information, and when you use
+@code{sh} or @code{bash}, it looks to the @file{.profile} file.@refill
+@need 1000
+In a @file{.cshrc} file, you could use the following @code{csh} command
+sequence:@refill
+@example
+setenv TEXINPUTS .:/usr/me/mylib:/usr/lib/tex/macros
+@end example
+@need 1000
+In a @file{.profile} file, you could use the following @code{sh} command
+sequence:
+@example
+@group
+TEXINPUTS=.:/usr/me/mylib:/usr/lib/tex/macros
+export TEXINPUTS
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+This would cause @TeX{} to look for @file{\input} file first in the current
+directory, indicated by the @samp{.}, then in a hypothetical user's
+@file{me/mylib} directory, and finally in the system library.@refill
+@node Overfull hboxes, smallbook, Preparing for TeX, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Overfull ``hboxes''
+@cindex Overfull @samp{hboxes}
+@cindex @samp{hboxes}, overfull
+@cindex Final output
+@TeX{} is sometimes unable to typeset a line without extending it into
+the right margin.  This can occur when @TeX{} comes upon what it
+interprets as a long word that it cannot hyphenate, such as an
+electronic mail network address or a very long title.  When this
+happens, @TeX{} prints an error message like this:@refill
+@example
+Overfull \hbox (20.76302pt too wide)
+@end example
+@noindent
+(In @TeX{}, lines are in ``horizontal boxes'', hence the term, ``hbox''.
+The backslash, @samp{\}, is the @TeX{} equivalent of @samp{@@}.)@refill
+@TeX{} also provides the line number in the Texinfo source file and
+the text of the offending line, which is marked at all the places that
+@TeX{} knows how to hyphenate words.
+@xref{Debugging with TeX, , Catching Errors with @TeX{} Formatting},
+for more information about typesetting errors.@refill
+If the Texinfo file has an overfull hbox, you can rewrite the sentence
+so the overfull hbox does not occur, or you can decide to leave it.  A
+small excursion into the right margin often does not matter and may not
+even be noticeable.@refill
+@cindex Black rectangle in hardcopy
+@cindex Rectangle, ugly, black in hardcopy
+However, unless told otherwise, @TeX{} will print a large, ugly, black
+rectangle beside the line that contains the overful hbox.  This is so
+you will notice the location of the problem if you are correcting a
+draft.@refill
+@need 1000
+@findex finalout
+To prevent such a monstrosity from marring your final printout, write
+the following in the beginning of the Texinfo file on a line of its own,
+before the @code{@@titlepage} command:@refill
+@example
+@@finalout
+@end example
+@node smallbook, A4 Paper, Overfull hboxes, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Printing ``Small'' Books
+@findex smallbook
+@cindex Small book size
+@cindex Book, printing small
+@cindex Page sizes for books
+@cindex Size of printed book
+By default, @TeX{} typesets pages for printing in an 8.5 by 11 inch
+format.  However, you can direct @TeX{} to typeset a document in a 7 by
+9.25 inch format that is suitable for bound books by inserting the
+following command on a line by itself at the beginning of the Texinfo
+file, before the title page:@refill
+@example
+@@smallbook
+@end example
+@noindent
+(Since regular sized books are often about 7 by 9.25 inches, this
+command might better have been called the @code{@@regularbooksize}
+command, but it came to be called the @code{@@smallbook} command by
+comparison to the 8.5 by 11 inch format.)@refill
+If you write the @code{@@smallbook} command between the
+start-of-header and end-of-header lines, the Texinfo mode @TeX{}
+region formatting command, @code{texinfo-tex-region}, will format the
+region in ``small'' book size (@pxref{Start of Header}).@refill
+The Free Software Foundation distributes printed copies of @cite{The GNU
+Emacs Manual} and other manuals in the ``small'' book size.
+@xref{smallexample & smalllisp, , @code{@@smallexample} and
+@code{@@smalllisp}}, for information about commands that make it easier
+to produce examples for a smaller manual.@refill
+@node A4 Paper, Cropmarks and Magnification, smallbook, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Printing on A4 Paper
+@cindex A4 paper, printing on
+@cindex Paper size, European A4
+@cindex European A4 paper
+@findex afourpaper
+You can tell @TeX{} to typeset a document for printing on European size
+A4 paper with the @code{@@afourpaper} command.  Write the command on a
+line by itself between @code{@@iftex} and @code{@@end iftex} lines near
+the beginning of the Texinfo file, before the title page:@refill
+For example, this is how you would write the header for this manual:@refill
+@example
+@group
+\input texinfo    @@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@@c %**start of header
+@@setfilename texinfo
+@@settitle Texinfo
+@@syncodeindex vr fn
+@@iftex
+@@afourpaper
+@@end iftex
+@@c %**end of header
+@end group
+@end example
+@node Cropmarks and Magnification,  , A4 Paper, Format/Print Hardcopy
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Cropmarks and Magnification
+@findex cropmarks
+@cindex Cropmarks for printing
+@cindex Printing cropmarks
+You can attempt to direct @TeX{} to print cropmarks at the corners of
+pages with the @code{@@cropmarks} command.  Write the @code{@@cropmarks}
+command on a line by itself between @code{@@iftex} and @code{@@end
+iftex} lines near the beginning of the Texinfo file, before the title
+page, like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@iftex
+@@cropmarks
+@@end iftex
+@end group
+@end example
+This command is mainly for printers that typeset several pages on one
+sheet of film; but you can attempt to use it to mark the corners of a
+book set to 7 by 9.25 inches with the @code{@@smallbook} command.
+(Printers will not produce cropmarks for regular sized output that is
+printed on regular sized paper.)  Since different printing machines work
+in different ways, you should explore the use of this command with a
+spirit of adventure.  You may have to redefine the command in the
+@file{texinfo.tex} definitions file.@refill
+@findex mag @r{(@TeX{} command)}
+@cindex Magnified printing
+@cindex Larger or smaller pages
+You can attempt to direct @TeX{} to typeset pages larger or smaller than
+usual with the @code{\mag} @TeX{} command.  Everything that is typeset
+is scaled proportionally larger or smaller.  (@code{\mag} stands for
+``magnification''.)  This is @emph{not} a Texinfo @@-command, but is a
+Plain@TeX{} command that is prefixed with a backslash.  You have to
+write this command between @code{@@tex} and @code{@@end tex}
+(@pxref{Using Ordinary TeX Commands, , Using Ordinary @TeX{}
+Commands}).@refill
+Follow the @code{\mag} command with an @samp{=} and then a number that
+is 1000 times the magnification you desire.  For example, to print pages
+at 1.2 normal size, write the following near the beginning of the
+Texinfo file, before the title page:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@tex
+\mag=1200
+@@end tex
+@end group
+@end example
+With some printing technologies, you can print normal-sized copies that
+look better than usual by using a larger-than-normal master.@refill
+Depending on your system, @code{\mag} may not work or may work only at
+certain magnifications.  Be prepared to experiment.@refill
+@node Create an Info File, Install an Info File, Format/Print Hardcopy, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Creating an Info File
+@cindex Creating an Info file
+@cindex Info, creating an on-line file
+@cindex Formatting a file for Info
+@code{makeinfo} is a utility that converts a Texinfo file into an Info
+file; @code{texinfo-format-region} and @code{texinfo-format-buffer} are
+GNU Emacs functions that do the same.@refill
+A Texinfo file must possess an @code{@@setfilename} line near its
+beginning, otherwise the Info formatting commands will fail.@refill
+For information on installing the Info file in the Info system, see
+@ref{Install an Info File}.@refill
+@menu
+* makeinfo advantages::         @code{makeinfo} provides better error checking.
+* Invoking makeinfo::           How to run @code{makeinfo} from a shell.
+* makeinfo options::            Specify fill-column and other options.
+* Pointer Validation::          How to check that pointers point somewhere.
+* makeinfo in Emacs::           How to run @code{makeinfo} from Emacs.
+* texinfo-format commands::     Two Info formatting commands written
+in Emacs Lisp are an alternative
+to @code{makeinfo}.
+* Batch Formatting::            How to format for Info in Emacs Batch mode.
+* Tag and Split Files::         How tagged and split files help Info
+to run better.
+@end menu
+@node makeinfo advantages, Invoking makeinfo, Create an Info File, Create an Info File
+@ifinfo
+@heading @code{makeinfo} Preferred
+@end ifinfo
+The @code{makeinfo} utility creates an Info file from a Texinfo source
+file more quickly than either of the Emacs formatting commands and
+provides better error messages.  We recommend it.  @code{makeinfo} is a
+C program that is independent of Emacs.  You do not need to run Emacs to
+use @code{makeinfo}, which means you can use @code{makeinfo} on machines
+that are too small to run Emacs. You can run @code{makeinfo} in
+any one of three ways: from an operating system shell, from a shell
+inside Emacs, or by typing a key command in Texinfo mode in Emacs.
+@refill
+The @code{texinfo-format-region} and the @code{texinfo-format-buffer}
+commands are useful if you cannot run @code{makeinfo}.  Also, in some
+circumstances, they format short regions or buffers more quickly than
+@code{makeinfo}.@refill
+@node Invoking makeinfo, makeinfo options, makeinfo advantages, Create an Info File
+@section Running @code{makeinfo} from a Shell
+To create an Info file from a Texinfo file, type @code{makeinfo}
+followed by the name of the Texinfo file.  Thus, to create the Info
+file for Bison, type the following at the shell prompt (where @samp{%}
+is the prompt):@refill
+@example
+% makeinfo bison.texinfo
+@end example
+(You can run a shell inside Emacs by typing @kbd{M-x
+shell}.)@refill
+@ifinfo
+Sometimes you will want to specify options.  For example, if you wish
+to discover which version of @code{makeinfo} you are using,
+type:@refill
+@example
+% makeinfo --version
+@end example
+@xref{makeinfo options}, for more information.
+@end ifinfo
+@node makeinfo options, Pointer Validation, Invoking makeinfo, Create an Info File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Options for @code{makeinfo}
+@cindex @code{makeinfo} options
+@cindex Options for @code{makeinfo}
+The @code{makeinfo} command takes a number of options.  Most often,
+options are used to set the value of the fill column and specify the
+footnote style.  Each command line option is a word preceded by
+@samp{--}@footnote{@samp{--} has replaced @samp{+}, the old introductory
+character, to maintain POSIX.2 compatibility without losing long-named
+options.} or a letter preceded by @samp{-}.  You can use abbreviations
+for the option names as long as they are unique.@refill
+For example, you could use the following command to create an Info
+file for @file{bison.texinfo} in which each line is filled to only 68
+columns (where @samp{%} is the prompt):@refill
+@example
+% makeinfo --fill-column=68 bison.texinfo
+@end example
+You can write two or more options in sequence, like this:@refill
+@example
+% makeinfo --no-split --fill-column=70 @dots{}
+@end example
+@noindent
+This would keep the Info file together as one possibly very long
+file and would also set the fill column to 70.@refill
+@iftex
+If you wish to discover which version of @code{makeinfo}
+you are using, type:@refill
+@example
+% makeinfo --version
+@end example
+@end iftex
+The options are:@refill
+@need 100
+@table @code
+@item -D @var{var}
+Cause @var{var} to be defined.  This is equivalent to
+@code{@@set @var{var}} in the Texinfo file.
+@need 150
+@item --error-limit @var{limit}
+Set the maximum number of errors that @code{makeinfo} will report
+before exiting (on the assumption that continuing would be useless).
+The default number of errors that can be reported before
+@code{makeinfo} gives up is 100.@refill
+@need 150
+@item --fill-column @var{width}
+Specify the maximum number of columns in a line; this is the right-hand
+edge of a line.  Paragraphs that are filled will be filled to this
+width.  (Filling is the process of breaking up and connecting lines so
+that lines are the same length as or shorter than the number specified
+as the fill column.  Lines are broken between words.) The default value
+for @code{fill-column} is 72.
+@refill
+@item --footnote-style @var{style}
+Set the footnote style to @var{style}, either @samp{end} for the end
+node style or @samp{separate} for the separate node style.  The value
+set by this option overrides the value set in a Texinfo file by an
+@code{@@footnotestyle} command.  When the footnote style is
+@samp{separate}, @code{makeinfo} makes a new node containing the
+footnotes found in the current node.  When the footnote style is
+@samp{end}, @code{makeinfo} places the footnote references at the end
+of the current node.@refill
+@need 150
+@item -I @var{dir}
+Add @code{dir} to the directory search list for finding files that are
+included using the @code{@@include} command.  By default,
+@code{makeinfo} searches only the current directory.
+@need 150
+@item --no-headers
+Do not include menus or node lines in the output.  This results in an
+@sc{ascii} file that you cannot read in Info since it does not contain
+the requisite nodes or menus; but you can print such a file in a
+single, typewriter-like font and produce acceptable output.
+@need 150
+@item --no-split
+Suppress the splitting stage of @code{makeinfo}.  Normally, large
+output files (where the size is greater than 70k bytes) are split into
+smaller subfiles, each one approximately 50k bytes.  If you specify
+@samp{--no-split}, @code{makeinfo} will not split up the output
+file.@refill
+@need 100
+@item --no-pointer-validate
+@item --no-validate
+Suppress the pointer-validation phase of @code{makeinfo}.  Normally,
+after a Texinfo file is processed, some consistency checks are made to
+ensure that cross references can be resolved, etc.
+@xref{Pointer Validation}.@refill
+@need 150
+@item --no-warn
+Suppress the output of warning messages.  This does @emph{not}
+suppress the output of error messages, only warnings.  You might
+want this if the file you are creating has examples of Texinfo cross
+references within it, and the nodes that are referenced do not actually
+exist.@refill
+@item --no-number-footnotes
+Suppress automatic footnote numbering.  By default, @code{makeinfo}
+numbers each footnote sequentially in a single node, resetting the
+current footnote number to 1 at the start of each node.
+@need 150
+@item --output @var{file}
+@itemx -o @var{file}
+Specify that the output should be directed to @var{file} and not to the
+file name specified in the @code{@@setfilename} command found in the Texinfo
+source.  @var{file} can be the special token @samp{-}, which specifies
+standard output.
+@need 150
+@item --paragraph-indent @var{indent}
+Set the paragraph indentation style to @var{indent}.  The value set by
+this option overrides the value set in a Texinfo file by an
+@code{@@paragraphindent} command.  The value of @var{indent} is
+interpreted as follows:@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+If the value of @var{indent} is @samp{asis}, do not change the
+existing indentation at the starts of paragraphs.@refill
+@item
+If the value of @var{indent} is zero, delete any existing
+indentation.@refill
+@item
+If the value of @var{indent} is greater than zero, indent each
+paragraph by that number of spaces.@refill
+@end itemize
+@need 100
+@item --reference-limit @var{limit}
+Set the value of the number of references to a node that
+@code{makeinfo} will make without reporting a warning.  If a node has more
+than this number of references in it, @code{makeinfo} will make the
+references but also report a warning.@refill
+@need 150
+@item -U @var{var}
+Cause @var{var} to be undefined.  This is equivalent to
+@code{@@clear @var{var}} in the Texinfo file.
+@need 100
+@item --verbose
+Cause @code{makeinfo} to display messages saying what it is doing.
+Normally, @code{makeinfo} only outputs messages if there are errors or
+warnings.@refill
+@need 100
+@item --version
+Report the version number of this copy of @code{makeinfo}.@refill
+@end table
+@node Pointer Validation, makeinfo in Emacs, makeinfo options, Create an Info File
+@section Pointer Validation
+@cindex Pointer validation with @code{makeinfo}
+@cindex Validation of pointers
+If you do not suppress pointer-validation, @code{makeinfo} will check
+the validity of the final Info file.  Mostly, this means ensuring that
+nodes you have referenced really exist.  Here is a complete list of what
+is checked:@refill
+@enumerate
+@item
+If a `Next', `Previous', or `Up' node reference is a reference to a
+node in the current file and is not an external reference such as to
+@file{(dir)}, then the referenced node must exist.@refill
+@item
+In every node, if the `Previous' node is different from the `Up' node,
+then the `Previous' node must also be pointed to by a `Next' node.@refill
+@item
+Every node except the `Top' node must have an `Up' pointer.@refill
+@item
+The node referenced by an `Up' pointer must contain a reference to the
+current node in some manner other than through a `Next' reference.
+This includes menu entries and cross references.@refill
+@item
+If the `Next' reference of a node is not the same as the `Next' reference
+of the `Up' reference, then the node referenced by the `Next' pointer
+must have a `Previous' pointer that points back to the current node.
+This rule allows the last node in a section to point to the first node
+of the next chapter.@refill
+@end enumerate
+@node makeinfo in Emacs, texinfo-format commands, Pointer Validation, Create an Info File
+@section Running @code{makeinfo} inside Emacs
+@cindex Running @code{makeinfo} in Emacs
+@cindex @code{makeinfo} inside Emacs
+@cindex Shell, running @code{makeinfo} in
+You can run @code{makeinfo} in GNU Emacs Texinfo mode by using either the
+@code{makeinfo-region} or the @code{makeinfo-buffer} commands.  In
+Texinfo mode, the commands are bound to @kbd{C-c C-m C-r} and @kbd{C-c
+C-m C-b} by default.@refill
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-m C-r
+@itemx M-x makeinfo-region
+Format the current region for Info.@refill
+@findex makeinfo-region
+@item C-c C-m C-b
+@itemx M-x makeinfo-buffer
+Format the current buffer for Info.@refill
+@findex makeinfo-buffer
+@end table
+When you invoke either @code{makeinfo-region} or
+@code{makeinfo-buffer}, Emacs prompts for a file name, offering the
+name of the visited file as the default.  You can edit the default
+file name in the minibuffer if you wish, before typing @key{RET} to
+start the @code{makeinfo} process.@refill
+The Emacs @code{makeinfo-region} and @code{makeinfo-buffer} commands
+run the @code{makeinfo} program in a temporary shell buffer.  If
+@code{makeinfo} finds any errors, Emacs displays the error messages in
+the temporary buffer.@refill
+@cindex Errors, parsing
+@cindex Parsing errors
+@findex next-error
+You can parse the error messages by typing @kbd{C-x `}
+(@code{next-error}).  This causes Emacs to go to and position the
+cursor on the line in the Texinfo source that @code{makeinfo} thinks
+caused the error.  @xref{Compilation, , Running @code{make} or
+Compilers Generally, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for more
+information about using the @code{next-error} command.@refill
+In addition, you can kill the shell in which the @code{makeinfo}
+command is running or make the shell buffer display its most recent
+output.@refill
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-m C-k
+@itemx M-x makeinfo-kill-job
+@findex makeinfo-kill-job
+Kill the current running @code{makeinfo} job created by
+@code{makeinfo-region} or @code{makeinfo-buffer}.@refill
+@item C-c C-m C-l
+@itemx M-x makeinfo-recenter-output-buffer
+@findex makeinfo-recenter-output-buffer
+Redisplay the @code{makeinfo} shell buffer to display its most recent
+output.@refill
+@end table
+@noindent
+(Note that the parallel commands for killing and recentering a @TeX{}
+job are @kbd{C-c C-t C-k} and @kbd{C-c C-t C-l}.  @xref{Texinfo Mode
+Printing}.)@refill
+You can specify options for @code{makeinfo} by setting the
+@code{makeinfo-options} variable with either the @kbd{M-x
+edit-options} or the @kbd{M-x set-variable} command, or by setting the
+variable in your @file{.emacs} initialization file.@refill
+For example, you could write the following in your @file{.emacs} file:@refill
+@example
+@group
+(setq makeinfo-options
+"--paragraph-indent=0 --no-split
+--fill-column=70 --verbose")
+@end group
+@end example
+@c If you write these three cross references using xref, you see
+@c three references to the same named manual, which looks strange.
+@iftex
+For more information, see @ref{makeinfo options, , Options for
+@code{makeinfo}}, as well as ``Editing Variable Values,''``Examining and
+Setting Variables,'' and ``Init File'' in the @cite{The GNU Emacs
+Manual}.
+@end iftex
+@noindent
+@ifinfo
+For more information, see@*
+@ref{Edit Options, , Editing Variable Values, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual},@*
+@ref{Examining, , Examining and Setting Variables, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual},@*
+@ref{Init File, , , emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, and@*
+@ref{makeinfo options, , Options for @code{makeinfo}}.
+@end ifinfo
+@node texinfo-format commands, Batch Formatting, makeinfo in Emacs, Create an Info File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section The @code{texinfo-format@dots{}} Commands
+@findex texinfo-format-region
+@findex texinfo-format-buffer
+In GNU Emacs in Texinfo mode, you can format part or all of a Texinfo
+file with the @code{texinfo-format-region} command.  This formats the
+current region and displays the formatted text in a temporary buffer
+called @samp{*Info Region*}.@refill
+Similarly, you can format a buffer with the
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} command.  This command creates a new
+buffer and generates the Info file in it.  Typing @kbd{C-x C-s} will
+save the Info file under the name specified by the
+@code{@@setfilename} line which must be near the beginning of the
+Texinfo file.@refill
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-e C-r
+@itemx @code{texinfo-format-region}
+Format the current region for Info.
+@findex texinfo-format-region
+@item C-c C-e C-b
+@itemx @code{texinfo-format-buffer}
+Format the current buffer for Info.
+@findex texinfo-format-buffer
+@end table
+The @code{texinfo-format-region} and @code{texinfo-format-buffer}
+commands provide you with some error checking, and other functions can
+provide you with further help in finding formatting errors.  These
+procedures are described in an appendix; see @ref{Catching Mistakes}.
+However, the @code{makeinfo} program is often faster and
+provides better error checking (@pxref{makeinfo in Emacs}).@refill
+@node Batch Formatting, Tag and Split Files, texinfo-format commands, Create an Info File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Batch Formatting
+@cindex Batch formatting for Info
+@cindex Info batch formatting
+You can format Texinfo files for Info using @code{batch-texinfo-format}
+and Emacs Batch mode.  You can run Emacs in Batch mode from any shell,
+including a shell inside of Emacs.  (@xref{Command Switches, , Command
+Line Switches and Arguments, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.)@refill
+Here is the command to format all the files that end in @file{.texinfo}
+in the current directory (where @samp{%} is the shell prompt):@refill
+@example
+% emacs -batch -funcall batch-texinfo-format *.texinfo
+@end example
+@noindent
+Emacs processes all the files listed on the command line, even if an
+error occurs while attempting to format some of them.@refill
+Run @code{batch-texinfo-format} only with Emacs in Batch mode as shown;
+it is not interactive.  It kills the Batch mode Emacs on completion.@refill
+@code{batch-texinfo-format} is convenient if you lack @code{makeinfo}
+and want to format several Texinfo files at once.  When you use Batch
+mode, you create a new Emacs process.  This frees your current Emacs, so
+you can continue working in it.  (When you run
+@code{texinfo-format-region} or @code{texinfo-format-buffer}, you cannot
+use that Emacs for anything else until the command finishes.)@refill
+@node Tag and Split Files,  , Batch Formatting, Create an Info File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Tag Files and Split Files
+@cindex Making a tag table automatically
+@cindex Tag table, making automatically
+If a Texinfo file has more than 30,000 bytes,
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} automatically creates a tag table
+for its Info file;  @code{makeinfo} always creates a tag table.  With
+a @dfn{tag table}, Info can jump to new nodes more quickly than it can
+otherwise.@refill
+@cindex Indirect subfiles
+In addition, if the Texinfo file contains more than about 70,000
+bytes, @code{texinfo-format-buffer} and @code{makeinfo} split the
+large Info file into shorter @dfn{indirect} subfiles of about 50,000
+bytes each.  Big files are split into smaller files so that Emacs does
+not need to make a large buffer to hold the whole of a large Info
+file; instead, Emacs allocates just enough memory for the small, split
+off file that is needed at the time.  This way, Emacs avoids wasting
+memory when you run Info.  (Before splitting was implemented, Info
+files were always kept short and @dfn{include files} were designed as
+a way to create a single, large printed manual out of the smaller Info
+files.  @xref{Include Files}, for more information.  Include files are
+still used for very large documents, such as @cite{The Emacs Lisp
+Reference Manual}, in which each chapter is a separate file.)@refill
+When a file is split, Info itself makes use of a shortened version of
+the original file that contains just the tag table and references to
+the files that were split off.  The split off files are called
+@dfn{indirect} files.@refill
+The split off files have names that are created by appending @w{@samp{-1}},
+@w{@samp{-2}}, @w{@samp{-3}} and so on to the file name specified by the
+@code{@@setfilename} command.  The shortened version of the original file
+continues to have the name specified by @code{@@setfilename}.@refill
+At one stage in writing this document, for example, the Info file was saved
+as @file{test-texinfo} and that file looked like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+Info file: test-texinfo,    -*-Text-*-
+produced by texinfo-format-buffer
+from file: new-texinfo-manual.texinfo
+^_
+Indirect:
+test-texinfo-1: 102
+test-texinfo-2: 50422
+@end group
+@group
+test-texinfo-3: 101300
+^_^L
+Tag table:
+(Indirect)
+Node: overview^?104
+Node: info file^?1271
+@end group
+@group
+Node: printed manual^?4853
+Node: conventions^?6855
+@dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+(But @file{test-texinfo} had far more nodes than are shown here.)  Each of
+the split off, indirect files, @file{test-texinfo-1},
+@file{test-texinfo-2}, and @file{test-texinfo-3}, is listed in this file
+after the line that says @samp{Indirect:}.  The tag table is listed after
+the line that says @samp{Tag table:}. @refill
+In the list of indirect files, the number following the file name
+records the cumulative number of bytes in the preceding indirect files,
+not counting the file list itself, the tag table, or the permissions
+text in each file.  In the tag table, the number following the node name
+records the location of the beginning of the node, in bytes from the
+beginning.@refill
+If you are using @code{texinfo-format-buffer} to create Info files,
+you may want to run the @code{Info-validate} command.  (The
+@code{makeinfo} command does such a good job on its own, you do not
+need @code{Info-validate}.)  However, you cannot run the @kbd{M-x
+Info-validate} node-checking command on indirect files.  For
+information on how to prevent files from being split and how to
+validate the structure of the nodes, see @ref{Using
+Info-validate}.@refill
+@node Install an Info File, Command List, Create an Info File, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@chapter Installing an Info File
+@cindex Installing an Info file
+@cindex Info file installation
+@cindex @file{dir} directory for Info installation
+Info files are usually kept in the @file{info} directory.  You can read
+Info files using the standalone Info program or the Info reader built
+into Emacs.  (@inforef{Top, info, info}, for an introduction to Info.)
+@menu
+* Directory file::              The top level menu for all Info files.
+* New Info File::               Listing a new info file.
+* Other Info Directories::      How to specify Info files that are
+located in other directories.
+@end menu
+@node Directory file, New Info File, Install an Info File, Install an Info File
+@ifinfo
+@heading The @file{dir} File
+@end ifinfo
+For Info to work, the @file{info} directory must contain a file that
+serves as a top level directory for the Info system.  By convention,
+this file is called @file{dir}.  (You can find the location of this file
+within Emacs by typing @kbd{C-h i} to enter Info and then typing
+@kbd{C-x C-f} to see the pathname to the @file{info} directory.)
+The @file{dir} file is itself an Info file.  It contains the top level
+menu for all the Info files in the system.  The menu looks like
+this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+* Menu:
+* Info:    (info).     Documentation browsing system.
+* Emacs:   (emacs).    The extensible, self-documenting
+text editor.
+* Texinfo: (texinfo).  With one source file, make
+either a printed manual using
+TeX or an Info file.
+@dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+Each of these menu entries points to the `Top' node of the Info file
+that is named in parentheses.  (The menu entry does not need to
+specify the `Top' node, since Info goes to the `Top' node if no node
+name is mentioned.  @xref{Other Info Files, , Nodes in Other Info
+Files}.)@refill
+Thus, the @samp{Info} entry points to the `Top' node of the
+@file{info} file and the @samp{Emacs} entry points to the `Top' node
+of the @file{emacs} file.@refill
+In each of the Info files, the `Up' pointer of the `Top' node refers
+back to the @code{dir} file.  For example, the line for the `Top'
+node of the Emacs manual looks like this in Info:@refill
+@example
+File: emacs  Node: Top, Up: (DIR), Next: Distrib
+@end example
+@noindent
+(Note that in this case, the @file{dir} file name is written in upper
+case letters---it can be written in either upper or lower case.  Info
+has a feature that it will change the case of the file name to lower
+case if it cannot find the name as written.)@refill
+@c !!! Can any file name be written in upper or lower case,
+@c     or is dir a special case?
+@c     Yes, apparently so, at least with Gillespie's Info.  --rjc 24mar92
+@c
+@node New Info File, Other Info Directories, Directory file, Install an Info File
+@section Listing a New Info File
+@cindex Adding a new info file
+@cindex Listing a new info file
+@cindex New info file, listing it in @file{dir} file
+@cindex Info file, listing new one
+@cindex @file{dir} file listing
+To add a new Info file to your system, write a menu entry for it in the
+menu in the @file{dir} file in the @file{info} directory.  Also, move
+the new Info file itself to the @file{info} directory.  For example, if
+you were adding documentation for GDB, you would write the following new
+entry:@refill
+@example
+* GDB: (gdb).           The source-level C debugger.
+@end example
+@noindent
+The first part of the menu entry is the menu entry name, followed by a
+colon.  The second part is the name of the Info file, in parentheses,
+followed by a period.  The third part is the description.@refill
+Conventionally, the name of an Info file has a @file{.info} extension.
+Thus, you might list the name of the file like this:
+@example
+* GDB: (gdb.info).           The source-level C debugger.
+@end example
+@noindent
+However, Info will look for a file with a @file{.info} extension if it
+does not find the file under the name given in the menu.  This means
+that you can refer to the file @file{gdb.info} as @file{gdb}, as shown
+in the first example.  This looks better.
+@node Other Info Directories,  , New Info File, Install an Info File
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@section Info Files in Other Directories
+@cindex Installing Info in another directory
+@cindex Info installed in another directory
+@cindex Another Info directory
+If an Info file is not in the @file{info} directory, there are three
+ways to specify its location:@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Write the pathname in the @file{dir} file as the second part of the
+menu.@refill
+@item
+If you are using Emacs, list the name of the file in a second @file{dir}
+file, in its directory; and then add the name of that directory to the
+@code{Info-directory-list} variable in your personal or site
+initialization file.
+This tells Emacs's Info reader reader where to look for @file{dir}
+files.  Emacs merges the files named @file{dir} from each of the listed
+directories.  (In Emacs Version 18, you can set the
+@code{Info-directory} variable to the name of only one
+directory.)@refill
+@item
+Specify the @file{info} directory name in an environment variable in
+your @file{.profile} or @file{.cshrc} initialization file.  (Only you
+and others who set this environment variable will be able to find Info
+files whose location is specified this way.)@refill
+@end itemize
+For example, to reach a test file in the @file{~bob/manuals}
+directory, you could add an entry like this to the menu in the
+@file{dir} file:@refill
+@example
+* Test: (/usr/bob/manuals/info-test).  Bob's own test file.
+@end example
+@noindent
+In this case, the absolute file name of the @file{info-test} file is
+written as the second part of the menu entry.@refill
+@vindex Info-directory-list
+Alternatively, you could write the following in your @file{.emacs}
+file:@refill
+@example
+@group
+(setq Info-directory-list
+'("/usr/bob/manuals"
+"/usr/local/emacs/info"))
+@end group
+@end example
+@c reworded to avoid overfill hbox
+This tells Emacs to merge the @file{dir} file from the
+@file{/usr/bob/manuals} directory with the @file{dir} file from the
+@file{"/usr/local/emacs/info}" directory.  Info will list the
+@file{/usr/bob/manuals/info-test} file as a menu entry in the
+@file{/usr/bob/manuals/dir} file.@refill
+@vindex INFOPATH
+Finally, you can tell Info where to look by setting the
+@code{INFOPATH} environment variable in your @file{.cshrc} or
+@file{.profile} file.@refill
+If you use @code{sh} or @code{bash} for your shell command interpreter,
+you must set the @code{INFOPATH} environment variable in the
+@file{.profile} initialization file; but if you use @code{csh}, you must
+set the variable in the @file{.cshrc} initialization file.  The two
+files require slightly different command formats.@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+In a @file{.cshrc} file, you could set the @code{INFOPATH}
+variable as follows:@refill
+@smallexample
+setenv INFOPATH .:~bob/manuals:/usr/local/emacs/info
+@end smallexample
+@item
+In a @file{.profile} file, you would achieve the same effect by
+writing:@refill
+@smallexample
+INFOPATH=.:~bob/manuals:/usr/local/emacs/info
+export INFOPATH
+@end smallexample
+@end itemize
+@noindent
+The @samp{.}  indicates the current directory.  Emacs uses the
+@code{INFOPATH} environment variable to initialize the value of Emacs's
+own @code{Info-directory-list} variable.
+@c ================ Appendix starts here ================
+@node Command List, Tips, Install an Info File, Top
+@appendix @@-Command List
+@cindex Alphabetical @@-command list
+@cindex List of  @@-commands
+@cindex @@-command list
+Here is an alphabetical list of the @@-commands in Texinfo.  Square
+brackets, @t{[}@w{ }@t{]}, indicate optional arguments; an ellipsis,
+@samp{@dots{}}, indicates repeated text.@refill
+@sp 1
+@table @code
+@item @@*
+Force a line break. Do not end a paragraph that uses @code{@@*} with
+an @code{@@refill} command.  @xref{Line Breaks}.@refill
+@item @@.
+Stands for a period that really does end a sentence (usually after an
+end-of-sentence capital letter).  @xref{Controlling Spacing}.@refill
+@item @@:
+Indicate to @TeX{} that an immediately preceding period, question
+mark, exclamation mark, or colon does not end a sentence.  Prevent
+@TeX{} from inserting extra whitespace as it does at the end of a
+sentence.  The command has no effect on the Info file output.
+@xref{Controlling Spacing}.@refill
+@item @@@@
+Stands for @samp{@@}.  @xref{Braces Atsigns Periods, , Inserting
+@samp{@@}}.@refill
+@item @@@{
+Stands for a left-hand brace, @samp{@{}.@*
+@xref{Braces Atsigns Periods, , Inserting @@ braces and periods}.@refill
+@item @@@}
+Stands for a right-hand brace, @samp{@}}.@*
+@xref{Braces Atsigns Periods, , Inserting @@ braces and periods}.@refill
+@item @@appendix @var{title}
+Begin an appendix.  The title appears in the table
+of contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is
+underlined with asterisks.  @xref{unnumbered & appendix, , The
+@code{@@unnumbered} and @code{@@appendix} Commands}.@refill
+@item @@appendixsec @var{title}
+@itemx @@appendixsection @var{title}
+Begin an appendix section within an appendix.  The section title appears
+in the table of contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is
+underlined with equal signs.  @code{@@appendixsection} is a longer
+spelling of the @code{@@appendixsec} command.  @xref{unnumberedsec
+appendixsec heading, , Section Commands}.@refill
+@item @@appendixsubsec @var{title}
+Begin an appendix subsection within an appendix.  The title appears
+in the table of contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is
+underlined with hyphens.  @xref{unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec
+subheading, , Subsection Commands}.@refill
+@item @@appendixsubsubsec @var{title}
+Begin an appendix subsubsection within a subappendix.  The title
+appears in the table of contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the
+title is underlined with periods.  @xref{subsubsection,, The `subsub'
+Commands}.@refill
+@item @@asis
+Used following @code{@@table}, @code{@@ftable}, and @code{@@vtable} to
+print the table's first column without highlighting (``as is'').
+@xref{Two-column Tables, , Making a Two-column Table}.@refill
+@item @@author @var{author}
+Typeset @var{author} flushleft and underline it.  @xref{title
+subtitle author, , The @code{@@title} and @code{@@author}
+Commands}.@refill
+@item @@b@{@var{text}@}
+Print @var{text} in @b{bold} font.  No effect in Info.  @xref{Fonts}.@refill
+@ignore
+@item @@br
+Force a paragraph break.  If used within a line, follow @code{@@br}
+with braces.  @xref{br, , @code{@@br}}.@refill
+@end ignore
+@item @@bullet@{@}
+Generate a large round dot, or the closest possible
+thing to one.  @xref{bullet, , @code{@@bullet}}.@refill
+@item @@bye
+Stop formatting a file.  The formatters do not see the contents of a
+file following an @code{@@bye} command.  @xref{Ending a File}.@refill
+@item @@c @var{comment}
+Begin a comment in Texinfo.  The rest of the line does not appear in
+either the Info file or the printed manual.  A synonym for
+@code{@@comment}.  @xref{Comments, , Comments}.@refill
+@item @@cartouche
+Highlight an example or quotation by drawing a box with rounded
+corners around it.  Pair with @code{@@end cartouche}.  No effect in
+Info.  @xref{cartouche, , Drawing Cartouches Around Examples}.)@refill
+@item @@center @var{line-of-text}
+Center the line of text following the command.
+@xref{titlefont center sp, , @code{@@center}}.@refill
+@item @@lowersections
+Change subsequent chapters to sections, sections to subsections, and so
+on. @xref{Raise/lower sections, , @code{@@raisesections} and
+@code{@@lowersections}}.@refill
+@item @@chapheading @var{title}
+Print a chapter-like heading in the text, but not in the table of
+contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is underlined with
+asterisks.  @xref{majorheading & chapheading, , @code{@@majorheading}
+and @code{@@chapheading}}.@refill
+@item @@chapter @var{title}
+Begin a chapter.  The chapter title appears in the table of
+contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is underlined with
+asterisks.  @xref{chapter, , @code{@@chapter}}.@refill
+@item @@cindex @var{entry}
+Add @var{entry} to the index of concepts.  @xref{Index Entries, ,
+Defining the Entries of an Index}.@refill
+@item @@cite@{@var{reference}@}
+Highlight the name of a book or other reference that lacks a
+companion Info file.  @xref{cite, , @code{@@cite}}.@refill
+@item @@clear @var{flag}
+Unset @var{flag}, preventing the Texinfo formatting commands from
+formatting text between subsequent pairs of @code{@@ifset @var{flag}}
+and @code{@@end ifset} commands, and preventing
+@code{@@value@{@var{flag}@}} from expanding to the value to which
+@var{flag} is set.
+@xref{set clear value, , @code{@@set} @code{@@clear} @code{@@value}}.@refill
+@item @@code@{@var{sample-code}@}
+Highlight text that is an expression, a syntactically complete token
+of a program, or a program name.  @xref{code, , @code{@@code}}.@refill
+@item @@comment @var{comment}
+Begin a comment in Texinfo.  The rest of the line does not appear in
+either the Info file or the printed manual.  A synonym for @code{@@c}.
+@xref{Comments, , Comments}.@refill
+@item @@contents
+Print a complete table of contents.  Has no effect in Info, which uses
+menus instead.  @xref{Contents, , Generating a Table of
+Contents}.@refill
+@item @@copyright@{@}
+Generate a copyright symbol.  @xref{copyright symbol, ,
+@code{@@copyright}}.@refill
+@ignore
+@item @@ctrl@{@var{ctrl-char}@}
+Describe an @sc{ascii} control character.  Insert actual control character
+into Info file.  @xref{ctrl, , @code{@@ctrl}}.@refill
+@end ignore
+@item @@defcodeindex @var{index-name}
+Define a new index and its indexing command.  Print entries in an
+@code{@@code} font.  @xref{New Indices, , Defining New
+Indices}.@refill
+@item @@defcv @var{category} @var{class} @var{name}
+Format a description for a variable associated with a class in
+object-oriented programming.  Takes three arguments: the category of
+thing being defined, the class to which it belongs, and its name.
+@xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@item @@deffn @var{category} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+Format a description for a function, interactive command, or similar
+entity that may take arguments.  @code{@@deffn} takes as arguments the
+category of entity being described, the name of this particular
+entity, and its arguments, if any.  @xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@item @@defindex @var{index-name}
+Define a new index and its indexing command.  Print entries in a roman
+font.  @xref{New Indices, , Defining New Indices}.@refill
+@item @@definfoenclose @var{new-command}, @var{before}, @var{after},
+Create new @@-command for Info that marks text by enclosing it in
+strings that precede and follow the text.  Write definition inside of
+@code{@@ifinfo} @dots{} @code{@@end ifinfo}. @xref{Customized
+Highlighting}.@refill
+@item @@defivar @var{class} @var{instance-variable-name}
+This command formats a description for an instance variable in
+object-oriented programming.  The command is equivalent to @samp{@@defcv
+@{Instance Variable@} @dots{}}.  @xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@item @@defmac @var{macro-name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+Format a description for a macro.  The command is equivalent to
+@samp{@@deffn Macro @dots{}}.  @xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@item @@defmethod @var{class} @var{method-name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+Format a description for a method in object-oriented programming.  The
+command is equivalent to @samp{@@defop Method @dots{}}.  Takes as
+arguments the name of the class of the method, the name of the
+method, and its arguments, if any.  @xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@item @@defop @var{category} @var{class} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+Format a description for an operation in object-oriented programming.
+@code{@@defop} takes as arguments the overall name of the category of
+operation, the name of the class of the operation, the name of the
+operation, and its arguments, if any.  @xref{Definition
+Commands}.@refill
+@need 100
+@item @@defopt @var{option-name}
+Format a description for a user option.  The command is equivalent to
+@samp{@@defvr @{User Option@} @dots{}}.  @xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@need 100
+@item @@defspec @var{special-form-name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+Format a description for a special form.  The command is equivalent to
+@samp{@@deffn @{Special Form@} @dots{}}.  @xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@need 200
+@item @@deftp @var{category} @var{name-of-type} @var{attributes}@dots{}
+Format a description for a data type.  @code{@@deftp} takes as
+arguments the category, the name of the type (which is a word like
+@samp{int} or @samp{float}), and then the names of attributes of
+objects of that
+type.  @xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@item @@deftypefn @var{classification} @var{data-type} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+Format a description for a function or similar entity that may take
+arguments and that is typed.  @code{@@deftypefn} takes as arguments
+the classification of entity being described, the type, the name of
+the entity, and its arguments, if any.  @xref{Definition
+Commands}.@refill
+@item @@deftypefun @var{data-type} @var{function-name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+Format a description for a function in a typed language.
+The command is equivalent to @samp{@@deftypefn Function @dots{}}.
+@xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@item @@deftypevr @var{classification} @var{data-type} @var{name}
+Format a description for something like a variable in a typed
+language---an entity that records a value.  Takes as arguments the
+classification of entity being described, the type, and the name of
+the entity.  @xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@item @@deftypevar @var{data-type} @var{variable-name}
+Format a description for a variable in a typed language.  The command is
+equivalent to @samp{@@deftypevr Variable @dots{}}.  @xref{Definition
+Commands}.@refill
+@item @@defun @var{function-name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+Format a description for functions.  The command is equivalent to
+@samp{@@deffn Function @dots{}}.  @xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@item @@defvar @var{variable-name}
+Format a description for variables.  The command is equivalent to
+@samp{@@defvr Variable @dots{}}.  @xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@item @@defvr @var{category} @var{name}
+Format a description for any kind of variable.  @code{@@defvr} takes
+as arguments the category of the entity and the name of the entity.
+@xref{Definition Commands}.@refill
+@item @@dfn@{@var{term}@}
+Highlight the introductory or defining use of a term.
+@xref{dfn, , @code{@@dfn}}.@refill
+@need 100
+@item @@display
+Begin a kind of example.  Indent text, do not fill, do not select a
+new font.  Pair with @code{@@end display}.  @xref{display, ,
+@code{@@display}}.@refill
+@need 100
+@item @@dmn@{@var{dimension}@}
+Format a dimension.  Cause @TeX{} to insert a narrow space before
+@var{dimension}.  No effect in Info.  Use for writing a number
+followed by an abbreviation of a dimension name, such as
+@samp{12@dmn{pt}}, written as @samp{12@@dmn@{pt@}}, with no space
+between the number and the @code{@@dmn} command.  @xref{dmn, ,
+@code{@@dmn}}.@refill
+@need 100
+@item @@dots@{@}
+Insert an ellipsis: @samp{@dots{}}.
+@xref{dots, , @code{@@dots}}.@refill
+@need 100
+@item @@emph@{@var{text}@}
+Highlight @var{text}; text is displayed in @emph{italics} in printed
+output, and surrounded by asterisks in Info.  @xref{Emphasis, , Emphasizing Text}.@refill
+@need 100
+@item @@enumerate [@var{number-or-letter}]
+Begin a numbered list, using @code{@@item} for each entry.
+Optionally, start list with @var{number-or-letter}.  Pair with
+@code{@@end enumerate}.  @xref{enumerate, ,
+@code{@@enumerate}}.@refill
+@need 100
+@item @@equiv@{@}
+Indicate to the reader the exact equivalence of two forms with a
+glyph: @samp{@equiv{}}.  @xref{Equivalence}.@refill
+@item @@error@{@}
+Indicate to the reader with a glyph that the following text is
+an error message: @samp{@error{}}.  @xref{Error Glyph}.@refill
+@item @@evenfooting [@var{left}] @@| [@var{center}] @@| [@var{right}]
+Specify page footings for even-numbered (left-hand) pages.  Not relevant to
+Info.  @xref{Custom Headings, , How to Make Your Own Headings}.@refill
+@item @@evenheading [@var{left}] @@| [@var{center}] @@| [@var{right}]
+Specify page headings for even-numbered (left-hand) pages.  Not relevant to
+Info.  @xref{Custom Headings, , How to Make Your Own Headings}.@refill
+@item @@everyfooting [@var{left}] @@| [@var{center}] @@| [@var{right}]
+Specify page footings for every page.  Not relevant to Info.  @xref{Custom
+Headings, , How to Make Your Own Headings}.@refill
+@item @@everyheading [@var{left}] @@| [@var{center}] @@| [@var{right}]
+Specify page headings for every page.  Not relevant to Info.  @xref{Custom
+Headings, , How to Make Your Own Headings}.@refill
+@item @@example
+Begin an example.  Indent text, do not fill, and select fixed-width font.
+Pair with @code{@@end example}.  @xref{example, ,
+@code{@@example}}.@refill
+@item @@exdent @var{line-of-text}
+Remove any indentation a line might have.  @xref{exdent, ,
+Undoing the Indentation of a Line}.@refill
+@item @@expansion@{@}
+Indicate the result of a macro expansion to the reader with a special
+glyph: @samp{@expansion{}}.
+@xref{expansion, , @expansion{} Indicating an Expansion}.@refill
+@item @@file@{@var{filename}@}
+Highlight the name of a file, buffer, node, or directory.  @xref{file, ,
+@code{@@file}}.@refill
+@item @@finalout
+Prevent @TeX{} from printing large black warning rectangles beside
+over-wide lines.  @xref{Overfull hboxes}.@refill
+@need 100
+@item @@findex @var{entry}
+Add @var{entry} to the index of functions.  @xref{Index Entries, ,
+Defining the Entries of an Index}.@refill
+@need 200
+@item @@flushleft
+Left justify every line but leave the right end ragged.
+Leave font as is.  Pair with @code{@@end flushleft}.
+@xref{flushleft & flushright, , @code{@@flushleft} and
+@code{@@flushright}}.@refill
+@need 200
+@item @@flushright
+Right justify every line but leave the left end ragged.
+Leave font as is.  Pair with @code{@@end flushright}.
+@xref{flushleft & flushright, , @code{@@flushleft} and
+@code{@@flushright}}.@refill
+@need 200
+@item @@footnote@{@var{text-of-footnote}@}
+Enter a footnote.  Footnote text is printed at the bottom of the page
+by @TeX{}; Info may format in either `End' node or `Separate' node style.
+@xref{Footnotes}.@refill
+@item @@footnotestyle @var{style}
+Specify an Info file's footnote style, either @samp{end} for the end
+node style or @samp{separate} for the separate node style.
+@xref{Footnotes}.@refill
+@item @@format
+Begin a kind of example.  Like @code{@@example} or @code{@@display},
+but do not narrow the margins and do not select the fixed-width font.
+Pair with @code{@@end format}.  @xref{example, ,
+@code{@@example}}.@refill
+@item @@ftable @var{formatting-command}
+Begin a two-column table, using @code{@@item} for each entry.
+Automatically enter each of the items in the first column into the
+index of functions.  Pair with @code{@@end ftable}.  The same as
+@code{@@table}, except for indexing.  @xref{ftable vtable, ,
+@code{@@ftable} and @code{@@vtable}}.@refill
+@item @@group
+Hold text together that must appear on one printed page.  Pair with
+@code{@@end group}.  Not relevant to Info.  @xref{group, ,
+@code{@@group}}.@refill
+@item @@heading @var{title}
+Print an unnumbered section-like heading in the text, but not in the
+table of contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is
+underlined with equal signs.  @xref{unnumberedsec appendixsec heading,
+, Section Commands}.@refill
+@item @@headings @var{on-off-single-double}
+Turn page headings on or off, or specify single-sided or double-sided
+page headings for printing.  @code{@@headings on} is synonymous with
+@code{@@headings double}.  @xref{headings on off, , The
+@code{@@headings} Command}.@refill
+@item @@i@{@var{text}@}
+Print @var{text} in @i{italic} font.  No effect in Info.
+@xref{Fonts}.@refill
+@item @@ifclear @var{flag}
+If @var{flag} is cleared, the Texinfo formatting commands format text
+between @code{@@ifclear @var{flag}} and the following @code{@@end
+ifclear} command.
+@xref{set clear value, , @code{@@set} @code{@@clear} @code{@@value}}.@refill
+@item @@ifinfo
+Begin a stretch of text that will be ignored by @TeX{} when it
+typesets the printed manual.  The text appears only in the Info file.
+Pair with @code{@@end ifinfo}.  @xref{Conditionals, , Conditionally
+Visible Text}.@refill
+@item @@ifset @var{flag}
+If @var{flag} is set, the Texinfo formatting commands format text
+between @code{@@ifset @var{flag}} and the following @code{@@end ifset}
+command.
+@xref{set clear value, , @code{@@set} @code{@@clear} @code{@@value}}.@refill
+@item @@iftex
+Begin a stretch of text that will not appear in the Info file, but
+will be processed only by @TeX{}.  Pair with @code{@@end iftex}.
+@xref{Conditionals, , Conditionally Visible Text}.@refill
+@item @@ignore
+Begin a stretch of text that will not appear in either the Info file
+or the printed output.  Pair with @code{@@end ignore}.
+@xref{Comments, , Comments and Ignored Text}.@refill
+@item @@include @var{filename}
+Incorporate the contents of the file @var{filename} into the Info file
+or printed document.  @xref{Include Files}.@refill
+@item @@inforef@{@var{node-name}, [@var{entry-name}], @var{info-file-name}@}
+Make a cross reference to an Info file for which there is no printed
+manual.  @xref{inforef, , Cross references using
+@code{@@inforef}}.@refill
+@item \input @var{macro-definitions-file}
+Use the specified macro definitions file.  This command is used only
+in the first line of a Texinfo file to cause @TeX{} to make use of the
+@file{texinfo} macro definitions file.  The backslash in @code{\input}
+is used instead of an @code{@@} because @TeX{} does not properly
+recognize @code{@@} until after it has read the definitions file.
+@xref{Header, , The Texinfo File Header}.@refill
+@item @@item
+Indicate the beginning of a marked paragraph for @code{@@itemize} and
+@code{@@enumerate}; indicate the beginning of the text of a first column
+entry for @code{@@table}, @code{@@ftable}, and @code{@@vtable}.
+@xref{Lists and Tables}.@refill
+@item @@itemize  @var{mark-generating-character-or-command}
+Produce a sequence of indented paragraphs, with a mark inside the left
+margin at the beginning of each paragraph.  Pair with @code{@@end
+itemize}.  @xref{itemize, , @code{@@itemize}}.@refill
+@item @@itemx
+Like @code{@@item} but do not generate extra vertical space above the
+item text.  @xref{itemx, , @code{@@itemx}}.@refill
+@item @@kbd@{@var{keyboard-characters}@}
+Indicate text that consists of characters of input to be typed by
+users.  @xref{kbd, , @code{@@kbd}}.@refill
+@item @@key@{@var{key-name}@}
+Highlight @var{key-name}, a conventional name for a key on a keyboard.
+@xref{key, , @code{@@key}}.@refill
+@item @@kindex @var{entry}
+Add @var{entry} to the index of keys.  @xref{Index Entries, , Defining the
+Entries of an Index}.@refill
+@item @@global@@let@var{new-command}=@var{existing-command}
+Equate a new highlighting command with an existing one.  Only for
+@TeX{}.  Write definition inside of @code{@@iftex} @dots{} @code{@@end
+iftex}. @xref{Customized Highlighting}.@refill
+@item @@lisp
+Begin an example of Lisp code.  Indent text, do not fill, and select
+fixed-width font.  Pair with @code{@@end lisp}.  @xref{Lisp Example, ,
+@code{@@lisp}}.@refill
+@item @@majorheading  @var{title}
+Print a chapter-like heading in the text, but not in the table of
+contents of a printed manual.  Generate more vertical whitespace before
+the heading than the @code{@@chapheading} command.  In Info, the chapter
+heading line is underlined with asterisks.  @xref{majorheading &
+chapheading, , @code{@@majorheading} and @code{@@chapheading}}.@refill
+@item @@math@{@var{mathematical-expression}@}
+Format a mathematical expression.
+@xref{math, , @code{@@math}: Inserting Mathematical Expressions}.
+@item @@menu
+Mark the beginning of a menu of nodes in Info.  No effect in a printed
+manual.  Pair with @code{@@end menu}.  @xref{Menus}.@refill
+@item @@minus@{@}
+Generate a minus sign.  @xref{minus, , @code{@@minus}}.@refill
+@item @@need @var{n}
+Start a new page in a printed manual if fewer than @var{n} mils
+(thousandths of an inch) remain on the current page.  @xref{need, ,
+@code{@@need}}.@refill
+@item @@node @var{name, next, previous, up}
+Define the beginning of a new node in Info, and serve as a locator for
+references for @TeX{}.  @xref{node, , @code{@@node}}.@refill
+@need 200
+@item @@noindent
+Prevent text from being indented as if it were a new paragraph.
+@xref{noindent, , @code{@@noindent}}.@refill
+@item @@oddfooting [@var{left}] @@| [@var{center}] @@| [@var{right}]
+Specify page footings for odd-numbered (right-hand) pages.  Not relevant to
+Info.  @xref{Custom Headings, , How to Make Your Own Headings}.@refill
+@item @@oddheading [@var{left}] @@| [@var{center}] @@| [@var{right}]
+Specify page headings for odd-numbered (right-hand) pages.  Not relevant to
+Info.  @xref{Custom Headings, , How to Make Your Own Headings}.@refill
+@item @@page
+Start a new page in a printed manual.  No effect in Info.
+@xref{page, , @code{@@page}}.@refill
+@item @@paragraphindent @var{indent}
+Indent paragraphs by @var{indent} number of spaces; delete indentation
+if the value of @var{indent} is 0; and do not change indentation if
+@var{indent} is @code{asis}. @xref{paragraphindent, , Paragraph
+Indenting}.@refill
+@item @@pindex @var{entry}
+Add @var{entry} to the index of programs.  @xref{Index Entries, , Defining
+the Entries of an Index}.@refill
+@item @@point@{@}
+Indicate the position of point in a buffer to the reader with a
+glyph: @samp{@point{}}.  @xref{Point Glyph, , Indicating
+Point in a Buffer}.@refill
+@item @@print@{@}
+Indicate printed output to the reader with a glyph:
+@samp{@print{}}.  @xref{Print Glyph}.@refill
+@item @@printindex @var{index-name}
+Print an alphabetized two-column index in a printed manual or generate
+an alphabetized menu of index entries for Info.  @xref{Printing
+Indices & Menus}.@refill
+@item @@pxref@{@var{node-name}, [@var{entry}], [@var{topic-or-title}], [@var{info-file}], [@var{manual}]@}
+Make a reference that starts with a lower case `see' in a printed
+manual.  Use within parentheses only.  Do not follow command with a
+punctuation mark.  The Info formatting commands automatically insert
+terminating punctuation as needed, which is why you do not need to
+insert punctuation.  Only the first argument is mandatory.
+@xref{pxref, , @code{@@pxref}}.@refill
+@item @@quotation
+Narrow the margins to indicate text that is quoted from another real
+or imaginary work.  Write command on a line of its own.  Pair with
+@code{@@end quotation}.  @xref{quotation, ,
+@code{@@quotation}}.@refill
+@need 100
+@item @@r@{@var{text}@}
+Print @var{text} in @r{roman} font.  No effect in Info.
+@xref{Fonts}.@refill
+@item @@raisesections
+Change subsequent sections to chapters, subsections to sections, and so
+on.  @xref{Raise/lower sections, , @code{@@raisesections} and
+@code{@@lowersections}}.@refill
+@need 300
+@item @@ref@{@var{node-name}, [@var{entry}], [@var{topic-or-title}], [@var{info-file}], [@var{manual}]@}
+Make a reference.  In a printed manual, the reference does not start
+with a `See'.  Follow command with a punctuation mark.  Only the first
+argument is mandatory.  @xref{ref, , @code{@@ref}}.@refill
+@need 300
+@item @@refill
+In Info, refill and indent the paragraph after all the other processing
+has been done.  No effect on @TeX{}, which always refills.  This command
+is no longer needed, since all formatters now automatically refill.
+@xref{Refilling Paragraphs}.@refill
+@need 300
+@item @@result@{@}
+Indicate the result of an expression to the reader with a special
+glyph: @samp{@result{}}.  @xref{result, , @code{@@result}}.@refill
+@item @@samp@{@var{text}@}
+Highlight @var{text} that is a literal example of a sequence of
+characters.  Used for single characters, for statements, and often for
+entire shell commands.  @xref{samp, , @code{@@samp}}.@refill
+@item @@sc@{@var{text}@}
+Set @var{text} in a printed output in @sc{the small caps font} and
+set text in the Info file in uppercase letters.
+@xref{Smallcaps}.@refill
+@item @@section @var{title}
+Begin a section within a chapter.  In a printed manual, the section
+title is numbered and appears in the table of contents.  In Info, the
+title is underlined with equal signs.  @xref{section, ,
+@code{@@section}}.@refill
+@item @@set @var{flag} [@var{string}]
+Make @var{flag} active, causing the Texinfo formatting commands to
+format text between subsequent pairs of @code{@@ifset @var{flag}} and
+@code{@@end ifset} commands.  Optionally, set value of @var{flag} to
+@var{string}.
+@xref{set clear value, , @code{@@set} @code{@@clear} @code{@@value}}.@refill
+@item @@setchapternewpage @var{on-off-odd}
+Specify whether chapters start on new pages, and if so, whether on
+odd-numbered (right-hand) new pages.  @xref{setchapternewpage, ,
+@code{@@setchapternewpage}}.@refill
+@c awkward wording prevents overfull hbox
+@item @@setfilename @var{info-file-name}
+Provide a name to be used by the Info file.  @xref{setfilename, ,
+@code{@@setfilename}}.@refill
+@item @@settitle @var{title}
+Provide a title for page headers in a printed manual.
+@xref{settitle, , @code{@@settitle}}.@refill
+@item @@shortcontents
+Print a short table of contents.  Not relevant to Info, which uses
+menus rather than tables of contents.  A synonym for
+@code{@@summarycontents}.  @xref{Contents, , Generating a Table of
+Contents}.@refill
+@need 400
+@item @@smallbook
+Cause @TeX{} to produce a printed manual in a 7 by 9.25 inch format
+rather than the regular 8.5 by 11 inch format.  @xref{smallbook, ,
+Printing Small Books}.  Also, see @ref{smallexample & smalllisp, ,
+@code{@@smallexample} and @code{@@smalllisp}}.@refill
+@need 400
+@item @@smallexample
+Indent text to indicate an example.  Do not fill, select fixed-width
+font.  In @code{@@smallbook} format, print text in a smaller font than
+with @code{@@example}.  Pair with @code{@@end smallexample}.
+@xref{smallexample & smalllisp, , @code{@@smallexample} and
+@code{@@smalllisp}}.@refill
+@need 400
+@item @@smalllisp
+Begin an example of Lisp code.  Indent text, do not fill, select
+fixed-width font.  In @code{@@smallbook} format, print text in a
+smaller font.  Pair with @code{@@end smalllisp}.  @xref{smallexample &
+smalllisp, , @code{@@smallexample} and @code{@@smalllisp}}.@refill
+@need 700
+@item @@sp @var{n}
+Skip @var{n} blank lines.  @xref{sp, , @code{@@sp}}.@refill
+@need 700
+@item @@strong @var{text}
+Emphasize @var{text} by typesetting it in a @strong{bold} font for the
+printed manual and by surrounding it with asterisks for Info.
+@xref{emph & strong, , Emphasizing Text}.@refill
+@item @@subheading @var{title}
+Print an unnumbered subsection-like heading in the text, but not in
+the table of contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is
+underlined with hyphens.  @xref{unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec
+subheading, , @code{@@unnumberedsubsec} @code{@@appendixsubsec}
+@code{@@subheading}}.@refill
+@item @@subsection @var{title}
+Begin a subsection within a section.  In a printed manual, the
+subsection title is numbered and appears in the table of contents.  In
+Info, the title is underlined with hyphens.  @xref{subsection, ,
+@code{@@subsection}}.@refill
+@item @@subsubheading @var{title}
+Print an unnumbered subsubsection-like heading in the text, but not in
+the table of contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is
+underlined with periods.  @xref{subsubsection, , The `subsub'
+Commands}.@refill
+@item @@subsubsection @var{title}
+Begin a subsubsection within a subsection.  In a printed manual,
+the subsubsection title is numbered and appears in the table of
+contents.  In Info, the title is underlined with periods.
+@xref{subsubsection, , The `subsub' Commands}.@refill
+@item @@subtitle @var{title}
+In a printed manual, set a subtitle in a normal sized font flush to
+the right-hand side of the page.  Not relevant to Info, which does not
+have title pages.  @xref{title subtitle author, , @code{@@title}
+@code{@@subtitle} and @code{@@author} Commands}.@refill
+@item @@summarycontents
+Print a short table of contents.  Not relevant to Info, which uses
+menus rather than tables of contents.  A synonym for
+@code{@@shortcontents}.  @xref{Contents, , Generating a Table of
+Contents}.@refill
+@need 300
+@item @@syncodeindex @var{from-index} @var{into-index}
+Merge the index named in the first argument into the index named in
+the second argument, printing the entries from the first index in
+@code{@@code} font.  @xref{Combining Indices}.@refill
+@need 300
+@item @@synindex @var{from-index} @var{into-index}
+Merge the index named in the first argument into the index named in
+the second argument.  Do not change the font of @var{from-index}
+entries.  @xref{Combining Indices}.@refill
+@need 100
+@item @@t@{@var{text}@}
+Print @var{text} in a @t{fixed-width}, typewriter-like font.
+No effect in Info.  @xref{Fonts}.@refill
+@need 400
+@item @@table @var{formatting-command}
+Begin a two-column table, using @code{@@item} for each entry.  Write
+each first column entry on the same line as @code{@@item}.  First
+column entries are printed in the font resulting from
+@var{formatting-command}.  Pair with @code{@@end table}.
+@xref{Two-column Tables, , Making a Two-column Table}.
+Also see @ref{ftable vtable, , @code{@@ftable} and @code{@@vtable}},
+and @ref{itemx, , @code{@@itemx}}.@refill
+@item @@TeX@{@}
+Insert the logo @TeX{}.  @xref{TeX and copyright, , Inserting @TeX{}
+and @copyright{}}.@refill
+@item @@tex
+Enter @TeX{} completely.  Pair with @code{@@end tex}.  @xref{Using
+Ordinary TeX Commands, , Using Ordinary @TeX{} Commands}.@refill
+@item @@thischapter
+In a heading or footing, stands for the number and name of the current
+chapter, in the format `Chapter 1: Title'.  @xref{Custom
+Headings, , How to Make Your Own Headings}.@refill
+@item @@thischaptername
+In a heading or footing, stands for the name of the current chapter.
+@xref{Custom Headings, , How to Make Your Own Headings}.@refill
+@item @@thisfile
+In a heading or footing, stands for the name of the current
+@code{@@include} file.  Does not insert anything if not within an
+@code{@@include} file.  @xref{Custom Headings, , How to Make Your Own
+Headings}.@refill
+@item @@thispage
+In a heading or footing, stands for the current page number.
+@xref{Custom Headings, , How to Make Your Own Headings}.@refill
+@ignore
+@item @@thissection
+In a heading or footing, stands for the title of the current section.
+@xref{Custom Headings, , How to Make Your Own Headings}.@refill
+@end ignore
+@item @@thistitle
+In a heading or footing, stands for the name of the document, as specified
+by the @code{@@settitle} command.  @xref{Custom Headings, , How to
+Make Your Own Headings}.@refill
+@item @@tindex @var{entry}
+Add @var{entry} to the index of data types.  @xref{Index Entries, ,
+Defining the Entries of an Index}.@refill
+@item @@title @var{title}
+In a printed manual, set a title flush to the left-hand side of the
+page in a larger than normal font and underline it with a black rule.
+Not relevant to Info, which does not have title pages.  @xref{title
+subtitle author, , The @code{@@title} @code{@@subtitle} and
+@code{@@author} Commands}.@refill
+@need 400
+@item @@titlefont@{@var{text}@}
+In a printed manual, print @var{text} in a larger than normal font.
+Not relevant to Info, which does not have title pages.
+@xref{titlefont center sp, , The @code{@@titlefont} @code{@@center}
+and @code{@@sp} Commands}.@refill
+@need 300
+@item @@titlepage
+Indicate to Texinfo the beginning of the title page.  Write command on
+a line of its own.  Pair with @code{@@end titlepage}.  Nothing between
+@code{@@titlepage} and @code{@@end titlepage} appears in Info.
+@xref{titlepage, , @code{@@titlepage}}.@refill
+@need 150
+@item @@today@{@}
+Insert the current date, in `1 Jan 1900' style.  @xref{Custom
+Headings, , How to Make Your Own Headings}.@refill
+@item @@top @var{title}
+In a Texinfo file to be formatted with @code{makeinfo}, identify the
+topmost @code{@@node} line in the file, which must be written on the line
+immediately preceding the @code{@@top} command.  Used for
+@code{makeinfo}'s node pointer insertion feature.  The title is
+underlined with asterisks.  Both the @code{@@node} line and the @code{@@top}
+line normally should be enclosed by @code{@@ifinfo} and @code{@@end
+ifinfo}.  In @TeX{} and @code{texinfo-format-buffer}, the @code{@@top}
+command is merely a synonym for @code{@@unnumbered}.  @xref{makeinfo
+Pointer Creation, , Creating Pointers with @code{makeinfo}}.
+@item @@unnumbered @var{title}
+In a printed manual, begin a chapter that appears without chapter
+numbers of any kind.  The title appears in the table of contents of a
+printed manual.  In Info, the title is underlined with asterisks.
+@xref{unnumbered & appendix, , @code{@@unnumbered} and
+@code{@@appendix}}.@refill
+@item @@unnumberedsec @var{title}
+In a printed manual, begin a section that appears without section
+numbers of any kind.  The title appears in the table of contents of a
+printed manual.  In Info, the title is underlined with equal signs.
+@xref{unnumberedsec appendixsec heading, , Section Commands}.@refill
+@item @@unnumberedsubsec @var{title}
+In a printed manual, begin an unnumbered subsection within a
+chapter.  The title appears in the table of contents of a printed
+manual.  In Info, the title is underlined with hyphens.
+@xref{unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading, ,
+@code{@@unnumberedsubsec} @code{@@appendixsubsec}
+@code{@@subheading}}.@refill
+@item @@unnumberedsubsubsec @var{title}
+In a printed manual, begin an unnumbered subsubsection within a
+chapter.  The title appears in the table of contents of a printed
+manual.  In Info, the title is underlined with periods.
+@xref{subsubsection, , The `subsub' Commands}.@refill
+@item @@value@{@var{flag}@}
+Replace @var{flag} with the value to which it is set by @code{@@set
+@var{flag}}.
+@xref{set clear value, , @code{@@set} @code{@@clear} @code{@@value}}.@refill
+@item @@var@{@var{metasyntactic-variable}@}
+Highlight a metasyntactic variable, which is something that stands for
+another piece of text.  @xref{var, , Indicating Metasyntactic
+Variables}.@refill
+@need 400
+@item @@vindex @var{entry}
+Add @var{entry} to the index of variables.  @xref{Index Entries, ,
+Defining the Entries of an Index}.@refill
+@need 400
+@item @@vskip @var{amount}
+In a printed manual, insert whitespace so as to push text on the
+remainder of the page towards the bottom of the page.  Used in
+formatting the copyright page with the argument @samp{0pt plus
+1filll}.  (Note spelling of @samp{filll}.)  @code{@@vskip} may be used
+only in contexts ignored for Info.  @xref{Copyright & Permissions, ,
+The Copyright Page and Printed Permissions}.@refill
+@need 400
+@item @@vtable @var{formatting-command}
+Begin a two-column table, using @code{@@item} for each entry.
+Automatically enter each of the items in the first column into the
+index of variables.  Pair with @code{@@end vtable}.  The same as
+@code{@@table}, except for indexing.  @xref{ftable vtable, ,
+@code{@@ftable} and @code{@@vtable}}.@refill
+@need 400
+@item @@w@{@var{text}@}
+Prevent @var{text} from being split across two lines.  Do not end a
+paragraph that uses @code{@@w} with an @code{@@refill} command.
+In the Texinfo file, keep @var{text} on one line.
+@xref{w, , @code{@@w}}.@refill
+@need 400
+@item @@xref@{@var{node-name}, [@var{entry}], [@var{topic-or-title}], [@var{info-file}], [@var{manual}]@}
+Make a reference that starts with `See' in a printed manual.  Follow
+command with a punctuation mark.  Only the first argument is
+mandatory.  @xref{xref, , @code{@@xref}}.@refill
+@end table
+@node Tips, Sample Texinfo File, Command List, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendix Tips and Hints
+Here are some tips for writing Texinfo documentation:@refill
+@cindex Tips
+@cindex Usage tips
+@cindex Hints
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Write in the present tense, not in the past or the future.
+@item
+Write actively!  For example, write ``We recommend that @dots{}'' rather
+than ``It is recommended that @dots{}''.
+@item
+Use 70 or 72 as your fill column.  Longer lines are hard to read.
+@item
+Include a copyright notice and copying permissions.
+@end itemize
+@subsubheading Index, index, index!
+Write many index entries, in different ways.
+Readers like indices; they are helpful and convenient.
+Although it is easiest to write index entries as you write the body of
+the text, some people prefer to write entries afterwards.  In either
+case, write an entry before the paragraph to which it applies.  This
+way, an index entry points to the first page of a paragraph that is
+split across pages.
+Here are more hints we have found valuable:
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Write each index entry differently, so each entry refers to a different
+place in the document.  The index of an Info file lists only one
+location for each entry.
+@item
+Write index entries only where a topic is discussed significantly.  For
+example, it is not useful to index ``debugging information'' in a
+chapter on reporting bugs.  Someone who wants to know about debugging
+information will certainly not find it in that chapter.
+@item
+Consistently capitalize the first word of every concept index entry,
+or else consistently use lower case.  Terse entries often call for
+lower case; longer entries for capitalization.  Whichever case
+convention you use, please use one or the other consistently!  Mixing
+the two styles looks bad.
+@item
+Always capitalize or use upper case for those words in an index for
+which this is proper, such as names of countries or acronyms.  Always
+use the appropriate case for case-sensitive names, such as those in C or
+Lisp.
+@item
+Write the indexing commands that refer to a whole section immediately
+after the section command, and write the indexing commands that refer to
+the paragraph before the paragraph.
+@need 1000
+In the example that follows, a blank line comes after the index
+entry for ``Leaping'':
+@example
+@group
+@@section The Dog and the Fox
+@@cindex Jumping, in general
+@@cindex Leaping
+@@cindex Dog, lazy, jumped over
+@@cindex Lazy dog jumped over
+@@cindex Fox, jumps over dog
+@@cindex Quick fox jumps over dog
+The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+(Note that the example shows entries for the same concept that are
+written in different ways---@samp{Lazy dog}, and @samp{Dog, lazy}---so
+readers can look up the concept in different ways.)
+@end itemize
+@subsubheading Blank lines
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Insert a blank line between a sectioning command and the first following
+sentence or paragraph, or between the indexing commands associated with
+the sectioning command and the first following sentence or paragraph, as
+shown in the tip on indexing.  Otherwise, a formatter may fold title and
+paragraph together.
+@item
+Always insert a blank line before an @code{@@table} command and after an
+@code{@@end table} command; but never insert a blank line after an
+@code{@@table} command or before an @code{@@end table} command.
+@need 1000
+For example,
+@example
+@group
+Types of fox:
+@@table @@samp
+@@item Quick
+Jump over lazy dogs.
+@end group
+@group
+@@item Brown
+Also jump over lazy dogs.
+@@end table
+@end group
+@group
+@@noindent
+On the other hand, @dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+Insert blank lines before and after @code{@@itemize} @dots{} @code{@@end
+itemize} and @code{@@enumerate} @dots{} @code{@@end enumerate} in the
+same way.
+@end itemize
+@subsubheading Complete phrases
+Complete phrases are easier to read than @dots{}
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Write entries in an itemized list as complete sentences; or at least, as
+complete phrases.  Incomplete expressions @dots{} awkward @dots{} like
+this.
+@item
+Write the prefatory sentence or phrase for a multi-item list or table as
+a complete expression.  Do not write ``You can set:''; instead, write
+``You can set these variables:''.  The former expression sounds cut off.
+@end itemize
+@subsubheading Editions, dates and versions
+Write the edition and version numbers and date in three places in every
+manual:
+@enumerate
+@item
+In the first @code{@@ifinfo} section, for people reading the Texinfo file.
+@item
+In the @code{@@titlepage} section, for people reading the printed manual.
+@item
+In the `Top' node, for people reading the Info file.
+@end enumerate
+@noindent
+Also, it helps to write a note before the first @code{@@ifinfo}
+section to explain what you are doing.
+@need 800
+@noindent
+For example:
+@example
+@group
+@@c ===> NOTE! <==
+@@c Specify the edition and version numbers and date
+@@c in *three* places:
+@@c   1. First ifinfo section  2. title page  3. top node
+@@c To find the locations, search for !!set
+@end group
+@group
+@@ifinfo
+@@c !!set edition, date, version
+This is Edition 4.03, January 1992,
+of the @@cite@{GDB Manual@} for GDB Version 4.3.
+@dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+---or use @code{@@set} and @code{@@value}
+(@pxref{value Example, , @code{@@value} Example}).
+@subsubheading Definition Commands
+Definition commands are @code{@@deffn}, @code{@@defun},
+@code{@@defmac}, and the like, and enable you to write descriptions in
+a uniform format.@refill
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Write just one definition command for each entity you define with a
+definition command.  The automatic indexing feature creates an index
+entry that leads the reader to the definition.
+@item
+Use @code{@@table} @dots{} @code{@@end table} in an appendix that
+contains a summary of functions, not @code{@@deffn} or other definition
+commands.
+@end itemize
+@subsubheading Capitalization
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Capitalize @samp{Texinfo}; it is a name.  Do not write the @samp{x} or
+@samp{i} in upper case.
+@item
+Capitalize @samp{Info}; it is a name.
+@item
+Write @TeX{} using the @code{@@TeX@{@}} command.  Note the uppercase
+@samp{T} and @samp{X}.  This command causes the formatters to
+typeset the name according to the wishes of Donald Knuth, who wrote
+@TeX{}.
+@end itemize
+@subsubheading Spaces
+Do not use spaces to format a Texinfo file, except inside of
+@code{@@example} @dots{} @code{@@end example} and similar commands.
+@need 700
+For example, @TeX{} fills the following:
+@example
+@group
+@@kbd@{C-x v@}
+@@kbd@{M-x vc-next-action@}
+Perform the next logical operation
+on the version-controlled file
+corresponding to the current buffer.
+@end group
+@end example
+@need 950
+@noindent
+so it looks like this:
+@iftex
+@quotation
+@kbd{C-x v}
+@kbd{M-x vc-next-action}
+Perform the next logical operation on the version-controlled file
+corresponding to the current buffer.
+@end quotation
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+@quotation
+`C-x v' `M-x vc-next-action' Perform the next logical operation on the
+version-controlled file corresponding to the current buffer.
+@end quotation
+@end ifinfo
+@noindent
+In this case, the text should be formatted with
+@code{@@table}, @code{@@item}, and @code{@@itemx}, to create a table.
+@subsubheading @@code, @@samp, @@var, and @samp{---}
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Use @code{@@code} around Lisp symbols, including command names.
+For example,
+@example
+The main function is @@code@{vc-next-action@}, @dots{}
+@end example
+@item
+Avoid putting letters such as @samp{s} immediately after an
+@samp{@@code}.  Such letters look bad.
+@item
+Use @code{@@var} around meta-variables.  Do not write angle brackets
+around them.
+@item
+Use three hyphens in a row, @samp{---}, to indicate a long dash.  @TeX{}
+typesets these as a long dash and the Info formatters reduce three
+hyphens to two.
+@end itemize
+@subsubheading Periods Outside of Quotes
+Place periods and other punctuation marks @emph{outside} of quotations,
+unless the punctuation is part of the quotation.  This practice goes against
+convention, but enables the reader to distinguish between the contents
+of the quotation and the whole passage.
+For example, you should write the following sentence with the period
+outside the end quotation marks:
+@example
+Evidently, @samp{au} is an abbreviation for ``author''.
+@end example
+@noindent
+since @samp{au} does @emph{not} serve as an  abbreviation for
+@samp{author.} (with a period following the word).
+@subsubheading Introducing New Terms
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Introduce new terms so that a user who does not know them can understand
+them from context; or write a definition for the term.
+For example, in the following, the terms ``check in'', ``register'' and
+``delta'' are all appearing for the first time; the example sentence should be
+rewritten so they are understandable.
+@quotation
+The major function assists you in checking in a file to your
+version control system and registering successive sets of changes to
+it as deltas.
+@end quotation
+@item
+Use the @code{@@dfn} command around a word being introduced, to indicate
+that the user should not expect to know the meaning already, and should
+expect to learn the meaning from this passage.
+@end itemize
+@subsubheading @@pxref
+@c !!! maybe include this in the tips on pxref
+@ignore
+By the way, it is okay to use pxref with something else in front of
+it within the parens, as long as the pxref is followed by the close
+paren, and the material inside the parents is not part of a larger
+sentence.  Also, you can use xref inside parens as part of a complete
+sentence so long as you terminate the cross reference with punctuation.
+@end ignore
+Absolutely never use @code{@@pxref} except in the special context for
+which it is designed: inside parentheses, with the closing parenthesis
+following immediately after the closing brace.  One formatter
+automatically inserts closing punctuation and the other does not.  This
+means that the output looks right both in printed output and in an Info
+file, but only when the command is used inside parentheses.
+@subsubheading Invoking from a Shell
+You can invoke programs such as Emacs, GCC, and GAWK from a shell.
+The documentation for each program should contain a section that
+describes this.  Unfortunately, if the node names and titles for these
+sections are all different, readers find it hard to search for the
+section.@refill
+Name such sections with a phrase beginning with the word
+@w{`Invoking @dots{}'}, as in `Invoking Emacs'; this way
+users can find the section easily.
+@subsubheading @sc{ansi c} Syntax
+When you use @code{@@example} to describe a C function's calling
+conventions, use the @sc{ansi c} syntax, like this:@refill
+@example
+void dld_init (char *@@var@{path@});
+@end example
+@noindent
+And in the subsequent discussion, refer to the argument values by
+writing the same argument names, again highlighted with
+@code{@@var}.@refill
+@need 800
+Avoid the obsolete style that looks like this:@refill
+@example
+#include <dld.h>
+dld_init (path)
+char *path;
+@end example
+Also, it is best to avoid writing @code{#include} above the
+declaration just to indicate that the function is declared in a
+header file.  The practice may give the misimpression that the
+@code{#include} belongs near the declaration of the function.  Either
+state explicitly which header file holds the declaration or, better
+yet, name the header file used for a group of functions at the
+beginning of the section that describes the functions.@refill
+@subsubheading Bad Examples
+Here are several examples of bad writing to avoid:
+In this example, say, `` @dots{} you must @code{@@dfn}@{check
+in@} the new version.''  That flows better.
+@quotation
+When you are done editing the file, you must perform a
+@code{@@dfn}@{check in@}.
+@end quotation
+In the following example, say, ``@dots{} makes a unified interface such as VC
+mode possible.''
+@quotation
+SCCS, RCS and other version-control systems all perform similar
+functions in broadly similar ways (it is this resemblance which makes
+a unified control mode like this possible).
+@end quotation
+And in this example, you should specify what `it' refers to:
+@quotation
+If you are working with other people, it assists in coordinating
+everyone's changes so they do not step on each other.
+@end quotation
+@subsubheading And Finally @dots{}
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Pronounce @TeX{} as if the @samp{X} were a Greek `chi', as the last
+sound in the name `Bach'.  But pronounce Texinfo as in `speck':
+@samp{teckinfo}.
+@item
+Write notes for yourself at the very end of a Texinfo file after the
+@code{@@bye}.  None of the formatters process text after the
+@code{@@bye}; it is as if the text were within @code{@@ignore} @dots{}
+@code{@@end ignore}.
+@end itemize
+@node Sample Texinfo File, Sample Permissions, Tips, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendix A Sample Texinfo File
+@cindex Sample Texinfo file, no comments
+Here is a complete, short sample Texinfo file, without any commentary.
+You can see this file, with comments, in the first chapter.
+@xref{Short Sample, , A Short Sample Texinfo File}.
+@sp 1
+@example
+\input texinfo   @@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@@c %**start of header
+@@setfilename sample.info
+@@settitle Sample Document
+@@c %**end of header
+@@setchapternewpage odd
+@@ifinfo
+This is a short example of a complete Texinfo file.
+Copyright 1990 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@@end ifinfo
+@@titlepage
+@@sp 10
+@@comment The title is printed in a large font.
+@@center @@titlefont@{Sample Title@}
+@@c The following two commands start the copyright page.
+@@page
+@@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+Copyright @@copyright@{@} 1990 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@@end titlepage
+@@node    Top,       First Chapter, (dir),    (dir)
+@@comment node-name, next,          previous, up
+@@menu
+* First Chapter::    The first chapter is the
+only chapter in this sample.
+* Concept Index::    This index has two entries.
+@@end menu
+@@node    First Chapter, Concept Index, Top,      Top
+@@comment node-name,     next,          previous, up
+@@chapter First Chapter
+@@cindex Sample index entry
+This is the contents of the first chapter.
+@@cindex Another sample index entry
+Here is a numbered list.
+@@enumerate
+@@item
+This is the first item.
+@@item
+This is the second item.
+@@end enumerate
+The @@code@{makeinfo@} and @@code@{texinfo-format-buffer@}
+commands transform a Texinfo file such as this into
+an Info file; and @@TeX@{@} typesets it for a printed
+manual.
+@@node    Concept Index,    ,  First Chapter, Top
+@@comment node-name,    next,  previous,      up
+@@unnumbered Concept Index
+@@printindex cp
+@@contents
+@@bye
+@end example
+@node Sample Permissions, Include Files, Sample Texinfo File, Top
+@appendix Sample Permissions
+@cindex Permissions
+@cindex Copying permissions
+Texinfo files should contain sections that tell the readers that they
+have the right to copy and distribute the Texinfo file, the Info file,
+and the printed manual.@refill
+Also, if you are writing a manual about software, you should explain
+that the software is free and either include the GNU General Public
+License (GPL) or provide a reference to it.  @xref{Distrib, ,
+Distribution, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for an example of the text
+that could be used in the software ``Distribution'', ``General Public
+License'', and ``NO WARRANTY'' sections of a document.  @xref{Copying,
+, Texinfo Copying Conditions}, for an example of a brief explanation
+of how the copying conditions provide you with rights. @refill
+@menu
+* Inserting Permissions::       How to put permissions in your document.
+* ifinfo Permissions::          Sample @samp{ifinfo} copying permissions.
+* Titlepage Permissions::       Sample Titlepage copying permissions.
+@end menu
+@node Inserting Permissions, ifinfo Permissions, Sample Permissions, Sample Permissions
+@ifinfo
+@appendixsec Inserting Permissions
+@end ifinfo
+In a Texinfo file, the first @code{@@ifinfo} section usually begins
+with a line that says what the file documents.  This is what a person
+reading the unprocessed Texinfo file or using the advanced Info
+command @kbd{g *} sees first.  @inforef{Expert, Advanced Info
+commands, info}, for more information. (A reader using the regular
+Info commands usually starts reading at the first node and skips
+this first section, which is not in a node.)@refill
+In the @code{@@ifinfo} section, the summary sentence is followed by a
+copyright notice and then by the copying permission notice.  One of
+the copying permission paragraphs is enclosed in @code{@@ignore} and
+@code{@@end ignore} commands.  This paragraph states that the Texinfo
+file can be processed through @TeX{} and printed, provided the printed
+manual carries the proper copying permission notice.  This paragraph
+is not made part of the Info file since it is not relevant to the Info
+file; but it is a mandatory part of the Texinfo file since it permits
+people to process the Texinfo file in @TeX{} and print the
+results.@refill
+In the printed manual, the Free Software Foundation copying permission
+notice follows the copyright notice and publishing information and is
+located within the region delineated by the @code{@@titlepage} and
+@code{@@end titlepage} commands.  The copying permission notice is exactly
+the same as the notice in the @code{@@ifinfo} section except that the
+paragraph enclosed in @code{@@ignore} and @code{@@end ignore} commands is
+not part of the notice.@refill
+To make it simple to insert a permission notice into each section of
+the Texinfo file, sample permission notices for each section are
+reproduced in full below.@refill
+Note that you may need to specify the correct name of a section
+mentioned in the permission notice.  For example, in @cite{The GDB
+Manual}, the name of the section referring to the General Public
+License is called the ``GDB General Public License'', but in the
+sample shown below, that section is referred to generically as the
+``GNU General Public License''.  If the Texinfo file does not carry a
+copy of the General Public License, leave out the reference to it, but
+be sure to include the rest of the sentence.@refill
+@node ifinfo Permissions, Titlepage Permissions, Inserting Permissions, Sample Permissions
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsec @samp{ifinfo} Copying Permissions
+@cindex @samp{ifinfo} permissions
+In the @code{@@ifinfo} section of a Texinfo file, the standard Free
+Software Foundation permission notice reads as follows:@refill
+@example
+This file documents @dots{}
+Copyright 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim
+copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and
+this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
+@@ignore
+Permission is granted to process this file through TeX
+and print the results, provided the printed document
+carries a copying permission notice identical to this
+one except for the removal of this paragraph (this
+paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
+@@end ignore
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified
+versions of this manual under the conditions for
+verbatim copying, provided also that the sections
+entitled ``Copying'' and ``GNU General Public License''
+are included exactly as in the original, and provided
+that the entire resulting derived work is distributed
+under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
+one.
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute
+translations of this manual into another language,
+under the above conditions for modified versions,
+except that this permission notice may be stated in a
+translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.
+@end example
+@node Titlepage Permissions,  , ifinfo Permissions, Sample Permissions
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsec Titlepage Copying Permissions
+@cindex Titlepage permissions
+In the @code{@@titlepage} section of a Texinfo file, the standard Free
+Software Foundation copying permission notice follows the copyright
+notice and publishing information.  The standard phrasing is as
+follows:@refill
+@example
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim
+copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and
+this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified
+versions of this manual under the conditions for
+verbatim copying, provided also that the sections
+entitled ``Copying'' and ``GNU General Public License''
+are included exactly as in the original, and provided
+that the entire resulting derived work is distributed
+under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
+one.
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute
+translations of this manual into another language,
+under the above conditions for modified versions,
+except that this permission notice may be stated in a
+translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.
+@end example
+@node Include Files, Headings, Sample Permissions, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendix Include Files
+@cindex Include files
+When @TeX{} or an Info formatting command sees an @code{@@include}
+command in a Texinfo file, it processes the contents of the file named
+by the command and incorporates them into the @sc{dvi} or Info file being
+created.  Index entries from the included file are incorporated into
+the indices of the output file.@refill
+Include files let you keep a single large document as a collection of
+conveniently small parts.@refill
+@menu
+* Using Include Files::         How to use the @code{@@include} command.
+* texinfo-multiple-files-update::  How to create and update nodes and
+menus when using included files.
+* Include File Requirements::   What @code{texinfo-multiple-files-update} expects.
+* Sample Include File::         A sample outer file with included files
+within it; and a sample included file.
+* Include Files Evolution::     How use of the @code{@@include} command
+has changed over time.
+@end menu
+@node Using Include Files, texinfo-multiple-files-update, Include Files, Include Files
+@appendixsec How to Use Include Files
+@findex include
+To include another file within a Texinfo file, write the
+@code{@@include} command at the beginning of a line and follow it on
+the same line by the name of a file to be included.  For
+example:@refill
+@example
+@@include buffers.texi
+@end example
+An included file should simply be a segment of text that you expect to
+be included as is into the overall or @dfn{outer} Texinfo file; it
+should not contain the standard beginning and end parts of a Texinfo
+file.  In particular, you should not start an included file with a
+line saying @samp{\input texinfo}; if you do, that phrase is inserted
+into the output file as is.  Likewise, you should not end an included
+file with an @code{@@bye} command; nothing after @code{@@bye} is
+formatted.@refill
+In the past, you were required to write an @code{@@setfilename} line at the
+beginning of an included file, but no longer.  Now, it does not matter
+whether you write such a line.  If an @code{@@setfilename} line exists
+in an included file, it is ignored.@refill
+Conventionally, an included file begins with an @code{@@node} line that
+is followed by an @code{@@chapter} line.  Each included file is one
+chapter.  This makes it easy to use the regular node and menu creating
+and updating commands to create the node pointers and menus within the
+included file.  However, the simple Emacs node and menu creating and
+updating commands do not work with multiple Texinfo files.  Thus you
+cannot use these commands to fill in the `Next', `Previous', and `Up'
+pointers of the @code{@@node} line that begins the included file.  Also,
+you cannot use the regular commands to create a master menu for the
+whole file.  Either you must insert the menus and the `Next',
+`Previous', and `Up' pointers by hand, or you must use the GNU Emacs
+Texinfo mode command, @code{texinfo-multiple-files-update}, that is
+designed for @code{@@include} files.@refill
+@node texinfo-multiple-files-update, Include File Requirements, Using Include Files, Include Files
+@appendixsec @code{texinfo-multiple-files-update}
+@findex texinfo-multiple-files-update
+GNU Emacs Texinfo mode provides the @code{texinfo-multiple-files-update}
+command.  This command creates or updates `Next', `Previous', and `Up'
+pointers of included files as well as those in the outer or overall
+Texinfo file, and it creates or updates a main menu in the outer file.
+Depending whether you call it with optional arguments, the command
+updates only the pointers in the first @code{@@node} line of the
+included files or all of them:@refill
+@table @kbd
+@item M-x texinfo-multiple-files-update
+Called without any arguments:@refill
+@itemize @minus
+@item
+Create or update the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers of the
+first @code{@@node} line in each file included in an outer or overall
+Texinfo file.@refill
+@item
+Create or update the `Top' level node pointers of the outer or
+overall file.@refill
+@item
+Create or update a main menu in the outer file.@refill
+@end itemize
+@item C-u M-x texinfo-multiple-files-update
+Called with @kbd{C-u} as a prefix argument:
+@itemize @minus{}
+@item
+Create or update pointers in the first @code{@@node} line in each
+included file.
+@item
+Create or update the `Top' level node pointers of the outer file.
+@item
+Create and insert a master menu in the outer file.  The master menu
+is made from all the menus in all the included files.@refill
+@end itemize
+@item C-u 8 M-x texinfo-multiple-files-update
+Called with a numeric prefix argument, such as @kbd{C-u 8}:
+@itemize @minus
+@item
+Create or update @strong{all} the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers
+of all the included files.@refill
+@item
+Create or update @strong{all} the menus of all the included
+files.@refill
+@item
+Create or update the `Top' level node pointers of the outer or
+overall file.@refill
+@item
+And then create a master menu in the outer file.  This is similar to
+invoking @code{texinfo-master-menu} with an argument when you are
+working with just one file.@refill
+@end itemize
+@end table
+Note the use of the prefix argument in interactive use: with a regular
+prefix argument, just @w{@kbd{C-u}}, the
+@code{texinfo-multiple-files-update} command inserts a master menu;
+with a numeric prefix argument, such as @kbd{C-u 8}, the command
+updates @strong{every} pointer and menu in @strong{all} the files and then inserts a
+master menu.@refill
+@node Include File Requirements, Sample Include File, texinfo-multiple-files-update, Include Files
+@appendixsec Include File Requirements
+@cindex Include file requirements
+@cindex Requirements for include files
+If you plan to use the @code{texinfo-multiple-files-update} command,
+the outer Texinfo file that lists included files within it should
+contain nothing but the beginning and end parts of a Texinfo file, and
+a number of @code{@@include} commands listing the included files.  It
+should not even include indices, which should be listed in an included
+file of their own.@refill
+Moreover, each of the included files must contain exactly one highest
+level node (conventionally, @code{@@chapter} or equivalent),
+and this node must be the first node in the included file.
+Furthermore, each of these highest level nodes in each included file
+must be at the same hierarchical level in the file structure.
+Usually, each is an @code{@@chapter}, an @code{@@appendix}, or an
+@code{@@unnumbered} node.  Thus, normally, each included file contains
+one, and only one, chapter or equivalent-level node.@refill
+The outer file should contain only @emph{one} node, the `Top' node.  It
+should @emph{not} contain any nodes besides the single `Top' node.  The
+@code{texinfo-multiple-files-update} command will not process
+them.@refill
+@node Sample Include File, Include Files Evolution, Include File Requirements, Include Files
+@appendixsec Sample File with @code{@@include}
+@cindex Sample @code{@@include} file
+@cindex Include file sample
+@cindex @code{@@include} file sample
+Here is an example of a complete outer Texinfo file with @code{@@include} files
+within it before running @code{texinfo-multiple-files-update}, which
+would insert a main or master menu:@refill
+@example
+@group
+\input texinfo @@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@c %**start of header
+@@setfilename  include-example.info
+@@settitle Include Example
+@c %**end of header
+@end group
+@group
+@@setchapternewpage odd
+@@titlepage
+@@sp 12
+@@center @@titlefont@{Include Example@}
+@@sp 2
+@@center by Whom Ever
+@end group
+@group
+@@page
+@@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+Copyright @@copyright@{@} 1990 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@@end titlepage
+@end group
+@group
+@@ifinfo
+@@node Top, First, (dir), (dir)
+@@top Master Menu
+@@end ifinfo
+@end group
+@group
+@@include foo.texinfo
+@@include bar.texinfo
+@@include concept-index.texinfo
+@end group
+@group
+@@summarycontents
+@@contents
+@@bye
+@end group
+@end example
+An included file, such as @file{foo.texinfo}, might look like
+this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@node First, Second, , Top
+@@chapter First Chapter
+Contents of first chapter @dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+The full contents of @file{concept-index.texinfo} might be as simple as this:
+@example
+@group
+@@node Concept Index, , Second, Top
+@@unnumbered Concept Index
+@@printindex cp
+@end group
+@end example
+The outer Texinfo source file for @cite{The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference
+Manual} is named @file{elisp.texi}.  This outer file contains a master
+menu with 417 entries and a list of 41 @code{@@include}
+files.@refill
+@node Include Files Evolution,  , Sample Include File, Include Files
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsec Evolution of Include Files
+When Info was first created, it was customary to create many small
+Info files on one subject.  Each Info file was formatted from its own
+Texinfo source file.  This custom meant that Emacs did not need to
+make a large buffer to hold the whole of a large Info file when
+someone wanted information; instead, Emacs allocated just enough
+memory for the small Info file that contained the particular
+information sought.  This way, Emacs could avoid wasting memory.@refill
+References from one file to another were made by referring to the file
+name as well as the node name. (@xref{Other Info Files, , Referring to
+Other Info Files}.  Also, see @ref{Four and Five Arguments, ,
+@code{@@xref} with Four and Five Arguments}.)@refill
+Include files were designed primarily as a way to create a single,
+large printed manual out of several smaller Info files.  In a printed
+manual, all the references were within the same document, so @TeX{}
+could automatically determine the references' page numbers.  The Info
+formatting commands used include files only for creating joint
+indices; each of the individual Texinfo files had to be formatted for
+Info individually.  (Each, therefore, required its own
+@code{@@setfilename} line.)@refill
+However, because large Info files are now split automatically, it is
+no longer necessary to keep them small.@refill
+Nowadays, multiple Texinfo files are used mostly for large documents,
+such as @cite{The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, and for projects
+in which several different people write different sections of a
+document simultaneously.@refill
+In addition, the Info formatting commands have been extended to work
+with the @code{@@include} command so as to create a single large Info
+file that is split into smaller files if necessary.  This means that
+you can write menus and cross references without naming the different
+Texinfo files.@refill
+@node Headings, Catching Mistakes, Include Files, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendix Page Headings
+@cindex Headings
+@cindex Footings
+@cindex Page numbering
+@cindex Page headings
+@cindex Formatting headings and footings
+Most printed manuals contain headings along the top of every page
+except the title and copyright pages.  Some manuals also contain
+footings.  (Headings and footings have no meaning to Info, which is
+not paginated.)@refill
+@menu
+* Headings Introduced::         Conventions for using page headings.
+* Heading Format::              Standard page heading formats.
+* Heading Choice::              How to specify the type of page heading.
+* Custom Headings::             How to create your own headings and footings.
+@end menu
+@node Headings Introduced, Heading Format, Headings, Headings
+@ifinfo
+@heading Headings Introduced
+@end ifinfo
+Texinfo provides standard page heading formats for manuals that are printed
+on one side of each sheet of paper and for manuals that are printed on
+both sides of the paper.  Usually, you will use one or other of these
+formats, but you can specify your own format, if you wish.@refill
+In addition, you can specify whether chapters should begin on a new
+page, or merely continue the same page as the previous chapter; and if
+chapters begin on new pages, you can specify whether they must be
+odd-numbered pages.@refill
+By convention, a book is printed on both sides of each sheet of paper.
+When you open a book, the right-hand page is odd-numbered, and
+chapters begin on right-hand pages---a preceding left-hand page is
+left blank if necessary.  Reports, however, are often printed on just
+one side of paper, and chapters begin on a fresh page immediately
+following the end of the preceding chapter.  In short or informal
+reports, chapters often do not begin on a new page at all, but are
+separated from the preceding text by a small amount of whitespace.@refill
+The @code{@@setchapternewpage} command controls whether chapters begin
+on new pages, and whether one of the standard heading formats is used.
+In addition, Texinfo has several heading and footing commands that you
+can use to generate your own heading and footing formats.@refill
+In Texinfo, headings and footings are single lines at the tops and
+bottoms of pages; you cannot create multiline headings or footings.
+Each header or footer line is divided into three parts: a left part, a
+middle part, and a right part.  Any part, or a whole line, may be left
+blank.  Text for the left part of a header or footer line is set
+flushleft; text for the middle part is centered; and, text for the
+right part is set flushright.@refill
+@node Heading Format, Heading Choice, Headings Introduced, Headings
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsec Standard Heading Formats
+Texinfo provides two standard heading formats, one for manuals printed
+on one side of each sheet of paper, and the other for manuals printed
+on both sides of the paper.
+By default, nothing is specified for the footing of a Texinfo file,
+so the footing remains blank.@refill
+The standard format for single-sided printing consists of a header
+line in which the left-hand part contains the name of the chapter, the
+central part is blank, and the right-hand part contains the page
+number.@refill
+@need 950
+A single-sided page looks like this:
+@example
+@group
+_______________________
+|                       |
+| chapter   page number |
+|                       |
+| Start of text ...     |
+| ...                   |
+|                       |
+@end group
+@end example
+The standard format for two-sided printing depends on whether the page
+number is even or odd.  By convention, even-numbered pages are on the
+left- and odd-numbered pages are on the right.  (@TeX{} will adjust the
+widths of the left- and right-hand margins.  Usually, widths are
+correct, but during double-sided printing, it is wise to check that
+pages will bind properly---sometimes a printer will produce output in
+which the even-numbered pages have a larger right-hand margin than the
+odd-numbered pages.)@refill
+In the standard double-sided format, the left part of the left-hand
+(even-numbered) page contains the page number, the central part is
+blank, and the right part contains the title (specified by the
+@code{@@settitle} command).  The left part of the right-hand
+(odd-numbered) page contains the name of the chapter, the central part
+is blank, and the right part contains the page number.@refill
+@need 750
+Two pages, side by side as in an open book, look like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+_______________________     _______________________
+|                       |   |                       |
+| page number     title |   | chapter   page number |
+|                       |   |                       |
+| Start of text ...     |   | More  text ...        |
+| ...                   |   | ...                   |
+|                       |   |                       |
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+The chapter name is preceded by the word @samp{Chapter}, the chapter
+number and a colon.  This makes it easier to keep track of where you
+are in the manual.@refill
+@node Heading Choice, Custom Headings, Heading Format, Headings
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsec Specifying the Type of Heading
+@TeX{} does not begin to generate page headings for a standard Texinfo
+file until it reaches the @code{@@end titlepage} command.  Thus, the
+title and copyright pages are not numbered.  The @code{@@end
+titlepage} command causes @TeX{} to begin to generate page headings
+according to a standard format specified by the
+@code{@@setchapternewpage} command that precedes the
+@code{@@titlepage} section.@refill
+@need 1000
+There are four possibilities:@refill
+@table @asis
+@item No @code{@@setchapternewpage} command
+Cause @TeX{} to specify the single-sided heading format, with chapters
+on new pages. This is the same as @code{@@setchapternewpage on}.@refill
+@item @code{@@setchapternewpage on}
+Specify the single-sided heading format, with chapters on new pages.@refill
+@item @code{@@setchapternewpage off}
+Cause @TeX{} to start a new chapter on the same page as the last page of
+the preceding chapter, after skipping some vertical whitespace.  Also
+cause @TeX{} to typeset for single-sided printing.  (You can override
+the headers format with the @code{@@headings double} command; see
+@ref{headings on off, , The @code{@@headings} Command}.)@refill
+@item @code{@@setchapternewpage odd}
+Specify the double-sided heading format, with chapters on new pages.@refill
+@end table
+@noindent
+Texinfo lacks an @code{@@setchapternewpage even} command.@refill
+@node Custom Headings,  , Heading Choice, Headings
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsec How to Make Your Own Headings
+You can use the standard headings provided with Texinfo or specify
+your own.@refill
+@c Following paragraph is verbose to prevent overfull hboxes.
+Texinfo provides six commands for specifying headings and
+footings.  The @code{@@everyheading} command and
+@code{@@everyfooting} command generate page headers and footers
+that are the same for both even- and odd-numbered pages.
+The @code{@@evenheading} command and @code{@@evenfooting}
+command generate headers and footers for even-numbered
+(left-hand) pages; and the @code{@@oddheading} command and
+@code{@@oddfooting} command generate headers and footers for
+odd-numbered (right-hand) pages.@refill
+Write custom heading specifications in the Texinfo file immediately
+after the @code{@@end titlepage} command.  Enclose your specifications
+between @code{@@iftex} and @code{@@end iftex} commands since the
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} command may not recognize them.  Also,
+you must cancel the predefined heading commands with the
+@code{@@headings off} command before defining your own
+specifications.@refill
+@need 1000
+Here is how to tell @TeX{} to place the chapter name at the left, the
+page number in the center, and the date at the right of every header
+for both even- and odd-numbered pages:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@iftex
+@@headings off
+@@everyheading @@thischapter @@| @@thispage @@| @@today@{@}
+@@end iftex
+@end group
+@end example
+@noindent
+You need to divide the left part from the central part and the central
+part from the right had part by inserting @samp{@@|} between parts.
+Otherwise, the specification command will not be able to tell where
+the text for one part ends and the next part begins.@refill
+Each part can contain text or @@-commands.  The text
+is printed as if the part were within an ordinary paragraph in the
+body of the page.  The @@-commands replace
+themselves with the page number, date, chapter name, or
+whatever.@refill
+@need 950
+Here are the six heading and footing commands:@refill
+@findex everyheading
+@findex everyfooting
+@table @code
+@item @@everyheading @var{left} @@| @var{center} @@| @var{right}
+@itemx @@everyfooting @var{left} @@| @var{center} @@| @var{right}
+The `every' commands specify the format for both even- and odd-numbered
+pages.  These commands are for documents that are printed on one side
+of each sheet of paper, or for documents in which you want symmetrical
+headers or footers.@refill
+@findex evenheading
+@findex evenfooting
+@findex oddheading
+@findex oddfooting
+@item @@evenheading @var{left} @@| @var{center} @@| @var{right}
+@itemx @@oddheading  @var{left} @@| @var{center} @@| @var{right}
+@itemx @@evenfooting @var{left} @@| @var{center} @@| @var{right}
+@itemx @@oddfooting  @var{left} @@| @var{center} @@| @var{right}
+The `even' and `odd' commands specify the format for even-numbered
+pages and odd-numbered pages.  These commands are for books and
+manuals that are printed on both sides of each sheet of paper.@refill
+@end table
+Use the @samp{@@this@dots{}} series of @@-commands to
+provide the names of chapters
+and sections and the page number.  You can use the
+@samp{@@this@dots{}} commands in the left, center, or right portions
+of headers and footers, or anywhere else in a Texinfo file so long as
+they are between @code{@@iftex} and @code{@@end iftex} commands.@refill
+@need 1000
+Here are the @samp{@@this@dots{}} commands:@refill
+@table @code
+@findex thispage
+@item @@thispage
+Expands to the current page number.@refill
+@c !!! Karl Berry says that `thissection' fails on page breaks.
+@ignore
+@item @@thissection
+Expands to the name of the current section.@refill
+@end ignore
+@findex thischaptername
+@item @@thischaptername
+Expands to the name of the current chapter.@refill
+@findex thischapter
+@item @@thischapter
+Expands to the number and name of the current
+chapter, in the format `Chapter 1: Title'.@refill
+@findex thistitle
+@item @@thistitle
+Expands to the name of the document, as specified by the
+@code{@@settitle} command.@refill
+@findex thisfile
+@item @@thisfile
+For @code{@@include} files only: expands to the name of the current
+@code{@@include} file.  If the current Texinfo source file is not an
+@code{@@include} file, this command has no effect.  This command does
+@emph{not} provide the name of the current Texinfo source file unless
+it is an @code{@@include} file.  (@xref{Include Files}, for more
+information about @code{@@include} files.)@refill
+@end table
+@noindent
+You can also use the @code{@@today@{@}} command, which expands to the
+current date, in `1 Jan 1900' format.@refill
+@findex today
+Other @@-commands and text are printed in a header or footer just as
+if they were in the body of a page.  It is useful to incorporate text,
+particularly when you are writing drafts:@refill
+@example
+@group
+@@iftex
+@@headings off
+@@everyheading @@emph@{Draft!@} @@| @@thispage @@| @@thischapter
+@@everyfooting @@| @@| Version: 0.27: @@today@{@}
+@@end iftex
+@end group
+@end example
+Beware of overlong titles: they may overlap another part of the
+header or footer and blot it out.@refill
+@node Catching Mistakes, Refilling Paragraphs, Headings, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendix Formatting Mistakes
+@cindex Structure, catching mistakes in
+@cindex Nodes, catching mistakes
+@cindex Catching mistakes
+@cindex Correcting mistakes
+@cindex Mistakes, catching
+@cindex Problems, catching
+@cindex Debugging the Texinfo structure
+Besides mistakes in the content of your documentation, there
+are two kinds of mistake you can make with Texinfo:  you can make mistakes
+with @@-commands, and you can make mistakes with the structure of the
+nodes and chapters.@refill
+Emacs has two tools for catching the @@-command mistakes and two for
+catching structuring mistakes.@refill
+For finding problems with @@-commands, you can run @TeX{} or a region
+formatting command on the region that has a problem; indeed, you can
+run these commands on each region as you write it.@refill
+For finding problems with the structure of nodes and chapters, you can use
+@kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{texinfo-show-structure}) and the related @code{occur}
+command and you can use the @kbd{M-x Info-validate} command.@refill
+@menu
+* makeinfo preferred::          @code{makeinfo} finds errors.
+* Debugging with Info::         How to catch errors with Info formatting.
+* Debugging with TeX::          How to catch errors with @TeX{} formatting.
+* Using texinfo-show-structure::  How to use @code{texinfo-show-structure}.
+* Using occur::                 How to list all lines containing a pattern.
+* Running Info-Validate::       How to find badly referenced nodes.
+@end menu
+@node makeinfo preferred, Debugging with Info, Catching Mistakes, Catching Mistakes
+@ifinfo
+@heading @code{makeinfo} Find Errors
+@end ifinfo
+The @code{makeinfo} program does an excellent job of catching errors
+and reporting them---far better than @code{texinfo-format-region} or
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer}.  In addition, the various functions for
+automatically creating and updating node pointers and menus remove
+many opportunities for human error.@refill
+If you can, use the updating commands to create and insert pointers
+and menus.  These prevent many errors.  Then use @code{makeinfo} (or
+its Texinfo mode manifestations, @code{makeinfo-region} and
+@code{makeinfo-buffer}) to format your file and check for other
+errors.  This is the best way to work with Texinfo.  But if you
+cannot use @code{makeinfo}, or your problem is very puzzling, then you
+may want to use the tools described in this appendix.@refill
+@node Debugging with Info, Debugging with TeX, makeinfo preferred, Catching Mistakes
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsec Catching Errors with Info Formatting
+@cindex Catching errors with Info formatting
+@cindex Debugging with Info formatting
+After you have written part of a Texinfo file, you can use the
+@code{texinfo-format-region} or the @code{makeinfo-region} command to
+see whether the region formats properly.@refill
+Most likely, however, you are reading this section because for some
+reason you cannot use the @code{makeinfo-region} command; therefore, the
+rest of this section presumes that you are using
+@code{texinfo-format-region}.@refill
+If you have made a mistake with an @@-command,
+@code{texinfo-format-region} will stop processing at or after the
+error and display an error message.  To see where in the buffer the
+error occurred, switch to the @samp{*Info Region*} buffer; the cursor
+will be in a position that is after the location of the error.  Also,
+the text will not be formatted after the place where the error
+occurred (or more precisely, where it was detected).@refill
+For example, if you accidentally end a menu with the command @code{@@end
+menus} with an `s' on the end, instead of with @code{@@end menu}, you
+will see an error message that says:@refill
+@example
+@@end menus is not handled by texinfo
+@end example
+@noindent
+The cursor will stop at the point in the buffer where the error
+occurs, or not long after it.  The buffer will look like this:@refill
+@example
+@group
+---------- Buffer: *Info Region* ----------
+* Menu:
+* Using texinfo-show-structure::  How to use
+`texinfo-show-structure'
+to catch mistakes.
+* Running Info-Validate::         How to check for
+unreferenced nodes.
+@@end menus
+@point{}
+---------- Buffer: *Info Region* ----------
+@end group
+@end example
+The @code{texinfo-format-region} command sometimes provides slightly
+odd error messages.  For example, the following cross reference fails to format:@refill
+@example
+(@@xref@{Catching Mistakes, for more info.)
+@end example
+@noindent
+In this case, @code{texinfo-format-region} detects the missing closing
+brace but displays a message that says @samp{Unbalanced parentheses}
+rather than @samp{Unbalanced braces}.  This is because the formatting
+command looks for mismatches between braces as if they were
+parentheses.@refill
+Sometimes @code{texinfo-format-region} fails to detect mistakes.  For
+example, in the following, the closing brace is swapped with the
+closing parenthesis:@refill
+@example
+(@@xref@{Catching Mistakes), for more info.@}
+@end example
+@noindent
+Formatting produces:
+@example
+(*Note for more info.: Catching Mistakes)
+@end example
+The only way for you to detect this error is to realize that the
+reference should have looked like this:@refill
+@example
+(*Note Catching Mistakes::, for more info.)
+@end example
+Incidentally, if you are reading this node in Info and type @kbd{f
+@key{RET}} (@code{Info-follow-reference}), you will generate an error
+message that says:
+@example
+No such node: "Catching Mistakes) The only way @dots{}
+@end example
+@noindent
+This is because Info perceives the example of the error as the first
+cross reference in this node and if you type a @key{RET} immediately
+after typing the Info @kbd{f} command, Info will attempt to go to the
+referenced node.  If you type @kbd{f catch @key{TAB} @key{RET}}, Info
+will complete the node name of the correctly written example and take
+you to the `Catching Mistakes' node.  (If you try this, you can return
+from the `Catching Mistakes' node by typing @kbd{l}
+(@code{Info-last}).)
+@c !!! section on using Elisp debugger ignored.
+@ignore
+Sometimes @code{texinfo-format-region} will stop long after the
+original error; this is because it does not discover the problem until
+then.  In this case, you will need to backtrack.@refill
+@c menu
+@c * Using the Emacs Lisp Debugger::  How to use the Emacs Lisp debugger.
+@c end menu
+@c node Using the Emacs Lisp Debugger
+@c appendixsubsec Using the Emacs Lisp Debugger
+@c index Using the Emacs Lisp debugger
+@c index Emacs Lisp debugger
+@c index Debugger, using the Emacs Lisp
+If an error is especially elusive, you can turn on the Emacs Lisp
+debugger and look at the backtrace; this tells you where in the
+@code{texinfo-format-region} function the problem occurred.  You can
+turn on the debugger with the command:@refill
+@example
+M-x set-variable @key{RET} debug-on-error @key{RET} t @key{RET}
+@end example
+@noindent
+and turn it off with
+@example
+M-x set-variable @key{RET} debug-on-error @key{RET} nil @key{RET}
+@end example
+Often, when you are using the debugger, it is easier to follow what is
+going on if you use the Emacs Lisp files that are not byte-compiled.
+The byte-compiled sources send octal numbers to the debugger that may
+look mysterious.  To use the uncompiled source files, load
+@file{texinfmt.el} and @file{texinfo.el} with the @kbd{M-x load-file}
+command.@refill
+The debugger will not catch an error if @code{texinfo-format-region}
+does not detect one.  In the example shown above,
+@code{texinfo-format-region} did not find the error when the whole
+list was formatted, but only when part of the list was formatted.
+When @code{texinfo-format-region} did not find an error, the debugger
+did not find one either. @refill
+However, when @code{texinfo-format-region} did report an error, it
+invoked the debugger.  This is the backtrace it produced:@refill
+@example
+---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ----------
+Signalling: (search-failed "[@},]")
+re-search-forward("[@},]")
+(while ...)
+(let ...)
+texinfo-format-parse-args()
+(let ...)
+texinfo-format-xref()
+funcall(texinfo-format-xref)
+(if ...)
+(let ...)
+(if ...)
+(while ...)
+texinfo-format-scan()
+(save-excursion ...)
+(let ...)
+texinfo-format-region(103370 103631)
+* call-interactively(texinfo-format-region)
+---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ----------
+@end example
+The backtrace is read from the bottom up.
+@code{texinfo-format-region} was called interactively; and it, in
+turn, called various functions, including @code{texinfo-format-scan},
+@code{texinfo-format-xref} and @code{texinfo-format-parse-args}.
+Inside the function @code{texinfo-format-parse-args}, the function
+@code{re-search-forward} was called; it was this function that could
+not find the missing right-hand brace.@refill
+@xref{Lisp Debug, , Debugging Emacs Lisp, emacs, The GNU Emacs
+Manual}, for more information.@refill
+@end ignore
+@node Debugging with TeX, Using texinfo-show-structure, Debugging with Info, Catching Mistakes
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsec Catching Errors with @TeX{} Formatting
+@cindex Catching errors with @TeX{} formatting
+@cindex Debugging with @TeX{} formatting
+You can also catch mistakes when you format a file with @TeX{}.@refill
+Usually, you will want to do this after you have run
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} (or, better, @code{makeinfo-buffer}) on
+the same file, because @code{texinfo-format-buffer} sometimes displays
+error messages that make more sense than @TeX{}.  (@xref{Debugging
+with Info}, for more information.)@refill
+For example, @TeX{} was run on a Texinfo file, part of which is shown
+here:@refill
+@example
+---------- Buffer: texinfo.texi ----------
+name of the Texinfo file as an extension.  The
+@@samp@{??@} are `wildcards' that cause the shell to
+substitute all the raw index files.  (@@xref@{sorting
+indices, for more information about sorting
+indices.)@@refill
+---------- Buffer: texinfo.texi ----------
+@end example
+@noindent
+(The cross reference lacks a closing brace.)
+@TeX{} produced the following output, after which it stopped:@refill
+@example
+---------- Buffer: *tex-shell* ----------
+Runaway argument?
+@{sorting indices, for more information about sorting
+indices.) @@refill @@ETC.
+! Paragraph ended before @@xref was complete.
+<to be read again>
+@@par
+l.27
+?
+---------- Buffer: *tex-shell* ----------
+@end example
+In this case, @TeX{} produced an accurate and
+understandable error message:
+@example
+Paragraph ended before @@xref was complete.
+@end example
+@noindent
+@samp{@@par} is an internal @TeX{} command of no relevance to Texinfo.
+@samp{l.27} means that @TeX{} detected the problem on line 27 of the
+Texinfo file.  The @samp{?} is the prompt @TeX{} uses in this
+circumstance.@refill
+Unfortunately, @TeX{} is not always so helpful, and sometimes you must
+truly be a Sherlock Holmes to discover what went wrong.@refill
+In any case, if you run into a problem like this, you can do one of three
+things.@refill
+@enumerate
+@item
+You can tell @TeX{} to continue running and ignore just this error by
+typing @key{RET} at the @samp{?} prompt.@refill
+@item
+You can tell @TeX{} to continue running and to ignore all errors as best
+it can by typing @kbd{r @key{RET}} at the @samp{?} prompt.@refill
+This is often the best thing to do.  However, beware: the one error
+may produce a cascade of additional error messages as its consequences
+are felt through the rest of the file.  (To stop @TeX{} when it is
+producing such an avalanche of error messages, type @kbd{C-d} (or
+@kbd{C-c C-d}, if you are running a shell inside Emacs.))@refill
+@item
+You can tell @TeX{} to stop this run by typing @kbd{x @key{RET}}
+at the @samp{?} prompt.@refill
+@end enumerate
+Please note that if you are running @TeX{} inside Emacs, you need to
+switch to the shell buffer and line at which @TeX{} offers the @samp{?}
+prompt.@refill
+Sometimes @TeX{} will format a file without producing error messages even
+though there is a problem.  This usually occurs if a command is not ended
+but @TeX{} is able to continue processing anyhow.  For example, if you fail
+to end an itemized list with the @code{@@end itemize} command, @TeX{} will
+write a @sc{dvi} file that you can print out.  The only error message that
+@TeX{} will give you is the somewhat mysterious comment that@refill
+@example
+(@@end occurred inside a group at level 1)
+@end example
+@noindent
+However, if you print the @sc{dvi} file, you will find that the text
+of the file that follows the itemized list is entirely indented as if
+it were part of the last item in the itemized list.  The error message
+is the way @TeX{} says that it expected to find an @code{@@end}
+command somewhere in the file; but that it could not determine where
+it was needed.@refill
+Another source of notoriously hard-to-find errors is a missing
+@code{@@end group} command.  If you ever are stumped by
+incomprehensible errors, look for a missing @code{@@end group} command
+first.@refill
+If the Texinfo file lacks header lines,
+@TeX{} may stop in the
+beginning of its run and display output that looks like the following.
+The @samp{*} indicates that @TeX{} is waiting for input.@refill
+@example
+This is TeX, Version 2.0 for Berkeley UNIX
+(preloaded format=plain-cm 87.10.25)
+(test.texinfo [1])
+*
+@end example
+@noindent
+In this case, simply type @kbd{\end @key{RET}} after the asterisk.  Then
+write the header lines in the Texinfo file and run the @TeX{} command
+again. (Note the use of the backslash, @samp{\}.  @TeX{} uses @samp{\}
+instead of @samp{@@}; and in this circumstance, you are working
+directly with @TeX{}, not with Texinfo.)@refill
+@node Using texinfo-show-structure, Using occur, Debugging with TeX, Catching Mistakes
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsec Using @code{texinfo-show-structure}
+@cindex Showing the structure of a file
+@findex texinfo-show-structure
+It is not always easy to keep track of the nodes, chapters, sections, and
+subsections of a Texinfo file.  This is especially true if you are revising
+or adding to a Texinfo file that someone else has written.@refill
+In GNU Emacs, in Texinfo mode, the @code{texinfo-show-structure}
+command lists all the lines that begin with the @@-commands that
+specify the structure: @code{@@chapter}, @code{@@section},
+@code{@@appendix}, and so on.  With an argument (@w{@kbd{C-u}}
+as prefix argument, if interactive),
+the command also shows the @code{@@node} lines.  The
+@code{texinfo-show-structure} command is bound to @kbd{C-c C-s} in
+Texinfo mode, by default.@refill
+The lines are displayed in a buffer called the @samp{*Occur*} buffer,
+indented by hierarchical level.  For example, here is a part of what was
+produced by running @code{texinfo-show-structure} on this manual:@refill
+@example
+@group
+Lines matching "^@@\\(chapter \\|sect\\|subs\\|subh\\|
+unnum\\|major\\|chapheading \\|heading \\|appendix\\)"
+in buffer texinfo.texi.
+@dots{}
+4177:@@chapter Nodes
+4198:    @@heading Two Paths
+4231:    @@section Node and Menu Illustration
+4337:    @@section The @@code@{@@@@node@} Command
+4393:        @@subheading Choosing Node and Pointer Names
+4417:        @@subsection How to Write an @@code@{@@@@node@} Line
+4469:        @@subsection @@code@{@@@@node@} Line Tips
+@dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+This says that lines 4337, 4393, and 4417 of @file{texinfo.texi} begin
+with the @code{@@section}, @code{@@subheading}, and @code{@@subsection}
+commands respectively.  If you move your cursor into the @samp{*Occur*}
+window, you can position the cursor over one of the lines and use the
+@kbd{C-c C-c} command (@code{occur-mode-goto-occurrence}), to jump to
+the corresponding spot in the Texinfo file.  @xref{Other Repeating
+Search, , Using Occur, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for more
+information about @code{occur-mode-goto-occurrence}.@refill
+The first line in the @samp{*Occur*} window describes the @dfn{regular
+expression} specified by @var{texinfo-heading-pattern}.  This regular
+expression is the pattern that @code{texinfo-show-structure} looks for.
+@xref{Regexps, , Using Regular Expressions, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual},
+for more information.@refill
+When you invoke the @code{texinfo-show-structure} command, Emacs will
+display the structure of the whole buffer.  If you want to see the
+structure of just a part of the buffer, of one chapter, for example,
+use the @kbd{C-x n n} (@code{narrow-to-region}) command to mark the
+region.  (@xref{Narrowing, , , emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.)  This is
+how the example used above was generated.  (To see the whole buffer
+again, use @kbd{C-x n w} (@code{widen}).)@refill
+If you call @code{texinfo-show-structure} with a prefix argument by
+typing @w{@kbd{C-u C-c C-s}}, it will list lines beginning with
+@code{@@node} as well as the lines beginning with the @@-sign commands
+for @code{@@chapter}, @code{@@section}, and the like.@refill
+You can remind yourself of the structure of a Texinfo file by looking at
+the list in the @samp{*Occur*} window; and if you have mis-named a node
+or left out a section, you can correct the mistake.@refill
+@node Using occur, Running Info-Validate, Using texinfo-show-structure, Catching Mistakes
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsec Using @code{occur}
+@cindex Occurrences, listing with @code{@@occur}
+@findex occur
+Sometimes the @code{texinfo-show-structure} command produces too much
+information.  Perhaps you want to remind yourself of the overall structure
+of a Texinfo file, and are overwhelmed by the detailed list produced by
+@code{texinfo-show-structure}.  In this case, you can use the @code{occur}
+command directly.  To do this, type@refill
+@example
+@kbd{M-x occur}
+@end example
+@noindent
+and then, when prompted, type a @dfn{regexp}, a regular expression for
+the pattern you want to match.  (@xref{Regexps, , Regular Expressions,
+emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.)  The @code{occur} command works from
+the current location of the cursor in the buffer to the end of the
+buffer.  If you want to run @code{occur} on the whole buffer, place
+the cursor at the beginning of the buffer.@refill
+For example, to see all the lines that contain the word
+@samp{@@chapter} in them, just type @samp{@@chapter}.  This will
+produce a list of the chapters.  It will also list all the sentences
+with @samp{@@chapter} in the middle of the line.@refill
+If you want to see only those lines that start with the word
+@samp{@@chapter}, type @samp{^@@chapter} when prompted by
+@code{occur}.  If you want to see all the lines that end with a word
+or phrase, end the last word with a @samp{$}; for example,
+@samp{catching mistakes$}.  This can be helpful when you want to see
+all the nodes that are part of the same chapter or section and
+therefore have the same `Up' pointer.@refill
+@xref{Other Repeating Search, , Using Occur, emacs , The GNU Emacs Manual},
+for more information.@refill
+@node Running Info-Validate,  , Using occur, Catching Mistakes
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsec Finding Badly Referenced Nodes
+@findex Info-validate
+@cindex Nodes, checking for badly referenced
+@cindex Checking for badly referenced nodes
+@cindex Looking for badly referenced nodes
+@cindex Finding badly referenced nodes
+@cindex Badly referenced nodes
+You can use the @code{Info-validate} command to check whether any of
+the `Next', `Previous', `Up' or other node pointers fail to point to a
+node.  This command checks that every node pointer points to an
+existing node.  The @code{Info-validate} command works only on Info
+files, not on Texinfo files.@refill
+The @code{makeinfo} program validates pointers automatically, so you
+do not need to use the @code{Info-validate} command if you are using
+@code{makeinfo}.  You only may need to use @code{Info-validate} if you
+are unable to run @code{makeinfo} and instead must create an Info file
+using @code{texinfo-format-region} or @code{texinfo-format-buffer}, or
+if you write an Info file from scratch.@refill
+@menu
+* Using Info-validate::         How to run @code{Info-validate}.
+* Unsplit::                     How to create an unsplit file.
+* Tagifying::                   How to tagify a file.
+* Splitting::                   How to split a file manually.
+@end menu
+@node Using Info-validate, Unsplit, Running Info-Validate, Running Info-Validate
+@appendixsubsec Running @code{Info-validate}
+@cindex Running @code{Info-validate}
+@cindex Info validating a large file
+@cindex Validating a large file
+To use @code{Info-validate}, visit the Info file you wish to check and
+type:@refill
+@example
+M-x Info-validate
+@end example
+@noindent
+(Note that the @code{Info-validate} command requires an upper case
+`I'.  You may also need to create a tag table before running
+@code{Info-validate}.  @xref{Tagifying}.)@refill
+If your file is valid, you will receive a message that says ``File appears
+valid''.  However, if you have a pointer that does not point to a node,
+error messages will be displayed in a buffer called @samp{*problems in
+info file*}.@refill
+For example, @code{Info-validate} was run on a test file that contained
+only the first node of this manual.  One of the messages said:@refill
+@example
+In node "Overview", invalid Next: Texinfo Mode
+@end example
+@noindent
+This meant that the node called @samp{Overview} had a `Next' pointer that
+did not point to anything (which was true in this case, since the test file
+had only one node in it).@refill
+Now suppose we add a node named @samp{Texinfo Mode} to our test case
+but we do not specify a `Previous' for this node.  Then we will get
+the following error message:@refill
+@example
+In node "Texinfo Mode", should have Previous: Overview
+@end example
+@noindent
+This is because every `Next' pointer should be matched by a
+`Previous' (in the node where the `Next' points) which points back.@refill
+@code{Info-validate} also checks that all menu entries and cross references
+point to actual nodes.@refill
+Note that @code{Info-validate} requires a tag table and does not work
+with files that have been split.  (The @code{texinfo-format-buffer}
+command automatically splits large files.)  In order to use
+@code{Info-validate} on a large file, you must run
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} with an argument so that it does not split
+the Info file; and you must create a tag table for the unsplit
+file.@refill
+@node Unsplit, Tagifying, Using Info-validate, Running Info-Validate
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsubsec Creating an Unsplit File
+@cindex Creating an unsplit file
+@cindex Unsplit file creation
+You can run @code{Info-validate} only on a single Info file that has a
+tag table.  The command will not work on the indirect subfiles that
+are generated when a master file is split.  If you have a large file
+(longer than 70,000 bytes or so), you need to run the
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} or @code{makeinfo-buffer} command in such
+a way that it does not create indirect subfiles.  You will also need
+to create a tag table for the Info file.  After you have done this,
+you can run @code{Info-validate} and look for badly referenced
+nodes.@refill
+The first step is to create an unsplit Info file.  To prevent
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} from splitting a Texinfo file into
+smaller Info files, give a prefix to the @kbd{M-x
+texinfo-format-buffer} command:@refill
+@example
+C-u M-x texinfo-format-buffer
+@end example
+@noindent
+or else
+@example
+C-u C-c C-e C-b
+@end example
+@noindent
+When you do this, Texinfo will not split the file and will not create
+a tag table for it. @refill
+@cindex Making a tag table manually
+@cindex Tag table, making manually
+@node Tagifying, Splitting, Unsplit, Running Info-Validate
+@appendixsubsec Tagifying a File
+After creating an unsplit Info file, you must create a tag table for
+it.  Visit the Info file you wish to tagify and type:@refill
+@example
+M-x Info-tagify
+@end example
+@noindent
+(Note the upper case @key{I} in @code{Info-tagify}.)  This creates an
+Info file with a tag table that you can validate.@refill
+The third step is to validate the Info file:@refill
+@example
+M-x Info-validate
+@end example
+@noindent
+(Note the upper case @key{I} in @code{Info-validate}.)
+In brief, the steps are:@refill
+@example
+@group
+C-u M-x texinfo-format-buffer
+M-x Info-tagify
+M-x Info-validate
+@end group
+@end example
+After you have validated the node structure, you can rerun
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} in the normal way so it will construct a
+tag table and split the file automatically, or you can make the tag
+table and split the file manually.@refill
+@node Splitting,  , Tagifying, Running Info-Validate
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendixsubsec Splitting a File Manually
+@cindex Splitting an Info file manually
+@cindex Info file, splitting manually
+You should split a large file or else let the
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} or @code{makeinfo-buffer} command do it
+for you automatically.  (Generally you will let one of the formatting
+commands do this job for you.  @xref{Create an Info File}.)@refill
+The split-off files are called the indirect subfiles.@refill
+Info files are split to save memory.  With smaller files, Emacs does not
+have make such a large buffer to hold the information.@refill
+If an Info file has more than 30 nodes, you should also make a tag
+table for it. @xref{Using Info-validate}, for information
+about creating a tag table.  (Again, tag tables are usually created
+automatically by the formatting command; you only need to create a tag
+table yourself if you are doing the job manually.  Most likely, you
+will do this for a large, unsplit file on which you have run
+@code{Info-validate}.)@refill
+@c Info-split is autoloaded in `loaddefs.el' in Emacs 18.51
+@ignore
+Before running @code{Info-split}, you need to load the @code{info} library
+into Emacs by giving the command @kbd{M-x load-library @key{RET} info
+@key{RET}}.
+@end ignore
+Visit the Info file you wish to tagify and split and type the two
+commands:@refill
+@example
+M-x Info-tagify
+M-x Info-split
+@end example
+@noindent
+(Note that the @samp{I} in @samp{Info} is upper case.)@refill
+When you use the @code{Info-split} command, the buffer is modified into a
+(small) Info file which lists the indirect subfiles.  This file should be
+saved in place of the original visited file.  The indirect subfiles are
+written in the same directory the original file is in, with names generated
+by appending @samp{-} and a number to the original file name.@refill
+The primary file still functions as an Info file, but it contains just
+the tag table and a directory of subfiles.@refill
+@node Refilling Paragraphs, Command Syntax, Catching Mistakes, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendix Refilling Paragraphs
+@cindex Refilling paragraphs
+@cindex Filling paragraphs
+@findex refill
+The @code{@@refill} command refills and, optionally, indents the first
+line of a paragraph.@footnote{Perhaps the command should have been
+called the @code{@@refillandindent} command, but @code{@@refill} is
+shorter and the name was chosen before indenting was possible.} The
+@code{@@refill} command is no longer important, but we describe it here
+because you once needed it.  You will see it in many old Texinfo
+files.@refill
+Without refilling, paragraphs containing long @@-constructs may look
+bad after formatting because the formatter removes @@-commands and
+shortens some lines more than others.  In the past, neither the
+@code{texinfo-format-region} command nor the
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} command refilled paragraphs
+automatically.  The @code{@@refill} command had to be written at the
+end of every paragraph to cause these formatters to fill them.  (Both
+@TeX{} and @code{makeinfo} have always refilled paragraphs
+automatically.)  Now, all the Info formatters automatically fill and
+indent those paragraphs that need to be filled and indented.@refill
+The @code{@@refill} command causes @code{texinfo-format-region} and
+@code{texinfo-format-buffer} to refill a paragraph in the Info file
+@emph{after} all the other processing has been done.  For this reason,
+you can not use @code{@@refill} with a paragraph containing either
+@code{@@*} or @code{@@w@{ @dots{} @}} since the refilling action will
+override those two commands.@refill
+The @code{texinfo-format-region} and @code{texinfo-format-buffer}
+commands now automatically append @code{@@refill} to the end of each
+paragraph that should be filled.  They do not append @code{@@refill} to
+the ends of paragraphs that contain @code{@@*} or @w{@code{@@w@{ @dots{}@}}}
+and therefore do not refill or indent them.@refill
+@node Command Syntax, Obtaining TeX, Refilling Paragraphs, Top
+@comment node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@appendix @@-Command Syntax
+@cindex @@-command syntax
+The character @samp{@@} is used to start special Texinfo commands.
+(It has the same meaning that @samp{\} has in Plain@TeX{}.)  Texinfo
+has four types of @@-command:@refill
+@table @asis
+@item 1. Non-alphabetic commands.
+These commands consist of an @@ followed by a punctuation mark or other
+character that is not part of the alphabet.  Non-alphabetic commands
+are almost always part of the text within a paragraph, and never take
+any argument.  The two characters (@@ and the other one) are complete
+in themselves; none is followed by braces.  The non-alphabetic
+commands are: @code{@@.}, @code{@@:}, @code{@@*}, @code{@@@@},
+@code{@@@{}, and @code{@@@}}.@refill
+@item 2. Alphabetic commands that do not require arguments.
+These commands start with @@ followed by a word followed by left- and
+right-hand braces.  These commands insert special symbols in the
+document; they do not require arguments.  For example,
+@code{@@dots@{@}} @result{} @samp{@dots{}}, @code{@@equiv@{@}}
+@result{} @samp{@equiv{}}, @code{@@TeX@{@}} @result{} `@TeX{}',
+and @code{@@bullet@{@}} @result{} @samp{@bullet{}}.@refill
+@item 3. Alphabetic commands that require arguments within braces.
+These commands start with @@ followed by a letter or a word, followed by an
+argument within braces.  For example, the command @code{@@dfn} indicates
+the introductory or defining use of a term; it is used as follows: @samp{In
+Texinfo, @@@@-commands are @@dfn@{mark-up@} commands.}@refill
+@item 4. Alphabetic commands that occupy an entire line.
+These commands occupy an entire line.  The line starts with @@,
+followed by the name of the command (a word); for example, @code{@@center}
+or @code{@@cindex}.  If no argument is needed, the word is followed by
+the end of the line.  If there is an argument, it is separated from
+the command name by a space.  Braces are not used.@refill
+@end table
+@cindex Braces and argument syntax
+Thus, the alphabetic commands fall into classes that have
+different argument syntaxes.  You cannot tell to which class a command
+belongs by the appearance of its name, but you can tell by the
+command's meaning: if the command stands for a glyph, it is in
+class 2 and does not require an argument; if it makes sense to use the
+command together with other text as part of a paragraph, the command
+is in class 3 and must be followed by an argument in braces;
+otherwise, it is in class 4 and uses the rest of the line as its
+argument.@refill
+The purpose of having a different syntax for commands of classes 3 and
+4 is to make Texinfo files easier to read, and also to help the GNU
+Emacs paragraph and filling commands work properly.  There is only one
+exception to this rule: the command @code{@@refill}, which is always
+used at the end of a paragraph immediately following the final period
+or other punctuation character.  @code{@@refill} takes no argument and
+does @emph{not} require braces.  @code{@@refill} never confuses the
+Emacs paragraph commands because it cannot appear at the beginning of
+a line.@refill
+@node Obtaining TeX, New Features, Command Syntax, Top
+@appendix How to Obtain @TeX{}
+@cindex Obtaining @TeX{}
+@cindex @TeX{}, how to obtain
+@c !!! Here is information about obtaining TeX.  Update it whenever.
+@c     Last updated by RJC on 1 March 1995, conversation with Mackay.
+@TeX{} is freely redistributable.  You can obtain @TeX{} for Unix
+systems via anonymous ftp or on tape or CD-ROM.  The core material
+consists of Karl Berry's @code{web2c} @TeX{} package.
+On-line retrieval instructions are in @code{ftp.cs.umb.edu}
+@t{[158.121.104.33]} in @file{pub/tex/unixtex.ftp}
+The Free Software Foundation provides a core distribution on its
+Source Code CD-ROM; the University of Washington maintains and
+supports a tape distribution.
+For the FSF Source Code CD-ROM, please contact:
+@iftex
+@display
+@group
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+59 Temple Place Suite 330
+Boston, MA @w{ } 02111-1307
+USA
+Telephone: @w{@t{+}1--617--542--5942}
+Fax: (including Japan) @w{@t{+}1--617--542--2652}
+Free Dial Fax (in Japan):
+@w{ } @w{ } @w{ } 0031--13--2473 (KDD)
+@w{ } @w{ } @w{ } 0066--3382--0158 (IDC)
+Electronic mail: @code{gnu@@prep.ai.mit.edu}
+@end group
+@end display
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+@display
+@group
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+59 Temple Place Suite 330
+Boston, MA @w{ } 02111-1307
+USA
+Telephone: @w{@t{+}1-617-542-5942}
+Fax: (including Japan) @w{@t{+}1-617-542-2652}
+Free Dial Fax (in Japan):
+@w{ } @w{ } @w{ } 0031-13-2473 (KDD)
+@w{ } @w{ } @w{ } 0066-3382-0158 (IDC)
+Electronic mail: @code{gnu@@prep.ai.mit.edu}
+@end group
+@end display
+@end ifinfo
+To order a full distribution from the University of Washington on either a
+1/4@dmn{inch} 4-track QIC-24 cartridge or a 4@dmn{mm} DAT cartridge, send
+$210.00 to:
+@iftex
+@display
+@group
+Pierre A. MacKay
+Department of Classics
+DH-10, Denny Hall 218
+University of Washington
+Seattle, WA @w{ } 98195
+USA
+Telephone: @t{+}1--206--543--2268
+Electronic mail: @code{mackay@@cs.washington.edu}
+@end group
+@end display
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+@display
+@group
+Pierre A. MacKay
+Department of Classics
+DH-10, Denny Hall 218
+University of Washington
+Seattle, WA @w{ } 98195
+USA
+Telephone: @t{+}1-206-543-2268
+Electronic mail: @code{mackay@@cs.washington.edu}
+@end group
+@end display
+@end ifinfo
+Please make checks payable to the University of Washington.
+Checks must be in U.S.@: dollars, drawn on a U.S.@: bank.
+Prepaid orders are the only orders that can now be handled.  Overseas
+sites: please add to the base cost, if desired, $20.00 for shipment
+via air parcel post, or $30.00 for shipment via courier.
+Please check with the above for current prices and formats.
+@node  New Features, Command and Variable Index, Obtaining TeX, Top
+@appendix Second Edition Features
+@tex
+% Widen the space for the first column so three control-character
+% strings fit in the first column.  Switched back to default .8in
+% value at end of chapter.
+\global\tableindent=1.0in
+@end tex
+The second edition of the Texinfo manual describes more than 20 new
+Texinfo mode commands and more than 50 previously undocumented Texinfo
+@@-commands.  This edition is more than twice the length of the first
+edition.@refill
+Here is a brief description of the new commands.@refill
+@menu
+* New Texinfo Mode Commands::   The updating commands are especially useful.
+* New Commands::                Many newly described @@-commands.
+@end menu
+@node New Texinfo Mode Commands, New Commands, New Features, New Features
+@appendixsec New Texinfo Mode Commands
+Texinfo mode provides commands and features especially designed for
+working with Texinfo files.  More than 20 new commands have been
+added, including commands for automatically creating and updating
+both nodes and menus.  This is a tedious task when done by hand.@refill
+The keybindings are intended to be somewhat mnemonic.@refill
+@subheading Update all nodes and menus
+The @code{texinfo-master-menu} command is the primary command:
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-u m
+@itemx M-x texinfo-master-menu
+Create or update a master menu.
+With @kbd{C-u} as a prefix argument,
+first create or update all nodes
+and regular menus.
+@end table
+@subheading Update Pointers
+@noindent
+Create or update `Next', `Previous', and `Up' node pointers.@refill
+@noindent
+@xref{Updating Nodes and Menus}.
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-u C-n
+@itemx M-x texinfo-update-node
+Update a node.
+@item C-c C-u C-e
+@itemx M-x texinfo-every-node-update
+Update every node in the buffer.
+@end table
+@subheading Update Menus
+@noindent
+Create or update menus.@refill
+@noindent
+@xref{Updating Nodes and Menus}.
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-u C-m
+@itemx M-x texinfo-make-menu
+Make or update a menu.
+@item C-c C-u C-a
+@itemx M-x texinfo-all-menus-update
+Make or update all the menus in a buffer.
+With @kbd{C-u} as a prefix argument,
+first update all the nodes.
+@end table
+@subheading Insert Title as Description
+@noindent
+Insert a node's chapter or section title in the space for the
+description in a menu entry line; position point so you can edit the
+insert.  (This command works somewhat differently than the other
+insertion commands, which insert only a predefined string.)@refill
+@noindent
+@xref{Inserting, Inserting Frequently Used Commands}.
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-c C-d
+Insert title.
+@end table
+@subheading Format for Info
+@noindent
+Provide keybindings both for the Info formatting commands that are
+written in Emacs Lisp and for @code{makeinfo} that is written in
+C.@refill
+@noindent
+@xref{Info Formatting}.
+@noindent
+Use the Emacs lisp @code{texinfo-format@dots{}} commands:
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-e C-r
+Format the region.
+@item C-c C-e C-b
+Format the buffer.
+@end table
+@noindent
+Use @code{makeinfo}:
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-m C-r
+Format the region.
+@item C-c C-m C-b
+Format the buffer.
+@item C-c C-m C-l
+Recenter the @code{makeinfo} output buffer.
+@item C-c C-m C-k
+Kill the @code{makeinfo} formatting job.
+@end table
+@subheading Typeset and Print
+@noindent
+Typeset and print Texinfo documents from within Emacs.@refill
+@ifinfo
+@noindent
+@xref{Printing}.
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+@noindent
+@xref{Printing, , Formatting and Printing}.
+@end iftex
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-t C-b
+Run @code{texi2dvi} on the buffer.
+@item C-c C-t C-r
+Run @TeX{} on the region.
+@item C-c C-t C-i
+Run @code{texindex}.
+@item C-c C-t C-p
+Print the @sc{dvi} file.
+@item C-c C-t C-q
+Show the print queue.
+@item C-c C-t C-d
+Delete a job from the print queue.
+@item C-c C-t C-k
+Kill the current @TeX{} formatting job.
+@item C-c C-t C-x
+Quit a currently stopped @TeX{} formatting job.
+@item C-c C-t C-l
+Recenter the output buffer.
+@end table
+@subheading Other Updating Commands
+@noindent
+The ``other updating commands'' do not have standard keybindings because
+they are used less frequently.@refill
+@noindent
+@xref{Other Updating Commands}.
+@table @kbd
+@item M-x texinfo-insert-node-lines
+Insert missing @code{@@node} lines using
+section titles as node names.
+@item M-x texinfo-multiple-files-update
+Update a multi-file document.
+With a numeric prefix, such as @kbd{C-u 8},
+update  @strong{every} pointer and
+menu in @strong{all} the files and
+then insert a master menu.
+@item M-x texinfo-indent-menu-description
+Indent descriptions in menus.
+@item M-x texinfo-sequential-node-update
+Insert node pointers in strict sequence.
+@end table
+@node New Commands,  , New Texinfo Mode Commands, New Features
+@appendixsec New Texinfo @@-Commands
+The second edition of the Texinfo manual describes more than 50
+commands that were not described in the first edition.  A third or so
+of these commands existed in Texinfo but were not documented in the
+manual; the others are new.  Here is a listing, with brief
+descriptions of them:@refill
+@subheading Indexing
+@noindent
+Create your own index, and merge indices.@refill
+@noindent
+@xref{Indices}.
+@table @kbd
+@item @@defindex @var{index-name}
+Define a new index and its indexing command.
+See also the @code{@@defcodeindex} command.
+@c written verbosely to avoid overful hbox
+@item @@synindex @var{from-index} @var{into-index}
+Merge the @var{from-index} index into the @var{into-index} index.
+See also the @code{@@syncodeindex} command.
+@end table
+@subheading Definitions
+@noindent
+Describe functions, variables, macros,
+commands, user options, special forms, and other such artifacts in a
+uniform format.@refill
+@noindent
+@xref{Definition Commands}.
+@table @kbd
+@item @@deffn @var{category} @var{name} @var{arguments}@dots{}
+Format a description for functions, interactive
+commands, and similar entities.
+@item @@defvr, @@defop, @dots{}
+15 other related commands.
+@end table
+@subheading Glyphs
+@noindent
+Indicate the results of evaluation, expansion,
+printed output, an error message, equivalence of expressions, and the
+location of point.@refill
+@noindent
+@xref{Glyphs}.
+@table @kbd
+@item @@equiv@{@}
+@itemx @equiv{}
+Equivalence:
+@item @@error@{@}
+@itemx @error{}
+Error message
+@item @@expansion@{@}
+@itemx @expansion{}
+Macro expansion
+@item @@point@{@}
+@itemx @point{}
+Position of point
+@item @@print@{@}
+@itemx @print{}
+Printed output
+@item @@result@{@}
+@itemx @result{}
+Result of an expression
+@end table
+@subheading Page Headings
+@noindent
+Customize page headings.
+@noindent
+@xref{Headings}.
+@table @kbd
+@item @@headings @var{on-off-single-double}
+Headings on or off, single, or double-sided.
+@item @@evenfooting [@var{left}] @@| [@var{center}] @@| [@var{right}]
+Footings for even-numbered (left-hand) pages.
+@item @@evenheading, @@everyheading, @@oddheading, @dots{}
+Five other related commands.
+@item @@thischapter
+Insert name of chapter and chapter number.
+@item @@thischaptername, @@thisfile, @@thistitle, @@thispage
+Related commands.
+@end table
+@subheading Formatting
+@noindent
+Format blocks of text.
+@noindent
+@xref{Quotations and Examples}, and@*
+@ref{Lists and Tables, , Making Lists and Tables}.
+@table @kbd
+@item @@cartouche
+Draw rounded box surrounding text (not in Info).
+@item @@enumerate @var{optional-arg}
+Enumerate a list with letters or numbers.
+@item @@exdent @var{line-of-text}
+Remove indentation.
+@item @@flushleft
+Left justify.
+@item @@flushright
+Right justify.
+@item @@format
+Do not narrow nor change font.
+@item @@ftable @var{formatting-command}
+@itemx @@vtable @var{formatting-command}
+Two-column table with indexing.
+@item @@lisp
+For an example of Lisp code.
+@item @@smallexample
+@itemx @@smalllisp
+Like @@table and @@lisp @r{but for} @@smallbook.
+@end table
+@subheading Conditionals
+@noindent
+Conditionally format text.
+@noindent
+@xref{set clear value, , @code{@@set} @code{@@clear} @code{@@value}}.@refill
+@table @kbd
+@item @@set @var{flag} [@var{string}]
+Set a flag.  Optionally, set value
+of @var{flag} to @var{string}.
+@item @@clear @var{flag}
+Clear a flag.
+@item @@value@{@var{flag}@}
+Replace with value to which @var{flag} is set.
+@item @@ifset @var{flag}
+Format, if @var{flag} is set.
+@item @@ifclear @var{flag}
+Ignore, if @var{flag} is set.
+@end table
+@subheading @@heading series for Titles
+@noindent
+Produce unnumbered headings that do not appear in a table of contents.
+@noindent
+@xref{Structuring}.
+@table @kbd
+@item @@heading @var{title}
+Unnumbered section-like heading not listed
+in the table of contents of a printed manual.
+@item @@chapheading, @@majorheading, @@subheading, @@subsubheading
+Related commands.
+@end table
+@need 1000
+@subheading Font commands
+@need 1000
+@noindent
+@xref{Smallcaps}, and @*
+@ref{Fonts}.
+@table @kbd
+@item @@r@{@var{text}@}
+Print in roman font.
+@item @@sc@{@var{text}@}
+Print in @sc{small caps} font.
+@end table
+@subheading Miscellaneous
+@noindent
+See @ref{title subtitle author, , @code{@@title} @code{@@subtitle} and @code{@@author} Commands},@*
+see @ref{Customized Highlighting},@*
+see @ref{Overfull hboxes},@*
+see @ref{Footnotes},@*
+see @ref{dmn, , Format a Dimension},@*
+see @ref{Raise/lower sections, , @code{@@raisesections} and @code{@@lowersections}},@*
+see @ref{math, , @code{@@math}: Inserting Mathematical Expressions}.@*
+see @ref{minus, , Inserting a Minus Sign},@*
+see @ref{paragraphindent, , Paragraph Indenting},@*
+see @ref{Cross Reference Commands},@*
+see @ref{title subtitle author, , @code{@@title} @code{@@subtitle} and @code{@@author}}, and@*
+see @ref{Custom Headings, , How to Make Your Own Headings}.
+@need 700
+@table @kbd
+@item @@author @var{author}
+Typeset author's name.
+@item @@definfoenclose @var{new-command}, @var{before}, @var{after},
+Define a highlighting command for Info.  (Info only.)
+@item @@finalout
+Produce cleaner printed output.
+@item @@footnotestyle @var{end-or-separate}
+Specify footnote style.
+@item @@dmn@{@var{dimension}@}
+Format a dimension.
+@item @@global@@let@var{new-cmd}=@var{existing-cmd}
+Define a highlighting command for @TeX{}. (@TeX{} only.)
+@item @@lowersections
+Reduce hierarchical level of sectioning commands.
+@item @@math@{@var{mathematical-expression}@}
+Format a mathematical expression.
+@item @@minus@{@}
+Generate a minus sign.
+@item @@paragraphindent @var{asis-or-number}
+Specify paragraph indentation.
+@item @@raisesections
+Raise hierarchical level of sectioning commands.
+@item @@ref@{@var{node-name}, @r{[}@var{entry}@r{]}, @r{[}@var{topic-or-title}@r{]}, @r{[}@var{info-file}@r{]}, @r{[}@var{manual}@r{]}@}
+Make a reference.  In the printed manual, the
+reference does not start with the word `see'.
+@item @@title @var{title}
+Typeset @var{title} in the alternative
+title page format.
+@item @@subtitle @var{subtitle}
+Typeset @var{subtitle} in the alternative
+title page format.
+@item @@today@{@}
+Insert the current date.
+@end table
+@tex
+% Switch width of first column of tables back to default value
+\global\tableindent=.8in
+@end tex
+@node Command and Variable Index, Concept Index, New Features, Top
+@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
+@unnumbered Command and Variable Index
+This is an alphabetical list of all the @@-commands and several
+variables.  To make the list easier to use, the commands are listed
+without their preceding @samp{@@}.@refill
+@printindex fn
+@node Concept Index,  , Command and Variable Index, Top
+@comment  node-name,     next,  previous,      up
+@unnumbered Concept Index
+@printindex cp
+@summarycontents
+@contents
+@bye

Mercurial > hg > xemacs-beta

comparison man/texinfo.texi @ 0:376386a54a3c r19-14