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1 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions. 1 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. See end for conditions.
2
2 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial. 3 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
3 4
4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled 5 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labelled
5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than 6 CTRL or CTL) or the META key. On some keyboards, the META key is
6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations: 7 labelled ALT or EDIT or something else (for example, on Sun keyboards,
8 the diamond key to the left of the spacebar is META). If you have no
9 META key, you can use ESC instead. Rather than write out META or
10 CONTROL each time we want you to prefix a character, we'll use the
11 following abbreviations:
7 12
8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr> 13 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f. 14 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>. 15 M-<chr> means hold the META key down while typing <chr>. If there
11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the 16 is no META key, type <ESC>, release it, then type the
12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key. 17 character <chr>.
13 18
14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.) 19 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to 20 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
16 try using a command. For instance: 21 try using a command. For instance:
17 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>> 22 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
37 42
38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls: 43 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
39 44
40 C-v Move forward one screenful 45 C-v Move forward one screenful
41 M-v Move backward one screenful 46 M-v Move backward one screenful
42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text, 47 C-l Clear screen and redisplay everything
43 moving the text around the cursor 48 putting the text near the cursor at the center.
44 to the center of the screen.
45 (That's control-L, not control-1.) 49 (That's control-L, not control-1.)
46 50
47 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it. 51 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
48 Then type C-l. 52 Then type C-l.
49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text 53 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
207 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now. 211 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
208 212
209 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like 213 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
210 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v. 214 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
211 215
212 If you are using X Windows, there should be a tall rectangular area 216 If you are using the X Window system, there is probably a rectangular
213 called a scroll bar at the left hand side of the Emacs window. You 217 area called a scroll bar at the right hand side of the Emacs window.
214 can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar. 218 You can scroll the text by manipulating the scroll bar with the mouse.
215 219
216 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area 220 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
217 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position 221 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
218 determined by how high or low you click. 222 determined by how high or low you click.
219 223
220 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button 224 >> Move the mouse to a point in the scroll bar about three lines from
221 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as 225 the top, and click the left button a couple of times.
222 you move the mouse. 226
227
228 * CURSOR CONTROL WITH AN X TERMINAL
229 -----------------------------------
230
231 If you have an X terminal, you will probably find it easier to use
232 the keys on the keypad to control the cursor. The left, right, up,
233 and down arrow keys move in the expected direction; they function
234 exactly like C-b, C-f, C-p, and C-n, but are easier to type and to
235 remember. You can also use C-left and C-right to move by words, and
236 C-up and C-down to move by blocks (e.g. paragraphs, if you're
237 editing text). If you have keys labelled HOME (or BEGIN) and END,
238 they will take you to the beginning and end of a line, respectively,
239 and C-home and C-end will move to the beginning and end of the file.
240 If your keyboard has PgUp and PgDn keys, you can use them to move up
241 and down a screenful at a time, like M-v and C-v.
242
243 All of these commands can take numeric arguments, as described above.
244 You can use a shortcut to enter these arguments: just hold down the
245 CONTROL or META key and type the number. For example, to move 12
246 words to the right, type C-1 C-2 C-right. Note that it is very easy
247 to type this because you do not have to release the CONTROL key
248 between keystrokes.
223 249
224 250
225 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG 251 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
226 -------------------- 252 --------------------
227 253
252 278
253 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the 279 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
254 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled 280 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
255 command, answer the question with "n". 281 command, answer the question with "n".
256 282
257 >> Type <ESC> : (which is a disabled command), 283 >> Type `C-x n p' (which is a disabled command),
258 then type n to answer the question. 284 then type n to answer the question.
259 285
260 286
261 * WINDOWS 287 * WINDOWS
262 --------- 288 ---------
263 289
264 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will 290 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.
265 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to 291 Note that "window" as used by Emacs does not refer to separate
266 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic 292 overlapping windows in the window system, but to separate panes
267 one-window editing. It is simple: 293 within a single X window. (Emacs can also have multiple X
294 windows, or "frames" in Emacs terminology. This is described
295 later.)
296
297 At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques of
298 using multiple windows. But you do need to know how to get
299 rid of extra windows that may appear to display help or
300 output from certain commands. It is simple:
268 301
269 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows). 302 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
270 303
271 That is Control-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window 304 That is Control-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
272 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all 305 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
273 other windows. 306 other windows.
274 307
275 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l. 308 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
309
310 (Remember that C-l redraws the screen. If you give a
311 numeric argument to this command, it means "redraw the
312 screen and put the current line that many lines from the
313 top of the screen." So C-u 0 C-l means "redraw the
314 screen, putting the current line at the top.")
315
276 >> Type Control-h k Control-f. 316 >> Type Control-h k Control-f.
277 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears 317 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
278 to display documentation on the Control-f command. 318 to display documentation on the Control-f command.
279 319
280 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear. 320 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
568 608
569 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s. 609 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
570 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL. 610 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
571 Answer yes to the question by typing "y". 611 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
572 612
613 * USING THE MENU
614 ----------------
615
616 If you are on an X terminal, you will notice a menubar at the
617 top of the Emacs screen. You can use this menubar to access all
618 the most common Emacs commands, such as "find file". You will
619 find this easier at first, because you don't need to remember
620 the keystrokes necessary to access any particular command. Once
621 you are comfortable with Emacs, it will be easy to begin using
622 the keyboard commands because each menu item with a
623 corresponding keyboard command has the command listed next to
624 it.
625
626 Note that there are many items in the menubar that have no exact
627 keyboard equivalents. For example, the Buffers menu lists all
628 of the available buffers in most-recently used order. You can
629 switch to any buffer by simply findings its name in the Buffers
630 menu and selecting it.
631
632
633 * USING THE MOUSE
634 -----------------
635
636 When running under X, Emacs is fully integrated with the mouse.
637 You can position the text cursor by clicking the left button at
638 the desired location, and you can select text by dragging the
639 left mouse button across the text you want to select. (Or
640 alternatively, click the left mouse button at one end of the
641 text, then move to the other end and use Shift-click to select
642 the text.)
643
644 To kill some selected text, you can use C-w or choose the Cut
645 item from the Edit menu. Note that these are *not* equivalent:
646 C-w only saves the text internally within Emacs (similar to C-k
647 as described above), whereas Cut does this and also puts the
648 text into the X clipboard, where it can be accessed by other
649 applications.
650
651 To retrieve text from the X clipboard, use the Paste item from
652 the Edit menu.
653
654 The middle mouse button is commonly used to choose items that
655 are visible on the screen. For example, if you enter Info (the
656 on-line Emacs documentation) using C-h i or the Help menu, you
657 can follow a highlighted link by clicking the middle mouse
658 button on it. Similarly, if you are typing a file name in
659 (e.g. when prompted by "Find File") and you hit TAB to show the
660 possible completions, you can click the middle mouse button on
661 one of the completions to select it.
662
663 The right mouse button brings up a popup menu. The contents of
664 this menu vary depending on what mode you're in, and usually
665 contain a few commonly used commands, so they're easier to
666 access.
667
668 >> Press the right mouse button now.
669
670 You will have to hold the button down in order to keep the
671 menu up.
672
673
573 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET 674 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
574 --------------------------- 675 ---------------------------
575 676
576 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put 677 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
577 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with 678 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
665 ----------- 766 -----------
666 767
667 The line immediately above the echo area it is called the "mode line". 768 The line immediately above the echo area it is called the "mode line".
668 The mode line says something like this: 769 The mode line says something like this:
669 770
670 --**-Emacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%---------------- 771 --**-XEmacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
671 772
672 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and 773 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
673 the text you are editing. 774 the text you are editing.
674 775
675 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have 776 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
756 does not re-fill it for you. 857 does not re-fill it for you.
757 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside 858 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
758 that paragraph. 859 that paragraph.
759 860
760 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q. 861 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
862
761 863
762 * SEARCHING 864 * SEARCHING
763 ----------- 865 -----------
764 866
765 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous 867 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
979 1081
980 * CONCLUSION 1082 * CONCLUSION
981 ------------ 1083 ------------
982 1084
983 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell 1085 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
984 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z. 1086 temporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z. (under X, this
1087 iconifies the current Emacs frame.)
985 1088
986 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if 1089 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
987 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain! 1090 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
988 1091
989 1092
990 COPYING 1093 COPYING
991 ------- 1094 -------
992 1095
993 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials 1096 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
994 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs. 1097 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
1098 Ben Wing updated the tutorial for X Windows.
995 1099
996 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and 1100 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
997 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions: 1101 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
998 1102
999 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation 1103 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation