Mercurial > hg > xemacs-beta
annotate man/xemacs/basic.texi @ 1204:e22b0213b713
[xemacs-hg @ 2003-01-12 11:07:58 by michaels]
modules/ChangeLog:
2002-12-16 Ben Wing <ben@xemacs.org>
* postgresql/postgresql.c:
remove ifdef USE_KKCC.
src/ChangeLog:
2003-01-08 Mike Sperber <mike@xemacs.org>
* console.h (CDFW_CONSOLE): Don't lead to a crash if we're dealing
with a dead window/frame/device/console.
2002-12-20 Mike Sperber <mike@xemacs.org>
* ui-gtk.c: Fix typo from Ben's patch: emacs_ffi_data is a
typedef, not a struct. emacs_gtk_object_data is a typedef, not a
struct.
* gtk-glue.c (gdk_event_to_emacs_event): Fix typos from Ben's
patch: le -> emacs_event + rearrange the code.
* event-gtk.c (gtk_event_to_emacs_event): Fix typos from Ben's
patch: ..._UNDERLYING_GDK_EVENT -> ..._GDK_EVENT, ev -> key_event.
* device-gtk.c: Fix typo from Ben's patch: x_keysym_map_hash_table
-> x_keysym_map_hashtable.
2002-12-19 Mike Sperber <mike@xemacs.org>
* menubar-x.c (set_frame_menubar): Initialize protect_me field of
popup_data.
2002-12-16 Ben Wing <ben@xemacs.org>
Major cleanup of KKCC, etc.
KKCC, pdump-related:
-- descriptions are written for all objects. this required some
changes in the format of some objects, e.g. extents, popup-data,
coding system, lstream, lcrecord-list.
-- KKCC now handles weakness in markers, hash tables, elsewhere
correctly (formerly, you'd eventually get a stack overflow due
to endlessly expanding markers).
-- textual changes: lrecord_description -> memory_description,
struct_description -> sized_memory_description.
-- extensive comment describing descriptions and pdump.
-- redo XD_UNION so it works inline and change its format to provide
sufficient info for pdump. implement XD_UNION in pdump. also add
XD_UNION_DYNAMIC_SIZE, which works like XD_UNION except for when
auto-computing structure sizes.
-- add support for XD_INDIRECT in description offsets (used by
extents).
-- add support for "description maps", allowing for indirect
descriptions that are retrieved from an object at run-time. this
generalizes XD_CODING_SYSTEM_END, XD_SPECIFIER_END, etc., which
have now been eliminated.
-- add a fifth field "flags" to memory_description, to support flags
that can be specified for this particular line. Currently defined
flags are XD_FLAG_NO_KKCC (KKCC should ignore this entry; useful
for the weakness above in markers, etc.), XD_FLAG_NO_PDUMP (pdump
should ignore this entry), XD_FLAG_UNION_DEFAULT_ENTRY (in
union maps, this specifies a "default" entry for all remaining
values), and XD_FLAG_FREE_LISP_OBJECT (for use with lcrecord-lists).
-- clean up the kkcc-itis in events, so that the differences
between event data as separate objects and as a union are now
minimized to a small number of places. with the new XD_UNION, we
no longer need event data as separate objects, so this code is no
longer ifdef USE_KKCC, but instead ifdef EVENT_DATA_AS_OBJECTS,
not used by default. make sure that we explicitly free the
separate event data objects when no longer in use, to maintain the
invariant the event processing causes no consing.
-- also remove other USE_KKCC ifdefs when not necessary.
-- allow for KKCC compilation under MS Windows.
-- fix README.kkcc.
-- dump_add_root_object -> dump_add_root_lisp_object.
-- implement dump_add_root_block and use this to handle
dump_add_opaque.
-- factor out some code duplicated in kkcc and pdump.
Other allocation/object-related:
-- change various *slots.h so MARKED_SLOT() call no longer
includes semicolon.
-- free_marker() takes a Lisp_Object not a direct pointer.
-- make bit vectors lcrecords, like vectors, and eliminate code
that essentially duplicated the lcrecord handling.
-- additional asserts in FREE_FIXED_TYPE, formerly duplicated in
the various callers of this.
-- all lcrecord allocation functions now zero out the returned
lcrecords. unnecessary calls to zero_lcrecord removed. add long
comment describing these functions.
-- extract out process and coding system slots, like for buffers,
frames, etc.
-- lcrecords now set the type of items sitting on the free list to
lcrecord_type_free.
-- changes to the way that gap arrays are allocated, for kkcc's
benefit -- now, one single memory block with a stretchy array on
the end, instead of a separate block holding the array.
Error-checking-related:
-- now can compile with C++ under MS Windows. clean up compile errors
discovered that way. (a few were real problems)
-- add C++ error-checking code to verify problems with mismatched
GCPRO/UNGCPRO. (there were a few in the kkcc code.) add long
comment about how to catch insufficient GCPRO (yes, it's possible
using C++).
-- add debug_p4(), a simple object printer, when debug_print()
doesn't work.
-- add dp() and db() as short synonyms of debug_print(),
debug_backtrace().
-- `print' tries EXTREMELY hard to avoid core dumping when printing
when crashing or from debug_print(), and tries as hard as it
reasonably can in other situations.
-- Correct the message output upon crashing to be more up-to-date.
Event-related:
-- document event-matches-key-specifier-p better.
-- generalize the dispatch queues formerly duplicated in the
various event implementations. add event methods to drain pending
events. generalize and clean up QUIT handling, removing
event-specific quit processing. allow arbitrary keystrokes, not
just ASCII, to be the QUIT char. among other things, this should
fix some longstanding bugs in X quit handling. long comment
describing the various event queues.
-- implement delaying of XFlush() if there are pending expose events.
SOMEONE PLEASE TRY THIS OUT.
-- Fix `xemacs -batch -l dunnet' under Cygwin. Try to fix under
MS Windows but not quite there yet.
Other:
-- class -> class_ and no more C++ games with this item.
new -> new_ in the lwlib code, so far not elsewhere.
-- use `struct htentry' not `struct hentry' in elhash.c to avoid
debugger confusion with hash.c.
-- new macros ALIST_LOOP_3, ALIST_LOOP_4.
* README.kkcc:
* alloc.c:
* alloc.c (deadbeef_memory):
* alloc.c (allocate_lisp_storage):
* alloc.c (copy_lisp_object):
* alloc.c (ALLOCATE_FIXED_TYPE_1):
* alloc.c (FREE_FIXED_TYPE):
* alloc.c (make_vector_internal):
* alloc.c (make_bit_vector_internal):
* alloc.c (make_key_data):
* alloc.c (make_button_data):
* alloc.c (make_motion_data):
* alloc.c (make_process_data):
* alloc.c (make_timeout_data):
* alloc.c (make_magic_data):
* alloc.c (make_magic_eval_data):
* alloc.c (make_eval_data):
* alloc.c (make_misc_user_data):
* alloc.c (struct string_chars_block):
* alloc.c (mark_lcrecord_list):
* alloc.c (make_lcrecord_list):
* alloc.c (alloc_managed_lcrecord):
* alloc.c (free_managed_lcrecord):
* alloc.c (alloc_automanaged_lcrecord):
* alloc.c (staticpro_1):
* alloc.c (staticpro):
* alloc.c (lispdesc_indirect_count_1):
* alloc.c (lispdesc_indirect_description_1):
* alloc.c (lispdesc_one_description_line_size):
* alloc.c (lispdesc_structure_size):
* alloc.c (mark_object_maybe_checking_free):
* alloc.c (mark_with_description):
* alloc.c (mark_struct_contents):
* alloc.c (mark_object):
* alloc.c (tick_lcrecord_stats):
* alloc.c (free_cons):
* alloc.c (free_key_data):
* alloc.c (free_button_data):
* alloc.c (free_motion_data):
* alloc.c (free_process_data):
* alloc.c (free_timeout_data):
* alloc.c (free_magic_data):
* alloc.c (free_magic_eval_data):
* alloc.c (free_eval_data):
* alloc.c (free_misc_user_data):
* alloc.c (free_marker):
* alloc.c (compact_string_chars):
* alloc.c (gc_sweep):
* alloc.c (garbage_collect_1):
* alloc.c (Fgarbage_collect):
* alloc.c (common_init_alloc_early):
* alloc.c (init_alloc_early):
* alloc.c (init_alloc_once_early):
* buffer.c:
* buffer.c (mark_buffer):
* buffer.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* buffer.c (cleanup_buffer_undo_lists):
* buffer.c (Fget_file_buffer):
* buffer.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* bufslots.h:
* bytecode.c:
* callint.c:
* casetab.c:
* chartab.c:
* chartab.c (symbol_to_char_table_type):
* cmdloop.c:
* cmdloop.c (Fcommand_loop_1):
* config.h.in (new):
* conslots.h:
* console-gtk-impl.h (struct gtk_frame):
* console-impl.h:
* console-impl.h (struct console):
* console-impl.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* console-impl.h (CONSOLE_QUIT_EVENT):
* console-msw-impl.h (XM_BUMPQUEUE):
* console-msw.c (write_string_to_mswindows_debugging_output):
* console-msw.h:
* console-stream-impl.h:
* console-stream-impl.h (struct stream_console):
* console-stream.c:
* console-stream.c (stream_init_console):
* console-stream.h:
* console-tty.c:
* console-tty.h:
* console-x.h:
* console.c:
* console.c (mark_console):
* console.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* console.c (allocate_console):
* console.c (get_console_variant):
* console.c (create_console):
* console.c (delete_console_internal):
* console.c (Fset_input_mode):
* console.c (Fcurrent_input_mode):
* console.c (common_init_complex_vars_of_console):
* console.h:
* console.h (console_variant):
* console.h (device_metrics):
* data.c:
* data.c (Faref):
* data.c (Faset):
* data.c (decode_weak_list_type):
* database.c:
* debug.c (xemacs_debug_loop):
* debug.c (FROB):
* debug.c (Fadd_debug_class_to_check):
* debug.c (Fdelete_debug_class_to_check):
* debug.c (Fset_debug_classes_to_check):
* debug.c (Fset_debug_class_types_to_check):
* debug.c (Fdebug_types_being_checked):
* debug.h (DASSERT):
* device-gtk.c:
* device-impl.h (struct device):
* device-impl.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* device-msw.c:
* device-x.c:
* device-x.c (x_init_device_class):
* device-x.c (x_comp_visual_info):
* device-x.c (x_try_best_visual_class):
* device-x.c (x_init_device):
* device-x.c (construct_name_list):
* device-x.c (x_get_resource_prefix):
* device-x.c (Fx_get_resource):
* device-x.c (Fx_display_visual_class):
* device.c:
* device.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* device.c (allocate_device):
* device.c (Fmake_device):
* device.c (delete_device_internal):
* device.c (Fset_device_class):
* device.h:
* devslots.h:
* devslots.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* dialog-msw.c:
* dired-msw.c (mswindows_ls_sort_fcn):
* dired-msw.c (mswindows_get_files):
* dired-msw.c (mswindows_format_file):
* doprnt.c (parse_doprnt_spec):
* dumper.c:
* dumper.c (struct):
* dumper.c (dump_add_root_block):
* dumper.c (dump_add_root_struct_ptr):
* dumper.c (dump_add_root_lisp_object):
* dumper.c (pdump_struct_list_elt):
* dumper.c (pdump_get_entry_list):
* dumper.c (pdump_backtrace):
* dumper.c (pdump_bump_depth):
* dumper.c (pdump_register_sub):
* dumper.c (pdump_register_object):
* dumper.c (pdump_register_struct_contents):
* dumper.c (pdump_register_struct):
* dumper.c (pdump_store_new_pointer_offsets):
* dumper.c (pdump_dump_data):
* dumper.c (pdump_reloc_one):
* dumper.c (pdump_allocate_offset):
* dumper.c (pdump_scan_by_alignment):
* dumper.c (pdump_dump_root_blocks):
* dumper.c (pdump_dump_rtables):
* dumper.c (pdump_dump_root_lisp_objects):
* dumper.c (pdump):
* dumper.c (pdump_load_finish):
* dumper.c (pdump_file_get):
* dumper.c (pdump_resource_get):
* dumper.c (pdump_load):
* editfns.c (save_excursion_restore):
* editfns.c (user_login_name):
* editfns.c (save_restriction_restore):
* elhash.c:
* elhash.c (htentry):
* elhash.c (struct Lisp_Hash_Table):
* elhash.c (HTENTRY_CLEAR_P):
* elhash.c (LINEAR_PROBING_LOOP):
* elhash.c (check_hash_table_invariants):
* elhash.c (mark_hash_table):
* elhash.c (hash_table_equal):
* elhash.c (print_hash_table_data):
* elhash.c (free_hentries):
* elhash.c (make_general_lisp_hash_table):
* elhash.c (decode_hash_table_weakness):
* elhash.c (decode_hash_table_test):
* elhash.c (Fcopy_hash_table):
* elhash.c (resize_hash_table):
* elhash.c (pdump_reorganize_hash_table):
* elhash.c (find_htentry):
* elhash.c (Fgethash):
* elhash.c (Fputhash):
* elhash.c (remhash_1):
* elhash.c (Fremhash):
* elhash.c (Fclrhash):
* elhash.c (copy_compress_hentries):
* elhash.c (elisp_maphash_unsafe):
* elhash.c (finish_marking_weak_hash_tables):
* elhash.c (prune_weak_hash_tables):
* elhash.h:
* emacs.c:
* emacs.c (main_1):
* emacs.c (main):
* emacs.c (shut_down_emacs):
* emodules.h (dump_add_root_lisp_object):
* eval.c:
* eval.c (unwind_to_catch):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_error_1):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_error_1):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_error):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_error):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_error_2):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_error_2):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_ferror):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_ferror):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_ferror_with_frob):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_ferror_with_frob):
* eval.c (maybe_syntax_error):
* eval.c (maybe_sferror):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_argument):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_constant):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_operation):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_change):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_state):
* eval.c (Feval):
* eval.c (call_trapping_problems):
* eval.c (call_with_suspended_errors):
* eval.c (warn_when_safe_lispobj):
* eval.c (warn_when_safe):
* eval.c (vars_of_eval):
* event-Xt.c:
* event-Xt.c (maybe_define_x_key_as_self_inserting_character):
* event-Xt.c (x_to_emacs_keysym):
* event-Xt.c (x_event_to_emacs_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_enqueue_focus_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_format_magic_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_compare_magic_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_hash_magic_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_handle_magic_event):
* event-Xt.c (Xt_timeout_to_emacs_event):
* event-Xt.c (Xt_process_to_emacs_event):
* event-Xt.c (signal_special_Xt_user_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_next_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_event_handler):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_drain_queue):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_event_pending_p):
* event-Xt.c (check_if_pending_expose_event):
* event-Xt.c (reinit_vars_of_event_Xt):
* event-Xt.c (vars_of_event_Xt):
* event-gtk.c:
* event-gtk.c (IS_MODIFIER_KEY):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_format_magic_event):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_compare_magic_event):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_hash_magic_event):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_handle_magic_event):
* event-gtk.c (gtk_to_emacs_keysym):
* event-gtk.c (gtk_timeout_to_emacs_event):
* event-gtk.c (gtk_process_to_emacs_event):
* event-gtk.c (dragndrop_data_received):
* event-gtk.c (signal_special_gtk_user_event):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_next_event):
* event-gtk.c (gtk_event_to_emacs_event):
* event-gtk.c (generic_event_handler):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_shell_event_handler):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_drain_queue):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_event_pending_p):
* event-gtk.c (reinit_vars_of_event_gtk):
* event-gtk.c (vars_of_event_gtk):
* event-msw.c:
* event-msw.c (struct winsock_stream):
* event-msw.c (winsock_reader):
* event-msw.c (winsock_writer):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_dispatch_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_misc_user_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_process_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_mouse_button_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_keypress_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_dequeue_dispatch_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_drain_queue):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_need_event_in_modal_loop):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_need_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_wm_timer_callback):
* event-msw.c (dde_eval_string):
* event-msw.c (Fdde_alloc_advise_item):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_dde_callback):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_wnd_proc):
* event-msw.c (remove_timeout_mapper):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_remove_timeout):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_event_pending_p):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_format_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_compare_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_hash_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_handle_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_select_console):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_unselect_console):
* event-msw.c (reinit_vars_of_event_mswindows):
* event-msw.c (vars_of_event_mswindows):
* event-stream.c:
* event-stream.c (mark_command_builder):
* event-stream.c (reset_command_builder_event_chain):
* event-stream.c (allocate_command_builder):
* event-stream.c (copy_command_builder):
* event-stream.c (command_builder_append_event):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_event_pending_p):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_force_event_pending):
* event-stream.c (maybe_read_quit_event):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_drain_queue):
* event-stream.c (remove_quit_p_event):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_quit_p):
* event-stream.c (echo_key_event):
* event-stream.c (maybe_kbd_translate):
* event-stream.c (execute_help_form):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_generate_wakeup):
* event-stream.c (enqueue_dispatch_event):
* event-stream.c (enqueue_magic_eval_event):
* event-stream.c (Fenqueue_eval_event):
* event-stream.c (enqueue_misc_user_event):
* event-stream.c (enqueue_misc_user_event_pos):
* event-stream.c (next_event_internal):
* event-stream.c (Fnext_event):
* event-stream.c (Faccept_process_output):
* event-stream.c (execute_internal_event):
* event-stream.c (munge_keymap_translate):
* event-stream.c (command_builder_find_leaf_no_mule_processing):
* event-stream.c (command_builder_find_leaf):
* event-stream.c (lookup_command_event):
* event-stream.c (is_scrollbar_event):
* event-stream.c (execute_command_event):
* event-stream.c (Fdispatch_event):
* event-stream.c (Fread_key_sequence):
* event-stream.c (dribble_out_event):
* event-stream.c (vars_of_event_stream):
* event-tty.c (tty_timeout_to_emacs_event):
* event-tty.c (emacs_tty_next_event):
* event-tty.c (emacs_tty_drain_queue):
* event-tty.c (reinit_vars_of_event_tty):
* event-unixoid.c:
* event-unixoid.c (find_tty_or_stream_console_from_fd):
* event-unixoid.c (read_event_from_tty_or_stream_desc):
* event-unixoid.c (drain_tty_devices):
* event-unixoid.c (poll_fds_for_input):
* events.c:
* events.c (deinitialize_event):
* events.c (zero_event):
* events.c (mark_event):
* events.c (print_event_1):
* events.c (print_event):
* events.c (event_equal):
* events.c (event_hash):
* events.c (Fmake_event):
* events.c (Fdeallocate_event):
* events.c (Fcopy_event):
* events.c (map_event_chain_remove):
* events.c (character_to_event):
* events.c (event_to_character):
* events.c (Fevent_to_character):
* events.c (format_event_object):
* events.c (upshift_event):
* events.c (downshift_event):
* events.c (event_upshifted_p):
* events.c (Fevent_live_p):
* events.c (Fevent_type):
* events.c (Fevent_timestamp):
* events.c (CHECK_EVENT_TYPE):
* events.c (CHECK_EVENT_TYPE2):
* events.c (CHECK_EVENT_TYPE3):
* events.c (Fevent_key):
* events.c (Fevent_button):
* events.c (Fevent_modifier_bits):
* events.c (event_x_y_pixel_internal):
* events.c (event_pixel_translation):
* events.c (Fevent_process):
* events.c (Fevent_function):
* events.c (Fevent_object):
* events.c (Fevent_properties):
* events.c (syms_of_events):
* events.c (vars_of_events):
* events.h:
* events.h (struct event_stream):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Key_Data):
* events.h (KEY_DATA_KEYSYM):
* events.h (EVENT_KEY_KEYSYM):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Button_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_BUTTON_BUTTON):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Motion_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_MOTION_X):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Process_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_PROCESS_PROCESS):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Timeout_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_TIMEOUT_INTERVAL_ID):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Eval_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_EVAL_FUNCTION):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Misc_User_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_MISC_USER_FUNCTION):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Magic_Eval_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_MAGIC_EVAL_INTERNAL_FUNCTION):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Magic_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_MAGIC_UNDERLYING):
* events.h (EVENT_MAGIC_GDK_EVENT):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Event):
* events.h (XEVENT_CHANNEL):
* events.h (SET_EVENT_TIMESTAMP_ZERO):
* events.h (SET_EVENT_CHANNEL):
* events.h (SET_EVENT_NEXT):
* events.h (XSET_EVENT_TYPE):
* events.h (struct command_builder):
* extents.c:
* extents.c (gap_array_adjust_markers):
* extents.c (gap_array_recompute_derived_values):
* extents.c (gap_array_move_gap):
* extents.c (gap_array_make_gap):
* extents.c (gap_array_insert_els):
* extents.c (gap_array_delete_els):
* extents.c (gap_array_make_marker):
* extents.c (gap_array_delete_marker):
* extents.c (gap_array_move_marker):
* extents.c (make_gap_array):
* extents.c (free_gap_array):
* extents.c (extent_list_num_els):
* extents.c (extent_list_insert):
* extents.c (mark_extent_auxiliary):
* extents.c (allocate_extent_auxiliary):
* extents.c (decode_extent_at_flag):
* extents.c (verify_extent_mapper):
* extents.c (symbol_to_glyph_layout):
* extents.c (syms_of_extents):
* faces.c:
* file-coding.c:
* file-coding.c (struct_detector_category_description =):
* file-coding.c (detector_category_dynarr_description_1):
* file-coding.c (struct_detector_description =):
* file-coding.c (detector_dynarr_description_1):
* file-coding.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* file-coding.c (mark_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (coding_system_extra_description_map):
* file-coding.c (coding_system_description):
* file-coding.c (allocate_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (symbol_to_eol_type):
* file-coding.c (Fcoding_system_aliasee):
* file-coding.c (set_coding_stream_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (struct convert_eol_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (struct undecided_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (undecided_mark_coding_stream):
* file-coding.c (coding_category_symbol_to_id):
* file-coding.c (struct gzip_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (coding_system_type_create):
* file-coding.h:
* file-coding.h (struct Lisp_Coding_System):
* file-coding.h (CODING_SYSTEM_SLOT_DECLARATION):
* file-coding.h (coding_system_variant):
* file-coding.h (struct coding_system_methods):
* file-coding.h (DEFINE_CODING_SYSTEM_TYPE_WITH_DATA):
* file-coding.h (INITIALIZE_CODING_SYSTEM_TYPE_WITH_DATA):
* file-coding.h (struct coding_stream):
* fileio.c (Fsubstitute_in_file_name):
* floatfns.c:
* fns.c:
* fns.c (base64_encode_1):
* frame-gtk.c:
* frame-gtk.c (Fgtk_start_drag_internal):
* frame-impl.h (struct frame):
* frame-impl.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* frame-msw.c:
* frame-x.c:
* frame-x.c (Fcde_start_drag_internal):
* frame-x.c (Foffix_start_drag_internal):
* frame.c:
* frame.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* frame.c (allocate_frame_core):
* frame.c (delete_frame_internal):
* frame.c (Fmouse_position_as_motion_event):
* frameslots.h:
* frameslots.h (MARKED_SLOT_ARRAY):
* free-hook.c:
* glyphs-msw.c (mswindows_widget_instantiate):
* glyphs-x.c:
* glyphs-x.c (convert_EImage_to_XImage):
* glyphs.c:
* glyphs.c (process_image_string_instantiator):
* glyphs.c (mark_image_instance):
* glyphs.c (allocate_image_instance):
* glyphs.c (unmap_subwindow):
* glyphs.c (map_subwindow):
* glyphs.c (syms_of_glyphs):
* glyphs.c (specifier_type_create_image):
* glyphs.h:
* glyphs.h (struct text_image_instance):
* glyphs.h (struct Lisp_Image_Instance):
* gmalloc.c:
* gmalloc.c ("C"):
* gpmevent.c (Freceive_gpm_event):
* gpmevent.c (gpm_next_event_cb):
* gpmevent.c (vars_of_gpmevent):
* gtk-glue.c (gdk_event_to_emacs_event):
* gtk-xemacs.c (gtk_xemacs_class_init):
* gui-msw.c:
* gui-msw.c (mswindows_handle_gui_wm_command):
* gui-msw.c (mswindows_translate_menu_or_dialog_item):
* gui-x.c:
* gui-x.c (mark_popup_data):
* gui-x.c (snarf_widget_value_mapper):
* gui-x.c (gcpro_popup_callbacks):
* gui-x.c (ungcpro_popup_callbacks):
* gui-x.c (free_popup_widget_value_tree):
* gui-x.c (popup_selection_callback):
* gui-x.h:
* gui-x.h (struct popup_data):
* gui.c:
* gui.c (allocate_gui_item):
* gutter.c (decode_gutter_position):
* hash.c (NULL_ENTRY):
* indent.c (vmotion_1):
* indent.c (vmotion_pixels):
* input-method-motif.c (res):
* input-method-xlib.c (IMInstantiateCallback):
* input-method-xlib.c (XIM_init_device):
* input-method-xlib.c (res):
* intl-encap-win32.c:
* intl-encap-win32.c (qxeSHGetDataFromIDList):
* intl-win32.c:
* intl-win32.c (mswindows_multibyte_cp_type):
* intl-win32.c (struct mswindows_multibyte_coding_system):
* keymap.c:
* keymap.c (make_key_description):
* keymap.c (keymap_store):
* keymap.c (get_keyelt):
* keymap.c (keymap_lookup_1):
* keymap.c (define_key_parser):
* keymap.c (key_desc_list_to_event):
* keymap.c (event_matches_key_specifier_p):
* keymap.c (meta_prefix_char_p):
* keymap.c (ensure_meta_prefix_char_keymapp):
* keymap.c (Fdefine_key):
* keymap.c (struct raw_lookup_key_mapper_closure):
* keymap.c (raw_lookup_key):
* keymap.c (raw_lookup_key_mapper):
* keymap.c (lookup_keys):
* keymap.c (lookup_events):
* keymap.c (Flookup_key):
* keymap.c (struct map_keymap_unsorted_closure):
* keymap.c (map_keymap_unsorted_mapper):
* keymap.c (map_keymap_sorted):
* keymap.c (map_keymap_mapper):
* keymap.c (map_keymap):
* keymap.c (accessible_keymaps_mapper_1):
* keymap.c (Faccessible_keymaps):
* keymap.c (Fsingle_key_description):
* keymap.c (raw_keys_to_keys):
* keymap.c (format_raw_keys):
* keymap.c (where_is_recursive_mapper):
* keymap.c (where_is_internal):
* keymap.c (describe_map_mapper_shadow_search):
* keymap.c (keymap_lookup_inherited_mapper):
* keymap.c (describe_map_mapper):
* keymap.h (event_matches_key_specifier_p):
* lisp.h:
* lisp.h (this):
* lisp.h (RETURN_NOT_REACHED):
* lisp.h (struct Lisp_Vector):
* lisp.h (struct Lisp_Bit_Vector):
* lisp.h (UNGCPRO_1):
* lisp.h (NUNGCPRO):
* lisp.h (NNUNGCPRO):
* lisp.h (DECLARE_INLINE_HEADER):
* lrecord.h:
* lrecord.h (struct lrecord_header):
* lrecord.h (struct lcrecord_header):
* lrecord.h (lrecord_type):
* lrecord.h (struct lrecord_implementation):
* lrecord.h (RECORD_DUMPABLE):
* lrecord.h (memory_description_type):
* lrecord.h (data_description_entry_flags):
* lrecord.h (struct memory_description):
* lrecord.h (struct sized_memory_description):
* lrecord.h (XD_INDIRECT):
* lrecord.h (XD_IS_INDIRECT):
* lrecord.h (XD_DYNARR_DESC):
* lrecord.h (DEFINE_BASIC_LRECORD_IMPLEMENTATION):
* lrecord.h (MAKE_LRECORD_IMPLEMENTATION):
* lrecord.h (MAKE_EXTERNAL_LRECORD_IMPLEMENTATION):
* lrecord.h (alloc_lcrecord_type):
* lstream.c:
* lstream.c (Lstream_new):
* lstream.c (lisp_buffer_marker):
* lstream.h:
* lstream.h (lstream_implementation):
* lstream.h (DEFINE_LSTREAM_IMPLEMENTATION):
* lstream.h (DEFINE_LSTREAM_IMPLEMENTATION_WITH_DATA):
* marker.c:
* marker.c (copy_marker_1):
* mem-limits.h:
* menubar-gtk.c:
* menubar-gtk.c (gtk_popup_menu):
* menubar-msw.c:
* menubar-msw.c (mswindows_popup_menu):
* menubar-x.c (make_dummy_xbutton_event):
* menubar-x.c (command_builder_operate_menu_accelerator):
* menubar-x.c (menu_accelerator_safe_compare):
* menubar-x.c (menu_accelerator_safe_mod_compare):
* mule-charset.c:
* mule-charset.c (make_charset):
* mule-charset.c (Fcharset_property):
* mule-coding.c:
* mule-coding.c (ccs_description_1):
* mule-coding.c (ccs_description =):
* mule-coding.c (ccsd_description_1):
* mule-coding.c (ccsd_description =):
* nt.c (getpwnam):
* nt.c (init_mswindows_environment):
* nt.c (get_cached_volume_information):
* nt.c (mswindows_is_executable):
* nt.c (read_unc_volume):
* nt.c (mswindows_access):
* nt.c (mswindows_link):
* nt.c (mswindows_fstat):
* nt.c (mswindows_stat):
* nt.c (mswindows_executable_type):
* nt.c (Fmswindows_short_file_name):
* nt.c (Fmswindows_long_file_name):
* objects-impl.h (struct Lisp_Color_Instance):
* objects-impl.h (struct Lisp_Font_Instance):
* objects-tty.c:
* objects-x.c (allocate_nearest_color):
* objects.c:
* objects.c (Fmake_color_instance):
* objects.c (Fmake_font_instance):
* objects.c (font_instantiate):
* opaque.c:
* opaque.c (make_opaque):
* opaque.c (make_opaque_ptr):
* opaque.c (reinit_opaque_early):
* opaque.c (init_opaque_once_early):
* print.c:
* print.c (printing_badness):
* print.c (printing_major_badness):
* print.c (print_internal):
* print.c (debug_p4):
* print.c (dp):
* print.c (debug_backtrace):
* process-nt.c (nt_create_process):
* process-nt.c (get_internet_address):
* process-unix.c:
* process-unix.c (struct unix_process_data):
* process-unix.c (get_internet_address):
* process-unix.c (unix_alloc_process_data):
* process-unix.c (unix_create_process):
* process-unix.c (try_to_initialize_subtty):
* process-unix.c (unix_kill_child_process):
* process-unix.c (process_type_create_unix):
* process.c:
* process.c (mark_process):
* process.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* process.c (make_process_internal):
* process.c (Fprocess_tty_name):
* process.c (decode_signal):
* process.h:
* procimpl.h:
* procimpl.h (struct process_methods):
* procimpl.h (struct Lisp_Process):
* rangetab.c:
* realpath.c (readlink_and_correct_case):
* redisplay-x.c (x_window_output_end):
* redisplay-x.c (x_redraw_exposed_area):
* redisplay-x.c (x_clear_frame):
* redisplay.c:
* redisplay.h:
* redisplay.h (struct rune_dglyph):
* redisplay.h (struct rune):
* scrollbar.c:
* scrollbar.c (create_scrollbar_instance):
* specifier.c:
* specifier.c (specifier_empty_extra_description_1):
* specifier.c (make_specifier_internal):
* specifier.c (decode_locale_type):
* specifier.c (decode_how_to_add_specification):
* specifier.h:
* specifier.h (struct specifier_methods):
* specifier.h (DEFINE_SPECIFIER_TYPE_WITH_DATA):
* specifier.h (INITIALIZE_SPECIFIER_TYPE_WITH_DATA):
* symbols.c:
* symbols.c (Fsetplist):
* symbols.c (default_value):
* symbols.c (decode_magic_handler_type):
* symbols.c (handler_type_from_function_symbol):
* symbols.c (Fdefvaralias):
* symbols.c (init_symbols_once_early):
* symbols.c (reinit_symbols_early):
* symsinit.h:
* sysdep.c (sys_subshell):
* sysdep.c (tty_init_sys_modes_on_device):
* syswindows.h:
* text.c (dfc_convert_to_external_format):
* text.c (dfc_convert_to_internal_format):
* text.c (reinit_eistring_early):
* text.c (init_eistring_once_early):
* text.c (reinit_vars_of_text):
* text.h:
* text.h (INC_IBYTEPTR_FMT):
* text.h (DEC_IBYTEPTR_FMT):
* toolbar.c:
* toolbar.c (decode_toolbar_position):
* tooltalk.c:
* ui-gtk.c:
* unexnt.c:
* unexnt.c (_start):
* unexnt.c (unexec):
* unexnt.c (get_section_info):
* unicode.c:
* unicode.c (vars_of_unicode):
* window.c:
* window.c (allocate_window):
* window.c (new_window_mirror):
* window.c (update_mirror_internal):
* winslots.h:
| author | michaels |
|---|---|
| date | Sun, 12 Jan 2003 11:08:22 +0000 |
| parents | 576fb035e263 |
| children |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 442 | 1 @c This is part of the XEmacs manual. |
| 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
| 3 @c See file xemacs.texi for copying conditions. | |
| 444 | 4 @node Basic, Undo, Packages, Top |
| 428 | 5 @chapter Basic Editing Commands |
| 6 | |
| 7 @kindex C-h t | |
| 8 @findex help-with-tutorial | |
| 9 We now give the basics of how to enter text, make corrections, and | |
| 10 save the text in a file. If this material is new to you, you might | |
| 11 learn it more easily by running the Emacs learn-by-doing tutorial. To | |
| 442 | 12 use the tutorial, run Emacs and type @kbd{Control-h t} |
| 13 (@code{help-with-tutorial}). You can also use @b{Tutorials} item from | |
| 14 the @b{Help} menu. | |
| 15 | |
| 16 XEmacs comes with many translations of tutorial. If your XEmacs is with | |
| 17 MULE and you set up language environment correctly, XEmacs chooses right | |
| 18 tutorial when available (@pxref{Language Environments}). If you want | |
| 19 specific translation, give @kbd{C-h t} a prefix argument, like @kbd{C-u | |
| 20 C-h t}. | |
| 21 | |
| 22 To clear the screen and redisplay, type @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}). | |
| 23 | |
| 24 @menu | |
| 428 | 25 |
| 442 | 26 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. |
| 27 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
| 28 change something. | |
| 29 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
| 30 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files. | |
| 31 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does. | |
| 32 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. | |
| 33 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
| 34 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
| 35 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
| 36 @c * Repeating:: A short-cut for repeating the previous command. | |
| 37 @end menu | |
| 38 | |
| 39 @node Inserting Text, Moving Point, , Basic | |
| 428 | 40 @section Inserting Text |
| 41 | |
| 42 @cindex insertion | |
| 43 @cindex point | |
| 44 @cindex cursor | |
| 45 @cindex graphic characters | |
| 46 To insert printing characters into the text you are editing, just type | |
| 442 | 47 them. This inserts the characters you type into the buffer at the |
| 48 cursor (that is, at @dfn{point}; @pxref{Point}). The cursor moves | |
| 49 forward, and any text after the cursor moves forward too. If the text | |
| 50 in the buffer is @samp{FOOBAR}, with the cursor before the @samp{B}, | |
| 51 then if you type @kbd{XX}, you get @samp{FOOXXBAR}, with the cursor | |
| 52 still before the @samp{B}. | |
| 428 | 53 |
| 442 | 54 @kindex BS |
| 428 | 55 @cindex deletion |
| 442 | 56 To @dfn{delete} text you have just inserted, use @key{BS}. @key{BS} |
| 57 deletes the character @emph{before} the cursor (not the one that the | |
| 58 cursor is on top of or under; that is the character @var{after} the | |
| 59 cursor). The cursor and all characters after it move backwards. | |
| 60 Therefore, if you type a printing character and then type @key{BS}, they | |
| 61 cancel out. | |
| 428 | 62 |
| 63 @kindex RET | |
| 64 @cindex newline | |
| 65 To end a line and start typing a new one, type @key{RET}. This | |
| 66 inserts a newline character in the buffer. If point is in the middle of | |
| 67 a line, @key{RET} splits the line. Typing @key{DEL} when the cursor is | |
| 442 | 68 at the beginning of a line deletes the preceding newline, thus joining |
| 69 the line with the preceding line. | |
| 428 | 70 |
| 442 | 71 Emacs can split lines automatically when they become too long, if you |
| 72 turn on a special minor mode called @dfn{Auto Fill} mode. | |
| 73 @xref{Filling}, for how to use Auto Fill mode. | |
| 74 | |
| 75 If you prefer to have text characters replace (overwrite) existing | |
| 76 text rather than shove it to the right, you can enable Overwrite mode, | |
| 77 a minor mode. @xref{Minor Modes}. | |
| 428 | 78 |
| 79 @cindex quoting | |
| 80 @kindex C-q | |
| 81 @findex quoted-insert | |
| 442 | 82 Direct insertion works for printing characters and @key{SPC}, but other |
| 83 characters act as editing commands and do not insert themselves. If you | |
| 84 need to insert a control character or a character whose code is above 200 | |
| 85 octal, you must @dfn{quote} it by typing the character @kbd{Control-q} | |
| 86 (@code{quoted-insert}) first. (This character's name is normally written | |
| 87 @kbd{C-q} for short.) There are two ways to use @kbd{C-q}: | |
| 428 | 88 |
| 89 @itemize @bullet | |
| 90 @item | |
| 442 | 91 @kbd{C-q} followed by any non-graphic character (even @kbd{C-g}) |
| 428 | 92 inserts that character. |
| 442 | 93 |
| 428 | 94 @item |
| 442 | 95 @kbd{C-q} followed by a sequence of octal digits inserts the character |
| 96 with the specified octal character code. You can use any number of | |
| 97 octal digits; any non-digit terminates the sequence. If the terminating | |
| 98 character is @key{RET}, it serves only to terminate the sequence; any | |
| 99 other non-digit is itself used as input after terminating the sequence. | |
| 100 (The use of octal sequences is disabled in ordinary non-binary Overwrite | |
| 101 mode, to give you a convenient way to insert a digit instead of | |
| 102 overwriting with it.) | |
| 428 | 103 @end itemize |
| 104 | |
| 105 @noindent | |
| 106 A numeric argument to @kbd{C-q} specifies how many copies of the quoted | |
| 107 character should be inserted (@pxref{Arguments}). | |
| 108 | |
| 442 | 109 @findex backward-or-forward-delete-char |
| 110 @findex newline | |
| 111 @findex self-insert | |
| 112 Customization information: @key{DEL}, in most modes, runs the command | |
| 113 @code{backward-or-forward-delete-char}; @key{RET} runs the command | |
| 114 @code{newline}, and self-inserting printing characters run the command | |
| 115 @code{self-insert}, which inserts whatever character was typed to invoke | |
| 116 it. Some major modes rebind @key{DEL} to other commands. | |
| 428 | 117 |
| 442 | 118 @node Moving Point, Erasing, Inserting Text, Basic |
| 428 | 119 @section Changing the Location of Point |
| 120 | |
| 442 | 121 @cindex arrow keys |
| 122 @kindex LEFT | |
| 123 @kindex RIGHT | |
| 124 @kindex UP | |
| 125 @kindex DOWN | |
| 126 @cindex moving point | |
| 127 @cindex movement | |
| 128 @cindex cursor motion | |
| 129 @cindex moving the cursor | |
| 428 | 130 To do more than insert characters, you have to know how to move point |
| 442 | 131 (@pxref{Point}). The simplest way to do this is with arrow keys, or by |
| 132 clicking the left mouse button where you want to move to. | |
| 428 | 133 |
| 134 NOTE: Many of the following commands have two versions, one that uses | |
| 135 the function keys (e.g. @key{LEFT} or @key{END}) and one that doesn't. | |
| 136 The former versions may only be available on X terminals (i.e. not on | |
| 137 TTY's), but the latter are available on all terminals. | |
| 138 | |
| 139 @kindex C-a | |
| 140 @kindex C-e | |
| 141 @kindex C-f | |
| 142 @kindex C-b | |
| 143 @kindex C-n | |
| 144 @kindex C-p | |
| 145 @kindex C-l | |
| 146 @kindex C-t | |
| 147 @kindex C-v | |
| 148 @kindex M-v | |
| 149 @kindex M-> | |
| 150 @kindex M-< | |
| 151 @kindex M-r | |
| 152 @kindex LEFT | |
| 153 @kindex RIGHT | |
| 154 @kindex UP | |
| 155 @kindex DOWN | |
| 156 @kindex HOME | |
| 157 @kindex END | |
| 158 @kindex PGUP | |
| 159 @kindex PGDN | |
| 160 @kindex C-LEFT | |
| 161 @kindex C-RIGHT | |
| 162 @kindex C-HOME | |
| 163 @kindex C-END | |
| 164 @findex beginning-of-line | |
| 165 @findex end-of-line | |
| 166 @findex forward-char | |
| 167 @findex backward-char | |
| 168 @findex next-line | |
| 169 @findex previous-line | |
| 170 @findex recenter | |
| 171 @findex transpose-chars | |
| 172 @findex beginning-of-buffer | |
| 173 @findex end-of-buffer | |
| 174 @findex goto-char | |
| 175 @findex goto-line | |
| 176 @findex move-to-window-line | |
| 177 @table @kbd | |
| 178 @item C-a | |
| 179 @itemx HOME | |
| 180 Move to the beginning of the line (@code{beginning-of-line}). | |
| 181 @item C-e | |
| 182 @itemx END | |
| 183 Move to the end of the line (@code{end-of-line}). | |
| 184 @item C-f | |
| 185 @itemx RIGHT | |
| 186 Move forward one character (@code{forward-char}). | |
| 187 @item C-b | |
| 188 @itemx LEFT | |
| 189 Move backward one character (@code{backward-char}). | |
| 190 @item M-f | |
| 191 @itemx C-RIGHT | |
| 192 Move forward one word (@code{forward-word}). | |
| 193 @item M-b | |
| 194 @itemx C-LEFT | |
| 195 Move backward one word (@code{backward-word}). | |
| 196 @item C-n | |
| 197 @itemx DOWN | |
| 442 | 198 Move down one line, vertically (@code{next-line}). This command |
| 199 attempts to keep the horizontal position unchanged, so if you start in | |
| 200 the middle of one line, you end in the middle of the next. When on the | |
| 201 last line of text, @kbd{C-n} creates a new line and moves onto it. | |
| 428 | 202 @item C-p |
| 203 @itemx UP | |
| 204 Move up one line, vertically (@code{previous-line}). | |
| 205 @item C-v | |
| 206 @itemx PGDN | |
| 207 Move down one page, vertically (@code{scroll-up}). | |
| 208 @item M-v | |
| 209 @itemx PGUP | |
| 210 Move up one page, vertically (@code{scroll-down}). | |
| 211 @item C-l | |
| 212 Clear the frame and reprint everything (@code{recenter}). Text moves | |
| 213 on the frame to bring point to the center of the window. | |
| 214 @item M-r | |
| 442 | 215 Move point to left margin, vertically centered in the window |
| 216 (@code{move-to-window-line}). Text does not move on the screen. | |
| 217 | |
| 218 A numeric argument says which screen line to place point on. It counts | |
| 219 screen lines down from the top of the window (zero for the top line). A | |
| 220 negative argument counts lines from the bottom (@minus{}1 for the bottom | |
| 221 line). | |
| 428 | 222 @item C-t |
| 223 Transpose two characters, the ones before and after the cursor | |
| 442 | 224 (@code{transpose-chars}). |
| 428 | 225 @item M-< |
| 226 @itemx C-HOME | |
| 227 Move to the top of the buffer (@code{beginning-of-buffer}). With | |
| 228 numeric argument @var{n}, move to @var{n}/10 of the way from the top. | |
| 229 @xref{Arguments}, for more information on numeric arguments.@refill | |
| 230 @item M-> | |
| 231 @itemx C-END | |
| 232 Move to the end of the buffer (@code{end-of-buffer}). | |
| 233 @item M-x goto-char | |
| 442 | 234 Read a number @var{n} and move point to buffer position @var{n}. |
| 428 | 235 Position 1 is the beginning of the buffer. |
| 236 @item M-g | |
| 442 | 237 Read a number @var{n} and move point to line number @var{n} |
| 428 | 238 (@code{goto-line}). Line 1 is the beginning of the buffer. |
| 442 | 239 @c @item C-x C-n |
| 240 @item M-x set-goal-column | |
| 428 | 241 @findex set-goal-column |
| 242 Use the current column of point as the @dfn{semi-permanent goal column} for | |
| 243 @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} (@code{set-goal-column}). Henceforth, those | |
| 244 commands always move to this column in each line moved into, or as | |
| 245 close as possible given the contents of the line. This goal column remains | |
| 246 in effect until canceled. | |
| 442 | 247 @c @item C-u C-x C-n |
| 248 @item C-u M-x set-goal-column | |
| 428 | 249 Cancel the goal column. Henceforth, @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} once |
| 250 again try to avoid changing the horizontal position, as usual. | |
| 251 @end table | |
| 252 | |
| 253 @vindex track-eol | |
| 254 If you set the variable @code{track-eol} to a non-@code{nil} value, | |
| 442 | 255 then @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} when at the end of the starting line move |
| 256 to the end of another line. Normally, @code{track-eol} is @code{nil}. | |
| 257 @xref{Variables}, for how to set variables such as @code{track-eol}. | |
| 428 | 258 |
| 442 | 259 @vindex next-line-add-newlines |
| 260 Normally, @kbd{C-n} on the last line of a buffer appends a newline to | |
| 261 it. If the variable @code{next-line-add-newlines} is @code{nil}, then | |
| 262 @kbd{C-n} gets an error instead (like @kbd{C-p} on the first line). | |
| 263 | |
| 264 @node Erasing, Basic Files, Moving Point, Basic | |
| 428 | 265 @section Erasing Text |
| 266 | |
| 267 @table @kbd | |
| 268 @item @key{DEL} | |
| 442 | 269 Delete the character before or after point |
| 270 (@code{backward-or-forward-delete-char}). You can customize | |
| 271 this behavior by setting the variable @code{delete-key-deletes-forward}. | |
| 428 | 272 @item C-d |
| 442 | 273 Delete the character after point (@code{delete-char}). |
| 428 | 274 @item C-k |
| 275 Kill to the end of the line (@code{kill-line}). | |
| 276 @item M-d | |
| 277 Kill forward to the end of the next word (@code{kill-word}). | |
| 278 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
| 279 Kill back to the beginning of the previous word | |
| 280 (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
| 281 @end table | |
| 282 | |
| 442 | 283 @cindex killing characters and lines |
| 284 @cindex deleting characters and lines | |
| 285 @cindex erasing characters and lines | |
| 286 You already know about the @key{DEL} key which deletes the character | |
| 287 before point (that is, before the cursor). Another key, @kbd{Control-d} | |
| 288 (@kbd{C-d} for short), deletes the character after point (that is, the | |
| 289 character that the cursor is on). This shifts the rest of the text on | |
| 290 the line to the left. If you type @kbd{C-d} at the end of a line, it | |
| 291 joins together that line and the next line. | |
| 428 | 292 |
| 442 | 293 To erase a larger amount of text, use the @kbd{C-k} key, which kills a |
| 294 line at a time. If you type @kbd{C-k} at the beginning or middle of a | |
| 295 line, it kills all the text up to the end of the line. If you type | |
| 296 @kbd{C-k} at the end of a line, it joins that line and the next line. | |
| 428 | 297 |
| 298 @xref{Killing}, for more flexible ways of killing text. | |
| 299 | |
| 442 | 300 @node Basic Files, Basic Help, Erasing, Basic |
| 428 | 301 @section Files |
| 302 | |
| 303 @cindex files | |
| 442 | 304 The commands described above are sufficient for creating and altering |
| 305 text in an Emacs buffer; the more advanced Emacs commands just make | |
| 306 things easier. But to keep any text permanently you must put it in a | |
| 307 @dfn{file}. Files are named units of text which are stored by the | |
| 308 operating system for you to retrieve later by name. To look at or use | |
| 309 the contents of a file in any way, including editing the file with | |
| 310 Emacs, you must specify the file name. | |
| 428 | 311 |
| 312 Consider a file named @file{/usr/rms/foo.c}. To begin editing | |
| 313 this file from Emacs, type: | |
| 314 | |
| 315 @example | |
| 316 C-x C-f /usr/rms/foo.c @key{RET} | |
| 317 @end example | |
| 318 | |
| 319 @noindent | |
| 442 | 320 Here the file name is given as an @dfn{argument} to the command @kbd{C-x |
| 321 C-f} (@code{find-file}). That command uses the @dfn{minibuffer} to | |
| 322 read the argument, and you type @key{RET} to terminate the argument | |
| 323 (@pxref{Minibuffer}). | |
| 428 | 324 |
| 325 You can also use the @b{Open...} menu item from the @b{File} menu, then | |
| 326 type the name of the file to the prompt. | |
| 327 | |
| 442 | 328 Emacs obeys the command by @dfn{visiting} the file: creating a buffer, |
| 329 copying the contents of the file into the buffer, and then displaying | |
| 330 the buffer for you to edit. If you alter the text, you can @dfn{save} | |
| 331 the new text in the file by typing @kbd{C-x C-s} (@code{save-buffer}) or | |
| 332 choosing @b{Save Buffer} from the @b{File} menu. This makes the changes | |
| 333 permanent by copying the altered buffer contents back into the file | |
| 334 @file{/usr/rms/foo.c}. Until you save, the changes exist only inside | |
| 335 Emacs, and the file @file{foo.c} is unaltered. | |
| 428 | 336 |
| 337 To create a file, visit the file with @kbd{C-x C-f} as if it already | |
| 338 existed or choose @b{Open...} from the @b{File} menu and provide the | |
| 442 | 339 name for the new file. Emacs will create an empty buffer in which you |
| 340 can insert the text you want to put in the file. When you save the | |
| 341 buffer with @kbd{C-x C-s}, or by choosing @b{Save Buffer} from the | |
| 342 @b{File} menu, the file is created. | |
| 428 | 343 |
| 442 | 344 To learn more about using files, @xref{Files}. |
| 428 | 345 |
| 442 | 346 @node Basic Help, Blank Lines, Basic Files, Basic |
| 428 | 347 @section Help |
| 348 | |
| 442 | 349 @cindex getting help with keys |
| 350 If you forget what a key does, you can find out with the Help | |
| 351 character, which is @kbd{C-h} (or @key{F1}, which is an alias for | |
| 352 @kbd{C-h}). Type @kbd{C-h k} followed by the key you want to know | |
| 353 about; for example, @kbd{C-h k C-n} tells you all about what @kbd{C-n} | |
| 428 | 354 does. @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key; @kbd{C-h k} is just one of its |
| 355 subcommands (the command @code{describe-key}). The other subcommands of | |
| 442 | 356 @kbd{C-h} provide different kinds of help. Type @kbd{C-h} twice to get |
| 357 a description of all the help facilities. @xref{Help}. | |
| 428 | 358 |
| 442 | 359 @node Blank Lines, Continuation Lines, Basic Help, Basic |
| 428 | 360 @section Blank Lines |
| 361 | |
| 442 | 362 @cindex inserting blank lines |
| 363 @cindex deleting blank lines | |
| 364 Here are special commands and techniques for putting in and taking out | |
| 428 | 365 blank lines. |
| 366 | |
| 367 @c widecommands | |
| 368 @table @kbd | |
| 369 @item C-o | |
| 370 Insert one or more blank lines after the cursor (@code{open-line}). | |
| 371 @item C-x C-o | |
| 372 Delete all but one of many consecutive blank lines | |
| 373 (@code{delete-blank-lines}). | |
| 374 @end table | |
| 375 | |
| 376 @kindex C-o | |
| 377 @kindex C-x C-o | |
| 378 @cindex blank lines | |
| 379 @findex open-line | |
| 380 @findex delete-blank-lines | |
| 442 | 381 When you want to insert a new line of text before an existing line, you |
| 382 can do it by typing the new line of text, followed by @key{RET}. | |
| 383 However, it may be easier to see what you are doing if you first make a | |
| 384 blank line and then insert the desired text into it. This is easy to do | |
| 385 using the key @kbd{C-o} (@code{open-line}), which inserts a newline | |
| 386 after point but leaves point in front of the newline. After @kbd{C-o}, | |
| 387 type the text for the new line. @kbd{C-o F O O} has the same effect as | |
| 388 @w{@kbd{F O O @key{RET}}}, except for the final location of point. | |
| 428 | 389 |
| 442 | 390 You can make several blank lines by typing @kbd{C-o} several times, or |
| 391 by giving it a numeric argument to tell it how many blank lines to make. | |
| 392 @xref{Arguments}, for how. If you have a fill prefix, then @kbd{C-o} | |
| 393 command inserts the fill prefix on the new line, when you use it at the | |
| 394 beginning of a line. @xref{Fill Prefix}. | |
| 428 | 395 |
| 442 | 396 The easy way to get rid of extra blank lines is with the command |
| 397 @kbd{C-x C-o} (@code{delete-blank-lines}). @kbd{C-x C-o} in a run of | |
| 398 several blank lines deletes all but one of them. @kbd{C-x C-o} on a | |
| 399 solitary blank line deletes that blank line. When point is on a | |
| 400 nonblank line, @kbd{C-x C-o} deletes any blank lines following that | |
| 401 nonblank line. | |
| 428 | 402 |
| 403 @node Continuation Lines, Position Info, Blank Lines, Basic | |
| 404 @section Continuation Lines | |
| 405 | |
| 406 @cindex continuation line | |
| 442 | 407 @cindex wrapping |
| 408 @cindex line wrapping | |
| 409 If you add too many characters to one line without breaking it with | |
| 410 @key{RET}, the line will grow to occupy two (or more) lines on the | |
| 411 screen, with a curved arrow at the extreme right margin of all but the | |
| 412 last of them. The curved arrow says that the following screen line is | |
| 413 not really a distinct line in the text, but just the @dfn{continuation} | |
| 414 of a line too long to fit the screen. Continuation is also called | |
| 415 @dfn{line wrapping}. | |
| 428 | 416 |
| 442 | 417 Sometimes it is nice to have Emacs insert newlines automatically when |
| 418 a line gets too long. Continuation on the screen does not do that. Use | |
| 419 Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Filling}) if that's what you want. | |
| 428 | 420 |
| 421 @vindex truncate-lines | |
| 422 @cindex truncation | |
| 423 Instead of continuation, long lines can be displayed by @dfn{truncation}. | |
| 424 This means that all the characters that do not fit in the width of the | |
| 425 frame or window do not appear at all. They remain in the buffer, | |
| 442 | 426 temporarily invisible. Right arrow in the last column (instead of the |
| 427 curved arrow) inform you that truncation is in effect. | |
| 428 | 428 |
| 442 | 429 Truncation instead of continuation happens whenever horizontal |
| 430 scrolling is in use, and optionally in all side-by-side windows | |
| 431 (@pxref{Windows}). You can enable truncation for a particular buffer by | |
| 432 setting the variable @code{truncate-lines} to non-@code{nil} in that | |
| 433 buffer. (@xref{Variables}.) Altering the value of | |
| 434 @code{truncate-lines} makes it local to the current buffer; until that | |
| 435 time, the default value is in effect. The default is initially | |
| 436 @code{nil}. @xref{Locals}. | |
| 437 | |
| 438 @xref{Display Vars}, for additional variables that affect how text is | |
| 439 displayed. | |
| 428 | 440 |
| 441 @node Position Info, Arguments, Continuation Lines, Basic | |
| 442 @section Cursor Position Information | |
| 443 | |
| 444 If you are accustomed to other display editors, you may be surprised | |
| 445 that Emacs does not always display the page number or line number of | |
| 446 point in the mode line. In Emacs, this information is only rarely | |
| 447 needed, and a number of commands are available to compute and print it. | |
| 448 Since text is stored in a way that makes it difficult to compute the | |
| 449 information, it is not displayed all the time. | |
| 450 | |
| 451 @table @kbd | |
| 452 @item M-x what-page | |
| 453 Print page number of point, and line number within page. | |
| 454 @item M-x what-line | |
| 455 Print line number of point in the buffer. | |
| 442 | 456 @item M-x line-number-mode |
| 457 Toggle automatic display of current line number. | |
| 428 | 458 @item M-= |
| 442 | 459 Print number of lines and characters in the current region |
| 460 (@code{count-lines-region}). @xref{Mark}, for information about the | |
| 461 region. | |
| 428 | 462 @item C-x = |
| 463 Print character code of character after point, character position of | |
| 464 point, and column of point (@code{what-cursor-position}). | |
| 465 @end table | |
| 466 | |
| 467 @findex what-page | |
| 468 @findex what-line | |
| 469 @cindex line number | |
| 470 @cindex page number | |
| 471 @kindex M-= | |
| 472 @findex count-lines-region | |
| 473 | |
| 474 There are several commands for printing line numbers: | |
| 442 | 475 |
| 428 | 476 @itemize @bullet |
| 477 @item | |
| 478 @kbd{M-x what-line} counts lines from the beginning of the file and | |
| 479 prints the line number point is on. The first line of the file is line | |
| 480 number 1. You can use these numbers as arguments to @kbd{M-x | |
| 481 goto-line}. | |
| 482 @item | |
| 483 @kbd{M-x what-page} counts pages from the beginning of the file, and | |
| 484 counts lines within the page, printing both of them. @xref{Pages}, for | |
| 485 the command @kbd{C-x l}, which counts the lines in the current page. | |
| 486 @item | |
| 442 | 487 @kbd{M-=} (@code{count-lines-region}) prints the number of lines in the |
| 488 region (@pxref{Mark}). @xref{Pages}, for the command @kbd{C-x l} which | |
| 489 counts the lines in the | |
| 428 | 490 @end itemize |
| 491 | |
| 492 @kindex C-x = | |
| 493 @findex what-cursor-position | |
| 442 | 494 The command @kbd{C-x =} (@code{what-cursor-position}) can be used to find out |
| 495 the column that the cursor is in, and other miscellaneous information about | |
| 496 point. It prints a line in the echo area that looks like this: | |
| 428 | 497 |
| 498 @example | |
| 442 | 499 Char: c (0143, 99, 0x63) point=18862 of 24800(76%) column 53 |
| 428 | 500 @end example |
| 501 | |
| 502 @noindent | |
| 442 | 503 (In fact, this is the output produced when point is before @samp{column |
| 504 53} in the example.) | |
| 428 | 505 |
| 442 | 506 The four values after @samp{Char:} describe the character that follows |
| 507 point, first by showing it and then by giving its character code in | |
| 508 octal, decimal and hex. | |
| 428 | 509 |
| 510 @samp{point=} is followed by the position of point expressed as a character | |
| 511 count. The front of the buffer counts as position 1, one character later | |
| 512 as 2, and so on. The next, larger number is the total number of characters | |
| 513 in the buffer. Afterward in parentheses comes the position expressed as a | |
| 514 percentage of the total size. | |
| 515 | |
| 442 | 516 @samp{column} is followed by the horizontal position of point, in |
| 517 columns from the left edge of the window. | |
| 428 | 518 |
| 519 If the buffer has been narrowed, making some of the text at the | |
| 520 beginning and the end temporarily invisible, @kbd{C-x =} prints | |
| 521 additional text describing the current visible range. For example, it | |
| 522 might say: | |
| 523 | |
| 524 @smallexample | |
| 442 | 525 Char: c (0143, 99, 0x63) point=19674 of 24575(80%) <19591 - 19703> column 69 |
| 428 | 526 @end smallexample |
| 527 | |
| 528 @noindent | |
| 529 where the two extra numbers give the smallest and largest character position | |
| 530 that point is allowed to assume. The characters between those two positions | |
| 531 are the visible ones. @xref{Narrowing}. | |
| 532 | |
| 533 If point is at the end of the buffer (or the end of the visible part), | |
| 534 @kbd{C-x =} omits any description of the character after point. | |
| 535 The output looks like | |
| 536 | |
| 537 @smallexample | |
| 538 point=563026 of 563025(100%) column 0 | |
| 539 @end smallexample | |
| 540 | |
| 541 @node Arguments,, Position Info, Basic | |
| 542 @section Numeric Arguments | |
| 543 @cindex numeric arguments | |
| 544 | |
| 442 | 545 In mathematics and computer usage, the word @dfn{argument} means |
| 546 ``data provided to a function or operation.'' Any Emacs command can be | |
| 547 given a @dfn{numeric argument} (also called a @dfn{prefix argument}). | |
| 548 Some commands interpret the argument as a repetition count. For | |
| 549 example, giving an argument of ten to the key @kbd{C-f} (the command | |
| 550 @code{forward-char}, move forward one character) moves forward ten | |
| 551 characters. With these commands, no argument is equivalent to an | |
| 552 argument of one. Negative arguments are allowed. Often they tell a | |
| 553 command to move or act in the opposite direction. | |
| 428 | 554 |
| 555 @kindex M-1 | |
| 556 @kindex M-@t{-} | |
| 557 @findex digit-argument | |
| 558 @findex negative-argument | |
| 559 If your keyboard has a @key{META} key (labelled with a diamond on | |
| 560 Sun-type keyboards and labelled @samp{Alt} on some other keyboards), the | |
| 561 easiest way to specify a numeric argument is to type digits and/or a | |
| 562 minus sign while holding down the @key{META} key. For example, | |
| 563 @example | |
| 564 M-5 C-n | |
| 565 @end example | |
| 566 @noindent | |
| 442 | 567 would move down five lines. The characters @kbd{Meta-1}, @kbd{Meta-2}, |
| 568 and so on, as well as @kbd{Meta--}, do this because they are keys bound | |
| 569 to commands (@code{digit-argument} and @code{negative-argument}) that | |
| 570 are defined to contribute to an argument for the next command. Digits | |
| 571 and @kbd{-} modified with Control, or Control and Meta, also specify | |
| 572 numeric arguments. | |
| 428 | 573 |
| 574 @kindex C-u | |
| 575 @findex universal-argument | |
| 576 Another way of specifying an argument is to use the @kbd{C-u} | |
| 442 | 577 (@code{universal-argument}) command followed by the digits of the |
| 578 argument. With @kbd{C-u}, you can type the argument digits without | |
| 579 holding down modifier keys; @kbd{C-u} works on all terminals. To type a | |
| 580 negative argument, type a minus sign after @kbd{C-u}. Just a minus sign | |
| 581 without digits normally means @minus{}1. | |
| 428 | 582 |
| 583 @kbd{C-u} followed by a character which is neither a digit nor a minus | |
| 584 sign has the special meaning of ``multiply by four''. It multiplies the | |
| 585 argument for the next command by four. @kbd{C-u} twice multiplies it by | |
| 586 sixteen. Thus, @kbd{C-u C-u C-f} moves forward sixteen characters. This | |
| 587 is a good way to move forward ``fast'', since it moves about 1/5 of a line | |
| 588 in the usual size frame. Other useful combinations are @kbd{C-u C-n}, | |
| 589 @kbd{C-u C-u C-n} (move down a good fraction of a frame), @kbd{C-u C-u | |
| 590 C-o} (make ``a lot'' of blank lines), and @kbd{C-u C-k} (kill four | |
| 442 | 591 lines). |
| 428 | 592 |
| 593 Some commands care only about whether there is an argument and not about | |
| 594 its value. For example, the command @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) with | |
| 595 no argument fills text; with an argument, it justifies the text as well. | |
| 596 (@xref{Filling}, for more information on @kbd{M-q}.) Just @kbd{C-u} is a | |
| 597 handy way of providing an argument for such commands. | |
| 598 | |
| 599 Some commands use the value of the argument as a repeat count, but do | |
| 600 something peculiar when there is no argument. For example, the command | |
| 601 @kbd{C-k} (@code{kill-line}) with argument @var{n} kills @var{n} lines, | |
| 602 including their terminating newlines. But @kbd{C-k} with no argument is | |
| 603 special: it kills the text up to the next newline, or, if point is right at | |
| 604 the end of the line, it kills the newline itself. Thus, two @kbd{C-k} | |
| 605 commands with no arguments can kill a non-blank line, just like @kbd{C-k} | |
| 606 with an argument of one. (@xref{Killing}, for more information on | |
| 442 | 607 @kbd{C-k}.) |
| 428 | 608 |
| 609 A few commands treat a plain @kbd{C-u} differently from an ordinary | |
| 610 argument. A few others may treat an argument of just a minus sign | |
| 442 | 611 differently from an argument of @minus{}1. These unusual cases are |
| 612 described when they come up; they are always for reasons of convenience | |
| 613 of use of the individual command. | |
| 428 | 614 |
| 442 | 615 You can use a numeric argument to insert multiple copies of a |
| 616 character. This is straightforward unless the character is a digit; for | |
| 617 example, @kbd{C-u 6 4 a} inserts 64 copies of the character @samp{a}. | |
| 618 But this does not work for inserting digits; @kbd{C-u 6 4 1} specifies | |
| 619 an argument of 641, rather than inserting anything. To separate the | |
| 620 digit to insert from the argument, type another @kbd{C-u}; for example, | |
| 621 @kbd{C-u 6 4 C-u 1} does insert 64 copies of the character @samp{1}. | |
| 622 | |
| 623 We use the term ``prefix argument'' as well as ``numeric argument'' to | |
| 624 emphasize that you type the argument before the command, and to | |
| 625 distinguish these arguments from minibuffer arguments that come after | |
| 626 the command. | |
| 627 | |
| 428 | 628 @ignore |
| 442 | 629 @node Repeating |
| 630 @section Repeating a Command | |
| 631 @cindex repeating a command | |
| 632 | |
| 633 @kindex C-x z | |
| 634 @findex repeat | |
| 635 The command @kbd{C-x z} (@code{repeat}) provides another way to repeat | |
| 636 an Emacs command many times. This command repeats the previous Emacs | |
| 637 command, whatever that was. Repeating a command uses the same arguments | |
| 638 that were used before; it does not read new arguments each time. | |
| 428 | 639 |
| 442 | 640 To repeat the command more than once, type additional @kbd{z}'s: each |
| 641 @kbd{z} repeats the command one more time. Repetition ends when you | |
| 642 type a character other than @kbd{z}, or press a mouse button. | |
| 428 | 643 |
| 442 | 644 For example, suppose you type @kbd{C-u 2 0 C-d} to delete 20 |
| 645 characters. You can repeat that command (including its argument) three | |
| 646 additional times, to delete a total of 80 characters, by typing @kbd{C-x | |
| 647 z z z}. The first @kbd{C-x z} repeats the command once, and each | |
| 648 subsequent @kbd{z} repeats it once again. | |
| 649 | |
| 428 | 650 @end ignore |