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1 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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2 @node Windows and Menus, Edit, Entering, Top
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3 @chapter XEmacs Windows and Menus
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4 @cindex selected window
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5 @cindex windows
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6 @findex delete-window
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7 @findex delete-other-windows
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8 @findex scroll-other-window
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9
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10 The first section of this chapter will show you how you can manipulate
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11 XEmacs Windows and the other section will explain the Pull-down Menus of
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12 an XEmacs window.
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13
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14 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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15 @menu
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16 * XEmacs Window:: Manipulating XEmacs Windows
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17 * Pull-down Menus:: Description of XEmacs Pull-down Menus
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18 @end menu
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19
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20 @node XEmacs Window, Pull-down Menus, Windows and Menus, Windows and Menus
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21 @section XEmacs Windows
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22 When you use XEmacs under X, you can open multiple windows and each
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23 window can display one buffer or multiple parts of one buffer. Each window
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24 will have its own @dfn{mode line} and @dfn{echo area}. At any one time
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25 there is only one @dfn{selected window} and the buffer it displays is
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26 the @dfn{selected buffer}. There are some commands for manipulating
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27 windows:
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28
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29 @kindex C-x 0
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30 @kindex C-x 1
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31 @kindex C-x 2
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32 @kindex C-x 3
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33 @kindex C-x 4
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34 @kindex M-C-v
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35 @table @kbd
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36 @item M-C-v
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37 @findex scroll-other-window
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38 This command will scroll the window which is not @dfn{selected}
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39 (@code{scroll-other-window}).
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40
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41 @findex delete-window
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42 @item C-x 0
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43 This command will get rid of the selected window (@code{delete-window}).
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44 That is a zero. If there is more than one Emacs frame, deleting the
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45 sole remaining window on that frame deletes the frame as well. If the
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46 current frame is the only frame, it is not deleted.
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47
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48 @findex delete-other-windows
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49 @item C-x 1
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50 This command will get rid of all the windows except the selected one.
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51 (@code{delete-other-windows}). For example, if you use the @b{Describe
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52 variable} option from the @b{Help} menu, the window will split
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53 vertically and the bottom window will contain documentation for that
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54 variable. After you are done looking at that variable's documentation
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55 you might want to come back to your original single window. Just type
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56 @kbd{C-x 1} after your cursor is in the top window (the window which you
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57 want to keep) and hit @key{RET}.
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58
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59 @findex split-window-vertically
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60 @item C-x 2
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61 This command will split the selected window into two windows, one above
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62 the other (@code{split-window-vertically}). Both the windows will start
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63 out by displaying the same buffer. The window in which you have your
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64 cursor will be your @dfn{selected window}.
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65
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66 @findex split-window-horizontally
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67 @item C-x 3
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68 This will split the selected window into two windows positioned side by
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69 side (@code{split-window-horizontally}). A line of vertical bars will
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70 separate the window.
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71 @end table
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72 @noindent
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73
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74 You can select a buffer in another window by using some other
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75 commands. These commands all have a prefix key @kbd{C-x 4}
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76 @table @kbd
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77 @kindex C-x 4 b
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78 @kindex C-x 4 f
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79 @kindex C-x 4 d
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80 @kindex C-x 4 m
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81 @findex switch-to-buffer-other-window
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82 @findex find-file-other-window
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83 @findex dired-other-window
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84 @findex mail-other-window
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85 @item C-x 4 b @var{bufname} @key{RET}
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86 This command will select a buffer @var{bufname} in another window. This
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87 runs @code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}. It will prompt you for a
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88 buffername.
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89
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90 @item C-x 4 f @var{filename} @key{RET}
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91 Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another window. This
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92 runs @code{find-file-other-window}. @xref{Visiting,,,xemacs,XEmacs User's
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93 Manual}. It will prompt you for a filename.
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94
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95 @item C-x 4 d @var{directory} @key{RET}
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96 Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another window.
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290
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97 This runs @code{dired-other-window}. @xref{Dired,,,xemacs,XEmacs User's
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98 Manual}.
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99
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100 @item C-x 4 m
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101 Start composing a mail message in another window. This runs
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102 @code{mail-other-window}, and its same-window version is @kbd{C-x m}.
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290
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103 @xref{Sending Mail,,,xemacs,XEmacs User's Manual}, for information on how
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104 to @b{S}end @b{M}ail using XEmacs. @xref{Reading Mail With
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105 Rmail,,,xemacs,XEmacs User's Manual}, for information on reading mail using
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106 @b{Rmail}.
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107 @end table
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108
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109
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110 If you click the right button on the mouse on a mode line, you will
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111 get a menu with following options:
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112 @cindex windows
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113 @cindex pull-down-menus
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114 @cindex menus
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115 @table @b
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116 @item Delete Window
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117 Choosing this menu will remove the window above this modeline from the frame.
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118 @item Delete Other Windows
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119 Delete all windows on the frame except for the one above this modeline.
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120 @item Split Window
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121 Split the window above the mode line in half, creating another window.
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122 @item Split Window Horizontally
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123 Split the window above the mode line in half horizontally, so that there
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124 will be two windows side-by-side.
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125 @item Balance Windows
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126 Readjust the sizes of all windows on the frame until all windows have
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127 roughly the same number of lines.
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128 @end table
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129
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130
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131 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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132 @node Pull-down Menus, , XEmacs Window, Windows and Menus
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133 @section XEmacs Pull-down Menus
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134
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135 When you run XEmacs under X, each Emacs frame has a menu-bar at the top
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136 which provides commands for editing, help and other
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137 options. All these options are also available via key commands, the
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138 menus just provide convenient short-cuts. The key commands are displayed
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139 right besides some of the options. The following is a brief
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140 description of the four default menus on the menu bar:
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141
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142 @menu
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143 * File menu:: Items on the File menu
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144 * Edit menu:: Items on the Edit menu
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145 * Options Menu:: Items on the Options Menu
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146 * Buffers Menu:: Items on the Buffers Menu
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147 * Help menu:: The Help Menu at the extreme right on
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148 the frame
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149 @end menu
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150
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151 @node File menu, Edit menu, Pull-down Menus, Pull-down Menus
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152 @subsection The File Menu
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153 @cindex File menu
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154 @cindex Open in New Frame... menu item
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155 @cindex Open ... menu item
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156 @cindex Insert File... menu item
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157 @cindex Save Buffer menu item
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158 @cindex Save Buffer As ... menu item
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159 @cindex Revert Buffer menu item
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160 @cindex Kill Buffer menu item
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161 @cindex Print Buffer menu item
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162 @cindex New Frame menu item
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163 @cindex Delete Frame menu item
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164 @cindex Split Frame
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165 @cindex Un-split (Keep This)
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166 @cindex Un-split (Keep Others)
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167 @cindex Exit Emacs menu item
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168
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169 The @b{File} menu bar contains the following items. To choose a
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170 particular option, press the left mouse button and drag it to the item
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171 you wish to select. Then release the button.
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172
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173 @table @b
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174 @item Open...
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175 This option will prompt you for a file name. You will get a message in
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176 the echo area:
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177
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178 @example
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179 Find File:
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180 @end example
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181 @noindent
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182 After Find File, there might be a directory path also. After you type
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183 the file name and press @key{RET} the file will be loaded into a new
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184 buffer.
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185
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186 @item Open in New Frame...
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187 It prompts you for a file name and loads that file in a new buffer in
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188 a new frame. You can open many frames for the same Emacs session. You
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189 can delete the frame by selecting @b{Delete Frame}.
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190
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191 @item Insert File...
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192 Prompts you for a filename and inserts the contents of this filename in
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193 your current buffer. Position your cursor at the place you wish to
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194 insert the file and select this option. You will get the following
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195 message in the echo area:
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196
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197 @example
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198 Insert file:
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199 @end example
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200 @noindent
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201 Insert the file name and press @key{RET}.
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202
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203 @item Save <Buffername>
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204 It saves the changes you have made to the buffer. If you have made
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205 changes which are not saved yet, the option will appear dark, otherwise
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206 it will be light and unselectable. If you do not wish to save the
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207 changes, select @b{Revert Buffer}.
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208
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209 @item Save As...
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210 Prompts you for a filename and saves the current buffer in that file. It
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211 loads the new file if the filename you specify is different from the one
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212 you were working with.
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213
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214 @item Print Buffer <buffername>
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215 Prints a hardcopy of the current or @dfn{selected} buffer.
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216
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217 @item New Frame
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218 Opens a new frame with @b{*scratch*} as the default buffer. It doesn't
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219 prompt you for a filename. To open a file you need to go to that frame
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220 and select @b{Open...}
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221
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222 @item Split Frame
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223 Splits the current window into two equal-sized windows with the same
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224 buffer. To get back a single frame, select @b{Un-Split (Keep
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225 This)}. @xref{XEmacs Window}, for more information about windows.
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226
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227 @item Un-Split (Keep This)
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228 If the frame contains multiple windows, it will remove all windows
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229 except the selected one.
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230
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231 @item Un-Split (Keep Others)
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232 If the frame contains multiple windows, it will remove the selected
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233 window and keep the other one.
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234
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235 @item Revert Buffer <buffername>
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236 If you do not wish to save the changes you made to the file since you
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237 opened it, select this option. It will restore the last saved version of
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238 the file to the current buffer.
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239
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240 @item Kill Buffer <buffername>
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241 It will kill the current buffer. If will prompt you if there are unsaved
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242 changes.
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243
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244 @item Exit Emacs
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245 It will kill the Emacs @dfn{process} as opposed to simply killing the
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246 @dfn{buffer}. Before it kills the process, it will prompt you as to
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247 which unsaved buffers you wish to save by going through the list of the
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248 buffers.
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249
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250 @end table
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251
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252 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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253 @menu
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254 * Edit menu:: Items on the Edit Menu
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255 * Options Menu:: Items on the Options Menu
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256 * Buffers Menu:: Items on the Buffers Menu
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257 * Help menu:: The Help Menu at the extreme right on
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258 the frame
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259 @end menu
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260
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261 @node Edit menu, Options Menu, File menu, Pull-down Menus
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262 @subsection The Edit Menu
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263 @cindex Undo menu item
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264 @cindex Cut menu item
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265 @cindex Copy menu item
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266 @cindex Paste menu item
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267 @cindex Clear menu item
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268 @cindex Start Macro Recording menu item
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269 @cindex End Macro Recording menu item
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270 @cindex Execute Last Macro menu item
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271
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272 Most of the commands in this menu work on a block of text or a selected
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273 region. The text will be highlighted as you select it.
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274 @table @b
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275 @item Undo
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276 Undoes the previous command. If you type something by mistake you can
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277 use this command. For example, if you select @b{Insert File...} from the
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278 @b{File} menu and insert a wrong file by mistake, you can select this
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279 item and it will remove the inserted file. It undoes a batch of text
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280 which is worth an emacs command.
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281
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282 @item Cut
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283 Removes the selected text block from the current buffer, makes it the X
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284 clipboard selection, and places it in the kill ring
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285 (@pxref{Moving Text}). Before executing this command, you have to select
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286 a region using Emacs region selection commands or with the
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287 mouse. @xref{Selecting Text}.
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288
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289 @item Copy
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290 Makes a selected text block the X clipboard selection, and places it in
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291 the kill ring. You can select text using one of the Emacs region
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292 selection commands or by selecting a text region with the
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293 mouse. @xref{Selecting Text}, for more information.
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294
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295 @item Paste
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296 Inserts the current value of the X clipboard selection in the current
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297 buffer. Note that this is not necessarily the same as the Emacs
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298 @code{yank} command, because the Emacs kill ring and the X clipboard
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299 selection are not the same thing. You can paste in text you have placed
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300 in the clipboard using @b{Copy} or @b{Cut}. You can also use @b{Paste}
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301 to insert text that was pasted into the clipboard from other
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290
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302 applications. @xref{X Clipboard Selection,,,xemacs,XEmacs User's Manual},
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303 for information on using Clipboard Selection.
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304
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305 @item Clear
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306 Removes the selected text block from the current buffer but does not
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307 place it in the kill ring or the X clipboard selection. You will not be
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308 able to get this text back.
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309
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310 @item Start Macro Recording
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311 After selecting this, Emacs will remember every keystroke you type until
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312 @b{End Macro Recording} is selected.
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313
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314 @item End Macro Recording
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315 Selecting this tells emacs to stop remembering your keystrokes.
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316
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317 @item Execute Last Macro
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318 Selecting this item will cause emacs to re-interpret all of the
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319 keystrokes which were saved between selections of the @b{Start Macro
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320 Recording} and @b{End Macro Recording} menu items. You can now execute
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290
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321 the most recent keyboard macro. @xref{Keyboard Macros,,,xemacs,XEmacs
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322 User's Manual}, for further information.
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323 @end table
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324
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325 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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326 @node Options Menu, Buffers Menu, Edit menu, Pull-down Menus
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327 @subsection The Options Menu
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328 @cindex Options menu
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329 @cindex Read Only menu item
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330 @cindex Case Sensitive Search menu item
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331 @cindex Overstrike menu item
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332 @cindex Auto Delete Selection menu item
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333 @cindex Teach Extended Commands menu item
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334 @cindex Syntax Highlighting menu item
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335 @cindex Paren Highlighting menu item
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336 @cindex Font menu item
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337 @cindex Size menu item
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338 @cindex Weight menu item
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339 @cindex Buffers Menu Length... menu item
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340 @cindex Buffers Sub-Menus menu item
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341 @cindex Save Options
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342
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343 There are sub-menus for some of the menus which you will need to
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344 select. If sub-menus exist for an item, they will be displayed
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345 automatically when you drag the mouse on that item. The items in this
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346 menu provide some fancy editing operations.
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347
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348 @table @b
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349 @item Read Only
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350 Selecting this item will cause the buffer to visit the file in a
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351 read-only mode. Changes to the file will not be allowed.
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352
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353 @item Case Sensitive Search
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354 Selecting this item will cause searches to be case-sensitive. If
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355 its not selected then searches will ignore case. This option is
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356 local to the buffer. For example, if this item is selected and you are
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357 searching for @samp{Smile}, then an occurrence of @samp{smile} will not
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358 be recognized because of the smaller case of @samp{s}.
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359
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360 @item Overstrike
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361 After selecting this item, when you type letters they will replace
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362 existing text on a one-to-one basis, rather than pushing it to the
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363 right. At the end of a line, such characters extend the line. Before
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364 a tab, such characters insert until the tab is filled in.
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365
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366 @item Auto Delete Selection
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367 Selecting this item will cause automatic deletion of the selected
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368 region. After you select a region and hit the @key{RET} key, the
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369 selected text will be deleted. The typed text will replace the selection
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370 if the selection is active (i.e. if its highlighted). If the option is
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371 not selected then the typed text is just inserted at the cursor.
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372
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373 @item Teach Extended Commands
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374 After you select this item, any time you execute a command with
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375 @kbd{M-x} which has a shorter keybinding, you will be shown the
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376 alternate binding before the command executes. For example if you type
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377 @kbd{M-x find-file-other-window} which performs the same function as the
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378 @b{Open in Other Window...} in @b{File} menu you will see the following
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379 message:
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380
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381 @example
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290
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382 M-x find-file-other-window (bound to keys: C-x 4 f, C-x 4 C-f)
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383 @end example
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384
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385 @item Syntax Highlighting
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386 You can customize your @code{.emacs} file to include the font-lock mode
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387 so that when you select this item, the comments will be displayed in one
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388 face, strings in another, reserved words in another, and so
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290
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389 on. @xref{Customization,,,xemacs,XEmacs User's Manual}, for more
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390 information on customizing @code{.emacs} file. After selecting this
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391 item, you will find your code a lot easier to read. When @b{Fonts} is
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392 selected, different parts of the program will appear in different
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393 Fonts. When @b{Colors} is selected, then the program will be displayed
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394 in different colors. Selecting @b{None} causes the program to appear in
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395 just one Font and Color. Selecting @b{Less} resets the Fonts and Colors
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396 to a fast, minimal set of decorations. Selecting @b{More} resets the
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397 Fonts and Colors to a larger set of decorations. For example, if
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398 @b{Less} is selected (which is the default setting) then you might have
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399 all comments in green color. It does not matter what the comments
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400 contain. Whereas, if @b{More} is selected then a function name in the
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401 comments themselves might appear in a different Color or Font. Even
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402 though the comments themselves might appear in green color, a function
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403 name @dfn{within} the comments might appear in red color.
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404
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405 @item Paren Highlighting
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406 After selecting @b{Blink} from this item, if you place the cursor
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407 on a parenthesis, the matching parenthesis will blink. If you select
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408 @b{Highlight} and place the cursor on a parenthesis, the whole
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409 expression of the parenthesis under the cursor will be highlighted.
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410 Selecting @b{None} will turn off the options (regarding @b{Paren
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411 Highlighting}) which you had selected earlier.@refill
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412
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413 @item Font
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414 You can select any Font for your program by choosing from one of the
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415 available Fonts. The whole buffer will be converted to the Font you select.
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416
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417 @item Size
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418 You can select any size for the text in your buffer (ranging from @b{2} to @b{24}) by selecting the appropriate option.@refill
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419
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420 @item Weight
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421 You can choose either @b{Bold} or @b{Medium} for the weight of the text
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422 of your buffer.
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423
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424 @item Buffers Menu Length...
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425 Prompts you for the number of buffers to display. Then it will display
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426 that number of most recently selected buffers.
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427
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428 @item Buffers Sub-Menus
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429 After selection of this item the Buffers menu will contain several
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430 commands, as submenus of each buffer line. If this item is unselected,
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431 then there are no submenus for each buffer line, the only command
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432 available will be selecting that buffer.
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433
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434 @item Save Options
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435 Selecting this item will save the current settings of your Options
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436 menu to your @code{.emacs} file so that the next time you start XEmacs,
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437 you won't need to select the options again.
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438 @end table
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439
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440
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441 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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442 @node Buffers Menu, Help menu, Options Menu, Pull-down Menus
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443 @subsection The Buffers Menu
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444 @cindex Buffers menu
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445 The @b{Buffers} menu provides a selection of up to ten buffers and the
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446 item @b{List All Buffers}, which provides a Buffer List. If you select
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447 @b{Buffers Sub-menus} from the @b{Options} menu, you will get some
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448 sub-menus for each of the buffer listing.
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449
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450
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451 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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452 @node Help menu, , Buffers Menu, Pull-down Menus
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453 @subsection The Help Menu
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454 @cindex Help menu
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455
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456 The Help Menu gives you access to Emacs Info and provides a menu
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457 equivalent for some of the choices you have when using @kbd{C-h}.
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458 @xref{Help}, for more information.
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459
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460 The @b{Describe variable} and @b{Describe function} will provide
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461 documentation for the corresponding variable or function. The Help menu
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462 also gives access to UNIX online manual pages via the @b{UNIX Manual...}
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463 option.
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464
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465
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466
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467
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468
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469
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470
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471
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472
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