Mercurial > hg > xemacs-beta
annotate man/xemacs/keystrokes.texi @ 1204:e22b0213b713
[xemacs-hg @ 2003-01-12 11:07:58 by michaels]
modules/ChangeLog:
2002-12-16 Ben Wing <ben@xemacs.org>
* postgresql/postgresql.c:
remove ifdef USE_KKCC.
src/ChangeLog:
2003-01-08 Mike Sperber <mike@xemacs.org>
* console.h (CDFW_CONSOLE): Don't lead to a crash if we're dealing
with a dead window/frame/device/console.
2002-12-20 Mike Sperber <mike@xemacs.org>
* ui-gtk.c: Fix typo from Ben's patch: emacs_ffi_data is a
typedef, not a struct. emacs_gtk_object_data is a typedef, not a
struct.
* gtk-glue.c (gdk_event_to_emacs_event): Fix typos from Ben's
patch: le -> emacs_event + rearrange the code.
* event-gtk.c (gtk_event_to_emacs_event): Fix typos from Ben's
patch: ..._UNDERLYING_GDK_EVENT -> ..._GDK_EVENT, ev -> key_event.
* device-gtk.c: Fix typo from Ben's patch: x_keysym_map_hash_table
-> x_keysym_map_hashtable.
2002-12-19 Mike Sperber <mike@xemacs.org>
* menubar-x.c (set_frame_menubar): Initialize protect_me field of
popup_data.
2002-12-16 Ben Wing <ben@xemacs.org>
Major cleanup of KKCC, etc.
KKCC, pdump-related:
-- descriptions are written for all objects. this required some
changes in the format of some objects, e.g. extents, popup-data,
coding system, lstream, lcrecord-list.
-- KKCC now handles weakness in markers, hash tables, elsewhere
correctly (formerly, you'd eventually get a stack overflow due
to endlessly expanding markers).
-- textual changes: lrecord_description -> memory_description,
struct_description -> sized_memory_description.
-- extensive comment describing descriptions and pdump.
-- redo XD_UNION so it works inline and change its format to provide
sufficient info for pdump. implement XD_UNION in pdump. also add
XD_UNION_DYNAMIC_SIZE, which works like XD_UNION except for when
auto-computing structure sizes.
-- add support for XD_INDIRECT in description offsets (used by
extents).
-- add support for "description maps", allowing for indirect
descriptions that are retrieved from an object at run-time. this
generalizes XD_CODING_SYSTEM_END, XD_SPECIFIER_END, etc., which
have now been eliminated.
-- add a fifth field "flags" to memory_description, to support flags
that can be specified for this particular line. Currently defined
flags are XD_FLAG_NO_KKCC (KKCC should ignore this entry; useful
for the weakness above in markers, etc.), XD_FLAG_NO_PDUMP (pdump
should ignore this entry), XD_FLAG_UNION_DEFAULT_ENTRY (in
union maps, this specifies a "default" entry for all remaining
values), and XD_FLAG_FREE_LISP_OBJECT (for use with lcrecord-lists).
-- clean up the kkcc-itis in events, so that the differences
between event data as separate objects and as a union are now
minimized to a small number of places. with the new XD_UNION, we
no longer need event data as separate objects, so this code is no
longer ifdef USE_KKCC, but instead ifdef EVENT_DATA_AS_OBJECTS,
not used by default. make sure that we explicitly free the
separate event data objects when no longer in use, to maintain the
invariant the event processing causes no consing.
-- also remove other USE_KKCC ifdefs when not necessary.
-- allow for KKCC compilation under MS Windows.
-- fix README.kkcc.
-- dump_add_root_object -> dump_add_root_lisp_object.
-- implement dump_add_root_block and use this to handle
dump_add_opaque.
-- factor out some code duplicated in kkcc and pdump.
Other allocation/object-related:
-- change various *slots.h so MARKED_SLOT() call no longer
includes semicolon.
-- free_marker() takes a Lisp_Object not a direct pointer.
-- make bit vectors lcrecords, like vectors, and eliminate code
that essentially duplicated the lcrecord handling.
-- additional asserts in FREE_FIXED_TYPE, formerly duplicated in
the various callers of this.
-- all lcrecord allocation functions now zero out the returned
lcrecords. unnecessary calls to zero_lcrecord removed. add long
comment describing these functions.
-- extract out process and coding system slots, like for buffers,
frames, etc.
-- lcrecords now set the type of items sitting on the free list to
lcrecord_type_free.
-- changes to the way that gap arrays are allocated, for kkcc's
benefit -- now, one single memory block with a stretchy array on
the end, instead of a separate block holding the array.
Error-checking-related:
-- now can compile with C++ under MS Windows. clean up compile errors
discovered that way. (a few were real problems)
-- add C++ error-checking code to verify problems with mismatched
GCPRO/UNGCPRO. (there were a few in the kkcc code.) add long
comment about how to catch insufficient GCPRO (yes, it's possible
using C++).
-- add debug_p4(), a simple object printer, when debug_print()
doesn't work.
-- add dp() and db() as short synonyms of debug_print(),
debug_backtrace().
-- `print' tries EXTREMELY hard to avoid core dumping when printing
when crashing or from debug_print(), and tries as hard as it
reasonably can in other situations.
-- Correct the message output upon crashing to be more up-to-date.
Event-related:
-- document event-matches-key-specifier-p better.
-- generalize the dispatch queues formerly duplicated in the
various event implementations. add event methods to drain pending
events. generalize and clean up QUIT handling, removing
event-specific quit processing. allow arbitrary keystrokes, not
just ASCII, to be the QUIT char. among other things, this should
fix some longstanding bugs in X quit handling. long comment
describing the various event queues.
-- implement delaying of XFlush() if there are pending expose events.
SOMEONE PLEASE TRY THIS OUT.
-- Fix `xemacs -batch -l dunnet' under Cygwin. Try to fix under
MS Windows but not quite there yet.
Other:
-- class -> class_ and no more C++ games with this item.
new -> new_ in the lwlib code, so far not elsewhere.
-- use `struct htentry' not `struct hentry' in elhash.c to avoid
debugger confusion with hash.c.
-- new macros ALIST_LOOP_3, ALIST_LOOP_4.
* README.kkcc:
* alloc.c:
* alloc.c (deadbeef_memory):
* alloc.c (allocate_lisp_storage):
* alloc.c (copy_lisp_object):
* alloc.c (ALLOCATE_FIXED_TYPE_1):
* alloc.c (FREE_FIXED_TYPE):
* alloc.c (make_vector_internal):
* alloc.c (make_bit_vector_internal):
* alloc.c (make_key_data):
* alloc.c (make_button_data):
* alloc.c (make_motion_data):
* alloc.c (make_process_data):
* alloc.c (make_timeout_data):
* alloc.c (make_magic_data):
* alloc.c (make_magic_eval_data):
* alloc.c (make_eval_data):
* alloc.c (make_misc_user_data):
* alloc.c (struct string_chars_block):
* alloc.c (mark_lcrecord_list):
* alloc.c (make_lcrecord_list):
* alloc.c (alloc_managed_lcrecord):
* alloc.c (free_managed_lcrecord):
* alloc.c (alloc_automanaged_lcrecord):
* alloc.c (staticpro_1):
* alloc.c (staticpro):
* alloc.c (lispdesc_indirect_count_1):
* alloc.c (lispdesc_indirect_description_1):
* alloc.c (lispdesc_one_description_line_size):
* alloc.c (lispdesc_structure_size):
* alloc.c (mark_object_maybe_checking_free):
* alloc.c (mark_with_description):
* alloc.c (mark_struct_contents):
* alloc.c (mark_object):
* alloc.c (tick_lcrecord_stats):
* alloc.c (free_cons):
* alloc.c (free_key_data):
* alloc.c (free_button_data):
* alloc.c (free_motion_data):
* alloc.c (free_process_data):
* alloc.c (free_timeout_data):
* alloc.c (free_magic_data):
* alloc.c (free_magic_eval_data):
* alloc.c (free_eval_data):
* alloc.c (free_misc_user_data):
* alloc.c (free_marker):
* alloc.c (compact_string_chars):
* alloc.c (gc_sweep):
* alloc.c (garbage_collect_1):
* alloc.c (Fgarbage_collect):
* alloc.c (common_init_alloc_early):
* alloc.c (init_alloc_early):
* alloc.c (init_alloc_once_early):
* buffer.c:
* buffer.c (mark_buffer):
* buffer.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* buffer.c (cleanup_buffer_undo_lists):
* buffer.c (Fget_file_buffer):
* buffer.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* bufslots.h:
* bytecode.c:
* callint.c:
* casetab.c:
* chartab.c:
* chartab.c (symbol_to_char_table_type):
* cmdloop.c:
* cmdloop.c (Fcommand_loop_1):
* config.h.in (new):
* conslots.h:
* console-gtk-impl.h (struct gtk_frame):
* console-impl.h:
* console-impl.h (struct console):
* console-impl.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* console-impl.h (CONSOLE_QUIT_EVENT):
* console-msw-impl.h (XM_BUMPQUEUE):
* console-msw.c (write_string_to_mswindows_debugging_output):
* console-msw.h:
* console-stream-impl.h:
* console-stream-impl.h (struct stream_console):
* console-stream.c:
* console-stream.c (stream_init_console):
* console-stream.h:
* console-tty.c:
* console-tty.h:
* console-x.h:
* console.c:
* console.c (mark_console):
* console.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* console.c (allocate_console):
* console.c (get_console_variant):
* console.c (create_console):
* console.c (delete_console_internal):
* console.c (Fset_input_mode):
* console.c (Fcurrent_input_mode):
* console.c (common_init_complex_vars_of_console):
* console.h:
* console.h (console_variant):
* console.h (device_metrics):
* data.c:
* data.c (Faref):
* data.c (Faset):
* data.c (decode_weak_list_type):
* database.c:
* debug.c (xemacs_debug_loop):
* debug.c (FROB):
* debug.c (Fadd_debug_class_to_check):
* debug.c (Fdelete_debug_class_to_check):
* debug.c (Fset_debug_classes_to_check):
* debug.c (Fset_debug_class_types_to_check):
* debug.c (Fdebug_types_being_checked):
* debug.h (DASSERT):
* device-gtk.c:
* device-impl.h (struct device):
* device-impl.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* device-msw.c:
* device-x.c:
* device-x.c (x_init_device_class):
* device-x.c (x_comp_visual_info):
* device-x.c (x_try_best_visual_class):
* device-x.c (x_init_device):
* device-x.c (construct_name_list):
* device-x.c (x_get_resource_prefix):
* device-x.c (Fx_get_resource):
* device-x.c (Fx_display_visual_class):
* device.c:
* device.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* device.c (allocate_device):
* device.c (Fmake_device):
* device.c (delete_device_internal):
* device.c (Fset_device_class):
* device.h:
* devslots.h:
* devslots.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* dialog-msw.c:
* dired-msw.c (mswindows_ls_sort_fcn):
* dired-msw.c (mswindows_get_files):
* dired-msw.c (mswindows_format_file):
* doprnt.c (parse_doprnt_spec):
* dumper.c:
* dumper.c (struct):
* dumper.c (dump_add_root_block):
* dumper.c (dump_add_root_struct_ptr):
* dumper.c (dump_add_root_lisp_object):
* dumper.c (pdump_struct_list_elt):
* dumper.c (pdump_get_entry_list):
* dumper.c (pdump_backtrace):
* dumper.c (pdump_bump_depth):
* dumper.c (pdump_register_sub):
* dumper.c (pdump_register_object):
* dumper.c (pdump_register_struct_contents):
* dumper.c (pdump_register_struct):
* dumper.c (pdump_store_new_pointer_offsets):
* dumper.c (pdump_dump_data):
* dumper.c (pdump_reloc_one):
* dumper.c (pdump_allocate_offset):
* dumper.c (pdump_scan_by_alignment):
* dumper.c (pdump_dump_root_blocks):
* dumper.c (pdump_dump_rtables):
* dumper.c (pdump_dump_root_lisp_objects):
* dumper.c (pdump):
* dumper.c (pdump_load_finish):
* dumper.c (pdump_file_get):
* dumper.c (pdump_resource_get):
* dumper.c (pdump_load):
* editfns.c (save_excursion_restore):
* editfns.c (user_login_name):
* editfns.c (save_restriction_restore):
* elhash.c:
* elhash.c (htentry):
* elhash.c (struct Lisp_Hash_Table):
* elhash.c (HTENTRY_CLEAR_P):
* elhash.c (LINEAR_PROBING_LOOP):
* elhash.c (check_hash_table_invariants):
* elhash.c (mark_hash_table):
* elhash.c (hash_table_equal):
* elhash.c (print_hash_table_data):
* elhash.c (free_hentries):
* elhash.c (make_general_lisp_hash_table):
* elhash.c (decode_hash_table_weakness):
* elhash.c (decode_hash_table_test):
* elhash.c (Fcopy_hash_table):
* elhash.c (resize_hash_table):
* elhash.c (pdump_reorganize_hash_table):
* elhash.c (find_htentry):
* elhash.c (Fgethash):
* elhash.c (Fputhash):
* elhash.c (remhash_1):
* elhash.c (Fremhash):
* elhash.c (Fclrhash):
* elhash.c (copy_compress_hentries):
* elhash.c (elisp_maphash_unsafe):
* elhash.c (finish_marking_weak_hash_tables):
* elhash.c (prune_weak_hash_tables):
* elhash.h:
* emacs.c:
* emacs.c (main_1):
* emacs.c (main):
* emacs.c (shut_down_emacs):
* emodules.h (dump_add_root_lisp_object):
* eval.c:
* eval.c (unwind_to_catch):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_error_1):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_error_1):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_error):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_error):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_error_2):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_error_2):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_ferror):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_ferror):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_ferror_with_frob):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_ferror_with_frob):
* eval.c (maybe_syntax_error):
* eval.c (maybe_sferror):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_argument):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_constant):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_operation):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_change):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_state):
* eval.c (Feval):
* eval.c (call_trapping_problems):
* eval.c (call_with_suspended_errors):
* eval.c (warn_when_safe_lispobj):
* eval.c (warn_when_safe):
* eval.c (vars_of_eval):
* event-Xt.c:
* event-Xt.c (maybe_define_x_key_as_self_inserting_character):
* event-Xt.c (x_to_emacs_keysym):
* event-Xt.c (x_event_to_emacs_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_enqueue_focus_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_format_magic_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_compare_magic_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_hash_magic_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_handle_magic_event):
* event-Xt.c (Xt_timeout_to_emacs_event):
* event-Xt.c (Xt_process_to_emacs_event):
* event-Xt.c (signal_special_Xt_user_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_next_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_event_handler):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_drain_queue):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_event_pending_p):
* event-Xt.c (check_if_pending_expose_event):
* event-Xt.c (reinit_vars_of_event_Xt):
* event-Xt.c (vars_of_event_Xt):
* event-gtk.c:
* event-gtk.c (IS_MODIFIER_KEY):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_format_magic_event):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_compare_magic_event):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_hash_magic_event):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_handle_magic_event):
* event-gtk.c (gtk_to_emacs_keysym):
* event-gtk.c (gtk_timeout_to_emacs_event):
* event-gtk.c (gtk_process_to_emacs_event):
* event-gtk.c (dragndrop_data_received):
* event-gtk.c (signal_special_gtk_user_event):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_next_event):
* event-gtk.c (gtk_event_to_emacs_event):
* event-gtk.c (generic_event_handler):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_shell_event_handler):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_drain_queue):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_event_pending_p):
* event-gtk.c (reinit_vars_of_event_gtk):
* event-gtk.c (vars_of_event_gtk):
* event-msw.c:
* event-msw.c (struct winsock_stream):
* event-msw.c (winsock_reader):
* event-msw.c (winsock_writer):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_dispatch_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_misc_user_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_process_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_mouse_button_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_keypress_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_dequeue_dispatch_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_drain_queue):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_need_event_in_modal_loop):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_need_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_wm_timer_callback):
* event-msw.c (dde_eval_string):
* event-msw.c (Fdde_alloc_advise_item):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_dde_callback):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_wnd_proc):
* event-msw.c (remove_timeout_mapper):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_remove_timeout):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_event_pending_p):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_format_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_compare_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_hash_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_handle_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_select_console):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_unselect_console):
* event-msw.c (reinit_vars_of_event_mswindows):
* event-msw.c (vars_of_event_mswindows):
* event-stream.c:
* event-stream.c (mark_command_builder):
* event-stream.c (reset_command_builder_event_chain):
* event-stream.c (allocate_command_builder):
* event-stream.c (copy_command_builder):
* event-stream.c (command_builder_append_event):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_event_pending_p):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_force_event_pending):
* event-stream.c (maybe_read_quit_event):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_drain_queue):
* event-stream.c (remove_quit_p_event):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_quit_p):
* event-stream.c (echo_key_event):
* event-stream.c (maybe_kbd_translate):
* event-stream.c (execute_help_form):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_generate_wakeup):
* event-stream.c (enqueue_dispatch_event):
* event-stream.c (enqueue_magic_eval_event):
* event-stream.c (Fenqueue_eval_event):
* event-stream.c (enqueue_misc_user_event):
* event-stream.c (enqueue_misc_user_event_pos):
* event-stream.c (next_event_internal):
* event-stream.c (Fnext_event):
* event-stream.c (Faccept_process_output):
* event-stream.c (execute_internal_event):
* event-stream.c (munge_keymap_translate):
* event-stream.c (command_builder_find_leaf_no_mule_processing):
* event-stream.c (command_builder_find_leaf):
* event-stream.c (lookup_command_event):
* event-stream.c (is_scrollbar_event):
* event-stream.c (execute_command_event):
* event-stream.c (Fdispatch_event):
* event-stream.c (Fread_key_sequence):
* event-stream.c (dribble_out_event):
* event-stream.c (vars_of_event_stream):
* event-tty.c (tty_timeout_to_emacs_event):
* event-tty.c (emacs_tty_next_event):
* event-tty.c (emacs_tty_drain_queue):
* event-tty.c (reinit_vars_of_event_tty):
* event-unixoid.c:
* event-unixoid.c (find_tty_or_stream_console_from_fd):
* event-unixoid.c (read_event_from_tty_or_stream_desc):
* event-unixoid.c (drain_tty_devices):
* event-unixoid.c (poll_fds_for_input):
* events.c:
* events.c (deinitialize_event):
* events.c (zero_event):
* events.c (mark_event):
* events.c (print_event_1):
* events.c (print_event):
* events.c (event_equal):
* events.c (event_hash):
* events.c (Fmake_event):
* events.c (Fdeallocate_event):
* events.c (Fcopy_event):
* events.c (map_event_chain_remove):
* events.c (character_to_event):
* events.c (event_to_character):
* events.c (Fevent_to_character):
* events.c (format_event_object):
* events.c (upshift_event):
* events.c (downshift_event):
* events.c (event_upshifted_p):
* events.c (Fevent_live_p):
* events.c (Fevent_type):
* events.c (Fevent_timestamp):
* events.c (CHECK_EVENT_TYPE):
* events.c (CHECK_EVENT_TYPE2):
* events.c (CHECK_EVENT_TYPE3):
* events.c (Fevent_key):
* events.c (Fevent_button):
* events.c (Fevent_modifier_bits):
* events.c (event_x_y_pixel_internal):
* events.c (event_pixel_translation):
* events.c (Fevent_process):
* events.c (Fevent_function):
* events.c (Fevent_object):
* events.c (Fevent_properties):
* events.c (syms_of_events):
* events.c (vars_of_events):
* events.h:
* events.h (struct event_stream):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Key_Data):
* events.h (KEY_DATA_KEYSYM):
* events.h (EVENT_KEY_KEYSYM):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Button_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_BUTTON_BUTTON):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Motion_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_MOTION_X):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Process_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_PROCESS_PROCESS):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Timeout_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_TIMEOUT_INTERVAL_ID):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Eval_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_EVAL_FUNCTION):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Misc_User_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_MISC_USER_FUNCTION):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Magic_Eval_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_MAGIC_EVAL_INTERNAL_FUNCTION):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Magic_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_MAGIC_UNDERLYING):
* events.h (EVENT_MAGIC_GDK_EVENT):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Event):
* events.h (XEVENT_CHANNEL):
* events.h (SET_EVENT_TIMESTAMP_ZERO):
* events.h (SET_EVENT_CHANNEL):
* events.h (SET_EVENT_NEXT):
* events.h (XSET_EVENT_TYPE):
* events.h (struct command_builder):
* extents.c:
* extents.c (gap_array_adjust_markers):
* extents.c (gap_array_recompute_derived_values):
* extents.c (gap_array_move_gap):
* extents.c (gap_array_make_gap):
* extents.c (gap_array_insert_els):
* extents.c (gap_array_delete_els):
* extents.c (gap_array_make_marker):
* extents.c (gap_array_delete_marker):
* extents.c (gap_array_move_marker):
* extents.c (make_gap_array):
* extents.c (free_gap_array):
* extents.c (extent_list_num_els):
* extents.c (extent_list_insert):
* extents.c (mark_extent_auxiliary):
* extents.c (allocate_extent_auxiliary):
* extents.c (decode_extent_at_flag):
* extents.c (verify_extent_mapper):
* extents.c (symbol_to_glyph_layout):
* extents.c (syms_of_extents):
* faces.c:
* file-coding.c:
* file-coding.c (struct_detector_category_description =):
* file-coding.c (detector_category_dynarr_description_1):
* file-coding.c (struct_detector_description =):
* file-coding.c (detector_dynarr_description_1):
* file-coding.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* file-coding.c (mark_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (coding_system_extra_description_map):
* file-coding.c (coding_system_description):
* file-coding.c (allocate_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (symbol_to_eol_type):
* file-coding.c (Fcoding_system_aliasee):
* file-coding.c (set_coding_stream_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (struct convert_eol_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (struct undecided_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (undecided_mark_coding_stream):
* file-coding.c (coding_category_symbol_to_id):
* file-coding.c (struct gzip_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (coding_system_type_create):
* file-coding.h:
* file-coding.h (struct Lisp_Coding_System):
* file-coding.h (CODING_SYSTEM_SLOT_DECLARATION):
* file-coding.h (coding_system_variant):
* file-coding.h (struct coding_system_methods):
* file-coding.h (DEFINE_CODING_SYSTEM_TYPE_WITH_DATA):
* file-coding.h (INITIALIZE_CODING_SYSTEM_TYPE_WITH_DATA):
* file-coding.h (struct coding_stream):
* fileio.c (Fsubstitute_in_file_name):
* floatfns.c:
* fns.c:
* fns.c (base64_encode_1):
* frame-gtk.c:
* frame-gtk.c (Fgtk_start_drag_internal):
* frame-impl.h (struct frame):
* frame-impl.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* frame-msw.c:
* frame-x.c:
* frame-x.c (Fcde_start_drag_internal):
* frame-x.c (Foffix_start_drag_internal):
* frame.c:
* frame.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* frame.c (allocate_frame_core):
* frame.c (delete_frame_internal):
* frame.c (Fmouse_position_as_motion_event):
* frameslots.h:
* frameslots.h (MARKED_SLOT_ARRAY):
* free-hook.c:
* glyphs-msw.c (mswindows_widget_instantiate):
* glyphs-x.c:
* glyphs-x.c (convert_EImage_to_XImage):
* glyphs.c:
* glyphs.c (process_image_string_instantiator):
* glyphs.c (mark_image_instance):
* glyphs.c (allocate_image_instance):
* glyphs.c (unmap_subwindow):
* glyphs.c (map_subwindow):
* glyphs.c (syms_of_glyphs):
* glyphs.c (specifier_type_create_image):
* glyphs.h:
* glyphs.h (struct text_image_instance):
* glyphs.h (struct Lisp_Image_Instance):
* gmalloc.c:
* gmalloc.c ("C"):
* gpmevent.c (Freceive_gpm_event):
* gpmevent.c (gpm_next_event_cb):
* gpmevent.c (vars_of_gpmevent):
* gtk-glue.c (gdk_event_to_emacs_event):
* gtk-xemacs.c (gtk_xemacs_class_init):
* gui-msw.c:
* gui-msw.c (mswindows_handle_gui_wm_command):
* gui-msw.c (mswindows_translate_menu_or_dialog_item):
* gui-x.c:
* gui-x.c (mark_popup_data):
* gui-x.c (snarf_widget_value_mapper):
* gui-x.c (gcpro_popup_callbacks):
* gui-x.c (ungcpro_popup_callbacks):
* gui-x.c (free_popup_widget_value_tree):
* gui-x.c (popup_selection_callback):
* gui-x.h:
* gui-x.h (struct popup_data):
* gui.c:
* gui.c (allocate_gui_item):
* gutter.c (decode_gutter_position):
* hash.c (NULL_ENTRY):
* indent.c (vmotion_1):
* indent.c (vmotion_pixels):
* input-method-motif.c (res):
* input-method-xlib.c (IMInstantiateCallback):
* input-method-xlib.c (XIM_init_device):
* input-method-xlib.c (res):
* intl-encap-win32.c:
* intl-encap-win32.c (qxeSHGetDataFromIDList):
* intl-win32.c:
* intl-win32.c (mswindows_multibyte_cp_type):
* intl-win32.c (struct mswindows_multibyte_coding_system):
* keymap.c:
* keymap.c (make_key_description):
* keymap.c (keymap_store):
* keymap.c (get_keyelt):
* keymap.c (keymap_lookup_1):
* keymap.c (define_key_parser):
* keymap.c (key_desc_list_to_event):
* keymap.c (event_matches_key_specifier_p):
* keymap.c (meta_prefix_char_p):
* keymap.c (ensure_meta_prefix_char_keymapp):
* keymap.c (Fdefine_key):
* keymap.c (struct raw_lookup_key_mapper_closure):
* keymap.c (raw_lookup_key):
* keymap.c (raw_lookup_key_mapper):
* keymap.c (lookup_keys):
* keymap.c (lookup_events):
* keymap.c (Flookup_key):
* keymap.c (struct map_keymap_unsorted_closure):
* keymap.c (map_keymap_unsorted_mapper):
* keymap.c (map_keymap_sorted):
* keymap.c (map_keymap_mapper):
* keymap.c (map_keymap):
* keymap.c (accessible_keymaps_mapper_1):
* keymap.c (Faccessible_keymaps):
* keymap.c (Fsingle_key_description):
* keymap.c (raw_keys_to_keys):
* keymap.c (format_raw_keys):
* keymap.c (where_is_recursive_mapper):
* keymap.c (where_is_internal):
* keymap.c (describe_map_mapper_shadow_search):
* keymap.c (keymap_lookup_inherited_mapper):
* keymap.c (describe_map_mapper):
* keymap.h (event_matches_key_specifier_p):
* lisp.h:
* lisp.h (this):
* lisp.h (RETURN_NOT_REACHED):
* lisp.h (struct Lisp_Vector):
* lisp.h (struct Lisp_Bit_Vector):
* lisp.h (UNGCPRO_1):
* lisp.h (NUNGCPRO):
* lisp.h (NNUNGCPRO):
* lisp.h (DECLARE_INLINE_HEADER):
* lrecord.h:
* lrecord.h (struct lrecord_header):
* lrecord.h (struct lcrecord_header):
* lrecord.h (lrecord_type):
* lrecord.h (struct lrecord_implementation):
* lrecord.h (RECORD_DUMPABLE):
* lrecord.h (memory_description_type):
* lrecord.h (data_description_entry_flags):
* lrecord.h (struct memory_description):
* lrecord.h (struct sized_memory_description):
* lrecord.h (XD_INDIRECT):
* lrecord.h (XD_IS_INDIRECT):
* lrecord.h (XD_DYNARR_DESC):
* lrecord.h (DEFINE_BASIC_LRECORD_IMPLEMENTATION):
* lrecord.h (MAKE_LRECORD_IMPLEMENTATION):
* lrecord.h (MAKE_EXTERNAL_LRECORD_IMPLEMENTATION):
* lrecord.h (alloc_lcrecord_type):
* lstream.c:
* lstream.c (Lstream_new):
* lstream.c (lisp_buffer_marker):
* lstream.h:
* lstream.h (lstream_implementation):
* lstream.h (DEFINE_LSTREAM_IMPLEMENTATION):
* lstream.h (DEFINE_LSTREAM_IMPLEMENTATION_WITH_DATA):
* marker.c:
* marker.c (copy_marker_1):
* mem-limits.h:
* menubar-gtk.c:
* menubar-gtk.c (gtk_popup_menu):
* menubar-msw.c:
* menubar-msw.c (mswindows_popup_menu):
* menubar-x.c (make_dummy_xbutton_event):
* menubar-x.c (command_builder_operate_menu_accelerator):
* menubar-x.c (menu_accelerator_safe_compare):
* menubar-x.c (menu_accelerator_safe_mod_compare):
* mule-charset.c:
* mule-charset.c (make_charset):
* mule-charset.c (Fcharset_property):
* mule-coding.c:
* mule-coding.c (ccs_description_1):
* mule-coding.c (ccs_description =):
* mule-coding.c (ccsd_description_1):
* mule-coding.c (ccsd_description =):
* nt.c (getpwnam):
* nt.c (init_mswindows_environment):
* nt.c (get_cached_volume_information):
* nt.c (mswindows_is_executable):
* nt.c (read_unc_volume):
* nt.c (mswindows_access):
* nt.c (mswindows_link):
* nt.c (mswindows_fstat):
* nt.c (mswindows_stat):
* nt.c (mswindows_executable_type):
* nt.c (Fmswindows_short_file_name):
* nt.c (Fmswindows_long_file_name):
* objects-impl.h (struct Lisp_Color_Instance):
* objects-impl.h (struct Lisp_Font_Instance):
* objects-tty.c:
* objects-x.c (allocate_nearest_color):
* objects.c:
* objects.c (Fmake_color_instance):
* objects.c (Fmake_font_instance):
* objects.c (font_instantiate):
* opaque.c:
* opaque.c (make_opaque):
* opaque.c (make_opaque_ptr):
* opaque.c (reinit_opaque_early):
* opaque.c (init_opaque_once_early):
* print.c:
* print.c (printing_badness):
* print.c (printing_major_badness):
* print.c (print_internal):
* print.c (debug_p4):
* print.c (dp):
* print.c (debug_backtrace):
* process-nt.c (nt_create_process):
* process-nt.c (get_internet_address):
* process-unix.c:
* process-unix.c (struct unix_process_data):
* process-unix.c (get_internet_address):
* process-unix.c (unix_alloc_process_data):
* process-unix.c (unix_create_process):
* process-unix.c (try_to_initialize_subtty):
* process-unix.c (unix_kill_child_process):
* process-unix.c (process_type_create_unix):
* process.c:
* process.c (mark_process):
* process.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* process.c (make_process_internal):
* process.c (Fprocess_tty_name):
* process.c (decode_signal):
* process.h:
* procimpl.h:
* procimpl.h (struct process_methods):
* procimpl.h (struct Lisp_Process):
* rangetab.c:
* realpath.c (readlink_and_correct_case):
* redisplay-x.c (x_window_output_end):
* redisplay-x.c (x_redraw_exposed_area):
* redisplay-x.c (x_clear_frame):
* redisplay.c:
* redisplay.h:
* redisplay.h (struct rune_dglyph):
* redisplay.h (struct rune):
* scrollbar.c:
* scrollbar.c (create_scrollbar_instance):
* specifier.c:
* specifier.c (specifier_empty_extra_description_1):
* specifier.c (make_specifier_internal):
* specifier.c (decode_locale_type):
* specifier.c (decode_how_to_add_specification):
* specifier.h:
* specifier.h (struct specifier_methods):
* specifier.h (DEFINE_SPECIFIER_TYPE_WITH_DATA):
* specifier.h (INITIALIZE_SPECIFIER_TYPE_WITH_DATA):
* symbols.c:
* symbols.c (Fsetplist):
* symbols.c (default_value):
* symbols.c (decode_magic_handler_type):
* symbols.c (handler_type_from_function_symbol):
* symbols.c (Fdefvaralias):
* symbols.c (init_symbols_once_early):
* symbols.c (reinit_symbols_early):
* symsinit.h:
* sysdep.c (sys_subshell):
* sysdep.c (tty_init_sys_modes_on_device):
* syswindows.h:
* text.c (dfc_convert_to_external_format):
* text.c (dfc_convert_to_internal_format):
* text.c (reinit_eistring_early):
* text.c (init_eistring_once_early):
* text.c (reinit_vars_of_text):
* text.h:
* text.h (INC_IBYTEPTR_FMT):
* text.h (DEC_IBYTEPTR_FMT):
* toolbar.c:
* toolbar.c (decode_toolbar_position):
* tooltalk.c:
* ui-gtk.c:
* unexnt.c:
* unexnt.c (_start):
* unexnt.c (unexec):
* unexnt.c (get_section_info):
* unicode.c:
* unicode.c (vars_of_unicode):
* window.c:
* window.c (allocate_window):
* window.c (new_window_mirror):
* window.c (update_mirror_internal):
* winslots.h:
| author | michaels |
|---|---|
| date | Sun, 12 Jan 2003 11:08:22 +0000 |
| parents | abe6d1db359e |
| children | 4cad7ff4a200 |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 428 | 1 |
| 2 @node Keystrokes, Pull-down Menus, Frame, Top | |
| 3 @chapter Keystrokes, Key Sequences, and Key Bindings | |
| 4 | |
| 5 @iftex | |
| 6 This chapter discusses the character set Emacs uses for input commands | |
| 7 and inside files. You have already learned that the more frequently | |
| 8 used Emacs commands are bound to keys. For example, @kbd{Control-f} is | |
| 9 bound to @code{forward-char}. The following issues are covered: | |
| 10 | |
| 11 @itemize @bullet | |
| 12 @item | |
| 13 How keystrokes can be represented | |
| 14 @item | |
| 15 How you can create key sequences from keystrokes | |
| 16 @item | |
| 17 How you can add to the available modifier keys by customizing your | |
| 18 keyboard: for example, you could have the | |
| 19 @key{Capslock} key be understood as the @key{Super} key by Emacs. A | |
| 20 @key{Super} key is used like @key{Control} or @key{Meta} in that you hold | |
| 21 it while typing another key. | |
| 22 @end itemize | |
| 23 | |
| 24 You will also learn how to customize existing key bindings and | |
| 25 create new ones. | |
| 26 @end iftex | |
| 27 | |
| 28 @menu | |
| 29 * Intro to Keystrokes:: Keystrokes as building blocks of key sequences. | |
| 30 * Representing Keystrokes:: Using lists of modifiers and keysyms to | |
| 31 represent keystrokes. | |
| 32 * Key Sequences:: Combine key strokes into key sequences you can | |
| 33 bind to commands. | |
| 34 * String Key Sequences:: Available for upward compatibility. | |
| 35 * Meta Key:: Using @key{ESC} to represent @key{Meta} | |
| 36 * Super and Hyper Keys:: Adding modifier keys on certain keyboards. | |
| 37 * Character Representation:: How characters appear in Emacs buffers. | |
| 38 * Commands:: How commands are bound to key sequences. | |
| 39 @end menu | |
| 40 | |
| 41 @node Intro to Keystrokes, Representing Keystrokes, Keystrokes, Keystrokes | |
| 42 @section Keystrokes as Building Blocks of Key Sequences | |
| 43 @cindex character set | |
| 44 @cindex ASCII | |
| 45 @cindex keystroke | |
| 46 | |
| 47 Earlier versions of Emacs used only the ASCII character set, | |
| 48 which defines 128 different character codes. Some of these codes are | |
| 49 assigned graphic symbols like @samp{a} and @samp{=}; the rest are | |
| 50 control characters, such as @kbd{Control-a} (also called @kbd{C-a}). | |
| 51 @kbd{C-a} means you hold down the @key{CTRL} key and then press | |
| 52 @kbd{a}.@refill | |
| 53 | |
| 54 Keybindings in XEmacs are not restricted to the set of | |
| 55 keystrokes that can be represented in ASCII. XEmacs can tell the | |
| 56 difference between, for example, @kbd{Control-h}, @kbd{Control-Shift-h}, | |
| 57 and @kbd{Backspace}. | |
| 58 | |
| 59 @cindex modifier key | |
| 60 @cindex keysym | |
| 61 @kindex meta key | |
| 62 @kindex control key | |
| 63 @kindex hyper key | |
| 64 @kindex super key | |
| 65 @kindex shift key | |
| 66 @kindex button1 | |
| 67 @kindex button2 | |
| 68 @kindex button3 | |
| 69 @kindex button1up | |
| 70 @kindex button2up | |
| 71 @kindex button3up | |
| 72 | |
| 73 A keystroke is like a piano chord: you get it by simultaneously | |
| 74 striking several keys. To be more precise, a keystroke consists | |
| 75 of a possibly empty set of modifiers followed by a single | |
| 76 @dfn{keysym}. The set of modifiers is small; it consists of | |
| 77 @kbd{Control}, @kbd{Meta}, @kbd{Super}, @kbd{Hyper}, and @kbd{Shift}. | |
| 78 | |
| 79 The rest of the keys on your keyboard, along with the mouse buttons, | |
| 80 make up the set of keysyms. A keysym is usually what is printed on the | |
| 81 keys on your keyboard. Here is a table of some of the symbolic names | |
| 82 for keysyms: | |
| 83 @table @kbd | |
| 84 @item a,b,c... | |
| 85 alphabetic keys | |
| 86 @item f1,f2... | |
| 87 function keys | |
| 88 @item button1 | |
| 89 left mouse button | |
| 90 @item button2 | |
| 91 middle mouse button | |
| 92 @item button3 | |
| 93 right mouse button | |
| 94 @item button1up | |
| 95 upstroke on the left mouse button | |
| 96 @item button2up | |
| 97 upstroke on the middle mouse button | |
| 98 @item button3up | |
| 99 upstroke on the right mouse button | |
| 100 @item return | |
| 101 Return key | |
| 102 @end table | |
| 103 | |
| 104 @vindex keyboard-translate-table | |
| 105 Use the variable @code{keyboard-translate-table} only if you are on a | |
| 106 dumb tty, as it cannot handle input that cannot be represented as ASCII. | |
| 107 The value of this variable is a string used as a translate table for | |
| 108 keyboard input or @code{nil}. Each character is looked up in this | |
| 109 string and the contents used instead. If the string is of length | |
| 110 @code{n}, character codes @code{N} and up are untranslated. If you are | |
| 111 running Emacs under X, you should do the translations with the | |
| 112 @code{xmodmap} program instead. | |
| 113 | |
| 114 | |
| 115 @node Representing Keystrokes, Key Sequences, Intro to Keystrokes, Keystrokes | |
| 116 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
| 117 @subsection Representing Keystrokes | |
| 118 @kindex hyper key | |
| 119 @kindex super key | |
| 120 @findex read-key-sequence | |
| 121 | |
| 122 XEmacs represents keystrokes as lists. Each list consists of | |
| 123 an arbitrary combination of modifiers followed by a single keysym at the | |
| 124 end of the list. If the keysym corresponds to an ASCII character, you | |
| 125 can use its character code. (A keystroke may also be represented by an | |
| 126 event object, as returned by the @code{read-key-sequence} function; | |
| 127 non-programmers need not worry about this.) | |
| 128 | |
| 129 The following table gives some examples of how to list representations | |
| 130 for keystrokes. Each list consists of sets of modifiers followed by | |
| 131 keysyms: | |
| 132 | |
| 133 @table @kbd | |
| 134 @item (control a) | |
| 135 Pressing @key{CTRL} and @kbd{a} simultaneously. | |
| 136 @item (control ?a) | |
| 137 Another way of writing the keystroke @kbd{C-a}. | |
| 138 @item (control 65) | |
| 139 Yet another way of writing the keystroke @kbd{C-a}. | |
| 140 @item (break) | |
| 141 Pressing the @key{BREAK} key. | |
| 142 @item (control meta button2up) | |
| 143 Release the middle mouse button, while pressing @key{CTRL} and | |
| 144 @key{META}. | |
| 145 @end table | |
| 442 | 146 @cindex shift modifier |
| 428 | 147 Note: As you define keystrokes, you can use the @kbd{shift} key only |
| 148 as a modifier with characters that do not have a second keysym on the | |
| 149 same key, such as @kbd{backspace} and @kbd{tab}. It is an error to | |
| 150 define a keystroke using the @key{shift} modifier with keysyms such as | |
| 151 @kbd{a} and @kbd{=}. The correct forms are @kbd{A} and @kbd{+}. | |
| 152 | |
| 153 @node Key Sequences, String Key Sequences, Representing Keystrokes, Keystrokes | |
| 154 @subsection Representing Key Sequences | |
| 155 | |
| 156 A @dfn{complete key sequence} is a sequence of keystrokes that Emacs | |
| 157 understands as a unit. Key sequences are significant because you can | |
| 158 bind them to commands. Note that not all sequences of keystrokes are | |
| 159 possible key sequences. In particular, the initial keystrokes in a key | |
| 160 sequence must make up a @dfn{prefix key sequence}. | |
| 161 | |
| 162 Emacs represents a key sequence as a vector of keystrokes. Thus, the | |
| 163 schematic representation of a complete key sequence is as follows: | |
| 164 | |
| 165 @example | |
| 442 | 166 [(modifier .. modifier keysym) ... (modifier .. modifier keysym)] |
| 428 | 167 @end example |
| 168 | |
| 169 Here are some examples of complete key sequences: | |
| 170 | |
| 171 @table @kbd | |
| 440 | 172 @item [(control c) (control a)] |
| 428 | 173 Typing @kbd{C-c} followed by @kbd{C-a} |
| 440 | 174 @item [(control c) (control 65)] |
| 428 | 175 Typing @kbd{C-c} followed by @kbd{C-a}. (Using the ASCII code |
| 176 for the character `a')@refill | |
| 177 @item [(control c) (break)] | |
| 178 Typing @kbd{C-c} followed by the @kbd{break} character.@refill | |
| 179 @end table | |
| 180 | |
| 181 @kindex C-c | |
| 182 @kindex C-x | |
| 183 @kindex C-h | |
| 184 @kindex ESC | |
| 185 @cindex prefix key sequence | |
| 186 | |
| 187 A @dfn{prefix key sequence} is the beginning of a series of longer | |
| 188 sequences that are valid key sequences; adding any single keystroke to | |
| 189 the end of a prefix results in a valid key sequence. For example, | |
| 190 @kbd{control-x} is standardly defined as a prefix. Thus there is a | |
| 191 two-character key sequence starting with @kbd{C-x} for each valid | |
| 192 keystroke, giving numerous possibilities. Here are some samples: | |
| 193 | |
| 194 @itemize @bullet | |
| 195 @item | |
| 196 @kbd{[(control x) (c)]} | |
| 197 @item | |
| 198 @kbd{[(control x) (control c)]} | |
| 199 @end itemize | |
| 200 | |
| 201 Adding one character to a prefix key does not have to form a complete | |
| 202 key. It could make another, longer prefix. For example, @kbd{[(control | |
| 203 x) (\4)]} is itself a prefix that leads to any number of different | |
| 204 three-character keys, including @kbd{[(control x) (\4) (f)]}, | |
| 205 @kbd{[(control x) (\4) (b)]} and so on. It would be possible to define | |
| 206 one of those three-character sequences as a prefix, creating a series of | |
| 207 four-character keys, but we did not define any of them this way.@refill | |
| 208 | |
| 209 By contrast, the two-character sequence @kbd{[(control f) (control | |
| 210 k)]} is not a key, because the @kbd{(control f)} is a complete key | |
| 211 sequence in itself. You cannot give @kbd{[(control f (control k)]} an | |
| 212 independent meaning as a command while @kbd{(control f)} is a complete | |
| 213 sequence, because Emacs would understand @key{C-f C-k} as two | |
| 214 commands.@refill | |
| 215 | |
| 216 The predefined prefix key sequences in Emacs are @kbd{(control c)}, | |
| 217 @kbd{(control x)}, @kbd{(control h)}, @kbd{[(control x) (\4)]}, and | |
| 218 @kbd{escape}. You can customize Emacs and could make new prefix keys or | |
| 219 eliminate the default key sequences. @xref{Key Bindings}. For example, | |
| 220 if you redefine @kbd{(control f)} as a prefix, @kbd{[(control f) | |
| 221 (control k)]} automatically becomes a valid key sequence (complete, | |
| 222 unless you define it as a prefix as well). Conversely, if you remove | |
| 223 the prefix definition of @kbd{[(control x) (\4)]}, @kbd{[(control x) | |
| 224 (\4) (f)]} (or @kbd{[(control x) (\4) @var{anything}]}) is no longer a | |
| 225 valid key sequence. | |
| 226 | |
| 227 Note that the above paragraphs uses \4 instead of simply 4, because \4 | |
| 228 is the symbol whose name is "4", and plain 4 is the integer 4, which | |
| 229 would have been interpreted as the ASCII value. Another way of | |
| 230 representing the symbol whose name is "4" is to write ?4, which would be | |
| 231 interpreted as the number 52, which is the ASCII code for the character | |
| 232 "4". We could therefore actually have written 52 directly, but that is | |
| 233 far less clear. | |
| 234 | |
| 235 @node String Key Sequences, Meta Key, Key Sequences, Keystrokes | |
| 236 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
| 237 @subsection String Key Sequences | |
| 238 For backward compatibility, you may also represent a key sequence using | |
| 239 strings. For example, we have the following equivalent representations: | |
| 240 | |
| 241 @table @kbd | |
| 242 @item "\C-c\C-c" | |
| 243 @code{[(control c) (control c)]} | |
| 244 @item "\e\C-c" | |
| 245 @code{[(meta control c)]} | |
| 246 @end table | |
| 247 | |
| 248 @kindex LFD | |
| 249 @kindex TAB | |
| 250 | |
| 251 @node Meta Key, Super and Hyper Keys, String Key Sequences, Keystrokes | |
| 252 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
| 253 @subsection Assignment of the @key{META} Key | |
| 254 | |
| 255 @kindex META | |
| 256 @kindex ESC | |
| 257 Not all terminals have the complete set of modifiers. | |
| 258 Terminals that have a @key{Meta} key allow you to type Meta characters | |
| 259 by just holding that key down. To type @kbd{Meta-a}, hold down | |
| 260 @key{META} and press @kbd{a}. On those terminals, the @key{META} key | |
| 261 works like the @key{SHIFT} key. Such a key is not always labeled | |
| 262 @key{META}, however, as this function is often a special option for a | |
| 263 key with some other primary purpose.@refill | |
| 264 | |
| 265 If there is no @key{META} key, you can still type Meta characters | |
| 266 using two-character sequences starting with @key{ESC}. To enter | |
| 267 @kbd{M-a}, you could type @kbd{@key{ESC} a}. To enter @kbd{C-M-a}, you | |
| 268 would type @kbd{ESC C-a}. @key{ESC} is allowed on terminals with | |
| 269 Meta keys, too, in case you have formed a habit of using it.@refill | |
| 270 | |
| 271 If you are running under X and do not have a @key{META} key, it | |
| 272 is possible to reconfigure some other key to be a @key{META} | |
| 273 key. @xref{Super and Hyper Keys}. @refill | |
| 274 | |
| 275 @vindex meta-flag | |
| 276 Emacs believes the terminal has a @key{META} key if the variable | |
| 277 @code{meta-flag} is non-@code{nil}. Normally this is set automatically | |
| 278 according to the termcap entry for your terminal type. However, sometimes | |
| 279 the termcap entry is wrong, and then it is useful to set this variable | |
| 280 yourself. @xref{Variables}, for how to do this. | |
| 281 | |
| 282 Note: If you are running under the X window system, the setting of | |
| 283 the @code{meta-flag} variable is irrelevant. | |
| 284 | |
| 285 @node Super and Hyper Keys, Character Representation, Meta Key, Keystrokes | |
| 286 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
| 287 @subsection Assignment of the @key{SUPER} and @key{HYPER} Keys | |
| 288 @kindex hyper key | |
| 289 @kindex super key | |
| 290 | |
| 291 Most keyboards do not, by default, have @key{SUPER} or @key{HYPER} | |
| 292 modifier keys. Under X, you can simulate the @key{SUPER} or | |
| 293 @key{HYPER} key if you want to bind keys to sequences using @kbd{super} | |
| 294 and @kbd{hyper}. You can use the @code{xmodmap} program to do this. | |
| 295 | |
| 296 For example, to turn your @key{CAPS-LOCK} key into a @key{SUPER} key, | |
| 297 do the following: | |
| 298 | |
| 299 Create a file called @code{~/.xmodmap}. In this file, place the lines | |
| 300 | |
| 301 @example | |
| 440 | 302 remove Lock = Caps_Lock |
| 303 keysym Caps_Lock = Super_L | |
| 304 add Mod2 = Super_L | |
| 428 | 305 @end example |
| 306 | |
| 307 The first line says that the key that is currently called @code{Caps_Lock} | |
| 308 should no longer behave as a ``lock'' key. The second line says that | |
| 309 this should now be called @code{Super_L} instead. The third line says that | |
| 310 the key called @code{Super_L} should be a modifier key, which produces the | |
| 311 @code{Mod2} modifier. | |
| 312 | |
| 313 To create a @key{META} or @key{HYPER} key instead of a @key{SUPER} key, | |
| 314 replace the word @code{Super} above with @code{Meta} or @code{Hyper}. | |
| 315 | |
| 316 Just after you start up X, execute the command @code{xmodmap /.xmodmap}. | |
| 317 You can add this command to the appropriate initialization file to have | |
| 318 the command executed automatically.@refill | |
| 319 | |
| 320 If you have problems, see the documentation for the @code{xmodmap} | |
| 321 program. The X keyboard model is quite complicated, and explaining | |
| 322 it is beyond the scope of this manual. However, we reprint the | |
| 323 following description from the X Protocol document for your convenience: | |
| 324 | |
| 325 @cindex keysyms | |
| 326 @cindex keycode | |
| 327 | |
| 328 A list of keysyms is associated with each keycode. If that list | |
| 329 (ignoring trailing @code{NoSymbol} entries) is a single keysym @samp{K}, | |
| 330 then the list is treated as if it were the list | |
| 331 @code{``K NoSymbol K NoSymbol''}. If the list (ignoring trailing | |
| 332 @code{NoSymbol} entries) is a pair of keysyms @samp{K1 K2}, then the | |
| 333 list is treated as if it were the list @code{``K1 K2 K1 K2''}. If the | |
| 334 list (ignoring trailing @code{NoSymbol} entries) is a triple of keysyms | |
| 335 @samp{K1 K2 K3}, then the list is treated as if it were the list | |
| 336 @code{``K1 K2 K3 NoSymbol''}. | |
| 337 | |
| 338 The first four elements of the list are split into two groups of | |
| 339 keysyms. Group 1 contains the first and second keysyms; Group 2 contains | |
| 340 third and fourth keysyms. Within each group, if the second element of | |
| 341 the group is NoSymbol, then the group should be treated as if the second | |
| 342 element were the same as the first element, except when the first | |
| 343 element is an alphabetic keysym @samp{K} for which both lowercase and | |
| 344 uppercase forms are defined. In that case, the group should be treated | |
| 345 as if the first element were the lowercase form of @samp{K} and the second | |
| 346 element were the uppercase form of @samp{K}. | |
| 347 | |
| 348 The standard rules for obtaining a keysym from a KeyPress event make use of | |
| 349 only the Group 1 and Group 2 keysyms; no interpretation of other keysyms in | |
| 350 the list is given here. (That is, the last four keysyms are unused.) | |
| 351 | |
| 352 Which group to use is determined by modifier state. Switching between | |
| 353 groups is controlled by the keysym named @code{Mode_switch}. Attach that | |
| 354 keysym to some keycode and attach that keycode to any one of the | |
| 355 modifiers Mod1 through Mod5. This modifier is called the @dfn{group | |
| 356 modifier}. For any keycode, Group 1 is used when the group modifier is | |
| 357 off, and Group 2 is used when the group modifier is on. | |
| 358 | |
| 359 Within a group, which keysym to use is also determined by modifier | |
| 360 state. The first keysym is used when the @code{Shift} and @code{Lock} | |
| 361 modifiers are off. The second keysym is used when the @code{Shift} | |
| 362 modifier is on, or when the @code{Lock} modifier is on and the second | |
| 363 keysym is uppercase alphabetic, or when the @code{Lock} modifier is on | |
| 364 and is interpreted as @code{ShiftLock}. Otherwise, when the @code{Lock} | |
| 365 modifier is on and is interpreted as @code{CapsLock}, the state of the | |
| 366 @code{Shift} modifier is applied first to select a keysym, | |
| 367 but if that keysym is lower-case alphabetic, then the corresponding | |
| 368 upper-case keysym is used instead. | |
| 369 | |
| 370 In addition to the above information on keysyms, we also provide the | |
| 371 following description of modifier mapping from the InterClient | |
| 372 Communications Conventions Manual: | |
| 373 | |
| 374 @cindex modifier mapping | |
| 375 | |
| 376 X11 supports 8 modifier bits, of which 3 are pre-assigned to | |
| 377 @code{Shift}, @code{Lock}, and @code{Control}. Each modifier bit is | |
| 378 controlled by the state of a set of keys, and these sets are specified | |
| 379 in a table accessed by @code{GetModifierMapping()} and | |
| 380 @code{SetModifierMapping()}. | |
| 381 | |
| 382 A client needing to use one of the pre-assigned modifiers should assume | |
| 383 that the modifier table has been set up correctly to control these | |
| 384 modifiers. The @code{Lock} modifier should be interpreted as @code{Caps | |
| 385 Lock} or @code{Shift Lock} according to whether the keycodes in its | |
| 386 controlling set include @code{XK_Caps_Lock} or @code{XK_Shift_Lock}. | |
| 387 | |
| 388 Clients should determine the meaning of a modifier bit from the keysyms | |
| 389 being used to control it. | |
| 390 | |
| 391 A client needing to use an extra modifier, for example @code{Meta}, should: | |
| 392 | |
| 393 @enumerate | |
| 394 @item | |
| 395 Scan the existing modifier mappings. | |
| 396 | |
| 397 @enumerate | |
| 398 @item | |
| 399 If it finds a modifier that contains a keycode whose set of keysyms | |
| 400 includes @code{XK_Meta_L} or @code{XK_Meta_R}, it should use that | |
| 401 modifier bit. | |
| 402 | |
| 403 @item | |
| 404 If there is no existing modifier controlled by @code{XK_Meta_L} or | |
| 405 @code{XK_Meta_R}, it should select an unused modifier bit (one with | |
| 406 an empty controlling set) and: | |
| 407 @end enumerate | |
| 408 | |
| 409 @item | |
| 410 If there is a keycode with @code{XL_Meta_L} in its set of keysyms, | |
| 411 add that keycode to the set for the chosen modifier, and then: | |
| 412 | |
| 413 @enumerate | |
| 414 @item | |
| 415 If there is a keycode with @code{XL_Meta_R} in its set of keysyms, | |
| 416 add that keycode to the set for the chosen modifier, and then: | |
| 417 | |
| 418 @item | |
| 419 If the controlling set is still empty, interact with the user to | |
| 420 select one or more keys to be @code{Meta}. | |
| 421 @end enumerate | |
| 422 | |
| 423 | |
| 424 @item | |
| 425 If there are no unused modifier bits, ask the user to take corrective action. | |
| 426 @end enumerate | |
| 427 | |
| 428 This means that the @code{Mod1} modifier does not necessarily mean | |
| 429 @code{Meta}, although some applications (such as twm and emacs 18) | |
| 430 assume that. Any of the five unassigned modifier bits could mean | |
| 431 @code{Meta}; what matters is that a modifier bit is generated by a | |
| 432 keycode which is bound to the keysym @code{Meta_L} or @code{Meta_R}. | |
| 433 | |
| 434 Therefore, if you want to make a @key{META} key, the right way | |
| 435 is to make the keycode in question generate both a @code{Meta} keysym | |
| 436 and some previously-unassigned modifier bit. | |
| 437 | |
| 438 @node Character Representation, Commands, Super and Hyper Keys, Keystrokes | |
| 439 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
| 440 @section Representation of Characters | |
| 441 | |
| 442 This section briefly discusses how characters are represented in Emacs | |
| 443 buffers. @xref{Key Sequences}, for information on representing key | |
| 444 sequences to create key bindings. | |
| 445 | |
| 446 ASCII graphic characters in Emacs buffers are displayed with their | |
| 447 graphics. @key{LFD} is the same as a newline character; it is displayed | |
| 448 by starting a new line. @key{TAB} is displayed by moving to the next | |
| 449 tab stop column (usually every 8 spaces). Other control characters are | |
| 450 displayed as a caret (@samp{^}) followed by the non-control version of | |
| 451 the character; thus, @kbd{C-a} is displayed as @samp{^A}. Non-ASCII | |
| 452 characters 128 and up are displayed with octal escape sequences; thus, | |
| 453 character code 243 (octal), also called @kbd{M-#} when used as an input | |
| 454 character, is displayed as @samp{\243}. | |
| 455 | |
| 456 The variable @code{ctl-arrow} may be used to alter this behavior. | |
| 457 @xref{Display Vars}. | |
| 458 | |
| 459 @node Commands, , Character Representation, Keystrokes | |
| 460 @section Keys and Commands | |
| 461 | |
| 462 @cindex binding | |
| 463 @cindex customization | |
| 464 @cindex keymap | |
| 465 @cindex function | |
| 466 @cindex command | |
| 467 This manual is full of passages that tell you what particular keys do. | |
| 468 But Emacs does not assign meanings to keys directly. Instead, Emacs | |
| 469 assigns meanings to @dfn{functions}, and then gives keys their meanings | |
| 470 by @dfn{binding} them to functions. | |
| 471 | |
| 472 A function is a Lisp object that can be executed as a program. Usually | |
| 473 it is a Lisp symbol that has been given a function definition; every | |
| 474 symbol has a name, usually made of a few English words separated by | |
| 475 dashes, such as @code{next-line} or @code{forward-word}. It also has a | |
| 476 @dfn{definition}, which is a Lisp program. Only some functions can be the | |
| 477 bindings of keys; these are functions whose definitions use | |
| 478 @code{interactive} to specify how to call them interactively. Such | |
| 479 functions are called @dfn{commands}, and their names are @dfn{command | |
| 480 names}. More information on this subject will appear in the @i{XEmacs | |
| 481 Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
| 482 | |
| 483 The bindings between keys and functions are recorded in various tables | |
| 484 called @dfn{keymaps}. @xref{Key Bindings}, for more information on key | |
| 485 sequences you can bind commands to. @xref{Keymaps}, for information on | |
| 486 creating keymaps. | |
| 487 | |
| 488 When we say ``@kbd{C-n} moves down vertically one line'' we are | |
| 489 glossing over a distinction that is irrelevant in ordinary use but is | |
| 490 vital in understanding how to customize Emacs. The function | |
| 491 @code{next-line} is programmed to move down vertically. @kbd{C-n} | |
| 492 has this effect @i{because} it is bound to that function. If you rebind | |
| 493 @kbd{C-n} to the function @code{forward-word} then @kbd{C-n} will move | |
| 494 forward by words instead. Rebinding keys is a common method of | |
| 495 customization.@refill | |
| 496 | |
| 497 The rest of this manual usually ignores this subtlety to keep | |
| 498 things simple. To give the customizer the information needed, we often | |
| 499 state the name of the command that really does the work in parentheses | |
| 500 after mentioning the key that runs it. For example, we will say that | |
| 501 ``The command @kbd{C-n} (@code{next-line}) moves point vertically | |
| 502 down,'' meaning that @code{next-line} is a command that moves vertically | |
| 503 down and @kbd{C-n} is a key that is standardly bound to it. | |
| 504 | |
| 505 @cindex variables | |
| 506 While we are on the subject of information for customization only, | |
| 507 it's a good time to tell you about @dfn{variables}. Often the | |
| 508 description of a command will say, ``To change this, set the variable | |
| 509 @code{mumble-foo}.'' A variable is a name used to remember a value. | |
| 510 Most of the variables documented in this manual exist just to facilitate | |
| 511 customization: some command or other part of Emacs uses the variable | |
| 512 and behaves differently depending on its setting. Until you are interested in | |
| 513 customizing, you can ignore the information about variables. When you | |
| 514 are ready to be interested, read the basic information on variables, and | |
| 515 then the information on individual variables will make sense. | |
| 516 @xref{Variables}. |