xemacs-beta: etc/TUTORIAL comparison

comparison etc/TUTORIAL @ 70:131b0175ea99 r20-0b30

Import from CVS: tag r20-0b30

author	cvs
date	Mon, 13 Aug 2007 09:02:59 +0200
parents	376386a54a3c
children	3bb7ccffb0c0

comparison

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-:804d1389bcd6
+:131b0175ea99
-Copyright (c) 1985, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. See end for conditions.
-See end for conditions.
 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labelled
 CTRL or CTL) or the META key.  On some keyboards, the META key is
 key).
 >>  Try typing M-v and then C-v to move back and forth a few times.
-SUMMARY
+* SUMMARY
--------
+---------
 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
 	C-v	Move forward one screenful
 	M-v	Move backward one screenful
 >> Find the cursor and remember what text is near it.
 Then type a C-l.
 Find the cursor again and see what text is near it now.
-BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
+* BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
---------------------
+----------------------
 Getting from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
 reposition yourself within a given screen to a specific place?
 There are several ways you can do this.  One way (not the best, but
 the most basic) is to use the commands previous, backward, forward
 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
 Did it scroll the screen up by 8 lines?  If you would like to
 scroll it down you can give an argument to M-v.
+If you are using X Windows, there is probably a rectangular area
-CURSOR CONTROL WITH AN X TERMINAL
+called a scroll bar at the right hand side of the Emacs window.  You
----------------------------------
+can scroll the text by manipulating the scroll bar with the mouse.
+>> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
+within the scroll bar, then moving the mouse while holding that button
+down.
+>> Move the mouse to a point in the scroll bar about three lines from
+the top, and click the left button a couple of times.
+* CURSOR CONTROL WITH AN X TERMINAL
+-----------------------------------
 If you have an X terminal, you will probably find it easier to use
 the keys on the keypad to control the cursor.  The left, right, up,
 and down arrow keys move in the expected direction; they function
 exactly like C-b, C-f, C-p, and C-n, but are easier to type and to
 words to the right, type C-1 C-2 C-right.  Note that it is very easy
 to type this because you do not have to release the CONTROL key
 between keystrokes.
-WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
+* WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
-------------------
+--------------------
 If Emacs gets into an infinite (or simply very long) computation which
 you don't want to finish, you can stop it safely by typing C-g.
 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
 a command that you don't want to finish.
 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
 Now type C-f.  How many characters does it move?
 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
 with a C-g.
-If you type <ESC> <ESC>, you get a new window appearing on
+If you type <ESC> : then you get a new window appearing on the screen,
-the screen, telling you that M-ESC is a "disabled command"
+telling you that M-: is a "disabled command" and asking whether you
-and asking whether you really want to execute it.  The command
+really want to execute it.  The command M-: is marked as disabled
-M-ESC is marked as disabled because you probably don't want to
+because we expect it would confuse beginners and you probably don't
-use it until you know more about Emacs, and we expect it would
+want to use it until you know more about Emacs.  If you really want to
-confuse you if it were allowed to go ahead and run.  If you really
+try the M-: command, you could type a Space in answer to the question,
-want to try the M-ESC command, you could type a Space in answer
+and M-: would go ahead.  Normally, if you do not want to execute M-:,
-to the question and M-ESC would go ahead.  Normally, if you do
+you would type "n" to answer the question.
-not want to execute M-ESC, you would type "n" to answer the question.
+>> Type <ESC> :, then type n.
->> Type <ESC> <ESC>, then type n.
+* WINDOWS
-WINDOWS
+---------
--------
 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.
 Note that "window" as used by Emacs does not refer to separate
 overlapping windows in the window system, but to separate panes
 within a single X window. (Emacs can also have multiple X
-windows, or "screens" in Emacs terminology.  This is described
+windows, or "frames" in Emacs terminology.  This is described
 later.)
 At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques of
 using multiple windows.  But you do need to know how to get
 rid of extra windows that may appear to display help or
 to display documentation on the Control-f command.
 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
-INSERTING AND DELETING
+* INSERTING AND DELETING
-----------------------
+------------------------
 If you want to insert text, just type it.  Characters which you can
 see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
 immediately.  Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
 Newline character.
-You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Rubout>.
+You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
-On X terminals, <Rubout> is normally the key labelled BACK SPACE.
+<Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del".  In
+some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!
+More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
+current cursor position.
 >> Do this now, type a few characters and then delete them
-by typing <Rubout> a few times.  Don't worry about this file
+by typing <Delete> a few times.  Don't worry about this file
 being changed; you won't affect the master tutorial.  This is just
 a copy of it.
 >> Now start typing text until you reach the right margin, and keep
 typing.  When a line of text gets too big for one line on the
 screen, the line of text is "continued" onto a second screen line.
 The backslash at the right margin indicates a line which has
 been continued.
->> Use <Rubout>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
+>> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
 line again.  The continuation line goes away.
->> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Rubout>.  This
+>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>.  This
 deletes the newline before the line and merges the line onto
 the previous line.  The resulting line may be too long to fit, in
 which case it has a continuation line.
 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
 Emacs and correcting errors.  You can delete by words or lines
 as well.  Here is a summary of the delete operations:
-	<Rubout>     delete the character just before the cursor
+	<Delete>     delete the character just before the cursor
 	C-d   	     delete the next character after the cursor
-	M-<Rubout>   kill the word immediately before the cursor
+	M-<Delete>   kill the word immediately before the cursor
 	M-d	     kill the next word after the cursor
 	C-k	     kill from the cursor position to end of line
 	M-k	     kill to the end of the current sentence
-Notice that <Rubout> and C-d vs M-<Rubout> and M-d extend the parallel
+Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
-started by C-f and M-f (well, <Rubout> isn't really a control
+started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> isn't really a control
 character, but let's not worry about that).  C-k and M-k are like C-e
 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
 Now suppose you kill something, and then you decide that you want to
 get it back?  Well, whenever you kill something bigger than a
 can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.  Generally, the
 commands that can destroy a lot of text save it, while the ones that
 attack only one character, or nothing but blank lines and spaces, do
 not save.
-For instance, type C-n a couple times to postion the cursor
+For instance, type C-n a couple times to position the cursor
 at some line on this screen.
 >> Do this now, move the cursor and kill that line with C-k.
 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
 arguments.
-UNDO
+* UNDO
-----
+------
 Any time you make a change to the text and wish you had not done so,
 you can undo the change (return the text to its previous state)
 with the undo command, C-x u.  Normally, C-x u undoes one command's
 worth of changes; if you repeat the C-x u several times in a row,
 Giving a numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u is equivalent to repeating
 it as many times as the argument says.
-FILES
+* FILES
------
+-------
 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
 file.  Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
 away.  You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file.  What
 finding means is that you see the contents of the file in your Emacs;
 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
 This should print "Wrote .../TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
 On VMS it will print "Wrote ...[...]TUTORIAL."
+NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
+will see no further output from Emacs.  This indicates that an
+operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
+C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs.  To unfreeze the screen,
+type C-q.  Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
+Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
 To make a new file, just find it "as if" it already existed.  Then
 start typing in the text.  When you ask to "save" the file, Emacs
 will really create the file with the text that you have inserted.
 From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an already
 existing file.
-BUFFERS
+* BUFFERS
--------
+---------
 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
 inside Emacs.  You can switch back to it by finding it again with
 C-x C-f.  This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
 C-x s goes through the list of all the buffers you have
 and finds the ones that contain files you have changed.
 For each such buffer, C-x s asks you whether to save it.
-USING THE MENU
+* USING THE MENU
---------------
+----------------
 If you are on an X terminal, you will notice a menubar at the
 top of the Emacs screen.  You can use this menubar to access all
 the most common Emacs commands, such as "find file".  You will
 find this easier at first, because you don't need to remember
 of the available buffers in most-recently used order.  You can
 switch to any buffer by simply findings its name in the Buffers
 menu and selecting it.
-USING THE MOUSE
+* USING THE MOUSE
----------------
+-----------------
 When running under X, Emacs is fully integrated with the mouse.
 You can position the text cursor by clicking the left button at
 the desired location, and you can select text by dragging the
 left mouse button across the text you want to select. (Or
 You will have to hold the button down in order to keep the
 menu up.
-EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
+* EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
--------------------------
+---------------------------
 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
 on all the control and meta characters.  Emacs gets around this with
 the X (eXtend) command.  This comes in two flavors:
 Another example is the command to tell Emacs that you'd like to stop
 editing and get rid of Emacs.  The command to do this is C-x C-c.
 (Don't worry; it offers to save each changed file before it kills the
 Emacs.)
-C-z is the usual way to exit Emacs, because it is always better not to
+C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
-kill the Emacs if you are going to do any more editing.  On systems
+back to the same Emacs session afterward.
-which allow it, C-z exits from Emacs to the shell but does not destroy
-the Emacs; if you use the C shell, you can resume Emacs with the `fg'
+On systems which allow it, C-z exits from Emacs to the shell but does
-command (or, more generally, with `%emacs', which works even if your
+not destroy the Emacs; if you use the C shell, you can resume Emacs
-most recent job was some other).  On systems where suspending is not
+with the `fg' command (or, more generally, with `%emacs', which works
-possible, C-z creates a subshell running under Emacs to give you the
+even if your most recent job was some other).  On systems which don't
-chance to run other programs and return to Emacs afterward, but it
+implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell running under Emacs to
-does not truly "exit" from Emacs.  In this case, the shell command
+give you the chance to run other programs and return to Emacs
-`exit' is the usual way to get back to Emacs from the subshell.
+afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs.  In this case, the
+shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to Emacs from the
-You would use C-x C-c if you were about to log out.  You would
+subshell.
-also use it to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling programs
-and other random utilities, since they may not believe you have
+The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out.  It's also
-really finished using the Emacs if it continues to exist.
+the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
+programs and other random utilities, since they may not know how to
+cope with suspension of Emacs.  On other occasions, use C-z, and
+resume the Emacs when you have more editing to do.
 There are many C-x commands.  The ones you know are:
 	C-x C-f		Find file.
 	C-x C-s		Save file.
 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
-the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occured
+the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred
 after the cursor.
-MODE LINE
+* AUTO SAVE
----------
+-----------
+When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
+they could be lost if your computer crashes.  To protect you from
+this, Emacs writes "auto save" files periodically.  The auto save file
+name has a # at the beginning and the end; for example, if your file
+is named "hello.c", its auto save file's name is "#hello.c#".  When
+you save the file in the normal way, its auto save file is no longer
+necessary so Emacs deletes it.
+If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
+finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
+save file) and then typing M-x recover file<return>.  When it asks for
+confirmation, type yes<return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
+data.
+* MODE LINE
+-----------
 If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
 at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area."  The echo
 area contains the bottom line of the screen.  The line immediately above
 it is called the MODE LINE.  The mode line says something like
 differently.  For example, there are commands for creating comments in
 a program, and since each programming language has a different idea of
 what a comment should look like, each major mode has to insert
 comments differently.  Each major mode is the name of an extended
 command, which is how you get into the mode.  For example,
-M-X fundamental-mode is how to get into Fundamental mode.
+M-x fundamental-mode is how to get into Fundamental mode.
 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
 should probably use Text Mode.
 >> Type M-x text-mode<Return>.
 Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in
-any great way.  But you can now observe that periods are no longer
+any great way.  But you can observe that apostrophes are now part of
-part of words when you do M-f or M-b!  Major modes are usually like
+words when you do M-f or M-b.  Major modes are usually like that:
-that: commands don't change into completely unrelated things, but they
+commands don't change into completely unrelated things, but they work
-work a little bit differently.
+a little bit differently.
 To get documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
 that paragraph.
 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
-SEARCHING
+* SEARCHING
----------
+-----------
 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
 characters or words) either forward through the file or backward
 through it.  To search for the string means that you are trying to
 locate it somewhere in the file and have Emacs show you where the
 initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r for reverse
 search.  BUT WAIT!  Don't do them now.  When you type C-s you'll
 notice that the string "I-search" appears as a prompt in the echo
 area.  This tells you that Emacs is in what is called an incremental
 search waiting for you to type the thing that you want to search for.
-<ESC> terminates a search.
+<RET> terminates a search.
 >> Now type C-s to start a search.  SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
 >> Type C-s to find the next occurrence of "cursor".
->> Now type <Rubout> four times and see how the cursor moves.
+>> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
->> Type <ESC> to terminate the search.
+>> Type <RET> to terminate the search.
 Did you see what happened?  Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far.  To go
 to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again.  If no such
 occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you that it is a failing
 search.  C-g would also terminate the search.
-If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Rubout>,
+NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
+see no further output from Emacs.  This indicates that an operating
+system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
+letting it get through to Emacs.  To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
+Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
+Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
+If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
 and the search backs up to the last place of the search.  For
 instance, suppose you currently have typed 'cu' and you see that your
-cursor is at the first occurrence of 'cu'.  If you now type <Rubout>,
+cursor is at the first occurrence of 'cu'.  If you now type <Delete>,
 the 'u' on the search line is erased and you'll be repositioned in the
 text to the occurrence of 'c' where the search took you before you
 typed the 'u'.  This provides a useful means for backing up while you
 are searching.
-If you are in the middle of a search and happen to type a control
+If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
-character (other than a C-s or C-r, which tell Emacs to search for the
+character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
-next occurrence of the string), the search is terminated.
+a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
 string AFTER the current cursor position.  But what if you want to
 search for something earlier in the text?  To do this, type C-r for
 Reverse search.  Everything that applies to C-s applies to C-r except
 that the direction of the search is reversed.
-RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
+* MULTIPLE WINDOWS
-------------------------
+------------------
+One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
+window on the screen at the same time.
+>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
+>> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
+Both windows display this tutorial.  The cursor stays in the top window.
+>> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
+(If you don't have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
+>> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
+>> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
+Keep reading these directions in the top window.
+>> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
+The cursor is still just where it was in the top window before.
+You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows.  Each
+window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
+shows the cursor.  All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
+window that the cursor is in.
+The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
+window and using the other window just for reference.  You can keep
+the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and edit
+there as you advance through the other window.
+C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character.  If you have a real
+META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CTRL and META while
+typing v.
+It doesn't matter whether CTRL or META "comes first," because both of
+these keys act by modifying the characters you type.  But if you don't
+have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order does matter:
+you must type ESC followed by CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v will not work.  This
+is because ESC is a character in its own right, not a modifier key.
+>> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
+(If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
+of the top one.  Think of this command as "Keep just one
+window--the window I am already in.")
+You don't have to display the same buffer in both windows.  If
+you use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window
+doesn't change.  You can pick a file in each window
+independently.
+Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
+things:
+>> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
+End with <RETURN>.  See the specified file appear in the bottom
+window.  The cursor goes there, too.
+>> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
+the bottom window.
+* RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
+--------------------------
 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
 level".  This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name.  For
 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
-To get out of the recursive editing level, type
+To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC.  That is
-M-x top-level<Return>.
+an all-purpose "get out" command.  You can also use it for eliminating
+extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
->> Try that now; it should display "Back to top level"
-at the bottom of the screen.
+>> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
-In fact, you were ALREADY at top level (not inside a recursive editing
-level) if you have obeyed instructions.  M-x top-level does not care;
-it gets out of any number of recursive editing levels, perhaps zero,
-to get back to top level.
 You can't use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level because C-g
-is used for discarding numeric arguments and partially typed commands
+is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the recursive
-WITHIN the recursive editing level.
+editing level.
-GETTING MORE HELP
+* GETTING MORE HELP
------------------
+-------------------
 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
 get you started using Emacs.  There is so much available in Emacs that
 it would be impossible to explain it all here.  However, you may want
 to learn more about Emacs since it has numerous desirable features
 To use the HELP features, type the C-h character, and then a
 character saying what kind of help you want.  If you are REALLY lost,
 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
 If you have typed C-h and decide you don't want any help, just
-type C-G to cancel it.
+type C-g to cancel it.
 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c.  Type C-h, a c, and a
 command character or sequence, and Emacs displays a very brief
 description of the command.
 To get more information on the command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
 >> Type C-h k Control-p.
-This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its name,
+This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
-in an Emacs window.  When you are finished reading the output, type
+name, in an Emacs window.  When you are finished reading the
-C-x 1 to get rid of the help text.  You do not have to do this right
+output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text.  You do not have
-away.  You can do some editing based on the help text before you type
+to do this right away.  You can do some editing while referring
-C-x 1.
+to the help text and then type C-x 1.
 Here are some other useful C-h options:
 C-h f	Describe a function.  You type in the name of the
 		function.
 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
 This prints all the information Emacs has about the
-function which implements the C-P command.
+function which implements the C-p command.
 C-h a	Command Apropos.  Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
 		all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
 		These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x.
 		For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
 		or two character sequence which has the same effect.
->> Type C-h a file<Return>.  You will see a list of all M-x commands
+>> Type C-h a file<Return>.
-with "file" in their names.  You will also see commands
-like C-x C-f and C-x C-w, listed beside the command names
+This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with
-find-file and write-file.
+"file" in their names.  You will also see commands like C-x C-f
+and C-x C-w, listed beside the command names find-file and
+write-file.
-CONCLUSION
-----------
+>> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window.  Do this a few times.
+>> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
+* CONCLUSION
+------------
 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c.  To exit to a shell
 temporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z. (This does not
 work under X windows, because there is no real concept of exiting
 temporarily to the shell.  Instead, C-z iconifies the Emacs screen.)
 COPYING
 -------
 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
-It was last modified September 1994 by Ben Wing, who updated the
+Ben Wing updated the tutorial for X Windows.
-tutorial for X.
 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
-Copyright (c) 1985, 1994 Free Software Foundation
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission

Mercurial > hg > xemacs-beta

comparison etc/TUTORIAL @ 70:131b0175ea99 r20-0b30