Mercurial > hg > xemacs-beta
annotate etc/GNU @ 1204:e22b0213b713
[xemacs-hg @ 2003-01-12 11:07:58 by michaels]
modules/ChangeLog:
2002-12-16 Ben Wing <ben@xemacs.org>
* postgresql/postgresql.c:
remove ifdef USE_KKCC.
src/ChangeLog:
2003-01-08 Mike Sperber <mike@xemacs.org>
* console.h (CDFW_CONSOLE): Don't lead to a crash if we're dealing
with a dead window/frame/device/console.
2002-12-20 Mike Sperber <mike@xemacs.org>
* ui-gtk.c: Fix typo from Ben's patch: emacs_ffi_data is a
typedef, not a struct. emacs_gtk_object_data is a typedef, not a
struct.
* gtk-glue.c (gdk_event_to_emacs_event): Fix typos from Ben's
patch: le -> emacs_event + rearrange the code.
* event-gtk.c (gtk_event_to_emacs_event): Fix typos from Ben's
patch: ..._UNDERLYING_GDK_EVENT -> ..._GDK_EVENT, ev -> key_event.
* device-gtk.c: Fix typo from Ben's patch: x_keysym_map_hash_table
-> x_keysym_map_hashtable.
2002-12-19 Mike Sperber <mike@xemacs.org>
* menubar-x.c (set_frame_menubar): Initialize protect_me field of
popup_data.
2002-12-16 Ben Wing <ben@xemacs.org>
Major cleanup of KKCC, etc.
KKCC, pdump-related:
-- descriptions are written for all objects. this required some
changes in the format of some objects, e.g. extents, popup-data,
coding system, lstream, lcrecord-list.
-- KKCC now handles weakness in markers, hash tables, elsewhere
correctly (formerly, you'd eventually get a stack overflow due
to endlessly expanding markers).
-- textual changes: lrecord_description -> memory_description,
struct_description -> sized_memory_description.
-- extensive comment describing descriptions and pdump.
-- redo XD_UNION so it works inline and change its format to provide
sufficient info for pdump. implement XD_UNION in pdump. also add
XD_UNION_DYNAMIC_SIZE, which works like XD_UNION except for when
auto-computing structure sizes.
-- add support for XD_INDIRECT in description offsets (used by
extents).
-- add support for "description maps", allowing for indirect
descriptions that are retrieved from an object at run-time. this
generalizes XD_CODING_SYSTEM_END, XD_SPECIFIER_END, etc., which
have now been eliminated.
-- add a fifth field "flags" to memory_description, to support flags
that can be specified for this particular line. Currently defined
flags are XD_FLAG_NO_KKCC (KKCC should ignore this entry; useful
for the weakness above in markers, etc.), XD_FLAG_NO_PDUMP (pdump
should ignore this entry), XD_FLAG_UNION_DEFAULT_ENTRY (in
union maps, this specifies a "default" entry for all remaining
values), and XD_FLAG_FREE_LISP_OBJECT (for use with lcrecord-lists).
-- clean up the kkcc-itis in events, so that the differences
between event data as separate objects and as a union are now
minimized to a small number of places. with the new XD_UNION, we
no longer need event data as separate objects, so this code is no
longer ifdef USE_KKCC, but instead ifdef EVENT_DATA_AS_OBJECTS,
not used by default. make sure that we explicitly free the
separate event data objects when no longer in use, to maintain the
invariant the event processing causes no consing.
-- also remove other USE_KKCC ifdefs when not necessary.
-- allow for KKCC compilation under MS Windows.
-- fix README.kkcc.
-- dump_add_root_object -> dump_add_root_lisp_object.
-- implement dump_add_root_block and use this to handle
dump_add_opaque.
-- factor out some code duplicated in kkcc and pdump.
Other allocation/object-related:
-- change various *slots.h so MARKED_SLOT() call no longer
includes semicolon.
-- free_marker() takes a Lisp_Object not a direct pointer.
-- make bit vectors lcrecords, like vectors, and eliminate code
that essentially duplicated the lcrecord handling.
-- additional asserts in FREE_FIXED_TYPE, formerly duplicated in
the various callers of this.
-- all lcrecord allocation functions now zero out the returned
lcrecords. unnecessary calls to zero_lcrecord removed. add long
comment describing these functions.
-- extract out process and coding system slots, like for buffers,
frames, etc.
-- lcrecords now set the type of items sitting on the free list to
lcrecord_type_free.
-- changes to the way that gap arrays are allocated, for kkcc's
benefit -- now, one single memory block with a stretchy array on
the end, instead of a separate block holding the array.
Error-checking-related:
-- now can compile with C++ under MS Windows. clean up compile errors
discovered that way. (a few were real problems)
-- add C++ error-checking code to verify problems with mismatched
GCPRO/UNGCPRO. (there were a few in the kkcc code.) add long
comment about how to catch insufficient GCPRO (yes, it's possible
using C++).
-- add debug_p4(), a simple object printer, when debug_print()
doesn't work.
-- add dp() and db() as short synonyms of debug_print(),
debug_backtrace().
-- `print' tries EXTREMELY hard to avoid core dumping when printing
when crashing or from debug_print(), and tries as hard as it
reasonably can in other situations.
-- Correct the message output upon crashing to be more up-to-date.
Event-related:
-- document event-matches-key-specifier-p better.
-- generalize the dispatch queues formerly duplicated in the
various event implementations. add event methods to drain pending
events. generalize and clean up QUIT handling, removing
event-specific quit processing. allow arbitrary keystrokes, not
just ASCII, to be the QUIT char. among other things, this should
fix some longstanding bugs in X quit handling. long comment
describing the various event queues.
-- implement delaying of XFlush() if there are pending expose events.
SOMEONE PLEASE TRY THIS OUT.
-- Fix `xemacs -batch -l dunnet' under Cygwin. Try to fix under
MS Windows but not quite there yet.
Other:
-- class -> class_ and no more C++ games with this item.
new -> new_ in the lwlib code, so far not elsewhere.
-- use `struct htentry' not `struct hentry' in elhash.c to avoid
debugger confusion with hash.c.
-- new macros ALIST_LOOP_3, ALIST_LOOP_4.
* README.kkcc:
* alloc.c:
* alloc.c (deadbeef_memory):
* alloc.c (allocate_lisp_storage):
* alloc.c (copy_lisp_object):
* alloc.c (ALLOCATE_FIXED_TYPE_1):
* alloc.c (FREE_FIXED_TYPE):
* alloc.c (make_vector_internal):
* alloc.c (make_bit_vector_internal):
* alloc.c (make_key_data):
* alloc.c (make_button_data):
* alloc.c (make_motion_data):
* alloc.c (make_process_data):
* alloc.c (make_timeout_data):
* alloc.c (make_magic_data):
* alloc.c (make_magic_eval_data):
* alloc.c (make_eval_data):
* alloc.c (make_misc_user_data):
* alloc.c (struct string_chars_block):
* alloc.c (mark_lcrecord_list):
* alloc.c (make_lcrecord_list):
* alloc.c (alloc_managed_lcrecord):
* alloc.c (free_managed_lcrecord):
* alloc.c (alloc_automanaged_lcrecord):
* alloc.c (staticpro_1):
* alloc.c (staticpro):
* alloc.c (lispdesc_indirect_count_1):
* alloc.c (lispdesc_indirect_description_1):
* alloc.c (lispdesc_one_description_line_size):
* alloc.c (lispdesc_structure_size):
* alloc.c (mark_object_maybe_checking_free):
* alloc.c (mark_with_description):
* alloc.c (mark_struct_contents):
* alloc.c (mark_object):
* alloc.c (tick_lcrecord_stats):
* alloc.c (free_cons):
* alloc.c (free_key_data):
* alloc.c (free_button_data):
* alloc.c (free_motion_data):
* alloc.c (free_process_data):
* alloc.c (free_timeout_data):
* alloc.c (free_magic_data):
* alloc.c (free_magic_eval_data):
* alloc.c (free_eval_data):
* alloc.c (free_misc_user_data):
* alloc.c (free_marker):
* alloc.c (compact_string_chars):
* alloc.c (gc_sweep):
* alloc.c (garbage_collect_1):
* alloc.c (Fgarbage_collect):
* alloc.c (common_init_alloc_early):
* alloc.c (init_alloc_early):
* alloc.c (init_alloc_once_early):
* buffer.c:
* buffer.c (mark_buffer):
* buffer.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* buffer.c (cleanup_buffer_undo_lists):
* buffer.c (Fget_file_buffer):
* buffer.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* bufslots.h:
* bytecode.c:
* callint.c:
* casetab.c:
* chartab.c:
* chartab.c (symbol_to_char_table_type):
* cmdloop.c:
* cmdloop.c (Fcommand_loop_1):
* config.h.in (new):
* conslots.h:
* console-gtk-impl.h (struct gtk_frame):
* console-impl.h:
* console-impl.h (struct console):
* console-impl.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* console-impl.h (CONSOLE_QUIT_EVENT):
* console-msw-impl.h (XM_BUMPQUEUE):
* console-msw.c (write_string_to_mswindows_debugging_output):
* console-msw.h:
* console-stream-impl.h:
* console-stream-impl.h (struct stream_console):
* console-stream.c:
* console-stream.c (stream_init_console):
* console-stream.h:
* console-tty.c:
* console-tty.h:
* console-x.h:
* console.c:
* console.c (mark_console):
* console.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* console.c (allocate_console):
* console.c (get_console_variant):
* console.c (create_console):
* console.c (delete_console_internal):
* console.c (Fset_input_mode):
* console.c (Fcurrent_input_mode):
* console.c (common_init_complex_vars_of_console):
* console.h:
* console.h (console_variant):
* console.h (device_metrics):
* data.c:
* data.c (Faref):
* data.c (Faset):
* data.c (decode_weak_list_type):
* database.c:
* debug.c (xemacs_debug_loop):
* debug.c (FROB):
* debug.c (Fadd_debug_class_to_check):
* debug.c (Fdelete_debug_class_to_check):
* debug.c (Fset_debug_classes_to_check):
* debug.c (Fset_debug_class_types_to_check):
* debug.c (Fdebug_types_being_checked):
* debug.h (DASSERT):
* device-gtk.c:
* device-impl.h (struct device):
* device-impl.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* device-msw.c:
* device-x.c:
* device-x.c (x_init_device_class):
* device-x.c (x_comp_visual_info):
* device-x.c (x_try_best_visual_class):
* device-x.c (x_init_device):
* device-x.c (construct_name_list):
* device-x.c (x_get_resource_prefix):
* device-x.c (Fx_get_resource):
* device-x.c (Fx_display_visual_class):
* device.c:
* device.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* device.c (allocate_device):
* device.c (Fmake_device):
* device.c (delete_device_internal):
* device.c (Fset_device_class):
* device.h:
* devslots.h:
* devslots.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* dialog-msw.c:
* dired-msw.c (mswindows_ls_sort_fcn):
* dired-msw.c (mswindows_get_files):
* dired-msw.c (mswindows_format_file):
* doprnt.c (parse_doprnt_spec):
* dumper.c:
* dumper.c (struct):
* dumper.c (dump_add_root_block):
* dumper.c (dump_add_root_struct_ptr):
* dumper.c (dump_add_root_lisp_object):
* dumper.c (pdump_struct_list_elt):
* dumper.c (pdump_get_entry_list):
* dumper.c (pdump_backtrace):
* dumper.c (pdump_bump_depth):
* dumper.c (pdump_register_sub):
* dumper.c (pdump_register_object):
* dumper.c (pdump_register_struct_contents):
* dumper.c (pdump_register_struct):
* dumper.c (pdump_store_new_pointer_offsets):
* dumper.c (pdump_dump_data):
* dumper.c (pdump_reloc_one):
* dumper.c (pdump_allocate_offset):
* dumper.c (pdump_scan_by_alignment):
* dumper.c (pdump_dump_root_blocks):
* dumper.c (pdump_dump_rtables):
* dumper.c (pdump_dump_root_lisp_objects):
* dumper.c (pdump):
* dumper.c (pdump_load_finish):
* dumper.c (pdump_file_get):
* dumper.c (pdump_resource_get):
* dumper.c (pdump_load):
* editfns.c (save_excursion_restore):
* editfns.c (user_login_name):
* editfns.c (save_restriction_restore):
* elhash.c:
* elhash.c (htentry):
* elhash.c (struct Lisp_Hash_Table):
* elhash.c (HTENTRY_CLEAR_P):
* elhash.c (LINEAR_PROBING_LOOP):
* elhash.c (check_hash_table_invariants):
* elhash.c (mark_hash_table):
* elhash.c (hash_table_equal):
* elhash.c (print_hash_table_data):
* elhash.c (free_hentries):
* elhash.c (make_general_lisp_hash_table):
* elhash.c (decode_hash_table_weakness):
* elhash.c (decode_hash_table_test):
* elhash.c (Fcopy_hash_table):
* elhash.c (resize_hash_table):
* elhash.c (pdump_reorganize_hash_table):
* elhash.c (find_htentry):
* elhash.c (Fgethash):
* elhash.c (Fputhash):
* elhash.c (remhash_1):
* elhash.c (Fremhash):
* elhash.c (Fclrhash):
* elhash.c (copy_compress_hentries):
* elhash.c (elisp_maphash_unsafe):
* elhash.c (finish_marking_weak_hash_tables):
* elhash.c (prune_weak_hash_tables):
* elhash.h:
* emacs.c:
* emacs.c (main_1):
* emacs.c (main):
* emacs.c (shut_down_emacs):
* emodules.h (dump_add_root_lisp_object):
* eval.c:
* eval.c (unwind_to_catch):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_error_1):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_error_1):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_error):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_error):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_error_2):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_error_2):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_ferror):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_ferror):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_ferror_with_frob):
* eval.c (maybe_signal_continuable_ferror_with_frob):
* eval.c (maybe_syntax_error):
* eval.c (maybe_sferror):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_argument):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_constant):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_operation):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_change):
* eval.c (maybe_invalid_state):
* eval.c (Feval):
* eval.c (call_trapping_problems):
* eval.c (call_with_suspended_errors):
* eval.c (warn_when_safe_lispobj):
* eval.c (warn_when_safe):
* eval.c (vars_of_eval):
* event-Xt.c:
* event-Xt.c (maybe_define_x_key_as_self_inserting_character):
* event-Xt.c (x_to_emacs_keysym):
* event-Xt.c (x_event_to_emacs_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_enqueue_focus_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_format_magic_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_compare_magic_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_hash_magic_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_handle_magic_event):
* event-Xt.c (Xt_timeout_to_emacs_event):
* event-Xt.c (Xt_process_to_emacs_event):
* event-Xt.c (signal_special_Xt_user_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_next_event):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_event_handler):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_drain_queue):
* event-Xt.c (emacs_Xt_event_pending_p):
* event-Xt.c (check_if_pending_expose_event):
* event-Xt.c (reinit_vars_of_event_Xt):
* event-Xt.c (vars_of_event_Xt):
* event-gtk.c:
* event-gtk.c (IS_MODIFIER_KEY):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_format_magic_event):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_compare_magic_event):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_hash_magic_event):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_handle_magic_event):
* event-gtk.c (gtk_to_emacs_keysym):
* event-gtk.c (gtk_timeout_to_emacs_event):
* event-gtk.c (gtk_process_to_emacs_event):
* event-gtk.c (dragndrop_data_received):
* event-gtk.c (signal_special_gtk_user_event):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_next_event):
* event-gtk.c (gtk_event_to_emacs_event):
* event-gtk.c (generic_event_handler):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_shell_event_handler):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_drain_queue):
* event-gtk.c (emacs_gtk_event_pending_p):
* event-gtk.c (reinit_vars_of_event_gtk):
* event-gtk.c (vars_of_event_gtk):
* event-msw.c:
* event-msw.c (struct winsock_stream):
* event-msw.c (winsock_reader):
* event-msw.c (winsock_writer):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_dispatch_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_misc_user_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_process_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_mouse_button_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_enqueue_keypress_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_dequeue_dispatch_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_drain_queue):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_need_event_in_modal_loop):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_need_event):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_wm_timer_callback):
* event-msw.c (dde_eval_string):
* event-msw.c (Fdde_alloc_advise_item):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_dde_callback):
* event-msw.c (mswindows_wnd_proc):
* event-msw.c (remove_timeout_mapper):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_remove_timeout):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_event_pending_p):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_format_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_compare_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_hash_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_handle_magic_event):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_select_console):
* event-msw.c (emacs_mswindows_unselect_console):
* event-msw.c (reinit_vars_of_event_mswindows):
* event-msw.c (vars_of_event_mswindows):
* event-stream.c:
* event-stream.c (mark_command_builder):
* event-stream.c (reset_command_builder_event_chain):
* event-stream.c (allocate_command_builder):
* event-stream.c (copy_command_builder):
* event-stream.c (command_builder_append_event):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_event_pending_p):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_force_event_pending):
* event-stream.c (maybe_read_quit_event):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_drain_queue):
* event-stream.c (remove_quit_p_event):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_quit_p):
* event-stream.c (echo_key_event):
* event-stream.c (maybe_kbd_translate):
* event-stream.c (execute_help_form):
* event-stream.c (event_stream_generate_wakeup):
* event-stream.c (enqueue_dispatch_event):
* event-stream.c (enqueue_magic_eval_event):
* event-stream.c (Fenqueue_eval_event):
* event-stream.c (enqueue_misc_user_event):
* event-stream.c (enqueue_misc_user_event_pos):
* event-stream.c (next_event_internal):
* event-stream.c (Fnext_event):
* event-stream.c (Faccept_process_output):
* event-stream.c (execute_internal_event):
* event-stream.c (munge_keymap_translate):
* event-stream.c (command_builder_find_leaf_no_mule_processing):
* event-stream.c (command_builder_find_leaf):
* event-stream.c (lookup_command_event):
* event-stream.c (is_scrollbar_event):
* event-stream.c (execute_command_event):
* event-stream.c (Fdispatch_event):
* event-stream.c (Fread_key_sequence):
* event-stream.c (dribble_out_event):
* event-stream.c (vars_of_event_stream):
* event-tty.c (tty_timeout_to_emacs_event):
* event-tty.c (emacs_tty_next_event):
* event-tty.c (emacs_tty_drain_queue):
* event-tty.c (reinit_vars_of_event_tty):
* event-unixoid.c:
* event-unixoid.c (find_tty_or_stream_console_from_fd):
* event-unixoid.c (read_event_from_tty_or_stream_desc):
* event-unixoid.c (drain_tty_devices):
* event-unixoid.c (poll_fds_for_input):
* events.c:
* events.c (deinitialize_event):
* events.c (zero_event):
* events.c (mark_event):
* events.c (print_event_1):
* events.c (print_event):
* events.c (event_equal):
* events.c (event_hash):
* events.c (Fmake_event):
* events.c (Fdeallocate_event):
* events.c (Fcopy_event):
* events.c (map_event_chain_remove):
* events.c (character_to_event):
* events.c (event_to_character):
* events.c (Fevent_to_character):
* events.c (format_event_object):
* events.c (upshift_event):
* events.c (downshift_event):
* events.c (event_upshifted_p):
* events.c (Fevent_live_p):
* events.c (Fevent_type):
* events.c (Fevent_timestamp):
* events.c (CHECK_EVENT_TYPE):
* events.c (CHECK_EVENT_TYPE2):
* events.c (CHECK_EVENT_TYPE3):
* events.c (Fevent_key):
* events.c (Fevent_button):
* events.c (Fevent_modifier_bits):
* events.c (event_x_y_pixel_internal):
* events.c (event_pixel_translation):
* events.c (Fevent_process):
* events.c (Fevent_function):
* events.c (Fevent_object):
* events.c (Fevent_properties):
* events.c (syms_of_events):
* events.c (vars_of_events):
* events.h:
* events.h (struct event_stream):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Key_Data):
* events.h (KEY_DATA_KEYSYM):
* events.h (EVENT_KEY_KEYSYM):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Button_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_BUTTON_BUTTON):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Motion_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_MOTION_X):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Process_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_PROCESS_PROCESS):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Timeout_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_TIMEOUT_INTERVAL_ID):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Eval_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_EVAL_FUNCTION):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Misc_User_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_MISC_USER_FUNCTION):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Magic_Eval_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_MAGIC_EVAL_INTERNAL_FUNCTION):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Magic_Data):
* events.h (EVENT_MAGIC_UNDERLYING):
* events.h (EVENT_MAGIC_GDK_EVENT):
* events.h (struct Lisp_Event):
* events.h (XEVENT_CHANNEL):
* events.h (SET_EVENT_TIMESTAMP_ZERO):
* events.h (SET_EVENT_CHANNEL):
* events.h (SET_EVENT_NEXT):
* events.h (XSET_EVENT_TYPE):
* events.h (struct command_builder):
* extents.c:
* extents.c (gap_array_adjust_markers):
* extents.c (gap_array_recompute_derived_values):
* extents.c (gap_array_move_gap):
* extents.c (gap_array_make_gap):
* extents.c (gap_array_insert_els):
* extents.c (gap_array_delete_els):
* extents.c (gap_array_make_marker):
* extents.c (gap_array_delete_marker):
* extents.c (gap_array_move_marker):
* extents.c (make_gap_array):
* extents.c (free_gap_array):
* extents.c (extent_list_num_els):
* extents.c (extent_list_insert):
* extents.c (mark_extent_auxiliary):
* extents.c (allocate_extent_auxiliary):
* extents.c (decode_extent_at_flag):
* extents.c (verify_extent_mapper):
* extents.c (symbol_to_glyph_layout):
* extents.c (syms_of_extents):
* faces.c:
* file-coding.c:
* file-coding.c (struct_detector_category_description =):
* file-coding.c (detector_category_dynarr_description_1):
* file-coding.c (struct_detector_description =):
* file-coding.c (detector_dynarr_description_1):
* file-coding.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* file-coding.c (mark_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (coding_system_extra_description_map):
* file-coding.c (coding_system_description):
* file-coding.c (allocate_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (symbol_to_eol_type):
* file-coding.c (Fcoding_system_aliasee):
* file-coding.c (set_coding_stream_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (struct convert_eol_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (struct undecided_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (undecided_mark_coding_stream):
* file-coding.c (coding_category_symbol_to_id):
* file-coding.c (struct gzip_coding_system):
* file-coding.c (coding_system_type_create):
* file-coding.h:
* file-coding.h (struct Lisp_Coding_System):
* file-coding.h (CODING_SYSTEM_SLOT_DECLARATION):
* file-coding.h (coding_system_variant):
* file-coding.h (struct coding_system_methods):
* file-coding.h (DEFINE_CODING_SYSTEM_TYPE_WITH_DATA):
* file-coding.h (INITIALIZE_CODING_SYSTEM_TYPE_WITH_DATA):
* file-coding.h (struct coding_stream):
* fileio.c (Fsubstitute_in_file_name):
* floatfns.c:
* fns.c:
* fns.c (base64_encode_1):
* frame-gtk.c:
* frame-gtk.c (Fgtk_start_drag_internal):
* frame-impl.h (struct frame):
* frame-impl.h (MARKED_SLOT):
* frame-msw.c:
* frame-x.c:
* frame-x.c (Fcde_start_drag_internal):
* frame-x.c (Foffix_start_drag_internal):
* frame.c:
* frame.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* frame.c (allocate_frame_core):
* frame.c (delete_frame_internal):
* frame.c (Fmouse_position_as_motion_event):
* frameslots.h:
* frameslots.h (MARKED_SLOT_ARRAY):
* free-hook.c:
* glyphs-msw.c (mswindows_widget_instantiate):
* glyphs-x.c:
* glyphs-x.c (convert_EImage_to_XImage):
* glyphs.c:
* glyphs.c (process_image_string_instantiator):
* glyphs.c (mark_image_instance):
* glyphs.c (allocate_image_instance):
* glyphs.c (unmap_subwindow):
* glyphs.c (map_subwindow):
* glyphs.c (syms_of_glyphs):
* glyphs.c (specifier_type_create_image):
* glyphs.h:
* glyphs.h (struct text_image_instance):
* glyphs.h (struct Lisp_Image_Instance):
* gmalloc.c:
* gmalloc.c ("C"):
* gpmevent.c (Freceive_gpm_event):
* gpmevent.c (gpm_next_event_cb):
* gpmevent.c (vars_of_gpmevent):
* gtk-glue.c (gdk_event_to_emacs_event):
* gtk-xemacs.c (gtk_xemacs_class_init):
* gui-msw.c:
* gui-msw.c (mswindows_handle_gui_wm_command):
* gui-msw.c (mswindows_translate_menu_or_dialog_item):
* gui-x.c:
* gui-x.c (mark_popup_data):
* gui-x.c (snarf_widget_value_mapper):
* gui-x.c (gcpro_popup_callbacks):
* gui-x.c (ungcpro_popup_callbacks):
* gui-x.c (free_popup_widget_value_tree):
* gui-x.c (popup_selection_callback):
* gui-x.h:
* gui-x.h (struct popup_data):
* gui.c:
* gui.c (allocate_gui_item):
* gutter.c (decode_gutter_position):
* hash.c (NULL_ENTRY):
* indent.c (vmotion_1):
* indent.c (vmotion_pixels):
* input-method-motif.c (res):
* input-method-xlib.c (IMInstantiateCallback):
* input-method-xlib.c (XIM_init_device):
* input-method-xlib.c (res):
* intl-encap-win32.c:
* intl-encap-win32.c (qxeSHGetDataFromIDList):
* intl-win32.c:
* intl-win32.c (mswindows_multibyte_cp_type):
* intl-win32.c (struct mswindows_multibyte_coding_system):
* keymap.c:
* keymap.c (make_key_description):
* keymap.c (keymap_store):
* keymap.c (get_keyelt):
* keymap.c (keymap_lookup_1):
* keymap.c (define_key_parser):
* keymap.c (key_desc_list_to_event):
* keymap.c (event_matches_key_specifier_p):
* keymap.c (meta_prefix_char_p):
* keymap.c (ensure_meta_prefix_char_keymapp):
* keymap.c (Fdefine_key):
* keymap.c (struct raw_lookup_key_mapper_closure):
* keymap.c (raw_lookup_key):
* keymap.c (raw_lookup_key_mapper):
* keymap.c (lookup_keys):
* keymap.c (lookup_events):
* keymap.c (Flookup_key):
* keymap.c (struct map_keymap_unsorted_closure):
* keymap.c (map_keymap_unsorted_mapper):
* keymap.c (map_keymap_sorted):
* keymap.c (map_keymap_mapper):
* keymap.c (map_keymap):
* keymap.c (accessible_keymaps_mapper_1):
* keymap.c (Faccessible_keymaps):
* keymap.c (Fsingle_key_description):
* keymap.c (raw_keys_to_keys):
* keymap.c (format_raw_keys):
* keymap.c (where_is_recursive_mapper):
* keymap.c (where_is_internal):
* keymap.c (describe_map_mapper_shadow_search):
* keymap.c (keymap_lookup_inherited_mapper):
* keymap.c (describe_map_mapper):
* keymap.h (event_matches_key_specifier_p):
* lisp.h:
* lisp.h (this):
* lisp.h (RETURN_NOT_REACHED):
* lisp.h (struct Lisp_Vector):
* lisp.h (struct Lisp_Bit_Vector):
* lisp.h (UNGCPRO_1):
* lisp.h (NUNGCPRO):
* lisp.h (NNUNGCPRO):
* lisp.h (DECLARE_INLINE_HEADER):
* lrecord.h:
* lrecord.h (struct lrecord_header):
* lrecord.h (struct lcrecord_header):
* lrecord.h (lrecord_type):
* lrecord.h (struct lrecord_implementation):
* lrecord.h (RECORD_DUMPABLE):
* lrecord.h (memory_description_type):
* lrecord.h (data_description_entry_flags):
* lrecord.h (struct memory_description):
* lrecord.h (struct sized_memory_description):
* lrecord.h (XD_INDIRECT):
* lrecord.h (XD_IS_INDIRECT):
* lrecord.h (XD_DYNARR_DESC):
* lrecord.h (DEFINE_BASIC_LRECORD_IMPLEMENTATION):
* lrecord.h (MAKE_LRECORD_IMPLEMENTATION):
* lrecord.h (MAKE_EXTERNAL_LRECORD_IMPLEMENTATION):
* lrecord.h (alloc_lcrecord_type):
* lstream.c:
* lstream.c (Lstream_new):
* lstream.c (lisp_buffer_marker):
* lstream.h:
* lstream.h (lstream_implementation):
* lstream.h (DEFINE_LSTREAM_IMPLEMENTATION):
* lstream.h (DEFINE_LSTREAM_IMPLEMENTATION_WITH_DATA):
* marker.c:
* marker.c (copy_marker_1):
* mem-limits.h:
* menubar-gtk.c:
* menubar-gtk.c (gtk_popup_menu):
* menubar-msw.c:
* menubar-msw.c (mswindows_popup_menu):
* menubar-x.c (make_dummy_xbutton_event):
* menubar-x.c (command_builder_operate_menu_accelerator):
* menubar-x.c (menu_accelerator_safe_compare):
* menubar-x.c (menu_accelerator_safe_mod_compare):
* mule-charset.c:
* mule-charset.c (make_charset):
* mule-charset.c (Fcharset_property):
* mule-coding.c:
* mule-coding.c (ccs_description_1):
* mule-coding.c (ccs_description =):
* mule-coding.c (ccsd_description_1):
* mule-coding.c (ccsd_description =):
* nt.c (getpwnam):
* nt.c (init_mswindows_environment):
* nt.c (get_cached_volume_information):
* nt.c (mswindows_is_executable):
* nt.c (read_unc_volume):
* nt.c (mswindows_access):
* nt.c (mswindows_link):
* nt.c (mswindows_fstat):
* nt.c (mswindows_stat):
* nt.c (mswindows_executable_type):
* nt.c (Fmswindows_short_file_name):
* nt.c (Fmswindows_long_file_name):
* objects-impl.h (struct Lisp_Color_Instance):
* objects-impl.h (struct Lisp_Font_Instance):
* objects-tty.c:
* objects-x.c (allocate_nearest_color):
* objects.c:
* objects.c (Fmake_color_instance):
* objects.c (Fmake_font_instance):
* objects.c (font_instantiate):
* opaque.c:
* opaque.c (make_opaque):
* opaque.c (make_opaque_ptr):
* opaque.c (reinit_opaque_early):
* opaque.c (init_opaque_once_early):
* print.c:
* print.c (printing_badness):
* print.c (printing_major_badness):
* print.c (print_internal):
* print.c (debug_p4):
* print.c (dp):
* print.c (debug_backtrace):
* process-nt.c (nt_create_process):
* process-nt.c (get_internet_address):
* process-unix.c:
* process-unix.c (struct unix_process_data):
* process-unix.c (get_internet_address):
* process-unix.c (unix_alloc_process_data):
* process-unix.c (unix_create_process):
* process-unix.c (try_to_initialize_subtty):
* process-unix.c (unix_kill_child_process):
* process-unix.c (process_type_create_unix):
* process.c:
* process.c (mark_process):
* process.c (MARKED_SLOT):
* process.c (make_process_internal):
* process.c (Fprocess_tty_name):
* process.c (decode_signal):
* process.h:
* procimpl.h:
* procimpl.h (struct process_methods):
* procimpl.h (struct Lisp_Process):
* rangetab.c:
* realpath.c (readlink_and_correct_case):
* redisplay-x.c (x_window_output_end):
* redisplay-x.c (x_redraw_exposed_area):
* redisplay-x.c (x_clear_frame):
* redisplay.c:
* redisplay.h:
* redisplay.h (struct rune_dglyph):
* redisplay.h (struct rune):
* scrollbar.c:
* scrollbar.c (create_scrollbar_instance):
* specifier.c:
* specifier.c (specifier_empty_extra_description_1):
* specifier.c (make_specifier_internal):
* specifier.c (decode_locale_type):
* specifier.c (decode_how_to_add_specification):
* specifier.h:
* specifier.h (struct specifier_methods):
* specifier.h (DEFINE_SPECIFIER_TYPE_WITH_DATA):
* specifier.h (INITIALIZE_SPECIFIER_TYPE_WITH_DATA):
* symbols.c:
* symbols.c (Fsetplist):
* symbols.c (default_value):
* symbols.c (decode_magic_handler_type):
* symbols.c (handler_type_from_function_symbol):
* symbols.c (Fdefvaralias):
* symbols.c (init_symbols_once_early):
* symbols.c (reinit_symbols_early):
* symsinit.h:
* sysdep.c (sys_subshell):
* sysdep.c (tty_init_sys_modes_on_device):
* syswindows.h:
* text.c (dfc_convert_to_external_format):
* text.c (dfc_convert_to_internal_format):
* text.c (reinit_eistring_early):
* text.c (init_eistring_once_early):
* text.c (reinit_vars_of_text):
* text.h:
* text.h (INC_IBYTEPTR_FMT):
* text.h (DEC_IBYTEPTR_FMT):
* toolbar.c:
* toolbar.c (decode_toolbar_position):
* tooltalk.c:
* ui-gtk.c:
* unexnt.c:
* unexnt.c (_start):
* unexnt.c (unexec):
* unexnt.c (get_section_info):
* unicode.c:
* unicode.c (vars_of_unicode):
* window.c:
* window.c (allocate_window):
* window.c (new_window_mirror):
* window.c (update_mirror_internal):
* winslots.h:
| author | michaels |
|---|---|
| date | Sun, 12 Jan 2003 11:08:22 +0000 |
| parents | 376386a54a3c |
| children |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 0 | 1 Copyright (C) 1985, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| 2 | |
| 3 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies | |
| 4 of this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and | |
| 5 permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the | |
| 6 recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this | |
| 7 notice. | |
| 8 | |
| 9 Modified versions may not be made. | |
| 10 | |
| 11 The GNU Manifesto | |
| 12 ***************** | |
| 13 | |
| 14 The GNU Manifesto which appears below was written by Richard | |
| 15 Stallman at the beginning of the GNU project, to ask for | |
| 16 participation and support. For the first few years, it was | |
| 17 updated in minor ways to account for developments, but now it | |
| 18 seems best to leave it unchanged as most people have seen it. | |
| 19 | |
| 20 Since that time, we have learned about certain common | |
| 21 misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. | |
| 22 Footnotes added in 1993 help clarify these points. | |
| 23 | |
| 24 For up-to-date information about the available GNU software, | |
| 25 please see the latest issue of the GNU's Bulletin. The list is | |
| 26 much too long to include here. | |
| 27 | |
| 28 What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! | |
| 29 ============================ | |
| 30 | |
| 31 GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete | |
| 32 Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it | |
| 33 away free to everyone who can use it.(1) Several other volunteers are | |
| 34 helping me. Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are | |
| 35 greatly needed. | |
| 36 | |
| 37 So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor | |
| 38 commands, a source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator, | |
| 39 a linker, and around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is | |
| 40 nearly completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled | |
| 41 itself and may be released this year. An initial kernel exists but | |
| 42 many more features are needed to emulate Unix. When the kernel and | |
| 43 compiler are finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU system | |
| 44 suitable for program development. We will use TeX as our text | |
| 45 formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We will use the free, | |
| 46 portable X window system as well. After this we will add a portable | |
| 47 Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other | |
| 48 things, plus on-line documentation. We hope to supply, eventually, | |
| 49 everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more. | |
| 50 | |
| 51 GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to | |
| 52 Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our | |
| 53 experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to | |
| 54 have longer file names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, | |
| 55 file name completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and | |
| 56 perhaps eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several | |
| 57 Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C | |
| 58 and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will | |
| 59 try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for | |
| 60 communication. | |
| 61 | |
| 62 GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with | |
| 63 virtual memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run | |
| 64 on. The extra effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left | |
| 65 to someone who wants to use it on them. | |
| 66 | |
| 67 To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the `G' in the word | |
| 68 `GNU' when it is the name of this project. | |
| 69 | |
| 70 Why I Must Write GNU | |
| 71 ==================== | |
| 72 | |
| 73 I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I | |
| 74 must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to | |
| 75 divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share | |
| 76 with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this | |
| 77 way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a | |
| 78 software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial | |
| 79 Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities, | |
| 80 but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an | |
| 81 institution where such things are done for me against my will. | |
| 82 | |
| 83 So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have | |
| 84 decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I | |
| 85 will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I | |
| 86 have resigned from the AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent | |
| 87 me from giving GNU away. | |
| 88 | |
| 89 Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix | |
| 90 ==================================== | |
| 91 | |
| 92 Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential | |
| 93 features of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what | |
| 94 Unix lacks without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix | |
| 95 would be convenient for many other people to adopt. | |
| 96 | |
| 97 How GNU Will Be Available | |
| 98 ========================= | |
| 99 | |
| 100 GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to | |
| 101 modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to | |
| 102 restrict its further redistribution. That is to say, proprietary | |
| 103 modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all | |
| 104 versions of GNU remain free. | |
| 105 | |
| 106 Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help | |
| 107 ======================================= | |
| 108 | |
| 109 I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and | |
| 110 want to help. | |
| 111 | |
| 112 Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system | |
| 113 software. It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them | |
| 114 to feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel | |
| 115 as comrades. The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the | |
| 116 sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used | |
| 117 essentially forbid programmers to treat others as friends. The | |
| 118 purchaser of software must choose between friendship and obeying the | |
| 119 law. Naturally, many decide that friendship is more important. But | |
| 120 those who believe in law often do not feel at ease with either choice. | |
| 121 They become cynical and think that programming is just a way of making | |
| 122 money. | |
| 123 | |
| 124 By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can | |
| 125 be hospitable to everyone and obey the law. In addition, GNU serves as | |
| 126 an example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in | |
| 127 sharing. This can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if | |
| 128 we use software that is not free. For about half the programmers I | |
| 129 talk to, this is an important happiness that money cannot replace. | |
| 130 | |
| 131 How You Can Contribute | |
| 132 ====================== | |
| 133 | |
| 134 I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and | |
| 135 money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work. | |
| 136 | |
| 137 One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU | |
| 138 will run on them at an early date. The machines should be complete, | |
| 139 ready to use systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not | |
| 140 in need of sophisticated cooling or power. | |
| 141 | |
| 142 I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time | |
| 143 work for GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would | |
| 144 be very hard to coordinate; the independently-written parts would not | |
| 145 work together. But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this | |
| 146 problem is absent. A complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility | |
| 147 programs, each of which is documented separately. Most interface | |
| 148 specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each contributor | |
| 149 can write a compatible replacement for a single Unix utility, and make | |
| 150 it work properly in place of the original on a Unix system, then these | |
| 151 utilities will work right when put together. Even allowing for Murphy | |
| 152 to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these components will | |
| 153 be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer communication and | |
| 154 will be worked on by a small, tight group.) | |
| 155 | |
| 156 If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full | |
| 157 or part time. The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but | |
| 158 I'm looking for people for whom building community spirit is as | |
| 159 important as making money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated | |
| 160 people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them | |
| 161 the need to make a living in another way. | |
| 162 | |
| 163 Why All Computer Users Will Benefit | |
| 164 =================================== | |
| 165 | |
| 166 Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system | |
| 167 software free, just like air.(2) | |
| 168 | |
| 169 This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix | |
| 170 license. It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming | |
| 171 effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the | |
| 172 state of the art. | |
| 173 | |
| 174 Complete system sources will be available to everyone. As a result, | |
| 175 a user who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them | |
| 176 himself, or hire any available programmer or company to make them for | |
| 177 him. Users will no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company | |
| 178 which owns the sources and is in sole position to make changes. | |
| 179 | |
| 180 Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment | |
| 181 by encouraging all students to study and improve the system code. | |
| 182 Harvard's computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be | |
| 183 installed on the system if its sources were not on public display, and | |
| 184 upheld it by actually refusing to install certain programs. I was very | |
| 185 much inspired by this. | |
| 186 | |
| 187 Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software | |
| 188 and what one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted. | |
| 189 | |
| 190 Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including | |
| 191 licensing of copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through | |
| 192 the cumbersome mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is, | |
| 193 which programs) a person must pay for. And only a police state can | |
| 194 force everyone to obey them. Consider a space station where air must | |
| 195 be manufactured at great cost: charging each breather per liter of air | |
| 196 may be fair, but wearing the metered gas mask all day and all night is | |
| 197 intolerable even if everyone can afford to pay the air bill. And the | |
| 198 TV cameras everywhere to see if you ever take the mask off are | |
| 199 outrageous. It's better to support the air plant with a head tax and | |
| 200 chuck the masks. | |
| 201 | |
| 202 Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as | |
| 203 breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free. | |
| 204 | |
| 205 Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's Goals | |
| 206 ============================================== | |
| 207 | |
| 208 "Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means they can't | |
| 209 rely on any support." | |
| 210 | |
| 211 "You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the | |
| 212 support." | |
| 213 | |
| 214 If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free | |
| 215 without service, a company to provide just service to people who have | |
| 216 obtained GNU free ought to be profitable.(3) | |
| 217 | |
| 218 We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming | |
| 219 work and mere handholding. The former is something one cannot rely on | |
| 220 from a software vendor. If your problem is not shared by enough | |
| 221 people, the vendor will tell you to get lost. | |
| 222 | |
| 223 If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way | |
| 224 is to have all the necessary sources and tools. Then you can hire any | |
| 225 available person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any | |
| 226 individual. With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of | |
| 227 consideration for most businesses. With GNU this will be easy. It is | |
| 228 still possible for there to be no available competent person, but this | |
| 229 problem cannot be blamed on distribution arrangements. GNU does not | |
| 230 eliminate all the world's problems, only some of them. | |
| 231 | |
| 232 Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need | |
| 233 handholding: doing things for them which they could easily do | |
| 234 themselves but don't know how. | |
| 235 | |
| 236 Such services could be provided by companies that sell just | |
| 237 hand-holding and repair service. If it is true that users would rather | |
| 238 spend money and get a product with service, they will also be willing | |
| 239 to buy the service having got the product free. The service companies | |
| 240 will compete in quality and price; users will not be tied to any | |
| 241 particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service | |
| 242 should be able to use the program without paying for the service. | |
| 243 | |
| 244 "You cannot reach many people without advertising, and you must | |
| 245 charge for the program to support that." | |
| 246 | |
| 247 "It's no use advertising a program people can get free." | |
| 248 | |
| 249 There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be | |
| 250 used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But | |
| 251 it may be true that one can reach more microcomputer users with | |
| 252 advertising. If this is really so, a business which advertises the | |
| 253 service of copying and mailing GNU for a fee ought to be successful | |
| 254 enough to pay for its advertising and more. This way, only the users | |
| 255 who benefit from the advertising pay for it. | |
| 256 | |
| 257 On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and | |
| 258 such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not | |
| 259 really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates | |
| 260 don't want to let the free market decide this?(4) | |
| 261 | |
| 262 "My company needs a proprietary operating system to get a | |
| 263 competitive edge." | |
| 264 | |
| 265 GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of | |
| 266 competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but | |
| 267 neither will your competitors be able to get an edge over you. You and | |
| 268 they will compete in other areas, while benefiting mutually in this | |
| 269 one. If your business is selling an operating system, you will not | |
| 270 like GNU, but that's tough on you. If your business is something else, | |
| 271 GNU can save you from being pushed into the expensive business of | |
| 272 selling operating systems. | |
| 273 | |
| 274 I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many | |
| 275 manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.(5) | |
| 276 | |
| 277 "Don't programmers deserve a reward for their creativity?" | |
| 278 | |
| 279 If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution. | |
| 280 Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society | |
| 281 is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for | |
| 282 creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be | |
| 283 punished if they restrict the use of these programs. | |
| 284 | |
| 285 "Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for his | |
| 286 creativity?" | |
| 287 | |
| 288 There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to | |
| 289 maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are | |
| 290 destructive. But the means customary in the field of software today | |
| 291 are based on destruction. | |
| 292 | |
| 293 Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of | |
| 294 it is destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the | |
| 295 ways that the program can be used. This reduces the amount of wealth | |
| 296 that humanity derives from the program. When there is a deliberate | |
| 297 choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction. | |
| 298 | |
| 299 The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to | |
| 300 become wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become | |
| 301 poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or, | |
| 302 the Golden Rule. Since I do not like the consequences that result if | |
| 303 everyone hoards information, I am required to consider it wrong for one | |
| 304 to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity | |
| 305 does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that | |
| 306 creativity. | |
| 307 | |
| 308 "Won't programmers starve?" | |
| 309 | |
| 310 I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us | |
| 311 cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making | |
| 312 faces. But we are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives | |
| 313 standing on the street making faces, and starving. We do something | |
| 314 else. | |
| 315 | |
| 316 But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's | |
| 317 implicit assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers | |
| 318 cannot possibly be paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing. | |
| 319 | |
| 320 The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be | |
| 321 possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as | |
| 322 now. | |
| 323 | |
| 324 Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software. | |
| 325 It is the most common basis because it brings in the most money. If it | |
| 326 were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would | |
| 327 move to other bases of organization which are now used less often. | |
| 328 There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business. | |
| 329 | |
| 330 Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it | |
| 331 is now. But that is not an argument against the change. It is not | |
| 332 considered an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they | |
| 333 now do. If programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice | |
| 334 either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than | |
| 335 that.) | |
| 336 | |
| 337 "Don't people have a right to control how their creativity is | |
| 338 used?" | |
| 339 | |
| 340 "Control over the use of one's ideas" really constitutes control over | |
| 341 other people's lives; and it is usually used to make their lives more | |
| 342 difficult. | |
| 343 | |
| 344 People who have studied the issue of intellectual property rights | |
| 345 carefully (such as lawyers) say that there is no intrinsic right to | |
| 346 intellectual property. The kinds of supposed intellectual property | |
| 347 rights that the government recognizes were created by specific acts of | |
| 348 legislation for specific purposes. | |
| 349 | |
| 350 For example, the patent system was established to encourage | |
| 351 inventors to disclose the details of their inventions. Its purpose was | |
| 352 to help society rather than to help inventors. At the time, the life | |
| 353 span of 17 years for a patent was short compared with the rate of | |
| 354 advance of the state of the art. Since patents are an issue only among | |
| 355 manufacturers, for whom the cost and effort of a license agreement are | |
| 356 small compared with setting up production, the patents often do not do | |
| 357 much harm. They do not obstruct most individuals who use patented | |
| 358 products. | |
| 359 | |
| 360 The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors | |
| 361 frequently copied other authors at length in works of non-fiction. This | |
| 362 practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have | |
| 363 survived even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for | |
| 364 the purpose of encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was | |
| 365 invented--books, which could be copied economically only on a printing | |
| 366 press--it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals | |
| 367 who read the books. | |
| 368 | |
| 369 All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society | |
| 370 because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole | |
| 371 would benefit by granting them. But in any particular situation, we | |
| 372 have to ask: are we really better off granting such license? What kind | |
| 373 of act are we licensing a person to do? | |
| 374 | |
| 375 The case of programs today is very different from that of books a | |
| 376 hundred years ago. The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is | |
| 377 from one neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source | |
| 378 code and object code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is | |
| 379 used rather than read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in | |
| 380 which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole | |
| 381 both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so | |
| 382 regardless of whether the law enables him to. | |
| 383 | |
| 384 "Competition makes things get done better." | |
| 385 | |
| 386 The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we | |
| 387 encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this | |
| 388 way, it does a good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it | |
| 389 always works this way. If the runners forget why the reward is offered | |
| 390 and become intent on winning, no matter how, they may find other | |
| 391 strategies--such as, attacking other runners. If the runners get into | |
| 392 a fist fight, they will all finish late. | |
| 393 | |
| 394 Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners | |
| 395 in a fist fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem | |
| 396 to object to fights; he just regulates them ("For every ten yards you | |
| 397 run, you can fire one shot"). He really ought to break them up, and | |
| 398 penalize runners for even trying to fight. | |
| 399 | |
| 400 "Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive?" | |
| 401 | |
| 402 Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary | |
| 403 incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some | |
| 404 people, usually the people who are best at it. There is no shortage of | |
| 405 professional musicians who keep at it even though they have no hope of | |
| 406 making a living that way. | |
| 407 | |
| 408 But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate | |
| 409 to the situation. Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become | |
| 410 less. So the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced | |
| 411 monetary incentive? My experience shows that they will. | |
| 412 | |
| 413 For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked | |
| 414 at the Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could | |
| 415 have had anywhere else. They got many kinds of non-monetary rewards: | |
| 416 fame and appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a | |
| 417 reward in itself. | |
| 418 | |
| 419 Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same | |
| 420 interesting work for a lot of money. | |
| 421 | |
| 422 What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other | |
| 423 than riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they | |
| 424 will come to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly | |
| 425 in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly | |
| 426 if the high-paying ones are banned. | |
| 427 | |
| 428 "We need the programmers desperately. If they demand that we stop | |
| 429 helping our neighbors, we have to obey." | |
| 430 | |
| 431 You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand. | |
| 432 Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute! | |
| 433 | |
| 434 "Programmers need to make a living somehow." | |
| 435 | |
| 436 In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways | |
| 437 that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a | |
| 438 program. This way is customary now because it brings programmers and | |
| 439 businessmen the most money, not because it is the only way to make a | |
| 440 living. It is easy to find other ways if you want to find them. Here | |
| 441 are a number of examples. | |
| 442 | |
| 443 A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of | |
| 444 operating systems onto the new hardware. | |
| 445 | |
| 446 The sale of teaching, hand-holding and maintenance services could | |
| 447 also employ programmers. | |
| 448 | |
| 449 People with new ideas could distribute programs as freeware, asking | |
| 450 for donations from satisfied users, or selling hand-holding services. | |
| 451 I have met people who are already working this way successfully. | |
| 452 | |
| 453 Users with related needs can form users' groups, and pay dues. A | |
| 454 group would contract with programming companies to write programs that | |
| 455 the group's members would like to use. | |
| 456 | |
| 457 All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax: | |
| 458 | |
| 459 Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of the | |
| 460 price as a software tax. The government gives this to an agency | |
| 461 like the NSF to spend on software development. | |
| 462 | |
| 463 But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development | |
| 464 himself, he can take a credit against the tax. He can donate to | |
| 465 the project of his own choosing--often, chosen because he hopes to | |
| 466 use the results when it is done. He can take a credit for any | |
| 467 amount of donation up to the total tax he had to pay. | |
| 468 | |
| 469 The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the | |
| 470 tax, weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on. | |
| 471 | |
| 472 The consequences: | |
| 473 | |
| 474 * The computer-using community supports software development. | |
| 475 | |
| 476 * This community decides what level of support is needed. | |
| 477 | |
| 478 * Users who care which projects their share is spent on can | |
| 479 choose this for themselves. | |
| 480 | |
| 481 In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the | |
| 482 post-scarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to | |
| 483 make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities | |
| 484 that are fun, such as programming, after spending the necessary ten | |
| 485 hours a week on required tasks such as legislation, family counseling, | |
| 486 robot repair and asteroid prospecting. There will be no need to be | |
| 487 able to make a living from programming. | |
| 488 | |
| 489 We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole | |
| 490 society must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this | |
| 491 has translated itself into leisure for workers because much | |
| 492 nonproductive activity is required to accompany productive activity. | |
| 493 The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against | |
| 494 competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the | |
| 495 area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical | |
| 496 gains in productivity to translate into less work for us. | |
| 497 | |
| 498 ---------- Footnotes ---------- | |
| 499 | |
| 500 (1) The wording here was careless. The intention was that nobody | |
| 501 would have to pay for *permission* to use the GNU system. But the | |
| 502 words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying | |
| 503 that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no charge. | |
| 504 That was never the intent; later on, the manifesto mentions the | |
| 505 possibility of companies providing the service of distribution for a | |
| 506 profit. Subsequently I have learned to distinguish carefully between | |
| 507 "free" in the sense of freedom and "free" in the sense of price. Free | |
| 508 software is software that users have the freedom to distribute and | |
| 509 change. Some users may obtain copies at no charge, while others pay to | |
| 510 obtain copies--and if the funds help support improving the software, so | |
| 511 much the better. The important thing is that everyone who has a copy | |
| 512 has the freedom to cooperate with others in using it. | |
| 513 | |
| 514 (2) This is another place I failed to distinguish carefully between | |
| 515 the two different meanings of "free". The statement as it stands is | |
| 516 not false--you can get copies of GNU software at no charge, from your | |
| 517 friends or over the net. But it does suggest the wrong idea. | |
| 518 | |
| 519 (3) Several such companies now exist. | |
| 520 | |
| 521 (4) The Free Software Foundation raises most of its funds from a | |
| 522 distribution service, although it is a charity rather than a company. | |
| 523 If *no one* chooses to obtain copies by ordering the from the FSF, it | |
| 524 will be unable to do its work. But this does not mean that proprietary | |
| 525 restrictions are justified to force every user to pay. If a small | |
| 526 fraction of all the users order copies from the FSF, that is sufficient | |
| 527 to keep the FSF afloat. So we ask users to choose to support us in | |
| 528 this way. Have you done your part? | |
| 529 | |
| 530 (5) A group of computer companies recently pooled funds to support | |
| 531 maintenance of the GNU C Compiler. | |
| 532 |